Linux-2.6.12-rc2
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
diff --git a/Documentation/00-INDEX b/Documentation/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72dc90f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+
+This is a brief list of all the files in ./linux/Documentation and what
+they contain. If you add a documentation file, please list it here in
+alphabetical order as well, or risk being hunted down like a rabid dog.
+Please try and keep the descriptions small enough to fit on one line.
+ Thanks -- Paul G.
+
+Following translations are available on the WWW:
+
+ - Japanese, maintained by the JF Project (JF@linux.or.jp), at
+ http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/
+
+00-INDEX
+ - this file.
+BK-usage/
+ - directory with info on BitKeeper.
+BUG-HUNTING
+ - brute force method of doing binary search of patches to find bug.
+Changes
+ - list of changes that break older software packages.
+CodingStyle
+ - how the boss likes the C code in the kernel to look.
+DMA-API.txt
+ - DMA API, pci_ API & extensions for non-consistent memory machines.
+DMA-mapping.txt
+ - info for PCI drivers using DMA portably across all platforms.
+DocBook/
+ - directory with DocBook templates etc. for kernel documentation.
+IO-mapping.txt
+ - how to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers.
+IPMI.txt
+ - info on Linux Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) Driver.
+IRQ-affinity.txt
+ - how to select which CPU(s) handle which interrupt events on SMP.
+ManagementStyle
+ - how to (attempt to) manage kernel hackers.
+MSI-HOWTO.txt
+ - the Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI) Driver Guide HOWTO and FAQ.
+RCU/
+ - directory with info on RCU (read-copy update).
+README.DAC960
+ - info on Mylex DAC960/DAC1100 PCI RAID Controller Driver for Linux.
+SAK.txt
+ - info on Secure Attention Keys.
+SubmittingDrivers
+ - procedure to get a new driver source included into the kernel tree.
+SubmittingPatches
+ - procedure to get a source patch included into the kernel tree.
+VGA-softcursor.txt
+ - how to change your VGA cursor from a blinking underscore.
+arm/
+ - directory with info about Linux on the ARM architecture.
+basic_profiling.txt
+ - basic instructions for those who wants to profile Linux kernel.
+binfmt_misc.txt
+ - info on the kernel support for extra binary formats.
+block/
+ - info on the Block I/O (BIO) layer.
+cachetlb.txt
+ - describes the cache/TLB flushing interfaces Linux uses.
+cciss.txt
+ - info, major/minor #'s for Compaq's SMART Array Controllers.
+cdrom/
+ - directory with information on the CD-ROM drivers that Linux has.
+cli-sti-removal.txt
+ - cli()/sti() removal guide.
+computone.txt
+ - info on Computone Intelliport II/Plus Multiport Serial Driver.
+cpqarray.txt
+ - info on using Compaq's SMART2 Intelligent Disk Array Controllers.
+cpu-freq/
+ - info on CPU frequency and voltage scaling.
+cris/
+ - directory with info about Linux on CRIS architecture.
+crypto/
+ - directory with info on the Crypto API.
+debugging-modules.txt
+ - some notes on debugging modules after Linux 2.6.3.
+device-mapper/
+ - directory with info on Device Mapper.
+devices.txt
+ - plain ASCII listing of all the nodes in /dev/ with major minor #'s.
+digiepca.txt
+ - info on Digi Intl. {PC,PCI,EISA}Xx and Xem series cards.
+dnotify.txt
+ - info about directory notification in Linux.
+driver-model/
+ - directory with info about Linux driver model.
+dvb/
+ - info on Linux Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) subsystem.
+early-userspace/
+ - info about initramfs, klibc, and userspace early during boot.
+eisa.txt
+ - info on EISA bus support.
+exception.txt
+ - how Linux v2.2 handles exceptions without verify_area etc.
+fb/
+ - directory with info on the frame buffer graphics abstraction layer.
+filesystems/
+ - directory with info on the various filesystems that Linux supports.
+firmware_class/
+ - request_firmware() hotplug interface info.
+floppy.txt
+ - notes and driver options for the floppy disk driver.
+ftape.txt
+ - notes about the floppy tape device driver.
+hayes-esp.txt
+ - info on using the Hayes ESP serial driver.
+highuid.txt
+ - notes on the change from 16 bit to 32 bit user/group IDs.
+hpet.txt
+ - High Precision Event Timer Driver for Linux.
+hw_random.txt
+ - info on Linux support for random number generator in i8xx chipsets.
+i2c/
+ - directory with info about the I2C bus/protocol (2 wire, kHz speed).
+i2o/
+ - directory with info about the Linux I2O subsystem.
+i386/
+ - directory with info about Linux on Intel 32 bit architecture.
+ia64/
+ - directory with info about Linux on Intel 64 bit architecture.
+ide.txt
+ - important info for users of ATA devices (IDE/EIDE disks and CD-ROMS).
+initrd.txt
+ - how to use the RAM disk as an initial/temporary root filesystem.
+input/
+ - info on Linux input device support.
+io_ordering.txt
+ - info on ordering I/O writes to memory-mapped addresses.
+ioctl-number.txt
+ - how to implement and register device/driver ioctl calls.
+iostats.txt
+ - info on I/O statistics Linux kernel provides.
+isapnp.txt
+ - info on Linux ISA Plug & Play support.
+isdn/
+ - directory with info on the Linux ISDN support, and supported cards.
+java.txt
+ - info on the in-kernel binary support for Java(tm).
+kbuild/
+ - directory with info about the kernel build process.
+kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
+ - mini HowTo on generation and location of kernel documentation files.
+kernel-docs.txt
+ - listing of various WWW + books that document kernel internals.
+kernel-parameters.txt
+ - summary listing of command line / boot prompt args for the kernel.
+kobject.txt
+ - info of the kobject infrastructure of the Linux kernel.
+laptop-mode.txt
+ - How to conserve battery power using laptop-mode.
+ldm.txt
+ - a brief description of LDM (Windows Dynamic Disks).
+locks.txt
+ - info on file locking implementations, flock() vs. fcntl(), etc.
+logo.gif
+ - Full colour GIF image of Linux logo (penguin).
+logo.txt
+ - Info on creator of above logo & site to get additional images from.
+m68k/
+ - directory with info about Linux on Motorola 68k architecture.
+magic-number.txt
+ - list of magic numbers used to mark/protect kernel data structures.
+mandatory.txt
+ - info on the Linux implementation of Sys V mandatory file locking.
+mca.txt
+ - info on supporting Micro Channel Architecture (e.g. PS/2) systems.
+md.txt
+ - info on boot arguments for the multiple devices driver.
+memory.txt
+ - info on typical Linux memory problems.
+mips/
+ - directory with info about Linux on MIPS architecture.
+mono.txt
+ - how to execute Mono-based .NET binaries with the help of BINFMT_MISC.
+moxa-smartio
+ - info on installing/using Moxa multiport serial driver.
+mtrr.txt
+ - how to use PPro Memory Type Range Registers to increase performance.
+nbd.txt
+ - info on a TCP implementation of a network block device.
+networking/
+ - directory with info on various aspects of networking with Linux.
+nfsroot.txt
+ - short guide on setting up a diskless box with NFS root filesystem.
+nmi_watchdog.txt
+ - info on NMI watchdog for SMP systems.
+numastat.txt
+ - info on how to read Numa policy hit/miss statistics in sysfs.
+oops-tracing.txt
+ - how to decode those nasty internal kernel error dump messages.
+paride.txt
+ - information about the parallel port IDE subsystem.
+parisc/
+ - directory with info on using Linux on PA-RISC architecture.
+parport.txt
+ - how to use the parallel-port driver.
+parport-lowlevel.txt
+ - description and usage of the low level parallel port functions.
+pci.txt
+ - info on the PCI subsystem for device driver authors.
+pm.txt
+ - info on Linux power management support.
+pnp.txt
+ - Linux Plug and Play documentation.
+power/
+ - directory with info on Linux PCI power management.
+powerpc/
+ - directory with info on using Linux with the PowerPC.
+preempt-locking.txt
+ - info on locking under a preemptive kernel.
+ramdisk.txt
+ - short guide on how to set up and use the RAM disk.
+riscom8.txt
+ - notes on using the RISCom/8 multi-port serial driver.
+rocket.txt
+ - info on the Comtrol RocketPort multiport serial driver.
+rpc-cache.txt
+ - introduction to the caching mechanisms in the sunrpc layer.
+rtc.txt
+ - notes on how to use the Real Time Clock (aka CMOS clock) driver.
+s390/
+ - directory with info on using Linux on the IBM S390.
+sched-coding.txt
+ - reference for various scheduler-related methods in the O(1) scheduler.
+sched-design.txt
+ - goals, design and implementation of the Linux O(1) scheduler.
+sched-domains.txt
+ - information on scheduling domains.
+sched-stats.txt
+ - information on schedstats (Linux Scheduler Statistics).
+scsi/
+ - directory with info on Linux scsi support.
+serial/
+ - directory with info on the low level serial API.
+serial-console.txt
+ - how to set up Linux with a serial line console as the default.
+sgi-visws.txt
+ - short blurb on the SGI Visual Workstations.
+sh/
+ - directory with info on porting Linux to a new architecture.
+smart-config.txt
+ - description of the Smart Config makefile feature.
+smp.txt
+ - a few notes on symmetric multi-processing.
+sonypi.txt
+ - info on Linux Sony Programmable I/O Device support.
+sound/
+ - directory with info on sound card support.
+sparc/
+ - directory with info on using Linux on Sparc architecture.
+specialix.txt
+ - info on hardware/driver for specialix IO8+ multiport serial card.
+spinlocks.txt
+ - info on using spinlocks to provide exclusive access in kernel.
+stallion.txt
+ - info on using the Stallion multiport serial driver.
+svga.txt
+ - short guide on selecting video modes at boot via VGA BIOS.
+sx.txt
+ - info on the Specialix SX/SI multiport serial driver.
+sysctl/
+ - directory with info on the /proc/sys/* files.
+sysrq.txt
+ - info on the magic SysRq key.
+telephony/
+ - directory with info on telephony (e.g. voice over IP) support.
+time_interpolators.txt
+ - info on time interpolators.
+tipar.txt
+ - information about Parallel link cable for Texas Instruments handhelds.
+tty.txt
+ - guide to the locking policies of the tty layer.
+unicode.txt
+ - info on the Unicode character/font mapping used in Linux.
+uml/
+ - directory with infomation about User Mode Linux.
+usb/
+ - directory with info regarding the Universal Serial Bus.
+video4linux/
+ - directory with info regarding video/TV/radio cards and linux.
+vm/
+ - directory with info on the Linux vm code.
+voyager.txt
+ - guide to running Linux on the Voyager architecture.
+watchdog/
+ - how to auto-reboot Linux if it has "fallen and can't get up". ;-)
+x86_64/
+ - directory with info on Linux support for AMD x86-64 (Hammer) machines.
+xterm-linux.xpm
+ - XPM image of penguin logo (see logo.txt) sitting on an xterm.
+zorro.txt
+ - info on writing drivers for Zorro bus devices found on Amigas.
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/00-INDEX b/Documentation/BK-usage/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8276878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+bk-kernel-howto.txt: Description of kernel workflow under BitKeeper
+
+bk-make-sum: Create summary of changesets in one repository and not
+another, typically in preparation to be sent to an upstream maintainer.
+Typical usage:
+ cd my-updated-repo
+ bk-make-sum ~/repo/original-repo
+ mv /tmp/linus.txt ../original-repo.txt
+
+bksend: Create readable text output containing summary of changes, GNU
+patch of the changes, and BK metadata of changes (as needed for proper
+importing into BitKeeper by an upstream maintainer). This output is
+suitable for emailing BitKeeper changes. The recipient of this output
+may pipe it directly to 'bk receive'.
+
+bz64wrap: helper script. Uncompressed input is piped to this script,
+which compresses its input, and then outputs the uu-/base64-encoded
+version of the compressed input.
+
+cpcset: Copy changeset between unrelated repositories.
+Attempts to preserve changeset user, user address, description, in
+addition to the changeset (the patch) itself.
+Typical usage:
+ cd my-updated-repo
+ bk changes # looking for a changeset...
+ cpcset 1.1511 . ../another-repo
+
+csets-to-patches: Produces a delta of two BK repositories, in the form
+of individual files, each containing a single cset as a GNU patch.
+Output is several files, each with the filename "/tmp/rev-$REV.patch"
+Typical usage:
+ cd my-updated-repo
+ bk changes -L ~/repo/original-repo 2>&1 | \
+ perl csets-to-patches
+
+cset-to-linus: Produces a delta of two BK repositories, in the form of
+changeset descriptions, with 'diffstat' output created for each
+individual changset.
+Typical usage:
+ cd my-updated-repo
+ bk changes -L ~/repo/original-repo 2>&1 | \
+ perl cset-to-linus > summary.txt
+
+gcapatch: Generates patch containing changes in local repository.
+Typical usage:
+ cd my-updated-repo
+ gcapatch > foo.patch
+
+unbz64wrap: Reverse an encoded, compressed data stream created by
+bz64wrap into an uncompressed, typically text/plain output.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/bk-kernel-howto.txt b/Documentation/BK-usage/bk-kernel-howto.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7b9075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/bk-kernel-howto.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+
+ Doing the BK Thing, Penguin-Style
+
+
+
+
+This set of notes is intended mainly for kernel developers, occasional
+or full-time, but sysadmins and power users may find parts of it useful
+as well. It assumes at least a basic familiarity with CVS, both at a
+user level (use on the cmd line) and at a higher level (client-server model).
+Due to the author's background, an operation may be described in terms
+of CVS, or in terms of how that operation differs from CVS.
+
+This is -not- intended to be BitKeeper documentation. Always run
+"bk help <command>" or in X "bk helptool <command>" for reference
+documentation.
+
+
+BitKeeper Concepts
+------------------
+
+In the true nature of the Internet itself, BitKeeper is a distributed
+system. When applied to revision control, this means doing away with
+client-server, and changing to a parent-child model... essentially
+peer-to-peer. On the developer's end, this also represents a
+fundamental disruption in the standard workflow of changes, commits,
+and merges. You will need to take a few minutes to think about
+how to best work under BitKeeper, and re-optimize things a bit.
+In some sense it is a bit radical, because it might described as
+tossing changes out into a maelstrom and having them magically
+land at the right destination... but I'm getting ahead of myself.
+
+Let's start with this progression:
+Each BitKeeper source tree on disk is a repository unto itself.
+Each repository has a parent (except the root/original, of course).
+Each repository contains a set of a changesets ("csets").
+Each cset is one or more changed files, bundled together.
+
+Each tree is a repository, so all changes are checked into the local
+tree. When a change is checked in, all modified files are grouped
+into a logical unit, the changeset. Internally, BK links these
+changesets in a tree, representing various converging and diverging
+lines of development. These changesets are the bread and butter of
+the BK system.
+
+After the concept of changesets, the next thing you need to get used
+to is having multiple copies of source trees lying around. This -really-
+takes some getting used to, for some people. Separate source trees
+are the means in BitKeeper by which you delineate parallel lines
+of development, both minor and major. What would be branches in
+CVS become separate source trees, or "clones" in BitKeeper [heh,
+or Star Wars] terminology.
+
+Clones and changesets are the tools from which most of the power of
+BitKeeper is derived. As mentioned earlier, each clone has a parent,
+the tree used as the source when the new clone was created. In a
+CVS-like setup, the parent would be a remote server on the Internet,
+and the child is your local clone of that tree.
+
+Once you have established a common baseline between two source trees --
+a common parent -- then you can merge changesets between those two
+trees with ease. Merging changes into a tree is called a "pull", and
+is analagous to 'cvs update'. A pull downloads all the changesets in
+the remote tree you do not have, and merges them. Sending changes in
+one tree to another tree is called a "push". Push sends all changes
+in the local tree the remote does not yet have, and merges them.
+
+From these concepts come some initial command examples:
+
+1) bk clone -q http://linux.bkbits.net/linux-2.5 linus-2.5
+Download a 2.5 stock kernel tree, naming it "linus-2.5" in the local dir.
+The "-q" disables listing every single file as it is downloaded.
+
+2) bk clone -ql linus-2.5 alpha-2.5
+Create a separate source tree for the Alpha AXP architecture.
+The "-l" uses hard links instead of copying data, since both trees are
+on the local disk. You can also replace the above with "bk lclone -q ..."
+
+You only clone a tree -once-. After cloning the tree lives a long time
+on disk, being updating by pushes and pulls.
+
+3) cd alpha-2.5 ; bk pull http://gkernel.bkbits.net/alpha-2.5
+Download changes in "alpha-2.5" repository which are not present
+in the local repository, and merge them into the source tree.
+
+4) bk -r co -q
+Because every tree is a repository, files must be checked out before
+they will be in their standard places in the source tree.
+
+5) bk vi fs/inode.c # example change...
+ bk citool # checkin, using X tool
+ bk push bk://gkernel@bkbits.net/alpha-2.5 # upload change
+Typical example of a BK sequence that would replace the analagous CVS
+situation,
+ vi fs/inode.c
+ cvs commit
+
+As this is just supposed to be a quick BK intro, for more in-depth
+tutorials, live working demos, and docs, see http://www.bitkeeper.com/
+
+
+
+BK and Kernel Development Workflow
+----------------------------------
+Currently the latest 2.5 tree is available via "bk clone $URL"
+and "bk pull $URL" at http://linux.bkbits.net/linux-2.5
+This should change in a few weeks to a kernel.org URL.
+
+
+A big part of using BitKeeper is organizing the various trees you have
+on your local disk, and organizing the flow of changes among those
+trees, and remote trees. If one were to graph the relationships between
+a desired BK setup, you are likely to see a few-many-few graph, like
+this:
+
+ linux-2.5
+ |
+ merge-to-linus-2.5
+ / | |
+ / | |
+ vm-hacks bugfixes filesys personal-hacks
+ \ | | /
+ \ | | /
+ \ | | /
+ testing-and-validation
+
+Since a "bk push" sends all changes not in the target tree, and
+since a "bk pull" receives all changes not in the source tree, you want
+to make sure you are only pushing specific changes to the desired tree,
+not all changes from "peer parent" trees. For example, pushing a change
+from the testing-and-validation tree would probably be a bad idea,
+because it will push all changes from vm-hacks, bugfixes, filesys, and
+personal-hacks trees into the target tree.
+
+One would typically work on only one "theme" at a time, either
+vm-hacks or bugfixes or filesys, keeping those changes isolated in
+their own tree during development, and only merge the isolated with
+other changes when going upstream (to Linus or other maintainers) or
+downstream (to your "union" trees, like testing-and-validation above).
+
+It should be noted that some of this separation is not just recommended
+practice, it's actually [for now] -enforced- by BitKeeper. BitKeeper
+requires that changesets maintain a certain order, which is the reason
+that "bk push" sends all local changesets the remote doesn't have. This
+separation may look like a lot of wasted disk space at first, but it
+helps when two unrelated changes may "pollute" the same area of code, or
+don't follow the same pace of development, or any other of the standard
+reasons why one creates a development branch.
+
+Small development branches (clones) will appear and disappear:
+
+ -------- A --------- B --------- C --------- D -------
+ \ /
+ -----short-term devel branch-----
+
+While long-term branches will parallel a tree (or trees), with period
+merge points. In this first example, we pull from a tree (pulls,
+"\") periodically, such as what occurs when tracking changes in a
+vendor tree, never pushing changes back up the line:
+
+ -------- A --------- B --------- C --------- D -------
+ \ \ \
+ ----long-term devel branch-----------------
+
+And then a more common case in Linux kernel development, a long term
+branch with periodic merges back into the tree (pushes, "/"):
+
+ -------- A --------- B --------- C --------- D -------
+ \ \ / \
+ ----long-term devel branch-----------------
+
+
+
+
+
+Submitting Changes to Linus
+---------------------------
+There's a bit of an art, or style, of submitting changes to Linus.
+Since Linus's tree is now (you might say) fully integrated into the
+distributed BitKeeper system, there are several prerequisites to
+properly submitting a BitKeeper change. All these prereq's are just
+general cleanliness of BK usage, so as people become experts at BK, feel
+free to optimize this process further (assuming Linus agrees, of
+course).
+
+
+
+0) Make sure your tree was originally cloned from the linux-2.5 tree
+created by Linus. If your tree does not have this as its ancestor, it
+is impossible to reliably exchange changesets.
+
+
+
+1) Pay attention to your commit text. The commit message that
+accompanies each changeset you submit will live on forever in history,
+and is used by Linus to accurately summarize the changes in each
+pre-patch. Remember that there is no context, so
+ "fix for new scheduler changes"
+would be too vague, but
+ "fix mips64 arch for new scheduler switch_to(), TIF_xxx semantics"
+would be much better.
+
+You can and should use the command "bk comment -C<rev>" to update the
+commit text, and improve it after the fact. This is very useful for
+development: poor, quick descriptions during development, which get
+cleaned up using "bk comment" before issuing the "bk push" to submit the
+changes.
+
+
+
+2) Include an Internet-available URL for Linus to pull from, such as
+
+ Pull from: http://gkernel.bkbits.net/net-drivers-2.5
+
+
+
+3) Include a summary and "diffstat -p1" of each changeset that will be
+downloaded, when Linus issues a "bk pull". The author auto-generates
+these summaries using "bk changes -L <parent>", to obtain a listing
+of all the pending-to-send changesets, and their commit messages.
+
+It is important to show Linus what he will be downloading when he issues
+a "bk pull", to reduce the time required to sift the changes once they
+are downloaded to Linus's local machine.
+
+IMPORTANT NOTE: One of the features of BK is that your repository does
+not have to be up to date, in order for Linus to receive your changes.
+It is considered a courtesy to keep your repository fairly recent, to
+lessen any potential merge work Linus may need to do.
+
+
+4) Split up your changes. Each maintainer<->Linus situation is likely
+to be slightly different here, so take this just as general advice. The
+author splits up changes according to "themes" when merging with Linus.
+Simultaneous pushes from local development go to special trees which
+exist solely to house changes "queued" for Linus. Example of the trees:
+
+ net-drivers-2.5 -- on-going net driver maintenance
+ vm-2.5 -- VM-related changes
+ fs-2.5 -- filesystem-related changes
+
+Linus then has much more freedom for pulling changes. He could (for
+example) issue a "bk pull" on vm-2.5 and fs-2.5 trees, to merge their
+changes, but hold off net-drivers-2.5 because of a change that needs
+more discussion.
+
+Other maintainers may find that a single linus-pull-from tree is
+adequate for passing BK changesets to him.
+
+
+
+Frequently Answered Questions
+-----------------------------
+1) How do I change the e-mail address shown in the changelog?
+A. When you run "bk citool" or "bk commit", set environment
+ variables BK_USER and BK_HOST to the desired username
+ and host/domain name.
+
+
+2) How do I use tags / get a diff between two kernel versions?
+A. Pass the tags Linus uses to 'bk export'.
+
+ChangeSets are in a forward-progressing order, so it's pretty easy
+to get a snapshot starting and ending at any two points in time.
+Linus puts tags on each release and pre-release, so you could use
+these two examples:
+
+ bk export -tpatch -hdu -rv2.5.4,v2.5.5 | less
+ # creates patch-2.5.5 essentially
+ bk export -tpatch -du -rv2.5.5-pre1,v2.5.5 | less
+ # changes from pre1 to final
+
+A tag is just an alias for a specific changeset... and since changesets
+are ordered, a tag is thus a marker for a specific point in time (or
+specific state of the tree).
+
+
+3) Is there an easy way to generate One Big Patch versus mainline,
+ for my long-lived kernel branch?
+A. Yes. This requires BK 3.x, though.
+
+ bk export -tpatch -r`bk repogca bk://linux.bkbits.net/linux-2.5`,+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/bk-make-sum b/Documentation/BK-usage/bk-make-sum
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..58ca46a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/bk-make-sum
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/bin/sh -e
+# DIR=$HOME/BK/axp-2.5
+# cd $DIR
+
+LINUS_REPO=$1
+DIRBASE=`basename $PWD`
+
+{
+cat <<EOT
+Please do a
+
+ bk pull bk://gkernel.bkbits.net/$DIRBASE
+
+This will update the following files:
+
+EOT
+
+bk export -tpatch -hdu -r`bk repogca $LINUS_REPO`,+ | diffstat -p1 2>/dev/null
+
+cat <<EOT
+
+through these ChangeSets:
+
+EOT
+
+bk changes -L -d'$unless(:MERGE:){ChangeSet|:CSETREV:\n}' $LINUS_REPO |
+bk -R prs -h -d'$unless(:MERGE:){<:P:@:HOST:> (:D: :I:)\n$each(:C:){ (:C:)\n}\n}' -
+
+} > /tmp/linus.txt
+
+cat <<EOT
+Mail text in /tmp/linus.txt; please check and send using your favourite
+mailer.
+EOT
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/bksend b/Documentation/BK-usage/bksend
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..836ca94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/bksend
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# A script to format BK changeset output in a manner that is easy to read.
+# Andreas Dilger <adilger@turbolabs.com> 13/02/2002
+#
+# Add diffstat output after Changelog <adilger@turbolabs.com> 21/02/2002
+
+PROG=bksend
+
+usage() {
+ echo "usage: $PROG -r<rev>"
+ echo -e "\twhere <rev> is of the form '1.23', '1.23..', '1.23..1.27',"
+ echo -e "\tor '+' to indicate the most recent revision"
+
+ exit 1
+}
+
+case $1 in
+-r) REV=$2; shift ;;
+-r*) REV=`echo $1 | sed 's/^-r//'` ;;
+*) echo "$PROG: no revision given, you probably don't want that";;
+esac
+
+[ -z "$REV" ] && usage
+
+echo "You can import this changeset into BK by piping this whole message to:"
+echo "'| bk receive [path to repository]' or apply the patch as usual."
+
+SEP="\n===================================================================\n\n"
+echo -e $SEP
+env PAGER=/bin/cat bk changes -r$REV
+echo
+bk export -tpatch -du -h -r$REV | diffstat
+echo; echo
+bk export -tpatch -du -h -r$REV
+echo -e $SEP
+bk send -wgzip_uu -r$REV -
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/bz64wrap b/Documentation/BK-usage/bz64wrap
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..be78087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/bz64wrap
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# bz64wrap - the sending side of a bzip2 | base64 stream
+# Andreas Dilger <adilger@clusterfs.com> Jan 2002
+
+
+PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/freeware/bin
+
+# A program to generate base64 encoding on stdout
+BASE64_ENCODE="uuencode -m /dev/stdout"
+BASE64_BEGIN=
+BASE64_END=
+
+BZIP=NO
+BASE64=NO
+
+# Test if we have the bzip program installed
+bzip2 -c /dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1 && BZIP=YES
+
+# Test if uuencode can handle the -m (MIME) encoding option
+$BASE64_ENCODE < /dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1 && BASE64=YES
+
+if [ $BASE64 = NO ]; then
+ BASE64_ENCODE=mimencode
+ BASE64_BEGIN="begin-base64 644 -"
+ BASE64_END="===="
+
+ $BASE64_ENCODE < /dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1 && BASE64=YES
+fi
+
+if [ $BZIP = NO -o $BASE64 = NO ]; then
+ echo "$0: can't use bz64 encoding: bzip2=$BZIP, $BASE64_ENCODE=$BASE64"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+# Sadly, mimencode does not appear to have good "begin" and "end" markers
+# like uuencode does, and it is picky about getting the right start/end of
+# the base64 stream, so we handle this internally.
+echo "$BASE64_BEGIN"
+bzip2 -9 | $BASE64_ENCODE
+echo "$BASE64_END"
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/cpcset b/Documentation/BK-usage/cpcset
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b8faca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/cpcset
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# Purpose: Copy changeset patch and description from one
+# repository to another, unrelated one.
+#
+# usage: cpcset [revision] [from-repository] [to-repository]
+#
+
+REV=$1
+FROM=$2
+TO=$3
+TMPF=/tmp/cpcset.$$
+
+rm -f $TMPF*
+
+CWD_SAVE=`pwd`
+cd $FROM
+bk changes -r$REV | \
+ grep -v '^ChangeSet' | \
+ sed -e 's/^ //g' > $TMPF.log
+
+USERHOST=`bk changes -r$REV | grep '^ChangeSet' | awk '{print $4}'`
+export BK_USER=`echo $USERHOST | awk '-F@' '{print $1}'`
+export BK_HOST=`echo $USERHOST | awk '-F@' '{print $2}'`
+
+bk export -tpatch -hdu -r$REV > $TMPF.patch && \
+cd $CWD_SAVE && \
+cd $TO && \
+bk import -tpatch -CFR -y"`cat $TMPF.log`" $TMPF.patch . && \
+bk commit -y"`cat $TMPF.log`"
+
+rm -f $TMPF*
+
+echo changeset $REV copied.
+echo ""
+
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/cset-to-linus b/Documentation/BK-usage/cset-to-linus
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..d28a96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/cset-to-linus
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+use strict;
+
+my ($lhs, $rev, $tmp, $rhs, $s);
+my @cset_text = ();
+my @pipe_text = ();
+my $have_cset = 0;
+
+while (<>) {
+ next if /^---/;
+
+ if (($lhs, $tmp, $rhs) = (/^(ChangeSet\@)([^,]+)(, .*)$/)) {
+ &cset_rev if ($have_cset);
+
+ $rev = $tmp;
+ $have_cset = 1;
+
+ push(@cset_text, $_);
+ }
+
+ elsif ($have_cset) {
+ push(@cset_text, $_);
+ }
+}
+&cset_rev if ($have_cset);
+exit(0);
+
+
+sub cset_rev {
+ my $empty_cset = 0;
+
+ open PIPE, "bk export -tpatch -hdu -r $rev | diffstat -p1 2>/dev/null |" or die;
+ while ($s = <PIPE>) {
+ $empty_cset = 1 if ($s =~ /0 files changed/);
+ push(@pipe_text, $s);
+ }
+ close(PIPE);
+
+ if (! $empty_cset) {
+ print @cset_text;
+ print @pipe_text;
+ print "\n\n";
+ }
+
+ @pipe_text = ();
+ @cset_text = ();
+}
+
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/csets-to-patches b/Documentation/BK-usage/csets-to-patches
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..e2b81c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/csets-to-patches
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+use strict;
+
+my ($lhs, $rev, $tmp, $rhs, $s);
+my @cset_text = ();
+my @pipe_text = ();
+my $have_cset = 0;
+
+while (<>) {
+ next if /^---/;
+
+ if (($lhs, $tmp, $rhs) = (/^(ChangeSet\@)([^,]+)(, .*)$/)) {
+ &cset_rev if ($have_cset);
+
+ $rev = $tmp;
+ $have_cset = 1;
+
+ push(@cset_text, $_);
+ }
+
+ elsif ($have_cset) {
+ push(@cset_text, $_);
+ }
+}
+&cset_rev if ($have_cset);
+exit(0);
+
+
+sub cset_rev {
+ my $empty_cset = 0;
+
+ system("bk export -tpatch -du -r $rev > /tmp/rev-$rev.patch");
+
+ if (! $empty_cset) {
+ print @cset_text;
+ print @pipe_text;
+ print "\n\n";
+ }
+
+ @pipe_text = ();
+ @cset_text = ();
+}
+
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/gcapatch b/Documentation/BK-usage/gcapatch
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..aaeb17dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/gcapatch
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# Purpose: Generate GNU diff of local changes versus canonical top-of-tree
+#
+# Usage: gcapatch > foo.patch
+#
+
+bk export -tpatch -hdu -r`bk repogca bk://linux.bkbits.net/linux-2.5`,+
diff --git a/Documentation/BK-usage/unbz64wrap b/Documentation/BK-usage/unbz64wrap
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..4fc3e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BK-usage/unbz64wrap
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# unbz64wrap - the receiving side of a bzip2 | base64 stream
+# Andreas Dilger <adilger@clusterfs.com> Jan 2002
+
+# Sadly, mimencode does not appear to have good "begin" and "end" markers
+# like uuencode does, and it is picky about getting the right start/end of
+# the base64 stream, so we handle this explicitly here.
+
+PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/freeware/bin
+
+if mimencode -u < /dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1 ; then
+ SHOW=
+ while read LINE; do
+ case $LINE in
+ begin-base64*) SHOW=YES ;;
+ ====) SHOW= ;;
+ *) [ "$SHOW" ] && echo "$LINE" ;;
+ esac
+ done | mimencode -u | bunzip2
+ exit $?
+else
+ cat - | uudecode -o /dev/stdout | bunzip2
+ exit $?
+fi
diff --git a/Documentation/BUG-HUNTING b/Documentation/BUG-HUNTING
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca29242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/BUG-HUNTING
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+[Sat Mar 2 10:32:33 PST 1996 KERNEL_BUG-HOWTO lm@sgi.com (Larry McVoy)]
+
+This is how to track down a bug if you know nothing about kernel hacking.
+It's a brute force approach but it works pretty well.
+
+You need:
+
+ . A reproducible bug - it has to happen predictably (sorry)
+ . All the kernel tar files from a revision that worked to the
+ revision that doesn't
+
+You will then do:
+
+ . Rebuild a revision that you believe works, install, and verify that.
+ . Do a binary search over the kernels to figure out which one
+ introduced the bug. I.e., suppose 1.3.28 didn't have the bug, but
+ you know that 1.3.69 does. Pick a kernel in the middle and build
+ that, like 1.3.50. Build & test; if it works, pick the mid point
+ between .50 and .69, else the mid point between .28 and .50.
+ . You'll narrow it down to the kernel that introduced the bug. You
+ can probably do better than this but it gets tricky.
+
+ . Narrow it down to a subdirectory
+
+ - Copy kernel that works into "test". Let's say that 3.62 works,
+ but 3.63 doesn't. So you diff -r those two kernels and come
+ up with a list of directories that changed. For each of those
+ directories:
+
+ Copy the non-working directory next to the working directory
+ as "dir.63".
+ One directory at time, try moving the working directory to
+ "dir.62" and mv dir.63 dir"time, try
+
+ mv dir dir.62
+ mv dir.63 dir
+ find dir -name '*.[oa]' -print | xargs rm -f
+
+ And then rebuild and retest. Assuming that all related
+ changes were contained in the sub directory, this should
+ isolate the change to a directory.
+
+ Problems: changes in header files may have occurred; I've
+ found in my case that they were self explanatory - you may
+ or may not want to give up when that happens.
+
+ . Narrow it down to a file
+
+ - You can apply the same technique to each file in the directory,
+ hoping that the changes in that file are self contained.
+
+ . Narrow it down to a routine
+
+ - You can take the old file and the new file and manually create
+ a merged file that has
+
+ #ifdef VER62
+ routine()
+ {
+ ...
+ }
+ #else
+ routine()
+ {
+ ...
+ }
+ #endif
+
+ And then walk through that file, one routine at a time and
+ prefix it with
+
+ #define VER62
+ /* both routines here */
+ #undef VER62
+
+ Then recompile, retest, move the ifdefs until you find the one
+ that makes the difference.
+
+Finally, you take all the info that you have, kernel revisions, bug
+description, the extent to which you have narrowed it down, and pass
+that off to whomever you believe is the maintainer of that section.
+A post to linux.dev.kernel isn't such a bad idea if you've done some
+work to narrow it down.
+
+If you get it down to a routine, you'll probably get a fix in 24 hours.
+
+My apologies to Linus and the other kernel hackers for describing this
+brute force approach, it's hardly what a kernel hacker would do. However,
+it does work and it lets non-hackers help fix bugs. And it is cool
+because Linux snapshots will let you do this - something that you can't
+do with vendor supplied releases.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/Changes b/Documentation/Changes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caa6a55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/Changes
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+Intro
+=====
+
+This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
+software necessary to run the 2.6 kernels, as well as provide brief
+instructions regarding any other "Gotchas" users may encounter when
+trying life on the Bleeding Edge. If upgrading from a pre-2.4.x
+kernel, please consult the Changes file included with 2.4.x kernels for
+additional information; most of that information will not be repeated
+here. Basically, this document assumes that your system is already
+functional and running at least 2.4.x kernels.
+
+This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
+and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
+Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
+'net).
+
+The latest revision of this document, in various formats, can always
+be found at <http://cyberbuzz.gatech.edu/kaboom/linux/Changes-2.4/>.
+
+Feel free to translate this document. If you do so, please send me a
+URL to your translation for inclusion in future revisions of this
+document.
+
+Smotrite file <http://oblom.rnc.ru/linux/kernel/Changes.ru>, yavlyaushisya
+russkim perevodom dannogo documenta.
+
+Visite <http://www2.adi.uam.es/~ender/tecnico/> para obtener la traducción
+al español de este documento en varios formatos.
+
+Eine deutsche Version dieser Datei finden Sie unter
+<http://www.stefan-winter.de/Changes-2.4.0.txt>.
+
+Last updated: October 29th, 2002
+
+Chris Ricker (kaboom@gatech.edu or chris.ricker@genetics.utah.edu).
+
+Current Minimal Requirements
+============================
+
+Upgrade to at *least* these software revisions before thinking you've
+encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
+running, the suggested command should tell you.
+
+Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already
+functionally running a Linux 2.4 kernel. Also, not all tools are
+necessary on all systems; obviously, if you don't have any PCMCIA (PC
+Card) hardware, for example, you probably needn't concern yourself
+with pcmcia-cs.
+
+o Gnu C 2.95.3 # gcc --version
+o Gnu make 3.79.1 # make --version
+o binutils 2.12 # ld -v
+o util-linux 2.10o # fdformat --version
+o module-init-tools 0.9.10 # depmod -V
+o e2fsprogs 1.29 # tune2fs
+o jfsutils 1.1.3 # fsck.jfs -V
+o reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 # reiserfsck -V 2>&1|grep reiserfsprogs
+o xfsprogs 2.6.0 # xfs_db -V
+o pcmcia-cs 3.1.21 # cardmgr -V
+o quota-tools 3.09 # quota -V
+o PPP 2.4.0 # pppd --version
+o isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 # isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
+o nfs-utils 1.0.5 # showmount --version
+o procps 3.2.0 # ps --version
+o oprofile 0.5.3 # oprofiled --version
+
+Kernel compilation
+==================
+
+GCC
+---
+
+The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
+computer. The next paragraph applies to users of x86 CPUs, but not
+necessarily to users of other CPUs. Users of other CPUs should obtain
+information about their gcc version requirements from another source.
+
+The recommended compiler for the kernel is gcc 2.95.x (x >= 3), and it
+should be used when you need absolute stability. You may use gcc 3.0.x
+instead if you wish, although it may cause problems. Later versions of gcc
+have not received much testing for Linux kernel compilation, and there are
+almost certainly bugs (mainly, but not exclusively, in the kernel) that
+will need to be fixed in order to use these compilers. In any case, using
+pgcc instead of plain gcc is just asking for trouble.
+
+The Red Hat gcc 2.96 compiler subtree can also be used to build this tree.
+You should ensure you use gcc-2.96-74 or later. gcc-2.96-54 will not build
+the kernel correctly.
+
+In addition, please pay attention to compiler optimization. Anything
+greater than -O2 may not be wise. Similarly, if you choose to use gcc-2.95.x
+or derivatives, be sure not to use -fstrict-aliasing (which, depending on
+your version of gcc 2.95.x, may necessitate using -fno-strict-aliasing).
+
+Make
+----
+
+You will need Gnu make 3.79.1 or later to build the kernel.
+
+Binutils
+--------
+
+Linux on IA-32 has recently switched from using as86 to using gas for
+assembling the 16-bit boot code, removing the need for as86 to compile
+your kernel. This change does, however, mean that you need a recent
+release of binutils.
+
+System utilities
+================
+
+Architectural changes
+---------------------
+
+DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
+(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
+
+32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
+
+Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
+documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
+definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with the
+SGML templates in the Documentation/DocBook directory to make DocBook
+files, which can then be converted by DocBook stylesheets to PostScript,
+HTML, PDF files, and several other formats. In order to convert from
+DocBook format to a format of your choice, you'll need to install Jade as
+well as the desired DocBook stylesheets.
+
+Util-linux
+----------
+
+New versions of util-linux provide *fdisk support for larger disks,
+support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
+types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
+You'll probably want to upgrade.
+
+Ksymoops
+--------
+
+If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you'll need a 2.4
+version of ksymoops to decode the report; see REPORTING-BUGS in the
+root of the Linux source for more information.
+
+Module-Init-Tools
+-----------------
+
+A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires module-init-tools
+to use. It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels.
+
+Mkinitrd
+--------
+
+These changes to the /lib/modules file tree layout also require that
+mkinitrd be upgraded.
+
+E2fsprogs
+---------
+
+The latest version of e2fsprogs fixes several bugs in fsck and
+debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
+
+JFSutils
+--------
+
+The jfsutils package contains the utilities for the file system.
+The following utilities are available:
+o fsck.jfs - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
+ and repair a JFS formatted partition.
+o mkfs.jfs - create a JFS formatted partition.
+o other file system utilities are also available in this package.
+
+Reiserfsprogs
+-------------
+
+The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
+(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
+versions of mkreiserfs, resize_reiserfs, debugreiserfs and
+reiserfsck. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
+
+Xfsprogs
+--------
+
+The latest version of xfsprogs contains mkfs.xfs, xfs_db, and the
+xfs_repair utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
+architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
+work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
+later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
+
+
+Pcmcia-cs
+---------
+
+PCMCIA (PC Card) support is now partially implemented in the main
+kernel source. Pay attention when you recompile your kernel ;-).
+Also, be sure to upgrade to the latest pcmcia-cs release.
+
+Quota-tools
+-----------
+
+Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
+the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
+newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
+from the table above.
+
+Intel IA32 microcode
+--------------------
+
+A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
+accessible as both a devfs regular file and as a normal (misc)
+character device. If you are not using devfs you may need to:
+
+mkdir /dev/cpu
+mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
+chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
+
+as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
+get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
+
+Powertweak
+----------
+
+If you are running v0.1.17 or earlier, you should upgrade to
+version v0.99.0 or higher. Running old versions may cause problems
+with programs using shared memory.
+
+udev
+----
+udev is a userspace application for populating /dev dynamically with
+only entries for devices actually present. udev replaces devfs.
+
+Networking
+==========
+
+General changes
+---------------
+
+If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
+consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
+
+Packet Filter / NAT
+-------------------
+The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
+kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
+for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
+
+PPP
+---
+
+The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
+enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
+upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
+
+If you are not using devfs, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
+which can be made by:
+
+mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
+
+as root.
+
+If you use devfsd and build ppp support as modules, you will need
+the following in your /etc/devfsd.conf file:
+
+LOOKUP PPP MODLOAD
+
+Isdn4k-utils
+------------
+
+Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils
+needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded.
+
+NFS-utils
+---------
+
+In 2.4 and earlier kernels, the nfs server needed to know about any
+client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
+information would be given to the kernel by "mountd" when the client
+mounted the filesystem, or by "exportfs" at system startup. exportfs
+would take information about active clients from /var/lib/nfs/rmtab.
+
+This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
+which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
+fail-over. Even when the system is working well, rmtab suffers from
+getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
+
+With 2.6 we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd when it
+gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give appropriate
+export information to the kernel. This removes the dependency on
+rmtab and means that the kernel only needs to know about currently
+active clients.
+
+To enable this new functionality, you need to:
+
+ mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfs
+
+before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
+services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
+that is possible.
+
+Getting updated software
+========================
+
+Kernel compilation
+******************
+
+gcc 2.95.3
+----------
+o <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-2.95.3.tar.gz>
+
+Make
+----
+o <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
+
+Binutils
+--------
+o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
+
+System utilities
+****************
+
+Util-linux
+----------
+o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
+
+Ksymoops
+--------
+o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
+
+Module-Init-Tools
+-----------------
+o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/rusty/modules/>
+
+Mkinitrd
+--------
+o <ftp://rawhide.redhat.com/pub/rawhide/SRPMS/SRPMS/>
+
+E2fsprogs
+---------
+o <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>
+
+JFSutils
+--------
+o <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
+
+Reiserfsprogs
+-------------
+o <http://www.namesys.com/pub/reiserfsprogs/reiserfsprogs-3.6.3.tar.gz>
+
+Xfsprogs
+--------
+o <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/download/>
+
+Pcmcia-cs
+---------
+o <ftp://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/pub/pcmcia-cs/pcmcia-cs-3.1.21.tar.gz>
+
+Quota-tools
+----------
+o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
+
+Jade
+----
+o <ftp://ftp.jclark.com/pub/jade/jade-1.2.1.tar.gz>
+
+DocBook Stylesheets
+-------------------
+o <http://nwalsh.com/docbook/dsssl/>
+
+Intel P6 microcode
+------------------
+o <http://www.urbanmyth.org/microcode/>
+
+Powertweak
+----------
+o <http://powertweak.sourceforge.net/>
+
+udev
+----
+o <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html>
+
+Networking
+**********
+
+PPP
+---
+o <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/ppp-2.4.0.tar.gz>
+
+Isdn4k-utils
+------------
+o <ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/utils/isdn4k-utils.v3.1pre1.tar.gz>
+
+NFS-utils
+---------
+o <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
+
+Iptables
+--------
+o <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>
+
+Ip-route2
+---------
+o <ftp://ftp.tux.org/pub/net/ip-routing/iproute2-2.2.4-now-ss991023.tar.gz>
+
+OProfile
+--------
+o <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
+
+NFS-Utils
+---------
+o <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingStyle b/Documentation/CodingStyle
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f25b395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/CodingStyle
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+
+ Linux kernel coding style
+
+This is a short document describing the preferred coding style for the
+linux kernel. Coding style is very personal, and I won't _force_ my
+views on anybody, but this is what goes for anything that I have to be
+able to maintain, and I'd prefer it for most other things too. Please
+at least consider the points made here.
+
+First off, I'd suggest printing out a copy of the GNU coding standards,
+and NOT read it. Burn them, it's a great symbolic gesture.
+
+Anyway, here goes:
+
+
+ Chapter 1: Indentation
+
+Tabs are 8 characters, and thus indentations are also 8 characters.
+There are heretic movements that try to make indentations 4 (or even 2!)
+characters deep, and that is akin to trying to define the value of PI to
+be 3.
+
+Rationale: The whole idea behind indentation is to clearly define where
+a block of control starts and ends. Especially when you've been looking
+at your screen for 20 straight hours, you'll find it a lot easier to see
+how the indentation works if you have large indentations.
+
+Now, some people will claim that having 8-character indentations makes
+the code move too far to the right, and makes it hard to read on a
+80-character terminal screen. The answer to that is that if you need
+more than 3 levels of indentation, you're screwed anyway, and should fix
+your program.
+
+In short, 8-char indents make things easier to read, and have the added
+benefit of warning you when you're nesting your functions too deep.
+Heed that warning.
+
+Don't put multiple statements on a single line unless you have
+something to hide:
+
+ if (condition) do_this;
+ do_something_everytime;
+
+Outside of comments, documentation and except in Kconfig, spaces are never
+used for indentation, and the above example is deliberately broken.
+
+Get a decent editor and don't leave whitespace at the end of lines.
+
+
+ Chapter 2: Breaking long lines and strings
+
+Coding style is all about readability and maintainability using commonly
+available tools.
+
+The limit on the length of lines is 80 columns and this is a hard limit.
+
+Statements longer than 80 columns will be broken into sensible chunks.
+Descendants are always substantially shorter than the parent and are placed
+substantially to the right. The same applies to function headers with a long
+argument list. Long strings are as well broken into shorter strings.
+
+void fun(int a, int b, int c)
+{
+ if (condition)
+ printk(KERN_WARNING "Warning this is a long printk with "
+ "3 parameters a: %u b: %u "
+ "c: %u \n", a, b, c);
+ else
+ next_statement;
+}
+
+ Chapter 3: Placing Braces
+
+The other issue that always comes up in C styling is the placement of
+braces. Unlike the indent size, there are few technical reasons to
+choose one placement strategy over the other, but the preferred way, as
+shown to us by the prophets Kernighan and Ritchie, is to put the opening
+brace last on the line, and put the closing brace first, thusly:
+
+ if (x is true) {
+ we do y
+ }
+
+However, there is one special case, namely functions: they have the
+opening brace at the beginning of the next line, thus:
+
+ int function(int x)
+ {
+ body of function
+ }
+
+Heretic people all over the world have claimed that this inconsistency
+is ... well ... inconsistent, but all right-thinking people know that
+(a) K&R are _right_ and (b) K&R are right. Besides, functions are
+special anyway (you can't nest them in C).
+
+Note that the closing brace is empty on a line of its own, _except_ in
+the cases where it is followed by a continuation of the same statement,
+ie a "while" in a do-statement or an "else" in an if-statement, like
+this:
+
+ do {
+ body of do-loop
+ } while (condition);
+
+and
+
+ if (x == y) {
+ ..
+ } else if (x > y) {
+ ...
+ } else {
+ ....
+ }
+
+Rationale: K&R.
+
+Also, note that this brace-placement also minimizes the number of empty
+(or almost empty) lines, without any loss of readability. Thus, as the
+supply of new-lines on your screen is not a renewable resource (think
+25-line terminal screens here), you have more empty lines to put
+comments on.
+
+
+ Chapter 4: Naming
+
+C is a Spartan language, and so should your naming be. Unlike Modula-2
+and Pascal programmers, C programmers do not use cute names like
+ThisVariableIsATemporaryCounter. A C programmer would call that
+variable "tmp", which is much easier to write, and not the least more
+difficult to understand.
+
+HOWEVER, while mixed-case names are frowned upon, descriptive names for
+global variables are a must. To call a global function "foo" is a
+shooting offense.
+
+GLOBAL variables (to be used only if you _really_ need them) need to
+have descriptive names, as do global functions. If you have a function
+that counts the number of active users, you should call that
+"count_active_users()" or similar, you should _not_ call it "cntusr()".
+
+Encoding the type of a function into the name (so-called Hungarian
+notation) is brain damaged - the compiler knows the types anyway and can
+check those, and it only confuses the programmer. No wonder MicroSoft
+makes buggy programs.
+
+LOCAL variable names should be short, and to the point. If you have
+some random integer loop counter, it should probably be called "i".
+Calling it "loop_counter" is non-productive, if there is no chance of it
+being mis-understood. Similarly, "tmp" can be just about any type of
+variable that is used to hold a temporary value.
+
+If you are afraid to mix up your local variable names, you have another
+problem, which is called the function-growth-hormone-imbalance syndrome.
+See next chapter.
+
+
+ Chapter 5: Functions
+
+Functions should be short and sweet, and do just one thing. They should
+fit on one or two screenfuls of text (the ISO/ANSI screen size is 80x24,
+as we all know), and do one thing and do that well.
+
+The maximum length of a function is inversely proportional to the
+complexity and indentation level of that function. So, if you have a
+conceptually simple function that is just one long (but simple)
+case-statement, where you have to do lots of small things for a lot of
+different cases, it's OK to have a longer function.
+
+However, if you have a complex function, and you suspect that a
+less-than-gifted first-year high-school student might not even
+understand what the function is all about, you should adhere to the
+maximum limits all the more closely. Use helper functions with
+descriptive names (you can ask the compiler to in-line them if you think
+it's performance-critical, and it will probably do a better job of it
+than you would have done).
+
+Another measure of the function is the number of local variables. They
+shouldn't exceed 5-10, or you're doing something wrong. Re-think the
+function, and split it into smaller pieces. A human brain can
+generally easily keep track of about 7 different things, anything more
+and it gets confused. You know you're brilliant, but maybe you'd like
+to understand what you did 2 weeks from now.
+
+
+ Chapter 6: Centralized exiting of functions
+
+Albeit deprecated by some people, the equivalent of the goto statement is
+used frequently by compilers in form of the unconditional jump instruction.
+
+The goto statement comes in handy when a function exits from multiple
+locations and some common work such as cleanup has to be done.
+
+The rationale is:
+
+- unconditional statements are easier to understand and follow
+- nesting is reduced
+- errors by not updating individual exit points when making
+ modifications are prevented
+- saves the compiler work to optimize redundant code away ;)
+
+int fun(int )
+{
+ int result = 0;
+ char *buffer = kmalloc(SIZE);
+
+ if (buffer == NULL)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ if (condition1) {
+ while (loop1) {
+ ...
+ }
+ result = 1;
+ goto out;
+ }
+ ...
+out:
+ kfree(buffer);
+ return result;
+}
+
+ Chapter 7: Commenting
+
+Comments are good, but there is also a danger of over-commenting. NEVER
+try to explain HOW your code works in a comment: it's much better to
+write the code so that the _working_ is obvious, and it's a waste of
+time to explain badly written code.
+
+Generally, you want your comments to tell WHAT your code does, not HOW.
+Also, try to avoid putting comments inside a function body: if the
+function is so complex that you need to separately comment parts of it,
+you should probably go back to chapter 5 for a while. You can make
+small comments to note or warn about something particularly clever (or
+ugly), but try to avoid excess. Instead, put the comments at the head
+of the function, telling people what it does, and possibly WHY it does
+it.
+
+
+ Chapter 8: You've made a mess of it
+
+That's OK, we all do. You've probably been told by your long-time Unix
+user helper that "GNU emacs" automatically formats the C sources for
+you, and you've noticed that yes, it does do that, but the defaults it
+uses are less than desirable (in fact, they are worse than random
+typing - an infinite number of monkeys typing into GNU emacs would never
+make a good program).
+
+So, you can either get rid of GNU emacs, or change it to use saner
+values. To do the latter, you can stick the following in your .emacs file:
+
+(defun linux-c-mode ()
+ "C mode with adjusted defaults for use with the Linux kernel."
+ (interactive)
+ (c-mode)
+ (c-set-style "K&R")
+ (setq tab-width 8)
+ (setq indent-tabs-mode t)
+ (setq c-basic-offset 8))
+
+This will define the M-x linux-c-mode command. When hacking on a
+module, if you put the string -*- linux-c -*- somewhere on the first
+two lines, this mode will be automatically invoked. Also, you may want
+to add
+
+(setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("/usr/src/linux.*/.*\\.[ch]$" . linux-c-mode)
+ auto-mode-alist))
+
+to your .emacs file if you want to have linux-c-mode switched on
+automagically when you edit source files under /usr/src/linux.
+
+But even if you fail in getting emacs to do sane formatting, not
+everything is lost: use "indent".
+
+Now, again, GNU indent has the same brain-dead settings that GNU emacs
+has, which is why you need to give it a few command line options.
+However, that's not too bad, because even the makers of GNU indent
+recognize the authority of K&R (the GNU people aren't evil, they are
+just severely misguided in this matter), so you just give indent the
+options "-kr -i8" (stands for "K&R, 8 character indents"), or use
+"scripts/Lindent", which indents in the latest style.
+
+"indent" has a lot of options, and especially when it comes to comment
+re-formatting you may want to take a look at the man page. But
+remember: "indent" is not a fix for bad programming.
+
+
+ Chapter 9: Configuration-files
+
+For configuration options (arch/xxx/Kconfig, and all the Kconfig files),
+somewhat different indentation is used.
+
+Help text is indented with 2 spaces.
+
+if CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL
+ tristate CONFIG_BOOM
+ default n
+ help
+ Apply nitroglycerine inside the keyboard (DANGEROUS)
+ bool CONFIG_CHEER
+ depends on CONFIG_BOOM
+ default y
+ help
+ Output nice messages when you explode
+endif
+
+Generally, CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL should surround all options not considered
+stable. All options that are known to trash data (experimental write-
+support for file-systems, for instance) should be denoted (DANGEROUS), other
+experimental options should be denoted (EXPERIMENTAL).
+
+
+ Chapter 10: Data structures
+
+Data structures that have visibility outside the single-threaded
+environment they are created and destroyed in should always have
+reference counts. In the kernel, garbage collection doesn't exist (and
+outside the kernel garbage collection is slow and inefficient), which
+means that you absolutely _have_ to reference count all your uses.
+
+Reference counting means that you can avoid locking, and allows multiple
+users to have access to the data structure in parallel - and not having
+to worry about the structure suddenly going away from under them just
+because they slept or did something else for a while.
+
+Note that locking is _not_ a replacement for reference counting.
+Locking is used to keep data structures coherent, while reference
+counting is a memory management technique. Usually both are needed, and
+they are not to be confused with each other.
+
+Many data structures can indeed have two levels of reference counting,
+when there are users of different "classes". The subclass count counts
+the number of subclass users, and decrements the global count just once
+when the subclass count goes to zero.
+
+Examples of this kind of "multi-level-reference-counting" can be found in
+memory management ("struct mm_struct": mm_users and mm_count), and in
+filesystem code ("struct super_block": s_count and s_active).
+
+Remember: if another thread can find your data structure, and you don't
+have a reference count on it, you almost certainly have a bug.
+
+
+ Chapter 11: Macros, Enums, Inline functions and RTL
+
+Names of macros defining constants and labels in enums are capitalized.
+
+#define CONSTANT 0x12345
+
+Enums are preferred when defining several related constants.
+
+CAPITALIZED macro names are appreciated but macros resembling functions
+may be named in lower case.
+
+Generally, inline functions are preferable to macros resembling functions.
+
+Macros with multiple statements should be enclosed in a do - while block:
+
+#define macrofun(a, b, c) \
+ do { \
+ if (a == 5) \
+ do_this(b, c); \
+ } while (0)
+
+Things to avoid when using macros:
+
+1) macros that affect control flow:
+
+#define FOO(x) \
+ do { \
+ if (blah(x) < 0) \
+ return -EBUGGERED; \
+ } while(0)
+
+is a _very_ bad idea. It looks like a function call but exits the "calling"
+function; don't break the internal parsers of those who will read the code.
+
+2) macros that depend on having a local variable with a magic name:
+
+#define FOO(val) bar(index, val)
+
+might look like a good thing, but it's confusing as hell when one reads the
+code and it's prone to breakage from seemingly innocent changes.
+
+3) macros with arguments that are used as l-values: FOO(x) = y; will
+bite you if somebody e.g. turns FOO into an inline function.
+
+4) forgetting about precedence: macros defining constants using expressions
+must enclose the expression in parentheses. Beware of similar issues with
+macros using parameters.
+
+#define CONSTANT 0x4000
+#define CONSTEXP (CONSTANT | 3)
+
+The cpp manual deals with macros exhaustively. The gcc internals manual also
+covers RTL which is used frequently with assembly language in the kernel.
+
+
+ Chapter 12: Printing kernel messages
+
+Kernel developers like to be seen as literate. Do mind the spelling
+of kernel messages to make a good impression. Do not use crippled
+words like "dont" and use "do not" or "don't" instead.
+
+Kernel messages do not have to be terminated with a period.
+
+Printing numbers in parentheses (%d) adds no value and should be avoided.
+
+
+ Chapter 13: References
+
+The C Programming Language, Second Edition
+by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie.
+Prentice Hall, Inc., 1988.
+ISBN 0-13-110362-8 (paperback), 0-13-110370-9 (hardback).
+URL: http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cbook/
+
+The Practice of Programming
+by Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike.
+Addison-Wesley, Inc., 1999.
+ISBN 0-201-61586-X.
+URL: http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/tpop/
+
+GNU manuals - where in compliance with K&R and this text - for cpp, gcc,
+gcc internals and indent, all available from http://www.gnu.org
+
+WG14 is the international standardization working group for the programming
+language C, URL: http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC22/WG14/
+
+--
+Last updated on 16 February 2004 by a community effort on LKML.
diff --git a/Documentation/DMA-API.txt b/Documentation/DMA-API.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ee3cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DMA-API.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+ Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device
+ ============================================
+
+ James E.J. Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
+
+This document describes the DMA API. For a more gentle introduction
+phrased in terms of the pci_ equivalents (and actual examples) see
+DMA-mapping.txt
+
+This API is split into two pieces. Part I describes the API and the
+corresponding pci_ API. Part II describes the extensions to the API
+for supporting non-consistent memory machines. Unless you know that
+your driver absolutely has to support non-consistent platforms (this
+is usually only legacy platforms) you should only use the API
+described in part I.
+
+Part I - pci_ and dma_ Equivalent API
+-------------------------------------
+
+To get the pci_ API, you must #include <linux/pci.h>
+To get the dma_ API, you must #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
+
+
+Part Ia - Using large dma-coherent buffers
+------------------------------------------
+
+void *
+dma_alloc_coherent(struct device *dev, size_t size,
+ dma_addr_t *dma_handle, int flag)
+void *
+pci_alloc_consistent(struct pci_dev *dev, size_t size,
+ dma_addr_t *dma_handle)
+
+Consistent memory is memory for which a write by either the device or
+the processor can immediately be read by the processor or device
+without having to worry about caching effects.
+
+This routine allocates a region of <size> bytes of consistent memory.
+it also returns a <dma_handle> which may be cast to an unsigned
+integer the same width as the bus and used as the physical address
+base of the region.
+
+Returns: a pointer to the allocated region (in the processor's virtual
+address space) or NULL if the allocation failed.
+
+Note: consistent memory can be expensive on some platforms, and the
+minimum allocation length may be as big as a page, so you should
+consolidate your requests for consistent memory as much as possible.
+The simplest way to do that is to use the dma_pool calls (see below).
+
+The flag parameter (dma_alloc_coherent only) allows the caller to
+specify the GFP_ flags (see kmalloc) for the allocation (the
+implementation may chose to ignore flags that affect the location of
+the returned memory, like GFP_DMA). For pci_alloc_consistent, you
+must assume GFP_ATOMIC behaviour.
+
+void
+dma_free_coherent(struct device *dev, size_t size, void *cpu_addr
+ dma_addr_t dma_handle)
+void
+pci_free_consistent(struct pci_dev *dev, size_t size, void *cpu_addr
+ dma_addr_t dma_handle)
+
+Free the region of consistent memory you previously allocated. dev,
+size and dma_handle must all be the same as those passed into the
+consistent allocate. cpu_addr must be the virtual address returned by
+the consistent allocate
+
+
+Part Ib - Using small dma-coherent buffers
+------------------------------------------
+
+To get this part of the dma_ API, you must #include <linux/dmapool.h>
+
+Many drivers need lots of small dma-coherent memory regions for DMA
+descriptors or I/O buffers. Rather than allocating in units of a page
+or more using dma_alloc_coherent(), you can use DMA pools. These work
+much like a kmem_cache_t, except that they use the dma-coherent allocator
+not __get_free_pages(). Also, they understand common hardware constraints
+for alignment, like queue heads needing to be aligned on N byte boundaries.
+
+
+ struct dma_pool *
+ dma_pool_create(const char *name, struct device *dev,
+ size_t size, size_t align, size_t alloc);
+
+ struct pci_pool *
+ pci_pool_create(const char *name, struct pci_device *dev,
+ size_t size, size_t align, size_t alloc);
+
+The pool create() routines initialize a pool of dma-coherent buffers
+for use with a given device. It must be called in a context which
+can sleep.
+
+The "name" is for diagnostics (like a kmem_cache_t name); dev and size
+are like what you'd pass to dma_alloc_coherent(). The device's hardware
+alignment requirement for this type of data is "align" (which is expressed
+in bytes, and must be a power of two). If your device has no boundary
+crossing restrictions, pass 0 for alloc; passing 4096 says memory allocated
+from this pool must not cross 4KByte boundaries.
+
+
+ void *dma_pool_alloc(struct dma_pool *pool, int gfp_flags,
+ dma_addr_t *dma_handle);
+
+ void *pci_pool_alloc(struct pci_pool *pool, int gfp_flags,
+ dma_addr_t *dma_handle);
+
+This allocates memory from the pool; the returned memory will meet the size
+and alignment requirements specified at creation time. Pass GFP_ATOMIC to
+prevent blocking, or if it's permitted (not in_interrupt, not holding SMP locks)
+pass GFP_KERNEL to allow blocking. Like dma_alloc_coherent(), this returns
+two values: an address usable by the cpu, and the dma address usable by the
+pool's device.
+
+
+ void dma_pool_free(struct dma_pool *pool, void *vaddr,
+ dma_addr_t addr);
+
+ void pci_pool_free(struct pci_pool *pool, void *vaddr,
+ dma_addr_t addr);
+
+This puts memory back into the pool. The pool is what was passed to
+the the pool allocation routine; the cpu and dma addresses are what
+were returned when that routine allocated the memory being freed.
+
+
+ void dma_pool_destroy(struct dma_pool *pool);
+
+ void pci_pool_destroy(struct pci_pool *pool);
+
+The pool destroy() routines free the resources of the pool. They must be
+called in a context which can sleep. Make sure you've freed all allocated
+memory back to the pool before you destroy it.
+
+
+Part Ic - DMA addressing limitations
+------------------------------------
+
+int
+dma_supported(struct device *dev, u64 mask)
+int
+pci_dma_supported(struct device *dev, u64 mask)
+
+Checks to see if the device can support DMA to the memory described by
+mask.
+
+Returns: 1 if it can and 0 if it can't.
+
+Notes: This routine merely tests to see if the mask is possible. It
+won't change the current mask settings. It is more intended as an
+internal API for use by the platform than an external API for use by
+driver writers.
+
+int
+dma_set_mask(struct device *dev, u64 mask)
+int
+pci_set_dma_mask(struct pci_device *dev, u64 mask)
+
+Checks to see if the mask is possible and updates the device
+parameters if it is.
+
+Returns: 0 if successful and a negative error if not.
+
+u64
+dma_get_required_mask(struct device *dev)
+
+After setting the mask with dma_set_mask(), this API returns the
+actual mask (within that already set) that the platform actually
+requires to operate efficiently. Usually this means the returned mask
+is the minimum required to cover all of memory. Examining the
+required mask gives drivers with variable descriptor sizes the
+opportunity to use smaller descriptors as necessary.
+
+Requesting the required mask does not alter the current mask. If you
+wish to take advantage of it, you should issue another dma_set_mask()
+call to lower the mask again.
+
+
+Part Id - Streaming DMA mappings
+--------------------------------
+
+dma_addr_t
+dma_map_single(struct device *dev, void *cpu_addr, size_t size,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+dma_addr_t
+pci_map_single(struct device *dev, void *cpu_addr, size_t size,
+ int direction)
+
+Maps a piece of processor virtual memory so it can be accessed by the
+device and returns the physical handle of the memory.
+
+The direction for both api's may be converted freely by casting.
+However the dma_ API uses a strongly typed enumerator for its
+direction:
+
+DMA_NONE = PCI_DMA_NONE no direction (used for
+ debugging)
+DMA_TO_DEVICE = PCI_DMA_TODEVICE data is going from the
+ memory to the device
+DMA_FROM_DEVICE = PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE data is coming from
+ the device to the
+ memory
+DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL = PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL direction isn't known
+
+Notes: Not all memory regions in a machine can be mapped by this
+API. Further, regions that appear to be physically contiguous in
+kernel virtual space may not be contiguous as physical memory. Since
+this API does not provide any scatter/gather capability, it will fail
+if the user tries to map a non physically contiguous piece of memory.
+For this reason, it is recommended that memory mapped by this API be
+obtained only from sources which guarantee to be physically contiguous
+(like kmalloc).
+
+Further, the physical address of the memory must be within the
+dma_mask of the device (the dma_mask represents a bit mask of the
+addressable region for the device. i.e. if the physical address of
+the memory anded with the dma_mask is still equal to the physical
+address, then the device can perform DMA to the memory). In order to
+ensure that the memory allocated by kmalloc is within the dma_mask,
+the driver may specify various platform dependent flags to restrict
+the physical memory range of the allocation (e.g. on x86, GFP_DMA
+guarantees to be within the first 16Mb of available physical memory,
+as required by ISA devices).
+
+Note also that the above constraints on physical contiguity and
+dma_mask may not apply if the platform has an IOMMU (a device which
+supplies a physical to virtual mapping between the I/O memory bus and
+the device). However, to be portable, device driver writers may *not*
+assume that such an IOMMU exists.
+
+Warnings: Memory coherency operates at a granularity called the cache
+line width. In order for memory mapped by this API to operate
+correctly, the mapped region must begin exactly on a cache line
+boundary and end exactly on one (to prevent two separately mapped
+regions from sharing a single cache line). Since the cache line size
+may not be known at compile time, the API will not enforce this
+requirement. Therefore, it is recommended that driver writers who
+don't take special care to determine the cache line size at run time
+only map virtual regions that begin and end on page boundaries (which
+are guaranteed also to be cache line boundaries).
+
+DMA_TO_DEVICE synchronisation must be done after the last modification
+of the memory region by the software and before it is handed off to
+the driver. Once this primitive is used. Memory covered by this
+primitive should be treated as read only by the device. If the device
+may write to it at any point, it should be DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL (see
+below).
+
+DMA_FROM_DEVICE synchronisation must be done before the driver
+accesses data that may be changed by the device. This memory should
+be treated as read only by the driver. If the driver needs to write
+to it at any point, it should be DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL (see below).
+
+DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL requires special handling: it means that the driver
+isn't sure if the memory was modified before being handed off to the
+device and also isn't sure if the device will also modify it. Thus,
+you must always sync bidirectional memory twice: once before the
+memory is handed off to the device (to make sure all memory changes
+are flushed from the processor) and once before the data may be
+accessed after being used by the device (to make sure any processor
+cache lines are updated with data that the device may have changed.
+
+void
+dma_unmap_single(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t dma_addr, size_t size,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+void
+pci_unmap_single(struct pci_dev *hwdev, dma_addr_t dma_addr,
+ size_t size, int direction)
+
+Unmaps the region previously mapped. All the parameters passed in
+must be identical to those passed in (and returned) by the mapping
+API.
+
+dma_addr_t
+dma_map_page(struct device *dev, struct page *page,
+ unsigned long offset, size_t size,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+dma_addr_t
+pci_map_page(struct pci_dev *hwdev, struct page *page,
+ unsigned long offset, size_t size, int direction)
+void
+dma_unmap_page(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t dma_address, size_t size,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+void
+pci_unmap_page(struct pci_dev *hwdev, dma_addr_t dma_address,
+ size_t size, int direction)
+
+API for mapping and unmapping for pages. All the notes and warnings
+for the other mapping APIs apply here. Also, although the <offset>
+and <size> parameters are provided to do partial page mapping, it is
+recommended that you never use these unless you really know what the
+cache width is.
+
+int
+dma_mapping_error(dma_addr_t dma_addr)
+
+int
+pci_dma_mapping_error(dma_addr_t dma_addr)
+
+In some circumstances dma_map_single and dma_map_page will fail to create
+a mapping. A driver can check for these errors by testing the returned
+dma address with dma_mapping_error(). A non zero return value means the mapping
+could not be created and the driver should take appropriate action (eg
+reduce current DMA mapping usage or delay and try again later).
+
+int
+dma_map_sg(struct device *dev, struct scatterlist *sg, int nents,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+int
+pci_map_sg(struct pci_dev *hwdev, struct scatterlist *sg,
+ int nents, int direction)
+
+Maps a scatter gather list from the block layer.
+
+Returns: the number of physical segments mapped (this may be shorted
+than <nents> passed in if the block layer determines that some
+elements of the scatter/gather list are physically adjacent and thus
+may be mapped with a single entry).
+
+Please note that the sg cannot be mapped again if it has been mapped once.
+The mapping process is allowed to destroy information in the sg.
+
+As with the other mapping interfaces, dma_map_sg can fail. When it
+does, 0 is returned and a driver must take appropriate action. It is
+critical that the driver do something, in the case of a block driver
+aborting the request or even oopsing is better than doing nothing and
+corrupting the filesystem.
+
+void
+dma_unmap_sg(struct device *dev, struct scatterlist *sg, int nhwentries,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+void
+pci_unmap_sg(struct pci_dev *hwdev, struct scatterlist *sg,
+ int nents, int direction)
+
+unmap the previously mapped scatter/gather list. All the parameters
+must be the same as those and passed in to the scatter/gather mapping
+API.
+
+Note: <nents> must be the number you passed in, *not* the number of
+physical entries returned.
+
+void
+dma_sync_single(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t dma_handle, size_t size,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+void
+pci_dma_sync_single(struct pci_dev *hwdev, dma_addr_t dma_handle,
+ size_t size, int direction)
+void
+dma_sync_sg(struct device *dev, struct scatterlist *sg, int nelems,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+void
+pci_dma_sync_sg(struct pci_dev *hwdev, struct scatterlist *sg,
+ int nelems, int direction)
+
+synchronise a single contiguous or scatter/gather mapping. All the
+parameters must be the same as those passed into the single mapping
+API.
+
+Notes: You must do this:
+
+- Before reading values that have been written by DMA from the device
+ (use the DMA_FROM_DEVICE direction)
+- After writing values that will be written to the device using DMA
+ (use the DMA_TO_DEVICE) direction
+- before *and* after handing memory to the device if the memory is
+ DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL
+
+See also dma_map_single().
+
+
+Part II - Advanced dma_ usage
+-----------------------------
+
+Warning: These pieces of the DMA API have no PCI equivalent. They
+should also not be used in the majority of cases, since they cater for
+unlikely corner cases that don't belong in usual drivers.
+
+If you don't understand how cache line coherency works between a
+processor and an I/O device, you should not be using this part of the
+API at all.
+
+void *
+dma_alloc_noncoherent(struct device *dev, size_t size,
+ dma_addr_t *dma_handle, int flag)
+
+Identical to dma_alloc_coherent() except that the platform will
+choose to return either consistent or non-consistent memory as it sees
+fit. By using this API, you are guaranteeing to the platform that you
+have all the correct and necessary sync points for this memory in the
+driver should it choose to return non-consistent memory.
+
+Note: where the platform can return consistent memory, it will
+guarantee that the sync points become nops.
+
+Warning: Handling non-consistent memory is a real pain. You should
+only ever use this API if you positively know your driver will be
+required to work on one of the rare (usually non-PCI) architectures
+that simply cannot make consistent memory.
+
+void
+dma_free_noncoherent(struct device *dev, size_t size, void *cpu_addr,
+ dma_addr_t dma_handle)
+
+free memory allocated by the nonconsistent API. All parameters must
+be identical to those passed in (and returned by
+dma_alloc_noncoherent()).
+
+int
+dma_is_consistent(dma_addr_t dma_handle)
+
+returns true if the memory pointed to by the dma_handle is actually
+consistent.
+
+int
+dma_get_cache_alignment(void)
+
+returns the processor cache alignment. This is the absolute minimum
+alignment *and* width that you must observe when either mapping
+memory or doing partial flushes.
+
+Notes: This API may return a number *larger* than the actual cache
+line, but it will guarantee that one or more cache lines fit exactly
+into the width returned by this call. It will also always be a power
+of two for easy alignment
+
+void
+dma_sync_single_range(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t dma_handle,
+ unsigned long offset, size_t size,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+
+does a partial sync. starting at offset and continuing for size. You
+must be careful to observe the cache alignment and width when doing
+anything like this. You must also be extra careful about accessing
+memory you intend to sync partially.
+
+void
+dma_cache_sync(void *vaddr, size_t size,
+ enum dma_data_direction direction)
+
+Do a partial sync of memory that was allocated by
+dma_alloc_noncoherent(), starting at virtual address vaddr and
+continuing on for size. Again, you *must* observe the cache line
+boundaries when doing this.
+
+int
+dma_declare_coherent_memory(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t bus_addr,
+ dma_addr_t device_addr, size_t size, int
+ flags)
+
+
+Declare region of memory to be handed out by dma_alloc_coherent when
+it's asked for coherent memory for this device.
+
+bus_addr is the physical address to which the memory is currently
+assigned in the bus responding region (this will be used by the
+platform to perform the mapping)
+
+device_addr is the physical address the device needs to be programmed
+with actually to address this memory (this will be handed out as the
+dma_addr_t in dma_alloc_coherent())
+
+size is the size of the area (must be multiples of PAGE_SIZE).
+
+flags can be or'd together and are
+
+DMA_MEMORY_MAP - request that the memory returned from
+dma_alloc_coherent() be directly writeable.
+
+DMA_MEMORY_IO - request that the memory returned from
+dma_alloc_coherent() be addressable using read/write/memcpy_toio etc.
+
+One or both of these flags must be present
+
+DMA_MEMORY_INCLUDES_CHILDREN - make the declared memory be allocated by
+dma_alloc_coherent of any child devices of this one (for memory residing
+on a bridge).
+
+DMA_MEMORY_EXCLUSIVE - only allocate memory from the declared regions.
+Do not allow dma_alloc_coherent() to fall back to system memory when
+it's out of memory in the declared region.
+
+The return value will be either DMA_MEMORY_MAP or DMA_MEMORY_IO and
+must correspond to a passed in flag (i.e. no returning DMA_MEMORY_IO
+if only DMA_MEMORY_MAP were passed in) for success or zero for
+failure.
+
+Note, for DMA_MEMORY_IO returns, all subsequent memory returned by
+dma_alloc_coherent() may no longer be accessed directly, but instead
+must be accessed using the correct bus functions. If your driver
+isn't prepared to handle this contingency, it should not specify
+DMA_MEMORY_IO in the input flags.
+
+As a simplification for the platforms, only *one* such region of
+memory may be declared per device.
+
+For reasons of efficiency, most platforms choose to track the declared
+region only at the granularity of a page. For smaller allocations,
+you should use the dma_pool() API.
+
+void
+dma_release_declared_memory(struct device *dev)
+
+Remove the memory region previously declared from the system. This
+API performs *no* in-use checking for this region and will return
+unconditionally having removed all the required structures. It is the
+drivers job to ensure that no parts of this memory region are
+currently in use.
+
+void *
+dma_mark_declared_memory_occupied(struct device *dev,
+ dma_addr_t device_addr, size_t size)
+
+This is used to occupy specific regions of the declared space
+(dma_alloc_coherent() will hand out the first free region it finds).
+
+device_addr is the *device* address of the region requested
+
+size is the size (and should be a page sized multiple).
+
+The return value will be either a pointer to the processor virtual
+address of the memory, or an error (via PTR_ERR()) if any part of the
+region is occupied.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt b/Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4ac37f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,881 @@
+ Dynamic DMA mapping
+ ===================
+
+ David S. Miller <davem@redhat.com>
+ Richard Henderson <rth@cygnus.com>
+ Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>
+
+This document describes the DMA mapping system in terms of the pci_
+API. For a similar API that works for generic devices, see
+DMA-API.txt.
+
+Most of the 64bit platforms have special hardware that translates bus
+addresses (DMA addresses) into physical addresses. This is similar to
+how page tables and/or a TLB translates virtual addresses to physical
+addresses on a CPU. This is needed so that e.g. PCI devices can
+access with a Single Address Cycle (32bit DMA address) any page in the
+64bit physical address space. Previously in Linux those 64bit
+platforms had to set artificial limits on the maximum RAM size in the
+system, so that the virt_to_bus() static scheme works (the DMA address
+translation tables were simply filled on bootup to map each bus
+address to the physical page __pa(bus_to_virt())).
+
+So that Linux can use the dynamic DMA mapping, it needs some help from the
+drivers, namely it has to take into account that DMA addresses should be
+mapped only for the time they are actually used and unmapped after the DMA
+transfer.
+
+The following API will work of course even on platforms where no such
+hardware exists, see e.g. include/asm-i386/pci.h for how it is implemented on
+top of the virt_to_bus interface.
+
+First of all, you should make sure
+
+#include <linux/pci.h>
+
+is in your driver. This file will obtain for you the definition of the
+dma_addr_t (which can hold any valid DMA address for the platform)
+type which should be used everywhere you hold a DMA (bus) address
+returned from the DMA mapping functions.
+
+ What memory is DMA'able?
+
+The first piece of information you must know is what kernel memory can
+be used with the DMA mapping facilities. There has been an unwritten
+set of rules regarding this, and this text is an attempt to finally
+write them down.
+
+If you acquired your memory via the page allocator
+(i.e. __get_free_page*()) or the generic memory allocators
+(i.e. kmalloc() or kmem_cache_alloc()) then you may DMA to/from
+that memory using the addresses returned from those routines.
+
+This means specifically that you may _not_ use the memory/addresses
+returned from vmalloc() for DMA. It is possible to DMA to the
+_underlying_ memory mapped into a vmalloc() area, but this requires
+walking page tables to get the physical addresses, and then
+translating each of those pages back to a kernel address using
+something like __va(). [ EDIT: Update this when we integrate
+Gerd Knorr's generic code which does this. ]
+
+This rule also means that you may not use kernel image addresses
+(ie. items in the kernel's data/text/bss segment, or your driver's)
+nor may you use kernel stack addresses for DMA. Both of these items
+might be mapped somewhere entirely different than the rest of physical
+memory.
+
+Also, this means that you cannot take the return of a kmap()
+call and DMA to/from that. This is similar to vmalloc().
+
+What about block I/O and networking buffers? The block I/O and
+networking subsystems make sure that the buffers they use are valid
+for you to DMA from/to.
+
+ DMA addressing limitations
+
+Does your device have any DMA addressing limitations? For example, is
+your device only capable of driving the low order 24-bits of address
+on the PCI bus for SAC DMA transfers? If so, you need to inform the
+PCI layer of this fact.
+
+By default, the kernel assumes that your device can address the full
+32-bits in a SAC cycle. For a 64-bit DAC capable device, this needs
+to be increased. And for a device with limitations, as discussed in
+the previous paragraph, it needs to be decreased.
+
+pci_alloc_consistent() by default will return 32-bit DMA addresses.
+PCI-X specification requires PCI-X devices to support 64-bit
+addressing (DAC) for all transactions. And at least one platform (SGI
+SN2) requires 64-bit consistent allocations to operate correctly when
+the IO bus is in PCI-X mode. Therefore, like with pci_set_dma_mask(),
+it's good practice to call pci_set_consistent_dma_mask() to set the
+appropriate mask even if your device only supports 32-bit DMA
+(default) and especially if it's a PCI-X device.
+
+For correct operation, you must interrogate the PCI layer in your
+device probe routine to see if the PCI controller on the machine can
+properly support the DMA addressing limitation your device has. It is
+good style to do this even if your device holds the default setting,
+because this shows that you did think about these issues wrt. your
+device.
+
+The query is performed via a call to pci_set_dma_mask():
+
+ int pci_set_dma_mask(struct pci_dev *pdev, u64 device_mask);
+
+The query for consistent allocations is performed via a a call to
+pci_set_consistent_dma_mask():
+
+ int pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(struct pci_dev *pdev, u64 device_mask);
+
+Here, pdev is a pointer to the PCI device struct of your device, and
+device_mask is a bit mask describing which bits of a PCI address your
+device supports. It returns zero if your card can perform DMA
+properly on the machine given the address mask you provided.
+
+If it returns non-zero, your device can not perform DMA properly on
+this platform, and attempting to do so will result in undefined
+behavior. You must either use a different mask, or not use DMA.
+
+This means that in the failure case, you have three options:
+
+1) Use another DMA mask, if possible (see below).
+2) Use some non-DMA mode for data transfer, if possible.
+3) Ignore this device and do not initialize it.
+
+It is recommended that your driver print a kernel KERN_WARNING message
+when you end up performing either #2 or #3. In this manner, if a user
+of your driver reports that performance is bad or that the device is not
+even detected, you can ask them for the kernel messages to find out
+exactly why.
+
+The standard 32-bit addressing PCI device would do something like
+this:
+
+ if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_32BIT_MASK)) {
+ printk(KERN_WARNING
+ "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
+ goto ignore_this_device;
+ }
+
+Another common scenario is a 64-bit capable device. The approach
+here is to try for 64-bit DAC addressing, but back down to a
+32-bit mask should that fail. The PCI platform code may fail the
+64-bit mask not because the platform is not capable of 64-bit
+addressing. Rather, it may fail in this case simply because
+32-bit SAC addressing is done more efficiently than DAC addressing.
+Sparc64 is one platform which behaves in this way.
+
+Here is how you would handle a 64-bit capable device which can drive
+all 64-bits when accessing streaming DMA:
+
+ int using_dac;
+
+ if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_64BIT_MASK)) {
+ using_dac = 1;
+ } else if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_32BIT_MASK)) {
+ using_dac = 0;
+ } else {
+ printk(KERN_WARNING
+ "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
+ goto ignore_this_device;
+ }
+
+If a card is capable of using 64-bit consistent allocations as well,
+the case would look like this:
+
+ int using_dac, consistent_using_dac;
+
+ if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_64BIT_MASK)) {
+ using_dac = 1;
+ consistent_using_dac = 1;
+ pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_64BIT_MASK);
+ } else if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_32BIT_MASK)) {
+ using_dac = 0;
+ consistent_using_dac = 0;
+ pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_32BIT_MASK);
+ } else {
+ printk(KERN_WARNING
+ "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
+ goto ignore_this_device;
+ }
+
+pci_set_consistent_dma_mask() will always be able to set the same or a
+smaller mask as pci_set_dma_mask(). However for the rare case that a
+device driver only uses consistent allocations, one would have to
+check the return value from pci_set_consistent_dma_mask().
+
+If your 64-bit device is going to be an enormous consumer of DMA
+mappings, this can be problematic since the DMA mappings are a
+finite resource on many platforms. Please see the "DAC Addressing
+for Address Space Hungry Devices" section near the end of this
+document for how to handle this case.
+
+Finally, if your device can only drive the low 24-bits of
+address during PCI bus mastering you might do something like:
+
+ if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, 0x00ffffff)) {
+ printk(KERN_WARNING
+ "mydev: 24-bit DMA addressing not available.\n");
+ goto ignore_this_device;
+ }
+
+When pci_set_dma_mask() is successful, and returns zero, the PCI layer
+saves away this mask you have provided. The PCI layer will use this
+information later when you make DMA mappings.
+
+There is a case which we are aware of at this time, which is worth
+mentioning in this documentation. If your device supports multiple
+functions (for example a sound card provides playback and record
+functions) and the various different functions have _different_
+DMA addressing limitations, you may wish to probe each mask and
+only provide the functionality which the machine can handle. It
+is important that the last call to pci_set_dma_mask() be for the
+most specific mask.
+
+Here is pseudo-code showing how this might be done:
+
+ #define PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS DMA_32BIT_MASK
+ #define RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS 0x00ffffff
+
+ struct my_sound_card *card;
+ struct pci_dev *pdev;
+
+ ...
+ if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS)) {
+ card->playback_enabled = 1;
+ } else {
+ card->playback_enabled = 0;
+ printk(KERN_WARN "%s: Playback disabled due to DMA limitations.\n",
+ card->name);
+ }
+ if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS)) {
+ card->record_enabled = 1;
+ } else {
+ card->record_enabled = 0;
+ printk(KERN_WARN "%s: Record disabled due to DMA limitations.\n",
+ card->name);
+ }
+
+A sound card was used as an example here because this genre of PCI
+devices seems to be littered with ISA chips given a PCI front end,
+and thus retaining the 16MB DMA addressing limitations of ISA.
+
+ Types of DMA mappings
+
+There are two types of DMA mappings:
+
+- Consistent DMA mappings which are usually mapped at driver
+ initialization, unmapped at the end and for which the hardware should
+ guarantee that the device and the CPU can access the data
+ in parallel and will see updates made by each other without any
+ explicit software flushing.
+
+ Think of "consistent" as "synchronous" or "coherent".
+
+ The current default is to return consistent memory in the low 32
+ bits of the PCI bus space. However, for future compatibility you
+ should set the consistent mask even if this default is fine for your
+ driver.
+
+ Good examples of what to use consistent mappings for are:
+
+ - Network card DMA ring descriptors.
+ - SCSI adapter mailbox command data structures.
+ - Device firmware microcode executed out of
+ main memory.
+
+ The invariant these examples all require is that any CPU store
+ to memory is immediately visible to the device, and vice
+ versa. Consistent mappings guarantee this.
+
+ IMPORTANT: Consistent DMA memory does not preclude the usage of
+ proper memory barriers. The CPU may reorder stores to
+ consistent memory just as it may normal memory. Example:
+ if it is important for the device to see the first word
+ of a descriptor updated before the second, you must do
+ something like:
+
+ desc->word0 = address;
+ wmb();
+ desc->word1 = DESC_VALID;
+
+ in order to get correct behavior on all platforms.
+
+- Streaming DMA mappings which are usually mapped for one DMA transfer,
+ unmapped right after it (unless you use pci_dma_sync_* below) and for which
+ hardware can optimize for sequential accesses.
+
+ This of "streaming" as "asynchronous" or "outside the coherency
+ domain".
+
+ Good examples of what to use streaming mappings for are:
+
+ - Networking buffers transmitted/received by a device.
+ - Filesystem buffers written/read by a SCSI device.
+
+ The interfaces for using this type of mapping were designed in
+ such a way that an implementation can make whatever performance
+ optimizations the hardware allows. To this end, when using
+ such mappings you must be explicit about what you want to happen.
+
+Neither type of DMA mapping has alignment restrictions that come
+from PCI, although some devices may have such restrictions.
+
+ Using Consistent DMA mappings.
+
+To allocate and map large (PAGE_SIZE or so) consistent DMA regions,
+you should do:
+
+ dma_addr_t dma_handle;
+
+ cpu_addr = pci_alloc_consistent(dev, size, &dma_handle);
+
+where dev is a struct pci_dev *. You should pass NULL for PCI like buses
+where devices don't have struct pci_dev (like ISA, EISA). This may be
+called in interrupt context.
+
+This argument is needed because the DMA translations may be bus
+specific (and often is private to the bus which the device is attached
+to).
+
+Size is the length of the region you want to allocate, in bytes.
+
+This routine will allocate RAM for that region, so it acts similarly to
+__get_free_pages (but takes size instead of a page order). If your
+driver needs regions sized smaller than a page, you may prefer using
+the pci_pool interface, described below.
+
+The consistent DMA mapping interfaces, for non-NULL dev, will by
+default return a DMA address which is SAC (Single Address Cycle)
+addressable. Even if the device indicates (via PCI dma mask) that it
+may address the upper 32-bits and thus perform DAC cycles, consistent
+allocation will only return > 32-bit PCI addresses for DMA if the
+consistent dma mask has been explicitly changed via
+pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(). This is true of the pci_pool interface
+as well.
+
+pci_alloc_consistent returns two values: the virtual address which you
+can use to access it from the CPU and dma_handle which you pass to the
+card.
+
+The cpu return address and the DMA bus master address are both
+guaranteed to be aligned to the smallest PAGE_SIZE order which
+is greater than or equal to the requested size. This invariant
+exists (for example) to guarantee that if you allocate a chunk
+which is smaller than or equal to 64 kilobytes, the extent of the
+buffer you receive will not cross a 64K boundary.
+
+To unmap and free such a DMA region, you call:
+
+ pci_free_consistent(dev, size, cpu_addr, dma_handle);
+
+where dev, size are the same as in the above call and cpu_addr and
+dma_handle are the values pci_alloc_consistent returned to you.
+This function may not be called in interrupt context.
+
+If your driver needs lots of smaller memory regions, you can write
+custom code to subdivide pages returned by pci_alloc_consistent,
+or you can use the pci_pool API to do that. A pci_pool is like
+a kmem_cache, but it uses pci_alloc_consistent not __get_free_pages.
+Also, it understands common hardware constraints for alignment,
+like queue heads needing to be aligned on N byte boundaries.
+
+Create a pci_pool like this:
+
+ struct pci_pool *pool;
+
+ pool = pci_pool_create(name, dev, size, align, alloc);
+
+The "name" is for diagnostics (like a kmem_cache name); dev and size
+are as above. The device's hardware alignment requirement for this
+type of data is "align" (which is expressed in bytes, and must be a
+power of two). If your device has no boundary crossing restrictions,
+pass 0 for alloc; passing 4096 says memory allocated from this pool
+must not cross 4KByte boundaries (but at that time it may be better to
+go for pci_alloc_consistent directly instead).
+
+Allocate memory from a pci pool like this:
+
+ cpu_addr = pci_pool_alloc(pool, flags, &dma_handle);
+
+flags are SLAB_KERNEL if blocking is permitted (not in_interrupt nor
+holding SMP locks), SLAB_ATOMIC otherwise. Like pci_alloc_consistent,
+this returns two values, cpu_addr and dma_handle.
+
+Free memory that was allocated from a pci_pool like this:
+
+ pci_pool_free(pool, cpu_addr, dma_handle);
+
+where pool is what you passed to pci_pool_alloc, and cpu_addr and
+dma_handle are the values pci_pool_alloc returned. This function
+may be called in interrupt context.
+
+Destroy a pci_pool by calling:
+
+ pci_pool_destroy(pool);
+
+Make sure you've called pci_pool_free for all memory allocated
+from a pool before you destroy the pool. This function may not
+be called in interrupt context.
+
+ DMA Direction
+
+The interfaces described in subsequent portions of this document
+take a DMA direction argument, which is an integer and takes on
+one of the following values:
+
+ PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL
+ PCI_DMA_TODEVICE
+ PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE
+ PCI_DMA_NONE
+
+One should provide the exact DMA direction if you know it.
+
+PCI_DMA_TODEVICE means "from main memory to the PCI device"
+PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE means "from the PCI device to main memory"
+It is the direction in which the data moves during the DMA
+transfer.
+
+You are _strongly_ encouraged to specify this as precisely
+as you possibly can.
+
+If you absolutely cannot know the direction of the DMA transfer,
+specify PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL. It means that the DMA can go in
+either direction. The platform guarantees that you may legally
+specify this, and that it will work, but this may be at the
+cost of performance for example.
+
+The value PCI_DMA_NONE is to be used for debugging. One can
+hold this in a data structure before you come to know the
+precise direction, and this will help catch cases where your
+direction tracking logic has failed to set things up properly.
+
+Another advantage of specifying this value precisely (outside of
+potential platform-specific optimizations of such) is for debugging.
+Some platforms actually have a write permission boolean which DMA
+mappings can be marked with, much like page protections in the user
+program address space. Such platforms can and do report errors in the
+kernel logs when the PCI controller hardware detects violation of the
+permission setting.
+
+Only streaming mappings specify a direction, consistent mappings
+implicitly have a direction attribute setting of
+PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL.
+
+The SCSI subsystem provides mechanisms for you to easily obtain
+the direction to use, in the SCSI command:
+
+ scsi_to_pci_dma_dir(SCSI_DIRECTION)
+
+Where SCSI_DIRECTION is obtained from the 'sc_data_direction'
+member of the SCSI command your driver is working on. The
+mentioned interface above returns a value suitable for passing
+into the streaming DMA mapping interfaces below.
+
+For Networking drivers, it's a rather simple affair. For transmit
+packets, map/unmap them with the PCI_DMA_TODEVICE direction
+specifier. For receive packets, just the opposite, map/unmap them
+with the PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE direction specifier.
+
+ Using Streaming DMA mappings
+
+The streaming DMA mapping routines can be called from interrupt
+context. There are two versions of each map/unmap, one which will
+map/unmap a single memory region, and one which will map/unmap a
+scatterlist.
+
+To map a single region, you do:
+
+ struct pci_dev *pdev = mydev->pdev;
+ dma_addr_t dma_handle;
+ void *addr = buffer->ptr;
+ size_t size = buffer->len;
+
+ dma_handle = pci_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
+
+and to unmap it:
+
+ pci_unmap_single(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
+
+You should call pci_unmap_single when the DMA activity is finished, e.g.
+from the interrupt which told you that the DMA transfer is done.
+
+Using cpu pointers like this for single mappings has a disadvantage,
+you cannot reference HIGHMEM memory in this way. Thus, there is a
+map/unmap interface pair akin to pci_{map,unmap}_single. These
+interfaces deal with page/offset pairs instead of cpu pointers.
+Specifically:
+
+ struct pci_dev *pdev = mydev->pdev;
+ dma_addr_t dma_handle;
+ struct page *page = buffer->page;
+ unsigned long offset = buffer->offset;
+ size_t size = buffer->len;
+
+ dma_handle = pci_map_page(dev, page, offset, size, direction);
+
+ ...
+
+ pci_unmap_page(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
+
+Here, "offset" means byte offset within the given page.
+
+With scatterlists, you map a region gathered from several regions by:
+
+ int i, count = pci_map_sg(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
+ struct scatterlist *sg;
+
+ for (i = 0, sg = sglist; i < count; i++, sg++) {
+ hw_address[i] = sg_dma_address(sg);
+ hw_len[i] = sg_dma_len(sg);
+ }
+
+where nents is the number of entries in the sglist.
+
+The implementation is free to merge several consecutive sglist entries
+into one (e.g. if DMA mapping is done with PAGE_SIZE granularity, any
+consecutive sglist entries can be merged into one provided the first one
+ends and the second one starts on a page boundary - in fact this is a huge
+advantage for cards which either cannot do scatter-gather or have very
+limited number of scatter-gather entries) and returns the actual number
+of sg entries it mapped them to. On failure 0 is returned.
+
+Then you should loop count times (note: this can be less than nents times)
+and use sg_dma_address() and sg_dma_len() macros where you previously
+accessed sg->address and sg->length as shown above.
+
+To unmap a scatterlist, just call:
+
+ pci_unmap_sg(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
+
+Again, make sure DMA activity has already finished.
+
+PLEASE NOTE: The 'nents' argument to the pci_unmap_sg call must be
+ the _same_ one you passed into the pci_map_sg call,
+ it should _NOT_ be the 'count' value _returned_ from the
+ pci_map_sg call.
+
+Every pci_map_{single,sg} call should have its pci_unmap_{single,sg}
+counterpart, because the bus address space is a shared resource (although
+in some ports the mapping is per each BUS so less devices contend for the
+same bus address space) and you could render the machine unusable by eating
+all bus addresses.
+
+If you need to use the same streaming DMA region multiple times and touch
+the data in between the DMA transfers, the buffer needs to be synced
+properly in order for the cpu and device to see the most uptodate and
+correct copy of the DMA buffer.
+
+So, firstly, just map it with pci_map_{single,sg}, and after each DMA
+transfer call either:
+
+ pci_dma_sync_single_for_cpu(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
+
+or:
+
+ pci_dma_sync_sg_for_cpu(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
+
+as appropriate.
+
+Then, if you wish to let the device get at the DMA area again,
+finish accessing the data with the cpu, and then before actually
+giving the buffer to the hardware call either:
+
+ pci_dma_sync_single_for_device(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
+
+or:
+
+ pci_dma_sync_sg_for_device(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
+
+as appropriate.
+
+After the last DMA transfer call one of the DMA unmap routines
+pci_unmap_{single,sg}. If you don't touch the data from the first pci_map_*
+call till pci_unmap_*, then you don't have to call the pci_dma_sync_*
+routines at all.
+
+Here is pseudo code which shows a situation in which you would need
+to use the pci_dma_sync_*() interfaces.
+
+ my_card_setup_receive_buffer(struct my_card *cp, char *buffer, int len)
+ {
+ dma_addr_t mapping;
+
+ mapping = pci_map_single(cp->pdev, buffer, len, PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
+
+ cp->rx_buf = buffer;
+ cp->rx_len = len;
+ cp->rx_dma = mapping;
+
+ give_rx_buf_to_card(cp);
+ }
+
+ ...
+
+ my_card_interrupt_handler(int irq, void *devid, struct pt_regs *regs)
+ {
+ struct my_card *cp = devid;
+
+ ...
+ if (read_card_status(cp) == RX_BUF_TRANSFERRED) {
+ struct my_card_header *hp;
+
+ /* Examine the header to see if we wish
+ * to accept the data. But synchronize
+ * the DMA transfer with the CPU first
+ * so that we see updated contents.
+ */
+ pci_dma_sync_single_for_cpu(cp->pdev, cp->rx_dma,
+ cp->rx_len,
+ PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
+
+ /* Now it is safe to examine the buffer. */
+ hp = (struct my_card_header *) cp->rx_buf;
+ if (header_is_ok(hp)) {
+ pci_unmap_single(cp->pdev, cp->rx_dma, cp->rx_len,
+ PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
+ pass_to_upper_layers(cp->rx_buf);
+ make_and_setup_new_rx_buf(cp);
+ } else {
+ /* Just sync the buffer and give it back
+ * to the card.
+ */
+ pci_dma_sync_single_for_device(cp->pdev,
+ cp->rx_dma,
+ cp->rx_len,
+ PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
+ give_rx_buf_to_card(cp);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+Drivers converted fully to this interface should not use virt_to_bus any
+longer, nor should they use bus_to_virt. Some drivers have to be changed a
+little bit, because there is no longer an equivalent to bus_to_virt in the
+dynamic DMA mapping scheme - you have to always store the DMA addresses
+returned by the pci_alloc_consistent, pci_pool_alloc, and pci_map_single
+calls (pci_map_sg stores them in the scatterlist itself if the platform
+supports dynamic DMA mapping in hardware) in your driver structures and/or
+in the card registers.
+
+All PCI drivers should be using these interfaces with no exceptions.
+It is planned to completely remove virt_to_bus() and bus_to_virt() as
+they are entirely deprecated. Some ports already do not provide these
+as it is impossible to correctly support them.
+
+ 64-bit DMA and DAC cycle support
+
+Do you understand all of the text above? Great, then you already
+know how to use 64-bit DMA addressing under Linux. Simply make
+the appropriate pci_set_dma_mask() calls based upon your cards
+capabilities, then use the mapping APIs above.
+
+It is that simple.
+
+Well, not for some odd devices. See the next section for information
+about that.
+
+ DAC Addressing for Address Space Hungry Devices
+
+There exists a class of devices which do not mesh well with the PCI
+DMA mapping API. By definition these "mappings" are a finite
+resource. The number of total available mappings per bus is platform
+specific, but there will always be a reasonable amount.
+
+What is "reasonable"? Reasonable means that networking and block I/O
+devices need not worry about using too many mappings.
+
+As an example of a problematic device, consider compute cluster cards.
+They can potentially need to access gigabytes of memory at once via
+DMA. Dynamic mappings are unsuitable for this kind of access pattern.
+
+To this end we've provided a small API by which a device driver
+may use DAC cycles to directly address all of physical memory.
+Not all platforms support this, but most do. It is easy to determine
+whether the platform will work properly at probe time.
+
+First, understand that there may be a SEVERE performance penalty for
+using these interfaces on some platforms. Therefore, you MUST only
+use these interfaces if it is absolutely required. %99 of devices can
+use the normal APIs without any problems.
+
+Note that for streaming type mappings you must either use these
+interfaces, or the dynamic mapping interfaces above. You may not mix
+usage of both for the same device. Such an act is illegal and is
+guaranteed to put a banana in your tailpipe.
+
+However, consistent mappings may in fact be used in conjunction with
+these interfaces. Remember that, as defined, consistent mappings are
+always going to be SAC addressable.
+
+The first thing your driver needs to do is query the PCI platform
+layer with your devices DAC addressing capabilities:
+
+ int pci_dac_set_dma_mask(struct pci_dev *pdev, u64 mask);
+
+This routine behaves identically to pci_set_dma_mask. You may not
+use the following interfaces if this routine fails.
+
+Next, DMA addresses using this API are kept track of using the
+dma64_addr_t type. It is guaranteed to be big enough to hold any
+DAC address the platform layer will give to you from the following
+routines. If you have consistent mappings as well, you still
+use plain dma_addr_t to keep track of those.
+
+All mappings obtained here will be direct. The mappings are not
+translated, and this is the purpose of this dialect of the DMA API.
+
+All routines work with page/offset pairs. This is the _ONLY_ way to
+portably refer to any piece of memory. If you have a cpu pointer
+(which may be validly DMA'd too) you may easily obtain the page
+and offset using something like this:
+
+ struct page *page = virt_to_page(ptr);
+ unsigned long offset = offset_in_page(ptr);
+
+Here are the interfaces:
+
+ dma64_addr_t pci_dac_page_to_dma(struct pci_dev *pdev,
+ struct page *page,
+ unsigned long offset,
+ int direction);
+
+The DAC address for the tuple PAGE/OFFSET are returned. The direction
+argument is the same as for pci_{map,unmap}_single(). The same rules
+for cpu/device access apply here as for the streaming mapping
+interfaces. To reiterate:
+
+ The cpu may touch the buffer before pci_dac_page_to_dma.
+ The device may touch the buffer after pci_dac_page_to_dma
+ is made, but the cpu may NOT.
+
+When the DMA transfer is complete, invoke:
+
+ void pci_dac_dma_sync_single_for_cpu(struct pci_dev *pdev,
+ dma64_addr_t dma_addr,
+ size_t len, int direction);
+
+This must be done before the CPU looks at the buffer again.
+This interface behaves identically to pci_dma_sync_{single,sg}_for_cpu().
+
+And likewise, if you wish to let the device get back at the buffer after
+the cpu has read/written it, invoke:
+
+ void pci_dac_dma_sync_single_for_device(struct pci_dev *pdev,
+ dma64_addr_t dma_addr,
+ size_t len, int direction);
+
+before letting the device access the DMA area again.
+
+If you need to get back to the PAGE/OFFSET tuple from a dma64_addr_t
+the following interfaces are provided:
+
+ struct page *pci_dac_dma_to_page(struct pci_dev *pdev,
+ dma64_addr_t dma_addr);
+ unsigned long pci_dac_dma_to_offset(struct pci_dev *pdev,
+ dma64_addr_t dma_addr);
+
+This is possible with the DAC interfaces purely because they are
+not translated in any way.
+
+ Optimizing Unmap State Space Consumption
+
+On many platforms, pci_unmap_{single,page}() is simply a nop.
+Therefore, keeping track of the mapping address and length is a waste
+of space. Instead of filling your drivers up with ifdefs and the like
+to "work around" this (which would defeat the whole purpose of a
+portable API) the following facilities are provided.
+
+Actually, instead of describing the macros one by one, we'll
+transform some example code.
+
+1) Use DECLARE_PCI_UNMAP_{ADDR,LEN} in state saving structures.
+ Example, before:
+
+ struct ring_state {
+ struct sk_buff *skb;
+ dma_addr_t mapping;
+ __u32 len;
+ };
+
+ after:
+
+ struct ring_state {
+ struct sk_buff *skb;
+ DECLARE_PCI_UNMAP_ADDR(mapping)
+ DECLARE_PCI_UNMAP_LEN(len)
+ };
+
+ NOTE: DO NOT put a semicolon at the end of the DECLARE_*()
+ macro.
+
+2) Use pci_unmap_{addr,len}_set to set these values.
+ Example, before:
+
+ ringp->mapping = FOO;
+ ringp->len = BAR;
+
+ after:
+
+ pci_unmap_addr_set(ringp, mapping, FOO);
+ pci_unmap_len_set(ringp, len, BAR);
+
+3) Use pci_unmap_{addr,len} to access these values.
+ Example, before:
+
+ pci_unmap_single(pdev, ringp->mapping, ringp->len,
+ PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
+
+ after:
+
+ pci_unmap_single(pdev,
+ pci_unmap_addr(ringp, mapping),
+ pci_unmap_len(ringp, len),
+ PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
+
+It really should be self-explanatory. We treat the ADDR and LEN
+separately, because it is possible for an implementation to only
+need the address in order to perform the unmap operation.
+
+ Platform Issues
+
+If you are just writing drivers for Linux and do not maintain
+an architecture port for the kernel, you can safely skip down
+to "Closing".
+
+1) Struct scatterlist requirements.
+
+ Struct scatterlist must contain, at a minimum, the following
+ members:
+
+ struct page *page;
+ unsigned int offset;
+ unsigned int length;
+
+ The base address is specified by a "page+offset" pair.
+
+ Previous versions of struct scatterlist contained a "void *address"
+ field that was sometimes used instead of page+offset. As of Linux
+ 2.5., page+offset is always used, and the "address" field has been
+ deleted.
+
+2) More to come...
+
+ Handling Errors
+
+DMA address space is limited on some architectures and an allocation
+failure can be determined by:
+
+- checking if pci_alloc_consistent returns NULL or pci_map_sg returns 0
+
+- checking the returned dma_addr_t of pci_map_single and pci_map_page
+ by using pci_dma_mapping_error():
+
+ dma_addr_t dma_handle;
+
+ dma_handle = pci_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
+ if (pci_dma_mapping_error(dma_handle)) {
+ /*
+ * reduce current DMA mapping usage,
+ * delay and try again later or
+ * reset driver.
+ */
+ }
+
+ Closing
+
+This document, and the API itself, would not be in it's current
+form without the feedback and suggestions from numerous individuals.
+We would like to specifically mention, in no particular order, the
+following people:
+
+ Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
+ Leo Dagum <dagum@barrel.engr.sgi.com>
+ Ralf Baechle <ralf@oss.sgi.com>
+ Grant Grundler <grundler@cup.hp.com>
+ Jay Estabrook <Jay.Estabrook@compaq.com>
+ Thomas Sailer <sailer@ife.ee.ethz.ch>
+ Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
+ Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
+ David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/Makefile b/Documentation/DocBook/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a221039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+###
+# This makefile is used to generate the kernel documentation,
+# primarily based on in-line comments in various source files.
+# See Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt for instruction in how
+# to ducument the SRC - and how to read it.
+# To add a new book the only step required is to add the book to the
+# list of DOCBOOKS.
+
+DOCBOOKS := wanbook.xml z8530book.xml mcabook.xml videobook.xml \
+ kernel-hacking.xml kernel-locking.xml via-audio.xml \
+ deviceiobook.xml procfs-guide.xml tulip-user.xml \
+ writing_usb_driver.xml scsidrivers.xml sis900.xml \
+ kernel-api.xml journal-api.xml lsm.xml usb.xml \
+ gadget.xml libata.xml mtdnand.xml librs.xml
+
+###
+# The build process is as follows (targets):
+# (xmldocs)
+# file.tmpl --> file.xml +--> file.ps (psdocs)
+# +--> file.pdf (pdfdocs)
+# +--> DIR=file (htmldocs)
+# +--> man/ (mandocs)
+
+###
+# The targets that may be used.
+.PHONY: xmldocs sgmldocs psdocs pdfdocs htmldocs mandocs installmandocs
+
+BOOKS := $(addprefix $(obj)/,$(DOCBOOKS))
+xmldocs: $(BOOKS)
+sgmldocs: xmldocs
+
+PS := $(patsubst %.xml, %.ps, $(BOOKS))
+psdocs: $(PS)
+
+PDF := $(patsubst %.xml, %.pdf, $(BOOKS))
+pdfdocs: $(PDF)
+
+HTML := $(patsubst %.xml, %.html, $(BOOKS))
+htmldocs: $(HTML)
+
+MAN := $(patsubst %.xml, %.9, $(BOOKS))
+mandocs: $(MAN)
+
+installmandocs: mandocs
+ $(MAKEMAN) install Documentation/DocBook/man
+
+###
+#External programs used
+KERNELDOC = scripts/kernel-doc
+DOCPROC = scripts/basic/docproc
+SPLITMAN = $(PERL) $(srctree)/scripts/split-man
+MAKEMAN = $(PERL) $(srctree)/scripts/makeman
+
+###
+# DOCPROC is used for two purposes:
+# 1) To generate a dependency list for a .tmpl file
+# 2) To preprocess a .tmpl file and call kernel-doc with
+# appropriate parameters.
+# The following rules are used to generate the .xml documentation
+# required to generate the final targets. (ps, pdf, html).
+quiet_cmd_docproc = DOCPROC $@
+ cmd_docproc = SRCTREE=$(srctree)/ $(DOCPROC) doc $< >$@
+define rule_docproc
+ set -e; \
+ $(if $($(quiet)cmd_$(1)),echo ' $($(quiet)cmd_$(1))';) \
+ $(cmd_$(1)); \
+ ( \
+ echo 'cmd_$@ := $(cmd_$(1))'; \
+ echo $@: `SRCTREE=$(srctree) $(DOCPROC) depend $<`; \
+ ) > $(dir $@).$(notdir $@).cmd
+endef
+
+%.xml: %.tmpl FORCE
+ $(call if_changed_rule,docproc)
+
+###
+#Read in all saved dependency files
+cmd_files := $(wildcard $(foreach f,$(BOOKS),$(dir $(f)).$(notdir $(f)).cmd))
+
+ifneq ($(cmd_files),)
+ include $(cmd_files)
+endif
+
+###
+# Changes in kernel-doc force a rebuild of all documentation
+$(BOOKS): $(KERNELDOC)
+
+###
+# procfs guide uses a .c file as example code.
+# This requires an explicit dependency
+C-procfs-example = procfs_example.xml
+C-procfs-example2 = $(addprefix $(obj)/,$(C-procfs-example))
+$(obj)/procfs-guide.xml: $(C-procfs-example2)
+
+###
+# Rules to generate postscript, PDF and HTML
+# db2html creates a directory. Generate a html file used for timestamp
+
+quiet_cmd_db2ps = DB2PS $@
+ cmd_db2ps = db2ps -o $(dir $@) $<
+%.ps : %.xml
+ @(which db2ps > /dev/null 2>&1) || \
+ (echo "*** You need to install DocBook stylesheets ***"; \
+ exit 1)
+ $(call cmd,db2ps)
+
+quiet_cmd_db2pdf = DB2PDF $@
+ cmd_db2pdf = db2pdf -o $(dir $@) $<
+%.pdf : %.xml
+ @(which db2pdf > /dev/null 2>&1) || \
+ (echo "*** You need to install DocBook stylesheets ***"; \
+ exit 1)
+ $(call cmd,db2pdf)
+
+quiet_cmd_db2html = DB2HTML $@
+ cmd_db2html = db2html -o $(patsubst %.html,%,$@) $< && \
+ echo '<a HREF="$(patsubst %.html,%,$(notdir $@))/book1.html"> \
+ Goto $(patsubst %.html,%,$(notdir $@))</a><p>' > $@
+
+%.html: %.xml
+ @(which db2html > /dev/null 2>&1) || \
+ (echo "*** You need to install DocBook stylesheets ***"; \
+ exit 1)
+ @rm -rf $@ $(patsubst %.html,%,$@)
+ $(call cmd,db2html)
+ @if [ ! -z "$(PNG-$(basename $(notdir $@)))" ]; then \
+ cp $(PNG-$(basename $(notdir $@))) $(patsubst %.html,%,$@); fi
+
+###
+# Rule to generate man files - output is placed in the man subdirectory
+
+%.9: %.xml
+ifneq ($(KBUILD_SRC),)
+ $(Q)mkdir -p $(objtree)/Documentation/DocBook/man
+endif
+ $(SPLITMAN) $< $(objtree)/Documentation/DocBook/man "$(VERSION).$(PATCHLEVEL).$(SUBLEVEL)"
+ $(MAKEMAN) convert $(objtree)/Documentation/DocBook/man $<
+
+###
+# Rules to generate postscripts and PNG imgages from .fig format files
+quiet_cmd_fig2eps = FIG2EPS $@
+ cmd_fig2eps = fig2dev -Leps $< $@
+
+%.eps: %.fig
+ @(which fig2dev > /dev/null 2>&1) || \
+ (echo "*** You need to install transfig ***"; \
+ exit 1)
+ $(call cmd,fig2eps)
+
+quiet_cmd_fig2png = FIG2PNG $@
+ cmd_fig2png = fig2dev -Lpng $< $@
+
+%.png: %.fig
+ @(which fig2dev > /dev/null 2>&1) || \
+ (echo "*** You need to install transfig ***"; \
+ exit 1)
+ $(call cmd,fig2png)
+
+###
+# Rule to convert a .c file to inline XML documentation
+%.xml: %.c
+ @echo ' GEN $@'
+ @( \
+ echo "<programlisting>"; \
+ expand --tabs=8 < $< | \
+ sed -e "s/&/\\&/g" \
+ -e "s/</\\</g" \
+ -e "s/>/\\>/g"; \
+ echo "</programlisting>") > $@
+
+###
+# Help targets as used by the top-level makefile
+dochelp:
+ @echo ' Linux kernel internal documentation in different formats:'
+ @echo ' xmldocs (XML DocBook), psdocs (Postscript), pdfdocs (PDF)'
+ @echo ' htmldocs (HTML), mandocs (man pages, use installmandocs to install)'
+
+###
+# Temporary files left by various tools
+clean-files := $(DOCBOOKS) \
+ $(patsubst %.xml, %.dvi, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
+ $(patsubst %.xml, %.aux, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
+ $(patsubst %.xml, %.tex, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
+ $(patsubst %.xml, %.log, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
+ $(patsubst %.xml, %.out, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
+ $(patsubst %.xml, %.ps, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
+ $(patsubst %.xml, %.pdf, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
+ $(patsubst %.xml, %.html, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
+ $(patsubst %.xml, %.9, $(DOCBOOKS)) \
+ $(C-procfs-example)
+
+clean-dirs := $(patsubst %.xml,%,$(DOCBOOKS))
+
+#man put files in man subdir - traverse down
+subdir- := man/
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f41f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="DoingIO">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Bus-Independent Device Accesses</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Matthew</firstname>
+ <surname>Wilcox</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>matthew@wil.cx</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Alan</firstname>
+ <surname>Cox</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>alan@redhat.com</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2001</year>
+ <holder>Matthew Wilcox</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ Linux provides an API which abstracts performing IO across all busses
+ and devices, allowing device drivers to be written independently of
+ bus type.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="bugs">
+ <title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
+ <para>
+ None.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="mmio">
+ <title>Memory Mapped IO</title>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Getting Access to the Device</title>
+ <para>
+ The most widely supported form of IO is memory mapped IO.
+ That is, a part of the CPU's address space is interpreted
+ not as accesses to memory, but as accesses to a device. Some
+ architectures define devices to be at a fixed address, but most
+ have some method of discovering devices. The PCI bus walk is a
+ good example of such a scheme. This document does not cover how
+ to receive such an address, but assumes you are starting with one.
+ Physical addresses are of type unsigned long.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This address should not be used directly. Instead, to get an
+ address suitable for passing to the accessor functions described
+ below, you should call <function>ioremap</function>.
+ An address suitable for accessing the device will be returned to you.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ After you've finished using the device (say, in your module's
+ exit routine), call <function>iounmap</function> in order to return
+ the address space to the kernel. Most architectures allocate new
+ address space each time you call <function>ioremap</function>, and
+ they can run out unless you call <function>iounmap</function>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Accessing the device</title>
+ <para>
+ The part of the interface most used by drivers is reading and
+ writing memory-mapped registers on the device. Linux provides
+ interfaces to read and write 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit
+ quantities. Due to a historical accident, these are named byte,
+ word, long and quad accesses. Both read and write accesses are
+ supported; there is no prefetch support at this time.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The functions are named <function>readb</function>,
+ <function>readw</function>, <function>readl</function>,
+ <function>readq</function>, <function>readb_relaxed</function>,
+ <function>readw_relaxed</function>, <function>readl_relaxed</function>,
+ <function>readq_relaxed</function>, <function>writeb</function>,
+ <function>writew</function>, <function>writel</function> and
+ <function>writeq</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Some devices (such as framebuffers) would like to use larger
+ transfers than 8 bytes at a time. For these devices, the
+ <function>memcpy_toio</function>, <function>memcpy_fromio</function>
+ and <function>memset_io</function> functions are provided.
+ Do not use memset or memcpy on IO addresses; they
+ are not guaranteed to copy data in order.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The read and write functions are defined to be ordered. That is the
+ compiler is not permitted to reorder the I/O sequence. When the
+ ordering can be compiler optimised, you can use <function>
+ __readb</function> and friends to indicate the relaxed ordering. Use
+ this with care.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ While the basic functions are defined to be synchronous with respect
+ to each other and ordered with respect to each other the busses the
+ devices sit on may themselves have asynchronicity. In particular many
+ authors are burned by the fact that PCI bus writes are posted
+ asynchronously. A driver author must issue a read from the same
+ device to ensure that writes have occurred in the specific cases the
+ author cares. This kind of property cannot be hidden from driver
+ writers in the API. In some cases, the read used to flush the device
+ may be expected to fail (if the card is resetting, for example). In
+ that case, the read should be done from config space, which is
+ guaranteed to soft-fail if the card doesn't respond.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The following is an example of flushing a write to a device when
+ the driver would like to ensure the write's effects are visible prior
+ to continuing execution.
+ </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+static inline void
+qla1280_disable_intrs(struct scsi_qla_host *ha)
+{
+ struct device_reg *reg;
+
+ reg = ha->iobase;
+ /* disable risc and host interrupts */
+ WRT_REG_WORD(&reg->ictrl, 0);
+ /*
+ * The following read will ensure that the above write
+ * has been received by the device before we return from this
+ * function.
+ */
+ RD_REG_WORD(&reg->ictrl);
+ ha->flags.ints_enabled = 0;
+}
+</programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ In addition to write posting, on some large multiprocessing systems
+ (e.g. SGI Challenge, Origin and Altix machines) posted writes won't
+ be strongly ordered coming from different CPUs. Thus it's important
+ to properly protect parts of your driver that do memory-mapped writes
+ with locks and use the <function>mmiowb</function> to make sure they
+ arrive in the order intended. Issuing a regular <function>readX
+ </function> will also ensure write ordering, but should only be used
+ when the driver has to be sure that the write has actually arrived
+ at the device (not that it's simply ordered with respect to other
+ writes), since a full <function>readX</function> is a relatively
+ expensive operation.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Generally, one should use <function>mmiowb</function> prior to
+ releasing a spinlock that protects regions using <function>writeb
+ </function> or similar functions that aren't surrounded by <function>
+ readb</function> calls, which will ensure ordering and flushing. The
+ following pseudocode illustrates what might occur if write ordering
+ isn't guaranteed via <function>mmiowb</function> or one of the
+ <function>readX</function> functions.
+ </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
+CPU A: ...
+CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr);
+CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
+ ...
+CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
+CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
+CPU B: ...
+CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
+</programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ In the case above, newval2 could be written to ring_ptr before
+ newval. Fixing it is easy though:
+ </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
+CPU A: ...
+CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr);
+CPU A: mmiowb(); /* ensure no other writes beat us to the device */
+CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
+ ...
+CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
+CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
+CPU B: ...
+CPU B: mmiowb();
+CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
+</programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ See tg3.c for a real world example of how to use <function>mmiowb
+ </function>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ PCI ordering rules also guarantee that PIO read responses arrive
+ after any outstanding DMA writes from that bus, since for some devices
+ the result of a <function>readb</function> call may signal to the
+ driver that a DMA transaction is complete. In many cases, however,
+ the driver may want to indicate that the next
+ <function>readb</function> call has no relation to any previous DMA
+ writes performed by the device. The driver can use
+ <function>readb_relaxed</function> for these cases, although only
+ some platforms will honor the relaxed semantics. Using the relaxed
+ read functions will provide significant performance benefits on
+ platforms that support it. The qla2xxx driver provides examples
+ of how to use <function>readX_relaxed</function>. In many cases,
+ a majority of the driver's <function>readX</function> calls can
+ safely be converted to <function>readX_relaxed</function> calls, since
+ only a few will indicate or depend on DMA completion.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>ISA legacy functions</title>
+ <para>
+ On older kernels (2.2 and earlier) the ISA bus could be read or
+ written with these functions and without ioremap being used. This is
+ no longer true in Linux 2.4. A set of equivalent functions exist for
+ easy legacy driver porting. The functions available are prefixed
+ with 'isa_' and are <function>isa_readb</function>,
+ <function>isa_writeb</function>, <function>isa_readw</function>,
+ <function>isa_writew</function>, <function>isa_readl</function>,
+ <function>isa_writel</function>, <function>isa_memcpy_fromio</function>
+ and <function>isa_memcpy_toio</function>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ These functions should not be used in new drivers, and will
+ eventually be going away.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter>
+ <title>Port Space Accesses</title>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Port Space Explained</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Another form of IO commonly supported is Port Space. This is a
+ range of addresses separate to the normal memory address space.
+ Access to these addresses is generally not as fast as accesses
+ to the memory mapped addresses, and it also has a potentially
+ smaller address space.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Unlike memory mapped IO, no preparation is required
+ to access port space.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Accessing Port Space</title>
+ <para>
+ Accesses to this space are provided through a set of functions
+ which allow 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit accesses; also
+ known as byte, word and long. These functions are
+ <function>inb</function>, <function>inw</function>,
+ <function>inl</function>, <function>outb</function>,
+ <function>outw</function> and <function>outl</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Some variants are provided for these functions. Some devices
+ require that accesses to their ports are slowed down. This
+ functionality is provided by appending a <function>_p</function>
+ to the end of the function. There are also equivalents to memcpy.
+ The <function>ins</function> and <function>outs</function>
+ functions copy bytes, words or longs to the given port.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="pubfunctions">
+ <title>Public Functions Provided</title>
+!Einclude/asm-i386/io.h
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/gadget.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/gadget.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a344424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/gadget.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,752 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="USB-Gadget-API">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>USB Gadget API for Linux</title>
+ <date>20 August 2004</date>
+ <edition>20 August 2004</edition>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2003-2004</year>
+ <holder>David Brownell</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <author>
+ <firstname>David</firstname>
+ <surname>Brownell</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address><email>dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net</email></address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+<chapter><title>Introduction</title>
+
+<para>This document presents a Linux-USB "Gadget"
+kernel mode
+API, for use within peripherals and other USB devices
+that embed Linux.
+It provides an overview of the API structure,
+and shows how that fits into a system development project.
+This is the first such API released on Linux to address
+a number of important problems, including: </para>
+
+<itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Supports USB 2.0, for high speed devices which
+ can stream data at several dozen megabytes per second.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Handles devices with dozens of endpoints just as
+ well as ones with just two fixed-function ones. Gadget drivers
+ can be written so they're easy to port to new hardware.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Flexible enough to expose more complex USB device
+ capabilities such as multiple configurations, multiple interfaces,
+ composite devices,
+ and alternate interface settings.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>USB "On-The-Go" (OTG) support, in conjunction
+ with updates to the Linux-USB host side.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Sharing data structures and API models with the
+ Linux-USB host side API. This helps the OTG support, and
+ looks forward to more-symmetric frameworks (where the same
+ I/O model is used by both host and device side drivers).
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Minimalist, so it's easier to support new device
+ controller hardware. I/O processing doesn't imply large
+ demands for memory or CPU resources.
+ </para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+
+
+<para>Most Linux developers will not be able to use this API, since they
+have USB "host" hardware in a PC, workstation, or server.
+Linux users with embedded systems are more likely to
+have USB peripheral hardware.
+To distinguish drivers running inside such hardware from the
+more familiar Linux "USB device drivers",
+which are host side proxies for the real USB devices,
+a different term is used:
+the drivers inside the peripherals are "USB gadget drivers".
+In USB protocol interactions, the device driver is the master
+(or "client driver")
+and the gadget driver is the slave (or "function driver").
+</para>
+
+<para>The gadget API resembles the host side Linux-USB API in that both
+use queues of request objects to package I/O buffers, and those requests
+may be submitted or canceled.
+They share common definitions for the standard USB
+<emphasis>Chapter 9</emphasis> messages, structures, and constants.
+Also, both APIs bind and unbind drivers to devices.
+The APIs differ in detail, since the host side's current
+URB framework exposes a number of implementation details
+and assumptions that are inappropriate for a gadget API.
+While the model for control transfers and configuration
+management is necessarily different (one side is a hardware-neutral master,
+the other is a hardware-aware slave), the endpoint I/0 API used here
+should also be usable for an overhead-reduced host side API.
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="structure"><title>Structure of Gadget Drivers</title>
+
+<para>A system running inside a USB peripheral
+normally has at least three layers inside the kernel to handle
+USB protocol processing, and may have additional layers in
+user space code.
+The "gadget" API is used by the middle layer to interact
+with the lowest level (which directly handles hardware).
+</para>
+
+<para>In Linux, from the bottom up, these layers are:
+</para>
+
+<variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis>USB Controller Driver</emphasis></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>This is the lowest software level.
+ It is the only layer that talks to hardware,
+ through registers, fifos, dma, irqs, and the like.
+ The <filename><linux/usb_gadget.h></filename> API abstracts
+ the peripheral controller endpoint hardware.
+ That hardware is exposed through endpoint objects, which accept
+ streams of IN/OUT buffers, and through callbacks that interact
+ with gadget drivers.
+ Since normal USB devices only have one upstream
+ port, they only have one of these drivers.
+ The controller driver can support any number of different
+ gadget drivers, but only one of them can be used at a time.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Examples of such controller hardware include
+ the PCI-based NetChip 2280 USB 2.0 high speed controller,
+ the SA-11x0 or PXA-25x UDC (found within many PDAs),
+ and a variety of other products.
+ </para>
+
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis>Gadget Driver</emphasis></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The lower boundary of this driver implements hardware-neutral
+ USB functions, using calls to the controller driver.
+ Because such hardware varies widely in capabilities and restrictions,
+ and is used in embedded environments where space is at a premium,
+ the gadget driver is often configured at compile time
+ to work with endpoints supported by one particular controller.
+ Gadget drivers may be portable to several different controllers,
+ using conditional compilation.
+ (Recent kernels substantially simplify the work involved in
+ supporting new hardware, by <emphasis>autoconfiguring</emphasis>
+ endpoints automatically for many bulk-oriented drivers.)
+ Gadget driver responsibilities include:
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>handling setup requests (ep0 protocol responses)
+ possibly including class-specific functionality
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>returning configuration and string descriptors
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>(re)setting configurations and interface
+ altsettings, including enabling and configuring endpoints
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>handling life cycle events, such as managing
+ bindings to hardware,
+ USB suspend/resume, remote wakeup,
+ and disconnection from the USB host.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>managing IN and OUT transfers on all currently
+ enabled endpoints
+ </para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ Such drivers may be modules of proprietary code, although
+ that approach is discouraged in the Linux community.
+ </para>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis>Upper Level</emphasis></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Most gadget drivers have an upper boundary that connects
+ to some Linux driver or framework in Linux.
+ Through that boundary flows the data which the gadget driver
+ produces and/or consumes through protocol transfers over USB.
+ Examples include:
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>user mode code, using generic (gadgetfs)
+ or application specific files in
+ <filename>/dev</filename>
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>networking subsystem (for network gadgets,
+ like the CDC Ethernet Model gadget driver)
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>data capture drivers, perhaps video4Linux or
+ a scanner driver; or test and measurement hardware.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>input subsystem (for HID gadgets)
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>sound subsystem (for audio gadgets)
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>file system (for PTP gadgets)
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>block i/o subsystem (for usb-storage gadgets)
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>... and more </para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis>Additional Layers</emphasis></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Other layers may exist.
+ These could include kernel layers, such as network protocol stacks,
+ as well as user mode applications building on standard POSIX
+ system call APIs such as
+ <emphasis>open()</emphasis>, <emphasis>close()</emphasis>,
+ <emphasis>read()</emphasis> and <emphasis>write()</emphasis>.
+ On newer systems, POSIX Async I/O calls may be an option.
+ Such user mode code will not necessarily be subject to
+ the GNU General Public License (GPL).
+ </para>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+
+
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>OTG-capable systems will also need to include a standard Linux-USB
+host side stack,
+with <emphasis>usbcore</emphasis>,
+one or more <emphasis>Host Controller Drivers</emphasis> (HCDs),
+<emphasis>USB Device Drivers</emphasis> to support
+the OTG "Targeted Peripheral List",
+and so forth.
+There will also be an <emphasis>OTG Controller Driver</emphasis>,
+which is visible to gadget and device driver developers only indirectly.
+That helps the host and device side USB controllers implement the
+two new OTG protocols (HNP and SRP).
+Roles switch (host to peripheral, or vice versa) using HNP
+during USB suspend processing, and SRP can be viewed as a
+more battery-friendly kind of device wakeup protocol.
+</para>
+
+<para>Over time, reusable utilities are evolving to help make some
+gadget driver tasks simpler.
+For example, building configuration descriptors from vectors of
+descriptors for the configurations interfaces and endpoints is
+now automated, and many drivers now use autoconfiguration to
+choose hardware endpoints and initialize their descriptors.
+
+A potential example of particular interest
+is code implementing standard USB-IF protocols for
+HID, networking, storage, or audio classes.
+Some developers are interested in KDB or KGDB hooks, to let
+target hardware be remotely debugged.
+Most such USB protocol code doesn't need to be hardware-specific,
+any more than network protocols like X11, HTTP, or NFS are.
+Such gadget-side interface drivers should eventually be combined,
+to implement composite devices.
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+
+<chapter id="api"><title>Kernel Mode Gadget API</title>
+
+<para>Gadget drivers declare themselves through a
+<emphasis>struct usb_gadget_driver</emphasis>, which is responsible for
+most parts of enumeration for a <emphasis>struct usb_gadget</emphasis>.
+The response to a set_configuration usually involves
+enabling one or more of the <emphasis>struct usb_ep</emphasis> objects
+exposed by the gadget, and submitting one or more
+<emphasis>struct usb_request</emphasis> buffers to transfer data.
+Understand those four data types, and their operations, and
+you will understand how this API works.
+</para>
+
+<note><title>Incomplete Data Type Descriptions</title>
+
+<para>This documentation was prepared using the standard Linux
+kernel <filename>docproc</filename> tool, which turns text
+and in-code comments into SGML DocBook and then into usable
+formats such as HTML or PDF.
+Other than the "Chapter 9" data types, most of the significant
+data types and functions are described here.
+</para>
+
+<para>However, docproc does not understand all the C constructs
+that are used, so some relevant information is likely omitted from
+what you are reading.
+One example of such information is endpoint autoconfiguration.
+You'll have to read the header file, and use example source
+code (such as that for "Gadget Zero"), to fully understand the API.
+</para>
+
+<para>The part of the API implementing some basic
+driver capabilities is specific to the version of the
+Linux kernel that's in use.
+The 2.6 kernel includes a <emphasis>driver model</emphasis>
+framework that has no analogue on earlier kernels;
+so those parts of the gadget API are not fully portable.
+(They are implemented on 2.4 kernels, but in a different way.)
+The driver model state is another part of this API that is
+ignored by the kerneldoc tools.
+</para>
+</note>
+
+<para>The core API does not expose
+every possible hardware feature, only the most widely available ones.
+There are significant hardware features, such as device-to-device DMA
+(without temporary storage in a memory buffer)
+that would be added using hardware-specific APIs.
+</para>
+
+<para>This API allows drivers to use conditional compilation to handle
+endpoint capabilities of different hardware, but doesn't require that.
+Hardware tends to have arbitrary restrictions, relating to
+transfer types, addressing, packet sizes, buffering, and availability.
+As a rule, such differences only matter for "endpoint zero" logic
+that handles device configuration and management.
+The API supports limited run-time
+detection of capabilities, through naming conventions for endpoints.
+Many drivers will be able to at least partially autoconfigure
+themselves.
+In particular, driver init sections will often have endpoint
+autoconfiguration logic that scans the hardware's list of endpoints
+to find ones matching the driver requirements
+(relying on those conventions), to eliminate some of the most
+common reasons for conditional compilation.
+</para>
+
+<para>Like the Linux-USB host side API, this API exposes
+the "chunky" nature of USB messages: I/O requests are in terms
+of one or more "packets", and packet boundaries are visible to drivers.
+Compared to RS-232 serial protocols, USB resembles
+synchronous protocols like HDLC
+(N bytes per frame, multipoint addressing, host as the primary
+station and devices as secondary stations)
+more than asynchronous ones
+(tty style: 8 data bits per frame, no parity, one stop bit).
+So for example the controller drivers won't buffer
+two single byte writes into a single two-byte USB IN packet,
+although gadget drivers may do so when they implement
+protocols where packet boundaries (and "short packets")
+are not significant.
+</para>
+
+<sect1 id="lifecycle"><title>Driver Life Cycle</title>
+
+<para>Gadget drivers make endpoint I/O requests to hardware without
+needing to know many details of the hardware, but driver
+setup/configuration code needs to handle some differences.
+Use the API like this:
+</para>
+
+<orderedlist numeration='arabic'>
+
+<listitem><para>Register a driver for the particular device side
+usb controller hardware,
+such as the net2280 on PCI (USB 2.0),
+sa11x0 or pxa25x as found in Linux PDAs,
+and so on.
+At this point the device is logically in the USB ch9 initial state
+("attached"), drawing no power and not usable
+(since it does not yet support enumeration).
+Any host should not see the device, since it's not
+activated the data line pullup used by the host to
+detect a device, even if VBUS power is available.
+</para></listitem>
+
+<listitem><para>Register a gadget driver that implements some higher level
+device function. That will then bind() to a usb_gadget, which
+activates the data line pullup sometime after detecting VBUS.
+</para></listitem>
+
+<listitem><para>The hardware driver can now start enumerating.
+The steps it handles are to accept USB power and set_address requests.
+Other steps are handled by the gadget driver.
+If the gadget driver module is unloaded before the host starts to
+enumerate, steps before step 7 are skipped.
+</para></listitem>
+
+<listitem><para>The gadget driver's setup() call returns usb descriptors,
+based both on what the bus interface hardware provides and on the
+functionality being implemented.
+That can involve alternate settings or configurations,
+unless the hardware prevents such operation.
+For OTG devices, each configuration descriptor includes
+an OTG descriptor.
+</para></listitem>
+
+<listitem><para>The gadget driver handles the last step of enumeration,
+when the USB host issues a set_configuration call.
+It enables all endpoints used in that configuration,
+with all interfaces in their default settings.
+That involves using a list of the hardware's endpoints, enabling each
+endpoint according to its descriptor.
+It may also involve using <function>usb_gadget_vbus_draw</function>
+to let more power be drawn from VBUS, as allowed by that configuration.
+For OTG devices, setting a configuration may also involve reporting
+HNP capabilities through a user interface.
+</para></listitem>
+
+<listitem><para>Do real work and perform data transfers, possibly involving
+changes to interface settings or switching to new configurations, until the
+device is disconnect()ed from the host.
+Queue any number of transfer requests to each endpoint.
+It may be suspended and resumed several times before being disconnected.
+On disconnect, the drivers go back to step 3 (above).
+</para></listitem>
+
+<listitem><para>When the gadget driver module is being unloaded,
+the driver unbind() callback is issued. That lets the controller
+driver be unloaded.
+</para></listitem>
+
+</orderedlist>
+
+<para>Drivers will normally be arranged so that just loading the
+gadget driver module (or statically linking it into a Linux kernel)
+allows the peripheral device to be enumerated, but some drivers
+will defer enumeration until some higher level component (like
+a user mode daemon) enables it.
+Note that at this lowest level there are no policies about how
+ep0 configuration logic is implemented,
+except that it should obey USB specifications.
+Such issues are in the domain of gadget drivers,
+including knowing about implementation constraints
+imposed by some USB controllers
+or understanding that composite devices might happen to
+be built by integrating reusable components.
+</para>
+
+<para>Note that the lifecycle above can be slightly different
+for OTG devices.
+Other than providing an additional OTG descriptor in each
+configuration, only the HNP-related differences are particularly
+visible to driver code.
+They involve reporting requirements during the SET_CONFIGURATION
+request, and the option to invoke HNP during some suspend callbacks.
+Also, SRP changes the semantics of
+<function>usb_gadget_wakeup</function>
+slightly.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="ch9"><title>USB 2.0 Chapter 9 Types and Constants</title>
+
+<para>Gadget drivers
+rely on common USB structures and constants
+defined in the
+<filename><linux/usb_ch9.h></filename>
+header file, which is standard in Linux 2.6 kernels.
+These are the same types and constants used by host
+side drivers (and usbcore).
+</para>
+
+!Iinclude/linux/usb_ch9.h
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="core"><title>Core Objects and Methods</title>
+
+<para>These are declared in
+<filename><linux/usb_gadget.h></filename>,
+and are used by gadget drivers to interact with
+USB peripheral controller drivers.
+</para>
+
+ <!-- yeech, this is ugly in nsgmls PDF output.
+
+ the PDF bookmark and refentry output nesting is wrong,
+ and the member/argument documentation indents ugly.
+
+ plus something (docproc?) adds whitespace before the
+ descriptive paragraph text, so it can't line up right
+ unless the explanations are trivial.
+ -->
+
+!Iinclude/linux/usb_gadget.h
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="utils"><title>Optional Utilities</title>
+
+<para>The core API is sufficient for writing a USB Gadget Driver,
+but some optional utilities are provided to simplify common tasks.
+These utilities include endpoint autoconfiguration.
+</para>
+
+!Edrivers/usb/gadget/usbstring.c
+!Edrivers/usb/gadget/config.c
+<!-- !Edrivers/usb/gadget/epautoconf.c -->
+</sect1>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="controllers"><title>Peripheral Controller Drivers</title>
+
+<para>The first hardware supporting this API was the NetChip 2280
+controller, which supports USB 2.0 high speed and is based on PCI.
+This is the <filename>net2280</filename> driver module.
+The driver supports Linux kernel versions 2.4 and 2.6;
+contact NetChip Technologies for development boards and product
+information.
+</para>
+
+<para>Other hardware working in the "gadget" framework includes:
+Intel's PXA 25x and IXP42x series processors
+(<filename>pxa2xx_udc</filename>),
+Toshiba TC86c001 "Goku-S" (<filename>goku_udc</filename>),
+Renesas SH7705/7727 (<filename>sh_udc</filename>),
+MediaQ 11xx (<filename>mq11xx_udc</filename>),
+Hynix HMS30C7202 (<filename>h7202_udc</filename>),
+National 9303/4 (<filename>n9604_udc</filename>),
+Texas Instruments OMAP (<filename>omap_udc</filename>),
+Sharp LH7A40x (<filename>lh7a40x_udc</filename>),
+and more.
+Most of those are full speed controllers.
+</para>
+
+<para>At this writing, there are people at work on drivers in
+this framework for several other USB device controllers,
+with plans to make many of them be widely available.
+</para>
+
+<!-- !Edrivers/usb/gadget/net2280.c -->
+
+<para>A partial USB simulator,
+the <filename>dummy_hcd</filename> driver, is available.
+It can act like a net2280, a pxa25x, or an sa11x0 in terms
+of available endpoints and device speeds; and it simulates
+control, bulk, and to some extent interrupt transfers.
+That lets you develop some parts of a gadget driver on a normal PC,
+without any special hardware, and perhaps with the assistance
+of tools such as GDB running with User Mode Linux.
+At least one person has expressed interest in adapting that
+approach, hooking it up to a simulator for a microcontroller.
+Such simulators can help debug subsystems where the runtime hardware
+is unfriendly to software development, or is not yet available.
+</para>
+
+<para>Support for other controllers is expected to be developed
+and contributed
+over time, as this driver framework evolves.
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="gadget"><title>Gadget Drivers</title>
+
+<para>In addition to <emphasis>Gadget Zero</emphasis>
+(used primarily for testing and development with drivers
+for usb controller hardware), other gadget drivers exist.
+</para>
+
+<para>There's an <emphasis>ethernet</emphasis> gadget
+driver, which implements one of the most useful
+<emphasis>Communications Device Class</emphasis> (CDC) models.
+One of the standards for cable modem interoperability even
+specifies the use of this ethernet model as one of two
+mandatory options.
+Gadgets using this code look to a USB host as if they're
+an Ethernet adapter.
+It provides access to a network where the gadget's CPU is one host,
+which could easily be bridging, routing, or firewalling
+access to other networks.
+Since some hardware can't fully implement the CDC Ethernet
+requirements, this driver also implements a "good parts only"
+subset of CDC Ethernet.
+(That subset doesn't advertise itself as CDC Ethernet,
+to avoid creating problems.)
+</para>
+
+<para>Support for Microsoft's <emphasis>RNDIS</emphasis>
+protocol has been contributed by Pengutronix and Auerswald GmbH.
+This is like CDC Ethernet, but it runs on more slightly USB hardware
+(but less than the CDC subset).
+However, its main claim to fame is being able to connect directly to
+recent versions of Windows, using drivers that Microsoft bundles
+and supports, making it much simpler to network with Windows.
+</para>
+
+<para>There is also support for user mode gadget drivers,
+using <emphasis>gadgetfs</emphasis>.
+This provides a <emphasis>User Mode API</emphasis> that presents
+each endpoint as a single file descriptor. I/O is done using
+normal <emphasis>read()</emphasis> and <emphasis>read()</emphasis> calls.
+Familiar tools like GDB and pthreads can be used to
+develop and debug user mode drivers, so that once a robust
+controller driver is available many applications for it
+won't require new kernel mode software.
+Linux 2.6 <emphasis>Async I/O (AIO)</emphasis>
+support is available, so that user mode software
+can stream data with only slightly more overhead
+than a kernel driver.
+</para>
+
+<para>There's a USB Mass Storage class driver, which provides
+a different solution for interoperability with systems such
+as MS-Windows and MacOS.
+That <emphasis>File-backed Storage</emphasis> driver uses a
+file or block device as backing store for a drive,
+like the <filename>loop</filename> driver.
+The USB host uses the BBB, CB, or CBI versions of the mass
+storage class specification, using transparent SCSI commands
+to access the data from the backing store.
+</para>
+
+<para>There's a "serial line" driver, useful for TTY style
+operation over USB.
+The latest version of that driver supports CDC ACM style
+operation, like a USB modem, and so on most hardware it can
+interoperate easily with MS-Windows.
+One interesting use of that driver is in boot firmware (like a BIOS),
+which can sometimes use that model with very small systems without
+real serial lines.
+</para>
+
+<para>Support for other kinds of gadget is expected to
+be developed and contributed
+over time, as this driver framework evolves.
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="otg"><title>USB On-The-GO (OTG)</title>
+
+<para>USB OTG support on Linux 2.6 was initially developed
+by Texas Instruments for
+<ulink url="http://www.omap.com">OMAP</ulink> 16xx and 17xx
+series processors.
+Other OTG systems should work in similar ways, but the
+hardware level details could be very different.
+</para>
+
+<para>Systems need specialized hardware support to implement OTG,
+notably including a special <emphasis>Mini-AB</emphasis> jack
+and associated transciever to support <emphasis>Dual-Role</emphasis>
+operation:
+they can act either as a host, using the standard
+Linux-USB host side driver stack,
+or as a peripheral, using this "gadget" framework.
+To do that, the system software relies on small additions
+to those programming interfaces,
+and on a new internal component (here called an "OTG Controller")
+affecting which driver stack connects to the OTG port.
+In each role, the system can re-use the existing pool of
+hardware-neutral drivers, layered on top of the controller
+driver interfaces (<emphasis>usb_bus</emphasis> or
+<emphasis>usb_gadget</emphasis>).
+Such drivers need at most minor changes, and most of the calls
+added to support OTG can also benefit non-OTG products.
+</para>
+
+<itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Gadget drivers test the <emphasis>is_otg</emphasis>
+ flag, and use it to determine whether or not to include
+ an OTG descriptor in each of their configurations.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Gadget drivers may need changes to support the
+ two new OTG protocols, exposed in new gadget attributes
+ such as <emphasis>b_hnp_enable</emphasis> flag.
+ HNP support should be reported through a user interface
+ (two LEDs could suffice), and is triggered in some cases
+ when the host suspends the peripheral.
+ SRP support can be user-initiated just like remote wakeup,
+ probably by pressing the same button.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>On the host side, USB device drivers need
+ to be taught to trigger HNP at appropriate moments, using
+ <function>usb_suspend_device()</function>.
+ That also conserves battery power, which is useful even
+ for non-OTG configurations.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Also on the host side, a driver must support the
+ OTG "Targeted Peripheral List". That's just a whitelist,
+ used to reject peripherals not supported with a given
+ Linux OTG host.
+ <emphasis>This whitelist is product-specific;
+ each product must modify <filename>otg_whitelist.h</filename>
+ to match its interoperability specification.
+ </emphasis>
+ </para>
+ <para>Non-OTG Linux hosts, like PCs and workstations,
+ normally have some solution for adding drivers, so that
+ peripherals that aren't recognized can eventually be supported.
+ That approach is unreasonable for consumer products that may
+ never have their firmware upgraded, and where it's usually
+ unrealistic to expect traditional PC/workstation/server kinds
+ of support model to work.
+ For example, it's often impractical to change device firmware
+ once the product has been distributed, so driver bugs can't
+ normally be fixed if they're found after shipment.
+ </para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+
+<para>
+Additional changes are needed below those hardware-neutral
+<emphasis>usb_bus</emphasis> and <emphasis>usb_gadget</emphasis>
+driver interfaces; those aren't discussed here in any detail.
+Those affect the hardware-specific code for each USB Host or Peripheral
+controller, and how the HCD initializes (since OTG can be active only
+on a single port).
+They also involve what may be called an <emphasis>OTG Controller
+Driver</emphasis>, managing the OTG transceiver and the OTG state
+machine logic as well as much of the root hub behavior for the
+OTG port.
+The OTG controller driver needs to activate and deactivate USB
+controllers depending on the relevant device role.
+Some related changes were needed inside usbcore, so that it
+can identify OTG-capable devices and respond appropriately
+to HNP or SRP protocols.
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+</book>
+<!--
+ vim:syntax=sgml:sw=4
+-->
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/journal-api.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/journal-api.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ef6f43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/journal-api.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="LinuxJBDAPI">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>The Linux Journalling API</title>
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Roger</firstname>
+ <surname>Gammans</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>rgammans@computer-surgery.co.uk</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Stephen</firstname>
+ <surname>Tweedie</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>sct@redhat.com</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2002</year>
+ <holder>Roger Gammans</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+<legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="Overview">
+ <title>Overview</title>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Details</title>
+<para>
+The journalling layer is easy to use. You need to
+first of all create a journal_t data structure. There are
+two calls to do this dependent on how you decide to allocate the physical
+media on which the journal resides. The journal_init_inode() call
+is for journals stored in filesystem inodes, or the journal_init_dev()
+call can be use for journal stored on a raw device (in a continuous range
+of blocks). A journal_t is a typedef for a struct pointer, so when
+you are finally finished make sure you call journal_destroy() on it
+to free up any used kernel memory.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Once you have got your journal_t object you need to 'mount' or load the journal
+file, unless of course you haven't initialised it yet - in which case you
+need to call journal_create().
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Most of the time however your journal file will already have been created, but
+before you load it you must call journal_wipe() to empty the journal file.
+Hang on, you say , what if the filesystem wasn't cleanly umount()'d . Well, it is the
+job of the client file system to detect this and skip the call to journal_wipe().
+</para>
+
+<para>
+In either case the next call should be to journal_load() which prepares the
+journal file for use. Note that journal_wipe(..,0) calls journal_skip_recovery()
+for you if it detects any outstanding transactions in the journal and similarly
+journal_load() will call journal_recover() if necessary.
+I would advise reading fs/ext3/super.c for examples on this stage.
+[RGG: Why is the journal_wipe() call necessary - doesn't this needlessly
+complicate the API. Or isn't a good idea for the journal layer to hide
+dirty mounts from the client fs]
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Now you can go ahead and start modifying the underlying
+filesystem. Almost.
+</para>
+
+
+<para>
+
+You still need to actually journal your filesystem changes, this
+is done by wrapping them into transactions. Additionally you
+also need to wrap the modification of each of the the buffers
+with calls to the journal layer, so it knows what the modifications
+you are actually making are. To do this use journal_start() which
+returns a transaction handle.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+journal_start()
+and its counterpart journal_stop(), which indicates the end of a transaction
+are nestable calls, so you can reenter a transaction if necessary,
+but remember you must call journal_stop() the same number of times as
+journal_start() before the transaction is completed (or more accurately
+leaves the the update phase). Ext3/VFS makes use of this feature to simplify
+quota support.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Inside each transaction you need to wrap the modifications to the
+individual buffers (blocks). Before you start to modify a buffer you
+need to call journal_get_{create,write,undo}_access() as appropriate,
+this allows the journalling layer to copy the unmodified data if it
+needs to. After all the buffer may be part of a previously uncommitted
+transaction.
+At this point you are at last ready to modify a buffer, and once
+you are have done so you need to call journal_dirty_{meta,}data().
+Or if you've asked for access to a buffer you now know is now longer
+required to be pushed back on the device you can call journal_forget()
+in much the same way as you might have used bforget() in the past.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+A journal_flush() may be called at any time to commit and checkpoint
+all your transactions.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Then at umount time , in your put_super() (2.4) or write_super() (2.5)
+you can then call journal_destroy() to clean up your in-core journal object.
+</para>
+
+
+<para>
+Unfortunately there a couple of ways the journal layer can cause a deadlock.
+The first thing to note is that each task can only have
+a single outstanding transaction at any one time, remember nothing
+commits until the outermost journal_stop(). This means
+you must complete the transaction at the end of each file/inode/address
+etc. operation you perform, so that the journalling system isn't re-entered
+on another journal. Since transactions can't be nested/batched
+across differing journals, and another filesystem other than
+yours (say ext3) may be modified in a later syscall.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The second case to bear in mind is that journal_start() can
+block if there isn't enough space in the journal for your transaction
+(based on the passed nblocks param) - when it blocks it merely(!) needs to
+wait for transactions to complete and be committed from other tasks,
+so essentially we are waiting for journal_stop(). So to avoid
+deadlocks you must treat journal_start/stop() as if they
+were semaphores and include them in your semaphore ordering rules to prevent
+deadlocks. Note that journal_extend() has similar blocking behaviour to
+journal_start() so you can deadlock here just as easily as on journal_start().
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Try to reserve the right number of blocks the first time. ;-). This will
+be the maximum number of blocks you are going to touch in this transaction.
+I advise having a look at at least ext3_jbd.h to see the basis on which
+ext3 uses to make these decisions.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Another wriggle to watch out for is your on-disk block allocation strategy.
+why? Because, if you undo a delete, you need to ensure you haven't reused any
+of the freed blocks in a later transaction. One simple way of doing this
+is make sure any blocks you allocate only have checkpointed transactions
+listed against them. Ext3 does this in ext3_test_allocatable().
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Lock is also providing through journal_{un,}lock_updates(),
+ext3 uses this when it wants a window with a clean and stable fs for a moment.
+eg.
+</para>
+
+<programlisting>
+
+ journal_lock_updates() //stop new stuff happening..
+ journal_flush() // checkpoint everything.
+ ..do stuff on stable fs
+ journal_unlock_updates() // carry on with filesystem use.
+</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+The opportunities for abuse and DOS attacks with this should be obvious,
+if you allow unprivileged userspace to trigger codepaths containing these
+calls.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+A new feature of jbd since 2.5.25 is commit callbacks with the new
+journal_callback_set() function you can now ask the journalling layer
+to call you back when the transaction is finally committed to disk, so that
+you can do some of your own management. The key to this is the journal_callback
+struct, this maintains the internal callback information but you can
+extend it like this:-
+</para>
+<programlisting>
+ struct myfs_callback_s {
+ //Data structure element required by jbd..
+ struct journal_callback for_jbd;
+ // Stuff for myfs allocated together.
+ myfs_inode* i_commited;
+
+ }
+</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+this would be useful if you needed to know when data was committed to a
+particular inode.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Summary</title>
+<para>
+Using the journal is a matter of wrapping the different context changes,
+being each mount, each modification (transaction) and each changed buffer
+to tell the journalling layer about them.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Here is a some pseudo code to give you an idea of how it works, as
+an example.
+</para>
+
+<programlisting>
+ journal_t* my_jnrl = journal_create();
+ journal_init_{dev,inode}(jnrl,...)
+ if (clean) journal_wipe();
+ journal_load();
+
+ foreach(transaction) { /*transactions must be
+ completed before
+ a syscall returns to
+ userspace*/
+
+ handle_t * xct=journal_start(my_jnrl);
+ foreach(bh) {
+ journal_get_{create,write,undo}_access(xact,bh);
+ if ( myfs_modify(bh) ) { /* returns true
+ if makes changes */
+ journal_dirty_{meta,}data(xact,bh);
+ } else {
+ journal_forget(bh);
+ }
+ }
+ journal_stop(xct);
+ }
+ journal_destroy(my_jrnl);
+</programlisting>
+</sect1>
+
+</chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="adt">
+ <title>Data Types</title>
+ <para>
+ The journalling layer uses typedefs to 'hide' the concrete definitions
+ of the structures used. As a client of the JBD layer you can
+ just rely on the using the pointer as a magic cookie of some sort.
+
+ Obviously the hiding is not enforced as this is 'C'.
+ </para>
+ <sect1><title>Structures</title>
+!Iinclude/linux/jbd.h
+ </sect1>
+</chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="calls">
+ <title>Functions</title>
+ <para>
+ The functions here are split into two groups those that
+ affect a journal as a whole, and those which are used to
+ manage transactions
+</para>
+ <sect1><title>Journal Level</title>
+!Efs/jbd/journal.c
+!Efs/jbd/recovery.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Transasction Level</title>
+!Efs/jbd/transaction.c
+ </sect1>
+</chapter>
+<chapter>
+ <title>See also</title>
+ <para>
+ <citation>
+ <ulink url="ftp://ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/sct/fs/jfs/journal-design.ps.gz">
+ Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem,LinuxExpo 98, Stephen Tweedie
+ </ulink>
+ </citation>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <citation>
+ <ulink url="http://olstrans.sourceforge.net/release/OLS2000-ext3/OLS2000-ext3.html">
+ Ext3 Journalling FileSystem , OLS 2000, Dr. Stephen Tweedie
+ </ulink>
+ </citation>
+ </para>
+</chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-api.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-api.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bd20c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-api.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="LinuxKernelAPI">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>The Linux Kernel API</title>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="Basics">
+ <title>Driver Basics</title>
+ <sect1><title>Driver Entry and Exit points</title>
+!Iinclude/linux/init.h
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Atomic and pointer manipulation</title>
+!Iinclude/asm-i386/atomic.h
+!Iinclude/asm-i386/unaligned.h
+ </sect1>
+
+<!-- FIXME:
+ kernel/sched.c has no docs, which stuffs up the sgml. Comment
+ out until somebody adds docs. KAO
+ <sect1><title>Delaying, scheduling, and timer routines</title>
+X!Ekernel/sched.c
+ </sect1>
+KAO -->
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="adt">
+ <title>Data Types</title>
+ <sect1><title>Doubly Linked Lists</title>
+!Iinclude/linux/list.h
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="libc">
+ <title>Basic C Library Functions</title>
+
+ <para>
+ When writing drivers, you cannot in general use routines which are
+ from the C Library. Some of the functions have been found generally
+ useful and they are listed below. The behaviour of these functions
+ may vary slightly from those defined by ANSI, and these deviations
+ are noted in the text.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1><title>String Conversions</title>
+!Ilib/vsprintf.c
+!Elib/vsprintf.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>String Manipulation</title>
+!Ilib/string.c
+!Elib/string.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Bit Operations</title>
+!Iinclude/asm-i386/bitops.h
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="mm">
+ <title>Memory Management in Linux</title>
+ <sect1><title>The Slab Cache</title>
+!Emm/slab.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>User Space Memory Access</title>
+!Iinclude/asm-i386/uaccess.h
+!Iarch/i386/lib/usercopy.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="kfifo">
+ <title>FIFO Buffer</title>
+ <sect1><title>kfifo interface</title>
+!Iinclude/linux/kfifo.h
+!Ekernel/kfifo.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="proc">
+ <title>The proc filesystem</title>
+
+ <sect1><title>sysctl interface</title>
+!Ekernel/sysctl.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="debugfs">
+ <title>The debugfs filesystem</title>
+
+ <sect1><title>debugfs interface</title>
+!Efs/debugfs/inode.c
+!Efs/debugfs/file.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="vfs">
+ <title>The Linux VFS</title>
+ <sect1><title>The Directory Cache</title>
+!Efs/dcache.c
+!Iinclude/linux/dcache.h
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Inode Handling</title>
+!Efs/inode.c
+!Efs/bad_inode.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Registration and Superblocks</title>
+!Efs/super.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>File Locks</title>
+!Efs/locks.c
+!Ifs/locks.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="netcore">
+ <title>Linux Networking</title>
+ <sect1><title>Socket Buffer Functions</title>
+!Iinclude/linux/skbuff.h
+!Enet/core/skbuff.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Socket Filter</title>
+!Enet/core/filter.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Generic Network Statistics</title>
+!Iinclude/linux/gen_stats.h
+!Enet/core/gen_stats.c
+!Enet/core/gen_estimator.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="netdev">
+ <title>Network device support</title>
+ <sect1><title>Driver Support</title>
+!Enet/core/dev.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>8390 Based Network Cards</title>
+!Edrivers/net/8390.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Synchronous PPP</title>
+!Edrivers/net/wan/syncppp.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="modload">
+ <title>Module Support</title>
+ <sect1><title>Module Loading</title>
+!Ekernel/kmod.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Inter Module support</title>
+ <para>
+ Refer to the file kernel/module.c for more information.
+ </para>
+<!-- FIXME: Removed for now since no structured comments in source
+X!Ekernel/module.c
+-->
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="hardware">
+ <title>Hardware Interfaces</title>
+ <sect1><title>Interrupt Handling</title>
+!Iarch/i386/kernel/irq.c
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>MTRR Handling</title>
+!Earch/i386/kernel/cpu/mtrr/main.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>PCI Support Library</title>
+!Edrivers/pci/pci.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>PCI Hotplug Support Library</title>
+!Edrivers/pci/hotplug/pci_hotplug_core.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>MCA Architecture</title>
+ <sect2><title>MCA Device Functions</title>
+ <para>
+ Refer to the file arch/i386/kernel/mca.c for more information.
+ </para>
+<!-- FIXME: Removed for now since no structured comments in source
+X!Earch/i386/kernel/mca.c
+-->
+ </sect2>
+ <sect2><title>MCA Bus DMA</title>
+!Iinclude/asm-i386/mca_dma.h
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="devfs">
+ <title>The Device File System</title>
+!Efs/devfs/base.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="security">
+ <title>Security Framework</title>
+!Esecurity/security.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="pmfuncs">
+ <title>Power Management</title>
+!Ekernel/power/pm.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="blkdev">
+ <title>Block Devices</title>
+!Edrivers/block/ll_rw_blk.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="miscdev">
+ <title>Miscellaneous Devices</title>
+!Edrivers/char/misc.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="viddev">
+ <title>Video4Linux</title>
+!Edrivers/media/video/videodev.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="snddev">
+ <title>Sound Devices</title>
+!Esound/sound_core.c
+<!-- FIXME: Removed for now since no structured comments in source
+X!Isound/sound_firmware.c
+-->
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="uart16x50">
+ <title>16x50 UART Driver</title>
+!Edrivers/serial/serial_core.c
+!Edrivers/serial/8250.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="z85230">
+ <title>Z85230 Support Library</title>
+!Edrivers/net/wan/z85230.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="fbdev">
+ <title>Frame Buffer Library</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The frame buffer drivers depend heavily on four data structures.
+ These structures are declared in include/linux/fb.h. They are
+ fb_info, fb_var_screeninfo, fb_fix_screeninfo and fb_monospecs.
+ The last three can be made available to and from userland.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ fb_info defines the current state of a particular video card.
+ Inside fb_info, there exists a fb_ops structure which is a
+ collection of needed functions to make fbdev and fbcon work.
+ fb_info is only visible to the kernel.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ fb_var_screeninfo is used to describe the features of a video card
+ that are user defined. With fb_var_screeninfo, things such as
+ depth and the resolution may be defined.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The next structure is fb_fix_screeninfo. This defines the
+ properties of a card that are created when a mode is set and can't
+ be changed otherwise. A good example of this is the start of the
+ frame buffer memory. This "locks" the address of the frame buffer
+ memory, so that it cannot be changed or moved.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The last structure is fb_monospecs. In the old API, there was
+ little importance for fb_monospecs. This allowed for forbidden things
+ such as setting a mode of 800x600 on a fix frequency monitor. With
+ the new API, fb_monospecs prevents such things, and if used
+ correctly, can prevent a monitor from being cooked. fb_monospecs
+ will not be useful until kernels 2.5.x.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1><title>Frame Buffer Memory</title>
+!Edrivers/video/fbmem.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Frame Buffer Console</title>
+!Edrivers/video/console/fbcon.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Frame Buffer Colormap</title>
+!Edrivers/video/fbcmap.c
+ </sect1>
+<!-- FIXME:
+ drivers/video/fbgen.c has no docs, which stuffs up the sgml. Comment
+ out until somebody adds docs. KAO
+ <sect1><title>Frame Buffer Generic Functions</title>
+X!Idrivers/video/fbgen.c
+ </sect1>
+KAO -->
+ <sect1><title>Frame Buffer Video Mode Database</title>
+!Idrivers/video/modedb.c
+!Edrivers/video/modedb.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Frame Buffer Macintosh Video Mode Database</title>
+!Idrivers/video/macmodes.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Frame Buffer Fonts</title>
+ <para>
+ Refer to the file drivers/video/console/fonts.c for more information.
+ </para>
+<!-- FIXME: Removed for now since no structured comments in source
+X!Idrivers/video/console/fonts.c
+-->
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49a9ef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,1349 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="lk-hacking-guide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Unreliable Guide To Hacking The Linux Kernel</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Paul</firstname>
+ <othername>Rusty</othername>
+ <surname>Russell</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>rusty@rustcorp.com.au</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2001</year>
+ <holder>Rusty Russell</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+
+ <releaseinfo>
+ This is the first release of this document as part of the kernel tarball.
+ </releaseinfo>
+
+ </bookinfo>
+
+ <toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="introduction">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ Welcome, gentle reader, to Rusty's Unreliable Guide to Linux
+ Kernel Hacking. This document describes the common routines and
+ general requirements for kernel code: its goal is to serve as a
+ primer for Linux kernel development for experienced C
+ programmers. I avoid implementation details: that's what the
+ code is for, and I ignore whole tracts of useful routines.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Before you read this, please understand that I never wanted to
+ write this document, being grossly under-qualified, but I always
+ wanted to read it, and this was the only way. I hope it will
+ grow into a compendium of best practice, common starting points
+ and random information.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="basic-players">
+ <title>The Players</title>
+
+ <para>
+ At any time each of the CPUs in a system can be:
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ not associated with any process, serving a hardware interrupt;
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ not associated with any process, serving a softirq, tasklet or bh;
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ running in kernel space, associated with a process;
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ running a process in user space.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ There is a strict ordering between these: other than the last
+ category (userspace) each can only be pre-empted by those above.
+ For example, while a softirq is running on a CPU, no other
+ softirq will pre-empt it, but a hardware interrupt can. However,
+ any other CPUs in the system execute independently.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ We'll see a number of ways that the user context can block
+ interrupts, to become truly non-preemptable.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1 id="basics-usercontext">
+ <title>User Context</title>
+
+ <para>
+ User context is when you are coming in from a system call or
+ other trap: you can sleep, and you own the CPU (except for
+ interrupts) until you call <function>schedule()</function>.
+ In other words, user context (unlike userspace) is not pre-emptable.
+ </para>
+
+ <note>
+ <para>
+ You are always in user context on module load and unload,
+ and on operations on the block device layer.
+ </para>
+ </note>
+
+ <para>
+ In user context, the <varname>current</varname> pointer (indicating
+ the task we are currently executing) is valid, and
+ <function>in_interrupt()</function>
+ (<filename>include/linux/interrupt.h</filename>) is <returnvalue>false
+ </returnvalue>.
+ </para>
+
+ <caution>
+ <para>
+ Beware that if you have interrupts or bottom halves disabled
+ (see below), <function>in_interrupt()</function> will return a
+ false positive.
+ </para>
+ </caution>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="basics-hardirqs">
+ <title>Hardware Interrupts (Hard IRQs)</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Timer ticks, <hardware>network cards</hardware> and
+ <hardware>keyboard</hardware> are examples of real
+ hardware which produce interrupts at any time. The kernel runs
+ interrupt handlers, which services the hardware. The kernel
+ guarantees that this handler is never re-entered: if another
+ interrupt arrives, it is queued (or dropped). Because it
+ disables interrupts, this handler has to be fast: frequently it
+ simply acknowledges the interrupt, marks a `software interrupt'
+ for execution and exits.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You can tell you are in a hardware interrupt, because
+ <function>in_irq()</function> returns <returnvalue>true</returnvalue>.
+ </para>
+ <caution>
+ <para>
+ Beware that this will return a false positive if interrupts are disabled
+ (see below).
+ </para>
+ </caution>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="basics-softirqs">
+ <title>Software Interrupt Context: Bottom Halves, Tasklets, softirqs</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Whenever a system call is about to return to userspace, or a
+ hardware interrupt handler exits, any `software interrupts'
+ which are marked pending (usually by hardware interrupts) are
+ run (<filename>kernel/softirq.c</filename>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Much of the real interrupt handling work is done here. Early in
+ the transition to <acronym>SMP</acronym>, there were only `bottom
+ halves' (BHs), which didn't take advantage of multiple CPUs. Shortly
+ after we switched from wind-up computers made of match-sticks and snot,
+ we abandoned this limitation.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/interrupt.h</filename> lists the
+ different BH's. No matter how many CPUs you have, no two BHs will run at
+ the same time. This made the transition to SMP simpler, but sucks hard for
+ scalable performance. A very important bottom half is the timer
+ BH (<filename class="headerfile">include/linux/timer.h</filename>): you
+ can register to have it call functions for you in a given length of time.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ 2.3.43 introduced softirqs, and re-implemented the (now
+ deprecated) BHs underneath them. Softirqs are fully-SMP
+ versions of BHs: they can run on as many CPUs at once as
+ required. This means they need to deal with any races in shared
+ data using their own locks. A bitmask is used to keep track of
+ which are enabled, so the 32 available softirqs should not be
+ used up lightly. (<emphasis>Yes</emphasis>, people will
+ notice).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ tasklets (<filename class="headerfile">include/linux/interrupt.h</filename>)
+ are like softirqs, except they are dynamically-registrable (meaning you
+ can have as many as you want), and they also guarantee that any tasklet
+ will only run on one CPU at any time, although different tasklets can
+ run simultaneously (unlike different BHs).
+ </para>
+ <caution>
+ <para>
+ The name `tasklet' is misleading: they have nothing to do with `tasks',
+ and probably more to do with some bad vodka Alexey Kuznetsov had at the
+ time.
+ </para>
+ </caution>
+
+ <para>
+ You can tell you are in a softirq (or bottom half, or tasklet)
+ using the <function>in_softirq()</function> macro
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/linux/interrupt.h</filename>).
+ </para>
+ <caution>
+ <para>
+ Beware that this will return a false positive if a bh lock (see below)
+ is held.
+ </para>
+ </caution>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="basic-rules">
+ <title>Some Basic Rules</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>No memory protection</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ If you corrupt memory, whether in user context or
+ interrupt context, the whole machine will crash. Are you
+ sure you can't do what you want in userspace?
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>No floating point or <acronym>MMX</acronym></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The <acronym>FPU</acronym> context is not saved; even in user
+ context the <acronym>FPU</acronym> state probably won't
+ correspond with the current process: you would mess with some
+ user process' <acronym>FPU</acronym> state. If you really want
+ to do this, you would have to explicitly save/restore the full
+ <acronym>FPU</acronym> state (and avoid context switches). It
+ is generally a bad idea; use fixed point arithmetic first.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>A rigid stack limit</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The kernel stack is about 6K in 2.2 (for most
+ architectures: it's about 14K on the Alpha), and shared
+ with interrupts so you can't use it all. Avoid deep
+ recursion and huge local arrays on the stack (allocate
+ them dynamically instead).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>The Linux kernel is portable</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Let's keep it that way. Your code should be 64-bit clean,
+ and endian-independent. You should also minimize CPU
+ specific stuff, e.g. inline assembly should be cleanly
+ encapsulated and minimized to ease porting. Generally it
+ should be restricted to the architecture-dependent part of
+ the kernel tree.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="ioctls">
+ <title>ioctls: Not writing a new system call</title>
+
+ <para>
+ A system call generally looks like this
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+asmlinkage long sys_mycall(int arg)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ First, in most cases you don't want to create a new system call.
+ You create a character device and implement an appropriate ioctl
+ for it. This is much more flexible than system calls, doesn't have
+ to be entered in every architecture's
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/asm/unistd.h</filename> and
+ <filename>arch/kernel/entry.S</filename> file, and is much more
+ likely to be accepted by Linus.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If all your routine does is read or write some parameter, consider
+ implementing a <function>sysctl</function> interface instead.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Inside the ioctl you're in user context to a process. When a
+ error occurs you return a negated errno (see
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/errno.h</filename>),
+ otherwise you return <returnvalue>0</returnvalue>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ After you slept you should check if a signal occurred: the
+ Unix/Linux way of handling signals is to temporarily exit the
+ system call with the <constant>-ERESTARTSYS</constant> error. The
+ system call entry code will switch back to user context, process
+ the signal handler and then your system call will be restarted
+ (unless the user disabled that). So you should be prepared to
+ process the restart, e.g. if you're in the middle of manipulating
+ some data structure.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+if (signal_pending())
+ return -ERESTARTSYS;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ If you're doing longer computations: first think userspace. If you
+ <emphasis>really</emphasis> want to do it in kernel you should
+ regularly check if you need to give up the CPU (remember there is
+ cooperative multitasking per CPU). Idiom:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+cond_resched(); /* Will sleep */
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ A short note on interface design: the UNIX system call motto is
+ "Provide mechanism not policy".
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="deadlock-recipes">
+ <title>Recipes for Deadlock</title>
+
+ <para>
+ You cannot call any routines which may sleep, unless:
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ You are in user context.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ You do not own any spinlocks.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ You have interrupts enabled (actually, Andi Kleen says
+ that the scheduling code will enable them for you, but
+ that's probably not what you wanted).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that some functions may sleep implicitly: common ones are
+ the user space access functions (*_user) and memory allocation
+ functions without <symbol>GFP_ATOMIC</symbol>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You will eventually lock up your box if you break these rules.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Really.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="common-routines">
+ <title>Common Routines</title>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-printk">
+ <title>
+ <function>printk()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/kernel.h</filename>
+ </title>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>printk()</function> feeds kernel messages to the
+ console, dmesg, and the syslog daemon. It is useful for debugging
+ and reporting errors, and can be used inside interrupt context,
+ but use with caution: a machine which has its console flooded with
+ printk messages is unusable. It uses a format string mostly
+ compatible with ANSI C printf, and C string concatenation to give
+ it a first "priority" argument:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+printk(KERN_INFO "i = %u\n", i);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ See <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/kernel.h</filename>;
+ for other KERN_ values; these are interpreted by syslog as the
+ level. Special case: for printing an IP address use
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+__u32 ipaddress;
+printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress));
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>printk()</function> internally uses a 1K buffer and does
+ not catch overruns. Make sure that will be enough.
+ </para>
+
+ <note>
+ <para>
+ You will know when you are a real kernel hacker
+ when you start typoing printf as printk in your user programs :)
+ </para>
+ </note>
+
+ <!--- From the Lions book reader department -->
+
+ <note>
+ <para>
+ Another sidenote: the original Unix Version 6 sources had a
+ comment on top of its printf function: "Printf should not be
+ used for chit-chat". You should follow that advice.
+ </para>
+ </note>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-copy">
+ <title>
+ <function>copy_[to/from]_user()</function>
+ /
+ <function>get_user()</function>
+ /
+ <function>put_user()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/asm/uaccess.h</filename>
+ </title>
+
+ <para>
+ <emphasis>[SLEEPS]</emphasis>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>put_user()</function> and <function>get_user()</function>
+ are used to get and put single values (such as an int, char, or
+ long) from and to userspace. A pointer into userspace should
+ never be simply dereferenced: data should be copied using these
+ routines. Both return <constant>-EFAULT</constant> or 0.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <function>copy_to_user()</function> and
+ <function>copy_from_user()</function> are more general: they copy
+ an arbitrary amount of data to and from userspace.
+ <caution>
+ <para>
+ Unlike <function>put_user()</function> and
+ <function>get_user()</function>, they return the amount of
+ uncopied data (ie. <returnvalue>0</returnvalue> still means
+ success).
+ </para>
+ </caution>
+ [Yes, this moronic interface makes me cringe. Please submit a
+ patch and become my hero --RR.]
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The functions may sleep implicitly. This should never be called
+ outside user context (it makes no sense), with interrupts
+ disabled, or a spinlock held.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-kmalloc">
+ <title><function>kmalloc()</function>/<function>kfree()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/slab.h</filename></title>
+
+ <para>
+ <emphasis>[MAY SLEEP: SEE BELOW]</emphasis>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ These routines are used to dynamically request pointer-aligned
+ chunks of memory, like malloc and free do in userspace, but
+ <function>kmalloc()</function> takes an extra flag word.
+ Important values:
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>
+ <constant>
+ GFP_KERNEL
+ </constant>
+ </term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ May sleep and swap to free memory. Only allowed in user
+ context, but is the most reliable way to allocate memory.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>
+ <constant>
+ GFP_ATOMIC
+ </constant>
+ </term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Don't sleep. Less reliable than <constant>GFP_KERNEL</constant>,
+ but may be called from interrupt context. You should
+ <emphasis>really</emphasis> have a good out-of-memory
+ error-handling strategy.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>
+ <constant>
+ GFP_DMA
+ </constant>
+ </term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Allocate ISA DMA lower than 16MB. If you don't know what that
+ is you don't need it. Very unreliable.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+
+ <para>
+ If you see a <errorname>kmem_grow: Called nonatomically from int
+ </errorname> warning message you called a memory allocation function
+ from interrupt context without <constant>GFP_ATOMIC</constant>.
+ You should really fix that. Run, don't walk.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you are allocating at least <constant>PAGE_SIZE</constant>
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/asm/page.h</filename>) bytes,
+ consider using <function>__get_free_pages()</function>
+
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/linux/mm.h</filename>). It
+ takes an order argument (0 for page sized, 1 for double page, 2
+ for four pages etc.) and the same memory priority flag word as
+ above.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you are allocating more than a page worth of bytes you can use
+ <function>vmalloc()</function>. It'll allocate virtual memory in
+ the kernel map. This block is not contiguous in physical memory,
+ but the <acronym>MMU</acronym> makes it look like it is for you
+ (so it'll only look contiguous to the CPUs, not to external device
+ drivers). If you really need large physically contiguous memory
+ for some weird device, you have a problem: it is poorly supported
+ in Linux because after some time memory fragmentation in a running
+ kernel makes it hard. The best way is to allocate the block early
+ in the boot process via the <function>alloc_bootmem()</function>
+ routine.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Before inventing your own cache of often-used objects consider
+ using a slab cache in
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/slab.h</filename>
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-current">
+ <title><function>current</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/asm/current.h</filename></title>
+
+ <para>
+ This global variable (really a macro) contains a pointer to
+ the current task structure, so is only valid in user context.
+ For example, when a process makes a system call, this will
+ point to the task structure of the calling process. It is
+ <emphasis>not NULL</emphasis> in interrupt context.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-udelay">
+ <title><function>udelay()</function>/<function>mdelay()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/asm/delay.h</filename>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/delay.h</filename>
+ </title>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>udelay()</function> function can be used for small pauses.
+ Do not use large values with <function>udelay()</function> as you risk
+ overflow - the helper function <function>mdelay()</function> is useful
+ here, or even consider <function>schedule_timeout()</function>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-endian">
+ <title><function>cpu_to_be32()</function>/<function>be32_to_cpu()</function>/<function>cpu_to_le32()</function>/<function>le32_to_cpu()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/asm/byteorder.h</filename>
+ </title>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>cpu_to_be32()</function> family (where the "32" can
+ be replaced by 64 or 16, and the "be" can be replaced by "le") are
+ the general way to do endian conversions in the kernel: they
+ return the converted value. All variations supply the reverse as
+ well: <function>be32_to_cpu()</function>, etc.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are two major variations of these functions: the pointer
+ variation, such as <function>cpu_to_be32p()</function>, which take
+ a pointer to the given type, and return the converted value. The
+ other variation is the "in-situ" family, such as
+ <function>cpu_to_be32s()</function>, which convert value referred
+ to by the pointer, and return void.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-local-irqs">
+ <title><function>local_irq_save()</function>/<function>local_irq_restore()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/asm/system.h</filename>
+ </title>
+
+ <para>
+ These routines disable hard interrupts on the local CPU, and
+ restore them. They are reentrant; saving the previous state in
+ their one <varname>unsigned long flags</varname> argument. If you
+ know that interrupts are enabled, you can simply use
+ <function>local_irq_disable()</function> and
+ <function>local_irq_enable()</function>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-softirqs">
+ <title><function>local_bh_disable()</function>/<function>local_bh_enable()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/interrupt.h</filename></title>
+
+ <para>
+ These routines disable soft interrupts on the local CPU, and
+ restore them. They are reentrant; if soft interrupts were
+ disabled before, they will still be disabled after this pair
+ of functions has been called. They prevent softirqs, tasklets
+ and bottom halves from running on the current CPU.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-processorids">
+ <title><function>smp_processor_id</function>()
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/asm/smp.h</filename></title>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>smp_processor_id()</function> returns the current
+ processor number, between 0 and <symbol>NR_CPUS</symbol> (the
+ maximum number of CPUs supported by Linux, currently 32). These
+ values are not necessarily continuous.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-init">
+ <title><type>__init</type>/<type>__exit</type>/<type>__initdata</type>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/init.h</filename></title>
+
+ <para>
+ After boot, the kernel frees up a special section; functions
+ marked with <type>__init</type> and data structures marked with
+ <type>__initdata</type> are dropped after boot is complete (within
+ modules this directive is currently ignored). <type>__exit</type>
+ is used to declare a function which is only required on exit: the
+ function will be dropped if this file is not compiled as a module.
+ See the header file for use. Note that it makes no sense for a function
+ marked with <type>__init</type> to be exported to modules with
+ <function>EXPORT_SYMBOL()</function> - this will break.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Static data structures marked as <type>__initdata</type> must be initialised
+ (as opposed to ordinary static data which is zeroed BSS) and cannot be
+ <type>const</type>.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-init-again">
+ <title><function>__initcall()</function>/<function>module_init()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/init.h</filename></title>
+ <para>
+ Many parts of the kernel are well served as a module
+ (dynamically-loadable parts of the kernel). Using the
+ <function>module_init()</function> and
+ <function>module_exit()</function> macros it is easy to write code
+ without #ifdefs which can operate both as a module or built into
+ the kernel.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>module_init()</function> macro defines which
+ function is to be called at module insertion time (if the file is
+ compiled as a module), or at boot time: if the file is not
+ compiled as a module the <function>module_init()</function> macro
+ becomes equivalent to <function>__initcall()</function>, which
+ through linker magic ensures that the function is called on boot.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The function can return a negative error number to cause
+ module loading to fail (unfortunately, this has no effect if
+ the module is compiled into the kernel). For modules, this is
+ called in user context, with interrupts enabled, and the
+ kernel lock held, so it can sleep.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="routines-moduleexit">
+ <title> <function>module_exit()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/init.h</filename> </title>
+
+ <para>
+ This macro defines the function to be called at module removal
+ time (or never, in the case of the file compiled into the
+ kernel). It will only be called if the module usage count has
+ reached zero. This function can also sleep, but cannot fail:
+ everything must be cleaned up by the time it returns.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <!-- add info on new-style module refcounting here -->
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="queues">
+ <title>Wait Queues
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/wait.h</filename>
+ </title>
+ <para>
+ <emphasis>[SLEEPS]</emphasis>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A wait queue is used to wait for someone to wake you up when a
+ certain condition is true. They must be used carefully to ensure
+ there is no race condition. You declare a
+ <type>wait_queue_head_t</type>, and then processes which want to
+ wait for that condition declare a <type>wait_queue_t</type>
+ referring to themselves, and place that in the queue.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1 id="queue-declaring">
+ <title>Declaring</title>
+
+ <para>
+ You declare a <type>wait_queue_head_t</type> using the
+ <function>DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD()</function> macro, or using the
+ <function>init_waitqueue_head()</function> routine in your
+ initialization code.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="queue-waitqueue">
+ <title>Queuing</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Placing yourself in the waitqueue is fairly complex, because you
+ must put yourself in the queue before checking the condition.
+ There is a macro to do this:
+ <function>wait_event_interruptible()</function>
+
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/sched.h</filename> The
+ first argument is the wait queue head, and the second is an
+ expression which is evaluated; the macro returns
+ <returnvalue>0</returnvalue> when this expression is true, or
+ <returnvalue>-ERESTARTSYS</returnvalue> if a signal is received.
+ The <function>wait_event()</function> version ignores signals.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Do not use the <function>sleep_on()</function> function family -
+ it is very easy to accidentally introduce races; almost certainly
+ one of the <function>wait_event()</function> family will do, or a
+ loop around <function>schedule_timeout()</function>. If you choose
+ to loop around <function>schedule_timeout()</function> remember
+ you must set the task state (with
+ <function>set_current_state()</function>) on each iteration to avoid
+ busy-looping.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="queue-waking">
+ <title>Waking Up Queued Tasks</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Call <function>wake_up()</function>
+
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/sched.h</filename>;,
+ which will wake up every process in the queue. The exception is
+ if one has <constant>TASK_EXCLUSIVE</constant> set, in which case
+ the remainder of the queue will not be woken.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="atomic-ops">
+ <title>Atomic Operations</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Certain operations are guaranteed atomic on all platforms. The
+ first class of operations work on <type>atomic_t</type>
+
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/asm/atomic.h</filename>; this
+ contains a signed integer (at least 24 bits long), and you must use
+ these functions to manipulate or read atomic_t variables.
+ <function>atomic_read()</function> and
+ <function>atomic_set()</function> get and set the counter,
+ <function>atomic_add()</function>,
+ <function>atomic_sub()</function>,
+ <function>atomic_inc()</function>,
+ <function>atomic_dec()</function>, and
+ <function>atomic_dec_and_test()</function> (returns
+ <returnvalue>true</returnvalue> if it was decremented to zero).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Yes. It returns <returnvalue>true</returnvalue> (i.e. != 0) if the
+ atomic variable is zero.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that these functions are slower than normal arithmetic, and
+ so should not be used unnecessarily. On some platforms they
+ are much slower, like 32-bit Sparc where they use a spinlock.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The second class of atomic operations is atomic bit operations on a
+ <type>long</type>, defined in
+
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/bitops.h</filename>. These
+ operations generally take a pointer to the bit pattern, and a bit
+ number: 0 is the least significant bit.
+ <function>set_bit()</function>, <function>clear_bit()</function>
+ and <function>change_bit()</function> set, clear, and flip the
+ given bit. <function>test_and_set_bit()</function>,
+ <function>test_and_clear_bit()</function> and
+ <function>test_and_change_bit()</function> do the same thing,
+ except return true if the bit was previously set; these are
+ particularly useful for very simple locking.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ It is possible to call these operations with bit indices greater
+ than BITS_PER_LONG. The resulting behavior is strange on big-endian
+ platforms though so it is a good idea not to do this.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that the order of bits depends on the architecture, and in
+ particular, the bitfield passed to these operations must be at
+ least as large as a <type>long</type>.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="symbols">
+ <title>Symbols</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Within the kernel proper, the normal linking rules apply
+ (ie. unless a symbol is declared to be file scope with the
+ <type>static</type> keyword, it can be used anywhere in the
+ kernel). However, for modules, a special exported symbol table is
+ kept which limits the entry points to the kernel proper. Modules
+ can also export symbols.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1 id="sym-exportsymbols">
+ <title><function>EXPORT_SYMBOL()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/module.h</filename></title>
+
+ <para>
+ This is the classic method of exporting a symbol, and it works
+ for both modules and non-modules. In the kernel all these
+ declarations are often bundled into a single file to help
+ genksyms (which searches source files for these declarations).
+ See the comment on genksyms and Makefiles below.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="sym-exportsymbols-gpl">
+ <title><function>EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL()</function>
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/module.h</filename></title>
+
+ <para>
+ Similar to <function>EXPORT_SYMBOL()</function> except that the
+ symbols exported by <function>EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL()</function> can
+ only be seen by modules with a
+ <function>MODULE_LICENSE()</function> that specifies a GPL
+ compatible license.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="conventions">
+ <title>Routines and Conventions</title>
+
+ <sect1 id="conventions-doublelinkedlist">
+ <title>Double-linked lists
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/list.h</filename></title>
+
+ <para>
+ There are three sets of linked-list routines in the kernel
+ headers, but this one seems to be winning out (and Linus has
+ used it). If you don't have some particular pressing need for
+ a single list, it's a good choice. In fact, I don't care
+ whether it's a good choice or not, just use it so we can get
+ rid of the others.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="convention-returns">
+ <title>Return Conventions</title>
+
+ <para>
+ For code called in user context, it's very common to defy C
+ convention, and return <returnvalue>0</returnvalue> for success,
+ and a negative error number
+ (eg. <returnvalue>-EFAULT</returnvalue>) for failure. This can be
+ unintuitive at first, but it's fairly widespread in the networking
+ code, for example.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The filesystem code uses <function>ERR_PTR()</function>
+
+ <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/fs.h</filename>; to
+ encode a negative error number into a pointer, and
+ <function>IS_ERR()</function> and <function>PTR_ERR()</function>
+ to get it back out again: avoids a separate pointer parameter for
+ the error number. Icky, but in a good way.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="conventions-borkedcompile">
+ <title>Breaking Compilation</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Linus and the other developers sometimes change function or
+ structure names in development kernels; this is not done just to
+ keep everyone on their toes: it reflects a fundamental change
+ (eg. can no longer be called with interrupts on, or does extra
+ checks, or doesn't do checks which were caught before). Usually
+ this is accompanied by a fairly complete note to the linux-kernel
+ mailing list; search the archive. Simply doing a global replace
+ on the file usually makes things <emphasis>worse</emphasis>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="conventions-initialising">
+ <title>Initializing structure members</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The preferred method of initializing structures is to use
+ designated initialisers, as defined by ISO C99, eg:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static struct block_device_operations opt_fops = {
+ .open = opt_open,
+ .release = opt_release,
+ .ioctl = opt_ioctl,
+ .check_media_change = opt_media_change,
+};
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ This makes it easy to grep for, and makes it clear which
+ structure fields are set. You should do this because it looks
+ cool.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="conventions-gnu-extns">
+ <title>GNU Extensions</title>
+
+ <para>
+ GNU Extensions are explicitly allowed in the Linux kernel.
+ Note that some of the more complex ones are not very well
+ supported, due to lack of general use, but the following are
+ considered standard (see the GCC info page section "C
+ Extensions" for more details - Yes, really the info page, the
+ man page is only a short summary of the stuff in info):
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Inline functions
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Statement expressions (ie. the ({ and }) constructs).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Declaring attributes of a function / variable / type
+ (__attribute__)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ typeof
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Zero length arrays
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Macro varargs
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Arithmetic on void pointers
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Non-Constant initializers
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Assembler Instructions (not outside arch/ and include/asm/)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Function names as strings (__FUNCTION__)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ __builtin_constant_p()
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ Be wary when using long long in the kernel, the code gcc generates for
+ it is horrible and worse: division and multiplication does not work
+ on i386 because the GCC runtime functions for it are missing from
+ the kernel environment.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- FIXME: add a note about ANSI aliasing cleanness -->
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="conventions-cplusplus">
+ <title>C++</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Using C++ in the kernel is usually a bad idea, because the
+ kernel does not provide the necessary runtime environment
+ and the include files are not tested for it. It is still
+ possible, but not recommended. If you really want to do
+ this, forget about exceptions at least.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="conventions-ifdef">
+ <title>#if</title>
+
+ <para>
+ It is generally considered cleaner to use macros in header files
+ (or at the top of .c files) to abstract away functions rather than
+ using `#if' pre-processor statements throughout the source code.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="submitting">
+ <title>Putting Your Stuff in the Kernel</title>
+
+ <para>
+ In order to get your stuff into shape for official inclusion, or
+ even to make a neat patch, there's administrative work to be
+ done:
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Figure out whose pond you've been pissing in. Look at the top of
+ the source files, inside the <filename>MAINTAINERS</filename>
+ file, and last of all in the <filename>CREDITS</filename> file.
+ You should coordinate with this person to make sure you're not
+ duplicating effort, or trying something that's already been
+ rejected.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Make sure you put your name and EMail address at the top of
+ any files you create or mangle significantly. This is the
+ first place people will look when they find a bug, or when
+ <emphasis>they</emphasis> want to make a change.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Usually you want a configuration option for your kernel hack.
+ Edit <filename>Config.in</filename> in the appropriate directory
+ (but under <filename>arch/</filename> it's called
+ <filename>config.in</filename>). The Config Language used is not
+ bash, even though it looks like bash; the safe way is to use only
+ the constructs that you already see in
+ <filename>Config.in</filename> files (see
+ <filename>Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt</filename>).
+ It's good to run "make xconfig" at least once to test (because
+ it's the only one with a static parser).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Variables which can be Y or N use <type>bool</type> followed by a
+ tagline and the config define name (which must start with
+ CONFIG_). The <type>tristate</type> function is the same, but
+ allows the answer M (which defines
+ <symbol>CONFIG_foo_MODULE</symbol> in your source, instead of
+ <symbol>CONFIG_FOO</symbol>) if <symbol>CONFIG_MODULES</symbol>
+ is enabled.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You may well want to make your CONFIG option only visible if
+ <symbol>CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL</symbol> is enabled: this serves as a
+ warning to users. There many other fancy things you can do: see
+ the various <filename>Config.in</filename> files for ideas.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Edit the <filename>Makefile</filename>: the CONFIG variables are
+ exported here so you can conditionalize compilation with `ifeq'.
+ If your file exports symbols then add the names to
+ <varname>export-objs</varname> so that genksyms will find them.
+ <caution>
+ <para>
+ There is a restriction on the kernel build system that objects
+ which export symbols must have globally unique names.
+ If your object does not have a globally unique name then the
+ standard fix is to move the
+ <function>EXPORT_SYMBOL()</function> statements to their own
+ object with a unique name.
+ This is why several systems have separate exporting objects,
+ usually suffixed with ksyms.
+ </para>
+ </caution>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Document your option in Documentation/Configure.help. Mention
+ incompatibilities and issues here. <emphasis> Definitely
+ </emphasis> end your description with <quote> if in doubt, say N
+ </quote> (or, occasionally, `Y'); this is for people who have no
+ idea what you are talking about.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Put yourself in <filename>CREDITS</filename> if you've done
+ something noteworthy, usually beyond a single file (your name
+ should be at the top of the source files anyway).
+ <filename>MAINTAINERS</filename> means you want to be consulted
+ when changes are made to a subsystem, and hear about bugs; it
+ implies a more-than-passing commitment to some part of the code.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Finally, don't forget to read <filename>Documentation/SubmittingPatches</filename>
+ and possibly <filename>Documentation/SubmittingDrivers</filename>.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="cantrips">
+ <title>Kernel Cantrips</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Some favorites from browsing the source. Feel free to add to this
+ list.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <filename>include/linux/brlock.h:</filename>
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+extern inline void br_read_lock (enum brlock_indices idx)
+{
+ /*
+ * This causes a link-time bug message if an
+ * invalid index is used:
+ */
+ if (idx >= __BR_END)
+ __br_lock_usage_bug();
+
+ read_lock(&__brlock_array[smp_processor_id()][idx]);
+}
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ <filename>include/linux/fs.h</filename>:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/*
+ * Kernel pointers have redundant information, so we can use a
+ * scheme where we can return either an error code or a dentry
+ * pointer with the same return value.
+ *
+ * This should be a per-architecture thing, to allow different
+ * error and pointer decisions.
+ */
+ #define ERR_PTR(err) ((void *)((long)(err)))
+ #define PTR_ERR(ptr) ((long)(ptr))
+ #define IS_ERR(ptr) ((unsigned long)(ptr) > (unsigned long)(-1000))
+</programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ <filename>include/asm-i386/uaccess.h:</filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+#define copy_to_user(to,from,n) \
+ (__builtin_constant_p(n) ? \
+ __constant_copy_to_user((to),(from),(n)) : \
+ __generic_copy_to_user((to),(from),(n)))
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ <filename>arch/sparc/kernel/head.S:</filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+/*
+ * Sun people can't spell worth damn. "compatability" indeed.
+ * At least we *know* we can't spell, and use a spell-checker.
+ */
+
+/* Uh, actually Linus it is I who cannot spell. Too much murky
+ * Sparc assembly will do this to ya.
+ */
+C_LABEL(cputypvar):
+ .asciz "compatability"
+
+/* Tested on SS-5, SS-10. Probably someone at Sun applied a spell-checker. */
+ .align 4
+C_LABEL(cputypvar_sun4m):
+ .asciz "compatible"
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ <filename>arch/sparc/lib/checksum.S:</filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ /* Sun, you just can't beat me, you just can't. Stop trying,
+ * give up. I'm serious, I am going to kick the living shit
+ * out of you, game over, lights out.
+ */
+ </programlisting>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="credits">
+ <title>Thanks</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Thanks to Andi Kleen for the idea, answering my questions, fixing
+ my mistakes, filling content, etc. Philipp Rumpf for more spelling
+ and clarity fixes, and some excellent non-obvious points. Werner
+ Almesberger for giving me a great summary of
+ <function>disable_irq()</function>, and Jes Sorensen and Andrea
+ Arcangeli added caveats. Michael Elizabeth Chastain for checking
+ and adding to the Configure section. <!-- Rusty insisted on this
+ bit; I didn't do it! --> Telsa Gwynne for teaching me DocBook.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+</book>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-locking.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-locking.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90dc2de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-locking.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,2088 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="LKLockingGuide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Unreliable Guide To Locking</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Rusty</firstname>
+ <surname>Russell</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>rusty@rustcorp.com.au</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2003</year>
+ <holder>Rusty Russell</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+ <toc></toc>
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ Welcome, to Rusty's Remarkably Unreliable Guide to Kernel
+ Locking issues. This document describes the locking systems in
+ the Linux Kernel in 2.6.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ With the wide availability of HyperThreading, and <firstterm
+ linkend="gloss-preemption">preemption </firstterm> in the Linux
+ Kernel, everyone hacking on the kernel needs to know the
+ fundamentals of concurrency and locking for
+ <firstterm linkend="gloss-smp"><acronym>SMP</acronym></firstterm>.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="races">
+ <title>The Problem With Concurrency</title>
+ <para>
+ (Skip this if you know what a Race Condition is).
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ In a normal program, you can increment a counter like so:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ very_important_count++;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ This is what they would expect to happen:
+ </para>
+
+ <table>
+ <title>Expected Results</title>
+
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Instance 1</entry>
+ <entry>Instance 2</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>read very_important_count (5)</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>add 1 (6)</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>write very_important_count (6)</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>read very_important_count (6)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>add 1 (7)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>write very_important_count (7)</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ <para>
+ This is what might happen:
+ </para>
+
+ <table>
+ <title>Possible Results</title>
+
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Instance 1</entry>
+ <entry>Instance 2</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>read very_important_count (5)</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>read very_important_count (5)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>add 1 (6)</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>add 1 (6)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>write very_important_count (6)</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>write very_important_count (6)</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ <sect1 id="race-condition">
+ <title>Race Conditions and Critical Regions</title>
+ <para>
+ This overlap, where the result depends on the
+ relative timing of multiple tasks, is called a <firstterm>race condition</firstterm>.
+ The piece of code containing the concurrency issue is called a
+ <firstterm>critical region</firstterm>. And especially since Linux starting running
+ on SMP machines, they became one of the major issues in kernel
+ design and implementation.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Preemption can have the same effect, even if there is only one
+ CPU: by preempting one task during the critical region, we have
+ exactly the same race condition. In this case the thread which
+ preempts might run the critical region itself.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The solution is to recognize when these simultaneous accesses
+ occur, and use locks to make sure that only one instance can
+ enter the critical region at any time. There are many
+ friendly primitives in the Linux kernel to help you do this.
+ And then there are the unfriendly primitives, but I'll pretend
+ they don't exist.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="locks">
+ <title>Locking in the Linux Kernel</title>
+
+ <para>
+ If I could give you one piece of advice: never sleep with anyone
+ crazier than yourself. But if I had to give you advice on
+ locking: <emphasis>keep it simple</emphasis>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Be reluctant to introduce new locks.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Strangely enough, this last one is the exact reverse of my advice when
+ you <emphasis>have</emphasis> slept with someone crazier than yourself.
+ And you should think about getting a big dog.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1 id="lock-intro">
+ <title>Two Main Types of Kernel Locks: Spinlocks and Semaphores</title>
+
+ <para>
+ There are two main types of kernel locks. The fundamental type
+ is the spinlock
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/asm/spinlock.h</filename>),
+ which is a very simple single-holder lock: if you can't get the
+ spinlock, you keep trying (spinning) until you can. Spinlocks are
+ very small and fast, and can be used anywhere.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The second type is a semaphore
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/asm/semaphore.h</filename>): it
+ can have more than one holder at any time (the number decided at
+ initialization time), although it is most commonly used as a
+ single-holder lock (a mutex). If you can't get a semaphore,
+ your task will put itself on the queue, and be woken up when the
+ semaphore is released. This means the CPU will do something
+ else while you are waiting, but there are many cases when you
+ simply can't sleep (see <xref linkend="sleeping-things"/>), and so
+ have to use a spinlock instead.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Neither type of lock is recursive: see
+ <xref linkend="deadlock"/>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="uniprocessor">
+ <title>Locks and Uniprocessor Kernels</title>
+
+ <para>
+ For kernels compiled without <symbol>CONFIG_SMP</symbol>, and
+ without <symbol>CONFIG_PREEMPT</symbol> spinlocks do not exist at
+ all. This is an excellent design decision: when no-one else can
+ run at the same time, there is no reason to have a lock.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the kernel is compiled without <symbol>CONFIG_SMP</symbol>,
+ but <symbol>CONFIG_PREEMPT</symbol> is set, then spinlocks
+ simply disable preemption, which is sufficient to prevent any
+ races. For most purposes, we can think of preemption as
+ equivalent to SMP, and not worry about it separately.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should always test your locking code with <symbol>CONFIG_SMP</symbol>
+ and <symbol>CONFIG_PREEMPT</symbol> enabled, even if you don't have an SMP test box, because it
+ will still catch some kinds of locking bugs.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Semaphores still exist, because they are required for
+ synchronization between <firstterm linkend="gloss-usercontext">user
+ contexts</firstterm>, as we will see below.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="usercontextlocking">
+ <title>Locking Only In User Context</title>
+
+ <para>
+ If you have a data structure which is only ever accessed from
+ user context, then you can use a simple semaphore
+ (<filename>linux/asm/semaphore.h</filename>) to protect it. This
+ is the most trivial case: you initialize the semaphore to the number
+ of resources available (usually 1), and call
+ <function>down_interruptible()</function> to grab the semaphore, and
+ <function>up()</function> to release it. There is also a
+ <function>down()</function>, which should be avoided, because it
+ will not return if a signal is received.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Example: <filename>linux/net/core/netfilter.c</filename> allows
+ registration of new <function>setsockopt()</function> and
+ <function>getsockopt()</function> calls, with
+ <function>nf_register_sockopt()</function>. Registration and
+ de-registration are only done on module load and unload (and boot
+ time, where there is no concurrency), and the list of registrations
+ is only consulted for an unknown <function>setsockopt()</function>
+ or <function>getsockopt()</function> system call. The
+ <varname>nf_sockopt_mutex</varname> is perfect to protect this,
+ especially since the setsockopt and getsockopt calls may well
+ sleep.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="lock-user-bh">
+ <title>Locking Between User Context and Softirqs</title>
+
+ <para>
+ If a <firstterm linkend="gloss-softirq">softirq</firstterm> shares
+ data with user context, you have two problems. Firstly, the current
+ user context can be interrupted by a softirq, and secondly, the
+ critical region could be entered from another CPU. This is where
+ <function>spin_lock_bh()</function>
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/linux/spinlock.h</filename>) is
+ used. It disables softirqs on that CPU, then grabs the lock.
+ <function>spin_unlock_bh()</function> does the reverse. (The
+ '_bh' suffix is a historical reference to "Bottom Halves", the
+ old name for software interrupts. It should really be
+ called spin_lock_softirq()' in a perfect world).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that you can also use <function>spin_lock_irq()</function>
+ or <function>spin_lock_irqsave()</function> here, which stop
+ hardware interrupts as well: see <xref linkend="hardirq-context"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This works perfectly for <firstterm linkend="gloss-up"><acronym>UP
+ </acronym></firstterm> as well: the spin lock vanishes, and this macro
+ simply becomes <function>local_bh_disable()</function>
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/linux/interrupt.h</filename>), which
+ protects you from the softirq being run.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="lock-user-tasklet">
+ <title>Locking Between User Context and Tasklets</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This is exactly the same as above, because <firstterm
+ linkend="gloss-tasklet">tasklets</firstterm> are actually run
+ from a softirq.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="lock-user-timers">
+ <title>Locking Between User Context and Timers</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This, too, is exactly the same as above, because <firstterm
+ linkend="gloss-timers">timers</firstterm> are actually run from
+ a softirq. From a locking point of view, tasklets and timers
+ are identical.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="lock-tasklets">
+ <title>Locking Between Tasklets/Timers</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Sometimes a tasklet or timer might want to share data with
+ another tasklet or timer.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2 id="lock-tasklets-same">
+ <title>The Same Tasklet/Timer</title>
+ <para>
+ Since a tasklet is never run on two CPUs at once, you don't
+ need to worry about your tasklet being reentrant (running
+ twice at once), even on SMP.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="lock-tasklets-different">
+ <title>Different Tasklets/Timers</title>
+ <para>
+ If another tasklet/timer wants
+ to share data with your tasklet or timer , you will both need to use
+ <function>spin_lock()</function> and
+ <function>spin_unlock()</function> calls.
+ <function>spin_lock_bh()</function> is
+ unnecessary here, as you are already in a tasklet, and
+ none will be run on the same CPU.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="lock-softirqs">
+ <title>Locking Between Softirqs</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Often a softirq might
+ want to share data with itself or a tasklet/timer.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2 id="lock-softirqs-same">
+ <title>The Same Softirq</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The same softirq can run on the other CPUs: you can use a
+ per-CPU array (see <xref linkend="per-cpu"/>) for better
+ performance. If you're going so far as to use a softirq,
+ you probably care about scalable performance enough
+ to justify the extra complexity.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You'll need to use <function>spin_lock()</function> and
+ <function>spin_unlock()</function> for shared data.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="lock-softirqs-different">
+ <title>Different Softirqs</title>
+
+ <para>
+ You'll need to use <function>spin_lock()</function> and
+ <function>spin_unlock()</function> for shared data, whether it
+ be a timer, tasklet, different softirq or the same or another
+ softirq: any of them could be running on a different CPU.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="hardirq-context">
+ <title>Hard IRQ Context</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Hardware interrupts usually communicate with a
+ tasklet or softirq. Frequently this involves putting work in a
+ queue, which the softirq will take out.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1 id="hardirq-softirq">
+ <title>Locking Between Hard IRQ and Softirqs/Tasklets</title>
+
+ <para>
+ If a hardware irq handler shares data with a softirq, you have
+ two concerns. Firstly, the softirq processing can be
+ interrupted by a hardware interrupt, and secondly, the
+ critical region could be entered by a hardware interrupt on
+ another CPU. This is where <function>spin_lock_irq()</function> is
+ used. It is defined to disable interrupts on that cpu, then grab
+ the lock. <function>spin_unlock_irq()</function> does the reverse.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The irq handler does not to use
+ <function>spin_lock_irq()</function>, because the softirq cannot
+ run while the irq handler is running: it can use
+ <function>spin_lock()</function>, which is slightly faster. The
+ only exception would be if a different hardware irq handler uses
+ the same lock: <function>spin_lock_irq()</function> will stop
+ that from interrupting us.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This works perfectly for UP as well: the spin lock vanishes,
+ and this macro simply becomes <function>local_irq_disable()</function>
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/asm/smp.h</filename>), which
+ protects you from the softirq/tasklet/BH being run.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>spin_lock_irqsave()</function>
+ (<filename>include/linux/spinlock.h</filename>) is a variant
+ which saves whether interrupts were on or off in a flags word,
+ which is passed to <function>spin_unlock_irqrestore()</function>. This
+ means that the same code can be used inside an hard irq handler (where
+ interrupts are already off) and in softirqs (where the irq
+ disabling is required).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that softirqs (and hence tasklets and timers) are run on
+ return from hardware interrupts, so
+ <function>spin_lock_irq()</function> also stops these. In that
+ sense, <function>spin_lock_irqsave()</function> is the most
+ general and powerful locking function.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="hardirq-hardirq">
+ <title>Locking Between Two Hard IRQ Handlers</title>
+ <para>
+ It is rare to have to share data between two IRQ handlers, but
+ if you do, <function>spin_lock_irqsave()</function> should be
+ used: it is architecture-specific whether all interrupts are
+ disabled inside irq handlers themselves.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="cheatsheet">
+ <title>Cheat Sheet For Locking</title>
+ <para>
+ Pete Zaitcev gives the following summary:
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ If you are in a process context (any syscall) and want to
+ lock other process out, use a semaphore. You can take a semaphore
+ and sleep (<function>copy_from_user*(</function> or
+ <function>kmalloc(x,GFP_KERNEL)</function>).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Otherwise (== data can be touched in an interrupt), use
+ <function>spin_lock_irqsave()</function> and
+ <function>spin_unlock_irqrestore()</function>.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Avoid holding spinlock for more than 5 lines of code and
+ across any function call (except accessors like
+ <function>readb</function>).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <sect1 id="minimum-lock-reqirements">
+ <title>Table of Minimum Requirements</title>
+
+ <para> The following table lists the <emphasis>minimum</emphasis>
+ locking requirements between various contexts. In some cases,
+ the same context can only be running on one CPU at a time, so
+ no locking is required for that context (eg. a particular
+ thread can only run on one CPU at a time, but if it needs
+ shares data with another thread, locking is required).
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Remember the advice above: you can always use
+ <function>spin_lock_irqsave()</function>, which is a superset
+ of all other spinlock primitives.
+ </para>
+ <table>
+<title>Table of Locking Requirements</title>
+<tgroup cols="11">
+<tbody>
+<row>
+<entry></entry>
+<entry>IRQ Handler A</entry>
+<entry>IRQ Handler B</entry>
+<entry>Softirq A</entry>
+<entry>Softirq B</entry>
+<entry>Tasklet A</entry>
+<entry>Tasklet B</entry>
+<entry>Timer A</entry>
+<entry>Timer B</entry>
+<entry>User Context A</entry>
+<entry>User Context B</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>IRQ Handler A</entry>
+<entry>None</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>IRQ Handler B</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irqsave</entry>
+<entry>None</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>Softirq A</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>Softirq B</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>Tasklet A</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>None</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>Tasklet B</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>None</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>Timer A</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>None</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>Timer B</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock</entry>
+<entry>None</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>User Context A</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>None</entry>
+</row>
+
+<row>
+<entry>User Context B</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_irq</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>spin_lock_bh</entry>
+<entry>down_interruptible</entry>
+<entry>None</entry>
+</row>
+
+</tbody>
+</tgroup>
+</table>
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="Examples">
+ <title>Common Examples</title>
+ <para>
+Let's step through a simple example: a cache of number to name
+mappings. The cache keeps a count of how often each of the objects is
+used, and when it gets full, throws out the least used one.
+
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1 id="examples-usercontext">
+ <title>All In User Context</title>
+ <para>
+For our first example, we assume that all operations are in user
+context (ie. from system calls), so we can sleep. This means we can
+use a semaphore to protect the cache and all the objects within
+it. Here's the code:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+#include <linux/list.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/string.h>
+#include <asm/semaphore.h>
+#include <asm/errno.h>
+
+struct object
+{
+ struct list_head list;
+ int id;
+ char name[32];
+ int popularity;
+};
+
+/* Protects the cache, cache_num, and the objects within it */
+static DECLARE_MUTEX(cache_lock);
+static LIST_HEAD(cache);
+static unsigned int cache_num = 0;
+#define MAX_CACHE_SIZE 10
+
+/* Must be holding cache_lock */
+static struct object *__cache_find(int id)
+{
+ struct object *i;
+
+ list_for_each_entry(i, &cache, list)
+ if (i->id == id) {
+ i->popularity++;
+ return i;
+ }
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Must be holding cache_lock */
+static void __cache_delete(struct object *obj)
+{
+ BUG_ON(!obj);
+ list_del(&obj->list);
+ kfree(obj);
+ cache_num--;
+}
+
+/* Must be holding cache_lock */
+static void __cache_add(struct object *obj)
+{
+ list_add(&obj->list, &cache);
+ if (++cache_num > MAX_CACHE_SIZE) {
+ struct object *i, *outcast = NULL;
+ list_for_each_entry(i, &cache, list) {
+ if (!outcast || i->popularity < outcast->popularity)
+ outcast = i;
+ }
+ __cache_delete(outcast);
+ }
+}
+
+int cache_add(int id, const char *name)
+{
+ struct object *obj;
+
+ if ((obj = kmalloc(sizeof(*obj), GFP_KERNEL)) == NULL)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ strlcpy(obj->name, name, sizeof(obj->name));
+ obj->id = id;
+ obj->popularity = 0;
+
+ down(&cache_lock);
+ __cache_add(obj);
+ up(&cache_lock);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+void cache_delete(int id)
+{
+ down(&cache_lock);
+ __cache_delete(__cache_find(id));
+ up(&cache_lock);
+}
+
+int cache_find(int id, char *name)
+{
+ struct object *obj;
+ int ret = -ENOENT;
+
+ down(&cache_lock);
+ obj = __cache_find(id);
+ if (obj) {
+ ret = 0;
+ strcpy(name, obj->name);
+ }
+ up(&cache_lock);
+ return ret;
+}
+</programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+Note that we always make sure we have the cache_lock when we add,
+delete, or look up the cache: both the cache infrastructure itself and
+the contents of the objects are protected by the lock. In this case
+it's easy, since we copy the data for the user, and never let them
+access the objects directly.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+There is a slight (and common) optimization here: in
+<function>cache_add</function> we set up the fields of the object
+before grabbing the lock. This is safe, as no-one else can access it
+until we put it in cache.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="examples-interrupt">
+ <title>Accessing From Interrupt Context</title>
+ <para>
+Now consider the case where <function>cache_find</function> can be
+called from interrupt context: either a hardware interrupt or a
+softirq. An example would be a timer which deletes object from the
+cache.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+The change is shown below, in standard patch format: the
+<symbol>-</symbol> are lines which are taken away, and the
+<symbol>+</symbol> are lines which are added.
+ </para>
+<programlisting>
+--- cache.c.usercontext 2003-12-09 13:58:54.000000000 +1100
++++ cache.c.interrupt 2003-12-09 14:07:49.000000000 +1100
+@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
+ int popularity;
+ };
+
+-static DECLARE_MUTEX(cache_lock);
++static spinlock_t cache_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
+ static LIST_HEAD(cache);
+ static unsigned int cache_num = 0;
+ #define MAX_CACHE_SIZE 10
+@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
+ int cache_add(int id, const char *name)
+ {
+ struct object *obj;
++ unsigned long flags;
+
+ if ((obj = kmalloc(sizeof(*obj), GFP_KERNEL)) == NULL)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+@@ -63,30 +64,33 @@
+ obj->id = id;
+ obj->popularity = 0;
+
+- down(&cache_lock);
++ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+ __cache_add(obj);
+- up(&cache_lock);
++ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ void cache_delete(int id)
+ {
+- down(&cache_lock);
++ unsigned long flags;
++
++ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+ __cache_delete(__cache_find(id));
+- up(&cache_lock);
++ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
+ }
+
+ int cache_find(int id, char *name)
+ {
+ struct object *obj;
+ int ret = -ENOENT;
++ unsigned long flags;
+
+- down(&cache_lock);
++ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+ obj = __cache_find(id);
+ if (obj) {
+ ret = 0;
+ strcpy(name, obj->name);
+ }
+- up(&cache_lock);
++ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
+ return ret;
+ }
+</programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+Note that the <function>spin_lock_irqsave</function> will turn off
+interrupts if they are on, otherwise does nothing (if we are already
+in an interrupt handler), hence these functions are safe to call from
+any context.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+Unfortunately, <function>cache_add</function> calls
+<function>kmalloc</function> with the <symbol>GFP_KERNEL</symbol>
+flag, which is only legal in user context. I have assumed that
+<function>cache_add</function> is still only called in user context,
+otherwise this should become a parameter to
+<function>cache_add</function>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="examples-refcnt">
+ <title>Exposing Objects Outside This File</title>
+ <para>
+If our objects contained more information, it might not be sufficient
+to copy the information in and out: other parts of the code might want
+to keep pointers to these objects, for example, rather than looking up
+the id every time. This produces two problems.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+The first problem is that we use the <symbol>cache_lock</symbol> to
+protect objects: we'd need to make this non-static so the rest of the
+code can use it. This makes locking trickier, as it is no longer all
+in one place.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+The second problem is the lifetime problem: if another structure keeps
+a pointer to an object, it presumably expects that pointer to remain
+valid. Unfortunately, this is only guaranteed while you hold the
+lock, otherwise someone might call <function>cache_delete</function>
+and even worse, add another object, re-using the same address.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+As there is only one lock, you can't hold it forever: no-one else would
+get any work done.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+The solution to this problem is to use a reference count: everyone who
+has a pointer to the object increases it when they first get the
+object, and drops the reference count when they're finished with it.
+Whoever drops it to zero knows it is unused, and can actually delete it.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+Here is the code:
+ </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+--- cache.c.interrupt 2003-12-09 14:25:43.000000000 +1100
++++ cache.c.refcnt 2003-12-09 14:33:05.000000000 +1100
+@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
+ struct object
+ {
+ struct list_head list;
++ unsigned int refcnt;
+ int id;
+ char name[32];
+ int popularity;
+@@ -17,6 +18,35 @@
+ static unsigned int cache_num = 0;
+ #define MAX_CACHE_SIZE 10
+
++static void __object_put(struct object *obj)
++{
++ if (--obj->refcnt == 0)
++ kfree(obj);
++}
++
++static void __object_get(struct object *obj)
++{
++ obj->refcnt++;
++}
++
++void object_put(struct object *obj)
++{
++ unsigned long flags;
++
++ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
++ __object_put(obj);
++ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
++}
++
++void object_get(struct object *obj)
++{
++ unsigned long flags;
++
++ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
++ __object_get(obj);
++ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
++}
++
+ /* Must be holding cache_lock */
+ static struct object *__cache_find(int id)
+ {
+@@ -35,6 +65,7 @@
+ {
+ BUG_ON(!obj);
+ list_del(&obj->list);
++ __object_put(obj);
+ cache_num--;
+ }
+
+@@ -63,6 +94,7 @@
+ strlcpy(obj->name, name, sizeof(obj->name));
+ obj->id = id;
+ obj->popularity = 0;
++ obj->refcnt = 1; /* The cache holds a reference */
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+ __cache_add(obj);
+@@ -79,18 +111,15 @@
+ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
+ }
+
+-int cache_find(int id, char *name)
++struct object *cache_find(int id)
+ {
+ struct object *obj;
+- int ret = -ENOENT;
+ unsigned long flags;
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+ obj = __cache_find(id);
+- if (obj) {
+- ret = 0;
+- strcpy(name, obj->name);
+- }
++ if (obj)
++ __object_get(obj);
+ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
+- return ret;
++ return obj;
+ }
+</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+We encapsulate the reference counting in the standard 'get' and 'put'
+functions. Now we can return the object itself from
+<function>cache_find</function> which has the advantage that the user
+can now sleep holding the object (eg. to
+<function>copy_to_user</function> to name to userspace).
+</para>
+<para>
+The other point to note is that I said a reference should be held for
+every pointer to the object: thus the reference count is 1 when first
+inserted into the cache. In some versions the framework does not hold
+a reference count, but they are more complicated.
+</para>
+
+ <sect2 id="examples-refcnt-atomic">
+ <title>Using Atomic Operations For The Reference Count</title>
+<para>
+In practice, <type>atomic_t</type> would usually be used for
+<structfield>refcnt</structfield>. There are a number of atomic
+operations defined in
+
+<filename class="headerfile">include/asm/atomic.h</filename>: these are
+guaranteed to be seen atomically from all CPUs in the system, so no
+lock is required. In this case, it is simpler than using spinlocks,
+although for anything non-trivial using spinlocks is clearer. The
+<function>atomic_inc</function> and
+<function>atomic_dec_and_test</function> are used instead of the
+standard increment and decrement operators, and the lock is no longer
+used to protect the reference count itself.
+</para>
+
+<programlisting>
+--- cache.c.refcnt 2003-12-09 15:00:35.000000000 +1100
++++ cache.c.refcnt-atomic 2003-12-11 15:49:42.000000000 +1100
+@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
+ struct object
+ {
+ struct list_head list;
+- unsigned int refcnt;
++ atomic_t refcnt;
+ int id;
+ char name[32];
+ int popularity;
+@@ -18,33 +18,15 @@
+ static unsigned int cache_num = 0;
+ #define MAX_CACHE_SIZE 10
+
+-static void __object_put(struct object *obj)
+-{
+- if (--obj->refcnt == 0)
+- kfree(obj);
+-}
+-
+-static void __object_get(struct object *obj)
+-{
+- obj->refcnt++;
+-}
+-
+ void object_put(struct object *obj)
+ {
+- unsigned long flags;
+-
+- spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+- __object_put(obj);
+- spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
++ if (atomic_dec_and_test(&obj->refcnt))
++ kfree(obj);
+ }
+
+ void object_get(struct object *obj)
+ {
+- unsigned long flags;
+-
+- spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+- __object_get(obj);
+- spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
++ atomic_inc(&obj->refcnt);
+ }
+
+ /* Must be holding cache_lock */
+@@ -65,7 +47,7 @@
+ {
+ BUG_ON(!obj);
+ list_del(&obj->list);
+- __object_put(obj);
++ object_put(obj);
+ cache_num--;
+ }
+
+@@ -94,7 +76,7 @@
+ strlcpy(obj->name, name, sizeof(obj->name));
+ obj->id = id;
+ obj->popularity = 0;
+- obj->refcnt = 1; /* The cache holds a reference */
++ atomic_set(&obj->refcnt, 1); /* The cache holds a reference */
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+ __cache_add(obj);
+@@ -119,7 +101,7 @@
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+ obj = __cache_find(id);
+ if (obj)
+- __object_get(obj);
++ object_get(obj);
+ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
+ return obj;
+ }
+</programlisting>
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="examples-lock-per-obj">
+ <title>Protecting The Objects Themselves</title>
+ <para>
+In these examples, we assumed that the objects (except the reference
+counts) never changed once they are created. If we wanted to allow
+the name to change, there are three possibilities:
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+You can make <symbol>cache_lock</symbol> non-static, and tell people
+to grab that lock before changing the name in any object.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+You can provide a <function>cache_obj_rename</function> which grabs
+this lock and changes the name for the caller, and tell everyone to
+use that function.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+You can make the <symbol>cache_lock</symbol> protect only the cache
+itself, and use another lock to protect the name.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+Theoretically, you can make the locks as fine-grained as one lock for
+every field, for every object. In practice, the most common variants
+are:
+</para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+One lock which protects the infrastructure (the <symbol>cache</symbol>
+list in this example) and all the objects. This is what we have done
+so far.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+One lock which protects the infrastructure (including the list
+pointers inside the objects), and one lock inside the object which
+protects the rest of that object.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+Multiple locks to protect the infrastructure (eg. one lock per hash
+chain), possibly with a separate per-object lock.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+<para>
+Here is the "lock-per-object" implementation:
+</para>
+<programlisting>
+--- cache.c.refcnt-atomic 2003-12-11 15:50:54.000000000 +1100
++++ cache.c.perobjectlock 2003-12-11 17:15:03.000000000 +1100
+@@ -6,11 +6,17 @@
+
+ struct object
+ {
++ /* These two protected by cache_lock. */
+ struct list_head list;
++ int popularity;
++
+ atomic_t refcnt;
++
++ /* Doesn't change once created. */
+ int id;
++
++ spinlock_t lock; /* Protects the name */
+ char name[32];
+- int popularity;
+ };
+
+ static spinlock_t cache_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
+@@ -77,6 +84,7 @@
+ obj->id = id;
+ obj->popularity = 0;
+ atomic_set(&obj->refcnt, 1); /* The cache holds a reference */
++ spin_lock_init(&obj->lock);
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+ __cache_add(obj);
+</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+Note that I decide that the <structfield>popularity</structfield>
+count should be protected by the <symbol>cache_lock</symbol> rather
+than the per-object lock: this is because it (like the
+<structname>struct list_head</structname> inside the object) is
+logically part of the infrastructure. This way, I don't need to grab
+the lock of every object in <function>__cache_add</function> when
+seeking the least popular.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+I also decided that the <structfield>id</structfield> member is
+unchangeable, so I don't need to grab each object lock in
+<function>__cache_find()</function> to examine the
+<structfield>id</structfield>: the object lock is only used by a
+caller who wants to read or write the <structfield>name</structfield>
+field.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Note also that I added a comment describing what data was protected by
+which locks. This is extremely important, as it describes the runtime
+behavior of the code, and can be hard to gain from just reading. And
+as Alan Cox says, <quote>Lock data, not code</quote>.
+</para>
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="common-problems">
+ <title>Common Problems</title>
+ <sect1 id="deadlock">
+ <title>Deadlock: Simple and Advanced</title>
+
+ <para>
+ There is a coding bug where a piece of code tries to grab a
+ spinlock twice: it will spin forever, waiting for the lock to
+ be released (spinlocks, rwlocks and semaphores are not
+ recursive in Linux). This is trivial to diagnose: not a
+ stay-up-five-nights-talk-to-fluffy-code-bunnies kind of
+ problem.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For a slightly more complex case, imagine you have a region
+ shared by a softirq and user context. If you use a
+ <function>spin_lock()</function> call to protect it, it is
+ possible that the user context will be interrupted by the softirq
+ while it holds the lock, and the softirq will then spin
+ forever trying to get the same lock.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Both of these are called deadlock, and as shown above, it can
+ occur even with a single CPU (although not on UP compiles,
+ since spinlocks vanish on kernel compiles with
+ <symbol>CONFIG_SMP</symbol>=n. You'll still get data corruption
+ in the second example).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This complete lockup is easy to diagnose: on SMP boxes the
+ watchdog timer or compiling with <symbol>DEBUG_SPINLOCKS</symbol> set
+ (<filename>include/linux/spinlock.h</filename>) will show this up
+ immediately when it happens.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A more complex problem is the so-called 'deadly embrace',
+ involving two or more locks. Say you have a hash table: each
+ entry in the table is a spinlock, and a chain of hashed
+ objects. Inside a softirq handler, you sometimes want to
+ alter an object from one place in the hash to another: you
+ grab the spinlock of the old hash chain and the spinlock of
+ the new hash chain, and delete the object from the old one,
+ and insert it in the new one.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are two problems here. First, if your code ever
+ tries to move the object to the same chain, it will deadlock
+ with itself as it tries to lock it twice. Secondly, if the
+ same softirq on another CPU is trying to move another object
+ in the reverse direction, the following could happen:
+ </para>
+
+ <table>
+ <title>Consequences</title>
+
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>CPU 1</entry>
+ <entry>CPU 2</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Grab lock A -> OK</entry>
+ <entry>Grab lock B -> OK</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Grab lock B -> spin</entry>
+ <entry>Grab lock A -> spin</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ <para>
+ The two CPUs will spin forever, waiting for the other to give up
+ their lock. It will look, smell, and feel like a crash.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="techs-deadlock-prevent">
+ <title>Preventing Deadlock</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Textbooks will tell you that if you always lock in the same
+ order, you will never get this kind of deadlock. Practice
+ will tell you that this approach doesn't scale: when I
+ create a new lock, I don't understand enough of the kernel
+ to figure out where in the 5000 lock hierarchy it will fit.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The best locks are encapsulated: they never get exposed in
+ headers, and are never held around calls to non-trivial
+ functions outside the same file. You can read through this
+ code and see that it will never deadlock, because it never
+ tries to grab another lock while it has that one. People
+ using your code don't even need to know you are using a
+ lock.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A classic problem here is when you provide callbacks or
+ hooks: if you call these with the lock held, you risk simple
+ deadlock, or a deadly embrace (who knows what the callback
+ will do?). Remember, the other programmers are out to get
+ you, so don't do this.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2 id="techs-deadlock-overprevent">
+ <title>Overzealous Prevention Of Deadlocks</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Deadlocks are problematic, but not as bad as data
+ corruption. Code which grabs a read lock, searches a list,
+ fails to find what it wants, drops the read lock, grabs a
+ write lock and inserts the object has a race condition.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you don't see why, please stay the fuck away from my code.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="racing-timers">
+ <title>Racing Timers: A Kernel Pastime</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Timers can produce their own special problems with races.
+ Consider a collection of objects (list, hash, etc) where each
+ object has a timer which is due to destroy it.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you want to destroy the entire collection (say on module
+ removal), you might do the following:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ /* THIS CODE BAD BAD BAD BAD: IF IT WAS ANY WORSE IT WOULD USE
+ HUNGARIAN NOTATION */
+ spin_lock_bh(&list_lock);
+
+ while (list) {
+ struct foo *next = list->next;
+ del_timer(&list->timer);
+ kfree(list);
+ list = next;
+ }
+
+ spin_unlock_bh(&list_lock);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Sooner or later, this will crash on SMP, because a timer can
+ have just gone off before the <function>spin_lock_bh()</function>,
+ and it will only get the lock after we
+ <function>spin_unlock_bh()</function>, and then try to free
+ the element (which has already been freed!).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This can be avoided by checking the result of
+ <function>del_timer()</function>: if it returns
+ <returnvalue>1</returnvalue>, the timer has been deleted.
+ If <returnvalue>0</returnvalue>, it means (in this
+ case) that it is currently running, so we can do:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ retry:
+ spin_lock_bh(&list_lock);
+
+ while (list) {
+ struct foo *next = list->next;
+ if (!del_timer(&list->timer)) {
+ /* Give timer a chance to delete this */
+ spin_unlock_bh(&list_lock);
+ goto retry;
+ }
+ kfree(list);
+ list = next;
+ }
+
+ spin_unlock_bh(&list_lock);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Another common problem is deleting timers which restart
+ themselves (by calling <function>add_timer()</function> at the end
+ of their timer function). Because this is a fairly common case
+ which is prone to races, you should use <function>del_timer_sync()</function>
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/linux/timer.h</filename>)
+ to handle this case. It returns the number of times the timer
+ had to be deleted before we finally stopped it from adding itself back
+ in.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="Efficiency">
+ <title>Locking Speed</title>
+
+ <para>
+There are three main things to worry about when considering speed of
+some code which does locking. First is concurrency: how many things
+are going to be waiting while someone else is holding a lock. Second
+is the time taken to actually acquire and release an uncontended lock.
+Third is using fewer, or smarter locks. I'm assuming that the lock is
+used fairly often: otherwise, you wouldn't be concerned about
+efficiency.
+</para>
+ <para>
+Concurrency depends on how long the lock is usually held: you should
+hold the lock for as long as needed, but no longer. In the cache
+example, we always create the object without the lock held, and then
+grab the lock only when we are ready to insert it in the list.
+</para>
+ <para>
+Acquisition times depend on how much damage the lock operations do to
+the pipeline (pipeline stalls) and how likely it is that this CPU was
+the last one to grab the lock (ie. is the lock cache-hot for this
+CPU): on a machine with more CPUs, this likelihood drops fast.
+Consider a 700MHz Intel Pentium III: an instruction takes about 0.7ns,
+an atomic increment takes about 58ns, a lock which is cache-hot on
+this CPU takes 160ns, and a cacheline transfer from another CPU takes
+an additional 170 to 360ns. (These figures from Paul McKenney's
+<ulink url="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=6993"> Linux
+Journal RCU article</ulink>).
+</para>
+ <para>
+These two aims conflict: holding a lock for a short time might be done
+by splitting locks into parts (such as in our final per-object-lock
+example), but this increases the number of lock acquisitions, and the
+results are often slower than having a single lock. This is another
+reason to advocate locking simplicity.
+</para>
+ <para>
+The third concern is addressed below: there are some methods to reduce
+the amount of locking which needs to be done.
+</para>
+
+ <sect1 id="efficiency-rwlocks">
+ <title>Read/Write Lock Variants</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Both spinlocks and semaphores have read/write variants:
+ <type>rwlock_t</type> and <structname>struct rw_semaphore</structname>.
+ These divide users into two classes: the readers and the writers. If
+ you are only reading the data, you can get a read lock, but to write to
+ the data you need the write lock. Many people can hold a read lock,
+ but a writer must be sole holder.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If your code divides neatly along reader/writer lines (as our
+ cache code does), and the lock is held by readers for
+ significant lengths of time, using these locks can help. They
+ are slightly slower than the normal locks though, so in practice
+ <type>rwlock_t</type> is not usually worthwhile.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="efficiency-read-copy-update">
+ <title>Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update</title>
+
+ <para>
+ There is a special method of read/write locking called Read Copy
+ Update. Using RCU, the readers can avoid taking a lock
+ altogether: as we expect our cache to be read more often than
+ updated (otherwise the cache is a waste of time), it is a
+ candidate for this optimization.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ How do we get rid of read locks? Getting rid of read locks
+ means that writers may be changing the list underneath the
+ readers. That is actually quite simple: we can read a linked
+ list while an element is being added if the writer adds the
+ element very carefully. For example, adding
+ <symbol>new</symbol> to a single linked list called
+ <symbol>list</symbol>:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ new->next = list->next;
+ wmb();
+ list->next = new;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>wmb()</function> is a write memory barrier. It
+ ensures that the first operation (setting the new element's
+ <symbol>next</symbol> pointer) is complete and will be seen by
+ all CPUs, before the second operation is (putting the new
+ element into the list). This is important, since modern
+ compilers and modern CPUs can both reorder instructions unless
+ told otherwise: we want a reader to either not see the new
+ element at all, or see the new element with the
+ <symbol>next</symbol> pointer correctly pointing at the rest of
+ the list.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Fortunately, there is a function to do this for standard
+ <structname>struct list_head</structname> lists:
+ <function>list_add_rcu()</function>
+ (<filename>include/linux/list.h</filename>).
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Removing an element from the list is even simpler: we replace
+ the pointer to the old element with a pointer to its successor,
+ and readers will either see it, or skip over it.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ list->next = old->next;
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ There is <function>list_del_rcu()</function>
+ (<filename>include/linux/list.h</filename>) which does this (the
+ normal version poisons the old object, which we don't want).
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The reader must also be careful: some CPUs can look through the
+ <symbol>next</symbol> pointer to start reading the contents of
+ the next element early, but don't realize that the pre-fetched
+ contents is wrong when the <symbol>next</symbol> pointer changes
+ underneath them. Once again, there is a
+ <function>list_for_each_entry_rcu()</function>
+ (<filename>include/linux/list.h</filename>) to help you. Of
+ course, writers can just use
+ <function>list_for_each_entry()</function>, since there cannot
+ be two simultaneous writers.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Our final dilemma is this: when can we actually destroy the
+ removed element? Remember, a reader might be stepping through
+ this element in the list right now: it we free this element and
+ the <symbol>next</symbol> pointer changes, the reader will jump
+ off into garbage and crash. We need to wait until we know that
+ all the readers who were traversing the list when we deleted the
+ element are finished. We use <function>call_rcu()</function> to
+ register a callback which will actually destroy the object once
+ the readers are finished.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ But how does Read Copy Update know when the readers are
+ finished? The method is this: firstly, the readers always
+ traverse the list inside
+ <function>rcu_read_lock()</function>/<function>rcu_read_unlock()</function>
+ pairs: these simply disable preemption so the reader won't go to
+ sleep while reading the list.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ RCU then waits until every other CPU has slept at least once:
+ since readers cannot sleep, we know that any readers which were
+ traversing the list during the deletion are finished, and the
+ callback is triggered. The real Read Copy Update code is a
+ little more optimized than this, but this is the fundamental
+ idea.
+ </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+--- cache.c.perobjectlock 2003-12-11 17:15:03.000000000 +1100
++++ cache.c.rcupdate 2003-12-11 17:55:14.000000000 +1100
+@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
+ #include <linux/list.h>
+ #include <linux/slab.h>
+ #include <linux/string.h>
++#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
+ #include <asm/semaphore.h>
+ #include <asm/errno.h>
+
+ struct object
+ {
+- /* These two protected by cache_lock. */
++ /* This is protected by RCU */
+ struct list_head list;
+ int popularity;
+
++ struct rcu_head rcu;
++
+ atomic_t refcnt;
+
+ /* Doesn't change once created. */
+@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@
+ {
+ struct object *i;
+
+- list_for_each_entry(i, &cache, list) {
++ list_for_each_entry_rcu(i, &cache, list) {
+ if (i->id == id) {
+ i->popularity++;
+ return i;
+@@ -49,19 +52,25 @@
+ return NULL;
+ }
+
++/* Final discard done once we know no readers are looking. */
++static void cache_delete_rcu(void *arg)
++{
++ object_put(arg);
++}
++
+ /* Must be holding cache_lock */
+ static void __cache_delete(struct object *obj)
+ {
+ BUG_ON(!obj);
+- list_del(&obj->list);
+- object_put(obj);
++ list_del_rcu(&obj->list);
+ cache_num--;
++ call_rcu(&obj->rcu, cache_delete_rcu, obj);
+ }
+
+ /* Must be holding cache_lock */
+ static void __cache_add(struct object *obj)
+ {
+- list_add(&obj->list, &cache);
++ list_add_rcu(&obj->list, &cache);
+ if (++cache_num > MAX_CACHE_SIZE) {
+ struct object *i, *outcast = NULL;
+ list_for_each_entry(i, &cache, list) {
+@@ -85,6 +94,7 @@
+ obj->popularity = 0;
+ atomic_set(&obj->refcnt, 1); /* The cache holds a reference */
+ spin_lock_init(&obj->lock);
++ INIT_RCU_HEAD(&obj->rcu);
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
+ __cache_add(obj);
+@@ -104,12 +114,11 @@
+ struct object *cache_find(int id)
+ {
+ struct object *obj;
+- unsigned long flags;
+
+- spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
++ rcu_read_lock();
+ obj = __cache_find(id);
+ if (obj)
+ object_get(obj);
+- spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
++ rcu_read_unlock();
+ return obj;
+ }
+</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+Note that the reader will alter the
+<structfield>popularity</structfield> member in
+<function>__cache_find()</function>, and now it doesn't hold a lock.
+One solution would be to make it an <type>atomic_t</type>, but for
+this usage, we don't really care about races: an approximate result is
+good enough, so I didn't change it.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The result is that <function>cache_find()</function> requires no
+synchronization with any other functions, so is almost as fast on SMP
+as it would be on UP.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+There is a furthur optimization possible here: remember our original
+cache code, where there were no reference counts and the caller simply
+held the lock whenever using the object? This is still possible: if
+you hold the lock, noone can delete the object, so you don't need to
+get and put the reference count.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Now, because the 'read lock' in RCU is simply disabling preemption, a
+caller which always has preemption disabled between calling
+<function>cache_find()</function> and
+<function>object_put()</function> does not need to actually get and
+put the reference count: we could expose
+<function>__cache_find()</function> by making it non-static, and
+such callers could simply call that.
+</para>
+<para>
+The benefit here is that the reference count is not written to: the
+object is not altered in any way, which is much faster on SMP
+machines due to caching.
+</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="per-cpu">
+ <title>Per-CPU Data</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Another technique for avoiding locking which is used fairly
+ widely is to duplicate information for each CPU. For example,
+ if you wanted to keep a count of a common condition, you could
+ use a spin lock and a single counter. Nice and simple.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If that was too slow (it's usually not, but if you've got a
+ really big machine to test on and can show that it is), you
+ could instead use a counter for each CPU, then none of them need
+ an exclusive lock. See <function>DEFINE_PER_CPU()</function>,
+ <function>get_cpu_var()</function> and
+ <function>put_cpu_var()</function>
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/linux/percpu.h</filename>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Of particular use for simple per-cpu counters is the
+ <type>local_t</type> type, and the
+ <function>cpu_local_inc()</function> and related functions,
+ which are more efficient than simple code on some architectures
+ (<filename class="headerfile">include/asm/local.h</filename>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that there is no simple, reliable way of getting an exact
+ value of such a counter, without introducing more locks. This
+ is not a problem for some uses.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="mostly-hardirq">
+ <title>Data Which Mostly Used By An IRQ Handler</title>
+
+ <para>
+ If data is always accessed from within the same IRQ handler, you
+ don't need a lock at all: the kernel already guarantees that the
+ irq handler will not run simultaneously on multiple CPUs.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Manfred Spraul points out that you can still do this, even if
+ the data is very occasionally accessed in user context or
+ softirqs/tasklets. The irq handler doesn't use a lock, and
+ all other accesses are done as so:
+ </para>
+
+<programlisting>
+ spin_lock(&lock);
+ disable_irq(irq);
+ ...
+ enable_irq(irq);
+ spin_unlock(&lock);
+</programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The <function>disable_irq()</function> prevents the irq handler
+ from running (and waits for it to finish if it's currently
+ running on other CPUs). The spinlock prevents any other
+ accesses happening at the same time. Naturally, this is slower
+ than just a <function>spin_lock_irq()</function> call, so it
+ only makes sense if this type of access happens extremely
+ rarely.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="sleeping-things">
+ <title>What Functions Are Safe To Call From Interrupts?</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Many functions in the kernel sleep (ie. call schedule())
+ directly or indirectly: you can never call them while holding a
+ spinlock, or with preemption disabled. This also means you need
+ to be in user context: calling them from an interrupt is illegal.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1 id="sleeping">
+ <title>Some Functions Which Sleep</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The most common ones are listed below, but you usually have to
+ read the code to find out if other calls are safe. If everyone
+ else who calls it can sleep, you probably need to be able to
+ sleep, too. In particular, registration and deregistration
+ functions usually expect to be called from user context, and can
+ sleep.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Accesses to
+ <firstterm linkend="gloss-userspace">userspace</firstterm>:
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <function>copy_from_user()</function>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <function>copy_to_user()</function>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <function>get_user()</function>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <function> put_user()</function>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <function>kmalloc(GFP_KERNEL)</function>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <function>down_interruptible()</function> and
+ <function>down()</function>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ There is a <function>down_trylock()</function> which can be
+ used inside interrupt context, as it will not sleep.
+ <function>up()</function> will also never sleep.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="dont-sleep">
+ <title>Some Functions Which Don't Sleep</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Some functions are safe to call from any context, or holding
+ almost any lock.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <function>printk()</function>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <function>kfree()</function>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <function>add_timer()</function> and <function>del_timer()</function>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="references">
+ <title>Further reading</title>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <filename>Documentation/spinlocks.txt</filename>:
+ Linus Torvalds' spinlocking tutorial in the kernel sources.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Unix Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric
+ Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers:
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Curt Schimmel's very good introduction to kernel level
+ locking (not written for Linux, but nearly everything
+ applies). The book is expensive, but really worth every
+ penny to understand SMP locking. [ISBN: 0201633388]
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="thanks">
+ <title>Thanks</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Thanks to Telsa Gwynne for DocBooking, neatening and adding
+ style.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Thanks to Martin Pool, Philipp Rumpf, Stephen Rothwell, Paul
+ Mackerras, Ruedi Aschwanden, Alan Cox, Manfred Spraul, Tim
+ Waugh, Pete Zaitcev, James Morris, Robert Love, Paul McKenney,
+ John Ashby for proofreading, correcting, flaming, commenting.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Thanks to the cabal for having no influence on this document.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <glossary id="glossary">
+ <title>Glossary</title>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-preemption">
+ <glossterm>preemption</glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ Prior to 2.5, or when <symbol>CONFIG_PREEMPT</symbol> is
+ unset, processes in user context inside the kernel would not
+ preempt each other (ie. you had that CPU until you have it up,
+ except for interrupts). With the addition of
+ <symbol>CONFIG_PREEMPT</symbol> in 2.5.4, this changed: when
+ in user context, higher priority tasks can "cut in": spinlocks
+ were changed to disable preemption, even on UP.
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-bh">
+ <glossterm>bh</glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ Bottom Half: for historical reasons, functions with
+ '_bh' in them often now refer to any software interrupt, e.g.
+ <function>spin_lock_bh()</function> blocks any software interrupt
+ on the current CPU. Bottom halves are deprecated, and will
+ eventually be replaced by tasklets. Only one bottom half will be
+ running at any time.
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-hwinterrupt">
+ <glossterm>Hardware Interrupt / Hardware IRQ</glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ Hardware interrupt request. <function>in_irq()</function> returns
+ <returnvalue>true</returnvalue> in a hardware interrupt handler.
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-interruptcontext">
+ <glossterm>Interrupt Context</glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ Not user context: processing a hardware irq or software irq.
+ Indicated by the <function>in_interrupt()</function> macro
+ returning <returnvalue>true</returnvalue>.
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-smp">
+ <glossterm><acronym>SMP</acronym></glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ Symmetric Multi-Processor: kernels compiled for multiple-CPU
+ machines. (CONFIG_SMP=y).
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-softirq">
+ <glossterm>Software Interrupt / softirq</glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ Software interrupt handler. <function>in_irq()</function> returns
+ <returnvalue>false</returnvalue>; <function>in_softirq()</function>
+ returns <returnvalue>true</returnvalue>. Tasklets and softirqs
+ both fall into the category of 'software interrupts'.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Strictly speaking a softirq is one of up to 32 enumerated software
+ interrupts which can run on multiple CPUs at once.
+ Sometimes used to refer to tasklets as
+ well (ie. all software interrupts).
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-tasklet">
+ <glossterm>tasklet</glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ A dynamically-registrable software interrupt,
+ which is guaranteed to only run on one CPU at a time.
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-timers">
+ <glossterm>timer</glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ A dynamically-registrable software interrupt, which is run at
+ (or close to) a given time. When running, it is just like a
+ tasklet (in fact, they are called from the TIMER_SOFTIRQ).
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-up">
+ <glossterm><acronym>UP</acronym></glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ Uni-Processor: Non-SMP. (CONFIG_SMP=n).
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-usercontext">
+ <glossterm>User Context</glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ The kernel executing on behalf of a particular process (ie. a
+ system call or trap) or kernel thread. You can tell which
+ process with the <symbol>current</symbol> macro.) Not to
+ be confused with userspace. Can be interrupted by software or
+ hardware interrupts.
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry id="gloss-userspace">
+ <glossterm>Userspace</glossterm>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>
+ A process executing its own code outside the kernel.
+ </para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ </glossary>
+</book>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf2fce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="libataDevGuide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>libATA Developer's Guide</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Jeff</firstname>
+ <surname>Garzik</surname>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2003</year>
+ <holder>Jeff Garzik</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ The contents of this file are subject to the Open
+ Software License version 1.1 that can be found at
+ <ulink url="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/osl-1.1.txt">http://www.opensource.org/licenses/osl-1.1.txt</ulink> and is included herein
+ by reference.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms
+ of the GNU General Public License version 2 (the "GPL") as distributed
+ in the kernel source COPYING file, in which case the provisions of
+ the GPL are applicable instead of the above. If you wish to allow
+ the use of your version of this file only under the terms of the
+ GPL and not to allow others to use your version of this file under
+ the OSL, indicate your decision by deleting the provisions above and
+ replace them with the notice and other provisions required by the GPL.
+ If you do not delete the provisions above, a recipient may use your
+ version of this file under either the OSL or the GPL.
+ </para>
+
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="libataThanks">
+ <title>Thanks</title>
+ <para>
+ The bulk of the ATA knowledge comes thanks to long conversations with
+ Andre Hedrick (www.linux-ide.org).
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Thanks to Alan Cox for pointing out similarities
+ between SATA and SCSI, and in general for motivation to hack on
+ libata.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ libata's device detection
+ method, ata_pio_devchk, and in general all the early probing was
+ based on extensive study of Hale Landis's probe/reset code in his
+ ATADRVR driver (www.ata-atapi.com).
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="libataDriverApi">
+ <title>libata Driver API</title>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>struct ata_port_operations</title>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*port_disable) (struct ata_port *);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Called from ata_bus_probe() and ata_bus_reset() error paths,
+ as well as when unregistering from the SCSI module (rmmod, hot
+ unplug).
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*dev_config) (struct ata_port *, struct ata_device *);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Called after IDENTIFY [PACKET] DEVICE is issued to each device
+ found. Typically used to apply device-specific fixups prior to
+ issue of SET FEATURES - XFER MODE, and prior to operation.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*set_piomode) (struct ata_port *, struct ata_device *);
+void (*set_dmamode) (struct ata_port *, struct ata_device *);
+void (*post_set_mode) (struct ata_port *ap);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Hooks called prior to the issue of SET FEATURES - XFER MODE
+ command. dev->pio_mode is guaranteed to be valid when
+ ->set_piomode() is called, and dev->dma_mode is guaranteed to be
+ valid when ->set_dmamode() is called. ->post_set_mode() is
+ called unconditionally, after the SET FEATURES - XFER MODE
+ command completes successfully.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ ->set_piomode() is always called (if present), but
+ ->set_dma_mode() is only called if DMA is possible.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*tf_load) (struct ata_port *ap, struct ata_taskfile *tf);
+void (*tf_read) (struct ata_port *ap, struct ata_taskfile *tf);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ ->tf_load() is called to load the given taskfile into hardware
+ registers / DMA buffers. ->tf_read() is called to read the
+ hardware registers / DMA buffers, to obtain the current set of
+ taskfile register values.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*exec_command)(struct ata_port *ap, struct ata_taskfile *tf);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ causes an ATA command, previously loaded with
+ ->tf_load(), to be initiated in hardware.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+u8 (*check_status)(struct ata_port *ap);
+void (*dev_select)(struct ata_port *ap, unsigned int device);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Reads the Status ATA shadow register from hardware. On some
+ hardware, this has the side effect of clearing the interrupt
+ condition.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*dev_select)(struct ata_port *ap, unsigned int device);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Issues the low-level hardware command(s) that causes one of N
+ hardware devices to be considered 'selected' (active and
+ available for use) on the ATA bus.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*phy_reset) (struct ata_port *ap);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ The very first step in the probe phase. Actions vary depending
+ on the bus type, typically. After waking up the device and probing
+ for device presence (PATA and SATA), typically a soft reset
+ (SRST) will be performed. Drivers typically use the helper
+ functions ata_bus_reset() or sata_phy_reset() for this hook.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*bmdma_setup) (struct ata_queued_cmd *qc);
+void (*bmdma_start) (struct ata_queued_cmd *qc);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ When setting up an IDE BMDMA transaction, these hooks arm
+ (->bmdma_setup) and fire (->bmdma_start) the hardware's DMA
+ engine.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*qc_prep) (struct ata_queued_cmd *qc);
+int (*qc_issue) (struct ata_queued_cmd *qc);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Higher-level hooks, these two hooks can potentially supercede
+ several of the above taskfile/DMA engine hooks. ->qc_prep is
+ called after the buffers have been DMA-mapped, and is typically
+ used to populate the hardware's DMA scatter-gather table.
+ Most drivers use the standard ata_qc_prep() helper function, but
+ more advanced drivers roll their own.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ ->qc_issue is used to make a command active, once the hardware
+ and S/G tables have been prepared. IDE BMDMA drivers use the
+ helper function ata_qc_issue_prot() for taskfile protocol-based
+ dispatch. More advanced drivers roll their own ->qc_issue
+ implementation, using this as the "issue new ATA command to
+ hardware" hook.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+void (*eng_timeout) (struct ata_port *ap);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ This is a high level error handling function, called from the
+ error handling thread, when a command times out.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+irqreturn_t (*irq_handler)(int, void *, struct pt_regs *);
+void (*irq_clear) (struct ata_port *);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ ->irq_handler is the interrupt handling routine registered with
+ the system, by libata. ->irq_clear is called during probe just
+ before the interrupt handler is registered, to be sure hardware
+ is quiet.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+u32 (*scr_read) (struct ata_port *ap, unsigned int sc_reg);
+void (*scr_write) (struct ata_port *ap, unsigned int sc_reg,
+ u32 val);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Read and write standard SATA phy registers. Currently only used
+ if ->phy_reset hook called the sata_phy_reset() helper function.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+int (*port_start) (struct ata_port *ap);
+void (*port_stop) (struct ata_port *ap);
+void (*host_stop) (struct ata_host_set *host_set);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ ->port_start() is called just after the data structures for each
+ port are initialized. Typically this is used to alloc per-port
+ DMA buffers / tables / rings, enable DMA engines, and similar
+ tasks.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ ->host_stop() is called when the rmmod or hot unplug process
+ begins. The hook must stop all hardware interrupts, DMA
+ engines, etc.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ ->port_stop() is called after ->host_stop(). It's sole function
+ is to release DMA/memory resources, now that they are no longer
+ actively being used.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="libataExt">
+ <title>libata Library</title>
+!Edrivers/scsi/libata-core.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="libataInt">
+ <title>libata Core Internals</title>
+!Idrivers/scsi/libata-core.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="libataScsiInt">
+ <title>libata SCSI translation/emulation</title>
+!Edrivers/scsi/libata-scsi.c
+!Idrivers/scsi/libata-scsi.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="PiixInt">
+ <title>ata_piix Internals</title>
+!Idrivers/scsi/ata_piix.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="SILInt">
+ <title>sata_sil Internals</title>
+!Idrivers/scsi/sata_sil.c
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/librs.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/librs.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ff39ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/librs.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="Reed-Solomon-Library-Guide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Reed-Solomon Library Programming Interface</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+ <surname>Gleixner</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>tglx@linutronix.de</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2004</year>
+ <holder>Thomas Gleixner</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ The generic Reed-Solomon Library provides encoding, decoding
+ and error correction functions.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Reed-Solomon codes are used in communication and storage
+ applications to ensure data integrity.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is provided for developers who want to utilize
+ the functions provided by the library.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="bugs">
+ <title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
+ <para>
+ None.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="usage">
+ <title>Usage</title>
+ <para>
+ This chapter provides examples how to use the library.
+ </para>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Initializing</title>
+ <para>
+ The init function init_rs returns a pointer to a
+ rs decoder structure, which holds the necessary
+ information for encoding, decoding and error correction
+ with the given polynomial. It either uses an existing
+ matching decoder or creates a new one. On creation all
+ the lookup tables for fast en/decoding are created.
+ The function may take a while, so make sure not to
+ call it in critical code paths.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* the Reed Solomon control structure */
+static struct rs_control *rs_decoder;
+
+/* Symbolsize is 10 (bits)
+ * Primitve polynomial is x^10+x^3+1
+ * first consecutive root is 0
+ * primitve element to generate roots = 1
+ * generator polinomial degree (number of roots) = 6
+ */
+rs_decoder = init_rs (10, 0x409, 0, 1, 6);
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Encoding</title>
+ <para>
+ The encoder calculates the Reed-Solomon code over
+ the given data length and stores the result in
+ the parity buffer. Note that the parity buffer must
+ be initialized before calling the encoder.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The expanded data can be inverted on the fly by
+ providing a non zero inversion mask. The expanded data is
+ XOR'ed with the mask. This is used e.g. for FLASH
+ ECC, where the all 0xFF is inverted to an all 0x00.
+ The Reed-Solomon code for all 0x00 is all 0x00. The
+ code is inverted before storing to FLASH so it is 0xFF
+ too. This prevent's that reading from an erased FLASH
+ results in ECC errors.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The databytes are expanded to the given symbol size
+ on the fly. There is no support for encoding continuous
+ bitstreams with a symbol size != 8 at the moment. If
+ it is necessary it should be not a big deal to implement
+ such functionality.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* Parity buffer. Size = number of roots */
+uint16_t par[6];
+/* Initialize the parity buffer */
+memset(par, 0, sizeof(par));
+/* Encode 512 byte in data8. Store parity in buffer par */
+encode_rs8 (rs_decoder, data8, 512, par, 0);
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Decoding</title>
+ <para>
+ The decoder calculates the syndrome over
+ the given data length and the received parity symbols
+ and corrects errors in the data.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ If a syndrome is available from a hardware decoder
+ then the syndrome calculation is skipped.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The correction of the data buffer can be suppressed
+ by providing a correction pattern buffer and an error
+ location buffer to the decoder. The decoder stores the
+ calculated error location and the correction bitmask
+ in the given buffers. This is useful for hardware
+ decoders which use a weird bit ordering scheme.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The databytes are expanded to the given symbol size
+ on the fly. There is no support for decoding continuous
+ bitstreams with a symbolsize != 8 at the moment. If
+ it is necessary it should be not a big deal to implement
+ such functionality.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>
+ Decoding with syndrome calculation, direct data correction
+ </title>
+ <programlisting>
+/* Parity buffer. Size = number of roots */
+uint16_t par[6];
+uint8_t data[512];
+int numerr;
+/* Receive data */
+.....
+/* Receive parity */
+.....
+/* Decode 512 byte in data8.*/
+numerr = decode_rs8 (rs_decoder, data8, par, 512, NULL, 0, NULL, 0, NULL);
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>
+ Decoding with syndrome given by hardware decoder, direct data correction
+ </title>
+ <programlisting>
+/* Parity buffer. Size = number of roots */
+uint16_t par[6], syn[6];
+uint8_t data[512];
+int numerr;
+/* Receive data */
+.....
+/* Receive parity */
+.....
+/* Get syndrome from hardware decoder */
+.....
+/* Decode 512 byte in data8.*/
+numerr = decode_rs8 (rs_decoder, data8, par, 512, syn, 0, NULL, 0, NULL);
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>
+ Decoding with syndrome given by hardware decoder, no direct data correction.
+ </title>
+ <para>
+ Note: It's not necessary to give data and received parity to the decoder.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* Parity buffer. Size = number of roots */
+uint16_t par[6], syn[6], corr[8];
+uint8_t data[512];
+int numerr, errpos[8];
+/* Receive data */
+.....
+/* Receive parity */
+.....
+/* Get syndrome from hardware decoder */
+.....
+/* Decode 512 byte in data8.*/
+numerr = decode_rs8 (rs_decoder, NULL, NULL, 512, syn, 0, errpos, 0, corr);
+for (i = 0; i < numerr; i++) {
+ do_error_correction_in_your_buffer(errpos[i], corr[i]);
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Cleanup</title>
+ <para>
+ The function free_rs frees the allocated resources,
+ if the caller is the last user of the decoder.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* Release resources */
+free_rs(rs_decoder);
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="structs">
+ <title>Structures</title>
+ <para>
+ This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the structures which are
+ used in the Reed-Solomon Library and are relevant for a developer.
+ </para>
+!Iinclude/linux/rslib.h
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="pubfunctions">
+ <title>Public Functions Provided</title>
+ <para>
+ This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the Reed-Solomon functions
+ which are exported.
+ </para>
+!Elib/reed_solomon/reed_solomon.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="credits">
+ <title>Credits</title>
+ <para>
+ The library code for encoding and decoding was written by Phil Karn.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ Copyright 2002, Phil Karn, KA9Q
+ May be used under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The wrapper functions and interfaces are written by Thomas Gleixner
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Many users have provided bugfixes, improvements and helping hands for testing.
+ Thanks a lot.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The following people have contributed to this document:
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Thomas Gleixner<email>tglx@linutronix.de</email>
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/lsm.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/lsm.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f638221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/lsm.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<article class="whitepaper" id="LinuxSecurityModule" lang="en">
+ <articleinfo>
+ <title>Linux Security Modules: General Security Hooks for Linux</title>
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Stephen</firstname>
+ <surname>Smalley</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <orgname>NAI Labs</orgname>
+ <address><email>ssmalley@nai.com</email></address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Timothy</firstname>
+ <surname>Fraser</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <orgname>NAI Labs</orgname>
+ <address><email>tfraser@nai.com</email></address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Chris</firstname>
+ <surname>Vance</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <orgname>NAI Labs</orgname>
+ <address><email>cvance@nai.com</email></address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+ </articleinfo>
+
+<sect1><title>Introduction</title>
+
+<para>
+In March 2001, the National Security Agency (NSA) gave a presentation
+about Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) at the 2.5 Linux Kernel
+Summit. SELinux is an implementation of flexible and fine-grained
+nondiscretionary access controls in the Linux kernel, originally
+implemented as its own particular kernel patch. Several other
+security projects (e.g. RSBAC, Medusa) have also developed flexible
+access control architectures for the Linux kernel, and various
+projects have developed particular access control models for Linux
+(e.g. LIDS, DTE, SubDomain). Each project has developed and
+maintained its own kernel patch to support its security needs.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+In response to the NSA presentation, Linus Torvalds made a set of
+remarks that described a security framework he would be willing to
+consider for inclusion in the mainstream Linux kernel. He described a
+general framework that would provide a set of security hooks to
+control operations on kernel objects and a set of opaque security
+fields in kernel data structures for maintaining security attributes.
+This framework could then be used by loadable kernel modules to
+implement any desired model of security. Linus also suggested the
+possibility of migrating the Linux capabilities code into such a
+module.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The Linux Security Modules (LSM) project was started by WireX to
+develop such a framework. LSM is a joint development effort by
+several security projects, including Immunix, SELinux, SGI and Janus,
+and several individuals, including Greg Kroah-Hartman and James
+Morris, to develop a Linux kernel patch that implements this
+framework. The patch is currently tracking the 2.4 series and is
+targeted for integration into the 2.5 development series. This
+technical report provides an overview of the framework and the example
+capabilities security module provided by the LSM kernel patch.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="framework"><title>LSM Framework</title>
+
+<para>
+The LSM kernel patch provides a general kernel framework to support
+security modules. In particular, the LSM framework is primarily
+focused on supporting access control modules, although future
+development is likely to address other security needs such as
+auditing. By itself, the framework does not provide any additional
+security; it merely provides the infrastructure to support security
+modules. The LSM kernel patch also moves most of the capabilities
+logic into an optional security module, with the system defaulting
+to the traditional superuser logic. This capabilities module
+is discussed further in <xref linkend="cap"/>.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The LSM kernel patch adds security fields to kernel data structures
+and inserts calls to hook functions at critical points in the kernel
+code to manage the security fields and to perform access control. It
+also adds functions for registering and unregistering security
+modules, and adds a general <function>security</function> system call
+to support new system calls for security-aware applications.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The LSM security fields are simply <type>void*</type> pointers. For
+process and program execution security information, security fields
+were added to <structname>struct task_struct</structname> and
+<structname>struct linux_binprm</structname>. For filesystem security
+information, a security field was added to
+<structname>struct super_block</structname>. For pipe, file, and socket
+security information, security fields were added to
+<structname>struct inode</structname> and
+<structname>struct file</structname>. For packet and network device security
+information, security fields were added to
+<structname>struct sk_buff</structname> and
+<structname>struct net_device</structname>. For System V IPC security
+information, security fields were added to
+<structname>struct kern_ipc_perm</structname> and
+<structname>struct msg_msg</structname>; additionally, the definitions
+for <structname>struct msg_msg</structname>, <structname>struct
+msg_queue</structname>, and <structname>struct
+shmid_kernel</structname> were moved to header files
+(<filename>include/linux/msg.h</filename> and
+<filename>include/linux/shm.h</filename> as appropriate) to allow
+the security modules to use these definitions.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Each LSM hook is a function pointer in a global table,
+security_ops. This table is a
+<structname>security_operations</structname> structure as defined by
+<filename>include/linux/security.h</filename>. Detailed documentation
+for each hook is included in this header file. At present, this
+structure consists of a collection of substructures that group related
+hooks based on the kernel object (e.g. task, inode, file, sk_buff,
+etc) as well as some top-level hook function pointers for system
+operations. This structure is likely to be flattened in the future
+for performance. The placement of the hook calls in the kernel code
+is described by the "called:" lines in the per-hook documentation in
+the header file. The hook calls can also be easily found in the
+kernel code by looking for the string "security_ops->".
+
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Linus mentioned per-process security hooks in his original remarks as a
+possible alternative to global security hooks. However, if LSM were
+to start from the perspective of per-process hooks, then the base
+framework would have to deal with how to handle operations that
+involve multiple processes (e.g. kill), since each process might have
+its own hook for controlling the operation. This would require a
+general mechanism for composing hooks in the base framework.
+Additionally, LSM would still need global hooks for operations that
+have no process context (e.g. network input operations).
+Consequently, LSM provides global security hooks, but a security
+module is free to implement per-process hooks (where that makes sense)
+by storing a security_ops table in each process' security field and
+then invoking these per-process hooks from the global hooks.
+The problem of composition is thus deferred to the module.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The global security_ops table is initialized to a set of hook
+functions provided by a dummy security module that provides
+traditional superuser logic. A <function>register_security</function>
+function (in <filename>security/security.c</filename>) is provided to
+allow a security module to set security_ops to refer to its own hook
+functions, and an <function>unregister_security</function> function is
+provided to revert security_ops to the dummy module hooks. This
+mechanism is used to set the primary security module, which is
+responsible for making the final decision for each hook.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+LSM also provides a simple mechanism for stacking additional security
+modules with the primary security module. It defines
+<function>register_security</function> and
+<function>unregister_security</function> hooks in the
+<structname>security_operations</structname> structure and provides
+<function>mod_reg_security</function> and
+<function>mod_unreg_security</function> functions that invoke these
+hooks after performing some sanity checking. A security module can
+call these functions in order to stack with other modules. However,
+the actual details of how this stacking is handled are deferred to the
+module, which can implement these hooks in any way it wishes
+(including always returning an error if it does not wish to support
+stacking). In this manner, LSM again defers the problem of
+composition to the module.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Although the LSM hooks are organized into substructures based on
+kernel object, all of the hooks can be viewed as falling into two
+major categories: hooks that are used to manage the security fields
+and hooks that are used to perform access control. Examples of the
+first category of hooks include the
+<function>alloc_security</function> and
+<function>free_security</function> hooks defined for each kernel data
+structure that has a security field. These hooks are used to allocate
+and free security structures for kernel objects. The first category
+of hooks also includes hooks that set information in the security
+field after allocation, such as the <function>post_lookup</function>
+hook in <structname>struct inode_security_ops</structname>. This hook
+is used to set security information for inodes after successful lookup
+operations. An example of the second category of hooks is the
+<function>permission</function> hook in
+<structname>struct inode_security_ops</structname>. This hook checks
+permission when accessing an inode.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="cap"><title>LSM Capabilities Module</title>
+
+<para>
+The LSM kernel patch moves most of the existing POSIX.1e capabilities
+logic into an optional security module stored in the file
+<filename>security/capability.c</filename>. This change allows
+users who do not want to use capabilities to omit this code entirely
+from their kernel, instead using the dummy module for traditional
+superuser logic or any other module that they desire. This change
+also allows the developers of the capabilities logic to maintain and
+enhance their code more freely, without needing to integrate patches
+back into the base kernel.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+In addition to moving the capabilities logic, the LSM kernel patch
+could move the capability-related fields from the kernel data
+structures into the new security fields managed by the security
+modules. However, at present, the LSM kernel patch leaves the
+capability fields in the kernel data structures. In his original
+remarks, Linus suggested that this might be preferable so that other
+security modules can be easily stacked with the capabilities module
+without needing to chain multiple security structures on the security field.
+It also avoids imposing extra overhead on the capabilities module
+to manage the security fields. However, the LSM framework could
+certainly support such a move if it is determined to be desirable,
+with only a few additional changes described below.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+At present, the capabilities logic for computing process capabilities
+on <function>execve</function> and <function>set*uid</function>,
+checking capabilities for a particular process, saving and checking
+capabilities for netlink messages, and handling the
+<function>capget</function> and <function>capset</function> system
+calls have been moved into the capabilities module. There are still a
+few locations in the base kernel where capability-related fields are
+directly examined or modified, but the current version of the LSM
+patch does allow a security module to completely replace the
+assignment and testing of capabilities. These few locations would
+need to be changed if the capability-related fields were moved into
+the security field. The following is a list of known locations that
+still perform such direct examination or modification of
+capability-related fields:
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem><para><filename>fs/open.c</filename>:<function>sys_access</function></para></listitem>
+<listitem><para><filename>fs/lockd/host.c</filename>:<function>nlm_bind_host</function></para></listitem>
+<listitem><para><filename>fs/nfsd/auth.c</filename>:<function>nfsd_setuser</function></para></listitem>
+<listitem><para><filename>fs/proc/array.c</filename>:<function>task_cap</function></para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+</article>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/man/Makefile b/Documentation/DocBook/man/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fb7ea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/man/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Rules are put in Documentation/DocBook
+
+clean-files := *.9.gz *.sgml manpage.links manpage.refs
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/mcabook.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/mcabook.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4367f46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/mcabook.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="MCAGuide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>MCA Driver Programming Interface</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Alan</firstname>
+ <surname>Cox</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>alan@redhat.com</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>David</firstname>
+ <surname>Weinehall</surname>
+ </author>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Chris</firstname>
+ <surname>Beauregard</surname>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2000</year>
+ <holder>Alan Cox</holder>
+ <holder>David Weinehall</holder>
+ <holder>Chris Beauregard</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ The MCA bus functions provide a generalised interface to find MCA
+ bus cards, to claim them for a driver, and to read and manipulate POS
+ registers without being aware of the motherboard internals or
+ certain deep magic specific to onboard devices.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The basic interface to the MCA bus devices is the slot. Each slot
+ is numbered and virtual slot numbers are assigned to the internal
+ devices. Using a pci_dev as other busses do does not really make
+ sense in the MCA context as the MCA bus resources require card
+ specific interpretation.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Finally the MCA bus functions provide a parallel set of DMA
+ functions mimicing the ISA bus DMA functions as closely as possible,
+ although also supporting the additional DMA functionality on the
+ MCA bus controllers.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter id="bugs">
+ <title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
+ <para>
+ None.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="pubfunctions">
+ <title>Public Functions Provided</title>
+!Earch/i386/kernel/mca.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="dmafunctions">
+ <title>DMA Functions Provided</title>
+!Iinclude/asm-i386/mca_dma.h
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/mtdnand.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/mtdnand.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e463d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/mtdnand.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,1320 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="MTD-NAND-Guide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>MTD NAND Driver Programming Interface</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+ <surname>Gleixner</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>tglx@linutronix.de</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2004</year>
+ <holder>Thomas Gleixner</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ The generic NAND driver supports almost all NAND and AG-AND based
+ chips and connects them to the Memory Technology Devices (MTD)
+ subsystem of the Linux Kernel.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is provided for developers who want to implement
+ board drivers or filesystem drivers suitable for NAND devices.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="bugs">
+ <title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
+ <para>
+ None.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="dochints">
+ <title>Documentation hints</title>
+ <para>
+ The function and structure docs are autogenerated. Each function and
+ struct member has a short description which is marked with an [XXX] identifier.
+ The following chapters explain the meaning of those identifiers.
+ </para>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Function identifiers [XXX]</title>
+ <para>
+ The functions are marked with [XXX] identifiers in the short
+ comment. The identifiers explain the usage and scope of the
+ functions. Following identifiers are used:
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>
+ [MTD Interface]</para><para>
+ These functions provide the interface to the MTD kernel API.
+ They are not replacable and provide functionality
+ which is complete hardware independent.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>
+ [NAND Interface]</para><para>
+ These functions are exported and provide the interface to the NAND kernel API.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>
+ [GENERIC]</para><para>
+ Generic functions are not replacable and provide functionality
+ which is complete hardware independent.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>
+ [DEFAULT]</para><para>
+ Default functions provide hardware related functionality which is suitable
+ for most of the implementations. These functions can be replaced by the
+ board driver if neccecary. Those functions are called via pointers in the
+ NAND chip description structure. The board driver can set the functions which
+ should be replaced by board dependend functions before calling nand_scan().
+ If the function pointer is NULL on entry to nand_scan() then the pointer
+ is set to the default function which is suitable for the detected chip type.
+ </para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Struct member identifiers [XXX]</title>
+ <para>
+ The struct members are marked with [XXX] identifiers in the
+ comment. The identifiers explain the usage and scope of the
+ members. Following identifiers are used:
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>
+ [INTERN]</para><para>
+ These members are for NAND driver internal use only and must not be
+ modified. Most of these values are calculated from the chip geometry
+ information which is evaluated during nand_scan().
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>
+ [REPLACEABLE]</para><para>
+ Replaceable members hold hardware related functions which can be
+ provided by the board driver. The board driver can set the functions which
+ should be replaced by board dependend functions before calling nand_scan().
+ If the function pointer is NULL on entry to nand_scan() then the pointer
+ is set to the default function which is suitable for the detected chip type.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>
+ [BOARDSPECIFIC]</para><para>
+ Board specific members hold hardware related information which must
+ be provided by the board driver. The board driver must set the function
+ pointers and datafields before calling nand_scan().
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>
+ [OPTIONAL]</para><para>
+ Optional members can hold information relevant for the board driver. The
+ generic NAND driver code does not use this information.
+ </para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="basicboarddriver">
+ <title>Basic board driver</title>
+ <para>
+ For most boards it will be sufficient to provide just the
+ basic functions and fill out some really board dependend
+ members in the nand chip description structure.
+ See drivers/mtd/nand/skeleton for reference.
+ </para>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Basic defines</title>
+ <para>
+ At least you have to provide a mtd structure and
+ a storage for the ioremap'ed chip address.
+ You can allocate the mtd structure using kmalloc
+ or you can allocate it statically.
+ In case of static allocation you have to allocate
+ a nand_chip structure too.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Kmalloc based example
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static struct mtd_info *board_mtd;
+static unsigned long baseaddr;
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Static example
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static struct mtd_info board_mtd;
+static struct nand_chip board_chip;
+static unsigned long baseaddr;
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Partition defines</title>
+ <para>
+ If you want to divide your device into parititions, then
+ enable the configuration switch CONFIG_MTD_PARITIONS and define
+ a paritioning scheme suitable to your board.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+#define NUM_PARTITIONS 2
+static struct mtd_partition partition_info[] = {
+ { .name = "Flash partition 1",
+ .offset = 0,
+ .size = 8 * 1024 * 1024 },
+ { .name = "Flash partition 2",
+ .offset = MTDPART_OFS_NEXT,
+ .size = MTDPART_SIZ_FULL },
+};
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Hardware control function</title>
+ <para>
+ The hardware control function provides access to the
+ control pins of the NAND chip(s).
+ The access can be done by GPIO pins or by address lines.
+ If you use address lines, make sure that the timing
+ requirements are met.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <emphasis>GPIO based example</emphasis>
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static void board_hwcontrol(struct mtd_info *mtd, int cmd)
+{
+ switch(cmd){
+ case NAND_CTL_SETCLE: /* Set CLE pin high */ break;
+ case NAND_CTL_CLRCLE: /* Set CLE pin low */ break;
+ case NAND_CTL_SETALE: /* Set ALE pin high */ break;
+ case NAND_CTL_CLRALE: /* Set ALE pin low */ break;
+ case NAND_CTL_SETNCE: /* Set nCE pin low */ break;
+ case NAND_CTL_CLRNCE: /* Set nCE pin high */ break;
+ }
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ <emphasis>Address lines based example.</emphasis> It's assumed that the
+ nCE pin is driven by a chip select decoder.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static void board_hwcontrol(struct mtd_info *mtd, int cmd)
+{
+ struct nand_chip *this = (struct nand_chip *) mtd->priv;
+ switch(cmd){
+ case NAND_CTL_SETCLE: this->IO_ADDR_W |= CLE_ADRR_BIT; break;
+ case NAND_CTL_CLRCLE: this->IO_ADDR_W &= ~CLE_ADRR_BIT; break;
+ case NAND_CTL_SETALE: this->IO_ADDR_W |= ALE_ADRR_BIT; break;
+ case NAND_CTL_CLRALE: this->IO_ADDR_W &= ~ALE_ADRR_BIT; break;
+ }
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Device ready function</title>
+ <para>
+ If the hardware interface has the ready busy pin of the NAND chip connected to a
+ GPIO or other accesible I/O pin, this function is used to read back the state of the
+ pin. The function has no arguments and should return 0, if the device is busy (R/B pin
+ is low) and 1, if the device is ready (R/B pin is high).
+ If the hardware interface does not give access to the ready busy pin, then
+ the function must not be defined and the function pointer this->dev_ready is set to NULL.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Init function</title>
+ <para>
+ The init function allocates memory and sets up all the board
+ specific parameters and function pointers. When everything
+ is set up nand_scan() is called. This function tries to
+ detect and identify then chip. If a chip is found all the
+ internal data fields are initialized accordingly.
+ The structure(s) have to be zeroed out first and then filled with the neccecary
+ information about the device.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+int __init board_init (void)
+{
+ struct nand_chip *this;
+ int err = 0;
+
+ /* Allocate memory for MTD device structure and private data */
+ board_mtd = kmalloc (sizeof(struct mtd_info) + sizeof (struct nand_chip), GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (!board_mtd) {
+ printk ("Unable to allocate NAND MTD device structure.\n");
+ err = -ENOMEM;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ /* Initialize structures */
+ memset ((char *) board_mtd, 0, sizeof(struct mtd_info) + sizeof(struct nand_chip));
+
+ /* map physical adress */
+ baseaddr = (unsigned long)ioremap(CHIP_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS, 1024);
+ if(!baseaddr){
+ printk("Ioremap to access NAND chip failed\n");
+ err = -EIO;
+ goto out_mtd;
+ }
+
+ /* Get pointer to private data */
+ this = (struct nand_chip *) ();
+ /* Link the private data with the MTD structure */
+ board_mtd->priv = this;
+
+ /* Set address of NAND IO lines */
+ this->IO_ADDR_R = baseaddr;
+ this->IO_ADDR_W = baseaddr;
+ /* Reference hardware control function */
+ this->hwcontrol = board_hwcontrol;
+ /* Set command delay time, see datasheet for correct value */
+ this->chip_delay = CHIP_DEPENDEND_COMMAND_DELAY;
+ /* Assign the device ready function, if available */
+ this->dev_ready = board_dev_ready;
+ this->eccmode = NAND_ECC_SOFT;
+
+ /* Scan to find existance of the device */
+ if (nand_scan (board_mtd, 1)) {
+ err = -ENXIO;
+ goto out_ior;
+ }
+
+ add_mtd_partitions(board_mtd, partition_info, NUM_PARTITIONS);
+ goto out;
+
+out_ior:
+ iounmap((void *)baseaddr);
+out_mtd:
+ kfree (board_mtd);
+out:
+ return err;
+}
+module_init(board_init);
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Exit function</title>
+ <para>
+ The exit function is only neccecary if the driver is
+ compiled as a module. It releases all resources which
+ are held by the chip driver and unregisters the partitions
+ in the MTD layer.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+#ifdef MODULE
+static void __exit board_cleanup (void)
+{
+ /* Release resources, unregister device */
+ nand_release (board_mtd);
+
+ /* unmap physical adress */
+ iounmap((void *)baseaddr);
+
+ /* Free the MTD device structure */
+ kfree (board_mtd);
+}
+module_exit(board_cleanup);
+#endif
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="boarddriversadvanced">
+ <title>Advanced board driver functions</title>
+ <para>
+ This chapter describes the advanced functionality of the NAND
+ driver. For a list of functions which can be overridden by the board
+ driver see the documentation of the nand_chip structure.
+ </para>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Multiple chip control</title>
+ <para>
+ The nand driver can control chip arrays. Therefor the
+ board driver must provide an own select_chip function. This
+ function must (de)select the requested chip.
+ The function pointer in the nand_chip structure must
+ be set before calling nand_scan(). The maxchip parameter
+ of nand_scan() defines the maximum number of chips to
+ scan for. Make sure that the select_chip function can
+ handle the requested number of chips.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The nand driver concatenates the chips to one virtual
+ chip and provides this virtual chip to the MTD layer.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <emphasis>Note: The driver can only handle linear chip arrays
+ of equally sized chips. There is no support for
+ parallel arrays which extend the buswidth.</emphasis>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <emphasis>GPIO based example</emphasis>
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static void board_select_chip (struct mtd_info *mtd, int chip)
+{
+ /* Deselect all chips, set all nCE pins high */
+ GPIO(BOARD_NAND_NCE) |= 0xff;
+ if (chip >= 0)
+ GPIO(BOARD_NAND_NCE) &= ~ (1 << chip);
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ <emphasis>Address lines based example.</emphasis>
+ Its assumed that the nCE pins are connected to an
+ address decoder.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static void board_select_chip (struct mtd_info *mtd, int chip)
+{
+ struct nand_chip *this = (struct nand_chip *) mtd->priv;
+
+ /* Deselect all chips */
+ this->IO_ADDR_R &= ~BOARD_NAND_ADDR_MASK;
+ this->IO_ADDR_W &= ~BOARD_NAND_ADDR_MASK;
+ switch (chip) {
+ case 0:
+ this->IO_ADDR_R |= BOARD_NAND_ADDR_CHIP0;
+ this->IO_ADDR_W |= BOARD_NAND_ADDR_CHIP0;
+ break;
+ ....
+ case n:
+ this->IO_ADDR_R |= BOARD_NAND_ADDR_CHIPn;
+ this->IO_ADDR_W |= BOARD_NAND_ADDR_CHIPn;
+ break;
+ }
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Hardware ECC support</title>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Functions and constants</title>
+ <para>
+ The nand driver supports three different types of
+ hardware ECC.
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>NAND_ECC_HW3_256</para><para>
+ Hardware ECC generator providing 3 bytes ECC per
+ 256 byte.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>NAND_ECC_HW3_512</para><para>
+ Hardware ECC generator providing 3 bytes ECC per
+ 512 byte.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>NAND_ECC_HW6_512</para><para>
+ Hardware ECC generator providing 6 bytes ECC per
+ 512 byte.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>NAND_ECC_HW8_512</para><para>
+ Hardware ECC generator providing 6 bytes ECC per
+ 512 byte.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ If your hardware generator has a different functionality
+ add it at the appropriate place in nand_base.c
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The board driver must provide following functions:
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>enable_hwecc</para><para>
+ This function is called before reading / writing to
+ the chip. Reset or initialize the hardware generator
+ in this function. The function is called with an
+ argument which let you distinguish between read
+ and write operations.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>calculate_ecc</para><para>
+ This function is called after read / write from / to
+ the chip. Transfer the ECC from the hardware to
+ the buffer. If the option NAND_HWECC_SYNDROME is set
+ then the function is only called on write. See below.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>correct_data</para><para>
+ In case of an ECC error this function is called for
+ error detection and correction. Return 1 respectively 2
+ in case the error can be corrected. If the error is
+ not correctable return -1. If your hardware generator
+ matches the default algorithm of the nand_ecc software
+ generator then use the correction function provided
+ by nand_ecc instead of implementing duplicated code.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Hardware ECC with syndrome calculation</title>
+ <para>
+ Many hardware ECC implementations provide Reed-Solomon
+ codes and calculate an error syndrome on read. The syndrome
+ must be converted to a standard Reed-Solomon syndrome
+ before calling the error correction code in the generic
+ Reed-Solomon library.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The ECC bytes must be placed immidiately after the data
+ bytes in order to make the syndrome generator work. This
+ is contrary to the usual layout used by software ECC. The
+ seperation of data and out of band area is not longer
+ possible. The nand driver code handles this layout and
+ the remaining free bytes in the oob area are managed by
+ the autoplacement code. Provide a matching oob-layout
+ in this case. See rts_from4.c and diskonchip.c for
+ implementation reference. In those cases we must also
+ use bad block tables on FLASH, because the ECC layout is
+ interferring with the bad block marker positions.
+ See bad block table support for details.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Bad block table support</title>
+ <para>
+ Most NAND chips mark the bad blocks at a defined
+ position in the spare area. Those blocks must
+ not be erased under any circumstances as the bad
+ block information would be lost.
+ It is possible to check the bad block mark each
+ time when the blocks are accessed by reading the
+ spare area of the first page in the block. This
+ is time consuming so a bad block table is used.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The nand driver supports various types of bad block
+ tables.
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Per device</para><para>
+ The bad block table contains all bad block information
+ of the device which can consist of multiple chips.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Per chip</para><para>
+ A bad block table is used per chip and contains the
+ bad block information for this particular chip.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Fixed offset</para><para>
+ The bad block table is located at a fixed offset
+ in the chip (device). This applies to various
+ DiskOnChip devices.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Automatic placed</para><para>
+ The bad block table is automatically placed and
+ detected either at the end or at the beginning
+ of a chip (device)
+ </para> </listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Mirrored tables</para><para>
+ The bad block table is mirrored on the chip (device) to
+ allow updates of the bad block table without data loss.
+ </para> </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ nand_scan() calls the function nand_default_bbt().
+ nand_default_bbt() selects appropriate default
+ bad block table desriptors depending on the chip information
+ which was retrieved by nand_scan().
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The standard policy is scanning the device for bad
+ blocks and build a ram based bad block table which
+ allows faster access than always checking the
+ bad block information on the flash chip itself.
+ </para>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Flash based tables</title>
+ <para>
+ It may be desired or neccecary to keep a bad block table in FLASH.
+ For AG-AND chips this is mandatory, as they have no factory marked
+ bad blocks. They have factory marked good blocks. The marker pattern
+ is erased when the block is erased to be reused. So in case of
+ powerloss before writing the pattern back to the chip this block
+ would be lost and added to the bad blocks. Therefor we scan the
+ chip(s) when we detect them the first time for good blocks and
+ store this information in a bad block table before erasing any
+ of the blocks.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The blocks in which the tables are stored are procteted against
+ accidental access by marking them bad in the memory bad block
+ table. The bad block table managment functions are allowed
+ to circumvernt this protection.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The simplest way to activate the FLASH based bad block table support
+ is to set the option NAND_USE_FLASH_BBT in the option field of
+ the nand chip structure before calling nand_scan(). For AG-AND
+ chips is this done by default.
+ This activates the default FLASH based bad block table functionality
+ of the NAND driver. The default bad block table options are
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Store bad block table per chip</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Use 2 bits per block</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Automatic placement at the end of the chip</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Use mirrored tables with version numbers</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Reserve 4 blocks at the end of the chip</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>User defined tables</title>
+ <para>
+ User defined tables are created by filling out a
+ nand_bbt_descr structure and storing the pointer in the
+ nand_chip structure member bbt_td before calling nand_scan().
+ If a mirror table is neccecary a second structure must be
+ created and a pointer to this structure must be stored
+ in bbt_md inside the nand_chip structure. If the bbt_md
+ member is set to NULL then only the main table is used
+ and no scan for the mirrored table is performed.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The most important field in the nand_bbt_descr structure
+ is the options field. The options define most of the
+ table properties. Use the predefined constants from
+ nand.h to define the options.
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Number of bits per block</para>
+ <para>The supported number of bits is 1, 2, 4, 8.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Table per chip</para>
+ <para>Setting the constant NAND_BBT_PERCHIP selects that
+ a bad block table is managed for each chip in a chip array.
+ If this option is not set then a per device bad block table
+ is used.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Table location is absolute</para>
+ <para>Use the option constant NAND_BBT_ABSPAGE and
+ define the absolute page number where the bad block
+ table starts in the field pages. If you have selected bad block
+ tables per chip and you have a multi chip array then the start page
+ must be given for each chip in the chip array. Note: there is no scan
+ for a table ident pattern performed, so the fields
+ pattern, veroffs, offs, len can be left uninitialized</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Table location is automatically detected</para>
+ <para>The table can either be located in the first or the last good
+ blocks of the chip (device). Set NAND_BBT_LASTBLOCK to place
+ the bad block table at the end of the chip (device). The
+ bad block tables are marked and identified by a pattern which
+ is stored in the spare area of the first page in the block which
+ holds the bad block table. Store a pointer to the pattern
+ in the pattern field. Further the length of the pattern has to be
+ stored in len and the offset in the spare area must be given
+ in the offs member of the nand_bbt_descr stucture. For mirrored
+ bad block tables different patterns are mandatory.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Table creation</para>
+ <para>Set the option NAND_BBT_CREATE to enable the table creation
+ if no table can be found during the scan. Usually this is done only
+ once if a new chip is found. </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Table write support</para>
+ <para>Set the option NAND_BBT_WRITE to enable the table write support.
+ This allows the update of the bad block table(s) in case a block has
+ to be marked bad due to wear. The MTD interface function block_markbad
+ is calling the update function of the bad block table. If the write
+ support is enabled then the table is updated on FLASH.</para>
+ <para>
+ Note: Write support should only be enabled for mirrored tables with
+ version control.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Table version control</para>
+ <para>Set the option NAND_BBT_VERSION to enable the table version control.
+ It's highly recommended to enable this for mirrored tables with write
+ support. It makes sure that the risk of loosing the bad block
+ table information is reduced to the loss of the information about the
+ one worn out block which should be marked bad. The version is stored in
+ 4 consecutive bytes in the spare area of the device. The position of
+ the version number is defined by the member veroffs in the bad block table
+ descriptor.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Save block contents on write</para>
+ <para>
+ In case that the block which holds the bad block table does contain
+ other useful information, set the option NAND_BBT_SAVECONTENT. When
+ the bad block table is written then the whole block is read the bad
+ block table is updated and the block is erased and everything is
+ written back. If this option is not set only the bad block table
+ is written and everything else in the block is ignored and erased.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Number of reserved blocks</para>
+ <para>
+ For automatic placement some blocks must be reserved for
+ bad block table storage. The number of reserved blocks is defined
+ in the maxblocks member of the babd block table description structure.
+ Reserving 4 blocks for mirrored tables should be a reasonable number.
+ This also limits the number of blocks which are scanned for the bad
+ block table ident pattern.
+ </para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Spare area (auto)placement</title>
+ <para>
+ The nand driver implements different possibilities for
+ placement of filesystem data in the spare area,
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Placement defined by fs driver</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Automatic placement</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ The default placement function is automatic placement. The
+ nand driver has built in default placement schemes for the
+ various chiptypes. If due to hardware ECC functionality the
+ default placement does not fit then the board driver can
+ provide a own placement scheme.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ File system drivers can provide a own placement scheme which
+ is used instead of the default placement scheme.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Placement schemes are defined by a nand_oobinfo structure
+ <programlisting>
+struct nand_oobinfo {
+ int useecc;
+ int eccbytes;
+ int eccpos[24];
+ int oobfree[8][2];
+};
+ </programlisting>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>useecc</para><para>
+ The useecc member controls the ecc and placement function. The header
+ file include/mtd/mtd-abi.h contains constants to select ecc and
+ placement. MTD_NANDECC_OFF switches off the ecc complete. This is
+ not recommended and available for testing and diagnosis only.
+ MTD_NANDECC_PLACE selects caller defined placement, MTD_NANDECC_AUTOPLACE
+ selects automatic placement.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>eccbytes</para><para>
+ The eccbytes member defines the number of ecc bytes per page.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>eccpos</para><para>
+ The eccpos array holds the byte offsets in the spare area where
+ the ecc codes are placed.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>oobfree</para><para>
+ The oobfree array defines the areas in the spare area which can be
+ used for automatic placement. The information is given in the format
+ {offset, size}. offset defines the start of the usable area, size the
+ length in bytes. More than one area can be defined. The list is terminated
+ by an {0, 0} entry.
+ </para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Placement defined by fs driver</title>
+ <para>
+ The calling function provides a pointer to a nand_oobinfo
+ structure which defines the ecc placement. For writes the
+ caller must provide a spare area buffer along with the
+ data buffer. The spare area buffer size is (number of pages) *
+ (size of spare area). For reads the buffer size is
+ (number of pages) * ((size of spare area) + (number of ecc
+ steps per page) * sizeof (int)). The driver stores the
+ result of the ecc check for each tuple in the spare buffer.
+ The storage sequence is
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <spare data page 0><ecc result 0>...<ecc result n>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ ...
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <spare data page n><ecc result 0>...<ecc result n>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ This is a legacy mode used by YAFFS1.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ If the spare area buffer is NULL then only the ECC placement is
+ done according to the given scheme in the nand_oobinfo structure.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Automatic placement</title>
+ <para>
+ Automatic placement uses the built in defaults to place the
+ ecc bytes in the spare area. If filesystem data have to be stored /
+ read into the spare area then the calling function must provide a
+ buffer. The buffer size per page is determined by the oobfree array in
+ the nand_oobinfo structure.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ If the spare area buffer is NULL then only the ECC placement is
+ done according to the default builtin scheme.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>User space placement selection</title>
+ <para>
+ All non ecc functions like mtd->read and mtd->write use an internal
+ structure, which can be set by an ioctl. This structure is preset
+ to the autoplacement default.
+ <programlisting>
+ ioctl (fd, MEMSETOOBSEL, oobsel);
+ </programlisting>
+ oobsel is a pointer to a user supplied structure of type
+ nand_oobconfig. The contents of this structure must match the
+ criteria of the filesystem, which will be used. See an example in utils/nandwrite.c.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Spare area autoplacement default schemes</title>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>256 byte pagesize</title>
+<informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><tbody>
+<row>
+<entry>Offset</entry>
+<entry>Content</entry>
+<entry>Comment</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x00</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 0</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x01</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 1</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x02</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 2</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x03</entry>
+<entry>Autoplace 0</entry>
+<entry></entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x04</entry>
+<entry>Autoplace 1</entry>
+<entry></entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x05</entry>
+<entry>Bad block marker</entry>
+<entry>If any bit in this byte is zero, then this block is bad.
+This applies only to the first page in a block. In the remaining
+pages this byte is reserved</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x06</entry>
+<entry>Autoplace 2</entry>
+<entry></entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x07</entry>
+<entry>Autoplace 3</entry>
+<entry></entry>
+</row>
+</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+ </sect2>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>512 byte pagesize</title>
+<informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><tbody>
+<row>
+<entry>Offset</entry>
+<entry>Content</entry>
+<entry>Comment</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x00</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 0</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the lower 256 Byte data in
+this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x01</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 1</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the lower 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x02</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 2</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the lower 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x03</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 3</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the upper 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x04</entry>
+<entry>reserved</entry>
+<entry>reserved</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x05</entry>
+<entry>Bad block marker</entry>
+<entry>If any bit in this byte is zero, then this block is bad.
+This applies only to the first page in a block. In the remaining
+pages this byte is reserved</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x06</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 4</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the upper 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x07</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 5</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the upper 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x08 - 0x0F</entry>
+<entry>Autoplace 0 - 7</entry>
+<entry></entry>
+</row>
+</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+ </sect2>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>2048 byte pagesize</title>
+<informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><tbody>
+<row>
+<entry>Offset</entry>
+<entry>Content</entry>
+<entry>Comment</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x00</entry>
+<entry>Bad block marker</entry>
+<entry>If any bit in this byte is zero, then this block is bad.
+This applies only to the first page in a block. In the remaining
+pages this byte is reserved</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x01</entry>
+<entry>Reserved</entry>
+<entry>Reserved</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x02-0x27</entry>
+<entry>Autoplace 0 - 37</entry>
+<entry></entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x28</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 0</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the first 256 Byte data in
+this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x29</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 1</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the first 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x2A</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 2</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the first 256 Bytes data in
+this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x2B</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 3</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the second 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x2C</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 4</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the second 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x2D</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 5</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the second 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x2E</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 6</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the third 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x2F</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 7</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the third 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x30</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 8</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the third 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x31</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 9</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the fourth 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x32</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 10</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the fourth 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x33</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 11</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the fourth 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x34</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 12</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the fifth 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x35</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 13</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the fifth 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x36</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 14</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the fifth 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x37</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 15</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the sixt 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x38</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 16</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the sixt 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x39</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 17</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the sixt 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x3A</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 18</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the seventh 256 Bytes of
+data in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x3B</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 19</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the seventh 256 Bytes of
+data in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x3C</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 20</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the seventh 256 Bytes of
+data in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x3D</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 21</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the eigth 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x3E</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 22</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the eigth 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+<row>
+<entry>0x3F</entry>
+<entry>ECC byte 23</entry>
+<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the eigth 256 Bytes of data
+in this page</entry>
+</row>
+</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="filesystems">
+ <title>Filesystem support</title>
+ <para>
+ The NAND driver provides all neccecary functions for a
+ filesystem via the MTD interface.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Filesystems must be aware of the NAND pecularities and
+ restrictions. One major restrictions of NAND Flash is, that you cannot
+ write as often as you want to a page. The consecutive writes to a page,
+ before erasing it again, are restricted to 1-3 writes, depending on the
+ manufacturers specifications. This applies similar to the spare area.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Therefor NAND aware filesystems must either write in page size chunks
+ or hold a writebuffer to collect smaller writes until they sum up to
+ pagesize. Available NAND aware filesystems: JFFS2, YAFFS.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The spare area usage to store filesystem data is controlled by
+ the spare area placement functionality which is described in one
+ of the earlier chapters.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter id="tools">
+ <title>Tools</title>
+ <para>
+ The MTD project provides a couple of helpful tools to handle NAND Flash.
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>flasherase, flasheraseall: Erase and format FLASH partitions</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>nandwrite: write filesystem images to NAND FLASH</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>nanddump: dump the contents of a NAND FLASH partitions</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ These tools are aware of the NAND restrictions. Please use those tools
+ instead of complaining about errors which are caused by non NAND aware
+ access methods.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="defines">
+ <title>Constants</title>
+ <para>
+ This chapter describes the constants which might be relevant for a driver developer.
+ </para>
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Chip option constants</title>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Constants for chip id table</title>
+ <para>
+ These constants are defined in nand.h. They are ored together to describe
+ the chip functionality.
+ <programlisting>
+/* Chip can not auto increment pages */
+#define NAND_NO_AUTOINCR 0x00000001
+/* Buswitdh is 16 bit */
+#define NAND_BUSWIDTH_16 0x00000002
+/* Device supports partial programming without padding */
+#define NAND_NO_PADDING 0x00000004
+/* Chip has cache program function */
+#define NAND_CACHEPRG 0x00000008
+/* Chip has copy back function */
+#define NAND_COPYBACK 0x00000010
+/* AND Chip which has 4 banks and a confusing page / block
+ * assignment. See Renesas datasheet for further information */
+#define NAND_IS_AND 0x00000020
+/* Chip has a array of 4 pages which can be read without
+ * additional ready /busy waits */
+#define NAND_4PAGE_ARRAY 0x00000040
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Constants for runtime options</title>
+ <para>
+ These constants are defined in nand.h. They are ored together to describe
+ the functionality.
+ <programlisting>
+/* Use a flash based bad block table. This option is parsed by the
+ * default bad block table function (nand_default_bbt). */
+#define NAND_USE_FLASH_BBT 0x00010000
+/* The hw ecc generator provides a syndrome instead a ecc value on read
+ * This can only work if we have the ecc bytes directly behind the
+ * data bytes. Applies for DOC and AG-AND Renesas HW Reed Solomon generators */
+#define NAND_HWECC_SYNDROME 0x00020000
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>ECC selection constants</title>
+ <para>
+ Use these constants to select the ECC algorithm.
+ <programlisting>
+/* No ECC. Usage is not recommended ! */
+#define NAND_ECC_NONE 0
+/* Software ECC 3 byte ECC per 256 Byte data */
+#define NAND_ECC_SOFT 1
+/* Hardware ECC 3 byte ECC per 256 Byte data */
+#define NAND_ECC_HW3_256 2
+/* Hardware ECC 3 byte ECC per 512 Byte data */
+#define NAND_ECC_HW3_512 3
+/* Hardware ECC 6 byte ECC per 512 Byte data */
+#define NAND_ECC_HW6_512 4
+/* Hardware ECC 6 byte ECC per 512 Byte data */
+#define NAND_ECC_HW8_512 6
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Hardware control related constants</title>
+ <para>
+ These constants describe the requested hardware access function when
+ the boardspecific hardware control function is called
+ <programlisting>
+/* Select the chip by setting nCE to low */
+#define NAND_CTL_SETNCE 1
+/* Deselect the chip by setting nCE to high */
+#define NAND_CTL_CLRNCE 2
+/* Select the command latch by setting CLE to high */
+#define NAND_CTL_SETCLE 3
+/* Deselect the command latch by setting CLE to low */
+#define NAND_CTL_CLRCLE 4
+/* Select the address latch by setting ALE to high */
+#define NAND_CTL_SETALE 5
+/* Deselect the address latch by setting ALE to low */
+#define NAND_CTL_CLRALE 6
+/* Set write protection by setting WP to high. Not used! */
+#define NAND_CTL_SETWP 7
+/* Clear write protection by setting WP to low. Not used! */
+#define NAND_CTL_CLRWP 8
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Bad block table related constants</title>
+ <para>
+ These constants describe the options used for bad block
+ table descriptors.
+ <programlisting>
+/* Options for the bad block table descriptors */
+
+/* The number of bits used per block in the bbt on the device */
+#define NAND_BBT_NRBITS_MSK 0x0000000F
+#define NAND_BBT_1BIT 0x00000001
+#define NAND_BBT_2BIT 0x00000002
+#define NAND_BBT_4BIT 0x00000004
+#define NAND_BBT_8BIT 0x00000008
+/* The bad block table is in the last good block of the device */
+#define NAND_BBT_LASTBLOCK 0x00000010
+/* The bbt is at the given page, else we must scan for the bbt */
+#define NAND_BBT_ABSPAGE 0x00000020
+/* The bbt is at the given page, else we must scan for the bbt */
+#define NAND_BBT_SEARCH 0x00000040
+/* bbt is stored per chip on multichip devices */
+#define NAND_BBT_PERCHIP 0x00000080
+/* bbt has a version counter at offset veroffs */
+#define NAND_BBT_VERSION 0x00000100
+/* Create a bbt if none axists */
+#define NAND_BBT_CREATE 0x00000200
+/* Search good / bad pattern through all pages of a block */
+#define NAND_BBT_SCANALLPAGES 0x00000400
+/* Scan block empty during good / bad block scan */
+#define NAND_BBT_SCANEMPTY 0x00000800
+/* Write bbt if neccecary */
+#define NAND_BBT_WRITE 0x00001000
+/* Read and write back block contents when writing bbt */
+#define NAND_BBT_SAVECONTENT 0x00002000
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="structs">
+ <title>Structures</title>
+ <para>
+ This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the structures which are
+ used in the NAND driver and might be relevant for a driver developer. Each
+ struct member has a short description which is marked with an [XXX] identifier.
+ See the chapter "Documentation hints" for an explanation.
+ </para>
+!Iinclude/linux/mtd/nand.h
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="pubfunctions">
+ <title>Public Functions Provided</title>
+ <para>
+ This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the NAND kernel API functions
+ which are exported. Each function has a short description which is marked with an [XXX] identifier.
+ See the chapter "Documentation hints" for an explanation.
+ </para>
+!Edrivers/mtd/nand/nand_base.c
+!Edrivers/mtd/nand/nand_bbt.c
+!Edrivers/mtd/nand/nand_ecc.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="intfunctions">
+ <title>Internal Functions Provided</title>
+ <para>
+ This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the NAND driver internal functions.
+ Each function has a short description which is marked with an [XXX] identifier.
+ See the chapter "Documentation hints" for an explanation.
+ The functions marked with [DEFAULT] might be relevant for a board driver developer.
+ </para>
+!Idrivers/mtd/nand/nand_base.c
+!Idrivers/mtd/nand/nand_bbt.c
+!Idrivers/mtd/nand/nand_ecc.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="credits">
+ <title>Credits</title>
+ <para>
+ The following people have contributed to the NAND driver:
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Steven J. Hill<email>sjhill@realitydiluted.com</email></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>David Woodhouse<email>dwmw2@infradead.org</email></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Thomas Gleixner<email>tglx@linutronix.de</email></para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ A lot of users have provided bugfixes, improvements and helping hands for testing.
+ Thanks a lot.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The following people have contributed to this document:
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Thomas Gleixner<email>tglx@linutronix.de</email></para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/procfs-guide.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/procfs-guide.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45cad23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/procfs-guide.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY procfsexample SYSTEM "procfs_example.xml">
+]>
+
+<book id="LKProcfsGuide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Linux Kernel Procfs Guide</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Erik</firstname>
+ <othername>(J.A.K.)</othername>
+ <surname>Mouw</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <orgname>Delft University of Technology</orgname>
+ <orgdiv>Faculty of Information Technology and Systems</orgdiv>
+ <address>
+ <email>J.A.K.Mouw@its.tudelft.nl</email>
+ <pob>PO BOX 5031</pob>
+ <postcode>2600 GA</postcode>
+ <city>Delft</city>
+ <country>The Netherlands</country>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <revhistory>
+ <revision>
+ <revnumber>1.0 </revnumber>
+ <date>May 30, 2001</date>
+ <revremark>Initial revision posted to linux-kernel</revremark>
+ </revision>
+ <revision>
+ <revnumber>1.1 </revnumber>
+ <date>June 3, 2001</date>
+ <revremark>Revised after comments from linux-kernel</revremark>
+ </revision>
+ </revhistory>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2001</year>
+ <holder>Erik Mouw</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it
+ and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+
+
+
+ <toc>
+ </toc>
+
+
+
+
+ <preface>
+ <title>Preface</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This guide describes the use of the procfs file system from
+ within the Linux kernel. The idea to write this guide came up on
+ the #kernelnewbies IRC channel (see <ulink
+ url="http://www.kernelnewbies.org/">http://www.kernelnewbies.org/</ulink>),
+ when Jeff Garzik explained the use of procfs and forwarded me a
+ message Alexander Viro wrote to the linux-kernel mailing list. I
+ agreed to write it up nicely, so here it is.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ I'd like to thank Jeff Garzik
+ <email>jgarzik@pobox.com</email> and Alexander Viro
+ <email>viro@parcelfarce.linux.theplanet.co.uk</email> for their input,
+ Tim Waugh <email>twaugh@redhat.com</email> for his <ulink
+ url="http://people.redhat.com/twaugh/docbook/selfdocbook/">Selfdocbook</ulink>,
+ and Marc Joosen <email>marcj@historia.et.tudelft.nl</email> for
+ proofreading.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This documentation was written while working on the LART
+ computing board (<ulink
+ url="http://www.lart.tudelft.nl/">http://www.lart.tudelft.nl/</ulink>),
+ which is sponsored by the Mobile Multi-media Communications
+ (<ulink
+ url="http://www.mmc.tudelft.nl/">http://www.mmc.tudelft.nl/</ulink>)
+ and Ubiquitous Communications (<ulink
+ url="http://www.ubicom.tudelft.nl/">http://www.ubicom.tudelft.nl/</ulink>)
+ projects.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Erik
+ </para>
+ </preface>
+
+
+
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The <filename class="directory">/proc</filename> file system
+ (procfs) is a special file system in the linux kernel. It's a
+ virtual file system: it is not associated with a block device
+ but exists only in memory. The files in the procfs are there to
+ allow userland programs access to certain information from the
+ kernel (like process information in <filename
+ class="directory">/proc/[0-9]+/</filename>), but also for debug
+ purposes (like <filename>/proc/ksyms</filename>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This guide describes the use of the procfs file system from
+ within the Linux kernel. It starts by introducing all relevant
+ functions to manage the files within the file system. After that
+ it shows how to communicate with userland, and some tips and
+ tricks will be pointed out. Finally a complete example will be
+ shown.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that the files in <filename
+ class="directory">/proc/sys</filename> are sysctl files: they
+ don't belong to procfs and are governed by a completely
+ different API described in the Kernel API book.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+
+
+
+ <chapter id="managing">
+ <title>Managing procfs entries</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This chapter describes the functions that various kernel
+ components use to populate the procfs with files, symlinks,
+ device nodes, and directories.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A minor note before we start: if you want to use any of the
+ procfs functions, be sure to include the correct header file!
+ This should be one of the first lines in your code:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
+ </programlisting>
+
+
+
+
+ <sect1 id="regularfile">
+ <title>Creating a regular file</title>
+
+ <funcsynopsis>
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <function>create_proc_entry</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>mode_t <parameter>mode</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+ </funcsynopsis>
+
+ <para>
+ This function creates a regular file with the name
+ <parameter>name</parameter>, file mode
+ <parameter>mode</parameter> in the directory
+ <parameter>parent</parameter>. To create a file in the root of
+ the procfs, use <constant>NULL</constant> as
+ <parameter>parent</parameter> parameter. When successful, the
+ function will return a pointer to the freshly created
+ <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname>; otherwise it
+ will return <constant>NULL</constant>. <xref
+ linkend="userland"/> describes how to do something useful with
+ regular files.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that it is specifically supported that you can pass a
+ path that spans multiple directories. For example
+ <function>create_proc_entry</function>(<parameter>"drivers/via0/info"</parameter>)
+ will create the <filename class="directory">via0</filename>
+ directory if necessary, with standard
+ <constant>0755</constant> permissions.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you only want to be able to read the file, the function
+ <function>create_proc_read_entry</function> described in <xref
+ linkend="convenience"/> may be used to create and initialise
+ the procfs entry in one single call.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+
+
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Creating a symlink</title>
+
+ <funcsynopsis>
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry*
+ <function>proc_symlink</function></funcdef> <paramdef>const
+ char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry*
+ <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef> <paramdef>const
+ char* <parameter>dest</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+ </funcsynopsis>
+
+ <para>
+ This creates a symlink in the procfs directory
+ <parameter>parent</parameter> that points from
+ <parameter>name</parameter> to
+ <parameter>dest</parameter>. This translates in userland to
+ <literal>ln -s</literal> <parameter>dest</parameter>
+ <parameter>name</parameter>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Creating a directory</title>
+
+ <funcsynopsis>
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <function>proc_mkdir</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+ </funcsynopsis>
+
+ <para>
+ Create a directory <parameter>name</parameter> in the procfs
+ directory <parameter>parent</parameter>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+
+
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Removing an entry</title>
+
+ <funcsynopsis>
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>void <function>remove_proc_entry</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+ </funcsynopsis>
+
+ <para>
+ Removes the entry <parameter>name</parameter> in the directory
+ <parameter>parent</parameter> from the procfs. Entries are
+ removed by their <emphasis>name</emphasis>, not by the
+ <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname> returned by the
+ various create functions. Note that this function doesn't
+ recursively remove entries.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Be sure to free the <structfield>data</structfield> entry from
+ the <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname> before
+ <function>remove_proc_entry</function> is called (that is: if
+ there was some <structfield>data</structfield> allocated, of
+ course). See <xref linkend="usingdata"/> for more information
+ on using the <structfield>data</structfield> entry.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+
+
+
+ <chapter id="userland">
+ <title>Communicating with userland</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Instead of reading (or writing) information directly from
+ kernel memory, procfs works with <emphasis>call back
+ functions</emphasis> for files: functions that are called when
+ a specific file is being read or written. Such functions have
+ to be initialised after the procfs file is created by setting
+ the <structfield>read_proc</structfield> and/or
+ <structfield>write_proc</structfield> fields in the
+ <structname>struct proc_dir_entry*</structname> that the
+ function <function>create_proc_entry</function> returned:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+struct proc_dir_entry* entry;
+
+entry->read_proc = read_proc_foo;
+entry->write_proc = write_proc_foo;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ If you only want to use a the
+ <structfield>read_proc</structfield>, the function
+ <function>create_proc_read_entry</function> described in <xref
+ linkend="convenience"/> may be used to create and initialise the
+ procfs entry in one single call.
+ </para>
+
+
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Reading data</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The read function is a call back function that allows userland
+ processes to read data from the kernel. The read function
+ should have the following format:
+ </para>
+
+ <funcsynopsis>
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>read_func</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>char* <parameter>page</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>char** <parameter>start</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>off_t <parameter>off</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>int <parameter>count</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>int* <parameter>eof</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+ </funcsynopsis>
+
+ <para>
+ The read function should write its information into the
+ <parameter>page</parameter>. For proper use, the function
+ should start writing at an offset of
+ <parameter>off</parameter> in <parameter>page</parameter> and
+ write at most <parameter>count</parameter> bytes, but because
+ most read functions are quite simple and only return a small
+ amount of information, these two parameters are usually
+ ignored (it breaks pagers like <literal>more</literal> and
+ <literal>less</literal>, but <literal>cat</literal> still
+ works).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the <parameter>off</parameter> and
+ <parameter>count</parameter> parameters are properly used,
+ <parameter>eof</parameter> should be used to signal that the
+ end of the file has been reached by writing
+ <literal>1</literal> to the memory location
+ <parameter>eof</parameter> points to.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The parameter <parameter>start</parameter> doesn't seem to be
+ used anywhere in the kernel. The <parameter>data</parameter>
+ parameter can be used to create a single call back function for
+ several files, see <xref linkend="usingdata"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>read_func</function> function must return the
+ number of bytes written into the <parameter>page</parameter>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <xref linkend="example"/> shows how to use a read call back
+ function.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+
+
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Writing data</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The write call back function allows a userland process to write
+ data to the kernel, so it has some kind of control over the
+ kernel. The write function should have the following format:
+ </para>
+
+ <funcsynopsis>
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>write_func</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>struct file* <parameter>file</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char* <parameter>buffer</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>unsigned long <parameter>count</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+ </funcsynopsis>
+
+ <para>
+ The write function should read <parameter>count</parameter>
+ bytes at maximum from the <parameter>buffer</parameter>. Note
+ that the <parameter>buffer</parameter> doesn't live in the
+ kernel's memory space, so it should first be copied to kernel
+ space with <function>copy_from_user</function>. The
+ <parameter>file</parameter> parameter is usually
+ ignored. <xref linkend="usingdata"/> shows how to use the
+ <parameter>data</parameter> parameter.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Again, <xref linkend="example"/> shows how to use this call back
+ function.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+
+
+
+ <sect1 id="usingdata">
+ <title>A single call back for many files</title>
+
+ <para>
+ When a large number of almost identical files is used, it's
+ quite inconvenient to use a separate call back function for
+ each file. A better approach is to have a single call back
+ function that distinguishes between the files by using the
+ <structfield>data</structfield> field in <structname>struct
+ proc_dir_entry</structname>. First of all, the
+ <structfield>data</structfield> field has to be initialised:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+struct proc_dir_entry* entry;
+struct my_file_data *file_data;
+
+file_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct my_file_data), GFP_KERNEL);
+entry->data = file_data;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>data</structfield> field is a <type>void
+ *</type>, so it can be initialised with anything.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Now that the <structfield>data</structfield> field is set, the
+ <function>read_proc</function> and
+ <function>write_proc</function> can use it to distinguish
+ between files because they get it passed into their
+ <parameter>data</parameter> parameter:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+int foo_read_func(char *page, char **start, off_t off,
+ int count, int *eof, void *data)
+{
+ int len;
+
+ if(data == file_data) {
+ /* special case for this file */
+ } else {
+ /* normal processing */
+ }
+
+ return len;
+}
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Be sure to free the <structfield>data</structfield> data field
+ when removing the procfs entry.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+
+
+
+ <chapter id="tips">
+ <title>Tips and tricks</title>
+
+
+
+
+ <sect1 id="convenience">
+ <title>Convenience functions</title>
+
+ <funcsynopsis>
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <function>create_proc_read_entry</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>mode_t <parameter>mode</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>read_proc_t* <parameter>read_proc</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+ </funcsynopsis>
+
+ <para>
+ This function creates a regular file in exactly the same way
+ as <function>create_proc_entry</function> from <xref
+ linkend="regularfile"/> does, but also allows to set the read
+ function <parameter>read_proc</parameter> in one call. This
+ function can set the <parameter>data</parameter> as well, like
+ explained in <xref linkend="usingdata"/>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Modules</title>
+
+ <para>
+ If procfs is being used from within a module, be sure to set
+ the <structfield>owner</structfield> field in the
+ <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname> to
+ <constant>THIS_MODULE</constant>.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+struct proc_dir_entry* entry;
+
+entry->owner = THIS_MODULE;
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+
+
+
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Mode and ownership</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Sometimes it is useful to change the mode and/or ownership of
+ a procfs entry. Here is an example that shows how to achieve
+ that:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+struct proc_dir_entry* entry;
+
+entry->mode = S_IWUSR |S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH;
+entry->uid = 0;
+entry->gid = 100;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+
+
+
+ <chapter id="example">
+ <title>Example</title>
+
+ <!-- be careful with the example code: it shouldn't be wider than
+ approx. 60 columns, or otherwise it won't fit properly on a page
+ -->
+
+&procfsexample;
+
+ </chapter>
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/procfs_example.c b/Documentation/DocBook/procfs_example.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7064084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/procfs_example.c
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+/*
+ * procfs_example.c: an example proc interface
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2001, Erik Mouw (J.A.K.Mouw@its.tudelft.nl)
+ *
+ * This file accompanies the procfs-guide in the Linux kernel
+ * source. Its main use is to demonstrate the concepts and
+ * functions described in the guide.
+ *
+ * This software has been developed while working on the LART
+ * computing board (http://www.lart.tudelft.nl/), which is
+ * sponsored by the Mobile Multi-media Communications
+ * (http://www.mmc.tudelft.nl/) and Ubiquitous Communications
+ * (http://www.ubicom.tudelft.nl/) projects.
+ *
+ * The author can be reached at:
+ *
+ * Erik Mouw
+ * Information and Communication Theory Group
+ * Faculty of Information Technology and Systems
+ * Delft University of Technology
+ * P.O. Box 5031
+ * 2600 GA Delft
+ * The Netherlands
+ *
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute
+ * it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
+ * Public License as published by the Free Software
+ * Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ * useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ * warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ * License along with this program; if not, write to the
+ * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place,
+ * Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
+#include <linux/jiffies.h>
+#include <asm/uaccess.h>
+
+
+#define MODULE_VERS "1.0"
+#define MODULE_NAME "procfs_example"
+
+#define FOOBAR_LEN 8
+
+struct fb_data_t {
+ char name[FOOBAR_LEN + 1];
+ char value[FOOBAR_LEN + 1];
+};
+
+
+static struct proc_dir_entry *example_dir, *foo_file,
+ *bar_file, *jiffies_file, *symlink;
+
+
+struct fb_data_t foo_data, bar_data;
+
+
+static int proc_read_jiffies(char *page, char **start,
+ off_t off, int count,
+ int *eof, void *data)
+{
+ int len;
+
+ len = sprintf(page, "jiffies = %ld\n",
+ jiffies);
+
+ return len;
+}
+
+
+static int proc_read_foobar(char *page, char **start,
+ off_t off, int count,
+ int *eof, void *data)
+{
+ int len;
+ struct fb_data_t *fb_data = (struct fb_data_t *)data;
+
+ /* DON'T DO THAT - buffer overruns are bad */
+ len = sprintf(page, "%s = '%s'\n",
+ fb_data->name, fb_data->value);
+
+ return len;
+}
+
+
+static int proc_write_foobar(struct file *file,
+ const char *buffer,
+ unsigned long count,
+ void *data)
+{
+ int len;
+ struct fb_data_t *fb_data = (struct fb_data_t *)data;
+
+ if(count > FOOBAR_LEN)
+ len = FOOBAR_LEN;
+ else
+ len = count;
+
+ if(copy_from_user(fb_data->value, buffer, len))
+ return -EFAULT;
+
+ fb_data->value[len] = '\0';
+
+ return len;
+}
+
+
+static int __init init_procfs_example(void)
+{
+ int rv = 0;
+
+ /* create directory */
+ example_dir = proc_mkdir(MODULE_NAME, NULL);
+ if(example_dir == NULL) {
+ rv = -ENOMEM;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ example_dir->owner = THIS_MODULE;
+
+ /* create jiffies using convenience function */
+ jiffies_file = create_proc_read_entry("jiffies",
+ 0444, example_dir,
+ proc_read_jiffies,
+ NULL);
+ if(jiffies_file == NULL) {
+ rv = -ENOMEM;
+ goto no_jiffies;
+ }
+
+ jiffies_file->owner = THIS_MODULE;
+
+ /* create foo and bar files using same callback
+ * functions
+ */
+ foo_file = create_proc_entry("foo", 0644, example_dir);
+ if(foo_file == NULL) {
+ rv = -ENOMEM;
+ goto no_foo;
+ }
+
+ strcpy(foo_data.name, "foo");
+ strcpy(foo_data.value, "foo");
+ foo_file->data = &foo_data;
+ foo_file->read_proc = proc_read_foobar;
+ foo_file->write_proc = proc_write_foobar;
+ foo_file->owner = THIS_MODULE;
+
+ bar_file = create_proc_entry("bar", 0644, example_dir);
+ if(bar_file == NULL) {
+ rv = -ENOMEM;
+ goto no_bar;
+ }
+
+ strcpy(bar_data.name, "bar");
+ strcpy(bar_data.value, "bar");
+ bar_file->data = &bar_data;
+ bar_file->read_proc = proc_read_foobar;
+ bar_file->write_proc = proc_write_foobar;
+ bar_file->owner = THIS_MODULE;
+
+ /* create symlink */
+ symlink = proc_symlink("jiffies_too", example_dir,
+ "jiffies");
+ if(symlink == NULL) {
+ rv = -ENOMEM;
+ goto no_symlink;
+ }
+
+ symlink->owner = THIS_MODULE;
+
+ /* everything OK */
+ printk(KERN_INFO "%s %s initialised\n",
+ MODULE_NAME, MODULE_VERS);
+ return 0;
+
+no_symlink:
+ remove_proc_entry("tty", example_dir);
+no_tty:
+ remove_proc_entry("bar", example_dir);
+no_bar:
+ remove_proc_entry("foo", example_dir);
+no_foo:
+ remove_proc_entry("jiffies", example_dir);
+no_jiffies:
+ remove_proc_entry(MODULE_NAME, NULL);
+out:
+ return rv;
+}
+
+
+static void __exit cleanup_procfs_example(void)
+{
+ remove_proc_entry("jiffies_too", example_dir);
+ remove_proc_entry("tty", example_dir);
+ remove_proc_entry("bar", example_dir);
+ remove_proc_entry("foo", example_dir);
+ remove_proc_entry("jiffies", example_dir);
+ remove_proc_entry(MODULE_NAME, NULL);
+
+ printk(KERN_INFO "%s %s removed\n",
+ MODULE_NAME, MODULE_VERS);
+}
+
+
+module_init(init_procfs_example);
+module_exit(cleanup_procfs_example);
+
+MODULE_AUTHOR("Erik Mouw");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("procfs examples");
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/scsidrivers.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/scsidrivers.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d058e65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/scsidrivers.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="scsidrivers">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>SCSI Subsystem Interfaces</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Douglas</firstname>
+ <surname>Gilbert</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>dgilbert@interlog.com</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+ <pubdate>2003-08-11</pubdate>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2002</year>
+ <year>2003</year>
+ <holder>Douglas Gilbert</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+This document outlines the interface between the Linux scsi mid level
+and lower level drivers. Lower level drivers are variously called HBA
+(host bus adapter) drivers, host drivers (HD) or pseudo adapter drivers.
+The latter alludes to the fact that a lower level driver may be a
+bridge to another IO subsystem (and the "ide-scsi" driver is an example
+of this). There can be many lower level drivers active in a running
+system, but only one per hardware type. For example, the aic7xxx driver
+controls adaptec controllers based on the 7xxx chip series. Most lower
+level drivers can control one or more scsi hosts (a.k.a. scsi initiators).
+ </para>
+<para>
+This document can been found in an ASCII text file in the linux kernel
+source: <filename>Documentation/scsi/scsi_mid_low_api.txt</filename> .
+It currently hold a little more information than this document. The
+<filename>drivers/scsi/hosts.h</filename> and <filename>
+drivers/scsi/scsi.h</filename> headers contain descriptions of members
+of important structures for the scsi subsystem.
+</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="driver-struct">
+ <title>Driver structure</title>
+ <para>
+Traditionally a lower level driver for the scsi subsystem has been
+at least two files in the drivers/scsi directory. For example, a
+driver called "xyz" has a header file "xyz.h" and a source file
+"xyz.c". [Actually there is no good reason why this couldn't all
+be in one file.] Some drivers that have been ported to several operating
+systems (e.g. aic7xxx which has separate files for generic and
+OS-specific code) have more than two files. Such drivers tend to have
+their own directory under the drivers/scsi directory.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+scsi_module.c is normally included at the end of a lower
+level driver. For it to work a declaration like this is needed before
+it is included:
+<programlisting>
+ static Scsi_Host_Template driver_template = DRIVER_TEMPLATE;
+ /* DRIVER_TEMPLATE should contain pointers to supported interface
+ functions. Scsi_Host_Template is defined hosts.h */
+ #include "scsi_module.c"
+</programlisting>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+The scsi_module.c assumes the name "driver_template" is appropriately
+defined. It contains 2 functions:
+<orderedlist>
+<listitem><para>
+ init_this_scsi_driver() called during builtin and module driver
+ initialization: invokes mid level's scsi_register_host()
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+ exit_this_scsi_driver() called during closedown: invokes
+ mid level's scsi_unregister_host()
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+ </para>
+<para>
+When a new, lower level driver is being added to Linux, the following
+files (all found in the drivers/scsi directory) will need some attention:
+Makefile, Config.help and Config.in . It is probably best to look at what
+an existing lower level driver does in this regard.
+</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="intfunctions">
+ <title>Interface Functions</title>
+!EDocumentation/scsi/scsi_mid_low_api.txt
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="locks">
+ <title>Locks</title>
+<para>
+Each Scsi_Host instance has a spin_lock called Scsi_Host::default_lock
+which is initialized in scsi_register() [found in hosts.c]. Within the
+same function the Scsi_Host::host_lock pointer is initialized to point
+at default_lock with the scsi_assign_lock() function. Thereafter
+lock and unlock operations performed by the mid level use the
+Scsi_Host::host_lock pointer.
+</para>
+<para>
+Lower level drivers can override the use of Scsi_Host::default_lock by
+using scsi_assign_lock(). The earliest opportunity to do this would
+be in the detect() function after it has invoked scsi_register(). It
+could be replaced by a coarser grain lock (e.g. per driver) or a
+lock of equal granularity (i.e. per host). Using finer grain locks
+(e.g. per scsi device) may be possible by juggling locks in
+queuecommand().
+</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="changes">
+ <title>Changes since lk 2.4 series</title>
+<para>
+io_request_lock has been replaced by several finer grained locks. The lock
+relevant to lower level drivers is Scsi_Host::host_lock and there is one
+per scsi host.
+</para>
+<para>
+The older error handling mechanism has been removed. This means the
+lower level interface functions abort() and reset() have been removed.
+</para>
+<para>
+In the 2.4 series the scsi subsystem configuration descriptions were
+aggregated with the configuration descriptions from all other Linux
+subsystems in the Documentation/Configure.help file. In the 2.5 series,
+the scsi subsystem now has its own (much smaller) drivers/scsi/Config.help
+file.
+</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="credits">
+ <title>Credits</title>
+<para>
+The following people have contributed to this document:
+<orderedlist>
+<listitem><para>
+Mike Anderson <email>andmike@us.ibm.com</email>
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+James Bottomley <email>James.Bottomley@steeleye.com</email>
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+Patrick Mansfield <email>patmans@us.ibm.com</email>
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/sis900.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/sis900.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c2cbac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/sis900.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,585 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="SiS900Guide">
+
+<bookinfo>
+
+<title>SiS 900/7016 Fast Ethernet Device Driver</title>
+
+<authorgroup>
+<author>
+<firstname>Ollie</firstname>
+<surname>Lho</surname>
+</author>
+
+<author>
+<firstname>Lei Chun</firstname>
+<surname>Chang</surname>
+</author>
+</authorgroup>
+
+<edition>Document Revision: 0.3 for SiS900 driver v1.06 & v1.07</edition>
+<pubdate>November 16, 2000</pubdate>
+
+<copyright>
+ <year>1999</year>
+ <holder>Silicon Integrated System Corp.</holder>
+</copyright>
+
+<legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+</legalnotice>
+
+<abstract>
+<para>
+This document gives some information on installation and usage of SiS 900/7016
+device driver under Linux.
+</para>
+</abstract>
+
+</bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+<chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+
+<para>
+This document describes the revision 1.06 and 1.07 of SiS 900/7016 Fast Ethernet
+device driver under Linux. The driver is developed by Silicon Integrated
+System Corp. and distributed freely under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
+The driver can be compiled as a loadable module and used under Linux kernel
+version 2.2.x. (rev. 1.06)
+With minimal changes, the driver can also be used under 2.3.x and 2.4.x kernel
+(rev. 1.07), please see
+<xref linkend="install"/>. If you are intended to
+use the driver for earlier kernels, you are on your own.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The driver is tested with usual TCP/IP applications including
+FTP, Telnet, Netscape etc. and is used constantly by the developers.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Please send all comments/fixes/questions to
+<ulink url="mailto:lcchang@sis.com.tw">Lei-Chun Chang</ulink>.
+</para>
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="changes">
+ <title>Changes</title>
+
+<para>
+Changes made in Revision 1.07
+
+<orderedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Separation of sis900.c and sis900.h in order to move most
+constant definition to sis900.h (many of those constants were
+corrected)
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Clean up PCI detection, the pci-scan from Donald Becker were not used,
+just simple pci_find_*.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+MII detection is modified to support multiple mii transceiver.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Bugs in read_eeprom, mdio_* were removed.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Lot of sis900 irrelevant comments were removed/changed and
+more comments were added to reflect the real situation.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Clean up of physical/virtual address space mess in buffer
+descriptors.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Better transmit/receive error handling.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+The driver now uses zero-copy single buffer management
+scheme to improve performance.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Names of variables were changed to be more consistent.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Clean up of auo-negotiation and timer code.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Automatic detection and change of PHY on the fly.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Bug in mac probing fixed.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Fix 630E equalier problem by modifying the equalizer workaround rule.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Support for ICS1893 10/100 Interated PHYceiver.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Support for media select by ifconfig.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Added kernel-doc extratable documentation.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+</orderedlist>
+</para>
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="tested">
+ <title>Tested Environment</title>
+
+<para>
+This driver is developed on the following hardware
+
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+
+<para>
+Intel Celeron 500 with SiS 630 (rev 02) chipset
+</para>
+</listitem>
+<listitem>
+
+<para>
+SiS 900 (rev 01) and SiS 7016/7014 Fast Ethernet Card
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+</itemizedlist>
+
+and tested with these software environments
+
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+
+<para>
+Red Hat Linux version 6.2
+</para>
+</listitem>
+<listitem>
+
+<para>
+Linux kernel version 2.4.0
+</para>
+</listitem>
+<listitem>
+
+<para>
+Netscape version 4.6
+</para>
+</listitem>
+<listitem>
+
+<para>
+NcFTP 3.0.0 beta 18
+</para>
+</listitem>
+<listitem>
+
+<para>
+Samba version 2.0.3
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+</itemizedlist>
+
+</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="files">
+<title>Files in This Package</title>
+
+<para>
+In the package you can find these files:
+</para>
+
+<para>
+<variablelist>
+
+<varlistentry>
+<term>sis900.c</term>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Driver source file in C
+</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry>
+<term>sis900.h</term>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Header file for sis900.c
+</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry>
+<term>sis900.sgml</term>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+DocBook SGML source of the document
+</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry>
+<term>sis900.txt</term>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Driver document in plain text
+</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+</variablelist>
+</para>
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="install">
+ <title>Installation</title>
+
+<para>
+Silicon Integrated System Corp. is cooperating closely with core Linux Kernel
+developers. The revisions of SiS 900 driver are distributed by the usuall channels
+for kernel tar files and patches. Those kernel tar files for official kernel and
+patches for kernel pre-release can be download at
+<ulink url="http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/">official kernel ftp site</ulink>
+and its mirrors.
+The 1.06 revision can be found in kernel version later than 2.3.15 and pre-2.2.14,
+and 1.07 revision can be found in kernel version 2.4.0.
+If you have no prior experience in networking under Linux, please read
+<ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/">Ethernet HOWTO</ulink> and
+<ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/">Networking HOWTO</ulink> available from
+Linux Documentation Project (LDP).
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The driver is bundled in release later than 2.2.11 and 2.3.15 so this
+is the most easy case.
+Be sure you have the appropriate packages for compiling kernel source.
+Those packages are listed in Document/Changes in kernel source
+distribution. If you have to install the driver other than those bundled
+in kernel release, you should have your driver file
+<filename>sis900.c</filename> and <filename>sis900.h</filename>
+copied into <filename class="directory">/usr/src/linux/drivers/net/</filename> first.
+There are two alternative ways to install the driver
+</para>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Building the driver as loadable module</title>
+
+<para>
+To build the driver as a loadable kernel module you have to reconfigure
+the kernel to activate network support by
+</para>
+
+<para><screen>
+make menuconfig
+</screen></para>
+
+<para>
+Choose <quote>Loadable module support ---></quote>,
+then select <quote>Enable loadable module support</quote>.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Choose <quote>Network Device Support ---></quote>, select
+<quote>Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit)</quote>.
+Then select <quote>EISA, VLB, PCI and on board controllers</quote>,
+and choose <quote>SiS 900/7016 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support</quote>
+to <quote>M</quote>.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+After reconfiguring the kernel, you can make the driver module by
+</para>
+
+<para><screen>
+make modules
+</screen></para>
+
+<para>
+The driver should be compiled with no errors. After compiling the driver,
+the driver can be installed to proper place by
+</para>
+
+<para><screen>
+make modules_install
+</screen></para>
+
+<para>
+Load the driver into kernel by
+</para>
+
+<para><screen>
+insmod sis900
+</screen></para>
+
+<para>
+When loading the driver into memory, some information message can be view by
+</para>
+
+<para>
+<screen>
+dmesg
+</screen>
+
+or
+
+<screen>
+cat /var/log/message
+</screen>
+</para>
+
+<para>
+If the driver is loaded properly you will have messages similar to this:
+</para>
+
+<para><screen>
+sis900.c: v1.07.06 11/07/2000
+eth0: SiS 900 PCI Fast Ethernet at 0xd000, IRQ 10, 00:00:e8:83:7f:a4.
+eth0: SiS 900 Internal MII PHY transceiver found at address 1.
+eth0: Using SiS 900 Internal MII PHY as default
+</screen></para>
+
+<para>
+showing the version of the driver and the results of probing routine.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Once the driver is loaded, network can be brought up by
+</para>
+
+<para><screen>
+/sbin/ifconfig eth0 IPADDR broadcast BROADCAST netmask NETMASK media TYPE
+</screen></para>
+
+<para>
+where IPADDR, BROADCAST, NETMASK are your IP address, broadcast address and
+netmask respectively. TYPE is used to set medium type used by the device.
+Typical values are "10baseT"(twisted-pair 10Mbps Ethernet) or "100baseT"
+(twisted-pair 100Mbps Ethernet). For more information on how to configure
+network interface, please refer to
+<ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/">Networking HOWTO</ulink>.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The link status is also shown by kernel messages. For example, after the
+network interface is activated, you may have the message:
+</para>
+
+<para><screen>
+eth0: Media Link On 100mbps full-duplex
+</screen></para>
+
+<para>
+If you try to unplug the twist pair (TP) cable you will get
+</para>
+
+<para><screen>
+eth0: Media Link Off
+</screen></para>
+
+<para>
+indicating that the link is failed.
+</para>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Building the driver into kernel</title>
+
+<para>
+If you want to make the driver into kernel, choose <quote>Y</quote>
+rather than <quote>M</quote> on
+<quote>SiS 900/7016 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support</quote>
+when configuring the kernel. Build the kernel image in the usual way
+</para>
+
+<para><screen>
+make clean
+
+make bzlilo
+</screen></para>
+
+<para>
+Next time the system reboot, you have the driver in memory.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="problems">
+ <title>Known Problems and Bugs</title>
+
+<para>
+There are some known problems and bugs. If you find any other bugs please
+mail to <ulink url="mailto:lcchang@sis.com.tw">lcchang@sis.com.tw</ulink>
+
+<orderedlist>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+AM79C901 HomePNA PHY is not thoroughly tested, there may be some
+bugs in the <quote>on the fly</quote> change of transceiver.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+A bug is hidden somewhere in the receive buffer management code,
+the bug causes NULL pointer reference in the kernel. This fault is
+caught before bad things happen and reported with the message:
+
+<computeroutput>
+eth0: NULL pointer encountered in Rx ring, skipping
+</computeroutput>
+
+which can be viewed with <literal remap="tt">dmesg</literal> or
+<literal remap="tt">cat /var/log/message</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+The media type change from 10Mbps to 100Mbps twisted-pair ethernet
+by ifconfig causes the media link down.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+</orderedlist>
+</para>
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="RHistory">
+ <title>Revision History</title>
+
+<para>
+<itemizedlist>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+November 13, 2000, Revision 1.07, seventh release, 630E problem fixed
+and further clean up.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+November 4, 1999, Revision 1.06, Second release, lots of clean up
+and optimization.
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+August 8, 1999, Revision 1.05, Initial Public Release
+</para>
+</listitem>
+
+</itemizedlist>
+</para>
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="acknowledgements">
+ <title>Acknowledgements</title>
+
+<para>
+This driver was originally derived form
+<ulink url="mailto:becker@cesdis1.gsfc.nasa.gov">Donald Becker</ulink>'s
+<ulink url="ftp://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/linux/drivers/kern-2.3/pci-skeleton.c"
+>pci-skeleton</ulink> and
+<ulink url="ftp://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/linux/drivers/kern-2.3/rtl8139.c"
+>rtl8139</ulink> drivers. Donald also provided various suggestion
+regarded with improvements made in revision 1.06.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The 1.05 revision was created by
+<ulink url="mailto:cmhuang@sis.com.tw">Jim Huang</ulink>, AMD 79c901
+support was added by <ulink url="mailto:lcs@sis.com.tw">Chin-Shan Li</ulink>.
+</para>
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter id="functions">
+<title>List of Functions</title>
+!Idrivers/net/sis900.c
+</chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/tulip-user.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/tulip-user.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6520d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/tulip-user.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="TulipUserGuide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Tulip Driver User's Guide</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Jeff</firstname>
+ <surname>Garzik</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>jgarzik@pobox.com</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2001</year>
+ <holder>Jeff Garzik</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+ <toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+<para>
+The Tulip Ethernet Card Driver
+is maintained by Jeff Garzik (<email>jgarzik@pobox.com</email>).
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The Tulip driver was developed by Donald Becker and changed by
+Jeff Garzik, Takashi Manabe and a cast of thousands.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+For 2.4.x and later kernels, the Linux Tulip driver is available at
+<ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/tulip/">http://sourceforge.net/projects/tulip/</ulink>
+</para>
+
+<para>
+ This driver is for the Digital "Tulip" Ethernet adapter interface.
+ It should work with most DEC 21*4*-based chips/ethercards, as well as
+ with work-alike chips from Lite-On (PNIC) and Macronix (MXIC) and ASIX.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+ The original author may be reached as becker@scyld.com, or C/O
+ Scyld Computing Corporation,
+ 410 Severn Ave., Suite 210,
+ Annapolis MD 21403
+</para>
+
+<para>
+ Additional information on Donald Becker's tulip.c
+ is available at <ulink url="http://www.scyld.com/network/tulip.html">http://www.scyld.com/network/tulip.html</ulink>
+</para>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="drvr-compat">
+ <title>Driver Compatibility</title>
+
+<para>
+This device driver is designed for the DECchip "Tulip", Digital's
+single-chip ethernet controllers for PCI (now owned by Intel).
+Supported members of the family
+are the 21040, 21041, 21140, 21140A, 21142, and 21143. Similar work-alike
+chips from Lite-On, Macronics, ASIX, Compex and other listed below are also
+supported.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+These chips are used on at least 140 unique PCI board designs. The great
+number of chips and board designs supported is the reason for the
+driver size and complexity. Almost of the increasing complexity is in the
+board configuration and media selection code. There is very little
+increasing in the operational critical path length.
+</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="board-settings">
+ <title>Board-specific Settings</title>
+
+<para>
+PCI bus devices are configured by the system at boot time, so no jumpers
+need to be set on the board. The system BIOS preferably should assign the
+PCI INTA signal to an otherwise unused system IRQ line.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Some boards have EEPROMs tables with default media entry. The factory default
+is usually "autoselect". This should only be overridden when using
+transceiver connections without link beat e.g. 10base2 or AUI, or (rarely!)
+for forcing full-duplex when used with old link partners that do not do
+autonegotiation.
+</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="driver-operation">
+ <title>Driver Operation</title>
+
+<sect1><title>Ring buffers</title>
+
+<para>
+The Tulip can use either ring buffers or lists of Tx and Rx descriptors.
+This driver uses statically allocated rings of Rx and Tx descriptors, set at
+compile time by RX/TX_RING_SIZE. This version of the driver allocates skbuffs
+for the Rx ring buffers at open() time and passes the skb->data field to the
+Tulip as receive data buffers. When an incoming frame is less than
+RX_COPYBREAK bytes long, a fresh skbuff is allocated and the frame is
+copied to the new skbuff. When the incoming frame is larger, the skbuff is
+passed directly up the protocol stack and replaced by a newly allocated
+skbuff.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The RX_COPYBREAK value is chosen to trade-off the memory wasted by
+using a full-sized skbuff for small frames vs. the copying costs of larger
+frames. For small frames the copying cost is negligible (esp. considering
+that we are pre-loading the cache with immediately useful header
+information). For large frames the copying cost is non-trivial, and the
+larger copy might flush the cache of useful data. A subtle aspect of this
+choice is that the Tulip only receives into longword aligned buffers, thus
+the IP header at offset 14 isn't longword aligned for further processing.
+Copied frames are put into the new skbuff at an offset of "+2", thus copying
+has the beneficial effect of aligning the IP header and preloading the
+cache.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1><title>Synchronization</title>
+<para>
+The driver runs as two independent, single-threaded flows of control. One
+is the send-packet routine, which enforces single-threaded use by the
+dev->tbusy flag. The other thread is the interrupt handler, which is single
+threaded by the hardware and other software.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The send packet thread has partial control over the Tx ring and 'dev->tbusy'
+flag. It sets the tbusy flag whenever it's queuing a Tx packet. If the next
+queue slot is empty, it clears the tbusy flag when finished otherwise it sets
+the 'tp->tx_full' flag.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The interrupt handler has exclusive control over the Rx ring and records stats
+from the Tx ring. (The Tx-done interrupt can't be selectively turned off, so
+we can't avoid the interrupt overhead by having the Tx routine reap the Tx
+stats.) After reaping the stats, it marks the queue entry as empty by setting
+the 'base' to zero. Iff the 'tp->tx_full' flag is set, it clears both the
+tx_full and tbusy flags.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="errata">
+ <title>Errata</title>
+
+<para>
+The old DEC databooks were light on details.
+The 21040 databook claims that CSR13, CSR14, and CSR15 should each be the last
+register of the set CSR12-15 written. Hmmm, now how is that possible?
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The DEC SROM format is very badly designed not precisely defined, leading to
+part of the media selection junkheap below. Some boards do not have EEPROM
+media tables and need to be patched up. Worse, other boards use the DEC
+design kit media table when it isn't correct for their board.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+We cannot use MII interrupts because there is no defined GPIO pin to attach
+them. The MII transceiver status is polled using an kernel timer.
+</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="changelog">
+ <title>Driver Change History</title>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.14 (February 20, 2001)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Fix PNIC problems (Manfred Spraul)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Add new PCI id for Accton comet</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Support Davicom tulips</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Fix oops in eeprom parsing</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Enable workarounds for early PCI chipsets</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>IA64, hppa csr0 support</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Support media types 5, 6</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Interpret a bit more of the 21142 SROM extended media type 3</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Add missing delay in eeprom reading</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.11 (November 3, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Eliminate extra bus accesses when sharing interrupts (prumpf)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Barrier following ownership descriptor bit flip (prumpf)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Endianness fixes for >14 addresses in setup frames (prumpf)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Report link beat to kernel/userspace via netif_carrier_*. (kuznet)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Better spinlocking in set_rx_mode.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Fix I/O resource request failure error messages (DaveM catch)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Handle DMA allocation failure.</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.10 (September 6, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Simple interrupt mitigation (via jamal)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>More PCI ids</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.9 (August 11, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>More PCI ids</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.8 (July 13, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Correct signed/unsigned comparison for dummy frame index</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Remove outdated references to struct enet_statistics</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.7 (June 17, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Timer cleanups (Andrew Morton)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Alpha compile fix (somebody?)</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.6 (May 31, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Revert 21143-related support flag patch</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Add HPPA/media-table debugging printk</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.5 (May 30, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>HPPA support (willy@puffingroup)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>CSR6 bits and tulip.h cleanup (Chris Smith)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Improve debugging messages a bit</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Add delay after CSR13 write in t21142_start_nway</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Remove unused ETHER_STATS code</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Convert 'extern inline' to 'static inline' in tulip.h (Chris Smith)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Update DS21143 support flags in tulip_chip_info[]</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Use spin_lock_irq, not _irqsave/restore, in tulip_start_xmit()</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Add locking to set_rx_mode()</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Fix race with chip setting DescOwned bit (Hal Murray)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Request 100% of PIO and MMIO resource space assigned to card</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Remove error message from pci_enable_device failure</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.4.3 (April 14, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>mod_timer fix (Hal Murray)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>PNIC2 resuscitation (Chris Smith)</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.4.2 (March 21, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Fix 21041 CSR7, CSR13/14/15 handling</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Merge some PCI ids from tulip 0.91x</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Merge some HAS_xxx flags and flag settings from tulip 0.91x</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>asm/io.h fix (submitted by many) and cleanup</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>s/HAS_NWAY143/HAS_NWAY/</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Cleanup 21041 mode reporting</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Small code cleanups</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Version 0.9.4.1 (March 18, 2000)</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Finish PCI DMA conversion (davem)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Do not netif_start_queue() at end of tulip_tx_timeout() (kuznet)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>PCI DMA fix (kuznet)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>eeprom.c code cleanup</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Remove Xircom Tulip crud</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/usb.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/usb.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3ef0bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/usb.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="Linux-USB-API">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>The Linux-USB Host Side API</title>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+<chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction to USB on Linux</title>
+
+ <para>A Universal Serial Bus (USB) is used to connect a host,
+ such as a PC or workstation, to a number of peripheral
+ devices. USB uses a tree structure, with the host at the
+ root (the system's master), hubs as interior nodes, and
+ peripheral devices as leaves (and slaves).
+ Modern PCs support several such trees of USB devices, usually
+ one USB 2.0 tree (480 Mbit/sec each) with
+ a few USB 1.1 trees (12 Mbit/sec each) that are used when you
+ connect a USB 1.1 device directly to the machine's "root hub".
+ </para>
+
+ <para>That master/slave asymmetry was designed in part for
+ ease of use. It is not physically possible to assemble
+ (legal) USB cables incorrectly: all upstream "to-the-host"
+ connectors are the rectangular type, matching the sockets on
+ root hubs, and the downstream type are the squarish type
+ (or they are built in to the peripheral).
+ Software doesn't need to deal with distributed autoconfiguration
+ since the pre-designated master node manages all that.
+ At the electrical level, bus protocol overhead is reduced by
+ eliminating arbitration and moving scheduling into host software.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>USB 1.0 was announced in January 1996, and was revised
+ as USB 1.1 (with improvements in hub specification and
+ support for interrupt-out transfers) in September 1998.
+ USB 2.0 was released in April 2000, including high speed
+ transfers and transaction translating hubs (used for USB 1.1
+ and 1.0 backward compatibility).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>USB support was added to Linux early in the 2.2 kernel series
+ shortly before the 2.3 development forked off. Updates
+ from 2.3 were regularly folded back into 2.2 releases, bringing
+ new features such as <filename>/sbin/hotplug</filename> support,
+ more drivers, and more robustness.
+ The 2.5 kernel series continued such improvements, and also
+ worked on USB 2.0 support,
+ higher performance,
+ better consistency between host controller drivers,
+ API simplification (to make bugs less likely),
+ and providing internal "kerneldoc" documentation.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Linux can run inside USB devices as well as on
+ the hosts that control the devices.
+ Because the Linux 2.x USB support evolved to support mass market
+ platforms such as Apple Macintosh or PC-compatible systems,
+ it didn't address design concerns for those types of USB systems.
+ So it can't be used inside mass-market PDAs, or other peripherals.
+ USB device drivers running inside those Linux peripherals
+ don't do the same things as the ones running inside hosts,
+ and so they've been given a different name:
+ they're called <emphasis>gadget drivers</emphasis>.
+ This document does not present gadget drivers.
+ </para>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+<chapter id="host">
+ <title>USB Host-Side API Model</title>
+
+ <para>Within the kernel,
+ host-side drivers for USB devices talk to the "usbcore" APIs.
+ There are two types of public "usbcore" APIs, targetted at two different
+ layers of USB driver. Those are
+ <emphasis>general purpose</emphasis> drivers, exposed through
+ driver frameworks such as block, character, or network devices;
+ and drivers that are <emphasis>part of the core</emphasis>,
+ which are involved in managing a USB bus.
+ Such core drivers include the <emphasis>hub</emphasis> driver,
+ which manages trees of USB devices, and several different kinds
+ of <emphasis>host controller driver (HCD)</emphasis>,
+ which control individual busses.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The device model seen by USB drivers is relatively complex.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem><para>USB supports four kinds of data transfer
+ (control, bulk, interrupt, and isochronous). Two transfer
+ types use bandwidth as it's available (control and bulk),
+ while the other two types of transfer (interrupt and isochronous)
+ are scheduled to provide guaranteed bandwidth.
+ </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>The device description model includes one or more
+ "configurations" per device, only one of which is active at a time.
+ Devices that are capable of high speed operation must also support
+ full speed configurations, along with a way to ask about the
+ "other speed" configurations that might be used.
+ </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Configurations have one or more "interface", each
+ of which may have "alternate settings". Interfaces may be
+ standardized by USB "Class" specifications, or may be specific to
+ a vendor or device.</para>
+
+ <para>USB device drivers actually bind to interfaces, not devices.
+ Think of them as "interface drivers", though you
+ may not see many devices where the distinction is important.
+ <emphasis>Most USB devices are simple, with only one configuration,
+ one interface, and one alternate setting.</emphasis>
+ </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Interfaces have one or more "endpoints", each of
+ which supports one type and direction of data transfer such as
+ "bulk out" or "interrupt in". The entire configuration may have
+ up to sixteen endpoints in each direction, allocated as needed
+ among all the interfaces.
+ </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Data transfer on USB is packetized; each endpoint
+ has a maximum packet size.
+ Drivers must often be aware of conventions such as flagging the end
+ of bulk transfers using "short" (including zero length) packets.
+ </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>The Linux USB API supports synchronous calls for
+ control and bulk messaging.
+ It also supports asynchnous calls for all kinds of data transfer,
+ using request structures called "URBs" (USB Request Blocks).
+ </para></listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>Accordingly, the USB Core API exposed to device drivers
+ covers quite a lot of territory. You'll probably need to consult
+ the USB 2.0 specification, available online from www.usb.org at
+ no cost, as well as class or device specifications.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The only host-side drivers that actually touch hardware
+ (reading/writing registers, handling IRQs, and so on) are the HCDs.
+ In theory, all HCDs provide the same functionality through the same
+ API. In practice, that's becoming more true on the 2.5 kernels,
+ but there are still differences that crop up especially with
+ fault handling. Different controllers don't necessarily report
+ the same aspects of failures, and recovery from faults (including
+ software-induced ones like unlinking an URB) isn't yet fully
+ consistent.
+ Device driver authors should make a point of doing disconnect
+ testing (while the device is active) with each different host
+ controller driver, to make sure drivers don't have bugs of
+ their own as well as to make sure they aren't relying on some
+ HCD-specific behavior.
+ (You will need external USB 1.1 and/or
+ USB 2.0 hubs to perform all those tests.)
+ </para>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+<chapter><title>USB-Standard Types</title>
+
+ <para>In <filename><linux/usb_ch9.h></filename> you will find
+ the USB data types defined in chapter 9 of the USB specification.
+ These data types are used throughout USB, and in APIs including
+ this host side API, gadget APIs, and usbfs.
+ </para>
+
+!Iinclude/linux/usb_ch9.h
+
+ </chapter>
+
+<chapter><title>Host-Side Data Types and Macros</title>
+
+ <para>The host side API exposes several layers to drivers, some of
+ which are more necessary than others.
+ These support lifecycle models for host side drivers
+ and devices, and support passing buffers through usbcore to
+ some HCD that performs the I/O for the device driver.
+ </para>
+
+
+!Iinclude/linux/usb.h
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter><title>USB Core APIs</title>
+
+ <para>There are two basic I/O models in the USB API.
+ The most elemental one is asynchronous: drivers submit requests
+ in the form of an URB, and the URB's completion callback
+ handle the next step.
+ All USB transfer types support that model, although there
+ are special cases for control URBs (which always have setup
+ and status stages, but may not have a data stage) and
+ isochronous URBs (which allow large packets and include
+ per-packet fault reports).
+ Built on top of that is synchronous API support, where a
+ driver calls a routine that allocates one or more URBs,
+ submits them, and waits until they complete.
+ There are synchronous wrappers for single-buffer control
+ and bulk transfers (which are awkward to use in some
+ driver disconnect scenarios), and for scatterlist based
+ streaming i/o (bulk or interrupt).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>USB drivers need to provide buffers that can be
+ used for DMA, although they don't necessarily need to
+ provide the DMA mapping themselves.
+ There are APIs to use used when allocating DMA buffers,
+ which can prevent use of bounce buffers on some systems.
+ In some cases, drivers may be able to rely on 64bit DMA
+ to eliminate another kind of bounce buffer.
+ </para>
+
+!Edrivers/usb/core/urb.c
+!Edrivers/usb/core/message.c
+!Edrivers/usb/core/file.c
+!Edrivers/usb/core/usb.c
+!Edrivers/usb/core/hub.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter><title>Host Controller APIs</title>
+
+ <para>These APIs are only for use by host controller drivers,
+ most of which implement standard register interfaces such as
+ EHCI, OHCI, or UHCI.
+ UHCI was one of the first interfaces, designed by Intel and
+ also used by VIA; it doesn't do much in hardware.
+ OHCI was designed later, to have the hardware do more work
+ (bigger transfers, tracking protocol state, and so on).
+ EHCI was designed with USB 2.0; its design has features that
+ resemble OHCI (hardware does much more work) as well as
+ UHCI (some parts of ISO support, TD list processing).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>There are host controllers other than the "big three",
+ although most PCI based controllers (and a few non-PCI based
+ ones) use one of those interfaces.
+ Not all host controllers use DMA; some use PIO, and there
+ is also a simulator.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The same basic APIs are available to drivers for all
+ those controllers.
+ For historical reasons they are in two layers:
+ <structname>struct usb_bus</structname> is a rather thin
+ layer that became available in the 2.2 kernels, while
+ <structname>struct usb_hcd</structname> is a more featureful
+ layer (available in later 2.4 kernels and in 2.5) that
+ lets HCDs share common code, to shrink driver size
+ and significantly reduce hcd-specific behaviors.
+ </para>
+
+!Edrivers/usb/core/hcd.c
+!Edrivers/usb/core/hcd-pci.c
+!Edrivers/usb/core/buffer.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter>
+ <title>The USB Filesystem (usbfs)</title>
+
+ <para>This chapter presents the Linux <emphasis>usbfs</emphasis>.
+ You may prefer to avoid writing new kernel code for your
+ USB driver; that's the problem that usbfs set out to solve.
+ User mode device drivers are usually packaged as applications
+ or libraries, and may use usbfs through some programming library
+ that wraps it. Such libraries include
+ <ulink url="http://libusb.sourceforge.net">libusb</ulink>
+ for C/C++, and
+ <ulink url="http://jUSB.sourceforge.net">jUSB</ulink> for Java.
+ </para>
+
+ <note><title>Unfinished</title>
+ <para>This particular documentation is incomplete,
+ especially with respect to the asynchronous mode.
+ As of kernel 2.5.66 the code and this (new) documentation
+ need to be cross-reviewed.
+ </para>
+ </note>
+
+ <para>Configure usbfs into Linux kernels by enabling the
+ <emphasis>USB filesystem</emphasis> option (CONFIG_USB_DEVICEFS),
+ and you get basic support for user mode USB device drivers.
+ Until relatively recently it was often (confusingly) called
+ <emphasis>usbdevfs</emphasis> although it wasn't solving what
+ <emphasis>devfs</emphasis> was.
+ Every USB device will appear in usbfs, regardless of whether or
+ not it has a kernel driver; but only devices with kernel drivers
+ show up in devfs.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>What files are in "usbfs"?</title>
+
+ <para>Conventionally mounted at
+ <filename>/proc/bus/usb</filename>, usbfs
+ features include:
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para><filename>/proc/bus/usb/devices</filename>
+ ... a text file
+ showing each of the USB devices on known to the kernel,
+ and their configuration descriptors.
+ You can also poll() this to learn about new devices.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><filename>/proc/bus/usb/BBB/DDD</filename>
+ ... magic files
+ exposing the each device's configuration descriptors, and
+ supporting a series of ioctls for making device requests,
+ including I/O to devices. (Purely for access by programs.)
+ </para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+
+ <para> Each bus is given a number (BBB) based on when it was
+ enumerated; within each bus, each device is given a similar
+ number (DDD).
+ Those BBB/DDD paths are not "stable" identifiers;
+ expect them to change even if you always leave the devices
+ plugged in to the same hub port.
+ <emphasis>Don't even think of saving these in application
+ configuration files.</emphasis>
+ Stable identifiers are available, for user mode applications
+ that want to use them. HID and networking devices expose
+ these stable IDs, so that for example you can be sure that
+ you told the right UPS to power down its second server.
+ "usbfs" doesn't (yet) expose those IDs.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Mounting and Access Control</title>
+
+ <para>There are a number of mount options for usbfs, which will
+ be of most interest to you if you need to override the default
+ access control policy.
+ That policy is that only root may read or write device files
+ (<filename>/proc/bus/BBB/DDD</filename>) although anyone may read
+ the <filename>devices</filename>
+ or <filename>drivers</filename> files.
+ I/O requests to the device also need the CAP_SYS_RAWIO capability,
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The significance of that is that by default, all user mode
+ device drivers need super-user privileges.
+ You can change modes or ownership in a driver setup
+ when the device hotplugs, or maye just start the
+ driver right then, as a privileged server (or some activity
+ within one).
+ That's the most secure approach for multi-user systems,
+ but for single user systems ("trusted" by that user)
+ it's more convenient just to grant everyone all access
+ (using the <emphasis>devmode=0666</emphasis> option)
+ so the driver can start whenever it's needed.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The mount options for usbfs, usable in /etc/fstab or
+ in command line invocations of <emphasis>mount</emphasis>, are:
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis>busgid</emphasis>=NNNNN</term>
+ <listitem><para>Controls the GID used for the
+ /proc/bus/usb/BBB
+ directories. (Default: 0)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry><term><emphasis>busmode</emphasis>=MMM</term>
+ <listitem><para>Controls the file mode used for the
+ /proc/bus/usb/BBB
+ directories. (Default: 0555)
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry><term><emphasis>busuid</emphasis>=NNNNN</term>
+ <listitem><para>Controls the UID used for the
+ /proc/bus/usb/BBB
+ directories. (Default: 0)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term><emphasis>devgid</emphasis>=NNNNN</term>
+ <listitem><para>Controls the GID used for the
+ /proc/bus/usb/BBB/DDD
+ files. (Default: 0)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry><term><emphasis>devmode</emphasis>=MMM</term>
+ <listitem><para>Controls the file mode used for the
+ /proc/bus/usb/BBB/DDD
+ files. (Default: 0644)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry><term><emphasis>devuid</emphasis>=NNNNN</term>
+ <listitem><para>Controls the UID used for the
+ /proc/bus/usb/BBB/DDD
+ files. (Default: 0)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term><emphasis>listgid</emphasis>=NNNNN</term>
+ <listitem><para>Controls the GID used for the
+ /proc/bus/usb/devices and drivers files.
+ (Default: 0)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry><term><emphasis>listmode</emphasis>=MMM</term>
+ <listitem><para>Controls the file mode used for the
+ /proc/bus/usb/devices and drivers files.
+ (Default: 0444)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry><term><emphasis>listuid</emphasis>=NNNNN</term>
+ <listitem><para>Controls the UID used for the
+ /proc/bus/usb/devices and drivers files.
+ (Default: 0)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Note that many Linux distributions hard-wire the mount options
+ for usbfs in their init scripts, such as
+ <filename>/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit</filename>,
+ rather than making it easy to set this per-system
+ policy in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>/proc/bus/usb/devices</title>
+
+ <para>This file is handy for status viewing tools in user
+ mode, which can scan the text format and ignore most of it.
+ More detailed device status (including class and vendor
+ status) is available from device-specific files.
+ For information about the current format of this file,
+ see the
+ <filename>Documentation/usb/proc_usb_info.txt</filename>
+ file in your Linux kernel sources.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Otherwise the main use for this file from programs
+ is to poll() it to get notifications of usb devices
+ as they're plugged or unplugged.
+ To see what changed, you'd need to read the file and
+ compare "before" and "after" contents, scan the filesystem,
+ or see its hotplug event.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>/proc/bus/usb/BBB/DDD</title>
+
+ <para>Use these files in one of these basic ways:
+ </para>
+
+ <para><emphasis>They can be read,</emphasis>
+ producing first the device descriptor
+ (18 bytes) and then the descriptors for the current configuration.
+ See the USB 2.0 spec for details about those binary data formats.
+ You'll need to convert most multibyte values from little endian
+ format to your native host byte order, although a few of the
+ fields in the device descriptor (both of the BCD-encoded fields,
+ and the vendor and product IDs) will be byteswapped for you.
+ Note that configuration descriptors include descriptors for
+ interfaces, altsettings, endpoints, and maybe additional
+ class descriptors.
+ </para>
+
+ <para><emphasis>Perform USB operations</emphasis> using
+ <emphasis>ioctl()</emphasis> requests to make endpoint I/O
+ requests (synchronously or asynchronously) or manage
+ the device.
+ These requests need the CAP_SYS_RAWIO capability,
+ as well as filesystem access permissions.
+ Only one ioctl request can be made on one of these
+ device files at a time.
+ This means that if you are synchronously reading an endpoint
+ from one thread, you won't be able to write to a different
+ endpoint from another thread until the read completes.
+ This works for <emphasis>half duplex</emphasis> protocols,
+ but otherwise you'd use asynchronous i/o requests.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+
+ <sect1>
+ <title>Life Cycle of User Mode Drivers</title>
+
+ <para>Such a driver first needs to find a device file
+ for a device it knows how to handle.
+ Maybe it was told about it because a
+ <filename>/sbin/hotplug</filename> event handling agent
+ chose that driver to handle the new device.
+ Or maybe it's an application that scans all the
+ /proc/bus/usb device files, and ignores most devices.
+ In either case, it should <function>read()</function> all
+ the descriptors from the device file,
+ and check them against what it knows how to handle.
+ It might just reject everything except a particular
+ vendor and product ID, or need a more complex policy.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Never assume there will only be one such device
+ on the system at a time!
+ If your code can't handle more than one device at
+ a time, at least detect when there's more than one, and
+ have your users choose which device to use.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Once your user mode driver knows what device to use,
+ it interacts with it in either of two styles.
+ The simple style is to make only control requests; some
+ devices don't need more complex interactions than those.
+ (An example might be software using vendor-specific control
+ requests for some initialization or configuration tasks,
+ with a kernel driver for the rest.)
+ </para>
+
+ <para>More likely, you need a more complex style driver:
+ one using non-control endpoints, reading or writing data
+ and claiming exclusive use of an interface.
+ <emphasis>Bulk</emphasis> transfers are easiest to use,
+ but only their sibling <emphasis>interrupt</emphasis> transfers
+ work with low speed devices.
+ Both interrupt and <emphasis>isochronous</emphasis> transfers
+ offer service guarantees because their bandwidth is reserved.
+ Such "periodic" transfers are awkward to use through usbfs,
+ unless you're using the asynchronous calls. However, interrupt
+ transfers can also be used in a synchronous "one shot" style.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Your user-mode driver should never need to worry
+ about cleaning up request state when the device is
+ disconnected, although it should close its open file
+ descriptors as soon as it starts seeing the ENODEV
+ errors.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>The ioctl() Requests</title>
+
+ <para>To use these ioctls, you need to include the following
+ headers in your userspace program:
+<programlisting>#include <linux/usb.h>
+#include <linux/usbdevice_fs.h>
+#include <asm/byteorder.h></programlisting>
+ The standard USB device model requests, from "Chapter 9" of
+ the USB 2.0 specification, are automatically included from
+ the <filename><linux/usb_ch9.h></filename> header.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Unless noted otherwise, the ioctl requests
+ described here will
+ update the modification time on the usbfs file to which
+ they are applied (unless they fail).
+ A return of zero indicates success; otherwise, a
+ standard USB error code is returned. (These are
+ documented in
+ <filename>Documentation/usb/error-codes.txt</filename>
+ in your kernel sources.)
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Each of these files multiplexes access to several
+ I/O streams, one per endpoint.
+ Each device has one control endpoint (endpoint zero)
+ which supports a limited RPC style RPC access.
+ Devices are configured
+ by khubd (in the kernel) setting a device-wide
+ <emphasis>configuration</emphasis> that affects things
+ like power consumption and basic functionality.
+ The endpoints are part of USB <emphasis>interfaces</emphasis>,
+ which may have <emphasis>altsettings</emphasis>
+ affecting things like which endpoints are available.
+ Many devices only have a single configuration and interface,
+ so drivers for them will ignore configurations and altsettings.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Management/Status Requests</title>
+
+ <para>A number of usbfs requests don't deal very directly
+ with device I/O.
+ They mostly relate to device management and status.
+ These are all synchronous requests.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_CLAIMINTERFACE</term>
+ <listitem><para>This is used to force usbfs to
+ claim a specific interface,
+ which has not previously been claimed by usbfs or any other
+ kernel driver.
+ The ioctl parameter is an integer holding the number of
+ the interface (bInterfaceNumber from descriptor).
+ </para><para>
+ Note that if your driver doesn't claim an interface
+ before trying to use one of its endpoints, and no
+ other driver has bound to it, then the interface is
+ automatically claimed by usbfs.
+ </para><para>
+ This claim will be released by a RELEASEINTERFACE ioctl,
+ or by closing the file descriptor.
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_CONNECTINFO</term>
+ <listitem><para>Says whether the device is lowspeed.
+ The ioctl parameter points to a structure like this:
+<programlisting>struct usbdevfs_connectinfo {
+ unsigned int devnum;
+ unsigned char slow;
+}; </programlisting>
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><para>
+ <emphasis>You can't tell whether a "not slow"
+ device is connected at high speed (480 MBit/sec)
+ or just full speed (12 MBit/sec).</emphasis>
+ You should know the devnum value already,
+ it's the DDD value of the device file name.
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_GETDRIVER</term>
+ <listitem><para>Returns the name of the kernel driver
+ bound to a given interface (a string). Parameter
+ is a pointer to this structure, which is modified:
+<programlisting>struct usbdevfs_getdriver {
+ unsigned int interface;
+ char driver[USBDEVFS_MAXDRIVERNAME + 1];
+};</programlisting>
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_IOCTL</term>
+ <listitem><para>Passes a request from userspace through
+ to a kernel driver that has an ioctl entry in the
+ <emphasis>struct usb_driver</emphasis> it registered.
+<programlisting>struct usbdevfs_ioctl {
+ int ifno;
+ int ioctl_code;
+ void *data;
+};
+
+/* user mode call looks like this.
+ * 'request' becomes the driver->ioctl() 'code' parameter.
+ * the size of 'param' is encoded in 'request', and that data
+ * is copied to or from the driver->ioctl() 'buf' parameter.
+ */
+static int
+usbdev_ioctl (int fd, int ifno, unsigned request, void *param)
+{
+ struct usbdevfs_ioctl wrapper;
+
+ wrapper.ifno = ifno;
+ wrapper.ioctl_code = request;
+ wrapper.data = param;
+
+ return ioctl (fd, USBDEVFS_IOCTL, &wrapper);
+} </programlisting>
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><para>
+ This request lets kernel drivers talk to user mode code
+ through filesystem operations even when they don't create
+ a charactor or block special device.
+ It's also been used to do things like ask devices what
+ device special file should be used.
+ Two pre-defined ioctls are used
+ to disconnect and reconnect kernel drivers, so
+ that user mode code can completely manage binding
+ and configuration of devices.
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_RELEASEINTERFACE</term>
+ <listitem><para>This is used to release the claim usbfs
+ made on interface, either implicitly or because of a
+ USBDEVFS_CLAIMINTERFACE call, before the file
+ descriptor is closed.
+ The ioctl parameter is an integer holding the number of
+ the interface (bInterfaceNumber from descriptor);
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><warning><para>
+ <emphasis>No security check is made to ensure
+ that the task which made the claim is the one
+ which is releasing it.
+ This means that user mode driver may interfere
+ other ones. </emphasis>
+ </para></warning></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_RESETEP</term>
+ <listitem><para>Resets the data toggle value for an endpoint
+ (bulk or interrupt) to DATA0.
+ The ioctl parameter is an integer endpoint number
+ (1 to 15, as identified in the endpoint descriptor),
+ with USB_DIR_IN added if the device's endpoint sends
+ data to the host.
+ </para><warning><para>
+ <emphasis>Avoid using this request.
+ It should probably be removed.</emphasis>
+ Using it typically means the device and driver will lose
+ toggle synchronization. If you really lost synchronization,
+ you likely need to completely handshake with the device,
+ using a request like CLEAR_HALT
+ or SET_INTERFACE.
+ </para></warning></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Synchronous I/O Support</title>
+
+ <para>Synchronous requests involve the kernel blocking
+ until until the user mode request completes, either by
+ finishing successfully or by reporting an error.
+ In most cases this is the simplest way to use usbfs,
+ although as noted above it does prevent performing I/O
+ to more than one endpoint at a time.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_BULK</term>
+ <listitem><para>Issues a bulk read or write request to the
+ device.
+ The ioctl parameter is a pointer to this structure:
+<programlisting>struct usbdevfs_bulktransfer {
+ unsigned int ep;
+ unsigned int len;
+ unsigned int timeout; /* in milliseconds */
+ void *data;
+};</programlisting>
+ </para><para>The "ep" value identifies a
+ bulk endpoint number (1 to 15, as identified in an endpoint
+ descriptor),
+ masked with USB_DIR_IN when referring to an endpoint which
+ sends data to the host from the device.
+ The length of the data buffer is identified by "len";
+ Recent kernels support requests up to about 128KBytes.
+ <emphasis>FIXME say how read length is returned,
+ and how short reads are handled.</emphasis>.
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_CLEAR_HALT</term>
+ <listitem><para>Clears endpoint halt (stall) and
+ resets the endpoint toggle. This is only
+ meaningful for bulk or interrupt endpoints.
+ The ioctl parameter is an integer endpoint number
+ (1 to 15, as identified in an endpoint descriptor),
+ masked with USB_DIR_IN when referring to an endpoint which
+ sends data to the host from the device.
+ </para><para>
+ Use this on bulk or interrupt endpoints which have
+ stalled, returning <emphasis>-EPIPE</emphasis> status
+ to a data transfer request.
+ Do not issue the control request directly, since
+ that could invalidate the host's record of the
+ data toggle.
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_CONTROL</term>
+ <listitem><para>Issues a control request to the device.
+ The ioctl parameter points to a structure like this:
+<programlisting>struct usbdevfs_ctrltransfer {
+ __u8 bRequestType;
+ __u8 bRequest;
+ __u16 wValue;
+ __u16 wIndex;
+ __u16 wLength;
+ __u32 timeout; /* in milliseconds */
+ void *data;
+};</programlisting>
+ </para><para>
+ The first eight bytes of this structure are the contents
+ of the SETUP packet to be sent to the device; see the
+ USB 2.0 specification for details.
+ The bRequestType value is composed by combining a
+ USB_TYPE_* value, a USB_DIR_* value, and a
+ USB_RECIP_* value (from
+ <emphasis><linux/usb.h></emphasis>).
+ If wLength is nonzero, it describes the length of the data
+ buffer, which is either written to the device
+ (USB_DIR_OUT) or read from the device (USB_DIR_IN).
+ </para><para>
+ At this writing, you can't transfer more than 4 KBytes
+ of data to or from a device; usbfs has a limit, and
+ some host controller drivers have a limit.
+ (That's not usually a problem.)
+ <emphasis>Also</emphasis> there's no way to say it's
+ not OK to get a short read back from the device.
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_RESET</term>
+ <listitem><para>Does a USB level device reset.
+ The ioctl parameter is ignored.
+ After the reset, this rebinds all device interfaces.
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><warning><para>
+ <emphasis>Avoid using this call</emphasis>
+ until some usbcore bugs get fixed,
+ since it does not fully synchronize device, interface,
+ and driver (not just usbfs) state.
+ </para></warning></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_SETINTERFACE</term>
+ <listitem><para>Sets the alternate setting for an
+ interface. The ioctl parameter is a pointer to a
+ structure like this:
+<programlisting>struct usbdevfs_setinterface {
+ unsigned int interface;
+ unsigned int altsetting;
+}; </programlisting>
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><para>
+ Those struct members are from some interface descriptor
+ applying to the the current configuration.
+ The interface number is the bInterfaceNumber value, and
+ the altsetting number is the bAlternateSetting value.
+ (This resets each endpoint in the interface.)
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_SETCONFIGURATION</term>
+ <listitem><para>Issues the
+ <function>usb_set_configuration</function> call
+ for the device.
+ The parameter is an integer holding the number of
+ a configuration (bConfigurationValue from descriptor).
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><warning><para>
+ <emphasis>Avoid using this call</emphasis>
+ until some usbcore bugs get fixed,
+ since it does not fully synchronize device, interface,
+ and driver (not just usbfs) state.
+ </para></warning></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Asynchronous I/O Support</title>
+
+ <para>As mentioned above, there are situations where it may be
+ important to initiate concurrent operations from user mode code.
+ This is particularly important for periodic transfers
+ (interrupt and isochronous), but it can be used for other
+ kinds of USB requests too.
+ In such cases, the asynchronous requests described here
+ are essential. Rather than submitting one request and having
+ the kernel block until it completes, the blocking is separate.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>These requests are packaged into a structure that
+ resembles the URB used by kernel device drivers.
+ (No POSIX Async I/O support here, sorry.)
+ It identifies the endpoint type (USBDEVFS_URB_TYPE_*),
+ endpoint (number, masked with USB_DIR_IN as appropriate),
+ buffer and length, and a user "context" value serving to
+ uniquely identify each request.
+ (It's usually a pointer to per-request data.)
+ Flags can modify requests (not as many as supported for
+ kernel drivers).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Each request can specify a realtime signal number
+ (between SIGRTMIN and SIGRTMAX, inclusive) to request a
+ signal be sent when the request completes.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>When usbfs returns these urbs, the status value
+ is updated, and the buffer may have been modified.
+ Except for isochronous transfers, the actual_length is
+ updated to say how many bytes were transferred; if the
+ USBDEVFS_URB_DISABLE_SPD flag is set
+ ("short packets are not OK"), if fewer bytes were read
+ than were requested then you get an error report.
+ </para>
+
+<programlisting>struct usbdevfs_iso_packet_desc {
+ unsigned int length;
+ unsigned int actual_length;
+ unsigned int status;
+};
+
+struct usbdevfs_urb {
+ unsigned char type;
+ unsigned char endpoint;
+ int status;
+ unsigned int flags;
+ void *buffer;
+ int buffer_length;
+ int actual_length;
+ int start_frame;
+ int number_of_packets;
+ int error_count;
+ unsigned int signr;
+ void *usercontext;
+ struct usbdevfs_iso_packet_desc iso_frame_desc[];
+};</programlisting>
+
+ <para> For these asynchronous requests, the file modification
+ time reflects when the request was initiated.
+ This contrasts with their use with the synchronous requests,
+ where it reflects when requests complete.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_DISCARDURB</term>
+ <listitem><para>
+ <emphasis>TBS</emphasis>
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><para>
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_DISCSIGNAL</term>
+ <listitem><para>
+ <emphasis>TBS</emphasis>
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><para>
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_REAPURB</term>
+ <listitem><para>
+ <emphasis>TBS</emphasis>
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><para>
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_REAPURBNDELAY</term>
+ <listitem><para>
+ <emphasis>TBS</emphasis>
+ File modification time is not updated by this request.
+ </para><para>
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>USBDEVFS_SUBMITURB</term>
+ <listitem><para>
+ <emphasis>TBS</emphasis>
+ </para><para>
+ </para></listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect2>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
+<!-- vim:syntax=sgml:sw=4
+-->
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/via-audio.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/via-audio.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36e6421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/via-audio.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="ViaAudioGuide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Via 686 Audio Driver for Linux</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Jeff</firstname>
+ <surname>Garzik</surname>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>1999-2001</year>
+ <holder>Jeff Garzik</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ The Via VT82C686A "super southbridge" chips contain
+ AC97-compatible audio logic which features dual 16-bit stereo
+ PCM sound channels (full duplex), plus a third PCM channel intended for use
+ in hardware-assisted FM synthesis.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The current Linux kernel audio driver for this family of chips
+ supports audio playback and recording, but hardware-assisted
+ FM features, and hardware buffer direct-access (mmap)
+ support are not yet available.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ This driver supports any Linux kernel version after 2.4.10.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Please send bug reports to the mailing list <email>linux-via@gtf.org</email>.
+ To subscribe, e-mail <email>majordomo@gtf.org</email> with
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ subscribe linux-via
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ in the body of the message.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="install">
+ <title>Driver Installation</title>
+ <para>
+ To use this audio driver, select the
+ CONFIG_SOUND_VIA82CXXX option in the section Sound during kernel configuration.
+ Follow the usual kernel procedures for rebuilding the kernel,
+ or building and installing driver modules.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ To make this driver the default audio driver, you can add the
+ following to your /etc/conf.modules file:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ alias sound via82cxxx_audio
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Note that soundcore and ac97_codec support modules
+ are also required for working audio, in addition to
+ the via82cxxx_audio module itself.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="reportbug">
+ <title>Submitting a bug report</title>
+ <sect1 id="bugrepdesc"><title>Description of problem</title>
+ <para>
+ Describe the application you were using to play/record sound, and how
+ to reproduce the problem.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="bugrepdiag"><title>Diagnostic output</title>
+ <para>
+ Obtain the via-audio-diag diagnostics program from
+ http://sf.net/projects/gkernel/ and provide a dump of the
+ audio chip's registers while the problem is occurring. Sample command line:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ ./via-audio-diag -aps > diag-output.txt
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="bugrepdebug"><title>Driver debug output</title>
+ <para>
+ Define <constant>VIA_DEBUG</constant> at the beginning of the driver, then capture and email
+ the kernel log output. This can be viewed in the system kernel log (if
+ enabled), or via the dmesg program. Sample command line:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ dmesg > /tmp/dmesg-output.txt
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="bugrepprintk"><title>Bigger kernel message buffer</title>
+ <para>
+ If you wish to increase the size of the buffer displayed by dmesg, then
+ change the <constant>LOG_BUF_LEN</constant> macro at the top of linux/kernel/printk.c, recompile
+ your kernel, and pass the <constant>LOG_BUF_LEN</constant> value to dmesg. Sample command line with
+ <constant>LOG_BUF_LEN</constant> == 32768:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ dmesg -s 32768 > /tmp/dmesg-output.txt
+ </programlisting>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="bugs">
+ <title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
+ <para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry><term>Low volume</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Volume too low on many systems. Workaround: use mixer program
+ such as xmixer to increase volume.
+ </para>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="thanks">
+ <title>Thanks</title>
+ <para>
+ Via for providing e-mail support, specs, and NDA'd source code.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ MandrakeSoft for providing hacking time.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ AC97 mixer interface fixes and debugging by Ron Cemer <email>roncemer@gte.net</email>.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Rui Sousa <email>rui.sousa@conexant.com</email>, for bugfixing
+ MMAP support, and several other notable fixes that resulted from
+ his hard work and testing.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Adrian Cox <email>adrian@humboldt.co.uk</email>, for bugfixing
+ MMAP support, and several other notable fixes that resulted from
+ his hard work and testing.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Thomas Sailer for further bugfixes.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="notes">
+ <title>Random Notes</title>
+ <para>
+ Two /proc pseudo-files provide diagnostic information. This is generally
+ not useful to most users. Power users can disable CONFIG_SOUND_VIA82CXXX_PROCFS,
+ and remove the /proc support code. Once
+ version 2.0.0 is released, the /proc support code will be disabled by
+ default. Available /proc pseudo-files:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ /proc/driver/via/0/info
+ /proc/driver/via/0/ac97
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ This driver by default supports all PCI audio devices which report
+ a vendor id of 0x1106, and a device id of 0x3058. Subsystem vendor
+ and device ids are not examined.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ GNU indent formatting options:
+ <programlisting>
+-kr -i8 -ts8 -br -ce -bap -sob -l80 -pcs -cs -ss -bs -di1 -nbc -lp -psl
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Via has graciously donated e-mail support and source code to help further
+ the development of this driver. Their assistance has been invaluable
+ in the design and coding of the next major version of this driver.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The Via audio chip apparently provides a second PCM scatter-gather
+ DMA channel just for FM data, but does not have a full hardware MIDI
+ processor. I haven't put much thought towards a solution here, but it
+ might involve using SoftOSS midi wave table, or simply disabling MIDI
+ support altogether and using the FM PCM channel as a second (input? output?)
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="changelog">
+ <title>Driver ChangeLog</title>
+
+<sect1 id="version191"><title>
+Version 1.9.1
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ DSP read/write bugfixes from Thomas Sailer.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Add new PCI id for single-channel use of Via 8233.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Other bug fixes, tweaks, new ioctls.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version1115"><title>
+Version 1.1.15
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Support for variable fragment size and variable fragment number (Rui
+ Sousa)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Fixes for the SPEED, STEREO, CHANNELS, FMT ioctls when in read &
+ write mode (Rui Sousa)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Mmaped sound is now fully functional. (Rui Sousa)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Make sure to enable PCI device before reading any of its PCI
+ config information. (fixes potential hotplug problems)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Clean up code a bit and add more internal function documentation.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ AC97 codec access fixes (Adrian Cox)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Big endian fixes (Adrian Cox)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ MIDI support (Adrian Cox)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Detect and report locked-rate AC97 codecs. If your hardware only
+ supports 48Khz (locked rate), then your recording/playback software
+ must upsample or downsample accordingly. The hardware cannot do it.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Use new pci_request_regions and pci_disable_device functions in
+ kernel 2.4.6.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version1114"><title>
+Version 1.1.14
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Use VM_RESERVE when available, to eliminate unnecessary page faults.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version1112"><title>
+Version 1.1.12
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ mmap bug fixes from Linus.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version1111"><title>
+Version 1.1.11
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Many more bug fixes. mmap enabled by default, but may still be buggy.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Uses new and spiffy method of mmap'ing the DMA buffer, based
+ on a suggestion from Linus.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version1110"><title>
+Version 1.1.10
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Many bug fixes. mmap enabled by default, but may still be buggy.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version119"><title>
+Version 1.1.9
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Redesign and rewrite audio playback implementation. (faster and smaller, hopefully)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Implement recording and full duplex (DSP_CAP_DUPLEX) support.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Make procfs support optional.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Quick interrupt status check, to lessen overhead in interrupt
+ sharing situations.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Add mmap(2) support. Disabled for now, it is still buggy and experimental.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Surround all syscalls with a semaphore for cheap and easy SMP protection.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Fix bug in channel shutdown (hardware channel reset) code.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Remove unnecessary spinlocks (better performance).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Eliminate "unknown AFMT" message by using a different method
+ of selecting the best AFMT_xxx sound sample format for use.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Support for realtime hardware pointer position reporting
+ (DSP_CAP_REALTIME, SNDCTL_DSP_GETxPTR ioctls)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Support for capture/playback triggering
+ (DSP_CAP_TRIGGER, SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER ioctls)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ SNDCTL_DSP_SETDUPLEX and SNDCTL_DSP_POST ioctls now handled.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Rewrite open(2) and close(2) logic to allow only one user at
+ a time. All other open(2) attempts will sleep until they succeed.
+ FIXME: open(O_RDONLY) and open(O_WRONLY) should be allowed to succeed.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Reviewed code to ensure that SMP and multiple audio devices
+ are fully supported.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version118"><title>
+Version 1.1.8
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Clean up interrupt handler output. Fixes the following kernel error message:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ unhandled interrupt ...
+ </programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Convert documentation to DocBook, so that PDF, HTML and PostScript (.ps) output is readily
+ available.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version117"><title>
+Version 1.1.7
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Fix module unload bug where mixer device left registered
+ after driver exit
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version116"><title>
+Version 1.1.6
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Rewrite via_set_rate to mimic ALSA basic AC97 rate setting
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Remove much dead code
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Complete spin_lock_irqsave -> spin_lock_irq conversion in via_dsp_ioctl
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Fix build problem in via_dsp_ioctl
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Optimize included headers to eliminate headers found in linux/sound
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version115"><title>
+Version 1.1.5
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Disable some overly-verbose debugging code
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Remove unnecessary sound locks
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Fix some ioctls for better time resolution
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Begin spin_lock_irqsave -> spin_lock_irq conversion in via_dsp_ioctl
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+<sect1 id="version114"><title>
+Version 1.1.4
+</title>
+ <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Completed rewrite of driver. Eliminated SoundBlaster compatibility
+ completely, and now uses the much-faster scatter-gather DMA engine.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+</sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="intfunctions">
+ <title>Internal Functions</title>
+!Isound/oss/via82cxxx_audio.c
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/videobook.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/videobook.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ec6c87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/videobook.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,1663 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="V4LGuide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Video4Linux Programming</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Alan</firstname>
+ <surname>Cox</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>alan@redhat.com</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2000</year>
+ <holder>Alan Cox</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ Parts of this document first appeared in Linux Magazine under a
+ ninety day exclusivity.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Video4Linux is intended to provide a common programming interface
+ for the many TV and capture cards now on the market, as well as
+ parallel port and USB video cameras. Radio, teletext decoders and
+ vertical blanking data interfaces are also provided.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter id="radio">
+ <title>Radio Devices</title>
+ <para>
+ There are a wide variety of radio interfaces available for PC's, and these
+ are generally very simple to program. The biggest problem with supporting
+ such devices is normally extracting documentation from the vendor.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The radio interface supports a simple set of control ioctls standardised
+ across all radio and tv interfaces. It does not support read or write, which
+ are used for video streams. The reason radio cards do not allow you to read
+ the audio stream into an application is that without exception they provide
+ a connection on to a soundcard. Soundcards can be used to read the radio
+ data just fine.
+ </para>
+ <sect1 id="registerradio">
+ <title>Registering Radio Devices</title>
+ <para>
+ The Video4linux core provides an interface for registering devices. The
+ first step in writing our radio card driver is to register it.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static struct video_device my_radio
+{
+ "My radio",
+ VID_TYPE_TUNER,
+ VID_HARDWARE_MYRADIO,
+ radio_open.
+ radio_close,
+ NULL, /* no read */
+ NULL, /* no write */
+ NULL, /* no poll */
+ radio_ioctl,
+ NULL, /* no special init function */
+ NULL /* no private data */
+};
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ This declares our video4linux device driver interface. The VID_TYPE_ value
+ defines what kind of an interface we are, and defines basic capabilities.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The only defined value relevant for a radio card is VID_TYPE_TUNER which
+ indicates that the device can be tuned. Clearly our radio is going to have some
+ way to change channel so it is tuneable.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The VID_HARDWARE_ types are unique to each device. Numbers are assigned by
+ <email>alan@redhat.com</email> when device drivers are going to be released. Until then you
+ can pull a suitably large number out of your hat and use it. 10000 should be
+ safe for a very long time even allowing for the huge number of vendors
+ making new and different radio cards at the moment.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We declare an open and close routine, but we do not need read or write,
+ which are used to read and write video data to or from the card itself. As
+ we have no read or write there is no poll function.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The private initialise function is run when the device is registered. In
+ this driver we've already done all the work needed. The final pointer is a
+ private data pointer that can be used by the device driver to attach and
+ retrieve private data structures. We set this field "priv" to NULL for
+ the moment.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Having the structure defined is all very well but we now need to register it
+ with the kernel.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static int io = 0x320;
+
+int __init myradio_init(struct video_init *v)
+{
+ if(!request_region(io, MY_IO_SIZE, "myradio"))
+ {
+ printk(KERN_ERR
+ "myradio: port 0x%03X is in use.\n", io);
+ return -EBUSY;
+ }
+
+ if(video_device_register(&my_radio, VFL_TYPE_RADIO)==-1) {
+ release_region(io, MY_IO_SIZE);
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The first stage of the initialisation, as is normally the case, is to check
+ that the I/O space we are about to fiddle with doesn't belong to some other
+ driver. If it is we leave well alone. If the user gives the address of the
+ wrong device then we will spot this. These policies will generally avoid
+ crashing the machine.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Now we ask the Video4Linux layer to register the device for us. We hand it
+ our carefully designed video_device structure and also tell it which group
+ of devices we want it registered with. In this case VFL_TYPE_RADIO.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The types available are
+ </para>
+ <table frame="all"><title>Device Types</title>
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>VFL_TYPE_RADIO</entry><entry>/dev/radio{n}</entry><entry>
+
+ Radio devices are assigned in this block. As with all of these
+ selections the actual number assignment is done by the video layer
+ accordijng to what is free.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VFL_TYPE_GRABBER</entry><entry>/dev/video{n}</entry><entry>
+ Video capture devices and also -- counter-intuitively for the name --
+ hardware video playback devices such as MPEG2 cards.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VFL_TYPE_VBI</entry><entry>/dev/vbi{n}</entry><entry>
+ The VBI devices capture the hidden lines on a television picture
+ that carry further information like closed caption data, teletext
+ (primarily in Europe) and now Intercast and the ATVEC internet
+ television encodings.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VFL_TYPE_VTX</entry><entry>/dev/vtx[n}</entry><entry>
+ VTX is 'Videotext' also known as 'Teletext'. This is a system for
+ sending numbered, 40x25, mostly textual page images over the hidden
+ lines. Unlike the /dev/vbi interfaces, this is for 'smart' decoder
+ chips. (The use of the word smart here has to be taken in context,
+ the smartest teletext chips are fairly dumb pieces of technology).
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <para>
+ We are most definitely a radio.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Finally we allocate our I/O space so that nobody treads on us and return 0
+ to signify general happiness with the state of the universe.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="openradio">
+ <title>Opening And Closing The Radio</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The functions we declared in our video_device are mostly very simple.
+ Firstly we can drop in what is basically standard code for open and close.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static int users = 0;
+
+static int radio_open(stuct video_device *dev, int flags)
+{
+ if(users)
+ return -EBUSY;
+ users++;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ At open time we need to do nothing but check if someone else is also using
+ the radio card. If nobody is using it we make a note that we are using it,
+ then we ensure that nobody unloads our driver on us.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static int radio_close(struct video_device *dev)
+{
+ users--;
+}
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ At close time we simply need to reduce the user count and allow the module
+ to become unloadable.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ If you are sharp you will have noticed neither the open nor the close
+ routines attempt to reset or change the radio settings. This is intentional.
+ It allows an application to set up the radio and exit. It avoids a user
+ having to leave an application running all the time just to listen to the
+ radio.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="ioctlradio">
+ <title>The Ioctl Interface</title>
+ <para>
+ This leaves the ioctl routine, without which the driver will not be
+ terribly useful to anyone.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static int radio_ioctl(struct video_device *dev, unsigned int cmd, void *arg)
+{
+ switch(cmd)
+ {
+ case VIDIOCGCAP:
+ {
+ struct video_capability v;
+ v.type = VID_TYPE_TUNER;
+ v.channels = 1;
+ v.audios = 1;
+ v.maxwidth = 0;
+ v.minwidth = 0;
+ v.maxheight = 0;
+ v.minheight = 0;
+ strcpy(v.name, "My Radio");
+ if(copy_to_user(arg, &v, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ VIDIOCGCAP is the first ioctl all video4linux devices must support. It
+ allows the applications to find out what sort of a card they have found and
+ to figure out what they want to do about it. The fields in the structure are
+ </para>
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_capability fields</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>name</entry><entry>The device text name. This is intended for the user.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>channels</entry><entry>The number of different channels you can tune on
+ this card. It could even by zero for a card that has
+ no tuning capability. For our simple FM radio it is 1.
+ An AM/FM radio would report 2.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>audios</entry><entry>The number of audio inputs on this device. For our
+ radio there is only one audio input.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>minwidth,minheight</entry><entry>The smallest size the card is capable of capturing
+ images in. We set these to zero. Radios do not
+ capture pictures</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>maxwidth,maxheight</entry><entry>The largest image size the card is capable of
+ capturing. For our radio we report 0.
+ </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>type</entry><entry>This reports the capabilities of the device, and
+ matches the field we filled in in the struct
+ video_device when registering.</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <para>
+ Having filled in the fields, we use copy_to_user to copy the structure into
+ the users buffer. If the copy fails we return an EFAULT to the application
+ so that it knows it tried to feed us garbage.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The next pair of ioctl operations select which tuner is to be used and let
+ the application find the tuner properties. We have only a single FM band
+ tuner in our example device.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+ case VIDIOCGTUNER:
+ {
+ struct video_tuner v;
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v))!=0)
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.tuner)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ v.rangelow=(87*16000);
+ v.rangehigh=(108*16000);
+ v.flags = VIDEO_TUNER_LOW;
+ v.mode = VIDEO_MODE_AUTO;
+ v.signal = 0xFFFF;
+ strcpy(v.name, "FM");
+ if(copy_to_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v))!=0)
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The VIDIOCGTUNER ioctl allows applications to query a tuner. The application
+ sets the tuner field to the tuner number it wishes to query. The query does
+ not change the tuner that is being used, it merely enquires about the tuner
+ in question.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We have exactly one tuner so after copying the user buffer to our temporary
+ structure we complain if they asked for a tuner other than tuner 0.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The video_tuner structure has the following fields
+ </para>
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_tuner fields</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>int tuner</entry><entry>The number of the tuner in question</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>char name[32]</entry><entry>A text description of this tuner. "FM" will do fine.
+ This is intended for the application.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>u32 flags</entry>
+ <entry>Tuner capability flags</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>u16 mode</entry><entry>The current reception mode</entry>
+
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>u16 signal</entry><entry>The signal strength scaled between 0 and 65535. If
+ a device cannot tell the signal strength it should
+ report 65535. Many simple cards contain only a
+ signal/no signal bit. Such cards will report either
+ 0 or 65535.</entry>
+
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>u32 rangelow, rangehigh</entry><entry>
+ The range of frequencies supported by the radio
+ or TV. It is scaled according to the VIDEO_TUNER_LOW
+ flag.</entry>
+
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_tuner flags</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_TUNER_PAL</entry><entry>A PAL TV tuner</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_TUNER_NTSC</entry><entry>An NTSC (US) TV tuner</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_TUNER_SECAM</entry><entry>A SECAM (French) TV tuner</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_TUNER_LOW</entry><entry>
+ The tuner frequency is scaled in 1/16th of a KHz
+ steps. If not it is in 1/16th of a MHz steps
+ </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_TUNER_NORM</entry><entry>The tuner can set its format</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_TUNER_STEREO_ON</entry><entry>The tuner is currently receiving a stereo signal</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_tuner modes</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_MODE_PAL</entry><entry>PAL Format</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_MODE_NTSC</entry><entry>NTSC Format (USA)</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_MODE_SECAM</entry><entry>French Format</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_MODE_AUTO</entry><entry>A device that does not need to do
+ TV format switching</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <para>
+ The settings for the radio card are thus fairly simple. We report that we
+ are a tuner called "FM" for FM radio. In order to get the best tuning
+ resolution we report VIDEO_TUNER_LOW and select tuning to 1/16th of KHz. Its
+ unlikely our card can do that resolution but it is a fair bet the card can
+ do better than 1/16th of a MHz. VIDEO_TUNER_LOW is appropriate to almost all
+ radio usage.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We report that the tuner automatically handles deciding what format it is
+ receiving - true enough as it only handles FM radio. Our example card is
+ also incapable of detecting stereo or signal strengths so it reports a
+ strength of 0xFFFF (maximum) and no stereo detected.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ To finish off we set the range that can be tuned to be 87-108Mhz, the normal
+ FM broadcast radio range. It is important to find out what the card is
+ actually capable of tuning. It is easy enough to simply use the FM broadcast
+ range. Unfortunately if you do this you will discover the FM broadcast
+ ranges in the USA, Europe and Japan are all subtly different and some users
+ cannot receive all the stations they wish.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The application also needs to be able to set the tuner it wishes to use. In
+ our case, with a single tuner this is rather simple to arrange.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+ case VIDIOCSTUNER:
+ {
+ struct video_tuner v;
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.tuner != 0)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ We copy the user supplied structure into kernel memory so we can examine it.
+ If the user has selected a tuner other than zero we reject the request. If
+ they wanted tuner 0 then, surprisingly enough, that is the current tuner already.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The next two ioctls we need to provide are to get and set the frequency of
+ the radio. These both use an unsigned long argument which is the frequency.
+ The scale of the frequency depends on the VIDEO_TUNER_LOW flag as I
+ mentioned earlier on. Since we have VIDEO_TUNER_LOW set this will be in
+ 1/16ths of a KHz.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+static unsigned long current_freq;
+
+
+
+ case VIDIOCGFREQ:
+ if(copy_to_user(arg, &current_freq,
+ sizeof(unsigned long))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Querying the frequency in our case is relatively simple. Our radio card is
+ too dumb to let us query the signal strength so we remember our setting if
+ we know it. All we have to do is copy it to the user.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+ case VIDIOCSFREQ:
+ {
+ u32 freq;
+ if(copy_from_user(arg, &freq,
+ sizeof(unsigned long))!=0)
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(hardware_set_freq(freq)<0)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ current_freq = freq;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Setting the frequency is a little more complex. We begin by copying the
+ desired frequency into kernel space. Next we call a hardware specific routine
+ to set the radio up. This might be as simple as some scaling and a few
+ writes to an I/O port. For most radio cards it turns out a good deal more
+ complicated and may involve programming things like a phase locked loop on
+ the card. This is what documentation is for.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The final set of operations we need to provide for our radio are the
+ volume controls. Not all radio cards can even do volume control. After all
+ there is a perfectly good volume control on the sound card. We will assume
+ our radio card has a simple 4 step volume control.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ There are two ioctls with audio we need to support
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+static int current_volume=0;
+
+ case VIDIOCGAUDIO:
+ {
+ struct video_audio v;
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.audio != 0)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ v.volume = 16384*current_volume;
+ v.step = 16384;
+ strcpy(v.name, "Radio");
+ v.mode = VIDEO_SOUND_MONO;
+ v.balance = 0;
+ v.base = 0;
+ v.treble = 0;
+
+ if(copy_to_user(arg. &v, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Much like the tuner we start by copying the user structure into kernel
+ space. Again we check if the user has asked for a valid audio input. We have
+ only input 0 and we punt if they ask for another input.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Then we fill in the video_audio structure. This has the following format
+ </para>
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_audio fields</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>audio</entry><entry>The input the user wishes to query</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>volume</entry><entry>The volume setting on a scale of 0-65535</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>base</entry><entry>The base level on a scale of 0-65535</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>treble</entry><entry>The treble level on a scale of 0-65535</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>flags</entry><entry>The features this audio device supports
+ </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>name</entry><entry>A text name to display to the user. We picked
+ "Radio" as it explains things quite nicely.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>mode</entry><entry>The current reception mode for the audio
+
+ We report MONO because our card is too stupid to know if it is in
+ mono or stereo.
+ </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>balance</entry><entry>The stereo balance on a scale of 0-65535, 32768 is
+ middle.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>step</entry><entry>The step by which the volume control jumps. This is
+ used to help make it easy for applications to set
+ slider behaviour.</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_audio flags</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTE</entry><entry>The audio is currently muted. We
+ could fake this in our driver but we
+ choose not to bother.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTABLE</entry><entry>The input has a mute option</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_AUDIO_TREBLE</entry><entry>The input has a treble control</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_AUDIO_BASS</entry><entry>The input has a base control</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_audio modes</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_SOUND_MONO</entry><entry>Mono sound</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_SOUND_STEREO</entry><entry>Stereo sound</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_SOUND_LANG1</entry><entry>Alternative language 1 (TV specific)</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_SOUND_LANG2</entry><entry>Alternative language 2 (TV specific)</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <para>
+ Having filled in the structure we copy it back to user space.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The VIDIOCSAUDIO ioctl allows the user to set the audio parameters in the
+ video_audio structure. The driver does its best to honour the request.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+ case VIDIOCSAUDIO:
+ {
+ struct video_audio v;
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.audio)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ current_volume = v/16384;
+ hardware_set_volume(current_volume);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ In our case there is very little that the user can set. The volume is
+ basically the limit. Note that we could pretend to have a mute feature
+ by rewriting this to
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+ case VIDIOCSAUDIO:
+ {
+ struct video_audio v;
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.audio)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ current_volume = v/16384;
+ if(v.flags&VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTE)
+ hardware_set_volume(0);
+ else
+ hardware_set_volume(current_volume);
+ current_muted = v.flags &
+ VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTE;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ This with the corresponding changes to the VIDIOCGAUDIO code to report the
+ state of the mute flag we save and to report the card has a mute function,
+ will allow applications to use a mute facility with this card. It is
+ questionable whether this is a good idea however. User applications can already
+ fake this themselves and kernel space is precious.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We now have a working radio ioctl handler. So we just wrap up the function
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+ }
+ return -ENOIOCTLCMD;
+}
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ and pass the Video4Linux layer back an error so that it knows we did not
+ understand the request we got passed.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="modradio">
+ <title>Module Wrapper</title>
+ <para>
+ Finally we add in the usual module wrapping and the driver is done.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+#ifndef MODULE
+
+static int io = 0x300;
+
+#else
+
+static int io = -1;
+
+#endif
+
+MODULE_AUTHOR("Alan Cox");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A driver for an imaginary radio card.");
+module_param(io, int, 0444);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(io, "I/O address of the card.");
+
+static int __init init(void)
+{
+ if(io==-1)
+ {
+ printk(KERN_ERR
+ "You must set an I/O address with io=0x???\n");
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+ return myradio_init(NULL);
+}
+
+static void __exit cleanup(void)
+{
+ video_unregister_device(&my_radio);
+ release_region(io, MY_IO_SIZE);
+}
+
+module_init(init);
+module_exit(cleanup);
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ In this example we set the IO base by default if the driver is compiled into
+ the kernel: you can still set it using "my_radio.irq" if this file is called <filename>my_radio.c</filename>. For the module we require the
+ user sets the parameter. We set io to a nonsense port (-1) so that we can
+ tell if the user supplied an io parameter or not.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We use MODULE_ defines to give an author for the card driver and a
+ description. We also use them to declare that io is an integer and it is the
+ address of the card, and can be read by anyone from sysfs.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The clean-up routine unregisters the video_device we registered, and frees
+ up the I/O space. Note that the unregister takes the actual video_device
+ structure as its argument. Unlike the file operations structure which can be
+ shared by all instances of a device a video_device structure as an actual
+ instance of the device. If you are registering multiple radio devices you
+ need to fill in one structure per device (most likely by setting up a
+ template and copying it to each of the actual device structures).
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter>
+ <title>Video Capture Devices</title>
+ <sect1 id="introvid">
+ <title>Video Capture Device Types</title>
+ <para>
+ The video capture devices share the same interfaces as radio devices. In
+ order to explain the video capture interface I will use the example of a
+ camera that has no tuners or audio input. This keeps the example relatively
+ clean. To get both combine the two driver examples.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Video capture devices divide into four categories. A little technology
+ backgrounder. Full motion video even at television resolution (which is
+ actually fairly low) is pretty resource-intensive. You are continually
+ passing megabytes of data every second from the capture card to the display.
+ several alternative approaches have emerged because copying this through the
+ processor and the user program is a particularly bad idea .
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The first is to add the television image onto the video output directly.
+ This is also how some 3D cards work. These basic cards can generally drop the
+ video into any chosen rectangle of the display. Cards like this, which
+ include most mpeg1 cards that used the feature connector, aren't very
+ friendly in a windowing environment. They don't understand windows or
+ clipping. The video window is always on the top of the display.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Chroma keying is a technique used by cards to get around this. It is an old
+ television mixing trick where you mark all the areas you wish to replace
+ with a single clear colour that isn't used in the image - TV people use an
+ incredibly bright blue while computing people often use a particularly
+ virulent purple. Bright blue occurs on the desktop. Anyone with virulent
+ purple windows has another problem besides their TV overlay.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The third approach is to copy the data from the capture card to the video
+ card, but to do it directly across the PCI bus. This relieves the processor
+ from doing the work but does require some smartness on the part of the video
+ capture chip, as well as a suitable video card. Programming this kind of
+ card and more so debugging it can be extremely tricky. There are some quite
+ complicated interactions with the display and you may also have to cope with
+ various chipset bugs that show up when PCI cards start talking to each
+ other.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ To keep our example fairly simple we will assume a card that supports
+ overlaying a flat rectangular image onto the frame buffer output, and which
+ can also capture stuff into processor memory.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="regvid">
+ <title>Registering Video Capture Devices</title>
+ <para>
+ This time we need to add more functions for our camera device.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static struct video_device my_camera
+{
+ "My Camera",
+ VID_TYPE_OVERLAY|VID_TYPE_SCALES|\
+ VID_TYPE_CAPTURE|VID_TYPE_CHROMAKEY,
+ VID_HARDWARE_MYCAMERA,
+ camera_open.
+ camera_close,
+ camera_read, /* no read */
+ NULL, /* no write */
+ camera_poll, /* no poll */
+ camera_ioctl,
+ NULL, /* no special init function */
+ NULL /* no private data */
+};
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ We need a read() function which is used for capturing data from
+ the card, and we need a poll function so that a driver can wait for the next
+ frame to be captured.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We use the extra video capability flags that did not apply to the
+ radio interface. The video related flags are
+ </para>
+ <table frame="all"><title>Capture Capabilities</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+<entry>VID_TYPE_CAPTURE</entry><entry>We support image capture</entry>
+</row><row>
+<entry>VID_TYPE_TELETEXT</entry><entry>A teletext capture device (vbi{n])</entry>
+</row><row>
+<entry>VID_TYPE_OVERLAY</entry><entry>The image can be directly overlaid onto the
+ frame buffer</entry>
+</row><row>
+<entry>VID_TYPE_CHROMAKEY</entry><entry>Chromakey can be used to select which parts
+ of the image to display</entry>
+</row><row>
+<entry>VID_TYPE_CLIPPING</entry><entry>It is possible to give the board a list of
+ rectangles to draw around. </entry>
+</row><row>
+<entry>VID_TYPE_FRAMERAM</entry><entry>The video capture goes into the video memory
+ and actually changes it. Applications need
+ to know this so they can clean up after the
+ card</entry>
+</row><row>
+<entry>VID_TYPE_SCALES</entry><entry>The image can be scaled to various sizes,
+ rather than being a single fixed size.</entry>
+</row><row>
+<entry>VID_TYPE_MONOCHROME</entry><entry>The capture will be monochrome. This isn't a
+ complete answer to the question since a mono
+ camera on a colour capture card will still
+ produce mono output.</entry>
+</row><row>
+<entry>VID_TYPE_SUBCAPTURE</entry><entry>The card allows only part of its field of
+ view to be captured. This enables
+ applications to avoid copying all of a large
+ image into memory when only some section is
+ relevant.</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <para>
+ We set VID_TYPE_CAPTURE so that we are seen as a capture card,
+ VID_TYPE_CHROMAKEY so the application knows it is time to draw in virulent
+ purple, and VID_TYPE_SCALES because we can be resized.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Our setup is fairly similar. This time we also want an interrupt line
+ for the 'frame captured' signal. Not all cards have this so some of them
+ cannot handle poll().
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static int io = 0x320;
+static int irq = 11;
+
+int __init mycamera_init(struct video_init *v)
+{
+ if(!request_region(io, MY_IO_SIZE, "mycamera"))
+ {
+ printk(KERN_ERR
+ "mycamera: port 0x%03X is in use.\n", io);
+ return -EBUSY;
+ }
+
+ if(video_device_register(&my_camera,
+ VFL_TYPE_GRABBER)==-1) {
+ release_region(io, MY_IO_SIZE);
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ This is little changed from the needs of the radio card. We specify
+ VFL_TYPE_GRABBER this time as we want to be allocated a /dev/video name.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="opvid">
+ <title>Opening And Closing The Capture Device</title>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static int users = 0;
+
+static int camera_open(stuct video_device *dev, int flags)
+{
+ if(users)
+ return -EBUSY;
+ if(request_irq(irq, camera_irq, 0, "camera", dev)<0)
+ return -EBUSY;
+ users++;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int camera_close(struct video_device *dev)
+{
+ users--;
+ free_irq(irq, dev);
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The open and close routines are also quite similar. The only real change is
+ that we now request an interrupt for the camera device interrupt line. If we
+ cannot get the interrupt we report EBUSY to the application and give up.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="irqvid">
+ <title>Interrupt Handling</title>
+ <para>
+ Our example handler is for an ISA bus device. If it was PCI you would be
+ able to share the interrupt and would have set SA_SHIRQ to indicate a
+ shared IRQ. We pass the device pointer as the interrupt routine argument. We
+ don't need to since we only support one card but doing this will make it
+ easier to upgrade the driver for multiple devices in the future.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Our interrupt routine needs to do little if we assume the card can simply
+ queue one frame to be read after it captures it.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static struct wait_queue *capture_wait;
+static int capture_ready = 0;
+
+static void camera_irq(int irq, void *dev_id,
+ struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+ capture_ready=1;
+ wake_up_interruptible(&capture_wait);
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The interrupt handler is nice and simple for this card as we are assuming
+ the card is buffering the frame for us. This means we have little to do but
+ wake up anybody interested. We also set a capture_ready flag, as we may
+ capture a frame before an application needs it. In this case we need to know
+ that a frame is ready. If we had to collect the frame on the interrupt life
+ would be more complex.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The two new routines we need to supply are camera_read which returns a
+ frame, and camera_poll which waits for a frame to become ready.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static int camera_poll(struct video_device *dev,
+ struct file *file, struct poll_table *wait)
+{
+ poll_wait(file, &capture_wait, wait);
+ if(capture_read)
+ return POLLIN|POLLRDNORM;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Our wait queue for polling is the capture_wait queue. This will cause the
+ task to be woken up by our camera_irq routine. We check capture_read to see
+ if there is an image present and if so report that it is readable.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="rdvid">
+ <title>Reading The Video Image</title>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static long camera_read(struct video_device *dev, char *buf,
+ unsigned long count)
+{
+ struct wait_queue wait = { current, NULL };
+ u8 *ptr;
+ int len;
+ int i;
+
+ add_wait_queue(&capture_wait, &wait);
+
+ while(!capture_ready)
+ {
+ if(file->flags&O_NDELAY)
+ {
+ remove_wait_queue(&capture_wait, &wait);
+ current->state = TASK_RUNNING;
+ return -EWOULDBLOCK;
+ }
+ if(signal_pending(current))
+ {
+ remove_wait_queue(&capture_wait, &wait);
+ current->state = TASK_RUNNING;
+ return -ERESTARTSYS;
+ }
+ schedule();
+ current->state = TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE;
+ }
+ remove_wait_queue(&capture_wait, &wait);
+ current->state = TASK_RUNNING;
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The first thing we have to do is to ensure that the application waits until
+ the next frame is ready. The code here is almost identical to the mouse code
+ we used earlier in this chapter. It is one of the common building blocks of
+ Linux device driver code and probably one which you will find occurs in any
+ drivers you write.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We wait for a frame to be ready, or for a signal to interrupt our waiting. If a
+ signal occurs we need to return from the system call so that the signal can
+ be sent to the application itself. We also check to see if the user actually
+ wanted to avoid waiting - ie if they are using non-blocking I/O and have other things
+ to get on with.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Next we copy the data from the card to the user application. This is rarely
+ as easy as our example makes out. We will add capture_w, and capture_h here
+ to hold the width and height of the captured image. We assume the card only
+ supports 24bit RGB for now.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+
+ capture_ready = 0;
+
+ ptr=(u8 *)buf;
+ len = capture_w * 3 * capture_h; /* 24bit RGB */
+
+ if(len>count)
+ len=count; /* Doesn't all fit */
+
+ for(i=0; i<len; i++)
+ {
+ put_user(inb(io+IMAGE_DATA), ptr);
+ ptr++;
+ }
+
+ hardware_restart_capture();
+
+ return i;
+}
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ For a real hardware device you would try to avoid the loop with put_user().
+ Each call to put_user() has a time overhead checking whether the accesses to user
+ space are allowed. It would be better to read a line into a temporary buffer
+ then copy this to user space in one go.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Having captured the image and put it into user space we can kick the card to
+ get the next frame acquired.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="iocvid">
+ <title>Video Ioctl Handling</title>
+ <para>
+ As with the radio driver the major control interface is via the ioctl()
+ function. Video capture devices support the same tuner calls as a radio
+ device and also support additional calls to control how the video functions
+ are handled. In this simple example the card has no tuners to avoid making
+ the code complex.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+
+static int camera_ioctl(struct video_device *dev, unsigned int cmd, void *arg)
+{
+ switch(cmd)
+ {
+ case VIDIOCGCAP:
+ {
+ struct video_capability v;
+ v.type = VID_TYPE_CAPTURE|\
+ VID_TYPE_CHROMAKEY|\
+ VID_TYPE_SCALES|\
+ VID_TYPE_OVERLAY;
+ v.channels = 1;
+ v.audios = 0;
+ v.maxwidth = 640;
+ v.minwidth = 16;
+ v.maxheight = 480;
+ v.minheight = 16;
+ strcpy(v.name, "My Camera");
+ if(copy_to_user(arg, &v, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The first ioctl we must support and which all video capture and radio
+ devices are required to support is VIDIOCGCAP. This behaves exactly the same
+ as with a radio device. This time, however, we report the extra capabilities
+ we outlined earlier on when defining our video_dev structure.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We now set the video flags saying that we support overlay, capture,
+ scaling and chromakey. We also report size limits - our smallest image is
+ 16x16 pixels, our largest is 640x480.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ To keep things simple we report no audio and no tuning capabilities at all.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+ case VIDIOCGCHAN:
+ {
+ struct video_channel v;
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.channel != 0)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ v.flags = 0;
+ v.tuners = 0;
+ v.type = VIDEO_TYPE_CAMERA;
+ v.norm = VIDEO_MODE_AUTO;
+ strcpy(v.name, "Camera Input");break;
+ if(copy_to_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ This follows what is very much the standard way an ioctl handler looks
+ in Linux. We copy the data into a kernel space variable and we check that the
+ request is valid (in this case that the input is 0). Finally we copy the
+ camera info back to the user.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The VIDIOCGCHAN ioctl allows a user to ask about video channels (that is
+ inputs to the video card). Our example card has a single camera input. The
+ fields in the structure are
+ </para>
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_channel fields</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+
+ <entry>channel</entry><entry>The channel number we are selecting</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>name</entry><entry>The name for this channel. This is intended
+ to describe the port to the user.
+ Appropriate names are therefore things like
+ "Camera" "SCART input"</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>flags</entry><entry>Channel properties</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>type</entry><entry>Input type</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>norm</entry><entry>The current television encoding being used
+ if relevant for this channel.
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_channel flags</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_VC_TUNER</entry><entry>Channel has a tuner.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_VC_AUDIO</entry><entry>Channel has audio.</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_channel types</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_TYPE_TV</entry><entry>Television input.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_TYPE_CAMERA</entry><entry>Fixed camera input.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>0</entry><entry>Type is unknown.</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_channel norms</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_MODE_PAL</entry><entry>PAL encoded Television</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_MODE_NTSC</entry><entry>NTSC (US) encoded Television</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_MODE_SECAM</entry><entry>SECAM (French) Television </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VIDEO_MODE_AUTO</entry><entry>Automatic switching, or format does not
+ matter</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <para>
+ The corresponding VIDIOCSCHAN ioctl allows a user to change channel and to
+ request the norm is changed - for example to switch between a PAL or an NTSC
+ format camera.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+ case VIDIOCSCHAN:
+ {
+ struct video_channel v;
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.channel != 0)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ if(v.norm != VIDEO_MODE_AUTO)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The implementation of this call in our driver is remarkably easy. Because we
+ are assuming fixed format hardware we need only check that the user has not
+ tried to change anything.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The user also needs to be able to configure and adjust the picture they are
+ seeing. This is much like adjusting a television set. A user application
+ also needs to know the palette being used so that it knows how to display
+ the image that has been captured. The VIDIOCGPICT and VIDIOCSPICT ioctl
+ calls provide this information.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+ case VIDIOCGPICT
+ {
+ struct video_picture v;
+ v.brightness = hardware_brightness();
+ v.hue = hardware_hue();
+ v.colour = hardware_saturation();
+ v.contrast = hardware_brightness();
+ /* Not settable */
+ v.whiteness = 32768;
+ v.depth = 24; /* 24bit */
+ v.palette = VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB24;
+ if(copy_to_user(&v, arg,
+ sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The brightness, hue, color, and contrast provide the picture controls that
+ are akin to a conventional television. Whiteness provides additional
+ control for greyscale images. All of these values are scaled between 0-65535
+ and have 32768 as the mid point setting. The scaling means that applications
+ do not have to worry about the capability range of the hardware but can let
+ it make a best effort attempt.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Our depth is 24, as this is in bits. We will be returning RGB24 format. This
+ has one byte of red, then one of green, then one of blue. This then repeats
+ for every other pixel in the image. The other common formats the interface
+ defines are
+ </para>
+ <table frame="all"><title>Framebuffer Encodings</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>GREY</entry><entry>Linear greyscale. This is for simple cameras and the
+ like</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>RGB565</entry><entry>The top 5 bits hold 32 red levels, the next six bits
+ hold green and the low 5 bits hold blue. </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>RGB555</entry><entry>The top bit is clear. The red green and blue levels
+ each occupy five bits.</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <para>
+ Additional modes are support for YUV capture formats. These are common for
+ TV and video conferencing applications.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The VIDIOCSPICT ioctl allows a user to set some of the picture parameters.
+ Exactly which ones are supported depends heavily on the card itself. It is
+ possible to support many modes and effects in software. In general doing
+ this in the kernel is a bad idea. Video capture is a performance-sensitive
+ application and the programs can often do better if they aren't being
+ 'helped' by an overkeen driver writer. Thus for our device we will report
+ RGB24 only and refuse to allow a change.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+ case VIDIOCSPICT:
+ {
+ struct video_picture v;
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.depth!=24 ||
+ v.palette != VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB24)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ set_hardware_brightness(v.brightness);
+ set_hardware_hue(v.hue);
+ set_hardware_saturation(v.colour);
+ set_hardware_brightness(v.contrast);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ We check the user has not tried to change the palette or the depth. We do
+ not want to carry out some of the changes and then return an error. This may
+ confuse the application which will be assuming no change occurred.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ In much the same way as you need to be able to set the picture controls to
+ get the right capture images, many cards need to know what they are
+ displaying onto when generating overlay output. In some cases getting this
+ wrong even makes a nasty mess or may crash the computer. For that reason
+ the VIDIOCSBUF ioctl used to set up the frame buffer information may well
+ only be usable by root.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We will assume our card is one of the old ISA devices with feature connector
+ and only supports a couple of standard video modes. Very common for older
+ cards although the PCI devices are way smarter than this.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+static struct video_buffer capture_fb;
+
+ case VIDIOCGFBUF:
+ {
+ if(copy_to_user(arg, &capture_fb,
+ sizeof(capture_fb)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+
+ }
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ We keep the frame buffer information in the format the ioctl uses. This
+ makes it nice and easy to work with in the ioctl calls.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+ case VIDIOCSFBUF:
+ {
+ struct video_buffer v;
+
+ if(!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
+ return -EPERM;
+
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.width!=320 && v.width!=640)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ if(v.height!=200 && v.height!=240
+ && v.height!=400
+ && v.height !=480)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ memcpy(&capture_fb, &v, sizeof(v));
+ hardware_set_fb(&v);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The capable() function checks a user has the required capability. The Linux
+ operating system has a set of about 30 capabilities indicating privileged
+ access to services. The default set up gives the superuser (uid 0) all of
+ them and nobody else has any.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ We check that the user has the SYS_ADMIN capability, that is they are
+ allowed to operate as the machine administrator. We don't want anyone but
+ the administrator making a mess of the display.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Next we check for standard PC video modes (320 or 640 wide with either
+ EGA or VGA depths). If the mode is not a standard video mode we reject it as
+ not supported by our card. If the mode is acceptable we save it so that
+ VIDIOCFBUF will give the right answer next time it is called. The
+ hardware_set_fb() function is some undescribed card specific function to
+ program the card for the desired mode.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Before the driver can display an overlay window it needs to know where the
+ window should be placed, and also how large it should be. If the card
+ supports clipping it needs to know which rectangles to omit from the
+ display. The video_window structure is used to describe the way the image
+ should be displayed.
+ </para>
+ <table frame="all"><title>struct video_window fields</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>width</entry><entry>The width in pixels of the desired image. The card
+ may use a smaller size if this size is not available</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>height</entry><entry>The height of the image. The card may use a smaller
+ size if this size is not available.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>x</entry><entry> The X position of the top left of the window. This
+ is in pixels relative to the left hand edge of the
+ picture. Not all cards can display images aligned on
+ any pixel boundary. If the position is unsuitable
+ the card adjusts the image right and reduces the
+ width.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>y</entry><entry> The Y position of the top left of the window. This
+ is counted in pixels relative to the top edge of the
+ picture. As with the width if the card cannot
+ display starting on this line it will adjust the
+ values.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>chromakey</entry><entry>The colour (expressed in RGB32 format) for the
+ chromakey colour if chroma keying is being used. </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>clips</entry><entry>An array of rectangles that must not be drawn
+ over.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>clipcount</entry><entry>The number of clips in this array.</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <para>
+ Each clip is a struct video_clip which has the following fields
+ </para>
+ <table frame="all"><title>video_clip fields</title>
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x, y</entry><entry>Co-ordinates relative to the display</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>width, height</entry><entry>Width and height in pixels</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>next</entry><entry>A spare field for the application to use</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+ <para>
+ The driver is required to ensure it always draws in the area requested or a smaller area, and that it never draws in any of the areas that are clipped.
+ This may well mean it has to leave alone. small areas the application wished to be
+ drawn.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Our example card uses chromakey so does not have to address most of the
+ clipping. We will add a video_window structure to our global variables to
+ remember our parameters, as we did with the frame buffer.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+ case VIDIOCGWIN:
+ {
+ if(copy_to_user(arg, &capture_win,
+ sizeof(capture_win)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+ case VIDIOCSWIN:
+ {
+ struct video_window v;
+ if(copy_from_user(&v, arg, sizeof(v)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v.width > 640 || v.height > 480)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ if(v.width < 16 || v.height < 16)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ hardware_set_key(v.chromakey);
+ hardware_set_window(v);
+ memcpy(&capture_win, &v, sizeof(v));
+ capture_w = v.width;
+ capture_h = v.height;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Because we are using Chromakey our setup is fairly simple. Mostly we have to
+ check the values are sane and load them into the capture card.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ With all the setup done we can now turn on the actual capture/overlay. This
+ is done with the VIDIOCCAPTURE ioctl. This takes a single integer argument
+ where 0 is on and 1 is off.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+ case VIDIOCCAPTURE:
+ {
+ int v;
+ if(get_user(v, (int *)arg))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ if(v==0)
+ hardware_capture_off();
+ else
+ {
+ if(capture_fb.width == 0
+ || capture_w == 0)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ hardware_capture_on();
+ }
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ We grab the flag from user space and either enable or disable according to
+ its value. There is one small corner case we have to consider here. Suppose
+ that the capture was requested before the video window or the frame buffer
+ had been set up. In those cases there will be unconfigured fields in our
+ card data, as well as unconfigured hardware settings. We check for this case and
+ return an error if the frame buffer or the capture window width is zero.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+
+
+ default:
+ return -ENOIOCTLCMD;
+ }
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+
+ We don't need to support any other ioctls, so if we get this far, it is time
+ to tell the video layer that we don't now what the user is talking about.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="endvid">
+ <title>Other Functionality</title>
+ <para>
+ The Video4Linux layer supports additional features, including a high
+ performance mmap() based capture mode and capturing part of the image.
+ These features are out of the scope of the book. You should however have enough
+ example code to implement most simple video4linux devices for radio and TV
+ cards.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter id="bugs">
+ <title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
+ <para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry><term>Multiple Opens</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The driver assumes multiple opens should not be allowed. A driver
+ can work around this but not cleanly.
+ </para>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>API Deficiencies</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The existing API poorly reflects compression capable devices. There
+ are plans afoot to merge V4L, V4L2 and some other ideas into a
+ better interface.
+ </para>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="pubfunctions">
+ <title>Public Functions Provided</title>
+!Edrivers/media/video/videodev.c
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/wanbook.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/wanbook.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eebcc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/wanbook.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="WANGuide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Synchronous PPP and Cisco HDLC Programming Guide</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Alan</firstname>
+ <surname>Cox</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>alan@redhat.com</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2000</year>
+ <holder>Alan Cox</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ The syncppp drivers in Linux provide a fairly complete
+ implementation of Cisco HDLC and a minimal implementation of
+ PPP. The longer term goal is to switch the PPP layer to the
+ generic PPP interface that is new in Linux 2.3.x. The API should
+ remain unchanged when this is done, but support will then be
+ available for IPX, compression and other PPP features
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter id="bugs">
+ <title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
+ <para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry><term>PPP is minimal</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The current PPP implementation is very basic, although sufficient
+ for most wan usages.
+ </para>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>Cisco HDLC Quirks</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Currently we do not end all packets with the correct Cisco multicast
+ or unicast flags. Nothing appears to mind too much but this should
+ be corrected.
+ </para>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="pubfunctions">
+ <title>Public Functions Provided</title>
+!Edrivers/net/wan/syncppp.c
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/writing_usb_driver.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/writing_usb_driver.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51f3bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/writing_usb_driver.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="USBDeviceDriver">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Writing USB Device Drivers</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Greg</firstname>
+ <surname>Kroah-Hartman</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>greg@kroah.com</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2001-2002</year>
+ <holder>Greg Kroah-Hartman</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This documentation is based on an article published in
+ Linux Journal Magazine, October 2001, Issue 90.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ The Linux USB subsystem has grown from supporting only two different
+ types of devices in the 2.2.7 kernel (mice and keyboards), to over 20
+ different types of devices in the 2.4 kernel. Linux currently supports
+ almost all USB class devices (standard types of devices like keyboards,
+ mice, modems, printers and speakers) and an ever-growing number of
+ vendor-specific devices (such as USB to serial converters, digital
+ cameras, Ethernet devices and MP3 players). For a full list of the
+ different USB devices currently supported, see Resources.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The remaining kinds of USB devices that do not have support on Linux are
+ almost all vendor-specific devices. Each vendor decides to implement a
+ custom protocol to talk to their device, so a custom driver usually needs
+ to be created. Some vendors are open with their USB protocols and help
+ with the creation of Linux drivers, while others do not publish them, and
+ developers are forced to reverse-engineer. See Resources for some links
+ to handy reverse-engineering tools.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Because each different protocol causes a new driver to be created, I have
+ written a generic USB driver skeleton, modeled after the pci-skeleton.c
+ file in the kernel source tree upon which many PCI network drivers have
+ been based. This USB skeleton can be found at drivers/usb/usb-skeleton.c
+ in the kernel source tree. In this article I will walk through the basics
+ of the skeleton driver, explaining the different pieces and what needs to
+ be done to customize it to your specific device.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="basics">
+ <title>Linux USB Basics</title>
+ <para>
+ If you are going to write a Linux USB driver, please become familiar with
+ the USB protocol specification. It can be found, along with many other
+ useful documents, at the USB home page (see Resources). An excellent
+ introduction to the Linux USB subsystem can be found at the USB Working
+ Devices List (see Resources). It explains how the Linux USB subsystem is
+ structured and introduces the reader to the concept of USB urbs, which
+ are essential to USB drivers.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The first thing a Linux USB driver needs to do is register itself with
+ the Linux USB subsystem, giving it some information about which devices
+ the driver supports and which functions to call when a device supported
+ by the driver is inserted or removed from the system. All of this
+ information is passed to the USB subsystem in the usb_driver structure.
+ The skeleton driver declares a usb_driver as:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static struct usb_driver skel_driver = {
+ .name = "skeleton",
+ .probe = skel_probe,
+ .disconnect = skel_disconnect,
+ .fops = &skel_fops,
+ .minor = USB_SKEL_MINOR_BASE,
+ .id_table = skel_table,
+};
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The variable name is a string that describes the driver. It is used in
+ informational messages printed to the system log. The probe and
+ disconnect function pointers are called when a device that matches the
+ information provided in the id_table variable is either seen or removed.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The fops and minor variables are optional. Most USB drivers hook into
+ another kernel subsystem, such as the SCSI, network or TTY subsystem.
+ These types of drivers register themselves with the other kernel
+ subsystem, and any user-space interactions are provided through that
+ interface. But for drivers that do not have a matching kernel subsystem,
+ such as MP3 players or scanners, a method of interacting with user space
+ is needed. The USB subsystem provides a way to register a minor device
+ number and a set of file_operations function pointers that enable this
+ user-space interaction. The skeleton driver needs this kind of interface,
+ so it provides a minor starting number and a pointer to its
+ file_operations functions.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The USB driver is then registered with a call to usb_register, usually in
+ the driver's init function, as shown here:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static int __init usb_skel_init(void)
+{
+ int result;
+
+ /* register this driver with the USB subsystem */
+ result = usb_register(&skel_driver);
+ if (result < 0) {
+ err("usb_register failed for the "__FILE__ "driver."
+ "Error number %d", result);
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+module_init(usb_skel_init);
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ When the driver is unloaded from the system, it needs to unregister
+ itself with the USB subsystem. This is done with the usb_unregister
+ function:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static void __exit usb_skel_exit(void)
+{
+ /* deregister this driver with the USB subsystem */
+ usb_deregister(&skel_driver);
+}
+module_exit(usb_skel_exit);
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ To enable the linux-hotplug system to load the driver automatically when
+ the device is plugged in, you need to create a MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE. The
+ following code tells the hotplug scripts that this module supports a
+ single device with a specific vendor and product ID:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* table of devices that work with this driver */
+static struct usb_device_id skel_table [] = {
+ { USB_DEVICE(USB_SKEL_VENDOR_ID, USB_SKEL_PRODUCT_ID) },
+ { } /* Terminating entry */
+};
+MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE (usb, skel_table);
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ There are other macros that can be used in describing a usb_device_id for
+ drivers that support a whole class of USB drivers. See usb.h for more
+ information on this.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="device">
+ <title>Device operation</title>
+ <para>
+ When a device is plugged into the USB bus that matches the device ID
+ pattern that your driver registered with the USB core, the probe function
+ is called. The usb_device structure, interface number and the interface ID
+ are passed to the function:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static int skel_probe(struct usb_interface *interface,
+ const struct usb_device_id *id)
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The driver now needs to verify that this device is actually one that it
+ can accept. If so, it returns 0.
+ If not, or if any error occurs during initialization, an errorcode
+ (such as <literal>-ENOMEM</literal> or <literal>-ENODEV</literal>)
+ is returned from the probe function.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ In the skeleton driver, we determine what end points are marked as bulk-in
+ and bulk-out. We create buffers to hold the data that will be sent and
+ received from the device, and a USB urb to write data to the device is
+ initialized.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Conversely, when the device is removed from the USB bus, the disconnect
+ function is called with the device pointer. The driver needs to clean any
+ private data that has been allocated at this time and to shut down any
+ pending urbs that are in the USB system. The driver also unregisters
+ itself from the devfs subsystem with the call:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* remove our devfs node */
+devfs_unregister(skel->devfs);
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Now that the device is plugged into the system and the driver is bound to
+ the device, any of the functions in the file_operations structure that
+ were passed to the USB subsystem will be called from a user program trying
+ to talk to the device. The first function called will be open, as the
+ program tries to open the device for I/O. We increment our private usage
+ count and save off a pointer to our internal structure in the file
+ structure. This is done so that future calls to file operations will
+ enable the driver to determine which device the user is addressing. All
+ of this is done with the following code:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* increment our usage count for the module */
+++skel->open_count;
+
+/* save our object in the file's private structure */
+file->private_data = dev;
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ After the open function is called, the read and write functions are called
+ to receive and send data to the device. In the skel_write function, we
+ receive a pointer to some data that the user wants to send to the device
+ and the size of the data. The function determines how much data it can
+ send to the device based on the size of the write urb it has created (this
+ size depends on the size of the bulk out end point that the device has).
+ Then it copies the data from user space to kernel space, points the urb to
+ the data and submits the urb to the USB subsystem. This can be shown in
+ he following code:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* we can only write as much as 1 urb will hold */
+bytes_written = (count > skel->bulk_out_size) ? skel->bulk_out_size : count;
+
+/* copy the data from user space into our urb */
+copy_from_user(skel->write_urb->transfer_buffer, buffer, bytes_written);
+
+/* set up our urb */
+usb_fill_bulk_urb(skel->write_urb,
+ skel->dev,
+ usb_sndbulkpipe(skel->dev, skel->bulk_out_endpointAddr),
+ skel->write_urb->transfer_buffer,
+ bytes_written,
+ skel_write_bulk_callback,
+ skel);
+
+/* send the data out the bulk port */
+result = usb_submit_urb(skel->write_urb);
+if (result) {
+ err("Failed submitting write urb, error %d", result);
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ When the write urb is filled up with the proper information using the
+ usb_fill_bulk_urb function, we point the urb's completion callback to call our
+ own skel_write_bulk_callback function. This function is called when the
+ urb is finished by the USB subsystem. The callback function is called in
+ interrupt context, so caution must be taken not to do very much processing
+ at that time. Our implementation of skel_write_bulk_callback merely
+ reports if the urb was completed successfully or not and then returns.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The read function works a bit differently from the write function in that
+ we do not use an urb to transfer data from the device to the driver.
+ Instead we call the usb_bulk_msg function, which can be used to send or
+ receive data from a device without having to create urbs and handle
+ urb completion callback functions. We call the usb_bulk_msg function,
+ giving it a buffer into which to place any data received from the device
+ and a timeout value. If the timeout period expires without receiving any
+ data from the device, the function will fail and return an error message.
+ This can be shown with the following code:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* do an immediate bulk read to get data from the device */
+retval = usb_bulk_msg (skel->dev,
+ usb_rcvbulkpipe (skel->dev,
+ skel->bulk_in_endpointAddr),
+ skel->bulk_in_buffer,
+ skel->bulk_in_size,
+ &count, HZ*10);
+/* if the read was successful, copy the data to user space */
+if (!retval) {
+ if (copy_to_user (buffer, skel->bulk_in_buffer, count))
+ retval = -EFAULT;
+ else
+ retval = count;
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ The usb_bulk_msg function can be very useful for doing single reads or
+ writes to a device; however, if you need to read or write constantly to a
+ device, it is recommended to set up your own urbs and submit them to the
+ USB subsystem.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ When the user program releases the file handle that it has been using to
+ talk to the device, the release function in the driver is called. In this
+ function we decrement our private usage count and wait for possible
+ pending writes:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+/* decrement our usage count for the device */
+--skel->open_count;
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ One of the more difficult problems that USB drivers must be able to handle
+ smoothly is the fact that the USB device may be removed from the system at
+ any point in time, even if a program is currently talking to it. It needs
+ to be able to shut down any current reads and writes and notify the
+ user-space programs that the device is no longer there. The following
+ code (function <function>skel_delete</function>)
+ is an example of how to do this: </para>
+ <programlisting>
+static inline void skel_delete (struct usb_skel *dev)
+{
+ if (dev->bulk_in_buffer != NULL)
+ kfree (dev->bulk_in_buffer);
+ if (dev->bulk_out_buffer != NULL)
+ usb_buffer_free (dev->udev, dev->bulk_out_size,
+ dev->bulk_out_buffer,
+ dev->write_urb->transfer_dma);
+ if (dev->write_urb != NULL)
+ usb_free_urb (dev->write_urb);
+ kfree (dev);
+}
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ If a program currently has an open handle to the device, we reset the flag
+ <literal>device_present</literal>. For
+ every read, write, release and other functions that expect a device to be
+ present, the driver first checks this flag to see if the device is
+ still present. If not, it releases that the device has disappeared, and a
+ -ENODEV error is returned to the user-space program. When the release
+ function is eventually called, it determines if there is no device
+ and if not, it does the cleanup that the skel_disconnect
+ function normally does if there are no open files on the device (see
+ Listing 5).
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="iso">
+ <title>Isochronous Data</title>
+ <para>
+ This usb-skeleton driver does not have any examples of interrupt or
+ isochronous data being sent to or from the device. Interrupt data is sent
+ almost exactly as bulk data is, with a few minor exceptions. Isochronous
+ data works differently with continuous streams of data being sent to or
+ from the device. The audio and video camera drivers are very good examples
+ of drivers that handle isochronous data and will be useful if you also
+ need to do this.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="Conclusion">
+ <title>Conclusion</title>
+ <para>
+ Writing Linux USB device drivers is not a difficult task as the
+ usb-skeleton driver shows. This driver, combined with the other current
+ USB drivers, should provide enough examples to help a beginning author
+ create a working driver in a minimal amount of time. The linux-usb-devel
+ mailing list archives also contain a lot of helpful information.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="resources">
+ <title>Resources</title>
+ <para>
+ The Linux USB Project: <ulink url="http://www.linux-usb.org">http://www.linux-usb.org/</ulink>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Linux Hotplug Project: <ulink url="http://linux-hotplug.sourceforge.net">http://linux-hotplug.sourceforge.net/</ulink>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Linux USB Working Devices List: <ulink url="http://www.qbik.ch/usb/devices">http://www.qbik.ch/usb/devices/</ulink>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ linux-usb-devel Mailing List Archives: <ulink url="http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-usb-devel">http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-usb-devel</ulink>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers: <ulink url="http://usb.cs.tum.edu/usbdoc">http://usb.cs.tum.edu/usbdoc</ulink>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ USB Home Page: <ulink url="http://www.usb.org">http://www.usb.org</ulink>
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/z8530book.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/z8530book.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a507876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/z8530book.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+
+<book id="Z85230Guide">
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Z8530 Programming Guide</title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Alan</firstname>
+ <surname>Cox</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>alan@redhat.com</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2000</year>
+ <holder>Alan Cox</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
+ it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For more details see the file COPYING in the source
+ distribution of Linux.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<toc></toc>
+
+ <chapter id="intro">
+ <title>Introduction</title>
+ <para>
+ The Z85x30 family synchronous/asynchronous controller chips are
+ used on a large number of cheap network interface cards. The
+ kernel provides a core interface layer that is designed to make
+ it easy to provide WAN services using this chip.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The current driver only support synchronous operation. Merging the
+ asynchronous driver support into this code to allow any Z85x30
+ device to be used as both a tty interface and as a synchronous
+ controller is a project for Linux post the 2.4 release
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The support code handles most common card configurations and
+ supports running both Cisco HDLC and Synchronous PPP. With extra
+ glue the frame relay and X.25 protocols can also be used with this
+ driver.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter>
+ <title>Driver Modes</title>
+ <para>
+ The Z85230 driver layer can drive Z8530, Z85C30 and Z85230 devices
+ in three different modes. Each mode can be applied to an individual
+ channel on the chip (each chip has two channels).
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The PIO synchronous mode supports the most common Z8530 wiring. Here
+ the chip is interface to the I/O and interrupt facilities of the
+ host machine but not to the DMA subsystem. When running PIO the
+ Z8530 has extremely tight timing requirements. Doing high speeds,
+ even with a Z85230 will be tricky. Typically you should expect to
+ achieve at best 9600 baud with a Z8C530 and 64Kbits with a Z85230.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The DMA mode supports the chip when it is configured to use dual DMA
+ channels on an ISA bus. The better cards tend to support this mode
+ of operation for a single channel. With DMA running the Z85230 tops
+ out when it starts to hit ISA DMA constraints at about 512Kbits. It
+ is worth noting here that many PC machines hang or crash when the
+ chip is driven fast enough to hold the ISA bus solid.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Transmit DMA mode uses a single DMA channel. The DMA channel is used
+ for transmission as the transmit FIFO is smaller than the receive
+ FIFO. it gives better performance than pure PIO mode but is nowhere
+ near as ideal as pure DMA mode.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter>
+ <title>Using the Z85230 driver</title>
+ <para>
+ The Z85230 driver provides the back end interface to your board. To
+ configure a Z8530 interface you need to detect the board and to
+ identify its ports and interrupt resources. It is also your problem
+ to verify the resources are available.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Having identified the chip you need to fill in a struct z8530_dev,
+ which describes each chip. This object must exist until you finally
+ shutdown the board. Firstly zero the active field. This ensures
+ nothing goes off without you intending it. The irq field should
+ be set to the interrupt number of the chip. (Each chip has a single
+ interrupt source rather than each channel). You are responsible
+ for allocating the interrupt line. The interrupt handler should be
+ set to <function>z8530_interrupt</function>. The device id should
+ be set to the z8530_dev structure pointer. Whether the interrupt can
+ be shared or not is board dependent, and up to you to initialise.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The structure holds two channel structures.
+ Initialise chanA.ctrlio and chanA.dataio with the address of the
+ control and data ports. You can or this with Z8530_PORT_SLEEP to
+ indicate your interface needs the 5uS delay for chip settling done
+ in software. The PORT_SLEEP option is architecture specific. Other
+ flags may become available on future platforms, eg for MMIO.
+ Initialise the chanA.irqs to &z8530_nop to start the chip up
+ as disabled and discarding interrupt events. This ensures that
+ stray interrupts will be mopped up and not hang the bus. Set
+ chanA.dev to point to the device structure itself. The
+ private and name field you may use as you wish. The private field
+ is unused by the Z85230 layer. The name is used for error reporting
+ and it may thus make sense to make it match the network name.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Repeat the same operation with the B channel if your chip has
+ both channels wired to something useful. This isn't always the
+ case. If it is not wired then the I/O values do not matter, but
+ you must initialise chanB.dev.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ If your board has DMA facilities then initialise the txdma and
+ rxdma fields for the relevant channels. You must also allocate the
+ ISA DMA channels and do any necessary board level initialisation
+ to configure them. The low level driver will do the Z8530 and
+ DMA controller programming but not board specific magic.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Having initialised the device you can then call
+ <function>z8530_init</function>. This will probe the chip and
+ reset it into a known state. An identification sequence is then
+ run to identify the chip type. If the checks fail to pass the
+ function returns a non zero error code. Typically this indicates
+ that the port given is not valid. After this call the
+ type field of the z8530_dev structure is initialised to either
+ Z8530, Z85C30 or Z85230 according to the chip found.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Once you have called z8530_init you can also make use of the utility
+ function <function>z8530_describe</function>. This provides a
+ consistent reporting format for the Z8530 devices, and allows all
+ the drivers to provide consistent reporting.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter>
+ <title>Attaching Network Interfaces</title>
+ <para>
+ If you wish to use the network interface facilities of the driver,
+ then you need to attach a network device to each channel that is
+ present and in use. In addition to use the SyncPPP and Cisco HDLC
+ you need to follow some additional plumbing rules. They may seem
+ complex but a look at the example hostess_sv11 driver should
+ reassure you.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The network device used for each channel should be pointed to by
+ the netdevice field of each channel. The dev-> priv field of the
+ network device points to your private data - you will need to be
+ able to find your ppp device from this. In addition to use the
+ sync ppp layer the private data must start with a void * pointer
+ to the syncppp structures.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The way most drivers approach this particular problem is to
+ create a structure holding the Z8530 device definition and
+ put that and the syncppp pointer into the private field of
+ the network device. The network device fields of the channels
+ then point back to the network devices. The ppp_device can also
+ be put in the private structure conveniently.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ If you wish to use the synchronous ppp then you need to attach
+ the syncppp layer to the network device. You should do this before
+ you register the network device. The
+ <function>sppp_attach</function> requires that the first void *
+ pointer in your private data is pointing to an empty struct
+ ppp_device. The function fills in the initial data for the
+ ppp/hdlc layer.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Before you register your network device you will also need to
+ provide suitable handlers for most of the network device callbacks.
+ See the network device documentation for more details on this.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter>
+ <title>Configuring And Activating The Port</title>
+ <para>
+ The Z85230 driver provides helper functions and tables to load the
+ port registers on the Z8530 chips. When programming the register
+ settings for a channel be aware that the documentation recommends
+ initialisation orders. Strange things happen when these are not
+ followed.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <function>z8530_channel_load</function> takes an array of
+ pairs of initialisation values in an array of u8 type. The first
+ value is the Z8530 register number. Add 16 to indicate the alternate
+ register bank on the later chips. The array is terminated by a 255.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The driver provides a pair of public tables. The
+ z8530_hdlc_kilostream table is for the UK 'Kilostream' service and
+ also happens to cover most other end host configurations. The
+ z8530_hdlc_kilostream_85230 table is the same configuration using
+ the enhancements of the 85230 chip. The configuration loaded is
+ standard NRZ encoded synchronous data with HDLC bitstuffing. All
+ of the timing is taken from the other end of the link.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ When writing your own tables be aware that the driver internally
+ tracks register values. It may need to reload values. You should
+ therefore be sure to set registers 1-7, 9-11, 14 and 15 in all
+ configurations. Where the register settings depend on DMA selection
+ the driver will update the bits itself when you open or close.
+ Loading a new table with the interface open is not recommended.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ There are three standard configurations supported by the core
+ code. In PIO mode the interface is programmed up to use
+ interrupt driven PIO. This places high demands on the host processor
+ to avoid latency. The driver is written to take account of latency
+ issues but it cannot avoid latencies caused by other drivers,
+ notably IDE in PIO mode. Because the drivers allocate buffers you
+ must also prevent MTU changes while the port is open.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Once the port is open it will call the rx_function of each channel
+ whenever a completed packet arrived. This is invoked from
+ interrupt context and passes you the channel and a network
+ buffer (struct sk_buff) holding the data. The data includes
+ the CRC bytes so most users will want to trim the last two
+ bytes before processing the data. This function is very timing
+ critical. When you wish to simply discard data the support
+ code provides the function <function>z8530_null_rx</function>
+ to discard the data.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ To active PIO mode sending and receiving the <function>
+ z8530_sync_open</function> is called. This expects to be passed
+ the network device and the channel. Typically this is called from
+ your network device open callback. On a failure a non zero error
+ status is returned. The <function>z8530_sync_close</function>
+ function shuts down a PIO channel. This must be done before the
+ channel is opened again and before the driver shuts down
+ and unloads.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The ideal mode of operation is dual channel DMA mode. Here the
+ kernel driver will configure the board for DMA in both directions.
+ The driver also handles ISA DMA issues such as controller
+ programming and the memory range limit for you. This mode is
+ activated by calling the <function>z8530_sync_dma_open</function>
+ function. On failure a non zero error value is returned.
+ Once this mode is activated it can be shut down by calling the
+ <function>z8530_sync_dma_close</function>. You must call the close
+ function matching the open mode you used.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The final supported mode uses a single DMA channel to drive the
+ transmit side. As the Z85C30 has a larger FIFO on the receive
+ channel this tends to increase the maximum speed a little.
+ This is activated by calling the <function>z8530_sync_txdma_open
+ </function>. This returns a non zero error code on failure. The
+ <function>z8530_sync_txdma_close</function> function closes down
+ the Z8530 interface from this mode.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter>
+ <title>Network Layer Functions</title>
+ <para>
+ The Z8530 layer provides functions to queue packets for
+ transmission. The driver internally buffers the frame currently
+ being transmitted and one further frame (in order to keep back
+ to back transmission running). Any further buffering is up to
+ the caller.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The function <function>z8530_queue_xmit</function> takes a network
+ buffer in sk_buff format and queues it for transmission. The
+ caller must provide the entire packet with the exception of the
+ bitstuffing and CRC. This is normally done by the caller via
+ the syncppp interface layer. It returns 0 if the buffer has been
+ queued and non zero values for queue full. If the function accepts
+ the buffer it becomes property of the Z8530 layer and the caller
+ should not free it.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ The function <function>z8530_get_stats</function> returns a pointer
+ to an internally maintained per interface statistics block. This
+ provides most of the interface code needed to implement the network
+ layer get_stats callback.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter>
+ <title>Porting The Z8530 Driver</title>
+ <para>
+ The Z8530 driver is written to be portable. In DMA mode it makes
+ assumptions about the use of ISA DMA. These are probably warranted
+ in most cases as the Z85230 in particular was designed to glue to PC
+ type machines. The PIO mode makes no real assumptions.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Should you need to retarget the Z8530 driver to another architecture
+ the only code that should need changing are the port I/O functions.
+ At the moment these assume PC I/O port accesses. This may not be
+ appropriate for all platforms. Replacing
+ <function>z8530_read_port</function> and <function>z8530_write_port
+ </function> is intended to be all that is required to port this
+ driver layer.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="bugs">
+ <title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
+ <para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry><term>Interrupt Locking</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The locking in the driver is done via the global cli/sti lock. This
+ makes for relatively poor SMP performance. Switching this to use a
+ per device spin lock would probably materially improve performance.
+ </para>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>Occasional Failures</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ We have reports of occasional failures when run for very long
+ periods of time and the driver starts to receive junk frames. At
+ the moment the cause of this is not clear.
+ </para>
+ </listitem></varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="pubfunctions">
+ <title>Public Functions Provided</title>
+!Edrivers/net/wan/z85230.c
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter id="intfunctions">
+ <title>Internal Functions</title>
+!Idrivers/net/wan/z85230.c
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/IO-mapping.txt b/Documentation/IO-mapping.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86edb61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/IO-mapping.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+[ NOTE: The virt_to_bus() and bus_to_virt() functions have been
+ superseded by the functionality provided by the PCI DMA
+ interface (see Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt). They continue
+ to be documented below for historical purposes, but new code
+ must not use them. --davidm 00/12/12 ]
+
+[ This is a mail message in response to a query on IO mapping, thus the
+ strange format for a "document" ]
+
+The AHA-1542 is a bus-master device, and your patch makes the driver give the
+controller the physical address of the buffers, which is correct on x86
+(because all bus master devices see the physical memory mappings directly).
+
+However, on many setups, there are actually _three_ different ways of looking
+at memory addresses, and in this case we actually want the third, the
+so-called "bus address".
+
+Essentially, the three ways of addressing memory are (this is "real memory",
+that is, normal RAM--see later about other details):
+
+ - CPU untranslated. This is the "physical" address. Physical address
+ 0 is what the CPU sees when it drives zeroes on the memory bus.
+
+ - CPU translated address. This is the "virtual" address, and is
+ completely internal to the CPU itself with the CPU doing the appropriate
+ translations into "CPU untranslated".
+
+ - bus address. This is the address of memory as seen by OTHER devices,
+ not the CPU. Now, in theory there could be many different bus
+ addresses, with each device seeing memory in some device-specific way, but
+ happily most hardware designers aren't actually actively trying to make
+ things any more complex than necessary, so you can assume that all
+ external hardware sees the memory the same way.
+
+Now, on normal PCs the bus address is exactly the same as the physical
+address, and things are very simple indeed. However, they are that simple
+because the memory and the devices share the same address space, and that is
+not generally necessarily true on other PCI/ISA setups.
+
+Now, just as an example, on the PReP (PowerPC Reference Platform), the
+CPU sees a memory map something like this (this is from memory):
+
+ 0-2 GB "real memory"
+ 2 GB-3 GB "system IO" (inb/out and similar accesses on x86)
+ 3 GB-4 GB "IO memory" (shared memory over the IO bus)
+
+Now, that looks simple enough. However, when you look at the same thing from
+the viewpoint of the devices, you have the reverse, and the physical memory
+address 0 actually shows up as address 2 GB for any IO master.
+
+So when the CPU wants any bus master to write to physical memory 0, it
+has to give the master address 0x80000000 as the memory address.
+
+So, for example, depending on how the kernel is actually mapped on the
+PPC, you can end up with a setup like this:
+
+ physical address: 0
+ virtual address: 0xC0000000
+ bus address: 0x80000000
+
+where all the addresses actually point to the same thing. It's just seen
+through different translations..
+
+Similarly, on the Alpha, the normal translation is
+
+ physical address: 0
+ virtual address: 0xfffffc0000000000
+ bus address: 0x40000000
+
+(but there are also Alphas where the physical address and the bus address
+are the same).
+
+Anyway, the way to look up all these translations, you do
+
+ #include <asm/io.h>
+
+ phys_addr = virt_to_phys(virt_addr);
+ virt_addr = phys_to_virt(phys_addr);
+ bus_addr = virt_to_bus(virt_addr);
+ virt_addr = bus_to_virt(bus_addr);
+
+Now, when do you need these?
+
+You want the _virtual_ address when you are actually going to access that
+pointer from the kernel. So you can have something like this:
+
+ /*
+ * this is the hardware "mailbox" we use to communicate with
+ * the controller. The controller sees this directly.
+ */
+ struct mailbox {
+ __u32 status;
+ __u32 bufstart;
+ __u32 buflen;
+ ..
+ } mbox;
+
+ unsigned char * retbuffer;
+
+ /* get the address from the controller */
+ retbuffer = bus_to_virt(mbox.bufstart);
+ switch (retbuffer[0]) {
+ case STATUS_OK:
+ ...
+
+on the other hand, you want the bus address when you have a buffer that
+you want to give to the controller:
+
+ /* ask the controller to read the sense status into "sense_buffer" */
+ mbox.bufstart = virt_to_bus(&sense_buffer);
+ mbox.buflen = sizeof(sense_buffer);
+ mbox.status = 0;
+ notify_controller(&mbox);
+
+And you generally _never_ want to use the physical address, because you can't
+use that from the CPU (the CPU only uses translated virtual addresses), and
+you can't use it from the bus master.
+
+So why do we care about the physical address at all? We do need the physical
+address in some cases, it's just not very often in normal code. The physical
+address is needed if you use memory mappings, for example, because the
+"remap_pfn_range()" mm function wants the physical address of the memory to
+be remapped as measured in units of pages, a.k.a. the pfn (the memory
+management layer doesn't know about devices outside the CPU, so it
+shouldn't need to know about "bus addresses" etc).
+
+NOTE NOTE NOTE! The above is only one part of the whole equation. The above
+only talks about "real memory", that is, CPU memory (RAM).
+
+There is a completely different type of memory too, and that's the "shared
+memory" on the PCI or ISA bus. That's generally not RAM (although in the case
+of a video graphics card it can be normal DRAM that is just used for a frame
+buffer), but can be things like a packet buffer in a network card etc.
+
+This memory is called "PCI memory" or "shared memory" or "IO memory" or
+whatever, and there is only one way to access it: the readb/writeb and
+related functions. You should never take the address of such memory, because
+there is really nothing you can do with such an address: it's not
+conceptually in the same memory space as "real memory" at all, so you cannot
+just dereference a pointer. (Sadly, on x86 it _is_ in the same memory space,
+so on x86 it actually works to just deference a pointer, but it's not
+portable).
+
+For such memory, you can do things like
+
+ - reading:
+ /*
+ * read first 32 bits from ISA memory at 0xC0000, aka
+ * C000:0000 in DOS terms
+ */
+ unsigned int signature = isa_readl(0xC0000);
+
+ - remapping and writing:
+ /*
+ * remap framebuffer PCI memory area at 0xFC000000,
+ * size 1MB, so that we can access it: We can directly
+ * access only the 640k-1MB area, so anything else
+ * has to be remapped.
+ */
+ char * baseptr = ioremap(0xFC000000, 1024*1024);
+
+ /* write a 'A' to the offset 10 of the area */
+ writeb('A',baseptr+10);
+
+ /* unmap when we unload the driver */
+ iounmap(baseptr);
+
+ - copying and clearing:
+ /* get the 6-byte Ethernet address at ISA address E000:0040 */
+ memcpy_fromio(kernel_buffer, 0xE0040, 6);
+ /* write a packet to the driver */
+ memcpy_toio(0xE1000, skb->data, skb->len);
+ /* clear the frame buffer */
+ memset_io(0xA0000, 0, 0x10000);
+
+OK, that just about covers the basics of accessing IO portably. Questions?
+Comments? You may think that all the above is overly complex, but one day you
+might find yourself with a 500 MHz Alpha in front of you, and then you'll be
+happy that your driver works ;)
+
+Note that kernel versions 2.0.x (and earlier) mistakenly called the
+ioremap() function "vremap()". ioremap() is the proper name, but I
+didn't think straight when I wrote it originally. People who have to
+support both can do something like:
+
+ /* support old naming silliness */
+ #if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < 0x020100
+ #define ioremap vremap
+ #define iounmap vfree
+ #endif
+
+at the top of their source files, and then they can use the right names
+even on 2.0.x systems.
+
+And the above sounds worse than it really is. Most real drivers really
+don't do all that complex things (or rather: the complexity is not so
+much in the actual IO accesses as in error handling and timeouts etc).
+It's generally not hard to fix drivers, and in many cases the code
+actually looks better afterwards:
+
+ unsigned long signature = *(unsigned int *) 0xC0000;
+ vs
+ unsigned long signature = readl(0xC0000);
+
+I think the second version actually is more readable, no?
+
+ Linus
+
diff --git a/Documentation/IPMI.txt b/Documentation/IPMI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90d10e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/IPMI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+
+ The Linux IPMI Driver
+ ---------------------
+ Corey Minyard
+ <minyard@mvista.com>
+ <minyard@acm.org>
+
+The Intelligent Platform Management Interface, or IPMI, is a
+standard for controlling intelligent devices that monitor a system.
+It provides for dynamic discovery of sensors in the system and the
+ability to monitor the sensors and be informed when the sensor's
+values change or go outside certain boundaries. It also has a
+standardized database for field-replacable units (FRUs) and a watchdog
+timer.
+
+To use this, you need an interface to an IPMI controller in your
+system (called a Baseboard Management Controller, or BMC) and
+management software that can use the IPMI system.
+
+This document describes how to use the IPMI driver for Linux. If you
+are not familiar with IPMI itself, see the web site at
+http://www.intel.com/design/servers/ipmi/index.htm. IPMI is a big
+subject and I can't cover it all here!
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+The LinuxIPMI driver is modular, which means you have to pick several
+things to have it work right depending on your hardware. Most of
+these are available in the 'Character Devices' menu.
+
+No matter what, you must pick 'IPMI top-level message handler' to use
+IPMI. What you do beyond that depends on your needs and hardware.
+
+The message handler does not provide any user-level interfaces.
+Kernel code (like the watchdog) can still use it. If you need access
+from userland, you need to select 'Device interface for IPMI' if you
+want access through a device driver. Another interface is also
+available, you may select 'IPMI sockets' in the 'Networking Support'
+main menu. This provides a socket interface to IPMI. You may select
+both of these at the same time, they will both work together.
+
+The driver interface depends on your hardware. If you have a board
+with a standard interface (These will generally be either "KCS",
+"SMIC", or "BT", consult your hardware manual), choose the 'IPMI SI
+handler' option. A driver also exists for direct I2C access to the
+IPMI management controller. Some boards support this, but it is
+unknown if it will work on every board. For this, choose 'IPMI SMBus
+handler', but be ready to try to do some figuring to see if it will
+work.
+
+There is also a KCS-only driver interface supplied, but it is
+depracated in favor of the SI interface.
+
+You should generally enable ACPI on your system, as systems with IPMI
+should have ACPI tables describing them.
+
+If you have a standard interface and the board manufacturer has done
+their job correctly, the IPMI controller should be automatically
+detect (via ACPI or SMBIOS tables) and should just work. Sadly, many
+boards do not have this information. The driver attempts standard
+defaults, but they may not work. If you fall into this situation, you
+need to read the section below named 'The SI Driver' on how to
+hand-configure your system.
+
+IPMI defines a standard watchdog timer. You can enable this with the
+'IPMI Watchdog Timer' config option. If you compile the driver into
+the kernel, then via a kernel command-line option you can have the
+watchdog timer start as soon as it intitializes. It also have a lot
+of other options, see the 'Watchdog' section below for more details.
+Note that you can also have the watchdog continue to run if it is
+closed (by default it is disabled on close). Go into the 'Watchdog
+Cards' menu, enable 'Watchdog Timer Support', and enable the option
+'Disable watchdog shutdown on close'.
+
+
+Basic Design
+------------
+
+The Linux IPMI driver is designed to be very modular and flexible, you
+only need to take the pieces you need and you can use it in many
+different ways. Because of that, it's broken into many chunks of
+code. These chunks are:
+
+ipmi_msghandler - This is the central piece of software for the IPMI
+system. It handles all messages, message timing, and responses. The
+IPMI users tie into this, and the IPMI physical interfaces (called
+System Management Interfaces, or SMIs) also tie in here. This
+provides the kernelland interface for IPMI, but does not provide an
+interface for use by application processes.
+
+ipmi_devintf - This provides a userland IOCTL interface for the IPMI
+driver, each open file for this device ties in to the message handler
+as an IPMI user.
+
+ipmi_si - A driver for various system interfaces. This supports
+KCS, SMIC, and may support BT in the future. Unless you have your own
+custom interface, you probably need to use this.
+
+ipmi_smb - A driver for accessing BMCs on the SMBus. It uses the
+I2C kernel driver's SMBus interfaces to send and receive IPMI messages
+over the SMBus.
+
+af_ipmi - A network socket interface to IPMI. This doesn't take up
+a character device in your system.
+
+Note that the KCS-only interface ahs been removed.
+
+Much documentation for the interface is in the include files. The
+IPMI include files are:
+
+net/af_ipmi.h - Contains the socket interface.
+
+linux/ipmi.h - Contains the user interface and IOCTL interface for IPMI.
+
+linux/ipmi_smi.h - Contains the interface for system management interfaces
+(things that interface to IPMI controllers) to use.
+
+linux/ipmi_msgdefs.h - General definitions for base IPMI messaging.
+
+
+Addressing
+----------
+
+The IPMI addressing works much like IP addresses, you have an overlay
+to handle the different address types. The overlay is:
+
+ struct ipmi_addr
+ {
+ int addr_type;
+ short channel;
+ char data[IPMI_MAX_ADDR_SIZE];
+ };
+
+The addr_type determines what the address really is. The driver
+currently understands two different types of addresses.
+
+"System Interface" addresses are defined as:
+
+ struct ipmi_system_interface_addr
+ {
+ int addr_type;
+ short channel;
+ };
+
+and the type is IPMI_SYSTEM_INTERFACE_ADDR_TYPE. This is used for talking
+straight to the BMC on the current card. The channel must be
+IPMI_BMC_CHANNEL.
+
+Messages that are destined to go out on the IPMB bus use the
+IPMI_IPMB_ADDR_TYPE address type. The format is
+
+ struct ipmi_ipmb_addr
+ {
+ int addr_type;
+ short channel;
+ unsigned char slave_addr;
+ unsigned char lun;
+ };
+
+The "channel" here is generally zero, but some devices support more
+than one channel, it corresponds to the channel as defined in the IPMI
+spec.
+
+
+Messages
+--------
+
+Messages are defined as:
+
+struct ipmi_msg
+{
+ unsigned char netfn;
+ unsigned char lun;
+ unsigned char cmd;
+ unsigned char *data;
+ int data_len;
+};
+
+The driver takes care of adding/stripping the header information. The
+data portion is just the data to be send (do NOT put addressing info
+here) or the response. Note that the completion code of a response is
+the first item in "data", it is not stripped out because that is how
+all the messages are defined in the spec (and thus makes counting the
+offsets a little easier :-).
+
+When using the IOCTL interface from userland, you must provide a block
+of data for "data", fill it, and set data_len to the length of the
+block of data, even when receiving messages. Otherwise the driver
+will have no place to put the message.
+
+Messages coming up from the message handler in kernelland will come in
+as:
+
+ struct ipmi_recv_msg
+ {
+ struct list_head link;
+
+ /* The type of message as defined in the "Receive Types"
+ defines above. */
+ int recv_type;
+
+ ipmi_user_t *user;
+ struct ipmi_addr addr;
+ long msgid;
+ struct ipmi_msg msg;
+
+ /* Call this when done with the message. It will presumably free
+ the message and do any other necessary cleanup. */
+ void (*done)(struct ipmi_recv_msg *msg);
+
+ /* Place-holder for the data, don't make any assumptions about
+ the size or existence of this, since it may change. */
+ unsigned char msg_data[IPMI_MAX_MSG_LENGTH];
+ };
+
+You should look at the receive type and handle the message
+appropriately.
+
+
+The Upper Layer Interface (Message Handler)
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The upper layer of the interface provides the users with a consistent
+view of the IPMI interfaces. It allows multiple SMI interfaces to be
+addressed (because some boards actually have multiple BMCs on them)
+and the user should not have to care what type of SMI is below them.
+
+
+Creating the User
+
+To user the message handler, you must first create a user using
+ipmi_create_user. The interface number specifies which SMI you want
+to connect to, and you must supply callback functions to be called
+when data comes in. The callback function can run at interrupt level,
+so be careful using the callbacks. This also allows to you pass in a
+piece of data, the handler_data, that will be passed back to you on
+all calls.
+
+Once you are done, call ipmi_destroy_user() to get rid of the user.
+
+From userland, opening the device automatically creates a user, and
+closing the device automatically destroys the user.
+
+
+Messaging
+
+To send a message from kernel-land, the ipmi_request() call does
+pretty much all message handling. Most of the parameter are
+self-explanatory. However, it takes a "msgid" parameter. This is NOT
+the sequence number of messages. It is simply a long value that is
+passed back when the response for the message is returned. You may
+use it for anything you like.
+
+Responses come back in the function pointed to by the ipmi_recv_hndl
+field of the "handler" that you passed in to ipmi_create_user().
+Remember again, these may be running at interrupt level. Remember to
+look at the receive type, too.
+
+From userland, you fill out an ipmi_req_t structure and use the
+IPMICTL_SEND_COMMAND ioctl. For incoming stuff, you can use select()
+or poll() to wait for messages to come in. However, you cannot use
+read() to get them, you must call the IPMICTL_RECEIVE_MSG with the
+ipmi_recv_t structure to actually get the message. Remember that you
+must supply a pointer to a block of data in the msg.data field, and
+you must fill in the msg.data_len field with the size of the data.
+This gives the receiver a place to actually put the message.
+
+If the message cannot fit into the data you provide, you will get an
+EMSGSIZE error and the driver will leave the data in the receive
+queue. If you want to get it and have it truncate the message, us
+the IPMICTL_RECEIVE_MSG_TRUNC ioctl.
+
+When you send a command (which is defined by the lowest-order bit of
+the netfn per the IPMI spec) on the IPMB bus, the driver will
+automatically assign the sequence number to the command and save the
+command. If the response is not receive in the IPMI-specified 5
+seconds, it will generate a response automatically saying the command
+timed out. If an unsolicited response comes in (if it was after 5
+seconds, for instance), that response will be ignored.
+
+In kernelland, after you receive a message and are done with it, you
+MUST call ipmi_free_recv_msg() on it, or you will leak messages. Note
+that you should NEVER mess with the "done" field of a message, that is
+required to properly clean up the message.
+
+Note that when sending, there is an ipmi_request_supply_msgs() call
+that lets you supply the smi and receive message. This is useful for
+pieces of code that need to work even if the system is out of buffers
+(the watchdog timer uses this, for instance). You supply your own
+buffer and own free routines. This is not recommended for normal use,
+though, since it is tricky to manage your own buffers.
+
+
+Events and Incoming Commands
+
+The driver takes care of polling for IPMI events and receiving
+commands (commands are messages that are not responses, they are
+commands that other things on the IPMB bus have sent you). To receive
+these, you must register for them, they will not automatically be sent
+to you.
+
+To receive events, you must call ipmi_set_gets_events() and set the
+"val" to non-zero. Any events that have been received by the driver
+since startup will immediately be delivered to the first user that
+registers for events. After that, if multiple users are registered
+for events, they will all receive all events that come in.
+
+For receiving commands, you have to individually register commands you
+want to receive. Call ipmi_register_for_cmd() and supply the netfn
+and command name for each command you want to receive. Only one user
+may be registered for each netfn/cmd, but different users may register
+for different commands.
+
+From userland, equivalent IOCTLs are provided to do these functions.
+
+
+The Lower Layer (SMI) Interface
+-------------------------------
+
+As mentioned before, multiple SMI interfaces may be registered to the
+message handler, each of these is assigned an interface number when
+they register with the message handler. They are generally assigned
+in the order they register, although if an SMI unregisters and then
+another one registers, all bets are off.
+
+The ipmi_smi.h defines the interface for management interfaces, see
+that for more details.
+
+
+The SI Driver
+-------------
+
+The SI driver allows up to 4 KCS or SMIC interfaces to be configured
+in the system. By default, scan the ACPI tables for interfaces, and
+if it doesn't find any the driver will attempt to register one KCS
+interface at the spec-specified I/O port 0xca2 without interrupts.
+You can change this at module load time (for a module) with:
+
+ modprobe ipmi_si.o type=<type1>,<type2>....
+ ports=<port1>,<port2>... addrs=<addr1>,<addr2>...
+ irqs=<irq1>,<irq2>... trydefaults=[0|1]
+ regspacings=<sp1>,<sp2>,... regsizes=<size1>,<size2>,...
+ regshifts=<shift1>,<shift2>,...
+ slave_addrs=<addr1>,<addr2>,...
+
+Each of these except si_trydefaults is a list, the first item for the
+first interface, second item for the second interface, etc.
+
+The si_type may be either "kcs", "smic", or "bt". If you leave it blank, it
+defaults to "kcs".
+
+If you specify si_addrs as non-zero for an interface, the driver will
+use the memory address given as the address of the device. This
+overrides si_ports.
+
+If you specify si_ports as non-zero for an interface, the driver will
+use the I/O port given as the device address.
+
+If you specify si_irqs as non-zero for an interface, the driver will
+attempt to use the given interrupt for the device.
+
+si_trydefaults sets whether the standard IPMI interface at 0xca2 and
+any interfaces specified by ACPE are tried. By default, the driver
+tries it, set this value to zero to turn this off.
+
+The next three parameters have to do with register layout. The
+registers used by the interfaces may not appear at successive
+locations and they may not be in 8-bit registers. These parameters
+allow the layout of the data in the registers to be more precisely
+specified.
+
+The regspacings parameter give the number of bytes between successive
+register start addresses. For instance, if the regspacing is set to 4
+and the start address is 0xca2, then the address for the second
+register would be 0xca6. This defaults to 1.
+
+The regsizes parameter gives the size of a register, in bytes. The
+data used by IPMI is 8-bits wide, but it may be inside a larger
+register. This parameter allows the read and write type to specified.
+It may be 1, 2, 4, or 8. The default is 1.
+
+Since the register size may be larger than 32 bits, the IPMI data may not
+be in the lower 8 bits. The regshifts parameter give the amount to shift
+the data to get to the actual IPMI data.
+
+The slave_addrs specifies the IPMI address of the local BMC. This is
+usually 0x20 and the driver defaults to that, but in case it's not, it
+can be specified when the driver starts up.
+
+When compiled into the kernel, the addresses can be specified on the
+kernel command line as:
+
+ ipmi_si.type=<type1>,<type2>...
+ ipmi_si.ports=<port1>,<port2>... ipmi_si.addrs=<addr1>,<addr2>...
+ ipmi_si.irqs=<irq1>,<irq2>... ipmi_si.trydefaults=[0|1]
+ ipmi_si.regspacings=<sp1>,<sp2>,...
+ ipmi_si.regsizes=<size1>,<size2>,...
+ ipmi_si.regshifts=<shift1>,<shift2>,...
+ ipmi_si.slave_addrs=<addr1>,<addr2>,...
+
+It works the same as the module parameters of the same names.
+
+By default, the driver will attempt to detect any device specified by
+ACPI, and if none of those then a KCS device at the spec-specified
+0xca2. If you want to turn this off, set the "trydefaults" option to
+false.
+
+If you have high-res timers compiled into the kernel, the driver will
+use them to provide much better performance. Note that if you do not
+have high-res timers enabled in the kernel and you don't have
+interrupts enabled, the driver will run VERY slowly. Don't blame me,
+these interfaces suck.
+
+
+The SMBus Driver
+----------------
+
+The SMBus driver allows up to 4 SMBus devices to be configured in the
+system. By default, the driver will register any SMBus interfaces it finds
+in the I2C address range of 0x20 to 0x4f on any adapter. You can change this
+at module load time (for a module) with:
+
+ modprobe ipmi_smb.o
+ addr=<adapter1>,<i2caddr1>[,<adapter2>,<i2caddr2>[,...]]
+ dbg=<flags1>,<flags2>...
+ [defaultprobe=0] [dbg_probe=1]
+
+The addresses are specified in pairs, the first is the adapter ID and the
+second is the I2C address on that adapter.
+
+The debug flags are bit flags for each BMC found, they are:
+IPMI messages: 1, driver state: 2, timing: 4, I2C probe: 8
+
+Setting smb_defaultprobe to zero disabled the default probing of SMBus
+interfaces at address range 0x20 to 0x4f. This means that only the
+BMCs specified on the smb_addr line will be detected.
+
+Setting smb_dbg_probe to 1 will enable debugging of the probing and
+detection process for BMCs on the SMBusses.
+
+Discovering the IPMI compilant BMC on the SMBus can cause devices
+on the I2C bus to fail. The SMBus driver writes a "Get Device ID" IPMI
+message as a block write to the I2C bus and waits for a response.
+This action can be detrimental to some I2C devices. It is highly recommended
+that the known I2c address be given to the SMBus driver in the smb_addr
+parameter. The default adrress range will not be used when a smb_addr
+parameter is provided.
+
+When compiled into the kernel, the addresses can be specified on the
+kernel command line as:
+
+ ipmb_smb.addr=<adapter1>,<i2caddr1>[,<adapter2>,<i2caddr2>[,...]]
+ ipmi_smb.dbg=<flags1>,<flags2>...
+ ipmi_smb.defaultprobe=0 ipmi_smb.dbg_probe=1
+
+These are the same options as on the module command line.
+
+Note that you might need some I2C changes if CONFIG_IPMI_PANIC_EVENT
+is enabled along with this, so the I2C driver knows to run to
+completion during sending a panic event.
+
+
+Other Pieces
+------------
+
+Watchdog
+--------
+
+A watchdog timer is provided that implements the Linux-standard
+watchdog timer interface. It has three module parameters that can be
+used to control it:
+
+ modprobe ipmi_watchdog timeout=<t> pretimeout=<t> action=<action type>
+ preaction=<preaction type> preop=<preop type> start_now=x
+ nowayout=x
+
+The timeout is the number of seconds to the action, and the pretimeout
+is the amount of seconds before the reset that the pre-timeout panic will
+occur (if pretimeout is zero, then pretimeout will not be enabled). Note
+that the pretimeout is the time before the final timeout. So if the
+timeout is 50 seconds and the pretimeout is 10 seconds, then the pretimeout
+will occur in 40 second (10 seconds before the timeout).
+
+The action may be "reset", "power_cycle", or "power_off", and
+specifies what to do when the timer times out, and defaults to
+"reset".
+
+The preaction may be "pre_smi" for an indication through the SMI
+interface, "pre_int" for an indication through the SMI with an
+interrupts, and "pre_nmi" for a NMI on a preaction. This is how
+the driver is informed of the pretimeout.
+
+The preop may be set to "preop_none" for no operation on a pretimeout,
+"preop_panic" to set the preoperation to panic, or "preop_give_data"
+to provide data to read from the watchdog device when the pretimeout
+occurs. A "pre_nmi" setting CANNOT be used with "preop_give_data"
+because you can't do data operations from an NMI.
+
+When preop is set to "preop_give_data", one byte comes ready to read
+on the device when the pretimeout occurs. Select and fasync work on
+the device, as well.
+
+If start_now is set to 1, the watchdog timer will start running as
+soon as the driver is loaded.
+
+If nowayout is set to 1, the watchdog timer will not stop when the
+watchdog device is closed. The default value of nowayout is true
+if the CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT option is enabled, or false if not.
+
+When compiled into the kernel, the kernel command line is available
+for configuring the watchdog:
+
+ ipmi_watchdog.timeout=<t> ipmi_watchdog.pretimeout=<t>
+ ipmi_watchdog.action=<action type>
+ ipmi_watchdog.preaction=<preaction type>
+ ipmi_watchdog.preop=<preop type>
+ ipmi_watchdog.start_now=x
+ ipmi_watchdog.nowayout=x
+
+The options are the same as the module parameter options.
+
+The watchdog will panic and start a 120 second reset timeout if it
+gets a pre-action. During a panic or a reboot, the watchdog will
+start a 120 timer if it is running to make sure the reboot occurs.
+
+Note that if you use the NMI preaction for the watchdog, you MUST
+NOT use nmi watchdog mode 1. If you use the NMI watchdog, you
+must use mode 2.
+
+Once you open the watchdog timer, you must write a 'V' character to the
+device to close it, or the timer will not stop. This is a new semantic
+for the driver, but makes it consistent with the rest of the watchdog
+drivers in Linux.
diff --git a/Documentation/IRQ-affinity.txt b/Documentation/IRQ-affinity.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..938d7dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/IRQ-affinity.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+
+SMP IRQ affinity, started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
+
+
+/proc/irq/IRQ#/smp_affinity specifies which target CPUs are permitted
+for a given IRQ source. It's a bitmask of allowed CPUs. It's not allowed
+to turn off all CPUs, and if an IRQ controller does not support IRQ
+affinity then the value will not change from the default 0xffffffff.
+
+Here is an example of restricting IRQ44 (eth1) to CPU0-3 then restricting
+the IRQ to CPU4-7 (this is an 8-CPU SMP box):
+
+[root@moon 44]# cat smp_affinity
+ffffffff
+[root@moon 44]# echo 0f > smp_affinity
+[root@moon 44]# cat smp_affinity
+0000000f
+[root@moon 44]# ping -f h
+PING hell (195.4.7.3): 56 data bytes
+...
+--- hell ping statistics ---
+6029 packets transmitted, 6027 packets received, 0% packet loss
+round-trip min/avg/max = 0.1/0.1/0.4 ms
+[root@moon 44]# cat /proc/interrupts | grep 44:
+ 44: 0 1785 1785 1783 1783 1
+1 0 IO-APIC-level eth1
+[root@moon 44]# echo f0 > smp_affinity
+[root@moon 44]# ping -f h
+PING hell (195.4.7.3): 56 data bytes
+..
+--- hell ping statistics ---
+2779 packets transmitted, 2777 packets received, 0% packet loss
+round-trip min/avg/max = 0.1/0.5/585.4 ms
+[root@moon 44]# cat /proc/interrupts | grep 44:
+ 44: 1068 1785 1785 1784 1784 1069 1070 1069 IO-APIC-level eth1
+[root@moon 44]#
+
diff --git a/Documentation/MSI-HOWTO.txt b/Documentation/MSI-HOWTO.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5032eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/MSI-HOWTO.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+ The MSI Driver Guide HOWTO
+ Tom L Nguyen tom.l.nguyen@intel.com
+ 10/03/2003
+ Revised Feb 12, 2004 by Martine Silbermann
+ email: Martine.Silbermann@hp.com
+ Revised Jun 25, 2004 by Tom L Nguyen
+
+1. About this guide
+
+This guide describes the basics of Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI),
+the advantages of using MSI over traditional interrupt mechanisms,
+and how to enable your driver to use MSI or MSI-X. Also included is
+a Frequently Asked Questions.
+
+2. Copyright 2003 Intel Corporation
+
+3. What is MSI/MSI-X?
+
+Message Signaled Interrupt (MSI), as described in the PCI Local Bus
+Specification Revision 2.3 or latest, is an optional feature, and a
+required feature for PCI Express devices. MSI enables a device function
+to request service by sending an Inbound Memory Write on its PCI bus to
+the FSB as a Message Signal Interrupt transaction. Because MSI is
+generated in the form of a Memory Write, all transaction conditions,
+such as a Retry, Master-Abort, Target-Abort or normal completion, are
+supported.
+
+A PCI device that supports MSI must also support pin IRQ assertion
+interrupt mechanism to provide backward compatibility for systems that
+do not support MSI. In Systems, which support MSI, the bus driver is
+responsible for initializing the message address and message data of
+the device function's MSI/MSI-X capability structure during device
+initial configuration.
+
+An MSI capable device function indicates MSI support by implementing
+the MSI/MSI-X capability structure in its PCI capability list. The
+device function may implement both the MSI capability structure and
+the MSI-X capability structure; however, the bus driver should not
+enable both.
+
+The MSI capability structure contains Message Control register,
+Message Address register and Message Data register. These registers
+provide the bus driver control over MSI. The Message Control register
+indicates the MSI capability supported by the device. The Message
+Address register specifies the target address and the Message Data
+register specifies the characteristics of the message. To request
+service, the device function writes the content of the Message Data
+register to the target address. The device and its software driver
+are prohibited from writing to these registers.
+
+The MSI-X capability structure is an optional extension to MSI. It
+uses an independent and separate capability structure. There are
+some key advantages to implementing the MSI-X capability structure
+over the MSI capability structure as described below.
+
+ - Support a larger maximum number of vectors per function.
+
+ - Provide the ability for system software to configure
+ each vector with an independent message address and message
+ data, specified by a table that resides in Memory Space.
+
+ - MSI and MSI-X both support per-vector masking. Per-vector
+ masking is an optional extension of MSI but a required
+ feature for MSI-X. Per-vector masking provides the kernel
+ the ability to mask/unmask MSI when servicing its software
+ interrupt service routing handler. If per-vector masking is
+ not supported, then the device driver should provide the
+ hardware/software synchronization to ensure that the device
+ generates MSI when the driver wants it to do so.
+
+4. Why use MSI?
+
+As a benefit the simplification of board design, MSI allows board
+designers to remove out of band interrupt routing. MSI is another
+step towards a legacy-free environment.
+
+Due to increasing pressure on chipset and processor packages to
+reduce pin count, the need for interrupt pins is expected to
+diminish over time. Devices, due to pin constraints, may implement
+messages to increase performance.
+
+PCI Express endpoints uses INTx emulation (in-band messages) instead
+of IRQ pin assertion. Using INTx emulation requires interrupt
+sharing among devices connected to the same node (PCI bridge) while
+MSI is unique (non-shared) and does not require BIOS configuration
+support. As a result, the PCI Express technology requires MSI
+support for better interrupt performance.
+
+Using MSI enables the device functions to support two or more
+vectors, which can be configured to target different CPU's to
+increase scalability.
+
+5. Configuring a driver to use MSI/MSI-X
+
+By default, the kernel will not enable MSI/MSI-X on all devices that
+support this capability. The CONFIG_PCI_MSI kernel option
+must be selected to enable MSI/MSI-X support.
+
+5.1 Including MSI/MSI-X support into the kernel
+
+To allow MSI/MSI-X capable device drivers to selectively enable
+MSI/MSI-X (using pci_enable_msi()/pci_enable_msix() as described
+below), the VECTOR based scheme needs to be enabled by setting
+CONFIG_PCI_MSI during kernel config.
+
+Since the target of the inbound message is the local APIC, providing
+CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC must be enabled as well as CONFIG_PCI_MSI.
+
+5.2 Configuring for MSI support
+
+Due to the non-contiguous fashion in vector assignment of the
+existing Linux kernel, this version does not support multiple
+messages regardless of a device function is capable of supporting
+more than one vector. To enable MSI on a device function's MSI
+capability structure requires a device driver to call the function
+pci_enable_msi() explicitly.
+
+5.2.1 API pci_enable_msi
+
+int pci_enable_msi(struct pci_dev *dev)
+
+With this new API, any existing device driver, which like to have
+MSI enabled on its device function, must call this API to enable MSI
+A successful call will initialize the MSI capability structure
+with ONE vector, regardless of whether a device function is
+capable of supporting multiple messages. This vector replaces the
+pre-assigned dev->irq with a new MSI vector. To avoid the conflict
+of new assigned vector with existing pre-assigned vector requires
+a device driver to call this API before calling request_irq().
+
+5.2.2 API pci_disable_msi
+
+void pci_disable_msi(struct pci_dev *dev)
+
+This API should always be used to undo the effect of pci_enable_msi()
+when a device driver is unloading. This API restores dev->irq with
+the pre-assigned IOAPIC vector and switches a device's interrupt
+mode to PCI pin-irq assertion/INTx emulation mode.
+
+Note that a device driver should always call free_irq() on MSI vector
+it has done request_irq() on before calling this API. Failure to do
+so results a BUG_ON() and a device will be left with MSI enabled and
+leaks its vector.
+
+5.2.3 MSI mode vs. legacy mode diagram
+
+The below diagram shows the events, which switches the interrupt
+mode on the MSI-capable device function between MSI mode and
+PIN-IRQ assertion mode.
+
+ ------------ pci_enable_msi ------------------------
+ | | <=============== | |
+ | MSI MODE | | PIN-IRQ ASSERTION MODE |
+ | | ===============> | |
+ ------------ pci_disable_msi ------------------------
+
+
+Figure 1.0 MSI Mode vs. Legacy Mode
+
+In Figure 1.0, a device operates by default in legacy mode. Legacy
+in this context means PCI pin-irq assertion or PCI-Express INTx
+emulation. A successful MSI request (using pci_enable_msi()) switches
+a device's interrupt mode to MSI mode. A pre-assigned IOAPIC vector
+stored in dev->irq will be saved by the PCI subsystem and a new
+assigned MSI vector will replace dev->irq.
+
+To return back to its default mode, a device driver should always call
+pci_disable_msi() to undo the effect of pci_enable_msi(). Note that a
+device driver should always call free_irq() on MSI vector it has done
+request_irq() on before calling pci_disable_msi(). Failure to do so
+results a BUG_ON() and a device will be left with MSI enabled and
+leaks its vector. Otherwise, the PCI subsystem restores a device's
+dev->irq with a pre-assigned IOAPIC vector and marks released
+MSI vector as unused.
+
+Once being marked as unused, there is no guarantee that the PCI
+subsystem will reserve this MSI vector for a device. Depending on
+the availability of current PCI vector resources and the number of
+MSI/MSI-X requests from other drivers, this MSI may be re-assigned.
+
+For the case where the PCI subsystem re-assigned this MSI vector
+another driver, a request to switching back to MSI mode may result
+in being assigned a different MSI vector or a failure if no more
+vectors are available.
+
+5.3 Configuring for MSI-X support
+
+Due to the ability of the system software to configure each vector of
+the MSI-X capability structure with an independent message address
+and message data, the non-contiguous fashion in vector assignment of
+the existing Linux kernel has no impact on supporting multiple
+messages on an MSI-X capable device functions. To enable MSI-X on
+a device function's MSI-X capability structure requires its device
+driver to call the function pci_enable_msix() explicitly.
+
+The function pci_enable_msix(), once invoked, enables either
+all or nothing, depending on the current availability of PCI vector
+resources. If the PCI vector resources are available for the number
+of vectors requested by a device driver, this function will configure
+the MSI-X table of the MSI-X capability structure of a device with
+requested messages. To emphasize this reason, for example, a device
+may be capable for supporting the maximum of 32 vectors while its
+software driver usually may request 4 vectors. It is recommended
+that the device driver should call this function once during the
+initialization phase of the device driver.
+
+Unlike the function pci_enable_msi(), the function pci_enable_msix()
+does not replace the pre-assigned IOAPIC dev->irq with a new MSI
+vector because the PCI subsystem writes the 1:1 vector-to-entry mapping
+into the field vector of each element contained in a second argument.
+Note that the pre-assigned IO-APIC dev->irq is valid only if the device
+operates in PIN-IRQ assertion mode. In MSI-X mode, any attempt of
+using dev->irq by the device driver to request for interrupt service
+may result unpredictabe behavior.
+
+For each MSI-X vector granted, a device driver is responsible to call
+other functions like request_irq(), enable_irq(), etc. to enable
+this vector with its corresponding interrupt service handler. It is
+a device driver's choice to assign all vectors with the same
+interrupt service handler or each vector with a unique interrupt
+service handler.
+
+5.3.1 Handling MMIO address space of MSI-X Table
+
+The PCI 3.0 specification has implementation notes that MMIO address
+space for a device's MSI-X structure should be isolated so that the
+software system can set different page for controlling accesses to
+the MSI-X structure. The implementation of MSI patch requires the PCI
+subsystem, not a device driver, to maintain full control of the MSI-X
+table/MSI-X PBA and MMIO address space of the MSI-X table/MSI-X PBA.
+A device driver is prohibited from requesting the MMIO address space
+of the MSI-X table/MSI-X PBA. Otherwise, the PCI subsystem will fail
+enabling MSI-X on its hardware device when it calls the function
+pci_enable_msix().
+
+5.3.2 Handling MSI-X allocation
+
+Determining the number of MSI-X vectors allocated to a function is
+dependent on the number of MSI capable devices and MSI-X capable
+devices populated in the system. The policy of allocating MSI-X
+vectors to a function is defined as the following:
+
+#of MSI-X vectors allocated to a function = (x - y)/z where
+
+x = The number of available PCI vector resources by the time
+ the device driver calls pci_enable_msix(). The PCI vector
+ resources is the sum of the number of unassigned vectors
+ (new) and the number of released vectors when any MSI/MSI-X
+ device driver switches its hardware device back to a legacy
+ mode or is hot-removed. The number of unassigned vectors
+ may exclude some vectors reserved, as defined in parameter
+ NR_HP_RESERVED_VECTORS, for the case where the system is
+ capable of supporting hot-add/hot-remove operations. Users
+ may change the value defined in NR_HR_RESERVED_VECTORS to
+ meet their specific needs.
+
+y = The number of MSI capable devices populated in the system.
+ This policy ensures that each MSI capable device has its
+ vector reserved to avoid the case where some MSI-X capable
+ drivers may attempt to claim all available vector resources.
+
+z = The number of MSI-X capable devices pupulated in the system.
+ This policy ensures that maximum (x - y) is distributed
+ evenly among MSI-X capable devices.
+
+Note that the PCI subsystem scans y and z during a bus enumeration.
+When the PCI subsystem completes configuring MSI/MSI-X capability
+structure of a device as requested by its device driver, y/z is
+decremented accordingly.
+
+5.3.3 Handling MSI-X shortages
+
+For the case where fewer MSI-X vectors are allocated to a function
+than requested, the function pci_enable_msix() will return the
+maximum number of MSI-X vectors available to the caller. A device
+driver may re-send its request with fewer or equal vectors indicated
+in a return. For example, if a device driver requests 5 vectors, but
+the number of available vectors is 3 vectors, a value of 3 will be a
+return as a result of pci_enable_msix() call. A function could be
+designed for its driver to use only 3 MSI-X table entries as
+different combinations as ABC--, A-B-C, A--CB, etc. Note that this
+patch does not support multiple entries with the same vector. Such
+attempt by a device driver to use 5 MSI-X table entries with 3 vectors
+as ABBCC, AABCC, BCCBA, etc will result as a failure by the function
+pci_enable_msix(). Below are the reasons why supporting multiple
+entries with the same vector is an undesirable solution.
+
+ - The PCI subsystem can not determine which entry, which
+ generated the message, to mask/unmask MSI while handling
+ software driver ISR. Attempting to walk through all MSI-X
+ table entries (2048 max) to mask/unmask any match vector
+ is an undesirable solution.
+
+ - Walk through all MSI-X table entries (2048 max) to handle
+ SMP affinity of any match vector is an undesirable solution.
+
+5.3.4 API pci_enable_msix
+
+int pci_enable_msix(struct pci_dev *dev, u32 *entries, int nvec)
+
+This API enables a device driver to request the PCI subsystem
+for enabling MSI-X messages on its hardware device. Depending on
+the availability of PCI vectors resources, the PCI subsystem enables
+either all or nothing.
+
+Argument dev points to the device (pci_dev) structure.
+
+Argument entries is a pointer of unsigned integer type. The number of
+elements is indicated in argument nvec. The content of each element
+will be mapped to the following struct defined in /driver/pci/msi.h.
+
+struct msix_entry {
+ u16 vector; /* kernel uses to write alloc vector */
+ u16 entry; /* driver uses to specify entry */
+};
+
+A device driver is responsible for initializing the field entry of
+each element with unique entry supported by MSI-X table. Otherwise,
+-EINVAL will be returned as a result. A successful return of zero
+indicates the PCI subsystem completes initializing each of requested
+entries of the MSI-X table with message address and message data.
+Last but not least, the PCI subsystem will write the 1:1
+vector-to-entry mapping into the field vector of each element. A
+device driver is responsible of keeping track of allocated MSI-X
+vectors in its internal data structure.
+
+Argument nvec is an integer indicating the number of messages
+requested.
+
+A return of zero indicates that the number of MSI-X vectors is
+successfully allocated. A return of greater than zero indicates
+MSI-X vector shortage. Or a return of less than zero indicates
+a failure. This failure may be a result of duplicate entries
+specified in second argument, or a result of no available vector,
+or a result of failing to initialize MSI-X table entries.
+
+5.3.5 API pci_disable_msix
+
+void pci_disable_msix(struct pci_dev *dev)
+
+This API should always be used to undo the effect of pci_enable_msix()
+when a device driver is unloading. Note that a device driver should
+always call free_irq() on all MSI-X vectors it has done request_irq()
+on before calling this API. Failure to do so results a BUG_ON() and
+a device will be left with MSI-X enabled and leaks its vectors.
+
+5.3.6 MSI-X mode vs. legacy mode diagram
+
+The below diagram shows the events, which switches the interrupt
+mode on the MSI-X capable device function between MSI-X mode and
+PIN-IRQ assertion mode (legacy).
+
+ ------------ pci_enable_msix(,,n) ------------------------
+ | | <=============== | |
+ | MSI-X MODE | | PIN-IRQ ASSERTION MODE |
+ | | ===============> | |
+ ------------ pci_disable_msix ------------------------
+
+Figure 2.0 MSI-X Mode vs. Legacy Mode
+
+In Figure 2.0, a device operates by default in legacy mode. A
+successful MSI-X request (using pci_enable_msix()) switches a
+device's interrupt mode to MSI-X mode. A pre-assigned IOAPIC vector
+stored in dev->irq will be saved by the PCI subsystem; however,
+unlike MSI mode, the PCI subsystem will not replace dev->irq with
+assigned MSI-X vector because the PCI subsystem already writes the 1:1
+vector-to-entry mapping into the field vector of each element
+specified in second argument.
+
+To return back to its default mode, a device driver should always call
+pci_disable_msix() to undo the effect of pci_enable_msix(). Note that
+a device driver should always call free_irq() on all MSI-X vectors it
+has done request_irq() on before calling pci_disable_msix(). Failure
+to do so results a BUG_ON() and a device will be left with MSI-X
+enabled and leaks its vectors. Otherwise, the PCI subsystem switches a
+device function's interrupt mode from MSI-X mode to legacy mode and
+marks all allocated MSI-X vectors as unused.
+
+Once being marked as unused, there is no guarantee that the PCI
+subsystem will reserve these MSI-X vectors for a device. Depending on
+the availability of current PCI vector resources and the number of
+MSI/MSI-X requests from other drivers, these MSI-X vectors may be
+re-assigned.
+
+For the case where the PCI subsystem re-assigned these MSI-X vectors
+to other driver, a request to switching back to MSI-X mode may result
+being assigned with another set of MSI-X vectors or a failure if no
+more vectors are available.
+
+5.4 Handling function implementng both MSI and MSI-X capabilities
+
+For the case where a function implements both MSI and MSI-X
+capabilities, the PCI subsystem enables a device to run either in MSI
+mode or MSI-X mode but not both. A device driver determines whether it
+wants MSI or MSI-X enabled on its hardware device. Once a device
+driver requests for MSI, for example, it is prohibited to request for
+MSI-X; in other words, a device driver is not permitted to ping-pong
+between MSI mod MSI-X mode during a run-time.
+
+5.5 Hardware requirements for MSI/MSI-X support
+MSI/MSI-X support requires support from both system hardware and
+individual hardware device functions.
+
+5.5.1 System hardware support
+Since the target of MSI address is the local APIC CPU, enabling
+MSI/MSI-X support in Linux kernel is dependent on whether existing
+system hardware supports local APIC. Users should verify their
+system whether it runs when CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC=y.
+
+In SMP environment, CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC is automatically set;
+however, in UP environment, users must manually set
+CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC. Once CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC=y, setting
+CONFIG_PCI_MSI enables the VECTOR based scheme and
+the option for MSI-capable device drivers to selectively enable
+MSI/MSI-X.
+
+Note that CONFIG_X86_IO_APIC setting is irrelevant because MSI/MSI-X
+vector is allocated new during runtime and MSI/MSI-X support does not
+depend on BIOS support. This key independency enables MSI/MSI-X
+support on future IOxAPIC free platform.
+
+5.5.2 Device hardware support
+The hardware device function supports MSI by indicating the
+MSI/MSI-X capability structure on its PCI capability list. By
+default, this capability structure will not be initialized by
+the kernel to enable MSI during the system boot. In other words,
+the device function is running on its default pin assertion mode.
+Note that in many cases the hardware supporting MSI have bugs,
+which may result in system hang. The software driver of specific
+MSI-capable hardware is responsible for whether calling
+pci_enable_msi or not. A return of zero indicates the kernel
+successfully initializes the MSI/MSI-X capability structure of the
+device funtion. The device function is now running on MSI/MSI-X mode.
+
+5.6 How to tell whether MSI/MSI-X is enabled on device function
+
+At the driver level, a return of zero from the function call of
+pci_enable_msi()/pci_enable_msix() indicates to a device driver that
+its device function is initialized successfully and ready to run in
+MSI/MSI-X mode.
+
+At the user level, users can use command 'cat /proc/interrupts'
+to display the vector allocated for a device and its interrupt
+MSI/MSI-X mode ("PCI MSI"/"PCI MSIX"). Below shows below MSI mode is
+enabled on a SCSI Adaptec 39320D Ultra320.
+
+ CPU0 CPU1
+ 0: 324639 0 IO-APIC-edge timer
+ 1: 1186 0 IO-APIC-edge i8042
+ 2: 0 0 XT-PIC cascade
+ 12: 2797 0 IO-APIC-edge i8042
+ 14: 6543 0 IO-APIC-edge ide0
+ 15: 1 0 IO-APIC-edge ide1
+169: 0 0 IO-APIC-level uhci-hcd
+185: 0 0 IO-APIC-level uhci-hcd
+193: 138 10 PCI MSI aic79xx
+201: 30 0 PCI MSI aic79xx
+225: 30 0 IO-APIC-level aic7xxx
+233: 30 0 IO-APIC-level aic7xxx
+NMI: 0 0
+LOC: 324553 325068
+ERR: 0
+MIS: 0
+
+6. FAQ
+
+Q1. Are there any limitations on using the MSI?
+
+A1. If the PCI device supports MSI and conforms to the
+specification and the platform supports the APIC local bus,
+then using MSI should work.
+
+Q2. Will it work on all the Pentium processors (P3, P4, Xeon,
+AMD processors)? In P3 IPI's are transmitted on the APIC local
+bus and in P4 and Xeon they are transmitted on the system
+bus. Are there any implications with this?
+
+A2. MSI support enables a PCI device sending an inbound
+memory write (0xfeexxxxx as target address) on its PCI bus
+directly to the FSB. Since the message address has a
+redirection hint bit cleared, it should work.
+
+Q3. The target address 0xfeexxxxx will be translated by the
+Host Bridge into an interrupt message. Are there any
+limitations on the chipsets such as Intel 8xx, Intel e7xxx,
+or VIA?
+
+A3. If these chipsets support an inbound memory write with
+target address set as 0xfeexxxxx, as conformed to PCI
+specification 2.3 or latest, then it should work.
+
+Q4. From the driver point of view, if the MSI is lost because
+of the errors occur during inbound memory write, then it may
+wait for ever. Is there a mechanism for it to recover?
+
+A4. Since the target of the transaction is an inbound memory
+write, all transaction termination conditions (Retry,
+Master-Abort, Target-Abort, or normal completion) are
+supported. A device sending an MSI must abide by all the PCI
+rules and conditions regarding that inbound memory write. So,
+if a retry is signaled it must retry, etc... We believe that
+the recommendation for Abort is also a retry (refer to PCI
+specification 2.3 or latest).
diff --git a/Documentation/ManagementStyle b/Documentation/ManagementStyle
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbbebfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ManagementStyle
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+
+ Linux kernel management style
+
+This is a short document describing the preferred (or made up, depending
+on who you ask) management style for the linux kernel. It's meant to
+mirror the CodingStyle document to some degree, and mainly written to
+avoid answering (*) the same (or similar) questions over and over again.
+
+Management style is very personal and much harder to quantify than
+simple coding style rules, so this document may or may not have anything
+to do with reality. It started as a lark, but that doesn't mean that it
+might not actually be true. You'll have to decide for yourself.
+
+Btw, when talking about "kernel manager", it's all about the technical
+lead persons, not the people who do traditional management inside
+companies. If you sign purchase orders or you have any clue about the
+budget of your group, you're almost certainly not a kernel manager.
+These suggestions may or may not apply to you.
+
+First off, I'd suggest buying "Seven Habits of Highly Successful
+People", and NOT read it. Burn it, it's a great symbolic gesture.
+
+(*) This document does so not so much by answering the question, but by
+making it painfully obvious to the questioner that we don't have a clue
+to what the answer is.
+
+Anyway, here goes:
+
+
+ Chapter 1: Decisions
+
+Everybody thinks managers make decisions, and that decision-making is
+important. The bigger and more painful the decision, the bigger the
+manager must be to make it. That's very deep and obvious, but it's not
+actually true.
+
+The name of the game is to _avoid_ having to make a decision. In
+particular, if somebody tells you "choose (a) or (b), we really need you
+to decide on this", you're in trouble as a manager. The people you
+manage had better know the details better than you, so if they come to
+you for a technical decision, you're screwed. You're clearly not
+competent to make that decision for them.
+
+(Corollary:if the people you manage don't know the details better than
+you, you're also screwed, although for a totally different reason.
+Namely that you are in the wrong job, and that _they_ should be managing
+your brilliance instead).
+
+So the name of the game is to _avoid_ decisions, at least the big and
+painful ones. Making small and non-consequential decisions is fine, and
+makes you look like you know what you're doing, so what a kernel manager
+needs to do is to turn the big and painful ones into small things where
+nobody really cares.
+
+It helps to realize that the key difference between a big decision and a
+small one is whether you can fix your decision afterwards. Any decision
+can be made small by just always making sure that if you were wrong (and
+you _will_ be wrong), you can always undo the damage later by
+backtracking. Suddenly, you get to be doubly managerial for making
+_two_ inconsequential decisions - the wrong one _and_ the right one.
+
+And people will even see that as true leadership (*cough* bullshit
+*cough*).
+
+Thus the key to avoiding big decisions becomes to just avoiding to do
+things that can't be undone. Don't get ushered into a corner from which
+you cannot escape. A cornered rat may be dangerous - a cornered manager
+is just pitiful.
+
+It turns out that since nobody would be stupid enough to ever really let
+a kernel manager have huge fiscal responsibility _anyway_, it's usually
+fairly easy to backtrack. Since you're not going to be able to waste
+huge amounts of money that you might not be able to repay, the only
+thing you can backtrack on is a technical decision, and there
+back-tracking is very easy: just tell everybody that you were an
+incompetent nincompoop, say you're sorry, and undo all the worthless
+work you had people work on for the last year. Suddenly the decision
+you made a year ago wasn't a big decision after all, since it could be
+easily undone.
+
+It turns out that some people have trouble with this approach, for two
+reasons:
+ - admitting you were an idiot is harder than it looks. We all like to
+ maintain appearances, and coming out in public to say that you were
+ wrong is sometimes very hard indeed.
+ - having somebody tell you that what you worked on for the last year
+ wasn't worthwhile after all can be hard on the poor lowly engineers
+ too, and while the actual _work_ was easy enough to undo by just
+ deleting it, you may have irrevocably lost the trust of that
+ engineer. And remember: "irrevocable" was what we tried to avoid in
+ the first place, and your decision ended up being a big one after
+ all.
+
+Happily, both of these reasons can be mitigated effectively by just
+admitting up-front that you don't have a friggin' clue, and telling
+people ahead of the fact that your decision is purely preliminary, and
+might be the wrong thing. You should always reserve the right to change
+your mind, and make people very _aware_ of that. And it's much easier
+to admit that you are stupid when you haven't _yet_ done the really
+stupid thing.
+
+Then, when it really does turn out to be stupid, people just roll their
+eyes and say "Oops, he did it again".
+
+This preemptive admission of incompetence might also make the people who
+actually do the work also think twice about whether it's worth doing or
+not. After all, if _they_ aren't certain whether it's a good idea, you
+sure as hell shouldn't encourage them by promising them that what they
+work on will be included. Make them at least think twice before they
+embark on a big endeavor.
+
+Remember: they'd better know more about the details than you do, and
+they usually already think they have the answer to everything. The best
+thing you can do as a manager is not to instill confidence, but rather a
+healthy dose of critical thinking on what they do.
+
+Btw, another way to avoid a decision is to plaintively just whine "can't
+we just do both?" and look pitiful. Trust me, it works. If it's not
+clear which approach is better, they'll eventually figure it out. The
+answer may end up being that both teams get so frustrated by the
+situation that they just give up.
+
+That may sound like a failure, but it's usually a sign that there was
+something wrong with both projects, and the reason the people involved
+couldn't decide was that they were both wrong. You end up coming up
+smelling like roses, and you avoided yet another decision that you could
+have screwed up on.
+
+
+ Chapter 2: People
+
+Most people are idiots, and being a manager means you'll have to deal
+with it, and perhaps more importantly, that _they_ have to deal with
+_you_.
+
+It turns out that while it's easy to undo technical mistakes, it's not
+as easy to undo personality disorders. You just have to live with
+theirs - and yours.
+
+However, in order to prepare yourself as a kernel manager, it's best to
+remember not to burn any bridges, bomb any innocent villagers, or
+alienate too many kernel developers. It turns out that alienating people
+is fairly easy, and un-alienating them is hard. Thus "alienating"
+immediately falls under the heading of "not reversible", and becomes a
+no-no according to Chapter 1.
+
+There's just a few simple rules here:
+ (1) don't call people d*ckheads (at least not in public)
+ (2) learn how to apologize when you forgot rule (1)
+
+The problem with #1 is that it's very easy to do, since you can say
+"you're a d*ckhead" in millions of different ways (*), sometimes without
+even realizing it, and almost always with a white-hot conviction that
+you are right.
+
+And the more convinced you are that you are right (and let's face it,
+you can call just about _anybody_ a d*ckhead, and you often _will_ be
+right), the harder it ends up being to apologize afterwards.
+
+To solve this problem, you really only have two options:
+ - get really good at apologies
+ - spread the "love" out so evenly that nobody really ends up feeling
+ like they get unfairly targeted. Make it inventive enough, and they
+ might even be amused.
+
+The option of being unfailingly polite really doesn't exist. Nobody will
+trust somebody who is so clearly hiding his true character.
+
+(*) Paul Simon sang "Fifty Ways to Lose Your Lover", because quite
+frankly, "A Million Ways to Tell a Developer He Is a D*ckhead" doesn't
+scan nearly as well. But I'm sure he thought about it.
+
+
+ Chapter 3: People II - the Good Kind
+
+While it turns out that most people are idiots, the corollary to that is
+sadly that you are one too, and that while we can all bask in the secure
+knowledge that we're better than the average person (let's face it,
+nobody ever believes that they're average or below-average), we should
+also admit that we're not the sharpest knife around, and there will be
+other people that are less of an idiot that you are.
+
+Some people react badly to smart people. Others take advantage of them.
+
+Make sure that you, as a kernel maintainer, are in the second group.
+Suck up to them, because they are the people who will make your job
+easier. In particular, they'll be able to make your decisions for you,
+which is what the game is all about.
+
+So when you find somebody smarter than you are, just coast along. Your
+management responsibilities largely become ones of saying "Sounds like a
+good idea - go wild", or "That sounds good, but what about xxx?". The
+second version in particular is a great way to either learn something
+new about "xxx" or seem _extra_ managerial by pointing out something the
+smarter person hadn't thought about. In either case, you win.
+
+One thing to look out for is to realize that greatness in one area does
+not necessarily translate to other areas. So you might prod people in
+specific directions, but let's face it, they might be good at what they
+do, and suck at everything else. The good news is that people tend to
+naturally gravitate back to what they are good at, so it's not like you
+are doing something irreversible when you _do_ prod them in some
+direction, just don't push too hard.
+
+
+ Chapter 4: Placing blame
+
+Things will go wrong, and people want somebody to blame. Tag, you're it.
+
+It's not actually that hard to accept the blame, especially if people
+kind of realize that it wasn't _all_ your fault. Which brings us to the
+best way of taking the blame: do it for another guy. You'll feel good
+for taking the fall, he'll feel good about not getting blamed, and the
+guy who lost his whole 36GB porn-collection because of your incompetence
+will grudgingly admit that you at least didn't try to weasel out of it.
+
+Then make the developer who really screwed up (if you can find him) know
+_in_private_ that he screwed up. Not just so he can avoid it in the
+future, but so that he knows he owes you one. And, perhaps even more
+importantly, he's also likely the person who can fix it. Because, let's
+face it, it sure ain't you.
+
+Taking the blame is also why you get to be manager in the first place.
+It's part of what makes people trust you, and allow you the potential
+glory, because you're the one who gets to say "I screwed up". And if
+you've followed the previous rules, you'll be pretty good at saying that
+by now.
+
+
+ Chapter 5: Things to avoid
+
+There's one thing people hate even more than being called "d*ckhead",
+and that is being called a "d*ckhead" in a sanctimonious voice. The
+first you can apologize for, the second one you won't really get the
+chance. They likely will no longer be listening even if you otherwise
+do a good job.
+
+We all think we're better than anybody else, which means that when
+somebody else puts on airs, it _really_ rubs us the wrong way. You may
+be morally and intellectually superior to everybody around you, but
+don't try to make it too obvious unless you really _intend_ to irritate
+somebody (*).
+
+Similarly, don't be too polite or subtle about things. Politeness easily
+ends up going overboard and hiding the problem, and as they say, "On the
+internet, nobody can hear you being subtle". Use a big blunt object to
+hammer the point in, because you can't really depend on people getting
+your point otherwise.
+
+Some humor can help pad both the bluntness and the moralizing. Going
+overboard to the point of being ridiculous can drive a point home
+without making it painful to the recipient, who just thinks you're being
+silly. It can thus help get through the personal mental block we all
+have about criticism.
+
+(*) Hint: internet newsgroups that are not directly related to your work
+are great ways to take out your frustrations at other people. Write
+insulting posts with a sneer just to get into a good flame every once in
+a while, and you'll feel cleansed. Just don't crap too close to home.
+
+
+ Chapter 6: Why me?
+
+Since your main responsibility seems to be to take the blame for other
+peoples mistakes, and make it painfully obvious to everybody else that
+you're incompetent, the obvious question becomes one of why do it in the
+first place?
+
+First off, while you may or may not get screaming teenage girls (or
+boys, let's not be judgmental or sexist here) knocking on your dressing
+room door, you _will_ get an immense feeling of personal accomplishment
+for being "in charge". Never mind the fact that you're really leading
+by trying to keep up with everybody else and running after them as fast
+as you can. Everybody will still think you're the person in charge.
+
+It's a great job if you can hack it.
diff --git a/Documentation/PCIEBUS-HOWTO.txt b/Documentation/PCIEBUS-HOWTO.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c93f42a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/PCIEBUS-HOWTO.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+ The PCI Express Port Bus Driver Guide HOWTO
+ Tom L Nguyen tom.l.nguyen@intel.com
+ 11/03/2004
+
+1. About this guide
+
+This guide describes the basics of the PCI Express Port Bus driver
+and provides information on how to enable the service drivers to
+register/unregister with the PCI Express Port Bus Driver.
+
+2. Copyright 2004 Intel Corporation
+
+3. What is the PCI Express Port Bus Driver
+
+A PCI Express Port is a logical PCI-PCI Bridge structure. There
+are two types of PCI Express Port: the Root Port and the Switch
+Port. The Root Port originates a PCI Express link from a PCI Express
+Root Complex and the Switch Port connects PCI Express links to
+internal logical PCI buses. The Switch Port, which has its secondary
+bus representing the switch's internal routing logic, is called the
+switch's Upstream Port. The switch's Downstream Port is bridging from
+switch's internal routing bus to a bus representing the downstream
+PCI Express link from the PCI Express Switch.
+
+A PCI Express Port can provide up to four distinct functions,
+referred to in this document as services, depending on its port type.
+PCI Express Port's services include native hotplug support (HP),
+power management event support (PME), advanced error reporting
+support (AER), and virtual channel support (VC). These services may
+be handled by a single complex driver or be individually distributed
+and handled by corresponding service drivers.
+
+4. Why use the PCI Express Port Bus Driver?
+
+In existing Linux kernels, the Linux Device Driver Model allows a
+physical device to be handled by only a single driver. The PCI
+Express Port is a PCI-PCI Bridge device with multiple distinct
+services. To maintain a clean and simple solution each service
+may have its own software service driver. In this case several
+service drivers will compete for a single PCI-PCI Bridge device.
+For example, if the PCI Express Root Port native hotplug service
+driver is loaded first, it claims a PCI-PCI Bridge Root Port. The
+kernel therefore does not load other service drivers for that Root
+Port. In other words, it is impossible to have multiple service
+drivers load and run on a PCI-PCI Bridge device simultaneously
+using the current driver model.
+
+To enable multiple service drivers running simultaneously requires
+having a PCI Express Port Bus driver, which manages all populated
+PCI Express Ports and distributes all provided service requests
+to the corresponding service drivers as required. Some key
+advantages of using the PCI Express Port Bus driver are listed below:
+
+ - Allow multiple service drivers to run simultaneously on
+ a PCI-PCI Bridge Port device.
+
+ - Allow service drivers implemented in an independent
+ staged approach.
+
+ - Allow one service driver to run on multiple PCI-PCI Bridge
+ Port devices.
+
+ - Manage and distribute resources of a PCI-PCI Bridge Port
+ device to requested service drivers.
+
+5. Configuring the PCI Express Port Bus Driver vs. Service Drivers
+
+5.1 Including the PCI Express Port Bus Driver Support into the Kernel
+
+Including the PCI Express Port Bus driver depends on whether the PCI
+Express support is included in the kernel config. The kernel will
+automatically include the PCI Express Port Bus driver as a kernel
+driver when the PCI Express support is enabled in the kernel.
+
+5.2 Enabling Service Driver Support
+
+PCI device drivers are implemented based on Linux Device Driver Model.
+All service drivers are PCI device drivers. As discussed above, it is
+impossible to load any service driver once the kernel has loaded the
+PCI Express Port Bus Driver. To meet the PCI Express Port Bus Driver
+Model requires some minimal changes on existing service drivers that
+imposes no impact on the functionality of existing service drivers.
+
+A service driver is required to use the two APIs shown below to
+register its service with the PCI Express Port Bus driver (see
+section 5.2.1 & 5.2.2). It is important that a service driver
+initializes the pcie_port_service_driver data structure, included in
+header file /include/linux/pcieport_if.h, before calling these APIs.
+Failure to do so will result an identity mismatch, which prevents
+the PCI Express Port Bus driver from loading a service driver.
+
+5.2.1 pcie_port_service_register
+
+int pcie_port_service_register(struct pcie_port_service_driver *new)
+
+This API replaces the Linux Driver Model's pci_module_init API. A
+service driver should always calls pcie_port_service_register at
+module init. Note that after service driver being loaded, calls
+such as pci_enable_device(dev) and pci_set_master(dev) are no longer
+necessary since these calls are executed by the PCI Port Bus driver.
+
+5.2.2 pcie_port_service_unregister
+
+void pcie_port_service_unregister(struct pcie_port_service_driver *new)
+
+pcie_port_service_unregister replaces the Linux Driver Model's
+pci_unregister_driver. It's always called by service driver when a
+module exits.
+
+5.2.3 Sample Code
+
+Below is sample service driver code to initialize the port service
+driver data structure.
+
+static struct pcie_port_service_id service_id[] = { {
+ .vendor = PCI_ANY_ID,
+ .device = PCI_ANY_ID,
+ .port_type = PCIE_RC_PORT,
+ .service_type = PCIE_PORT_SERVICE_AER,
+ }, { /* end: all zeroes */ }
+};
+
+static struct pcie_port_service_driver root_aerdrv = {
+ .name = (char *)device_name,
+ .id_table = &service_id[0],
+
+ .probe = aerdrv_load,
+ .remove = aerdrv_unload,
+
+ .suspend = aerdrv_suspend,
+ .resume = aerdrv_resume,
+};
+
+Below is a sample code for registering/unregistering a service
+driver.
+
+static int __init aerdrv_service_init(void)
+{
+ int retval = 0;
+
+ retval = pcie_port_service_register(&root_aerdrv);
+ if (!retval) {
+ /*
+ * FIX ME
+ */
+ }
+ return retval;
+}
+
+static void __exit aerdrv_service_exit(void)
+{
+ pcie_port_service_unregister(&root_aerdrv);
+}
+
+module_init(aerdrv_service_init);
+module_exit(aerdrv_service_exit);
+
+6. Possible Resource Conflicts
+
+Since all service drivers of a PCI-PCI Bridge Port device are
+allowed to run simultaneously, below lists a few of possible resource
+conflicts with proposed solutions.
+
+6.1 MSI Vector Resource
+
+The MSI capability structure enables a device software driver to call
+pci_enable_msi to request MSI based interrupts. Once MSI interrupts
+are enabled on a device, it stays in this mode until a device driver
+calls pci_disable_msi to disable MSI interrupts and revert back to
+INTx emulation mode. Since service drivers of the same PCI-PCI Bridge
+port share the same physical device, if an individual service driver
+calls pci_enable_msi/pci_disable_msi it may result unpredictable
+behavior. For example, two service drivers run simultaneously on the
+same physical Root Port. Both service drivers call pci_enable_msi to
+request MSI based interrupts. A service driver may not know whether
+any other service drivers have run on this Root Port. If either one
+of them calls pci_disable_msi, it puts the other service driver
+in a wrong interrupt mode.
+
+To avoid this situation all service drivers are not permitted to
+switch interrupt mode on its device. The PCI Express Port Bus driver
+is responsible for determining the interrupt mode and this should be
+transparent to service drivers. Service drivers need to know only
+the vector IRQ assigned to the field irq of struct pcie_device, which
+is passed in when the PCI Express Port Bus driver probes each service
+driver. Service drivers should use (struct pcie_device*)dev->irq to
+call request_irq/free_irq. In addition, the interrupt mode is stored
+in the field interrupt_mode of struct pcie_device.
+
+6.2 MSI-X Vector Resources
+
+Similar to the MSI a device driver for an MSI-X capable device can
+call pci_enable_msix to request MSI-X interrupts. All service drivers
+are not permitted to switch interrupt mode on its device. The PCI
+Express Port Bus driver is responsible for determining the interrupt
+mode and this should be transparent to service drivers. Any attempt
+by service driver to call pci_enable_msix/pci_disable_msix may
+result unpredictable behavior. Service drivers should use
+(struct pcie_device*)dev->irq and call request_irq/free_irq.
+
+6.3 PCI Memory/IO Mapped Regions
+
+Service drivers for PCI Express Power Management (PME), Advanced
+Error Reporting (AER), Hot-Plug (HP) and Virtual Channel (VC) access
+PCI configuration space on the PCI Express port. In all cases the
+registers accessed are independent of each other. This patch assumes
+that all service drivers will be well behaved and not overwrite
+other service driver's configuration settings.
+
+6.4 PCI Config Registers
+
+Each service driver runs its PCI config operations on its own
+capability structure except the PCI Express capability structure, in
+which Root Control register and Device Control register are shared
+between PME and AER. This patch assumes that all service drivers
+will be well behaved and not overwrite other service driver's
+configuration settings.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt b/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12250b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+Read the F-ing Papers!
+
+
+This document describes RCU-related publications, and is followed by
+the corresponding bibtex entries.
+
+The first thing resembling RCU was published in 1980, when Kung and Lehman
+[Kung80] recommended use of a garbage collector to defer destruction
+of nodes in a parallel binary search tree in order to simplify its
+implementation. This works well in environments that have garbage
+collectors, but current production garbage collectors incur significant
+read-side overhead.
+
+In 1982, Manber and Ladner [Manber82,Manber84] recommended deferring
+destruction until all threads running at that time have terminated, again
+for a parallel binary search tree. This approach works well in systems
+with short-lived threads, such as the K42 research operating system.
+However, Linux has long-lived tasks, so more is needed.
+
+In 1986, Hennessy, Osisek, and Seigh [Hennessy89] introduced passive
+serialization, which is an RCU-like mechanism that relies on the presence
+of "quiescent states" in the VM/XA hypervisor that are guaranteed not
+to be referencing the data structure. However, this mechanism was not
+optimized for modern computer systems, which is not surprising given
+that these overheads were not so expensive in the mid-80s. Nonetheless,
+passive serialization appears to be the first deferred-destruction
+mechanism to be used in production. Furthermore, the relevant patent has
+lapsed, so this approach may be used in non-GPL software, if desired.
+(In contrast, use of RCU is permitted only in software licensed under
+GPL. Sorry!!!)
+
+In 1990, Pugh [Pugh90] noted that explicitly tracking which threads
+were reading a given data structure permitted deferred free to operate
+in the presence of non-terminating threads. However, this explicit
+tracking imposes significant read-side overhead, which is undesirable
+in read-mostly situations. This algorithm does take pains to avoid
+write-side contention and parallelize the other write-side overheads by
+providing a fine-grained locking design, however, it would be interesting
+to see how much of the performance advantage reported in 1990 remains
+in 2004.
+
+At about this same time, Adams [Adams91] described ``chaotic relaxation'',
+where the normal barriers between successive iterations of convergent
+numerical algorithms are relaxed, so that iteration $n$ might use
+data from iteration $n-1$ or even $n-2$. This introduces error,
+which typically slows convergence and thus increases the number of
+iterations required. However, this increase is sometimes more than made
+up for by a reduction in the number of expensive barrier operations,
+which are otherwise required to synchronize the threads at the end
+of each iteration. Unfortunately, chaotic relaxation requires highly
+structured data, such as the matrices used in scientific programs, and
+is thus inapplicable to most data structures in operating-system kernels.
+
+In 1993, Jacobson [Jacobson93] verbally described what is perhaps the
+simplest deferred-free technique: simply waiting a fixed amount of time
+before freeing blocks awaiting deferred free. Jacobson did not describe
+any write-side changes he might have made in this work using SGI's Irix
+kernel. Aju John published a similar technique in 1995 [AjuJohn95].
+This works well if there is a well-defined upper bound on the length of
+time that reading threads can hold references, as there might well be in
+hard real-time systems. However, if this time is exceeded, perhaps due
+to preemption, excessive interrupts, or larger-than-anticipated load,
+memory corruption can ensue, with no reasonable means of diagnosis.
+Jacobson's technique is therefore inappropriate for use in production
+operating-system kernels, except when such kernels can provide hard
+real-time response guarantees for all operations.
+
+Also in 1995, Pu et al. [Pu95a] applied a technique similar to that of Pugh's
+read-side-tracking to permit replugging of algorithms within a commercial
+Unix operating system. However, this replugging permitted only a single
+reader at a time. The following year, this same group of researchers
+extended their technique to allow for multiple readers [Cowan96a].
+Their approach requires memory barriers (and thus pipeline stalls),
+but reduces memory latency, contention, and locking overheads.
+
+1995 also saw the first publication of DYNIX/ptx's RCU mechanism
+[Slingwine95], which was optimized for modern CPU architectures,
+and was successfully applied to a number of situations within the
+DYNIX/ptx kernel. The corresponding conference paper appeared in 1998
+[McKenney98].
+
+In 1999, the Tornado and K42 groups described their "generations"
+mechanism, which quite similar to RCU [Gamsa99]. These operating systems
+made pervasive use of RCU in place of "existence locks", which greatly
+simplifies locking hierarchies.
+
+2001 saw the first RCU presentation involving Linux [McKenney01a]
+at OLS. The resulting abundance of RCU patches was presented the
+following year [McKenney02a], and use of RCU in dcache was first
+described that same year [Linder02a].
+
+Also in 2002, Michael [Michael02b,Michael02a] presented techniques
+that defer the destruction of data structures to simplify non-blocking
+synchronization (wait-free synchronization, lock-free synchronization,
+and obstruction-free synchronization are all examples of non-blocking
+synchronization). In particular, this technique eliminates locking,
+reduces contention, reduces memory latency for readers, and parallelizes
+pipeline stalls and memory latency for writers. However, these
+techniques still impose significant read-side overhead in the form of
+memory barriers. Researchers at Sun worked along similar lines in the
+same timeframe [HerlihyLM02,HerlihyLMS03].
+
+In 2003, the K42 group described how RCU could be used to create
+hot-pluggable implementations of operating-system functions. Later that
+year saw a paper describing an RCU implementation of System V IPC
+[Arcangeli03], and an introduction to RCU in Linux Journal [McKenney03a].
+
+2004 has seen a Linux-Journal article on use of RCU in dcache
+[McKenney04a], a performance comparison of locking to RCU on several
+different CPUs [McKenney04b], a dissertation describing use of RCU in a
+number of operating-system kernels [PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD], and a paper
+describing how to make RCU safe for soft-realtime applications [Sarma04c].
+
+
+Bibtex Entries
+
+@article{Kung80
+,author="H. T. Kung and Q. Lehman"
+,title="Concurrent Maintenance of Binary Search Trees"
+,Year="1980"
+,Month="September"
+,journal="ACM Transactions on Database Systems"
+,volume="5"
+,number="3"
+,pages="354-382"
+}
+
+@techreport{Manber82
+,author="Udi Manber and Richard E. Ladner"
+,title="Concurrency Control in a Dynamic Search Structure"
+,institution="Department of Computer Science, University of Washington"
+,address="Seattle, Washington"
+,year="1982"
+,number="82-01-01"
+,month="January"
+,pages="28"
+}
+
+@article{Manber84
+,author="Udi Manber and Richard E. Ladner"
+,title="Concurrency Control in a Dynamic Search Structure"
+,Year="1984"
+,Month="September"
+,journal="ACM Transactions on Database Systems"
+,volume="9"
+,number="3"
+,pages="439-455"
+}
+
+@techreport{Hennessy89
+,author="James P. Hennessy and Damian L. Osisek and Joseph W. {Seigh II}"
+,title="Passive Serialization in a Multitasking Environment"
+,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
+,address="Washington, DC"
+,year="1989"
+,number="US Patent 4,809,168 (lapsed)"
+,month="February"
+,pages="11"
+}
+
+@techreport{Pugh90
+,author="William Pugh"
+,title="Concurrent Maintenance of Skip Lists"
+,institution="Institute of Advanced Computer Science Studies, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland"
+,address="College Park, Maryland"
+,year="1990"
+,number="CS-TR-2222.1"
+,month="June"
+}
+
+@Book{Adams91
+,Author="Gregory R. Adams"
+,title="Concurrent Programming, Principles, and Practices"
+,Publisher="Benjamin Cummins"
+,Year="1991"
+}
+
+@unpublished{Jacobson93
+,author="Van Jacobson"
+,title="Avoid Read-Side Locking Via Delayed Free"
+,year="1993"
+,month="September"
+,note="Verbal discussion"
+}
+
+@Conference{AjuJohn95
+,Author="Aju John"
+,Title="Dynamic vnodes -- Design and Implementation"
+,Booktitle="{USENIX Winter 1995}"
+,Publisher="USENIX Association"
+,Month="January"
+,Year="1995"
+,pages="11-23"
+,Address="New Orleans, LA"
+}
+
+@techreport{Slingwine95
+,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
+,title="Apparatus and Method for Achieving Reduced Overhead Mutual
+Exclusion and Maintaining Coherency in a Multiprocessor System
+Utilizing Execution History and Thread Monitoring"
+,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
+,address="Washington, DC"
+,year="1995"
+,number="US Patent 5,442,758 (contributed under GPL)"
+,month="August"
+}
+
+@techreport{Slingwine97
+,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
+,title="Method for maintaining data coherency using thread
+activity summaries in a multicomputer system"
+,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
+,address="Washington, DC"
+,year="1997"
+,number="US Patent 5,608,893 (contributed under GPL)"
+,month="March"
+}
+
+@techreport{Slingwine98
+,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
+,title="Apparatus and method for achieving reduced overhead
+mutual exclusion and maintaining coherency in a multiprocessor
+system utilizing execution history and thread monitoring"
+,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
+,address="Washington, DC"
+,year="1998"
+,number="US Patent 5,727,209 (contributed under GPL)"
+,month="March"
+}
+
+@Conference{McKenney98
+,Author="Paul E. McKenney and John D. Slingwine"
+,Title="Read-Copy Update: Using Execution History to Solve Concurrency
+Problems"
+,Booktitle="{Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems}"
+,Month="October"
+,Year="1998"
+,pages="509-518"
+,Address="Las Vegas, NV"
+}
+
+@Conference{Gamsa99
+,Author="Ben Gamsa and Orran Krieger and Jonathan Appavoo and Michael Stumm"
+,Title="Tornado: Maximizing Locality and Concurrency in a Shared Memory
+Multiprocessor Operating System"
+,Booktitle="{Proceedings of the 3\textsuperscript{rd} Symposium on
+Operating System Design and Implementation}"
+,Month="February"
+,Year="1999"
+,pages="87-100"
+,Address="New Orleans, LA"
+}
+
+@techreport{Slingwine01
+,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
+,title="Apparatus and method for achieving reduced overhead
+mutual exclusion and maintaining coherency in a multiprocessor
+system utilizing execution history and thread monitoring"
+,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
+,address="Washington, DC"
+,year="2001"
+,number="US Patent 5,219,690 (contributed under GPL)"
+,month="April"
+}
+
+@Conference{McKenney01a
+,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Appavoo and Andi Kleen and
+Orran Krieger and Rusty Russell and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
+,Title="Read-Copy Update"
+,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
+,Month="July"
+,Year="2001"
+,note="Available:
+\url{http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2001/abstracts/readcopy.php}
+\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/rclock/rclock_OLS.2001.05.01c.pdf}
+[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
+annotation="
+Described RCU, and presented some patches implementing and using it in
+the Linux kernel.
+"
+}
+
+@Conference{Linder02a
+,Author="Hanna Linder and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
+,Title="Scalability of the Directory Entry Cache"
+,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
+,Month="June"
+,Year="2002"
+,pages="289-300"
+}
+
+@Conference{McKenney02a
+,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and
+Andrea Arcangeli and Andi Kleen and Orran Krieger and Rusty Russell"
+,Title="Read-Copy Update"
+,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
+,Month="June"
+,Year="2002"
+,pages="338-367"
+,note="Available:
+\url{http://www.linux.org.uk/~ajh/ols2002_proceedings.pdf.gz}
+[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
+}
+
+@article{Appavoo03a
+,author="J. Appavoo and K. Hui and C. A. N. Soules and R. W. Wisniewski and
+D. M. {Da Silva} and O. Krieger and M. A. Auslander and D. J. Edelsohn and
+B. Gamsa and G. R. Ganger and P. McKenney and M. Ostrowski and
+B. Rosenburg and M. Stumm and J. Xenidis"
+,title="Enabling Autonomic Behavior in Systems Software With Hot Swapping"
+,Year="2003"
+,Month="January"
+,journal="IBM Systems Journal"
+,volume="42"
+,number="1"
+,pages="60-76"
+}
+
+@Conference{Arcangeli03
+,Author="Andrea Arcangeli and Mingming Cao and Paul E. McKenney and
+Dipankar Sarma"
+,Title="Using Read-Copy Update Techniques for {System V IPC} in the
+{Linux} 2.5 Kernel"
+,Booktitle="Proceedings of the 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
+(FREENIX Track)"
+,Publisher="USENIX Association"
+,year="2003"
+,month="June"
+,pages="297-310"
+}
+
+@article{McKenney03a
+,author="Paul E. McKenney"
+,title="Using {RCU} in the {Linux} 2.5 Kernel"
+,Year="2003"
+,Month="October"
+,journal="Linux Journal"
+,volume="1"
+,number="114"
+,pages="18-26"
+}
+
+@article{McKenney04a
+,author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
+,title="Scaling dcache with {RCU}"
+,Year="2004"
+,Month="January"
+,journal="Linux Journal"
+,volume="1"
+,number="118"
+,pages="38-46"
+}
+
+@Conference{McKenney04b
+,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
+,Title="{RCU} vs. Locking Performance on Different {CPUs}"
+,Booktitle="{linux.conf.au}"
+,Month="January"
+,Year="2004"
+,Address="Adelaide, Australia"
+,note="Available:
+\url{http://www.linux.org.au/conf/2004/abstracts.html#90}
+\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/rclock/lockperf.2004.01.17a.pdf}
+[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
+}
+
+@phdthesis{PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD
+,author="Paul E. McKenney"
+,title="Exploiting Deferred Destruction:
+An Analysis of Read-Copy-Update Techniques
+in Operating System Kernels"
+,school="OGI School of Science and Engineering at
+Oregon Health and Sciences University"
+,year="2004"
+}
+
+@Conference{Sarma04c
+,Author="Dipankar Sarma and Paul E. McKenney"
+,Title="Making RCU Safe for Deep Sub-Millisecond Response Realtime Applications"
+,Booktitle="Proceedings of the 2004 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
+(FREENIX Track)"
+,Publisher="USENIX Association"
+,year="2004"
+,month="June"
+,pages="182-191"
+}
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt b/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..551a803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+RCU on Uniprocessor Systems
+
+
+A common misconception is that, on UP systems, the call_rcu() primitive
+may immediately invoke its function, and that the synchronize_kernel
+primitive may return immediately. The basis of this misconception
+is that since there is only one CPU, it should not be necessary to
+wait for anything else to get done, since there are no other CPUs for
+anything else to be happening on. Although this approach will sort of
+work a surprising amount of the time, it is a very bad idea in general.
+This document presents two examples that demonstrate exactly how bad an
+idea this is.
+
+
+Example 1: softirq Suicide
+
+Suppose that an RCU-based algorithm scans a linked list containing
+elements A, B, and C in process context, and can delete elements from
+this same list in softirq context. Suppose that the process-context scan
+is referencing element B when it is interrupted by softirq processing,
+which deletes element B, and then invokes call_rcu() to free element B
+after a grace period.
+
+Now, if call_rcu() were to directly invoke its arguments, then upon return
+from softirq, the list scan would find itself referencing a newly freed
+element B. This situation can greatly decrease the life expectancy of
+your kernel.
+
+
+Example 2: Function-Call Fatality
+
+Of course, one could avert the suicide described in the preceding example
+by having call_rcu() directly invoke its arguments only if it was called
+from process context. However, this can fail in a similar manner.
+
+Suppose that an RCU-based algorithm again scans a linked list containing
+elements A, B, and C in process contexts, but that it invokes a function
+on each element as it is scanned. Suppose further that this function
+deletes element B from the list, then passes it to call_rcu() for deferred
+freeing. This may be a bit unconventional, but it is perfectly legal
+RCU usage, since call_rcu() must wait for a grace period to elapse.
+Therefore, in this case, allowing call_rcu() to immediately invoke
+its arguments would cause it to fail to make the fundamental guarantee
+underlying RCU, namely that call_rcu() defers invoking its arguments until
+all RCU read-side critical sections currently executing have completed.
+
+Quick Quiz: why is it -not- legal to invoke synchronize_kernel() in
+this case?
+
+
+Summary
+
+Permitting call_rcu() to immediately invoke its arguments or permitting
+synchronize_kernel() to immediately return breaks RCU, even on a UP system.
+So do not do it! Even on a UP system, the RCU infrastructure -must-
+respect grace periods.
+
+
+Answer to Quick Quiz
+
+The calling function is scanning an RCU-protected linked list, and
+is therefore within an RCU read-side critical section. Therefore,
+the called function has been invoked within an RCU read-side critical
+section, and is not permitted to block.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/arrayRCU.txt b/Documentation/RCU/arrayRCU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..453ebe69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/arrayRCU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+Using RCU to Protect Read-Mostly Arrays
+
+
+Although RCU is more commonly used to protect linked lists, it can
+also be used to protect arrays. Three situations are as follows:
+
+1. Hash Tables
+
+2. Static Arrays
+
+3. Resizeable Arrays
+
+Each of these situations are discussed below.
+
+
+Situation 1: Hash Tables
+
+Hash tables are often implemented as an array, where each array entry
+has a linked-list hash chain. Each hash chain can be protected by RCU
+as described in the listRCU.txt document. This approach also applies
+to other array-of-list situations, such as radix trees.
+
+
+Situation 2: Static Arrays
+
+Static arrays, where the data (rather than a pointer to the data) is
+located in each array element, and where the array is never resized,
+have not been used with RCU. Rik van Riel recommends using seqlock in
+this situation, which would also have minimal read-side overhead as long
+as updates are rare.
+
+Quick Quiz: Why is it so important that updates be rare when
+ using seqlock?
+
+
+Situation 3: Resizeable Arrays
+
+Use of RCU for resizeable arrays is demonstrated by the grow_ary()
+function used by the System V IPC code. The array is used to map from
+semaphore, message-queue, and shared-memory IDs to the data structure
+that represents the corresponding IPC construct. The grow_ary()
+function does not acquire any locks; instead its caller must hold the
+ids->sem semaphore.
+
+The grow_ary() function, shown below, does some limit checks, allocates a
+new ipc_id_ary, copies the old to the new portion of the new, initializes
+the remainder of the new, updates the ids->entries pointer to point to
+the new array, and invokes ipc_rcu_putref() to free up the old array.
+Note that rcu_assign_pointer() is used to update the ids->entries pointer,
+which includes any memory barriers required on whatever architecture
+you are running on.
+
+ static int grow_ary(struct ipc_ids* ids, int newsize)
+ {
+ struct ipc_id_ary* new;
+ struct ipc_id_ary* old;
+ int i;
+ int size = ids->entries->size;
+
+ if(newsize > IPCMNI)
+ newsize = IPCMNI;
+ if(newsize <= size)
+ return newsize;
+
+ new = ipc_rcu_alloc(sizeof(struct kern_ipc_perm *)*newsize +
+ sizeof(struct ipc_id_ary));
+ if(new == NULL)
+ return size;
+ new->size = newsize;
+ memcpy(new->p, ids->entries->p,
+ sizeof(struct kern_ipc_perm *)*size +
+ sizeof(struct ipc_id_ary));
+ for(i=size;i<newsize;i++) {
+ new->p[i] = NULL;
+ }
+ old = ids->entries;
+
+ /*
+ * Use rcu_assign_pointer() to make sure the memcpyed
+ * contents of the new array are visible before the new
+ * array becomes visible.
+ */
+ rcu_assign_pointer(ids->entries, new);
+
+ ipc_rcu_putref(old);
+ return newsize;
+ }
+
+The ipc_rcu_putref() function decrements the array's reference count
+and then, if the reference count has dropped to zero, uses call_rcu()
+to free the array after a grace period has elapsed.
+
+The array is traversed by the ipc_lock() function. This function
+indexes into the array under the protection of rcu_read_lock(),
+using rcu_dereference() to pick up the pointer to the array so
+that it may later safely be dereferenced -- memory barriers are
+required on the Alpha CPU. Since the size of the array is stored
+with the array itself, there can be no array-size mismatches, so
+a simple check suffices. The pointer to the structure corresponding
+to the desired IPC object is placed in "out", with NULL indicating
+a non-existent entry. After acquiring "out->lock", the "out->deleted"
+flag indicates whether the IPC object is in the process of being
+deleted, and, if not, the pointer is returned.
+
+ struct kern_ipc_perm* ipc_lock(struct ipc_ids* ids, int id)
+ {
+ struct kern_ipc_perm* out;
+ int lid = id % SEQ_MULTIPLIER;
+ struct ipc_id_ary* entries;
+
+ rcu_read_lock();
+ entries = rcu_dereference(ids->entries);
+ if(lid >= entries->size) {
+ rcu_read_unlock();
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ out = entries->p[lid];
+ if(out == NULL) {
+ rcu_read_unlock();
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ spin_lock(&out->lock);
+
+ /* ipc_rmid() may have already freed the ID while ipc_lock
+ * was spinning: here verify that the structure is still valid
+ */
+ if (out->deleted) {
+ spin_unlock(&out->lock);
+ rcu_read_unlock();
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+Answer to Quick Quiz:
+
+ The reason that it is important that updates be rare when
+ using seqlock is that frequent updates can livelock readers.
+ One way to avoid this problem is to assign a seqlock for
+ each array entry rather than to the entire array.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3a568a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+Review Checklist for RCU Patches
+
+
+This document contains a checklist for producing and reviewing patches
+that make use of RCU. Violating any of the rules listed below will
+result in the same sorts of problems that leaving out a locking primitive
+would cause. This list is based on experiences reviewing such patches
+over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
+
+0. Is RCU being applied to a read-mostly situation? If the data
+ structure is updated more than about 10% of the time, then
+ you should strongly consider some other approach, unless
+ detailed performance measurements show that RCU is nonetheless
+ the right tool for the job.
+
+ The other exception would be where performance is not an issue,
+ and RCU provides a simpler implementation. An example of this
+ situation is the dynamic NMI code in the Linux 2.6 kernel,
+ at least on architectures where NMIs are rare.
+
+1. Does the update code have proper mutual exclusion?
+
+ RCU does allow -readers- to run (almost) naked, but -writers- must
+ still use some sort of mutual exclusion, such as:
+
+ a. locking,
+ b. atomic operations, or
+ c. restricting updates to a single task.
+
+ If you choose #b, be prepared to describe how you have handled
+ memory barriers on weakly ordered machines (pretty much all of
+ them -- even x86 allows reads to be reordered), and be prepared
+ to explain why this added complexity is worthwhile. If you
+ choose #c, be prepared to explain how this single task does not
+ become a major bottleneck on big multiprocessor machines.
+
+2. Do the RCU read-side critical sections make proper use of
+ rcu_read_lock() and friends? These primitives are needed
+ to suppress preemption (or bottom halves, in the case of
+ rcu_read_lock_bh()) in the read-side critical sections,
+ and are also an excellent aid to readability.
+
+3. Does the update code tolerate concurrent accesses?
+
+ The whole point of RCU is to permit readers to run without
+ any locks or atomic operations. This means that readers will
+ be running while updates are in progress. There are a number
+ of ways to handle this concurrency, depending on the situation:
+
+ a. Make updates appear atomic to readers. For example,
+ pointer updates to properly aligned fields will appear
+ atomic, as will individual atomic primitives. Operations
+ performed under a lock and sequences of multiple atomic
+ primitives will -not- appear to be atomic.
+
+ This is almost always the best approach.
+
+ b. Carefully order the updates and the reads so that
+ readers see valid data at all phases of the update.
+ This is often more difficult than it sounds, especially
+ given modern CPUs' tendency to reorder memory references.
+ One must usually liberally sprinkle memory barriers
+ (smp_wmb(), smp_rmb(), smp_mb()) through the code,
+ making it difficult to understand and to test.
+
+ It is usually better to group the changing data into
+ a separate structure, so that the change may be made
+ to appear atomic by updating a pointer to reference
+ a new structure containing updated values.
+
+4. Weakly ordered CPUs pose special challenges. Almost all CPUs
+ are weakly ordered -- even i386 CPUs allow reads to be reordered.
+ RCU code must take all of the following measures to prevent
+ memory-corruption problems:
+
+ a. Readers must maintain proper ordering of their memory
+ accesses. The rcu_dereference() primitive ensures that
+ the CPU picks up the pointer before it picks up the data
+ that the pointer points to. This really is necessary
+ on Alpha CPUs. If you don't believe me, see:
+
+ http://www.openvms.compaq.com/wizard/wiz_2637.html
+
+ The rcu_dereference() primitive is also an excellent
+ documentation aid, letting the person reading the code
+ know exactly which pointers are protected by RCU.
+
+ The rcu_dereference() primitive is used by the various
+ "_rcu()" list-traversal primitives, such as the
+ list_for_each_entry_rcu().
+
+ b. If the list macros are being used, the list_del_rcu(),
+ list_add_tail_rcu(), and list_del_rcu() primitives must
+ be used in order to prevent weakly ordered machines from
+ misordering structure initialization and pointer planting.
+ Similarly, if the hlist macros are being used, the
+ hlist_del_rcu() and hlist_add_head_rcu() primitives
+ are required.
+
+ c. Updates must ensure that initialization of a given
+ structure happens before pointers to that structure are
+ publicized. Use the rcu_assign_pointer() primitive
+ when publicizing a pointer to a structure that can
+ be traversed by an RCU read-side critical section.
+
+ [The rcu_assign_pointer() primitive is in process.]
+
+5. If call_rcu(), or a related primitive such as call_rcu_bh(),
+ is used, the callback function must be written to be called
+ from softirq context. In particular, it cannot block.
+
+6. Since synchronize_kernel() blocks, it cannot be called from
+ any sort of irq context.
+
+7. If the updater uses call_rcu(), then the corresponding readers
+ must use rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock(). If the updater
+ uses call_rcu_bh(), then the corresponding readers must use
+ rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh(). Mixing things up
+ will result in confusion and broken kernels.
+
+ One exception to this rule: rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock()
+ may be substituted for rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh()
+ in cases where local bottom halves are already known to be
+ disabled, for example, in irq or softirq context. Commenting
+ such cases is a must, of course! And the jury is still out on
+ whether the increased speed is worth it.
+
+8. Although synchronize_kernel() is a bit slower than is call_rcu(),
+ it usually results in simpler code. So, unless update performance
+ is important or the updaters cannot block, synchronize_kernel()
+ should be used in preference to call_rcu().
+
+9. All RCU list-traversal primitives, which include
+ list_for_each_rcu(), list_for_each_entry_rcu(),
+ list_for_each_continue_rcu(), and list_for_each_safe_rcu(),
+ must be within an RCU read-side critical section. RCU
+ read-side critical sections are delimited by rcu_read_lock()
+ and rcu_read_unlock(), or by similar primitives such as
+ rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh().
+
+ Use of the _rcu() list-traversal primitives outside of an
+ RCU read-side critical section causes no harm other than
+ a slight performance degradation on Alpha CPUs and some
+ confusion on the part of people trying to read the code.
+
+ Another way of thinking of this is "If you are holding the
+ lock that prevents the data structure from changing, why do
+ you also need RCU-based protection?" That said, there may
+ well be situations where use of the _rcu() list-traversal
+ primitives while the update-side lock is held results in
+ simpler and more maintainable code. The jury is still out
+ on this question.
+
+10. Conversely, if you are in an RCU read-side critical section,
+ you -must- use the "_rcu()" variants of the list macros.
+ Failing to do so will break Alpha and confuse people reading
+ your code.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt b/Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bda6ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+Using RCU to Protect Read-Mostly Linked Lists
+
+
+One of the best applications of RCU is to protect read-mostly linked lists
+("struct list_head" in list.h). One big advantage of this approach
+is that all of the required memory barriers are included for you in
+the list macros. This document describes several applications of RCU,
+with the best fits first.
+
+
+Example 1: Read-Side Action Taken Outside of Lock, No In-Place Updates
+
+The best applications are cases where, if reader-writer locking were
+used, the read-side lock would be dropped before taking any action
+based on the results of the search. The most celebrated example is
+the routing table. Because the routing table is tracking the state of
+equipment outside of the computer, it will at times contain stale data.
+Therefore, once the route has been computed, there is no need to hold
+the routing table static during transmission of the packet. After all,
+you can hold the routing table static all you want, but that won't keep
+the external Internet from changing, and it is the state of the external
+Internet that really matters. In addition, routing entries are typically
+added or deleted, rather than being modified in place.
+
+A straightforward example of this use of RCU may be found in the
+system-call auditing support. For example, a reader-writer locked
+implementation of audit_filter_task() might be as follows:
+
+ static enum audit_state audit_filter_task(struct task_struct *tsk)
+ {
+ struct audit_entry *e;
+ enum audit_state state;
+
+ read_lock(&auditsc_lock);
+ list_for_each_entry(e, &audit_tsklist, list) {
+ if (audit_filter_rules(tsk, &e->rule, NULL, &state)) {
+ read_unlock(&auditsc_lock);
+ return state;
+ }
+ }
+ read_unlock(&auditsc_lock);
+ return AUDIT_BUILD_CONTEXT;
+ }
+
+Here the list is searched under the lock, but the lock is dropped before
+the corresponding value is returned. By the time that this value is acted
+on, the list may well have been modified. This makes sense, since if
+you are turning auditing off, it is OK to audit a few extra system calls.
+
+This means that RCU can be easily applied to the read side, as follows:
+
+ static enum audit_state audit_filter_task(struct task_struct *tsk)
+ {
+ struct audit_entry *e;
+ enum audit_state state;
+
+ rcu_read_lock();
+ list_for_each_entry_rcu(e, &audit_tsklist, list) {
+ if (audit_filter_rules(tsk, &e->rule, NULL, &state)) {
+ rcu_read_unlock();
+ return state;
+ }
+ }
+ rcu_read_unlock();
+ return AUDIT_BUILD_CONTEXT;
+ }
+
+The read_lock() and read_unlock() calls have become rcu_read_lock()
+and rcu_read_unlock(), respectively, and the list_for_each_entry() has
+become list_for_each_entry_rcu(). The _rcu() list-traversal primitives
+insert the read-side memory barriers that are required on DEC Alpha CPUs.
+
+The changes to the update side are also straightforward. A reader-writer
+lock might be used as follows for deletion and insertion:
+
+ static inline int audit_del_rule(struct audit_rule *rule,
+ struct list_head *list)
+ {
+ struct audit_entry *e;
+
+ write_lock(&auditsc_lock);
+ list_for_each_entry(e, list, list) {
+ if (!audit_compare_rule(rule, &e->rule)) {
+ list_del(&e->list);
+ write_unlock(&auditsc_lock);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ write_unlock(&auditsc_lock);
+ return -EFAULT; /* No matching rule */
+ }
+
+ static inline int audit_add_rule(struct audit_entry *entry,
+ struct list_head *list)
+ {
+ write_lock(&auditsc_lock);
+ if (entry->rule.flags & AUDIT_PREPEND) {
+ entry->rule.flags &= ~AUDIT_PREPEND;
+ list_add(&entry->list, list);
+ } else {
+ list_add_tail(&entry->list, list);
+ }
+ write_unlock(&auditsc_lock);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+Following are the RCU equivalents for these two functions:
+
+ static inline int audit_del_rule(struct audit_rule *rule,
+ struct list_head *list)
+ {
+ struct audit_entry *e;
+
+ /* Do not use the _rcu iterator here, since this is the only
+ * deletion routine. */
+ list_for_each_entry(e, list, list) {
+ if (!audit_compare_rule(rule, &e->rule)) {
+ list_del_rcu(&e->list);
+ call_rcu(&e->rcu, audit_free_rule, e);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ return -EFAULT; /* No matching rule */
+ }
+
+ static inline int audit_add_rule(struct audit_entry *entry,
+ struct list_head *list)
+ {
+ if (entry->rule.flags & AUDIT_PREPEND) {
+ entry->rule.flags &= ~AUDIT_PREPEND;
+ list_add_rcu(&entry->list, list);
+ } else {
+ list_add_tail_rcu(&entry->list, list);
+ }
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+Normally, the write_lock() and write_unlock() would be replaced by
+a spin_lock() and a spin_unlock(), but in this case, all callers hold
+audit_netlink_sem, so no additional locking is required. The auditsc_lock
+can therefore be eliminated, since use of RCU eliminates the need for
+writers to exclude readers.
+
+The list_del(), list_add(), and list_add_tail() primitives have been
+replaced by list_del_rcu(), list_add_rcu(), and list_add_tail_rcu().
+The _rcu() list-manipulation primitives add memory barriers that are
+needed on weakly ordered CPUs (most of them!).
+
+So, when readers can tolerate stale data and when entries are either added
+or deleted, without in-place modification, it is very easy to use RCU!
+
+
+Example 2: Handling In-Place Updates
+
+The system-call auditing code does not update auditing rules in place.
+However, if it did, reader-writer-locked code to do so might look as
+follows (presumably, the field_count is only permitted to decrease,
+otherwise, the added fields would need to be filled in):
+
+ static inline int audit_upd_rule(struct audit_rule *rule,
+ struct list_head *list,
+ __u32 newaction,
+ __u32 newfield_count)
+ {
+ struct audit_entry *e;
+ struct audit_newentry *ne;
+
+ write_lock(&auditsc_lock);
+ list_for_each_entry(e, list, list) {
+ if (!audit_compare_rule(rule, &e->rule)) {
+ e->rule.action = newaction;
+ e->rule.file_count = newfield_count;
+ write_unlock(&auditsc_lock);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ write_unlock(&auditsc_lock);
+ return -EFAULT; /* No matching rule */
+ }
+
+The RCU version creates a copy, updates the copy, then replaces the old
+entry with the newly updated entry. This sequence of actions, allowing
+concurrent reads while doing a copy to perform an update, is what gives
+RCU ("read-copy update") its name. The RCU code is as follows:
+
+ static inline int audit_upd_rule(struct audit_rule *rule,
+ struct list_head *list,
+ __u32 newaction,
+ __u32 newfield_count)
+ {
+ struct audit_entry *e;
+ struct audit_newentry *ne;
+
+ list_for_each_entry(e, list, list) {
+ if (!audit_compare_rule(rule, &e->rule)) {
+ ne = kmalloc(sizeof(*entry), GFP_ATOMIC);
+ if (ne == NULL)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ audit_copy_rule(&ne->rule, &e->rule);
+ ne->rule.action = newaction;
+ ne->rule.file_count = newfield_count;
+ list_add_rcu(ne, e);
+ list_del(e);
+ call_rcu(&e->rcu, audit_free_rule, e);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ return -EFAULT; /* No matching rule */
+ }
+
+Again, this assumes that the caller holds audit_netlink_sem. Normally,
+the reader-writer lock would become a spinlock in this sort of code.
+
+
+Example 3: Eliminating Stale Data
+
+The auditing examples above tolerate stale data, as do most algorithms
+that are tracking external state. Because there is a delay from the
+time the external state changes before Linux becomes aware of the change,
+additional RCU-induced staleness is normally not a problem.
+
+However, there are many examples where stale data cannot be tolerated.
+One example in the Linux kernel is the System V IPC (see the ipc_lock()
+function in ipc/util.c). This code checks a "deleted" flag under a
+per-entry spinlock, and, if the "deleted" flag is set, pretends that the
+entry does not exist. For this to be helpful, the search function must
+return holding the per-entry spinlock, as ipc_lock() does in fact do.
+
+Quick Quiz: Why does the search function need to return holding the
+per-entry lock for this deleted-flag technique to be helpful?
+
+If the system-call audit module were to ever need to reject stale data,
+one way to accomplish this would be to add a "deleted" flag and a "lock"
+spinlock to the audit_entry structure, and modify audit_filter_task()
+as follows:
+
+ static enum audit_state audit_filter_task(struct task_struct *tsk)
+ {
+ struct audit_entry *e;
+ enum audit_state state;
+
+ rcu_read_lock();
+ list_for_each_entry_rcu(e, &audit_tsklist, list) {
+ if (audit_filter_rules(tsk, &e->rule, NULL, &state)) {
+ spin_lock(&e->lock);
+ if (e->deleted) {
+ spin_unlock(&e->lock);
+ rcu_read_unlock();
+ return AUDIT_BUILD_CONTEXT;
+ }
+ rcu_read_unlock();
+ return state;
+ }
+ }
+ rcu_read_unlock();
+ return AUDIT_BUILD_CONTEXT;
+ }
+
+Note that this example assumes that entries are only added and deleted.
+Additional mechanism is required to deal correctly with the
+update-in-place performed by audit_upd_rule(). For one thing,
+audit_upd_rule() would need additional memory barriers to ensure
+that the list_add_rcu() was really executed before the list_del_rcu().
+
+The audit_del_rule() function would need to set the "deleted"
+flag under the spinlock as follows:
+
+ static inline int audit_del_rule(struct audit_rule *rule,
+ struct list_head *list)
+ {
+ struct audit_entry *e;
+
+ /* Do not use the _rcu iterator here, since this is the only
+ * deletion routine. */
+ list_for_each_entry(e, list, list) {
+ if (!audit_compare_rule(rule, &e->rule)) {
+ spin_lock(&e->lock);
+ list_del_rcu(&e->list);
+ e->deleted = 1;
+ spin_unlock(&e->lock);
+ call_rcu(&e->rcu, audit_free_rule, e);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ return -EFAULT; /* No matching rule */
+ }
+
+
+Summary
+
+Read-mostly list-based data structures that can tolerate stale data are
+the most amenable to use of RCU. The simplest case is where entries are
+either added or deleted from the data structure (or atomically modified
+in place), but non-atomic in-place modifications can be handled by making
+a copy, updating the copy, then replacing the original with the copy.
+If stale data cannot be tolerated, then a "deleted" flag may be used
+in conjunction with a per-entry spinlock in order to allow the search
+function to reject newly deleted data.
+
+
+Answer to Quick Quiz
+
+If the search function drops the per-entry lock before returning, then
+the caller will be processing stale data in any case. If it is really
+OK to be processing stale data, then you don't need a "deleted" flag.
+If processing stale data really is a problem, then you need to hold the
+per-entry lock across all of the code that uses the value looked up.
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e0c2ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+RCU Concepts
+
+
+The basic idea behind RCU (read-copy update) is to split destructive
+operations into two parts, one that prevents anyone from seeing the data
+item being destroyed, and one that actually carries out the destruction.
+A "grace period" must elapse between the two parts, and this grace period
+must be long enough that any readers accessing the item being deleted have
+since dropped their references. For example, an RCU-protected deletion
+from a linked list would first remove the item from the list, wait for
+a grace period to elapse, then free the element. See the listRCU.txt
+file for more information on using RCU with linked lists.
+
+
+Frequently Asked Questions
+
+o Why would anyone want to use RCU?
+
+ The advantage of RCU's two-part approach is that RCU readers need
+ not acquire any locks, perform any atomic instructions, write to
+ shared memory, or (on CPUs other than Alpha) execute any memory
+ barriers. The fact that these operations are quite expensive
+ on modern CPUs is what gives RCU its performance advantages
+ in read-mostly situations. The fact that RCU readers need not
+ acquire locks can also greatly simplify deadlock-avoidance code.
+
+o How can the updater tell when a grace period has completed
+ if the RCU readers give no indication when they are done?
+
+ Just as with spinlocks, RCU readers are not permitted to
+ block, switch to user-mode execution, or enter the idle loop.
+ Therefore, as soon as a CPU is seen passing through any of these
+ three states, we know that that CPU has exited any previous RCU
+ read-side critical sections. So, if we remove an item from a
+ linked list, and then wait until all CPUs have switched context,
+ executed in user mode, or executed in the idle loop, we can
+ safely free up that item.
+
+o If I am running on a uniprocessor kernel, which can only do one
+ thing at a time, why should I wait for a grace period?
+
+ See the UP.txt file in this directory.
+
+o How can I see where RCU is currently used in the Linux kernel?
+
+ Search for "rcu_read_lock", "call_rcu", and "synchronize_kernel".
+
+o What guidelines should I follow when writing code that uses RCU?
+
+ See the checklist.txt file in this directory.
+
+o Why the name "RCU"?
+
+ "RCU" stands for "read-copy update". The file listRCU.txt has
+ more information on where this name came from, search for
+ "read-copy update" to find it.
+
+o I hear that RCU is patented? What is with that?
+
+ Yes, it is. There are several known patents related to RCU,
+ search for the string "Patent" in RTFP.txt to find them.
+ Of these, one was allowed to lapse by the assignee, and the
+ others have been contributed to the Linux kernel under GPL.
+
+o Where can I find more information on RCU?
+
+ See the RTFP.txt file in this directory.
diff --git a/Documentation/README.DAC960 b/Documentation/README.DAC960
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98ea617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/README.DAC960
@@ -0,0 +1,756 @@
+ Linux Driver for Mylex DAC960/AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID PCI RAID Controllers
+
+ Version 2.2.11 for Linux 2.2.19
+ Version 2.4.11 for Linux 2.4.12
+
+ PRODUCTION RELEASE
+
+ 11 October 2001
+
+ Leonard N. Zubkoff
+ Dandelion Digital
+ lnz@dandelion.com
+
+ Copyright 1998-2001 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+
+
+ INTRODUCTION
+
+Mylex, Inc. designs and manufactures a variety of high performance PCI RAID
+controllers. Mylex Corporation is located at 34551 Ardenwood Blvd., Fremont,
+California 94555, USA and can be reached at 510.796.6100 or on the World Wide
+Web at http://www.mylex.com. Mylex Technical Support can be reached by
+electronic mail at mylexsup@us.ibm.com, by voice at 510.608.2400, or by FAX at
+510.745.7715. Contact information for offices in Europe and Japan is available
+on their Web site.
+
+The latest information on Linux support for DAC960 PCI RAID Controllers, as
+well as the most recent release of this driver, will always be available from
+my Linux Home Page at URL "http://www.dandelion.com/Linux/". The Linux DAC960
+driver supports all current Mylex PCI RAID controllers including the new
+eXtremeRAID 2000/3000 and AcceleRAID 352/170/160 models which have an entirely
+new firmware interface from the older eXtremeRAID 1100, AcceleRAID 150/200/250,
+and DAC960PJ/PG/PU/PD/PL. See below for a complete controller list as well as
+minimum firmware version requirements. For simplicity, in most places this
+documentation refers to DAC960 generically rather than explicitly listing all
+the supported models.
+
+Driver bug reports should be sent via electronic mail to "lnz@dandelion.com".
+Please include with the bug report the complete configuration messages reported
+by the driver at startup, along with any subsequent system messages relevant to
+the controller's operation, and a detailed description of your system's
+hardware configuration. Driver bugs are actually quite rare; if you encounter
+problems with disks being marked offline, for example, please contact Mylex
+Technical Support as the problem is related to the hardware configuration
+rather than the Linux driver.
+
+Please consult the RAID controller documentation for detailed information
+regarding installation and configuration of the controllers. This document
+primarily provides information specific to the Linux support.
+
+
+ DRIVER FEATURES
+
+The DAC960 RAID controllers are supported solely as high performance RAID
+controllers, not as interfaces to arbitrary SCSI devices. The Linux DAC960
+driver operates at the block device level, the same level as the SCSI and IDE
+drivers. Unlike other RAID controllers currently supported on Linux, the
+DAC960 driver is not dependent on the SCSI subsystem, and hence avoids all the
+complexity and unnecessary code that would be associated with an implementation
+as a SCSI driver. The DAC960 driver is designed for as high a performance as
+possible with no compromises or extra code for compatibility with lower
+performance devices. The DAC960 driver includes extensive error logging and
+online configuration management capabilities. Except for initial configuration
+of the controller and adding new disk drives, most everything can be handled
+from Linux while the system is operational.
+
+The DAC960 driver is architected to support up to 8 controllers per system.
+Each DAC960 parallel SCSI controller can support up to 15 disk drives per
+channel, for a maximum of 60 drives on a four channel controller; the fibre
+channel eXtremeRAID 3000 controller supports up to 125 disk drives per loop for
+a total of 250 drives. The drives installed on a controller are divided into
+one or more "Drive Groups", and then each Drive Group is subdivided further
+into 1 to 32 "Logical Drives". Each Logical Drive has a specific RAID Level
+and caching policy associated with it, and it appears to Linux as a single
+block device. Logical Drives are further subdivided into up to 7 partitions
+through the normal Linux and PC disk partitioning schemes. Logical Drives are
+also known as "System Drives", and Drive Groups are also called "Packs". Both
+terms are in use in the Mylex documentation; I have chosen to standardize on
+the more generic "Logical Drive" and "Drive Group".
+
+DAC960 RAID disk devices are named in the style of the Device File System
+(DEVFS). The device corresponding to Logical Drive D on Controller C is
+referred to as /dev/rd/cCdD, and the partitions are called /dev/rd/cCdDp1
+through /dev/rd/cCdDp7. For example, partition 3 of Logical Drive 5 on
+Controller 2 is referred to as /dev/rd/c2d5p3. Note that unlike with SCSI
+disks the device names will not change in the event of a disk drive failure.
+The DAC960 driver is assigned major numbers 48 - 55 with one major number per
+controller. The 8 bits of minor number are divided into 5 bits for the Logical
+Drive and 3 bits for the partition.
+
+
+ SUPPORTED DAC960/AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID PCI RAID CONTROLLERS
+
+The following list comprises the supported DAC960, AcceleRAID, and eXtremeRAID
+PCI RAID Controllers as of the date of this document. It is recommended that
+anyone purchasing a Mylex PCI RAID Controller not in the following table
+contact the author beforehand to verify that it is or will be supported.
+
+eXtremeRAID 3000
+ 1 Wide Ultra-2/LVD SCSI channel
+ 2 External Fibre FC-AL channels
+ 233MHz StrongARM SA 110 Processor
+ 64 Bit 33MHz PCI (backward compatible with 32 Bit PCI slots)
+ 32MB/64MB ECC SDRAM Memory
+
+eXtremeRAID 2000
+ 4 Wide Ultra-160 LVD SCSI channels
+ 233MHz StrongARM SA 110 Processor
+ 64 Bit 33MHz PCI (backward compatible with 32 Bit PCI slots)
+ 32MB/64MB ECC SDRAM Memory
+
+AcceleRAID 352
+ 2 Wide Ultra-160 LVD SCSI channels
+ 100MHz Intel i960RN RISC Processor
+ 64 Bit 33MHz PCI (backward compatible with 32 Bit PCI slots)
+ 32MB/64MB ECC SDRAM Memory
+
+AcceleRAID 170
+ 1 Wide Ultra-160 LVD SCSI channel
+ 100MHz Intel i960RM RISC Processor
+ 16MB/32MB/64MB ECC SDRAM Memory
+
+AcceleRAID 160 (AcceleRAID 170LP)
+ 1 Wide Ultra-160 LVD SCSI channel
+ 100MHz Intel i960RS RISC Processor
+ Built in 16M ECC SDRAM Memory
+ PCI Low Profile Form Factor - fit for 2U height
+
+eXtremeRAID 1100 (DAC1164P)
+ 3 Wide Ultra-2/LVD SCSI channels
+ 233MHz StrongARM SA 110 Processor
+ 64 Bit 33MHz PCI (backward compatible with 32 Bit PCI slots)
+ 16MB/32MB/64MB Parity SDRAM Memory with Battery Backup
+
+AcceleRAID 250 (DAC960PTL1)
+ Uses onboard Symbios SCSI chips on certain motherboards
+ Also includes one onboard Wide Ultra-2/LVD SCSI Channel
+ 66MHz Intel i960RD RISC Processor
+ 4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB/64MB/128MB ECC EDO Memory
+
+AcceleRAID 200 (DAC960PTL0)
+ Uses onboard Symbios SCSI chips on certain motherboards
+ Includes no onboard SCSI Channels
+ 66MHz Intel i960RD RISC Processor
+ 4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB/64MB/128MB ECC EDO Memory
+
+AcceleRAID 150 (DAC960PRL)
+ Uses onboard Symbios SCSI chips on certain motherboards
+ Also includes one onboard Wide Ultra-2/LVD SCSI Channel
+ 33MHz Intel i960RP RISC Processor
+ 4MB Parity EDO Memory
+
+DAC960PJ 1/2/3 Wide Ultra SCSI-3 Channels
+ 66MHz Intel i960RD RISC Processor
+ 4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB/64MB/128MB ECC EDO Memory
+
+DAC960PG 1/2/3 Wide Ultra SCSI-3 Channels
+ 33MHz Intel i960RP RISC Processor
+ 4MB/8MB ECC EDO Memory
+
+DAC960PU 1/2/3 Wide Ultra SCSI-3 Channels
+ Intel i960CF RISC Processor
+ 4MB/8MB EDRAM or 2MB/4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB DRAM Memory
+
+DAC960PD 1/2/3 Wide Fast SCSI-2 Channels
+ Intel i960CF RISC Processor
+ 4MB/8MB EDRAM or 2MB/4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB DRAM Memory
+
+DAC960PL 1/2/3 Wide Fast SCSI-2 Channels
+ Intel i960 RISC Processor
+ 2MB/4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB DRAM Memory
+
+DAC960P 1/2/3 Wide Fast SCSI-2 Channels
+ Intel i960 RISC Processor
+ 2MB/4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB DRAM Memory
+
+For the eXtremeRAID 2000/3000 and AcceleRAID 352/170/160, firmware version
+6.00-01 or above is required.
+
+For the eXtremeRAID 1100, firmware version 5.06-0-52 or above is required.
+
+For the AcceleRAID 250, 200, and 150, firmware version 4.06-0-57 or above is
+required.
+
+For the DAC960PJ and DAC960PG, firmware version 4.06-0-00 or above is required.
+
+For the DAC960PU, DAC960PD, DAC960PL, and DAC960P, either firmware version
+3.51-0-04 or above is required (for dual Flash ROM controllers), or firmware
+version 2.73-0-00 or above is required (for single Flash ROM controllers)
+
+Please note that not all SCSI disk drives are suitable for use with DAC960
+controllers, and only particular firmware versions of any given model may
+actually function correctly. Similarly, not all motherboards have a BIOS that
+properly initializes the AcceleRAID 250, AcceleRAID 200, AcceleRAID 150,
+DAC960PJ, and DAC960PG because the Intel i960RD/RP is a multi-function device.
+If in doubt, contact Mylex RAID Technical Support (mylexsup@us.ibm.com) to
+verify compatibility. Mylex makes available a hard disk compatibility list at
+http://www.mylex.com/support/hdcomp/hd-lists.html.
+
+
+ DRIVER INSTALLATION
+
+This distribution was prepared for Linux kernel version 2.2.19 or 2.4.12.
+
+To install the DAC960 RAID driver, you may use the following commands,
+replacing "/usr/src" with wherever you keep your Linux kernel source tree:
+
+ cd /usr/src
+ tar -xvzf DAC960-2.2.11.tar.gz (or DAC960-2.4.11.tar.gz)
+ mv README.DAC960 linux/Documentation
+ mv DAC960.[ch] linux/drivers/block
+ patch -p0 < DAC960.patch (if DAC960.patch is included)
+ cd linux
+ make config
+ make bzImage (or zImage)
+
+Then install "arch/i386/boot/bzImage" or "arch/i386/boot/zImage" as your
+standard kernel, run lilo if appropriate, and reboot.
+
+To create the necessary devices in /dev, the "make_rd" script included in
+"DAC960-Utilities.tar.gz" from http://www.dandelion.com/Linux/ may be used.
+LILO 21 and FDISK v2.9 include DAC960 support; also included in this archive
+are patches to LILO 20 and FDISK v2.8 that add DAC960 support, along with
+statically linked executables of LILO and FDISK. This modified version of LILO
+will allow booting from a DAC960 controller and/or mounting the root file
+system from a DAC960.
+
+Red Hat Linux 6.0 and SuSE Linux 6.1 include support for Mylex PCI RAID
+controllers. Installing directly onto a DAC960 may be problematic from other
+Linux distributions until their installation utilities are updated.
+
+
+ INSTALLATION NOTES
+
+Before installing Linux or adding DAC960 logical drives to an existing Linux
+system, the controller must first be configured to provide one or more logical
+drives using the BIOS Configuration Utility or DACCF. Please note that since
+there are only at most 6 usable partitions on each logical drive, systems
+requiring more partitions should subdivide a drive group into multiple logical
+drives, each of which can have up to 6 usable partitions. Also, note that with
+large disk arrays it is advisable to enable the 8GB BIOS Geometry (255/63)
+rather than accepting the default 2GB BIOS Geometry (128/32); failing to so do
+will cause the logical drive geometry to have more than 65535 cylinders which
+will make it impossible for FDISK to be used properly. The 8GB BIOS Geometry
+can be enabled by configuring the DAC960 BIOS, which is accessible via Alt-M
+during the BIOS initialization sequence.
+
+For maximum performance and the most efficient E2FSCK performance, it is
+recommended that EXT2 file systems be built with a 4KB block size and 16 block
+stride to match the DAC960 controller's 64KB default stripe size. The command
+"mke2fs -b 4096 -R stride=16 <device>" is appropriate. Unless there will be a
+large number of small files on the file systems, it is also beneficial to add
+the "-i 16384" option to increase the bytes per inode parameter thereby
+reducing the file system metadata. Finally, on systems that will only be run
+with Linux 2.2 or later kernels it is beneficial to enable sparse superblocks
+with the "-s 1" option.
+
+
+ DAC960 ANNOUNCEMENTS MAILING LIST
+
+The DAC960 Announcements Mailing List provides a forum for informing Linux
+users of new driver releases and other announcements regarding Linux support
+for DAC960 PCI RAID Controllers. To join the mailing list, send a message to
+"dac960-announce-request@dandelion.com" with the line "subscribe" in the
+message body.
+
+
+ CONTROLLER CONFIGURATION AND STATUS MONITORING
+
+The DAC960 RAID controllers running firmware 4.06 or above include a Background
+Initialization facility so that system downtime is minimized both for initial
+installation and subsequent configuration of additional storage. The BIOS
+Configuration Utility (accessible via Alt-R during the BIOS initialization
+sequence) is used to quickly configure the controller, and then the logical
+drives that have been created are available for immediate use even while they
+are still being initialized by the controller. The primary need for online
+configuration and status monitoring is then to avoid system downtime when disk
+drives fail and must be replaced. Mylex's online monitoring and configuration
+utilities are being ported to Linux and will become available at some point in
+the future. Note that with a SAF-TE (SCSI Accessed Fault-Tolerant Enclosure)
+enclosure, the controller is able to rebuild failed drives automatically as
+soon as a drive replacement is made available.
+
+The primary interfaces for controller configuration and status monitoring are
+special files created in the /proc/rd/... hierarchy along with the normal
+system console logging mechanism. Whenever the system is operating, the DAC960
+driver queries each controller for status information every 10 seconds, and
+checks for additional conditions every 60 seconds. The initial status of each
+controller is always available for controller N in /proc/rd/cN/initial_status,
+and the current status as of the last status monitoring query is available in
+/proc/rd/cN/current_status. In addition, status changes are also logged by the
+driver to the system console and will appear in the log files maintained by
+syslog. The progress of asynchronous rebuild or consistency check operations
+is also available in /proc/rd/cN/current_status, and progress messages are
+logged to the system console at most every 60 seconds.
+
+Starting with the 2.2.3/2.0.3 versions of the driver, the status information
+available in /proc/rd/cN/initial_status and /proc/rd/cN/current_status has been
+augmented to include the vendor, model, revision, and serial number (if
+available) for each physical device found connected to the controller:
+
+***** DAC960 RAID Driver Version 2.2.3 of 19 August 1999 *****
+Copyright 1998-1999 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+Configuring Mylex DAC960PRL PCI RAID Controller
+ Firmware Version: 4.07-0-07, Channels: 1, Memory Size: 16MB
+ PCI Bus: 1, Device: 4, Function: 1, I/O Address: Unassigned
+ PCI Address: 0xFE300000 mapped at 0xA0800000, IRQ Channel: 21
+ Controller Queue Depth: 128, Maximum Blocks per Command: 128
+ Driver Queue Depth: 127, Maximum Scatter/Gather Segments: 33
+ Stripe Size: 64KB, Segment Size: 8KB, BIOS Geometry: 255/63
+ SAF-TE Enclosure Management Enabled
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:0 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
+ Serial Number: 68016775HA
+ Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
+ 0:1 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
+ Serial Number: 68004E53HA
+ Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
+ 0:2 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
+ Serial Number: 13013935HA
+ Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
+ 0:3 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
+ Serial Number: 13016897HA
+ Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
+ 0:4 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
+ Serial Number: 68019905HA
+ Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
+ 0:5 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
+ Serial Number: 68012753HA
+ Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
+ 0:6 Vendor: ESG-SHV Model: SCA HSBP M6 Revision: 0.61
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 89640960 blocks, Write Thru
+ No Rebuild or Consistency Check in Progress
+
+To simplify the monitoring process for custom software, the special file
+/proc/rd/status returns "OK" when all DAC960 controllers in the system are
+operating normally and no failures have occurred, or "ALERT" if any logical
+drives are offline or critical or any non-standby physical drives are dead.
+
+Configuration commands for controller N are available via the special file
+/proc/rd/cN/user_command. A human readable command can be written to this
+special file to initiate a configuration operation, and the results of the
+operation can then be read back from the special file in addition to being
+logged to the system console. The shell command sequence
+
+ echo "<configuration-command>" > /proc/rd/c0/user_command
+ cat /proc/rd/c0/user_command
+
+is typically used to execute configuration commands. The configuration
+commands are:
+
+ flush-cache
+
+ The "flush-cache" command flushes the controller's cache. The system
+ automatically flushes the cache at shutdown or if the driver module is
+ unloaded, so this command is only needed to be certain a write back cache
+ is flushed to disk before the system is powered off by a command to a UPS.
+ Note that the flush-cache command also stops an asynchronous rebuild or
+ consistency check, so it should not be used except when the system is being
+ halted.
+
+ kill <channel>:<target-id>
+
+ The "kill" command marks the physical drive <channel>:<target-id> as DEAD.
+ This command is provided primarily for testing, and should not be used
+ during normal system operation.
+
+ make-online <channel>:<target-id>
+
+ The "make-online" command changes the physical drive <channel>:<target-id>
+ from status DEAD to status ONLINE. In cases where multiple physical drives
+ have been killed simultaneously, this command may be used to bring all but
+ one of them back online, after which a rebuild to the final drive is
+ necessary.
+
+ Warning: make-online should only be used on a dead physical drive that is
+ an active part of a drive group, never on a standby drive. The command
+ should never be used on a dead drive that is part of a critical logical
+ drive; rebuild should be used if only a single drive is dead.
+
+ make-standby <channel>:<target-id>
+
+ The "make-standby" command changes physical drive <channel>:<target-id>
+ from status DEAD to status STANDBY. It should only be used in cases where
+ a dead drive was replaced after an automatic rebuild was performed onto a
+ standby drive. It cannot be used to add a standby drive to the controller
+ configuration if one was not created initially; the BIOS Configuration
+ Utility must be used for that currently.
+
+ rebuild <channel>:<target-id>
+
+ The "rebuild" command initiates an asynchronous rebuild onto physical drive
+ <channel>:<target-id>. It should only be used when a dead drive has been
+ replaced.
+
+ check-consistency <logical-drive-number>
+
+ The "check-consistency" command initiates an asynchronous consistency check
+ of <logical-drive-number> with automatic restoration. It can be used
+ whenever it is desired to verify the consistency of the redundancy
+ information.
+
+ cancel-rebuild
+ cancel-consistency-check
+
+ The "cancel-rebuild" and "cancel-consistency-check" commands cancel any
+ rebuild or consistency check operations previously initiated.
+
+
+ EXAMPLE I - DRIVE FAILURE WITHOUT A STANDBY DRIVE
+
+The following annotated logs demonstrate the controller configuration and and
+online status monitoring capabilities of the Linux DAC960 Driver. The test
+configuration comprises 6 1GB Quantum Atlas I disk drives on two channels of a
+DAC960PJ controller. The physical drives are configured into a single drive
+group without a standby drive, and the drive group has been configured into two
+logical drives, one RAID-5 and one RAID-6. Note that these logs are from an
+earlier version of the driver and the messages have changed somewhat with newer
+releases, but the functionality remains similar. First, here is the current
+status of the RAID configuration:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
+***** DAC960 RAID Driver Version 2.0.0 of 23 March 1999 *****
+Copyright 1998-1999 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+Configuring Mylex DAC960PJ PCI RAID Controller
+ Firmware Version: 4.06-0-08, Channels: 3, Memory Size: 8MB
+ PCI Bus: 0, Device: 19, Function: 1, I/O Address: Unassigned
+ PCI Address: 0xFD4FC000 mapped at 0x8807000, IRQ Channel: 9
+ Controller Queue Depth: 128, Maximum Blocks per Command: 128
+ Driver Queue Depth: 127, Maximum Scatter/Gather Segments: 33
+ Stripe Size: 64KB, Segment Size: 8KB, BIOS Geometry: 255/63
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
+ No Rebuild or Consistency Check in Progress
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
+OK
+
+The above messages indicate that everything is healthy, and /proc/rd/status
+returns "OK" indicating that there are no problems with any DAC960 controller
+in the system. For demonstration purposes, while I/O is active Physical Drive
+1:1 is now disconnected, simulating a drive failure. The failure is noted by
+the driver within 10 seconds of the controller's having detected it, and the
+driver logs the following console status messages indicating that Logical
+Drives 0 and 1 are now CRITICAL as a result of Physical Drive 1:1 being DEAD:
+
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 02
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:3 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 02
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 killed because of timeout on SCSI command
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 is now DEAD
+DAC960#0: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) is now CRITICAL
+DAC960#0: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) is now CRITICAL
+
+The Sense Keys logged here are just Check Condition / Unit Attention conditions
+arising from a SCSI bus reset that is forced by the controller during its error
+recovery procedures. Concurrently with the above, the driver status available
+from /proc/rd also reflects the drive failure. The status message in
+/proc/rd/status has changed from "OK" to "ALERT":
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
+ALERT
+
+and /proc/rd/c0/current_status has been updated:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
+ ...
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Dead, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
+ No Rebuild or Consistency Check in Progress
+
+Since there are no standby drives configured, the system can continue to access
+the logical drives in a performance degraded mode until the failed drive is
+replaced and a rebuild operation completed to restore the redundancy of the
+logical drives. Once Physical Drive 1:1 is replaced with a properly
+functioning drive, or if the physical drive was killed without having failed
+(e.g., due to electrical problems on the SCSI bus), the user can instruct the
+controller to initiate a rebuild operation onto the newly replaced drive:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# echo "rebuild 1:1" > /proc/rd/c0/user_command
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/user_command
+Rebuild of Physical Drive 1:1 Initiated
+
+The echo command instructs the controller to initiate an asynchronous rebuild
+operation onto Physical Drive 1:1, and the status message that results from the
+operation is then available for reading from /proc/rd/c0/user_command, as well
+as being logged to the console by the driver.
+
+Within 10 seconds of this command the driver logs the initiation of the
+asynchronous rebuild operation:
+
+DAC960#0: Rebuild of Physical Drive 1:1 Initiated
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 01
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 is now WRITE-ONLY
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 1% completed
+
+and /proc/rd/c0/current_status is updated:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
+ ...
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Write-Only, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
+ Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 6% completed
+
+As the rebuild progresses, the current status in /proc/rd/c0/current_status is
+updated every 10 seconds:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
+ ...
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Write-Only, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
+ Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 15% completed
+
+and every minute a progress message is logged to the console by the driver:
+
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 32% completed
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 63% completed
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 94% completed
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) 94% completed
+
+Finally, the rebuild completes successfully. The driver logs the status of the
+logical and physical drives and the rebuild completion:
+
+DAC960#0: Rebuild Completed Successfully
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 is now ONLINE
+DAC960#0: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) is now ONLINE
+DAC960#0: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) is now ONLINE
+
+/proc/rd/c0/current_status is updated:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
+ ...
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
+ Rebuild Completed Successfully
+
+and /proc/rd/status indicates that everything is healthy once again:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
+OK
+
+
+ EXAMPLE II - DRIVE FAILURE WITH A STANDBY DRIVE
+
+The following annotated logs demonstrate the controller configuration and and
+online status monitoring capabilities of the Linux DAC960 Driver. The test
+configuration comprises 6 1GB Quantum Atlas I disk drives on two channels of a
+DAC960PJ controller. The physical drives are configured into a single drive
+group with a standby drive, and the drive group has been configured into two
+logical drives, one RAID-5 and one RAID-6. Note that these logs are from an
+earlier version of the driver and the messages have changed somewhat with newer
+releases, but the functionality remains similar. First, here is the current
+status of the RAID configuration:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
+***** DAC960 RAID Driver Version 2.0.0 of 23 March 1999 *****
+Copyright 1998-1999 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+Configuring Mylex DAC960PJ PCI RAID Controller
+ Firmware Version: 4.06-0-08, Channels: 3, Memory Size: 8MB
+ PCI Bus: 0, Device: 19, Function: 1, I/O Address: Unassigned
+ PCI Address: 0xFD4FC000 mapped at 0x8807000, IRQ Channel: 9
+ Controller Queue Depth: 128, Maximum Blocks per Command: 128
+ Driver Queue Depth: 127, Maximum Scatter/Gather Segments: 33
+ Stripe Size: 64KB, Segment Size: 8KB, BIOS Geometry: 255/63
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Standby, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
+ No Rebuild or Consistency Check in Progress
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
+OK
+
+The above messages indicate that everything is healthy, and /proc/rd/status
+returns "OK" indicating that there are no problems with any DAC960 controller
+in the system. For demonstration purposes, while I/O is active Physical Drive
+1:2 is now disconnected, simulating a drive failure. The failure is noted by
+the driver within 10 seconds of the controller's having detected it, and the
+driver logs the following console status messages:
+
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 02
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:3 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 02
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 killed because of timeout on SCSI command
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 is now DEAD
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 killed because it was removed
+DAC960#0: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) is now CRITICAL
+DAC960#0: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) is now CRITICAL
+
+Since a standby drive is configured, the controller automatically begins
+rebuilding onto the standby drive:
+
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:3 is now WRITE-ONLY
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 4% completed
+
+Concurrently with the above, the driver status available from /proc/rd also
+reflects the drive failure and automatic rebuild. The status message in
+/proc/rd/status has changed from "OK" to "ALERT":
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
+ALERT
+
+and /proc/rd/c0/current_status has been updated:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
+ ...
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Dead, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Write-Only, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
+ Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 4% completed
+
+As the rebuild progresses, the current status in /proc/rd/c0/current_status is
+updated every 10 seconds:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
+ ...
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Dead, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Write-Only, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
+ Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 40% completed
+
+and every minute a progress message is logged on the console by the driver:
+
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 40% completed
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 76% completed
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) 66% completed
+DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) 84% completed
+
+Finally, the rebuild completes successfully. The driver logs the status of the
+logical and physical drives and the rebuild completion:
+
+DAC960#0: Rebuild Completed Successfully
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:3 is now ONLINE
+DAC960#0: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) is now ONLINE
+DAC960#0: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) is now ONLINE
+
+/proc/rd/c0/current_status is updated:
+
+***** DAC960 RAID Driver Version 2.0.0 of 23 March 1999 *****
+Copyright 1998-1999 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+Configuring Mylex DAC960PJ PCI RAID Controller
+ Firmware Version: 4.06-0-08, Channels: 3, Memory Size: 8MB
+ PCI Bus: 0, Device: 19, Function: 1, I/O Address: Unassigned
+ PCI Address: 0xFD4FC000 mapped at 0x8807000, IRQ Channel: 9
+ Controller Queue Depth: 128, Maximum Blocks per Command: 128
+ Driver Queue Depth: 127, Maximum Scatter/Gather Segments: 33
+ Stripe Size: 64KB, Segment Size: 8KB, BIOS Geometry: 255/63
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Dead, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
+ Rebuild Completed Successfully
+
+and /proc/rd/status indicates that everything is healthy once again:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
+OK
+
+Note that the absence of a viable standby drive does not create an "ALERT"
+status. Once dead Physical Drive 1:2 has been replaced, the controller must be
+told that this has occurred and that the newly replaced drive should become the
+new standby drive:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# echo "make-standby 1:2" > /proc/rd/c0/user_command
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/user_command
+Make Standby of Physical Drive 1:2 Succeeded
+
+The echo command instructs the controller to make Physical Drive 1:2 into a
+standby drive, and the status message that results from the operation is then
+available for reading from /proc/rd/c0/user_command, as well as being logged to
+the console by the driver. Within 60 seconds of this command the driver logs:
+
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 01
+DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 is now STANDBY
+DAC960#0: Make Standby of Physical Drive 1:2 Succeeded
+
+and /proc/rd/c0/current_status is updated:
+
+gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
+ ...
+ Physical Devices:
+ 0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:2 - Disk: Standby, 2201600 blocks
+ 1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
+ Logical Drives:
+ /dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
+ /dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
+ Rebuild Completed Successfully
diff --git a/Documentation/README.cycladesZ b/Documentation/README.cycladesZ
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..024a694
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/README.cycladesZ
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+The Cyclades-Z must have firmware loaded onto the card before it will
+operate. This operation should be performed during system startup,
+
+The firmware, loader program and the latest device driver code are
+available from Cyclades at
+ ftp://ftp.cyclades.com/pub/cyclades/cyclades-z/linux/
+
diff --git a/Documentation/SAK.txt b/Documentation/SAK.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9019ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/SAK.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+Linux 2.4.2 Secure Attention Key (SAK) handling
+18 March 2001, Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
+
+An operating system's Secure Attention Key is a security tool which is
+provided as protection against trojan password capturing programs. It
+is an undefeatable way of killing all programs which could be
+masquerading as login applications. Users need to be taught to enter
+this key sequence before they log in to the system.
+
+From the PC keyboard, Linux has two similar but different ways of
+providing SAK. One is the ALT-SYSRQ-K sequence. You shouldn't use
+this sequence. It is only available if the kernel was compiled with
+sysrq support.
+
+The proper way of generating a SAK is to define the key sequence using
+`loadkeys'. This will work whether or not sysrq support is compiled
+into the kernel.
+
+SAK works correctly when the keyboard is in raw mode. This means that
+once defined, SAK will kill a running X server. If the system is in
+run level 5, the X server will restart. This is what you want to
+happen.
+
+What key sequence should you use? Well, CTRL-ALT-DEL is used to reboot
+the machine. CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE is magical to the X server. We'll
+choose CTRL-ALT-PAUSE.
+
+In your rc.sysinit (or rc.local) file, add the command
+
+ echo "control alt keycode 101 = SAK" | /bin/loadkeys
+
+And that's it! Only the superuser may reprogram the SAK key.
+
+
+NOTES
+=====
+
+1: Linux SAK is said to be not a "true SAK" as is required by
+ systems which implement C2 level security. This author does not
+ know why.
+
+
+2: On the PC keyboard, SAK kills all applications which have
+ /dev/console opened.
+
+ Unfortunately this includes a number of things which you don't
+ actually want killed. This is because these applications are
+ incorrectly holding /dev/console open. Be sure to complain to your
+ Linux distributor about this!
+
+ You can identify processes which will be killed by SAK with the
+ command
+
+ # ls -l /proc/[0-9]*/fd/* | grep console
+ l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Mar 18 00:46 /proc/579/fd/0 -> /dev/console
+
+ Then:
+
+ # ps aux|grep 579
+ root 579 0.0 0.1 1088 436 ? S 00:43 0:00 gpm -t ps/2
+
+ So `gpm' will be killed by SAK. This is a bug in gpm. It should
+ be closing standard input. You can work around this by finding the
+ initscript which launches gpm and changing it thusly:
+
+ Old:
+
+ daemon gpm
+
+ New:
+
+ daemon gpm < /dev/null
+
+ Vixie cron also seems to have this problem, and needs the same treatment.
+
+ Also, one prominent Linux distribution has the following three
+ lines in its rc.sysinit and rc scripts:
+
+ exec 3<&0
+ exec 4>&1
+ exec 5>&2
+
+ These commands cause *all* daemons which are launched by the
+ initscripts to have file descriptors 3, 4 and 5 attached to
+ /dev/console. So SAK kills them all. A workaround is to simply
+ delete these lines, but this may cause system management
+ applications to malfunction - test everything well.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/SecurityBugs b/Documentation/SecurityBugs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26c3b36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/SecurityBugs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Linux kernel developers take security very seriously. As such, we'd
+like to know when a security bug is found so that it can be fixed and
+disclosed as quickly as possible. Please report security bugs to the
+Linux kernel security team.
+
+1) Contact
+
+The Linux kernel security team can be contacted by email at
+<security@kernel.org>. This is a private list of security officers
+who will help verify the bug report and develop and release a fix.
+It is possible that the security team will bring in extra help from
+area maintainers to understand and fix the security vulnerability.
+
+As it is with any bug, the more information provided the easier it
+will be to diagnose and fix. Please review the procedure outlined in
+REPORTING-BUGS if you are unclear about what information is helpful.
+Any exploit code is very helpful and will not be released without
+consent from the reporter unless it has already been made public.
+
+2) Disclosure
+
+The goal of the Linux kernel security team is to work with the
+bug submitter to bug resolution as well as disclosure. We prefer
+to fully disclose the bug as soon as possible. It is reasonable to
+delay disclosure when the bug or the fix is not yet fully understood,
+the solution is not well-tested or for vendor coordination. However, we
+expect these delays to be short, measurable in days, not weeks or months.
+A disclosure date is negotiated by the security team working with the
+bug submitter as well as vendors. However, the kernel security team
+holds the final say when setting a disclosure date. The timeframe for
+disclosure is from immediate (esp. if it's already publically known)
+to a few weeks. As a basic default policy, we expect report date to
+disclosure date to be on the order of 7 days.
+
+3) Non-disclosure agreements
+
+The Linux kernel security team is not a formal body and therefore unable
+to enter any non-disclosure agreements.
diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingDrivers b/Documentation/SubmittingDrivers
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de3b252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/SubmittingDrivers
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+Submitting Drivers For The Linux Kernel
+---------------------------------------
+
+This document is intended to explain how to submit device drivers to the
+various kernel trees. Note that if you are interested in video card drivers
+you should probably talk to XFree86 (http://www.xfree86.org/) and/or X.Org
+(http://x.org/) instead.
+
+Also read the Documentation/SubmittingPatches document.
+
+
+Allocating Device Numbers
+-------------------------
+
+Major and minor numbers for block and character devices are allocated
+by the Linux assigned name and number authority (currently better
+known as H Peter Anvin). The site is http://www.lanana.org/. This
+also deals with allocating numbers for devices that are not going to
+be submitted to the mainstream kernel.
+
+If you don't use assigned numbers then when you device is submitted it will
+get given an assigned number even if that is different from values you may
+have shipped to customers before.
+
+Who To Submit Drivers To
+------------------------
+
+Linux 2.0:
+ No new drivers are accepted for this kernel tree
+
+Linux 2.2:
+ If the code area has a general maintainer then please submit it to
+ the maintainer listed in MAINTAINERS in the kernel file. If the
+ maintainer does not respond or you cannot find the appropriate
+ maintainer then please contact Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
+
+Linux 2.4:
+ The same rules apply as 2.2. The final contact point for Linux 2.4
+ submissions is Marcelo Tosatti <marcelo.tosatti@cyclades.com>.
+
+Linux 2.6:
+ The same rules apply as 2.4 except that you should follow linux-kernel
+ to track changes in API's. The final contact point for Linux 2.6
+ submissions is Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>.
+
+What Criteria Determine Acceptance
+----------------------------------
+
+Licensing: The code must be released to us under the
+ GNU General Public License. We don't insist on any kind
+ of exclusively GPL licensing, and if you wish the driver
+ to be useful to other communities such as BSD you may well
+ wish to release under multiple licenses.
+
+Copyright: The copyright owner must agree to use of GPL.
+ It's best if the submitter and copyright owner
+ are the same person/entity. If not, the name of
+ the person/entity authorizing use of GPL should be
+ listed in case it's necessary to verify the will of
+ the copright owner.
+
+Interfaces: If your driver uses existing interfaces and behaves like
+ other drivers in the same class it will be much more likely
+ to be accepted than if it invents gratuitous new ones.
+ If you need to implement a common API over Linux and NT
+ drivers do it in userspace.
+
+Code: Please use the Linux style of code formatting as documented
+ in Documentation/CodingStyle. If you have sections of code
+ that need to be in other formats, for example because they
+ are shared with a windows driver kit and you want to
+ maintain them just once separate them out nicely and note
+ this fact.
+
+Portability: Pointers are not always 32bits, not all computers are little
+ endian, people do not all have floating point and you
+ shouldn't use inline x86 assembler in your driver without
+ careful thought. Pure x86 drivers generally are not popular.
+ If you only have x86 hardware it is hard to test portability
+ but it is easy to make sure the code can easily be made
+ portable.
+
+Clarity: It helps if anyone can see how to fix the driver. It helps
+ you because you get patches not bug reports. If you submit a
+ driver that intentionally obfuscates how the hardware works
+ it will go in the bitbucket.
+
+Control: In general if there is active maintainance of a driver by
+ the author then patches will be redirected to them unless
+ they are totally obvious and without need of checking.
+ If you want to be the contact and update point for the
+ driver it is a good idea to state this in the comments,
+ and include an entry in MAINTAINERS for your driver.
+
+What Criteria Do Not Determine Acceptance
+-----------------------------------------
+
+Vendor: Being the hardware vendor and maintaining the driver is
+ often a good thing. If there is a stable working driver from
+ other people already in the tree don't expect 'we are the
+ vendor' to get your driver chosen. Ideally work with the
+ existing driver author to build a single perfect driver.
+
+Author: It doesn't matter if a large Linux company wrote the driver,
+ or you did. Nobody has any special access to the kernel
+ tree. Anyone who tells you otherwise isn't telling the
+ whole story.
+
+
+Resources
+---------
+
+Linux kernel master tree:
+ ftp.??.kernel.org:/pub/linux/kernel/...
+ ?? == your country code, such as "us", "uk", "fr", etc.
+
+Linux kernel mailing list:
+ linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
+ [mail majordomo@vger.kernel.org to subscribe]
+
+Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition (covers 2.6.10):
+ http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ (free version)
+
+Kernel traffic:
+ Weekly summary of kernel list activity (much easier to read)
+ http://www.kerneltraffic.org/kernel-traffic/
+
+LWN.net:
+ Weekly summary of kernel development activity - http://lwn.net/
+ 2.6 API changes:
+ http://lwn.net/Articles/2.6-kernel-api/
+ Porting drivers from prior kernels to 2.6:
+ http://lwn.net/Articles/driver-porting/
+
+KernelTrap:
+ Occasional Linux kernel articles and developer interviews
+ http://kerneltrap.org/
+
+KernelNewbies:
+ Documentation and assistance for new kernel programmers
+ http://kernelnewbies.org/
+
+Linux USB project:
+ http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-usb/
+
diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9838d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+
+ How to Get Your Change Into the Linux Kernel
+ or
+ Care And Operation Of Your Linus Torvalds
+
+
+
+For a person or company who wishes to submit a change to the Linux
+kernel, the process can sometimes be daunting if you're not familiar
+with "the system." This text is a collection of suggestions which
+can greatly increase the chances of your change being accepted.
+
+If you are submitting a driver, also read Documentation/SubmittingDrivers.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------
+SECTION 1 - CREATING AND SENDING YOUR CHANGE
+--------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+1) "diff -up"
+------------
+
+Use "diff -up" or "diff -uprN" to create patches.
+
+All changes to the Linux kernel occur in the form of patches, as
+generated by diff(1). When creating your patch, make sure to create it
+in "unified diff" format, as supplied by the '-u' argument to diff(1).
+Also, please use the '-p' argument which shows which C function each
+change is in - that makes the resultant diff a lot easier to read.
+Patches should be based in the root kernel source directory,
+not in any lower subdirectory.
+
+To create a patch for a single file, it is often sufficient to do:
+
+ SRCTREE= linux-2.4
+ MYFILE= drivers/net/mydriver.c
+
+ cd $SRCTREE
+ cp $MYFILE $MYFILE.orig
+ vi $MYFILE # make your change
+ cd ..
+ diff -up $SRCTREE/$MYFILE{.orig,} > /tmp/patch
+
+To create a patch for multiple files, you should unpack a "vanilla",
+or unmodified kernel source tree, and generate a diff against your
+own source tree. For example:
+
+ MYSRC= /devel/linux-2.4
+
+ tar xvfz linux-2.4.0-test11.tar.gz
+ mv linux linux-vanilla
+ wget http://www.moses.uklinux.net/patches/dontdiff
+ diff -uprN -X dontdiff linux-vanilla $MYSRC > /tmp/patch
+ rm -f dontdiff
+
+"dontdiff" is a list of files which are generated by the kernel during
+the build process, and should be ignored in any diff(1)-generated
+patch. dontdiff is maintained by Tigran Aivazian <tigran@veritas.com>
+
+Make sure your patch does not include any extra files which do not
+belong in a patch submission. Make sure to review your patch -after-
+generated it with diff(1), to ensure accuracy.
+
+If your changes produce a lot of deltas, you may want to look into
+splitting them into individual patches which modify things in
+logical stages, this will facilitate easier reviewing by other
+kernel developers, very important if you want your patch accepted.
+There are a number of scripts which can aid in this;
+
+Quilt:
+http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt
+
+Randy Dunlap's patch scripts:
+http://developer.osdl.org/rddunlap/scripts/patching-scripts.tgz
+
+Andrew Morton's patch scripts:
+http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/patch-scripts-0.16
+
+2) Describe your changes.
+
+Describe the technical detail of the change(s) your patch includes.
+
+Be as specific as possible. The WORST descriptions possible include
+things like "update driver X", "bug fix for driver X", or "this patch
+includes updates for subsystem X. Please apply."
+
+If your description starts to get long, that's a sign that you probably
+need to split up your patch. See #3, next.
+
+
+
+3) Separate your changes.
+
+Separate each logical change into its own patch.
+
+For example, if your changes include both bug fixes and performance
+enhancements for a single driver, separate those changes into two
+or more patches. If your changes include an API update, and a new
+driver which uses that new API, separate those into two patches.
+
+On the other hand, if you make a single change to numerous files,
+group those changes into a single patch. Thus a single logical change
+is contained within a single patch.
+
+If one patch depends on another patch in order for a change to be
+complete, that is OK. Simply note "this patch depends on patch X"
+in your patch description.
+
+
+4) Select e-mail destination.
+
+Look through the MAINTAINERS file and the source code, and determine
+if your change applies to a specific subsystem of the kernel, with
+an assigned maintainer. If so, e-mail that person.
+
+If no maintainer is listed, or the maintainer does not respond, send
+your patch to the primary Linux kernel developer's mailing list,
+linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org. Most kernel developers monitor this
+e-mail list, and can comment on your changes.
+
+Linus Torvalds is the final arbiter of all changes accepted into the
+Linux kernel. His e-mail address is <torvalds@osdl.org>. He gets
+a lot of e-mail, so typically you should do your best to -avoid- sending
+him e-mail.
+
+Patches which are bug fixes, are "obvious" changes, or similarly
+require little discussion should be sent or CC'd to Linus. Patches
+which require discussion or do not have a clear advantage should
+usually be sent first to linux-kernel. Only after the patch is
+discussed should the patch then be submitted to Linus.
+
+For small patches you may want to CC the Trivial Patch Monkey
+trivial@rustcorp.com.au set up by Rusty Russell; which collects "trivial"
+patches. Trivial patches must qualify for one of the following rules:
+ Spelling fixes in documentation
+ Spelling fixes which could break grep(1).
+ Warning fixes (cluttering with useless warnings is bad)
+ Compilation fixes (only if they are actually correct)
+ Runtime fixes (only if they actually fix things)
+ Removing use of deprecated functions/macros (eg. check_region).
+ Contact detail and documentation fixes
+ Non-portable code replaced by portable code (even in arch-specific,
+ since people copy, as long as it's trivial)
+ Any fix by the author/maintainer of the file. (ie. patch monkey
+ in re-transmission mode)
+
+
+
+5) Select your CC (e-mail carbon copy) list.
+
+Unless you have a reason NOT to do so, CC linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org.
+
+Other kernel developers besides Linus need to be aware of your change,
+so that they may comment on it and offer code review and suggestions.
+linux-kernel is the primary Linux kernel developer mailing list.
+Other mailing lists are available for specific subsystems, such as
+USB, framebuffer devices, the VFS, the SCSI subsystem, etc. See the
+MAINTAINERS file for a mailing list that relates specifically to
+your change.
+
+Even if the maintainer did not respond in step #4, make sure to ALWAYS
+copy the maintainer when you change their code.
+
+For small patches you may want to CC the Trivial Patch Monkey
+trivial@rustcorp.com.au set up by Rusty Russell; which collects "trivial"
+patches. Trivial patches must qualify for one of the following rules:
+ Spelling fixes in documentation
+ Spelling fixes which could break grep(1).
+ Warning fixes (cluttering with useless warnings is bad)
+ Compilation fixes (only if they are actually correct)
+ Runtime fixes (only if they actually fix things)
+ Removing use of deprecated functions/macros (eg. check_region).
+ Contact detail and documentation fixes
+ Non-portable code replaced by portable code (even in arch-specific,
+ since people copy, as long as it's trivial)
+ Any fix by the author/maintainer of the file. (ie. patch monkey
+ in re-transmission mode)
+
+
+
+6) No MIME, no links, no compression, no attachments. Just plain text.
+
+Linus and other kernel developers need to be able to read and comment
+on the changes you are submitting. It is important for a kernel
+developer to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mail
+tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of your code.
+
+For this reason, all patches should be submitting e-mail "inline".
+WARNING: Be wary of your editor's word-wrap corrupting your patch,
+if you choose to cut-n-paste your patch.
+
+Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not.
+Many popular e-mail applications will not always transmit a MIME
+attachment as plain text, making it impossible to comment on your
+code. A MIME attachment also takes Linus a bit more time to process,
+decreasing the likelihood of your MIME-attached change being accepted.
+
+Exception: If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask
+you to re-send them using MIME.
+
+
+
+7) E-mail size.
+
+When sending patches to Linus, always follow step #6.
+
+Large changes are not appropriate for mailing lists, and some
+maintainers. If your patch, uncompressed, exceeds 40 kB in size,
+it is preferred that you store your patch on an Internet-accessible
+server, and provide instead a URL (link) pointing to your patch.
+
+
+
+8) Name your kernel version.
+
+It is important to note, either in the subject line or in the patch
+description, the kernel version to which this patch applies.
+
+If the patch does not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version,
+Linus will not apply it.
+
+
+
+9) Don't get discouraged. Re-submit.
+
+After you have submitted your change, be patient and wait. If Linus
+likes your change and applies it, it will appear in the next version
+of the kernel that he releases.
+
+However, if your change doesn't appear in the next version of the
+kernel, there could be any number of reasons. It's YOUR job to
+narrow down those reasons, correct what was wrong, and submit your
+updated change.
+
+It is quite common for Linus to "drop" your patch without comment.
+That's the nature of the system. If he drops your patch, it could be
+due to
+* Your patch did not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version
+* Your patch was not sufficiently discussed on linux-kernel.
+* A style issue (see section 2),
+* An e-mail formatting issue (re-read this section)
+* A technical problem with your change
+* He gets tons of e-mail, and yours got lost in the shuffle
+* You are being annoying (See Figure 1)
+
+When in doubt, solicit comments on linux-kernel mailing list.
+
+
+
+10) Include PATCH in the subject
+
+Due to high e-mail traffic to Linus, and to linux-kernel, it is common
+convention to prefix your subject line with [PATCH]. This lets Linus
+and other kernel developers more easily distinguish patches from other
+e-mail discussions.
+
+
+
+11) Sign your work
+
+To improve tracking of who did what, especially with patches that can
+percolate to their final resting place in the kernel through several
+layers of maintainers, we've introduced a "sign-off" procedure on
+patches that are being emailed around.
+
+The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for the
+patch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have the right to
+pass it on as a open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: if you
+can certify the below:
+
+ Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.0
+
+ By making a contribution to this project, I certify that:
+
+ (a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I
+ have the right to submit it under the open source license
+ indicated in the file; or
+
+ (b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best
+ of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source
+ license and I have the right under that license to submit that
+ work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part
+ by me, under the same open source license (unless I am
+ permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated
+ in the file; or
+
+ (c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other
+ person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified
+ it.
+
+then you just add a line saying
+
+ Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.org>
+
+Some people also put extra tags at the end. They'll just be ignored for
+now, but you can do this to mark internal company procedures or just
+point out some special detail about the sign-off.
+
+
+-----------------------------------
+SECTION 2 - HINTS, TIPS, AND TRICKS
+-----------------------------------
+
+This section lists many of the common "rules" associated with code
+submitted to the kernel. There are always exceptions... but you must
+have a really good reason for doing so. You could probably call this
+section Linus Computer Science 101.
+
+
+
+1) Read Documentation/CodingStyle
+
+Nuff said. If your code deviates too much from this, it is likely
+to be rejected without further review, and without comment.
+
+
+
+2) #ifdefs are ugly
+
+Code cluttered with ifdefs is difficult to read and maintain. Don't do
+it. Instead, put your ifdefs in a header, and conditionally define
+'static inline' functions, or macros, which are used in the code.
+Let the compiler optimize away the "no-op" case.
+
+Simple example, of poor code:
+
+ dev = alloc_etherdev (sizeof(struct funky_private));
+ if (!dev)
+ return -ENODEV;
+ #ifdef CONFIG_NET_FUNKINESS
+ init_funky_net(dev);
+ #endif
+
+Cleaned-up example:
+
+(in header)
+ #ifndef CONFIG_NET_FUNKINESS
+ static inline void init_funky_net (struct net_device *d) {}
+ #endif
+
+(in the code itself)
+ dev = alloc_etherdev (sizeof(struct funky_private));
+ if (!dev)
+ return -ENODEV;
+ init_funky_net(dev);
+
+
+
+3) 'static inline' is better than a macro
+
+Static inline functions are greatly preferred over macros.
+They provide type safety, have no length limitations, no formatting
+limitations, and under gcc they are as cheap as macros.
+
+Macros should only be used for cases where a static inline is clearly
+suboptimal [there a few, isolated cases of this in fast paths],
+or where it is impossible to use a static inline function [such as
+string-izing].
+
+'static inline' is preferred over 'static __inline__', 'extern inline',
+and 'extern __inline__'.
+
+
+
+4) Don't over-design.
+
+Don't try to anticipate nebulous future cases which may or may not
+be useful: "Make it as simple as you can, and no simpler"
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/VGA-softcursor.txt b/Documentation/VGA-softcursor.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70acfbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/VGA-softcursor.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Software cursor for VGA by Pavel Machek <pavel@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>
+======================= and Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>
+
+ Linux now has some ability to manipulate cursor appearance. Normally, you
+can set the size of hardware cursor (and also work around some ugly bugs in
+those miserable Trident cards--see #define TRIDENT_GLITCH in drivers/video/
+vgacon.c). You can now play a few new tricks: you can make your cursor look
+like a non-blinking red block, make it inverse background of the character it's
+over or to highlight that character and still choose whether the original
+hardware cursor should remain visible or not. There may be other things I have
+never thought of.
+
+ The cursor appearance is controlled by a "<ESC>[?1;2;3c" escape sequence
+where 1, 2 and 3 are parameters described below. If you omit any of them,
+they will default to zeroes.
+
+ Parameter 1 specifies cursor size (0=default, 1=invisible, 2=underline, ...,
+8=full block) + 16 if you want the software cursor to be applied + 32 if you
+want to always change the background color + 64 if you dislike having the
+background the same as the foreground. Highlights are ignored for the last two
+flags.
+
+ The second parameter selects character attribute bits you want to change
+(by simply XORing them with the value of this parameter). On standard VGA,
+the high four bits specify background and the low four the foreground. In both
+groups, low three bits set color (as in normal color codes used by the console)
+and the most significant one turns on highlight (or sometimes blinking--it
+depends on the configuration of your VGA).
+
+ The third parameter consists of character attribute bits you want to set.
+Bit setting takes place before bit toggling, so you can simply clear a bit by
+including it in both the set mask and the toggle mask.
+
+Examples:
+=========
+
+To get normal blinking underline, use: echo -e '\033[?2c'
+To get blinking block, use: echo -e '\033[?6c'
+To get red non-blinking block, use: echo -e '\033[?17;0;64c'
diff --git a/Documentation/aoe/aoe.txt b/Documentation/aoe/aoe.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43e5010
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/aoe/aoe.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+The EtherDrive (R) HOWTO for users of 2.6 kernels is found at ...
+
+ http://www.coraid.com/support/linux/EtherDrive-2.6-HOWTO.html
+
+ It has many tips and hints!
+
+CREATING DEVICE NODES
+
+ Users of udev should find the block device nodes created
+ automatically, but to create all the necessary device nodes, use the
+ udev configuration rules provided in udev.txt (in this directory).
+
+ There is a udev-install.sh script that shows how to install these
+ rules on your system.
+
+ If you are not using udev, two scripts are provided in
+ Documentation/aoe as examples of static device node creation for
+ using the aoe driver.
+
+ rm -rf /dev/etherd
+ sh Documentation/aoe/mkdevs.sh /dev/etherd
+
+ ... or to make just one shelf's worth of block device nodes ...
+
+ sh Documentation/aoe/mkshelf.sh /dev/etherd 0
+
+ There is also an autoload script that shows how to edit
+ /etc/modprobe.conf to ensure that the aoe module is loaded when
+ necessary.
+
+USING DEVICE NODES
+
+ "cat /dev/etherd/err" blocks, waiting for error diagnostic output,
+ like any retransmitted packets.
+
+ "echo eth2 eth4 > /dev/etherd/interfaces" tells the aoe driver to
+ limit ATA over Ethernet traffic to eth2 and eth4. AoE traffic from
+ untrusted networks should be ignored as a matter of security.
+
+ "echo > /dev/etherd/discover" tells the driver to find out what AoE
+ devices are available.
+
+ These character devices may disappear and be replaced by sysfs
+ counterparts, so distribution maintainers are encouraged to create
+ scripts that use these devices.
+
+ The block devices are named like this:
+
+ e{shelf}.{slot}
+ e{shelf}.{slot}p{part}
+
+ ... so that "e0.2" is the third blade from the left (slot 2) in the
+ first shelf (shelf address zero). That's the whole disk. The first
+ partition on that disk would be "e0.2p1".
+
+USING SYSFS
+
+ Each aoe block device in /sys/block has the extra attributes of
+ state, mac, and netif. The state attribute is "up" when the device
+ is ready for I/O and "down" if detected but unusable. The
+ "down,closewait" state shows that the device is still open and
+ cannot come up again until it has been closed.
+
+ The mac attribute is the ethernet address of the remote AoE device.
+ The netif attribute is the network interface on the localhost
+ through which we are communicating with the remote AoE device.
+
+ There is a script in this directory that formats this information
+ in a convenient way.
+
+ root@makki root# sh Documentation/aoe/status.sh
+ e10.0 eth3 up
+ e10.1 eth3 up
+ e10.2 eth3 up
+ e10.3 eth3 up
+ e10.4 eth3 up
+ e10.5 eth3 up
+ e10.6 eth3 up
+ e10.7 eth3 up
+ e10.8 eth3 up
+ e10.9 eth3 up
+ e4.0 eth1 up
+ e4.1 eth1 up
+ e4.2 eth1 up
+ e4.3 eth1 up
+ e4.4 eth1 up
+ e4.5 eth1 up
+ e4.6 eth1 up
+ e4.7 eth1 up
+ e4.8 eth1 up
+ e4.9 eth1 up
diff --git a/Documentation/aoe/autoload.sh b/Documentation/aoe/autoload.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78dad13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/aoe/autoload.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# set aoe to autoload by installing the
+# aliases in /etc/modprobe.conf
+
+f=/etc/modprobe.conf
+
+if test ! -r $f || test ! -w $f; then
+ echo "cannot configure $f for module autoloading" 1>&2
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+grep major-152 $f >/dev/null
+if [ $? = 1 ]; then
+ echo alias block-major-152 aoe >> $f
+ echo alias char-major-152 aoe >> $f
+fi
+
diff --git a/Documentation/aoe/mkdevs.sh b/Documentation/aoe/mkdevs.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ce7070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/aoe/mkdevs.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+n_shelves=${n_shelves:-10}
+n_partitions=${n_partitions:-16}
+
+if test "$#" != "1"; then
+ echo "Usage: sh `basename $0` {dir}" 1>&2
+ exit 1
+fi
+dir=$1
+
+MAJOR=152
+
+echo "Creating AoE devnode files in $dir ..."
+
+set -e
+
+mkdir -p $dir
+
+# (Status info is in sysfs. See status.sh.)
+# rm -f $dir/stat
+# mknod -m 0400 $dir/stat c $MAJOR 1
+rm -f $dir/err
+mknod -m 0400 $dir/err c $MAJOR 2
+rm -f $dir/discover
+mknod -m 0200 $dir/discover c $MAJOR 3
+rm -f $dir/interfaces
+mknod -m 0200 $dir/interfaces c $MAJOR 4
+
+export n_partitions
+mkshelf=`echo $0 | sed 's!mkdevs!mkshelf!'`
+i=0
+while test $i -lt $n_shelves; do
+ sh -xc "sh $mkshelf $dir $i"
+ i=`expr $i + 1`
+done
diff --git a/Documentation/aoe/mkshelf.sh b/Documentation/aoe/mkshelf.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4093283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/aoe/mkshelf.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#! /bin/sh
+
+if test "$#" != "2"; then
+ echo "Usage: sh `basename $0` {dir} {shelfaddress}" 1>&2
+ exit 1
+fi
+n_partitions=${n_partitions:-16}
+dir=$1
+shelf=$2
+MAJOR=152
+
+set -e
+
+minor=`echo 10 \* $shelf \* $n_partitions | bc`
+endp=`echo $n_partitions - 1 | bc`
+for slot in `seq 0 9`; do
+ for part in `seq 0 $endp`; do
+ name=e$shelf.$slot
+ test "$part" != "0" && name=${name}p$part
+ rm -f $dir/$name
+ mknod -m 0660 $dir/$name b $MAJOR $minor
+
+ minor=`expr $minor + 1`
+ done
+done
diff --git a/Documentation/aoe/status.sh b/Documentation/aoe/status.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6628116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/aoe/status.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#! /bin/sh
+# collate and present sysfs information about AoE storage
+
+set -e
+format="%8s\t%8s\t%8s\n"
+me=`basename $0`
+sysd=${sysfs_dir:-/sys}
+
+# printf "$format" device mac netif state
+
+# Suse 9.1 Pro doesn't put /sys in /etc/mtab
+#test -z "`mount | grep sysfs`" && {
+test ! -d "$sysd/block" && {
+ echo "$me Error: sysfs is not mounted" 1>&2
+ exit 1
+}
+test -z "`lsmod | grep '^aoe'`" && {
+ echo "$me Error: aoe module is not loaded" 1>&2
+ exit 1
+}
+
+for d in `ls -d $sysd/block/etherd* 2>/dev/null | grep -v p` end; do
+ # maybe ls comes up empty, so we use "end"
+ test $d = end && continue
+
+ dev=`echo "$d" | sed 's/.*!//'`
+ printf "$format" \
+ "$dev" \
+ "`cat \"$d/netif\"`" \
+ "`cat \"$d/state\"`"
+done | sort
diff --git a/Documentation/aoe/udev-install.sh b/Documentation/aoe/udev-install.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..861a27f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/aoe/udev-install.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# install the aoe-specific udev rules from udev.txt into
+# the system's udev configuration
+#
+
+me="`basename $0`"
+
+# find udev.conf, often /etc/udev/udev.conf
+# (or environment can specify where to find udev.conf)
+#
+if test -z "$conf"; then
+ if test -r /etc/udev/udev.conf; then
+ conf=/etc/udev/udev.conf
+ else
+ conf="`find /etc -type f -name udev.conf 2> /dev/null`"
+ if test -z "$conf" || test ! -r "$conf"; then
+ echo "$me Error: no udev.conf found" 1>&2
+ exit 1
+ fi
+ fi
+fi
+
+# find the directory where udev rules are stored, often
+# /etc/udev/rules.d
+#
+rules_d="`sed -n '/^udev_rules=/{ s!udev_rules=!!; s!\"!!g; p; }' $conf`"
+test "$rules_d" && sh -xc "cp `dirname $0`/udev.txt $rules_d/60-aoe.rules"
diff --git a/Documentation/aoe/udev.txt b/Documentation/aoe/udev.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab39d8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/aoe/udev.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# These rules tell udev what device nodes to create for aoe support.
+# They may be installed along the following lines (adjusted to what
+# you see on your system).
+#
+# ecashin@makki ~$ su
+# Password:
+# bash# find /etc -type f -name udev.conf
+# /etc/udev/udev.conf
+# bash# grep udev_rules= /etc/udev/udev.conf
+# udev_rules="/etc/udev/rules.d/"
+# bash# ls /etc/udev/rules.d/
+# 10-wacom.rules 50-udev.rules
+# bash# cp /path/to/linux-2.6.xx/Documentation/aoe/udev.txt \
+# /etc/udev/rules.d/60-aoe.rules
+#
+
+# aoe char devices
+SUBSYSTEM="aoe", KERNEL="discover", NAME="etherd/%k", GROUP="disk", MODE="0220"
+SUBSYSTEM="aoe", KERNEL="err", NAME="etherd/%k", GROUP="disk", MODE="0440"
+SUBSYSTEM="aoe", KERNEL="interfaces", NAME="etherd/%k", GROUP="disk", MODE="0220"
+
+# aoe block devices
+KERNEL="etherd*", NAME="%k", GROUP="disk"
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/00-INDEX b/Documentation/arm/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d753fe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+00-INDEX
+ - this file
+Booting
+ - requirements for booting
+Interrupts
+ - ARM Interrupt subsystem documentation
+Netwinder
+ - Netwinder specific documentation
+README
+ - General ARM documentation
+SA1100
+ - SA1100 documentation
+XScale
+ - XScale documentation
+empeg
+ - Empeg documentation
+mem_alignment
+ - alignment abort handler documentation
+nwfpe
+ - NWFPE floating point emulator documentation
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Booting b/Documentation/arm/Booting
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fad566b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Booting
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+ Booting ARM Linux
+ =================
+
+Author: Russell King
+Date : 18 May 2002
+
+The following documentation is relevant to 2.4.18-rmk6 and beyond.
+
+In order to boot ARM Linux, you require a boot loader, which is a small
+program that runs before the main kernel. The boot loader is expected
+to initialise various devices, and eventually call the Linux kernel,
+passing information to the kernel.
+
+Essentially, the boot loader should provide (as a minimum) the
+following:
+
+1. Setup and initialise the RAM.
+2. Initialise one serial port.
+3. Detect the machine type.
+4. Setup the kernel tagged list.
+5. Call the kernel image.
+
+
+1. Setup and initialise RAM
+---------------------------
+
+Existing boot loaders: MANDATORY
+New boot loaders: MANDATORY
+
+The boot loader is expected to find and initialise all RAM that the
+kernel will use for volatile data storage in the system. It performs
+this in a machine dependent manner. (It may use internal algorithms
+to automatically locate and size all RAM, or it may use knowledge of
+the RAM in the machine, or any other method the boot loader designer
+sees fit.)
+
+
+2. Initialise one serial port
+-----------------------------
+
+Existing boot loaders: OPTIONAL, RECOMMENDED
+New boot loaders: OPTIONAL, RECOMMENDED
+
+The boot loader should initialise and enable one serial port on the
+target. This allows the kernel serial driver to automatically detect
+which serial port it should use for the kernel console (generally
+used for debugging purposes, or communication with the target.)
+
+As an alternative, the boot loader can pass the relevant 'console='
+option to the kernel via the tagged lists specifying the port, and
+serial format options as described in
+
+ Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt.
+
+
+3. Detect the machine type
+--------------------------
+
+Existing boot loaders: OPTIONAL
+New boot loaders: MANDATORY
+
+The boot loader should detect the machine type its running on by some
+method. Whether this is a hard coded value or some algorithm that
+looks at the connected hardware is beyond the scope of this document.
+The boot loader must ultimately be able to provide a MACH_TYPE_xxx
+value to the kernel. (see linux/arch/arm/tools/mach-types).
+
+
+4. Setup the kernel tagged list
+-------------------------------
+
+Existing boot loaders: OPTIONAL, HIGHLY RECOMMENDED
+New boot loaders: MANDATORY
+
+The boot loader must create and initialise the kernel tagged list.
+A valid tagged list starts with ATAG_CORE and ends with ATAG_NONE.
+The ATAG_CORE tag may or may not be empty. An empty ATAG_CORE tag
+has the size field set to '2' (0x00000002). The ATAG_NONE must set
+the size field to zero.
+
+Any number of tags can be placed in the list. It is undefined
+whether a repeated tag appends to the information carried by the
+previous tag, or whether it replaces the information in its
+entirety; some tags behave as the former, others the latter.
+
+The boot loader must pass at a minimum the size and location of
+the system memory, and root filesystem location. Therefore, the
+minimum tagged list should look:
+
+ +-----------+
+base -> | ATAG_CORE | |
+ +-----------+ |
+ | ATAG_MEM | | increasing address
+ +-----------+ |
+ | ATAG_NONE | |
+ +-----------+ v
+
+The tagged list should be stored in system RAM.
+
+The tagged list must be placed in a region of memory where neither
+the kernel decompressor nor initrd 'bootp' program will overwrite
+it. The recommended placement is in the first 16KiB of RAM.
+
+5. Calling the kernel image
+---------------------------
+
+Existing boot loaders: MANDATORY
+New boot loaders: MANDATORY
+
+There are two options for calling the kernel zImage. If the zImage
+is stored in flash, and is linked correctly to be run from flash,
+then it is legal for the boot loader to call the zImage in flash
+directly.
+
+The zImage may also be placed in system RAM (at any location) and
+called there. Note that the kernel uses 16K of RAM below the image
+to store page tables. The recommended placement is 32KiB into RAM.
+
+In either case, the following conditions must be met:
+
+- Quiesce all DMA capable devicess so that memory does not get
+ corrupted by bogus network packets or disk data. This will save
+ you many hours of debug.
+
+- CPU register settings
+ r0 = 0,
+ r1 = machine type number discovered in (3) above.
+ r2 = physical address of tagged list in system RAM.
+
+- CPU mode
+ All forms of interrupts must be disabled (IRQs and FIQs)
+ The CPU must be in SVC mode. (A special exception exists for Angel)
+
+- Caches, MMUs
+ The MMU must be off.
+ Instruction cache may be on or off.
+ Data cache must be off.
+
+- The boot loader is expected to call the kernel image by jumping
+ directly to the first instruction of the kernel image.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/IXP2000 b/Documentation/arm/IXP2000
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0148b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/IXP2000
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Release Notes for Linux on Intel's IXP2000 Network Processor
+
+Maintained by Deepak Saxena <dsaxena@plexity.net>
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+1. Overview
+
+Intel's IXP2000 family of NPUs (IXP2400, IXP2800, IXP2850) is designed
+for high-performance network applications such high-availability
+telecom systems. In addition to an XScale core, it contains up to 8
+"MicroEngines" that run special code, several high-end networking
+interfaces (UTOPIA, SPI, etc), a PCI host bridge, one serial port,
+flash interface, and some other odds and ends. For more information, see:
+
+http://developer.intel.com/design/network/products/npfamily/ixp2xxx.htm
+
+2. Linux Support
+
+Linux currently supports the following features on the IXP2000 NPUs:
+
+- On-chip serial
+- PCI
+- Flash (MTD/JFFS2)
+- I2C through GPIO
+- Timers (watchdog, OS)
+
+That is about all we can support under Linux ATM b/c the core networking
+components of the chip are accessed via Intel's closed source SDK.
+Please contact Intel directly on issues with using those. There is
+also a mailing list run by some folks at Princeton University that might
+be of help: https://lists.cs.princeton.edu/mailman/listinfo/ixp2xxx
+
+WHATEVER YOU DO, DO NOT POST EMAIL TO THE LINUX-ARM OR LINUX-ARM-KERNEL
+MAILING LISTS REGARDING THE INTEL SDK.
+
+3. Supported Platforms
+
+- Intel IXDP2400 Reference Platform
+- Intel IXDP2800 Reference Platform
+- Intel IXDP2401 Reference Platform
+- Intel IXDP2801 Reference Platform
+- RadiSys ENP-2611
+
+4. Usage Notes
+
+- The IXP2000 platforms usually have rather complex PCI bus topologies
+ with large memory space requirements. In addition, b/c of the way the
+ Intel SDK is designed, devices are enumerated in a very specific
+ way. B/c of this this, we use "pci=firmware" option in the kernel
+ command line so that we do not re-enumerate the bus.
+
+- IXDP2x01 systems have variable clock tick rates that we cannot determine
+ via HW registers. The "ixdp2x01_clk=XXX" cmd line options allow you
+ to pass the clock rate to the board port.
+
+5. Thanks
+
+The IXP2000 work has been funded by Intel Corp. and MontaVista Software, Inc.
+
+The following people have contributed patches/comments/etc:
+
+Naeem F. Afzal
+Lennert Buytenhek
+Jeffrey Daly
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Last Update: 8/09/2004
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/IXP4xx b/Documentation/arm/IXP4xx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4c6d3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/IXP4xx
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Release Notes for Linux on Intel's IXP4xx Network Processor
+
+Maintained by Deepak Saxena <dsaxena@plexity.net>
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+1. Overview
+
+Intel's IXP4xx network processor is a highly integrated SOC that
+is targeted for network applications, though it has become popular
+in industrial control and other areas due to low cost and power
+consumption. The IXP4xx family currently consists of several processors
+that support different network offload functions such as encryption,
+routing, firewalling, etc. The IXP46x family is an updated version which
+supports faster speeds, new memory and flash configurations, and more
+integration such as an on-chip I2C controller.
+
+For more information on the various versions of the CPU, see:
+
+ http://developer.intel.com/design/network/products/npfamily/ixp4xx.htm
+
+Intel also made the IXCP1100 CPU for sometime which is an IXP4xx
+stripped of much of the network intelligence.
+
+2. Linux Support
+
+Linux currently supports the following features on the IXP4xx chips:
+
+- Dual serial ports
+- PCI interface
+- Flash access (MTD/JFFS)
+- I2C through GPIO on IXP42x
+- GPIO for input/output/interrupts
+ See include/asm-arm/arch-ixp4xx/platform.h for access functions.
+- Timers (watchdog, OS)
+
+The following components of the chips are not supported by Linux and
+require the use of Intel's propietary CSR softare:
+
+- USB device interface
+- Network interfaces (HSS, Utopia, NPEs, etc)
+- Network offload functionality
+
+If you need to use any of the above, you need to download Intel's
+software from:
+
+ http://developer.intel.com/design/network/products/npfamily/ixp425swr1.htm
+
+DO NOT POST QUESTIONS TO THE LINUX MAILING LISTS REGARDING THE PROPIETARY
+SOFTWARE.
+
+There are several websites that provide directions/pointers on using
+Intel's software:
+
+http://ixp4xx-osdg.sourceforge.net/
+ Open Source Developer's Guide for using uClinux and the Intel libraries
+
+http://gatewaymaker.sourceforge.net/
+ Simple one page summary of building a gateway using an IXP425 and Linux
+
+http://ixp425.sourceforge.net/
+ ATM device driver for IXP425 that relies on Intel's libraries
+
+3. Known Issues/Limitations
+
+3a. Limited inbound PCI window
+
+The IXP4xx family allows for up to 256MB of memory but the PCI interface
+can only expose 64MB of that memory to the PCI bus. This means that if
+you are running with > 64MB, all PCI buffers outside of the accessible
+range will be bounced using the routines in arch/arm/common/dmabounce.c.
+
+3b. Limited outbound PCI window
+
+IXP4xx provides two methods of accessing PCI memory space:
+
+1) A direct mapped window from 0x48000000 to 0x4bffffff (64MB).
+ To access PCI via this space, we simply ioremap() the BAR
+ into the kernel and we can use the standard read[bwl]/write[bwl]
+ macros. This is the preffered method due to speed but it
+ limits the system to just 64MB of PCI memory. This can be
+ problamatic if using video cards and other memory-heavy devices.
+
+2) If > 64MB of memory space is required, the IXP4xx can be
+ configured to use indirect registers to access PCI This allows
+ for up to 128MB (0x48000000 to 0x4fffffff) of memory on the bus.
+ The disadvantadge of this is that every PCI access requires
+ three local register accesses plus a spinlock, but in some
+ cases the performance hit is acceptable. In addition, you cannot
+ mmap() PCI devices in this case due to the indirect nature
+ of the PCI window.
+
+By default, the direct method is used for performance reasons. If
+you need more PCI memory, enable the IXP4XX_INDIRECT_PCI config option.
+
+3c. GPIO as Interrupts
+
+Currently the code only handles level-sensitive GPIO interrupts
+
+4. Supported platforms
+
+ADI Engineering Coyote Gateway Reference Platform
+http://www.adiengineering.com/productsCoyote.html
+
+ The ADI Coyote platform is reference design for those building
+ small residential/office gateways. One NPE is connected to a 10/100
+ interface, one to 4-port 10/100 switch, and the third to and ADSL
+ interface. In addition, it also supports to POTs interfaces connected
+ via SLICs. Note that those are not supported by Linux ATM. Finally,
+ the platform has two mini-PCI slots used for 802.11[bga] cards.
+ Finally, there is an IDE port hanging off the expansion bus.
+
+Gateworks Avila Network Platform
+http://www.gateworks.com/avila_sbc.htm
+
+ The Avila platform is basically and IXDP425 with the 4 PCI slots
+ replaced with mini-PCI slots and a CF IDE interface hanging off
+ the expansion bus.
+
+Intel IXDP425 Development Platform
+http://developer.intel.com/design/network/products/npfamily/ixdp425.htm
+
+ This is Intel's standard reference platform for the IXDP425 and is
+ also known as the Richfield board. It contains 4 PCI slots, 16MB
+ of flash, two 10/100 ports and one ADSL port.
+
+Intel IXDP465 Development Platform
+http://developer.intel.com/design/network/products/npfamily/ixdp465.htm
+
+ This is basically an IXDP425 with an IXP465 and 32M of flash instead
+ of just 16.
+
+Intel IXDPG425 Development Platform
+
+ This is basically and ADI Coyote board with a NEC EHCI controller
+ added. One issue with this board is that the mini-PCI slots only
+ have the 3.3v line connected, so you can't use a PCI to mini-PCI
+ adapter with an E100 card. So to NFS root you need to use either
+ the CSR or a WiFi card and a ramdisk that BOOTPs and then does
+ a pivot_root to NFS.
+
+Motorola PrPMC1100 Processor Mezanine Card
+http://www.fountainsys.com/datasheet/PrPMC1100.pdf
+
+ The PrPMC1100 is based on the IXCP1100 and is meant to plug into
+ and IXP2400/2800 system to act as the system controller. It simply
+ contains a CPU and 16MB of flash on the board and needs to be
+ plugged into a carrier board to function. Currently Linux only
+ supports the Motorola PrPMC carrier board for this platform.
+ See https://mcg.motorola.com/us/ds/pdf/ds0144.pdf for info
+ on the carrier board.
+
+5. TODO LIST
+
+- Add support for Coyote IDE
+- Add support for edge-based GPIO interrupts
+- Add support for CF IDE on expansion bus
+
+6. Thanks
+
+The IXP4xx work has been funded by Intel Corp. and MontaVista Software, Inc.
+
+The following people have contributed patches/comments/etc:
+
+Lennerty Buytenhek
+Lutz Jaenicke
+Justin Mayfield
+Robert E. Ranslam
+[I know I've forgotten others, please email me to be added]
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Last Update: 01/04/2005
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Interrupts b/Documentation/arm/Interrupts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72c93de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Interrupts
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+2.5.2-rmk5
+----------
+
+This is the first kernel that contains a major shake up of some of the
+major architecture-specific subsystems.
+
+Firstly, it contains some pretty major changes to the way we handle the
+MMU TLB. Each MMU TLB variant is now handled completely separately -
+we have TLB v3, TLB v4 (without write buffer), TLB v4 (with write buffer),
+and finally TLB v4 (with write buffer, with I TLB invalidate entry).
+There is more assembly code inside each of these functions, mainly to
+allow more flexible TLB handling for the future.
+
+Secondly, the IRQ subsystem.
+
+The 2.5 kernels will be having major changes to the way IRQs are handled.
+Unfortunately, this means that machine types that touch the irq_desc[]
+array (basically all machine types) will break, and this means every
+machine type that we currently have.
+
+Lets take an example. On the Assabet with Neponset, we have:
+
+ GPIO25 IRR:2
+ SA1100 ------------> Neponset -----------> SA1111
+ IIR:1
+ -----------> USAR
+ IIR:0
+ -----------> SMC9196
+
+The way stuff currently works, all SA1111 interrupts are mutually
+exclusive of each other - if you're processing one interrupt from the
+SA1111 and another comes in, you have to wait for that interrupt to
+finish processing before you can service the new interrupt. Eg, an
+IDE PIO-based interrupt on the SA1111 excludes all other SA1111 and
+SMC9196 interrupts until it has finished transferring its multi-sector
+data, which can be a long time. Note also that since we loop in the
+SA1111 IRQ handler, SA1111 IRQs can hold off SMC9196 IRQs indefinitely.
+
+
+The new approach brings several new ideas...
+
+We introduce the concept of a "parent" and a "child". For example,
+to the Neponset handler, the "parent" is GPIO25, and the "children"d
+are SA1111, SMC9196 and USAR.
+
+We also bring the idea of an IRQ "chip" (mainly to reduce the size of
+the irqdesc array). This doesn't have to be a real "IC"; indeed the
+SA11x0 IRQs are handled by two separate "chip" structures, one for
+GPIO0-10, and another for all the rest. It is just a container for
+the various operations (maybe this'll change to a better name).
+This structure has the following operations:
+
+struct irqchip {
+ /*
+ * Acknowledge the IRQ.
+ * If this is a level-based IRQ, then it is expected to mask the IRQ
+ * as well.
+ */
+ void (*ack)(unsigned int irq);
+ /*
+ * Mask the IRQ in hardware.
+ */
+ void (*mask)(unsigned int irq);
+ /*
+ * Unmask the IRQ in hardware.
+ */
+ void (*unmask)(unsigned int irq);
+ /*
+ * Re-run the IRQ
+ */
+ void (*rerun)(unsigned int irq);
+ /*
+ * Set the type of the IRQ.
+ */
+ int (*type)(unsigned int irq, unsigned int, type);
+};
+
+ack - required. May be the same function as mask for IRQs
+ handled by do_level_IRQ.
+mask - required.
+unmask - required.
+rerun - optional. Not required if you're using do_level_IRQ for all
+ IRQs that use this 'irqchip'. Generally expected to re-trigger
+ the hardware IRQ if possible. If not, may call the handler
+ directly.
+type - optional. If you don't support changing the type of an IRQ,
+ it should be null so people can detect if they are unable to
+ set the IRQ type.
+
+For each IRQ, we keep the following information:
+
+ - "disable" depth (number of disable_irq()s without enable_irq()s)
+ - flags indicating what we can do with this IRQ (valid, probe,
+ noautounmask) as before
+ - status of the IRQ (probing, enable, etc)
+ - chip
+ - per-IRQ handler
+ - irqaction structure list
+
+The handler can be one of the 3 standard handlers - "level", "edge" and
+"simple", or your own specific handler if you need to do something special.
+
+The "level" handler is what we currently have - its pretty simple.
+"edge" knows about the brokenness of such IRQ implementations - that you
+need to leave the hardware IRQ enabled while processing it, and queueing
+further IRQ events should the IRQ happen again while processing. The
+"simple" handler is very basic, and does not perform any hardware
+manipulation, nor state tracking. This is useful for things like the
+SMC9196 and USAR above.
+
+So, what's changed?
+
+1. Machine implementations must not write to the irqdesc array.
+
+2. New functions to manipulate the irqdesc array. The first 4 are expected
+ to be useful only to machine specific code. The last is recommended to
+ only be used by machine specific code, but may be used in drivers if
+ absolutely necessary.
+
+ set_irq_chip(irq,chip)
+
+ Set the mask/unmask methods for handling this IRQ
+
+ set_irq_handler(irq,handler)
+
+ Set the handler for this IRQ (level, edge, simple)
+
+ set_irq_chained_handler(irq,handler)
+
+ Set a "chained" handler for this IRQ - automatically
+ enables this IRQ (eg, Neponset and SA1111 handlers).
+
+ set_irq_flags(irq,flags)
+
+ Set the valid/probe/noautoenable flags.
+
+ set_irq_type(irq,type)
+
+ Set active the IRQ edge(s)/level. This replaces the
+ SA1111 INTPOL manipulation, and the set_GPIO_IRQ_edge()
+ function. Type should be one of the following:
+
+ #define IRQT_NOEDGE (0)
+ #define IRQT_RISING (__IRQT_RISEDGE)
+ #define IRQT_FALLING (__IRQT_FALEDGE)
+ #define IRQT_BOTHEDGE (__IRQT_RISEDGE|__IRQT_FALEDGE)
+ #define IRQT_LOW (__IRQT_LOWLVL)
+ #define IRQT_HIGH (__IRQT_HIGHLVL)
+
+3. set_GPIO_IRQ_edge() is obsolete, and should be replaced by set_irq_type.
+
+4. Direct access to SA1111 INTPOL is depreciated. Use set_irq_type instead.
+
+5. A handler is expected to perform any necessary acknowledgement of the
+ parent IRQ via the correct chip specific function. For instance, if
+ the SA1111 is directly connected to a SA1110 GPIO, then you should
+ acknowledge the SA1110 IRQ each time you re-read the SA1111 IRQ status.
+
+6. For any child which doesn't have its own IRQ enable/disable controls
+ (eg, SMC9196), the handler must mask or acknowledge the parent IRQ
+ while the child handler is called, and the child handler should be the
+ "simple" handler (not "edge" nor "level"). After the handler completes,
+ the parent IRQ should be unmasked, and the status of all children must
+ be re-checked for pending events. (see the Neponset IRQ handler for
+ details).
+
+7. fixup_irq() is gone, as is include/asm-arm/arch-*/irq.h
+
+Please note that this will not solve all problems - some of them are
+hardware based. Mixing level-based and edge-based IRQs on the same
+parent signal (eg neponset) is one such area where a software based
+solution can't provide the full answer to low IRQ latency.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Netwinder b/Documentation/arm/Netwinder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1b457f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Netwinder
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+NetWinder specific documentation
+================================
+
+The NetWinder is a small low-power computer, primarily designed
+to run Linux. It is based around the StrongARM RISC processor,
+DC21285 PCI bridge, with PC-type hardware glued around it.
+
+Port usage
+==========
+
+Min - Max Description
+---------------------------
+0x0000 - 0x000f DMA1
+0x0020 - 0x0021 PIC1
+0x0060 - 0x006f Keyboard
+0x0070 - 0x007f RTC
+0x0080 - 0x0087 DMA1
+0x0088 - 0x008f DMA2
+0x00a0 - 0x00a3 PIC2
+0x00c0 - 0x00df DMA2
+0x0180 - 0x0187 IRDA
+0x01f0 - 0x01f6 ide0
+0x0201 Game port
+0x0203 RWA010 configuration read
+0x0220 - ? SoundBlaster
+0x0250 - ? WaveArtist
+0x0279 RWA010 configuration index
+0x02f8 - 0x02ff Serial ttyS1
+0x0300 - 0x031f Ether10
+0x0338 GPIO1
+0x033a GPIO2
+0x0370 - 0x0371 W83977F configuration registers
+0x0388 - ? AdLib
+0x03c0 - 0x03df VGA
+0x03f6 ide0
+0x03f8 - 0x03ff Serial ttyS0
+0x0400 - 0x0408 DC21143
+0x0480 - 0x0487 DMA1
+0x0488 - 0x048f DMA2
+0x0a79 RWA010 configuration write
+0xe800 - 0xe80f ide0/ide1 BM DMA
+
+
+Interrupt usage
+===============
+
+IRQ type Description
+---------------------------
+ 0 ISA 100Hz timer
+ 1 ISA Keyboard
+ 2 ISA cascade
+ 3 ISA Serial ttyS1
+ 4 ISA Serial ttyS0
+ 5 ISA PS/2 mouse
+ 6 ISA IRDA
+ 7 ISA Printer
+ 8 ISA RTC alarm
+ 9 ISA
+10 ISA GP10 (Orange reset button)
+11 ISA
+12 ISA WaveArtist
+13 ISA
+14 ISA hda1
+15 ISA
+
+DMA usage
+=========
+
+DMA type Description
+---------------------------
+ 0 ISA IRDA
+ 1 ISA
+ 2 ISA cascade
+ 3 ISA WaveArtist
+ 4 ISA
+ 5 ISA
+ 6 ISA
+ 7 ISA WaveArtist
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Porting b/Documentation/arm/Porting
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a492233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Porting
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+Taken from list archive at http://lists.arm.linux.org.uk/pipermail/linux-arm-kernel/2001-July/004064.html
+
+Initial definitions
+-------------------
+
+The following symbol definitions rely on you knowing the translation that
+__virt_to_phys() does for your machine. This macro converts the passed
+virtual address to a physical address. Normally, it is simply:
+
+ phys = virt - PAGE_OFFSET + PHYS_OFFSET
+
+
+Decompressor Symbols
+--------------------
+
+ZTEXTADDR
+ Start address of decompressor. There's no point in talking about
+ virtual or physical addresses here, since the MMU will be off at
+ the time when you call the decompressor code. You normally call
+ the kernel at this address to start it booting. This doesn't have
+ to be located in RAM, it can be in flash or other read-only or
+ read-write addressable medium.
+
+ZBSSADDR
+ Start address of zero-initialised work area for the decompressor.
+ This must be pointing at RAM. The decompressor will zero initialise
+ this for you. Again, the MMU will be off.
+
+ZRELADDR
+ This is the address where the decompressed kernel will be written,
+ and eventually executed. The following constraint must be valid:
+
+ __virt_to_phys(TEXTADDR) == ZRELADDR
+
+ The initial part of the kernel is carefully coded to be position
+ independent.
+
+INITRD_PHYS
+ Physical address to place the initial RAM disk. Only relevant if
+ you are using the bootpImage stuff (which only works on the old
+ struct param_struct).
+
+INITRD_VIRT
+ Virtual address of the initial RAM disk. The following constraint
+ must be valid:
+
+ __virt_to_phys(INITRD_VIRT) == INITRD_PHYS
+
+PARAMS_PHYS
+ Physical address of the struct param_struct or tag list, giving the
+ kernel various parameters about its execution environment.
+
+
+Kernel Symbols
+--------------
+
+PHYS_OFFSET
+ Physical start address of the first bank of RAM.
+
+PAGE_OFFSET
+ Virtual start address of the first bank of RAM. During the kernel
+ boot phase, virtual address PAGE_OFFSET will be mapped to physical
+ address PHYS_OFFSET, along with any other mappings you supply.
+ This should be the same value as TASK_SIZE.
+
+TASK_SIZE
+ The maximum size of a user process in bytes. Since user space
+ always starts at zero, this is the maximum address that a user
+ process can access+1. The user space stack grows down from this
+ address.
+
+ Any virtual address below TASK_SIZE is deemed to be user process
+ area, and therefore managed dynamically on a process by process
+ basis by the kernel. I'll call this the user segment.
+
+ Anything above TASK_SIZE is common to all processes. I'll call
+ this the kernel segment.
+
+ (In other words, you can't put IO mappings below TASK_SIZE, and
+ hence PAGE_OFFSET).
+
+TEXTADDR
+ Virtual start address of kernel, normally PAGE_OFFSET + 0x8000.
+ This is where the kernel image ends up. With the latest kernels,
+ it must be located at 32768 bytes into a 128MB region. Previous
+ kernels placed a restriction of 256MB here.
+
+DATAADDR
+ Virtual address for the kernel data segment. Must not be defined
+ when using the decompressor.
+
+VMALLOC_START
+VMALLOC_END
+ Virtual addresses bounding the vmalloc() area. There must not be
+ any static mappings in this area; vmalloc will overwrite them.
+ The addresses must also be in the kernel segment (see above).
+ Normally, the vmalloc() area starts VMALLOC_OFFSET bytes above the
+ last virtual RAM address (found using variable high_memory).
+
+VMALLOC_OFFSET
+ Offset normally incorporated into VMALLOC_START to provide a hole
+ between virtual RAM and the vmalloc area. We do this to allow
+ out of bounds memory accesses (eg, something writing off the end
+ of the mapped memory map) to be caught. Normally set to 8MB.
+
+Architecture Specific Macros
+----------------------------
+
+BOOT_MEM(pram,pio,vio)
+ `pram' specifies the physical start address of RAM. Must always
+ be present, and should be the same as PHYS_OFFSET.
+
+ `pio' is the physical address of an 8MB region containing IO for
+ use with the debugging macros in arch/arm/kernel/debug-armv.S.
+
+ `vio' is the virtual address of the 8MB debugging region.
+
+ It is expected that the debugging region will be re-initialised
+ by the architecture specific code later in the code (via the
+ MAPIO function).
+
+BOOT_PARAMS
+ Same as, and see PARAMS_PHYS.
+
+FIXUP(func)
+ Machine specific fixups, run before memory subsystems have been
+ initialised.
+
+MAPIO(func)
+ Machine specific function to map IO areas (including the debug
+ region above).
+
+INITIRQ(func)
+ Machine specific function to initialise interrupts.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/README b/Documentation/arm/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6f718e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/README
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+ ARM Linux 2.6
+ =============
+
+ Please check <ftp://ftp.arm.linux.org.uk/pub/armlinux> for
+ updates.
+
+Compilation of kernel
+---------------------
+
+ In order to compile ARM Linux, you will need a compiler capable of
+ generating ARM ELF code with GNU extensions. GCC 2.95.1, EGCS
+ 1.1.2, and GCC 3.3 are known to be good compilers. Fortunately, you
+ needn't guess. The kernel will report an error if your compiler is
+ a recognized offender.
+
+ To build ARM Linux natively, you shouldn't have to alter the ARCH = line
+ in the top level Makefile. However, if you don't have the ARM Linux ELF
+ tools installed as default, then you should change the CROSS_COMPILE
+ line as detailed below.
+
+ If you wish to cross-compile, then alter the following lines in the top
+ level make file:
+
+ ARCH = <whatever>
+ with
+ ARCH = arm
+
+ and
+
+ CROSS_COMPILE=
+ to
+ CROSS_COMPILE=<your-path-to-your-compiler-without-gcc>
+ eg.
+ CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-
+
+ Do a 'make config', followed by 'make Image' to build the kernel
+ (arch/arm/boot/Image). A compressed image can be built by doing a
+ 'make zImage' instead of 'make Image'.
+
+
+Bug reports etc
+---------------
+
+ Please send patches to the patch system. For more information, see
+ http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/patches/info.html Always include some
+ explanation as to what the patch does and why it is needed.
+
+ Bug reports should be sent to linux-arm-kernel@lists.arm.linux.org.uk,
+ or submitted through the web form at
+ http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/forms/solution.shtml
+
+ When sending bug reports, please ensure that they contain all relevant
+ information, eg. the kernel messages that were printed before/during
+ the problem, what you were doing, etc.
+
+
+Include files
+-------------
+
+ Several new include directories have been created under include/asm-arm,
+ which are there to reduce the clutter in the top-level directory. These
+ directories, and their purpose is listed below:
+
+ arch-* machine/platform specific header files
+ hardware driver-internal ARM specific data structures/definitions
+ mach descriptions of generic ARM to specific machine interfaces
+ proc-* processor dependent header files (currently only two
+ categories)
+
+
+Machine/Platform support
+------------------------
+
+ The ARM tree contains support for a lot of different machine types. To
+ continue supporting these differences, it has become necessary to split
+ machine-specific parts by directory. For this, the machine category is
+ used to select which directories and files get included (we will use
+ $(MACHINE) to refer to the category)
+
+ To this end, we now have arch/arm/mach-$(MACHINE) directories which are
+ designed to house the non-driver files for a particular machine (eg, PCI,
+ memory management, architecture definitions etc). For all future
+ machines, there should be a corresponding include/asm-arm/arch-$(MACHINE)
+ directory.
+
+
+Modules
+-------
+
+ Although modularisation is supported (and required for the FP emulator),
+ each module on an ARM2/ARM250/ARM3 machine when is loaded will take
+ memory up to the next 32k boundary due to the size of the pages.
+ Therefore, modularisation on these machines really worth it?
+
+ However, ARM6 and up machines allow modules to take multiples of 4k, and
+ as such Acorn RiscPCs and other architectures using these processors can
+ make good use of modularisation.
+
+
+ADFS Image files
+----------------
+
+ You can access image files on your ADFS partitions by mounting the ADFS
+ partition, and then using the loopback device driver. You must have
+ losetup installed.
+
+ Please note that the PCEmulator DOS partitions have a partition table at
+ the start, and as such, you will have to give '-o offset' to losetup.
+
+
+Request to developers
+---------------------
+
+ When writing device drivers which include a separate assembler file, please
+ include it in with the C file, and not the arch/arm/lib directory. This
+ allows the driver to be compiled as a loadable module without requiring
+ half the code to be compiled into the kernel image.
+
+ In general, try to avoid using assembler unless it is really necessary. It
+ makes drivers far less easy to port to other hardware.
+
+
+ST506 hard drives
+-----------------
+
+ The ST506 hard drive controllers seem to be working fine (if a little
+ slowly). At the moment they will only work off the controllers on an
+ A4x0's motherboard, but for it to work off a Podule just requires
+ someone with a podule to add the addresses for the IRQ mask and the
+ HDC base to the source.
+
+ As of 31/3/96 it works with two drives (you should get the ADFS
+ *configure harddrive set to 2). I've got an internal 20MB and a great
+ big external 5.25" FH 64MB drive (who could ever want more :-) ).
+
+ I've just got 240K/s off it (a dd with bs=128k); thats about half of what
+ RiscOS gets; but it's a heck of a lot better than the 50K/s I was getting
+ last week :-)
+
+ Known bug: Drive data errors can cause a hang; including cases where
+ the controller has fixed the error using ECC. (Possibly ONLY
+ in that case...hmm).
+
+
+1772 Floppy
+-----------
+ This also seems to work OK, but hasn't been stressed much lately. It
+ hasn't got any code for disc change detection in there at the moment which
+ could be a bit of a problem! Suggestions on the correct way to do this
+ are welcome.
+
+
+CONFIG_MACH_ and CONFIG_ARCH_
+-----------------------------
+ A change was made in 2003 to the macro names for new machines.
+ Historically, CONFIG_ARCH_ was used for the bonafide architecture,
+ e.g. SA1100, as well as implementations of the architecture,
+ e.g. Assabet. It was decided to change the implementation macros
+ to read CONFIG_MACH_ for clarity. Moreover, a retroactive fixup has
+ not been made because it would complicate patching.
+
+ Previous registrations may be found online.
+
+ <http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/developer/machines/>
+
+Kernel entry (head.S)
+--------------------------
+ The initial entry into the kernel is via head.S, which uses machine
+ independent code. The machine is selected by the value of 'r1' on
+ entry, which must be kept unique.
+
+ Due to the large number of machines which the ARM port of Linux provides
+ for, we have a method to manage this which ensures that we don't end up
+ duplicating large amounts of code.
+
+ We group machine (or platform) support code into machine classes. A
+ class typically based around one or more system on a chip devices, and
+ acts as a natural container around the actual implementations. These
+ classes are given directories - arch/arm/mach-<class> and
+ include/asm-arm/arch-<class> - which contain the source files to
+ support the machine class. This directories also contain any machine
+ specific supporting code.
+
+ For example, the SA1100 class is based upon the SA1100 and SA1110 SoC
+ devices, and contains the code to support the way the on-board and off-
+ board devices are used, or the device is setup, and provides that
+ machine specific "personality."
+
+ This fine-grained machine specific selection is controlled by the machine
+ type ID, which acts both as a run-time and a compile-time code selection
+ method.
+
+ You can register a new machine via the web site at:
+
+ <http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/developer/machines/>
+
+---
+Russell King (15/03/2004)
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/ADSBitsy b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/ADSBitsy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab47c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/ADSBitsy
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+ADS Bitsy Single Board Computer
+(It is different from Bitsy(iPAQ) of Compaq)
+
+For more details, contact Applied Data Systems or see
+http://www.applieddata.net/products.html
+
+The Linux support for this product has been provided by
+Woojung Huh <whuh@applieddata.net>
+
+Use 'make adsbitsy_config' before any 'make config'.
+This will set up defaults for ADS Bitsy support.
+
+The kernel zImage is linked to be loaded and executed at 0xc0400000.
+
+Linux can be used with the ADS BootLoader that ships with the
+newer rev boards. See their documentation on how to load Linux.
+
+Supported peripherals:
+- SA1100 LCD frame buffer (8/16bpp...sort of)
+- SA1111 USB Master
+- SA1100 serial port
+- pcmcia, compact flash
+- touchscreen(ucb1200)
+- console on LCD screen
+- serial ports (ttyS[0-2])
+ - ttyS0 is default for serial console
+
+To do:
+- everything else! :-)
+
+Notes:
+
+- The flash on board is divided into 3 partitions.
+ You should be careful to use flash on board.
+ It's partition is different from GraphicsClient Plus and GraphicsMaster
+
+- 16bpp mode requires a different cable than what ships with the board.
+ Contact ADS or look through the manual to wire your own. Currently,
+ if you compile with 16bit mode support and switch into a lower bpp
+ mode, the timing is off so the image is corrupted. This will be
+ fixed soon.
+
+Any contribution can be sent to nico@cam.org and will be greatly welcome!
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Assabet b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Assabet
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbbe558
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Assabet
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+The Intel Assabet (SA-1110 evaluation) board
+============================================
+
+Please see:
+http://developer.intel.com/design/strong/quicklist/eval-plat/sa-1110.htm
+http://developer.intel.com/design/strong/guides/278278.htm
+
+Also some notes from John G Dorsey <jd5q@andrew.cmu.edu>:
+http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~wearable/software/assabet.html
+
+
+Building the kernel
+-------------------
+
+To build the kernel with current defaults:
+
+ make assabet_config
+ make oldconfig
+ make zImage
+
+The resulting kernel image should be available in linux/arch/arm/boot/zImage.
+
+
+Installing a bootloader
+-----------------------
+
+A couple of bootloaders able to boot Linux on Assabet are available:
+
+BLOB (http://www.lart.tudelft.nl/lartware/blob/)
+
+ BLOB is a bootloader used within the LART project. Some contributed
+ patches were merged into BLOB to add support for Assabet.
+
+Compaq's Bootldr + John Dorsey's patch for Assabet support
+(http://www.handhelds.org/Compaq/bootldr.html)
+(http://www.wearablegroup.org/software/bootldr/)
+
+ Bootldr is the bootloader developed by Compaq for the iPAQ Pocket PC.
+ John Dorsey has produced add-on patches to add support for Assabet and
+ the JFFS filesystem.
+
+RedBoot (http://sources.redhat.com/redboot/)
+
+ RedBoot is a bootloader developed by Red Hat based on the eCos RTOS
+ hardware abstraction layer. It supports Assabet amongst many other
+ hardware platforms.
+
+RedBoot is currently the recommended choice since it's the only one to have
+networking support, and is the most actively maintained.
+
+Brief examples on how to boot Linux with RedBoot are shown below. But first
+you need to have RedBoot installed in your flash memory. A known to work
+precompiled RedBoot binary is available from the following location:
+
+ftp://ftp.netwinder.org/users/n/nico/
+ftp://ftp.arm.linux.org.uk/pub/linux/arm/people/nico/
+ftp://ftp.handhelds.org/pub/linux/arm/sa-1100-patches/
+
+Look for redboot-assabet*.tgz. Some installation infos are provided in
+redboot-assabet*.txt.
+
+
+Initial RedBoot configuration
+-----------------------------
+
+The commands used here are explained in The RedBoot User's Guide available
+on-line at http://sources.redhat.com/ecos/docs-latest/redboot/redboot.html.
+Please refer to it for explanations.
+
+If you have a CF network card (my Assabet kit contained a CF+ LP-E from
+Socket Communications Inc.), you should strongly consider using it for TFTP
+file transfers. You must insert it before RedBoot runs since it can't detect
+it dynamically.
+
+To initialize the flash directory:
+
+ fis init -f
+
+To initialize the non-volatile settings, like whether you want to use BOOTP or
+a static IP address, etc, use this command:
+
+ fconfig -i
+
+
+Writing a kernel image into flash
+---------------------------------
+
+First, the kernel image must be loaded into RAM. If you have the zImage file
+available on a TFTP server:
+
+ load zImage -r -b 0x100000
+
+If you rather want to use Y-Modem upload over the serial port:
+
+ load -m ymodem -r -b 0x100000
+
+To write it to flash:
+
+ fis create "Linux kernel" -b 0x100000 -l 0xc0000
+
+
+Booting the kernel
+------------------
+
+The kernel still requires a filesystem to boot. A ramdisk image can be loaded
+as follows:
+
+ load ramdisk_image.gz -r -b 0x800000
+
+Again, Y-Modem upload can be used instead of TFTP by replacing the file name
+by '-y ymodem'.
+
+Now the kernel can be retrieved from flash like this:
+
+ fis load "Linux kernel"
+
+or loaded as described previously. To boot the kernel:
+
+ exec -b 0x100000 -l 0xc0000
+
+The ramdisk image could be stored into flash as well, but there are better
+solutions for on-flash filesystems as mentioned below.
+
+
+Using JFFS2
+-----------
+
+Using JFFS2 (the Second Journalling Flash File System) is probably the most
+convenient way to store a writable filesystem into flash. JFFS2 is used in
+conjunction with the MTD layer which is responsible for low-level flash
+management. More information on the Linux MTD can be found on-line at:
+http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/. A JFFS howto with some infos about
+creating JFFS/JFFS2 images is available from the same site.
+
+For instance, a sample JFFS2 image can be retrieved from the same FTP sites
+mentioned below for the precompiled RedBoot image.
+
+To load this file:
+
+ load sample_img.jffs2 -r -b 0x100000
+
+The result should look like:
+
+RedBoot> load sample_img.jffs2 -r -b 0x100000
+Raw file loaded 0x00100000-0x00377424
+
+Now we must know the size of the unallocated flash:
+
+ fis free
+
+Result:
+
+RedBoot> fis free
+ 0x500E0000 .. 0x503C0000
+
+The values above may be different depending on the size of the filesystem and
+the type of flash. See their usage below as an example and take care of
+substituting yours appropriately.
+
+We must determine some values:
+
+size of unallocated flash: 0x503c0000 - 0x500e0000 = 0x2e0000
+size of the filesystem image: 0x00377424 - 0x00100000 = 0x277424
+
+We want to fit the filesystem image of course, but we also want to give it all
+the remaining flash space as well. To write it:
+
+ fis unlock -f 0x500E0000 -l 0x2e0000
+ fis erase -f 0x500E0000 -l 0x2e0000
+ fis write -b 0x100000 -l 0x277424 -f 0x500E0000
+ fis create "JFFS2" -n -f 0x500E0000 -l 0x2e0000
+
+Now the filesystem is associated to a MTD "partition" once Linux has discovered
+what they are in the boot process. From Redboot, the 'fis list' command
+displays them:
+
+RedBoot> fis list
+Name FLASH addr Mem addr Length Entry point
+RedBoot 0x50000000 0x50000000 0x00020000 0x00000000
+RedBoot config 0x503C0000 0x503C0000 0x00020000 0x00000000
+FIS directory 0x503E0000 0x503E0000 0x00020000 0x00000000
+Linux kernel 0x50020000 0x00100000 0x000C0000 0x00000000
+JFFS2 0x500E0000 0x500E0000 0x002E0000 0x00000000
+
+However Linux should display something like:
+
+SA1100 flash: probing 32-bit flash bus
+SA1100 flash: Found 2 x16 devices at 0x0 in 32-bit mode
+Using RedBoot partition definition
+Creating 5 MTD partitions on "SA1100 flash":
+0x00000000-0x00020000 : "RedBoot"
+0x00020000-0x000e0000 : "Linux kernel"
+0x000e0000-0x003c0000 : "JFFS2"
+0x003c0000-0x003e0000 : "RedBoot config"
+0x003e0000-0x00400000 : "FIS directory"
+
+What's important here is the position of the partition we are interested in,
+which is the third one. Within Linux, this correspond to /dev/mtdblock2.
+Therefore to boot Linux with the kernel and its root filesystem in flash, we
+need this RedBoot command:
+
+ fis load "Linux kernel"
+ exec -b 0x100000 -l 0xc0000 -c "root=/dev/mtdblock2"
+
+Of course other filesystems than JFFS might be used, like cramfs for example.
+You might want to boot with a root filesystem over NFS, etc. It is also
+possible, and sometimes more convenient, to flash a filesystem directly from
+within Linux while booted from a ramdisk or NFS. The Linux MTD repository has
+many tools to deal with flash memory as well, to erase it for example. JFFS2
+can then be mounted directly on a freshly erased partition and files can be
+copied over directly. Etc...
+
+
+RedBoot scripting
+-----------------
+
+All the commands above aren't so useful if they have to be typed in every
+time the Assabet is rebooted. Therefore it's possible to automatize the boot
+process using RedBoot's scripting capability.
+
+For example, I use this to boot Linux with both the kernel and the ramdisk
+images retrieved from a TFTP server on the network:
+
+RedBoot> fconfig
+Run script at boot: false true
+Boot script:
+Enter script, terminate with empty line
+>> load zImage -r -b 0x100000
+>> load ramdisk_ks.gz -r -b 0x800000
+>> exec -b 0x100000 -l 0xc0000
+>>
+Boot script timeout (1000ms resolution): 3
+Use BOOTP for network configuration: true
+GDB connection port: 9000
+Network debug at boot time: false
+Update RedBoot non-volatile configuration - are you sure (y/n)? y
+
+Then, rebooting the Assabet is just a matter of waiting for the login prompt.
+
+
+
+Nicolas Pitre
+nico@cam.org
+June 12, 2001
+
+
+Status of peripherals in -rmk tree (updated 14/10/2001)
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+Assabet:
+ Serial ports:
+ Radio: TX, RX, CTS, DSR, DCD, RI
+ PM: Not tested.
+ COM: TX, RX, CTS, DSR, DCD, RTS, DTR, PM
+ PM: Not tested.
+ I2C: Implemented, not fully tested.
+ L3: Fully tested, pass.
+ PM: Not tested.
+
+ Video:
+ LCD: Fully tested. PM
+ (LCD doesn't like being blanked with
+ neponset connected)
+ Video out: Not fully
+
+ Audio:
+ UDA1341:
+ Playback: Fully tested, pass.
+ Record: Implemented, not tested.
+ PM: Not tested.
+
+ UCB1200:
+ Audio play: Implemented, not heavily tested.
+ Audio rec: Implemented, not heavily tested.
+ Telco audio play: Implemented, not heavily tested.
+ Telco audio rec: Implemented, not heavily tested.
+ POTS control: No
+ Touchscreen: Yes
+ PM: Not tested.
+
+ Other:
+ PCMCIA:
+ LPE: Fully tested, pass.
+ USB: No
+ IRDA:
+ SIR: Fully tested, pass.
+ FIR: Fully tested, pass.
+ PM: Not tested.
+
+Neponset:
+ Serial ports:
+ COM1,2: TX, RX, CTS, DSR, DCD, RTS, DTR
+ PM: Not tested.
+ USB: Implemented, not heavily tested.
+ PCMCIA: Implemented, not heavily tested.
+ PM: Not tested.
+ CF: Implemented, not heavily tested.
+ PM: Not tested.
+
+More stuff can be found in the -np (Nicolas Pitre's) tree.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Brutus b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Brutus
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2254c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Brutus
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+Brutus is an evaluation platform for the SA1100 manufactured by Intel.
+For more details, see:
+
+http://developer.intel.com/design/strong/applnots/sa1100lx/getstart.htm
+
+To compile for Brutus, you must issue the following commands:
+
+ make brutus_config
+ make config
+ [accept all the defaults]
+ make zImage
+
+The resulting kernel will end up in linux/arch/arm/boot/zImage. This file
+must be loaded at 0xc0008000 in Brutus's memory and execution started at
+0xc0008000 as well with the value of registers r0 = 0 and r1 = 16 upon
+entry.
+
+But prior to execute the kernel, a ramdisk image must also be loaded in
+memory. Use memory address 0xd8000000 for this. Note that the file
+containing the (compressed) ramdisk image must not exceed 4 MB.
+
+Typically, you'll need angelboot to load the kernel.
+The following angelboot.opt file should be used:
+
+----- begin angelboot.opt -----
+base 0xc0008000
+entry 0xc0008000
+r0 0x00000000
+r1 0x00000010
+device /dev/ttyS0
+options "9600 8N1"
+baud 115200
+otherfile ramdisk_img.gz
+otherbase 0xd8000000
+----- end angelboot.opt -----
+
+Then load the kernel and ramdisk with:
+
+ angelboot -f angelboot.opt zImage
+
+The first Brutus serial port (assumed to be linked to /dev/ttyS0 on your
+host PC) is used by angel to load the kernel and ramdisk image. The serial
+console is provided through the second Brutus serial port. To access it,
+you may use minicom configured with /dev/ttyS1, 9600 baud, 8N1, no flow
+control.
+
+Currently supported:
+ - RS232 serial ports
+ - audio output
+ - LCD screen
+ - keyboard
+
+The actual Brutus support may not be complete without extra patches.
+If such patches exist, they should be found from
+ftp.netwinder.org/users/n/nico.
+
+A full PCMCIA support is still missing, although it's possible to hack
+some drivers in order to drive already inserted cards at boot time with
+little modifications.
+
+Any contribution is welcome.
+
+Please send patches to nico@cam.org
+
+Have Fun !
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/CERF b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/CERF
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3d8453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/CERF
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+*** The StrongARM version of the CerfBoard/Cube has been discontinued ***
+
+The Intrinsyc CerfBoard is a StrongARM 1110-based computer on a board
+that measures approximately 2" square. It includes an Ethernet
+controller, an RS232-compatible serial port, a USB function port, and
+one CompactFlash+ slot on the back. Pictures can be found at the
+Intrinsyc website, http://www.intrinsyc.com.
+
+This document describes the support in the Linux kernel for the
+Intrinsyc CerfBoard.
+
+Supported in this version:
+ - CompactFlash+ slot (select PCMCIA in General Setup and any options
+ that may be required)
+ - Onboard Crystal CS8900 Ethernet controller (Cerf CS8900A support in
+ Network Devices)
+ - Serial ports with a serial console (hardcoded to 38400 8N1)
+
+In order to get this kernel onto your Cerf, you need a server that runs
+both BOOTP and TFTP. Detailed instructions should have come with your
+evaluation kit on how to use the bootloader. This series of commands
+will suffice:
+
+ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux- cerfcube_defconfig
+ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux- zImage
+ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux- modules
+ cp arch/arm/boot/zImage <TFTP directory>
+
+support@intrinsyc.com
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/FreeBird b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/FreeBird
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eda28b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/FreeBird
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Freebird-1.1 is produced by Legned(C) ,Inc.
+(http://www.legend.com.cn)
+and software/linux mainatined by Coventive(C),Inc.
+(http://www.coventive.com)
+
+Based on the Nicolas's strongarm kernel tree.
+
+===============================================================
+Maintainer:
+
+Chester Kuo <chester@coventive.com>
+ <chester@linux.org.tw>
+
+Author :
+Tim wu <timwu@coventive.com>
+CIH <cih@coventive.com>
+Eric Peng <ericpeng@coventive.com>
+Jeff Lee <jeff_lee@coventive.com>
+Allen Cheng
+Tony Liu <tonyliu@coventive.com>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/GraphicsClient b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/GraphicsClient
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fa7e80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/GraphicsClient
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+ADS GraphicsClient Plus Single Board Computer
+
+For more details, contact Applied Data Systems or see
+http://www.applieddata.net/products.html
+
+The original Linux support for this product has been provided by
+Nicolas Pitre <nico@cam.org>. Continued development work by
+Woojung Huh <whuh@applieddata.net>
+
+It's currently possible to mount a root filesystem via NFS providing a
+complete Linux environment. Otherwise a ramdisk image may be used. The
+board supports MTD/JFFS, so you could also mount something on there.
+
+Use 'make graphicsclient_config' before any 'make config'. This will set up
+defaults for GraphicsClient Plus support.
+
+The kernel zImage is linked to be loaded and executed at 0xc0200000.
+Also the following registers should have the specified values upon entry:
+
+ r0 = 0
+ r1 = 29 (this is the GraphicsClient architecture number)
+
+Linux can be used with the ADS BootLoader that ships with the
+newer rev boards. See their documentation on how to load Linux.
+Angel is not available for the GraphicsClient Plus AFAIK.
+
+There is a board known as just the GraphicsClient that ADS used to
+produce but has end of lifed. This code will not work on the older
+board with the ADS bootloader, but should still work with Angel,
+as outlined below. In any case, if you're planning on deploying
+something en masse, you should probably get the newer board.
+
+If using Angel on the older boards, here is a typical angel.opt option file
+if the kernel is loaded through the Angel Debug Monitor:
+
+----- begin angelboot.opt -----
+base 0xc0200000
+entry 0xc0200000
+r0 0x00000000
+r1 0x0000001d
+device /dev/ttyS1
+options "38400 8N1"
+baud 115200
+#otherfile ramdisk.gz
+#otherbase 0xc0800000
+exec minicom
+----- end angelboot.opt -----
+
+Then the kernel (and ramdisk if otherfile/otherbase lines above are
+uncommented) would be loaded with:
+
+ angelboot -f angelboot.opt zImage
+
+Here it is assumed that the board is connected to ttyS1 on your PC
+and that minicom is preconfigured with /dev/ttyS1, 38400 baud, 8N1, no flow
+control by default.
+
+If any other bootloader is used, ensure it accomplish the same, especially
+for r0/r1 register values before jumping into the kernel.
+
+
+Supported peripherals:
+- SA1100 LCD frame buffer (8/16bpp...sort of)
+- on-board SMC 92C96 ethernet NIC
+- SA1100 serial port
+- flash memory access (MTD/JFFS)
+- pcmcia
+- touchscreen(ucb1200)
+- ps/2 keyboard
+- console on LCD screen
+- serial ports (ttyS[0-2])
+ - ttyS0 is default for serial console
+- Smart I/O (ADC, keypad, digital inputs, etc)
+ See http://www.applieddata.com/developers/linux for IOCTL documentation
+ and example user space code. ps/2 keybd is multiplexed through this driver
+
+To do:
+- UCB1200 audio with new ucb_generic layer
+- everything else! :-)
+
+Notes:
+
+- The flash on board is divided into 3 partitions. mtd0 is where
+ the ADS boot ROM and zImage is stored. It's been marked as
+ read-only to keep you from blasting over the bootloader. :) mtd1 is
+ for the ramdisk.gz image. mtd2 is user flash space and can be
+ utilized for either JFFS or if you're feeling crazy, running ext2
+ on top of it. If you're not using the ADS bootloader, you're
+ welcome to blast over the mtd1 partition also.
+
+- 16bpp mode requires a different cable than what ships with the board.
+ Contact ADS or look through the manual to wire your own. Currently,
+ if you compile with 16bit mode support and switch into a lower bpp
+ mode, the timing is off so the image is corrupted. This will be
+ fixed soon.
+
+Any contribution can be sent to nico@cam.org and will be greatly welcome!
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/GraphicsMaster b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/GraphicsMaster
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd28745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/GraphicsMaster
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+ADS GraphicsMaster Single Board Computer
+
+For more details, contact Applied Data Systems or see
+http://www.applieddata.net/products.html
+
+The original Linux support for this product has been provided by
+Nicolas Pitre <nico@cam.org>. Continued development work by
+Woojung Huh <whuh@applieddata.net>
+
+Use 'make graphicsmaster_config' before any 'make config'.
+This will set up defaults for GraphicsMaster support.
+
+The kernel zImage is linked to be loaded and executed at 0xc0400000.
+
+Linux can be used with the ADS BootLoader that ships with the
+newer rev boards. See their documentation on how to load Linux.
+
+Supported peripherals:
+- SA1100 LCD frame buffer (8/16bpp...sort of)
+- SA1111 USB Master
+- on-board SMC 92C96 ethernet NIC
+- SA1100 serial port
+- flash memory access (MTD/JFFS)
+- pcmcia, compact flash
+- touchscreen(ucb1200)
+- ps/2 keyboard
+- console on LCD screen
+- serial ports (ttyS[0-2])
+ - ttyS0 is default for serial console
+- Smart I/O (ADC, keypad, digital inputs, etc)
+ See http://www.applieddata.com/developers/linux for IOCTL documentation
+ and example user space code. ps/2 keybd is multiplexed through this driver
+
+To do:
+- everything else! :-)
+
+Notes:
+
+- The flash on board is divided into 3 partitions. mtd0 is where
+ the zImage is stored. It's been marked as read-only to keep you
+ from blasting over the bootloader. :) mtd1 is
+ for the ramdisk.gz image. mtd2 is user flash space and can be
+ utilized for either JFFS or if you're feeling crazy, running ext2
+ on top of it. If you're not using the ADS bootloader, you're
+ welcome to blast over the mtd1 partition also.
+
+- 16bpp mode requires a different cable than what ships with the board.
+ Contact ADS or look through the manual to wire your own. Currently,
+ if you compile with 16bit mode support and switch into a lower bpp
+ mode, the timing is off so the image is corrupted. This will be
+ fixed soon.
+
+Any contribution can be sent to nico@cam.org and will be greatly welcome!
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/HUW_WEBPANEL b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/HUW_WEBPANEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd56b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/HUW_WEBPANEL
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+The HUW_WEBPANEL is a product of the german company Hoeft & Wessel AG
+
+If you want more information, please visit
+http://www.hoeft-wessel.de
+
+To build the kernel:
+ make huw_webpanel_config
+ make oldconfig
+ [accept all defaults]
+ make zImage
+
+Mostly of the work is done by:
+Roman Jordan jor@hoeft-wessel.de
+Christoph Schulz schu@hoeft-wessel.de
+
+2000/12/18/
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Itsy b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Itsy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b59453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Itsy
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Itsy is a research project done by the Western Research Lab, and Systems
+Research Center in Palo Alto, CA. The Itsy project is one of several
+research projects at Compaq that are related to pocket computing.
+
+For more information, see:
+
+ http://www.research.digital.com/wrl/itsy/index.html
+
+Notes on initial 2.4 Itsy support (8/27/2000) :
+The port was done on an Itsy version 1.5 machine with a daughtercard with
+64 Meg of DRAM and 32 Meg of Flash. The initial work includes support for
+serial console (to see what you're doing). No other devices have been
+enabled.
+
+To build, do a "make menuconfig" (or xmenuconfig) and select Itsy support.
+Disable Flash and LCD support. and then do a make zImage.
+Finally, you will need to cd to arch/arm/boot/tools and execute a make there
+to build the params-itsy program used to boot the kernel.
+
+In order to install the port of 2.4 to the itsy, You will need to set the
+configuration parameters in the monitor as follows:
+Arg 1:0x08340000, Arg2: 0xC0000000, Arg3:18 (0x12), Arg4:0
+Make sure the start-routine address is set to 0x00060000.
+
+Next, flash the params-itsy program to 0x00060000 ("p 1 0x00060000" in the
+flash menu) Flash the kernel in arch/arm/boot/zImage into 0x08340000
+("p 1 0x00340000"). Finally flash an initial ramdisk into 0xC8000000
+("p 2 0x0") We used ramdisk-2-30.gz from the 0.11 version directory on
+handhelds.org.
+
+The serial connection we established was at:
+ 8-bit data, no parity, 1 stop bit(s), 115200.00 b/s. in the monitor, in the
+params-itsy program, and in the kernel itself. This can be changed, but
+not easily. The monitor parameters are easily changed, the params program
+setup is assembly outl's, and the kernel is a configuration item specific to
+the itsy. (i.e. grep for CONFIG_SA1100_ITSY and you'll find where it is.)
+
+
+This should get you a properly booting 2.4 kernel on the itsy.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/LART b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/LART
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f73f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/LART
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Linux Advanced Radio Terminal (LART)
+------------------------------------
+
+The LART is a small (7.5 x 10cm) SA-1100 board, designed for embedded
+applications. It has 32 MB DRAM, 4MB Flash ROM, double RS232 and all
+other StrongARM-gadgets. Almost all SA signals are directly accessible
+through a number of connectors. The powersupply accepts voltages
+between 3.5V and 16V and is overdimensioned to support a range of
+daughterboards. A quad Ethernet / IDE / PS2 / sound daughterboard
+is under development, with plenty of others in different stages of
+planning.
+
+The hardware designs for this board have been released under an open license;
+see the LART page at http://www.lart.tudelft.nl/ for more information.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/PLEB b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/PLEB
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92cae066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/PLEB
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+The PLEB project was started as a student initiative at the School of
+Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales to make a
+pocket computer capable of running the Linux Kernel.
+
+PLEB support has yet to be fully integrated.
+
+For more information, see:
+
+ http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~pleb/
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Pangolin b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Pangolin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..077a612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Pangolin
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Pangolin is a StrongARM 1110-based evaluation platform produced
+by Dialogue Technology (http://www.dialogue.com.tw/).
+It has EISA slots for ease of configuration with SDRAM/Flash
+memory card, USB/Serial/Audio card, Compact Flash card,
+PCMCIA/IDE card and TFT-LCD card.
+
+To compile for Pangolin, you must issue the following commands:
+
+ make pangolin_config
+ make oldconfig
+ make zImage
+
+Supported peripherals:
+- SA1110 serial port (UART1/UART2/UART3)
+- flash memory access
+- compact flash driver
+- UDA1341 sound driver
+- SA1100 LCD controller for 800x600 16bpp TFT-LCD
+- MQ-200 driver for 800x600 16bpp TFT-LCD
+- Penmount(touch panel) driver
+- PCMCIA driver
+- SMC91C94 LAN driver
+- IDE driver (experimental)
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Tifon b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Tifon
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd1934d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Tifon
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Tifon
+-----
+
+More info has to come...
+
+Contact: Peter Danielsson <peter.danielsson@era-t.ericsson.se>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Victor b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Victor
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01e81fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Victor
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Victor is known as a "digital talking book player" manufactured by
+VisuAide, Inc. to be used by blind people.
+
+For more information related to Victor, see:
+
+ http://www.visuaide.com/victor
+
+Of course Victor is using Linux as its main operating system.
+The Victor implementation for Linux is maintained by Nicolas Pitre:
+
+ nico@visuaide.com
+ nico@cam.org
+
+For any comments, please feel free to contact me through the above
+addresses.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Yopy b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Yopy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e14f16d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/Yopy
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+See http://www.yopydeveloper.org for more.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/empeg b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/empeg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ece484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/empeg
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+See ../empeg/README
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/nanoEngine b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/nanoEngine
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc431cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/nanoEngine
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+nanoEngine
+----------
+
+"nanoEngine" is a SA1110 based single board computer from
+Bright Star Engineering Inc. See www.brightstareng.com/arm
+for more info.
+(Ref: Stuart Adams <sja@brightstareng.com>)
+
+Also visit Larry Doolittle's "Linux for the nanoEngine" site:
+http://recycle.lbl.gov/~ldoolitt/bse/
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/SA1100/serial_UART b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/serial_UART
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aea2e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/SA1100/serial_UART
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+The SA1100 serial port had its major/minor numbers officially assigned:
+
+> Date: Sun, 24 Sep 2000 21:40:27 -0700
+> From: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@transmeta.com>
+> To: Nicolas Pitre <nico@CAM.ORG>
+> Cc: Device List Maintainer <device@lanana.org>
+> Subject: Re: device
+>
+> Okay. Note that device numbers 204 and 205 are used for "low density
+> serial devices", so you will have a range of minors on those majors (the
+> tty device layer handles this just fine, so you don't have to worry about
+> doing anything special.)
+>
+> So your assignments are:
+>
+> 204 char Low-density serial ports
+> 5 = /dev/ttySA0 SA1100 builtin serial port 0
+> 6 = /dev/ttySA1 SA1100 builtin serial port 1
+> 7 = /dev/ttySA2 SA1100 builtin serial port 2
+>
+> 205 char Low-density serial ports (alternate device)
+> 5 = /dev/cusa0 Callout device for ttySA0
+> 6 = /dev/cusa1 Callout device for ttySA1
+> 7 = /dev/cusa2 Callout device for ttySA2
+>
+
+If you're not using devfs, you must create those inodes in /dev
+on the root filesystem used by your SA1100-based device:
+
+ mknod ttySA0 c 204 5
+ mknod ttySA1 c 204 6
+ mknod ttySA2 c 204 7
+ mknod cusa0 c 205 5
+ mknod cusa1 c 205 6
+ mknod cusa2 c 205 7
+
+In addition to the creation of the appropriate device nodes above, you
+must ensure your user space applications make use of the correct device
+name. The classic example is the content of the /etc/inittab file where
+you might have a getty process started on ttyS0. In this case:
+
+- replace occurrences of ttyS0 with ttySA0, ttyS1 with ttySA1, etc.
+
+- don't forget to add 'ttySA0', 'console', or the appropriate tty name
+ in /etc/securetty for root to be allowed to login as well.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/EB2410ITX.txt b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/EB2410ITX.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..000e3d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/EB2410ITX.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+ Simtec Electronics EB2410ITX (BAST)
+ ===================================
+
+ http://www.simtec.co.uk/products/EB2410ITX/
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+ The EB2410ITX is a S3C2410 based development board with a variety of
+ peripherals and expansion connectors. This board is also known by
+ the shortened name of Bast.
+
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+ To set the default configuration, use `make bast_defconfig` which
+ supports the commonly used features of this board.
+
+
+Support
+-------
+
+ Official support information can be found on the Simtec Electronics
+ website, at the product page http://www.simtec.co.uk/products/EB2410ITX/
+
+ Useful links:
+
+ - Resources Page http://www.simtec.co.uk/products/EB2410ITX/resources.html
+
+ - Board FAQ at http://www.simtec.co.uk/products/EB2410ITX/faq.html
+
+ - Bootloader info http://www.simtec.co.uk/products/SWABLE/resources.html
+ and FAQ http://www.simtec.co.uk/products/SWABLE/faq.html
+
+
+MTD
+---
+
+ The NAND and NOR support has been merged from the linux-mtd project.
+ Any prolbems, see http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/ for more
+ information or up-to-date versions of linux-mtd.
+
+
+IDE
+---
+
+ Both onboard IDE ports are supported, however there is no support for
+ changing speed of devices, PIO Mode 4 capable drives should be used.
+
+
+Maintainers
+-----------
+
+ This board is maintained by Simtec Electronics.
+
+
+(c) 2004 Ben Dooks, Simtec Electronics
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/GPIO.txt b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/GPIO.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0822764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/GPIO.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+ S3C2410 GPIO Control
+ ====================
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+ The s3c2410 kernel provides an interface to configure and
+ manipulate the state of the GPIO pins, and find out other
+ information about them.
+
+ There are a number of conditions attached to the configuration
+ of the s3c2410 GPIO system, please read the Samsung provided
+ data-sheet/users manual to find out the complete list.
+
+
+Headers
+-------
+
+ See include/asm-arm/arch-s3c2410/regs-gpio.h for the list
+ of GPIO pins, and the configuration values for them. This
+ is included by using #include <asm/arch/regs-gpio.h>
+
+ The GPIO management functions are defined in the hardware
+ header include/asm-arm/arch-s3c2410/hardware.h which can be
+ included by #include <asm/arch/hardware.h>
+
+ A useful ammount of documentation can be found in the hardware
+ header on how the GPIO functions (and others) work.
+
+ Whilst a number of these functions do make some checks on what
+ is passed to them, for speed of use, they may not always ensure
+ that the user supplied data to them is correct.
+
+
+PIN Numbers
+-----------
+
+ Each pin has an unique number associated with it in regs-gpio.h,
+ eg S3C2410_GPA0 or S3C2410_GPF1. These defines are used to tell
+ the GPIO functions which pin is to be used.
+
+
+Configuring a pin
+-----------------
+
+ The following function allows the configuration of a given pin to
+ be changed.
+
+ void s3c2410_gpio_cfgpin(unsigned int pin, unsigned int function);
+
+ Eg:
+
+ s3c2410_gpio_cfgpin(S3C2410_GPA0, S3C2410_GPA0_ADDR0);
+ s3c2410_gpio_cfgpin(S3C2410_GPE8, S3C2410_GPE8_SDDAT1);
+
+ which would turn GPA0 into the lowest Address line A0, and set
+ GPE8 to be connected to the SDIO/MMC controller's SDDAT1 line.
+
+
+Reading the current configuration
+---------------------------------
+
+ The current configuration of a pin can be read by using:
+
+ s3c2410_gpio_getcfg(unsigned int pin);
+
+ The return value will be from the same set of values which can be
+ passed to s3c2410_gpio_cfgpin().
+
+
+Configuring a pull-up resistor
+------------------------------
+
+ A large proportion of the GPIO pins on the S3C2410 can have weak
+ pull-up resistors enabled. This can be configured by the following
+ function:
+
+ void s3c2410_gpio_pullup(unsigned int pin, unsigned int to);
+
+ Where the to value is zero to set the pull-up off, and 1 to enable
+ the specified pull-up. Any other values are currently undefined.
+
+
+Getting the state of a PIN
+--------------------------
+
+ The state of a pin can be read by using the function:
+
+ unsigned int s3c2410_gpio_getpin(unsigned int pin);
+
+ This will return either zero or non-zero. Do not count on this
+ function returning 1 if the pin is set.
+
+
+Setting the state of a PIN
+--------------------------
+
+ The value an pin is outputing can be modified by using the following:
+
+ void s3c2410_gpio_setpin(unsigned int pin, unsigned int to);
+
+ Which sets the given pin to the value. Use 0 to write 0, and 1 to
+ set the output to 1.
+
+
+Getting the IRQ number associated with a PIN
+--------------------------------------------
+
+ The following function can map the given pin number to an IRQ
+ number to pass to the IRQ system.
+
+ int s3c2410_gpio_getirq(unsigned int pin);
+
+ Note, not all pins have an IRQ.
+
+
+Authour
+-------
+
+
+Ben Dooks, 03 October 2004
+(c) 2004 Ben Dooks, Simtec Electronics
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/H1940.txt b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/H1940.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6b1de9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/H1940.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+ HP IPAQ H1940
+ =============
+
+http://www.handhelds.org/projects/h1940.html
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+ The HP H1940 is a S3C2410 based handheld device, with
+ bluetooth connectivity.
+
+
+Support
+-------
+
+ A variety of information is available
+
+ handhelds.org project page:
+
+ http://www.handhelds.org/projects/h1940.html
+
+ handhelds.org wiki page:
+
+ http://handhelds.org/moin/moin.cgi/HpIpaqH1940
+
+ Herbert Pötzl pages:
+
+ http://vserver.13thfloor.at/H1940/
+
+
+Maintainers
+-----------
+
+ This project is being maintained and developed by a variety
+ of people, including Ben Dooks, Arnaud Patard, and Herbert Pötzl.
+
+ Thanks to the many others who have also provided support.
+
+
+(c) 2005 Ben Dooks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/Overview.txt b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/Overview.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3af4d29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/Overview.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+ S3C24XX ARM Linux Overview
+ ==========================
+
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+ The Samsung S3C24XX range of ARM9 System-on-Chip CPUs are supported
+ by the 's3c2410' architecture of ARM Linux. Currently the S3C2410 and
+ the S3C2440 are supported CPUs.
+
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+ A generic S3C2410 configuration is provided, and can be used as the
+ default by `make s3c2410_defconfig`. This configuration has support
+ for all the machines, and the commonly used features on them.
+
+ Certain machines may have their own default configurations as well,
+ please check the machine specific documentation.
+
+
+Machines
+--------
+
+ The currently supported machines are as follows:
+
+ Simtec Electronics EB2410ITX (BAST)
+
+ A general purpose development board, see EB2410ITX.txt for further
+ details
+
+ Samsung SMDK2410
+
+ Samsung's own development board, geared for PDA work.
+
+ Samsung/Meritech SMDK2440
+
+ The S3C2440 compatible version of the SMDK2440
+
+ Thorcom VR1000
+
+ Custom embedded board
+
+ HP IPAQ 1940
+
+ Handheld (IPAQ), available in several varieties
+
+ HP iPAQ rx3715
+
+ S3C2440 based IPAQ, with a number of variations depending on
+ features shipped.
+
+ Acer N30
+
+ A S3C2410 based PDA from Acer. There is a Wiki page at
+ http://handhelds.org/moin/moin.cgi/AcerN30Documentation .
+
+
+Adding New Machines
+-------------------
+
+ The archicture has been designed to support as many machines as can
+ be configured for it in one kernel build, and any future additions
+ should keep this in mind before altering items outside of their own
+ machine files.
+
+ Machine definitions should be kept in linux/arch/arm/mach-s3c2410,
+ and there are a number of examples that can be looked at.
+
+ Read the kernel patch submission policies as well as the
+ Documentation/arm directory before submitting patches. The
+ ARM kernel series is managed by Russell King, and has a patch system
+ located at http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/developer/patches/
+ as well as mailing lists that can be found from the same site.
+
+ As a courtesy, please notify <ben-linux@fluff.org> of any new
+ machines or other modifications.
+
+ Any large scale modifications, or new drivers should be discussed
+ on the ARM kernel mailing list (linux-arm-kernel) before being
+ attempted.
+
+
+NAND
+----
+
+ The current kernels now have support for the s3c2410 NAND
+ controller. If there are any problems the latest linux-mtd
+ CVS can be found from http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/
+
+
+Serial
+------
+
+ The s3c2410 serial driver provides support for the internal
+ serial ports. These devices appear as /dev/ttySAC0 through 3.
+
+ To create device nodes for these, use the following commands
+
+ mknod ttySAC0 c 204 64
+ mknod ttySAC1 c 204 65
+ mknod ttySAC2 c 204 66
+
+
+GPIO
+----
+
+ The core contains support for manipulating the GPIO, see the
+ documentation in GPIO.txt in the same directory as this file.
+
+
+Clock Management
+----------------
+
+ The core provides the interface defined in the header file
+ include/asm-arm/hardware/clock.h, to allow control over the
+ various clock units
+
+
+Port Contributors
+-----------------
+
+ Ben Dooks (BJD)
+ Vincent Sanders
+ Herbert Potzl
+ Arnaud Patard (RTP)
+ Roc Wu
+ Klaus Fetscher
+ Dimitry Andric
+ Shannon Holland
+ Guillaume Gourat (NexVision)
+ Christer Weinigel (wingel) (Acer N30)
+ Lucas Correia Villa Real (S3C2400 port)
+
+
+Document Changes
+----------------
+
+ 05 Sep 2004 - BJD - Added Document Changes section
+ 05 Sep 2004 - BJD - Added Klaus Fetscher to list of contributors
+ 25 Oct 2004 - BJD - Added Dimitry Andric to list of contributors
+ 25 Oct 2004 - BJD - Updated the MTD from the 2.6.9 merge
+ 21 Jan 2005 - BJD - Added rx3715, added Shannon to contributors
+ 10 Feb 2005 - BJD - Added Guillaume Gourat to contributors
+ 02 Mar 2005 - BJD - Added SMDK2440 to list of machines
+ 06 Mar 2005 - BJD - Added Christer Weinigel
+ 08 Mar 2005 - BJD - Added LCVR to list of people, updated introduction
+ 08 Mar 2005 - BJD - Added section on adding machines
+
+Document Author
+---------------
+
+Ben Dooks, (c) 2004-2005 Simtec Electronics
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/SMDK2440.txt b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/SMDK2440.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32e1eae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/SMDK2440.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+ Samsung/Meritech SMDK2440
+ =========================
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+ The SMDK2440 is a two part evaluation board for the Samsung S3C2440
+ processor. It includes support for LCD, SmartMedia, Audio, SD and
+ 10MBit Ethernet, and expansion headers for various signals, including
+ the camera and unused GPIO.
+
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+ To set the default configuration, use `make smdk2440_defconfig` which
+ will configure the common features of this board, or use
+ `make s3c2410_config` to include support for all s3c2410/s3c2440 machines
+
+
+Support
+-------
+
+ Ben Dooks' SMDK2440 site at http://www.fluff.org/ben/smdk2440/ which
+ includes linux based USB download tools.
+
+ Some of the h1940 patches that can be found from the H1940 project
+ site at http://www.handhelds.org/projects/h1940.html can also be
+ applied to this board.
+
+
+Peripherals
+-----------
+
+ There is no current support for any of the extra peripherals on the
+ base-board itself.
+
+
+MTD
+---
+
+ The NAND flash should be supported by the in kernel MTD NAND support,
+ NOR flash will be added later.
+
+
+Maintainers
+-----------
+
+ This board is being maintained by Ben Dooks, for more info, see
+ http://www.fluff.org/ben/smdk2440/
+
+ Many thanks to Dimitry Andric of TomTom for the loan of the SMDK2440,
+ and to Simtec Electronics for allowing me time to work on this.
+
+
+(c) 2004 Ben Dooks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/Suspend.txt b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/Suspend.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e12bc32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Samsung-S3C24XX/Suspend.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+ S3C24XX Suspend Support
+ =======================
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+ The S3C2410 supports a low-power suspend mode, where the SDRAM is kept
+ in Self-Refresh mode, and all but the essential peripheral blocks are
+ powered down. For more information on how this works, please look
+ at the S3C2410 datasheets from Samsung.
+
+
+Requirements
+------------
+
+ 1) A bootloader that can support the necessary resume operation
+
+ 2) Support for at least 1 source for resume
+
+ 3) CONFIG_PM enabled in the kernel
+
+ 4) Any peripherals that are going to be powered down at the same
+ time require suspend/resume support.
+
+
+Resuming
+--------
+
+ The S3C2410 user manual defines the process of sending the CPU to
+ sleep and how it resumes. The default behaviour of the Linux code
+ is to set the GSTATUS3 register to the physical address of the
+ code to resume Linux operation.
+
+ GSTATUS4 is currently left alone by the sleep code, and is free to
+ use for any other purposes (for example, the EB2410ITX uses this to
+ save memory configuration in).
+
+
+Machine Support
+---------------
+
+ The machine specific functions must call the s3c2410_pm_init() function
+ to say that its bootloader is capable of resuming. This can be as
+ simple as adding the following to the machine's definition:
+
+ INITMACHINE(s3c2410_pm_init)
+
+ A board can do its own setup before calling s3c2410_pm_init, if it
+ needs to setup anything else for power management support.
+
+ There is currently no support for over-riding the default method of
+ saving the resume address, if your board requires it, then contact
+ the maintainer and discuss what is required.
+
+ Note, the original method of adding an late_initcall() is wrong,
+ and will end up initialising all compiled machines' pm init!
+
+
+Debugging
+---------
+
+ There are several important things to remember when using PM suspend:
+
+ 1) The uart drivers will disable the clocks to the UART blocks when
+ suspending, which means that use of printascii() or similar direct
+ access to the UARTs will cause the debug to stop.
+
+ 2) Whilst the pm code itself will attempt to re-enable the UART clocks,
+ care should be taken that any external clock sources that the UARTs
+ rely on are still enabled at that point.
+
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+ The S3C2410 specific configuration in `System Type` defines various
+ aspects of how the S3C2410 suspend and resume support is configured
+
+ `S3C2410 PM Suspend debug`
+
+ This option prints messages to the serial console before and after
+ the actual suspend, giving detailed information on what is
+ happening
+
+
+ `S3C2410 PM Suspend Memory CRC`
+
+ Allows the entire memory to be checksummed before and after the
+ suspend to see if there has been any corruption of the contents.
+
+ This support requires the CRC32 function to be enabled.
+
+
+ `S3C2410 PM Suspend CRC Chunksize (KiB)`
+
+ Defines the size of memory each CRC chunk covers. A smaller value
+ will mean that the CRC data block will take more memory, but will
+ identify any faults with better precision
+
+
+Document Author
+---------------
+
+Ben Dooks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Setup b/Documentation/arm/Setup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0abd072
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Setup
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+Kernel initialisation parameters on ARM Linux
+---------------------------------------------
+
+The following document describes the kernel initialisation parameter
+structure, otherwise known as 'struct param_struct' which is used
+for most ARM Linux architectures.
+
+This structure is used to pass initialisation parameters from the
+kernel loader to the Linux kernel proper, and may be short lived
+through the kernel initialisation process. As a general rule, it
+should not be referenced outside of arch/arm/kernel/setup.c:setup_arch().
+
+There are a lot of parameters listed in there, and they are described
+below:
+
+ page_size
+
+ This parameter must be set to the page size of the machine, and
+ will be checked by the kernel.
+
+ nr_pages
+
+ This is the total number of pages of memory in the system. If
+ the memory is banked, then this should contain the total number
+ of pages in the system.
+
+ If the system contains separate VRAM, this value should not
+ include this information.
+
+ ramdisk_size
+
+ This is now obsolete, and should not be used.
+
+ flags
+
+ Various kernel flags, including:
+ bit 0 - 1 = mount root read only
+ bit 1 - unused
+ bit 2 - 0 = load ramdisk
+ bit 3 - 0 = prompt for ramdisk
+
+ rootdev
+
+ major/minor number pair of device to mount as the root filesystem.
+
+ video_num_cols
+ video_num_rows
+
+ These two together describe the character size of the dummy console,
+ or VGA console character size. They should not be used for any other
+ purpose.
+
+ It's generally a good idea to set these to be either standard VGA, or
+ the equivalent character size of your fbcon display. This then allows
+ all the bootup messages to be displayed correctly.
+
+ video_x
+ video_y
+
+ This describes the character position of cursor on VGA console, and
+ is otherwise unused. (should not used for other console types, and
+ should not be used for other purposes).
+
+ memc_control_reg
+
+ MEMC chip control register for Acorn Archimedes and Acorn A5000
+ based machines. May be used differently by different architectures.
+
+ sounddefault
+
+ Default sound setting on Acorn machines. May be used differently by
+ different architectures.
+
+ adfsdrives
+
+ Number of ADFS/MFM disks. May be used differently by different
+ architectures.
+
+ bytes_per_char_h
+ bytes_per_char_v
+
+ These are now obsolete, and should not be used.
+
+ pages_in_bank[4]
+
+ Number of pages in each bank of the systems memory (used for RiscPC).
+ This is intended to be used on systems where the physical memory
+ is non-contiguous from the processors point of view.
+
+ pages_in_vram
+
+ Number of pages in VRAM (used on Acorn RiscPC). This value may also
+ be used by loaders if the size of the video RAM can't be obtained
+ from the hardware.
+
+ initrd_start
+ initrd_size
+
+ This describes the kernel virtual start address and size of the
+ initial ramdisk.
+
+ rd_start
+
+ Start address in sectors of the ramdisk image on a floppy disk.
+
+ system_rev
+
+ system revision number.
+
+ system_serial_low
+ system_serial_high
+
+ system 64-bit serial number
+
+ mem_fclk_21285
+
+ The speed of the external oscillator to the 21285 (footbridge),
+ which control's the speed of the memory bus, timer & serial port.
+ Depending upon the speed of the cpu its value can be between
+ 0-66 MHz. If no params are passed or a value of zero is passed,
+ then a value of 50 Mhz is the default on 21285 architectures.
+
+ paths[8][128]
+
+ These are now obsolete, and should not be used.
+
+ commandline
+
+ Kernel command line parameters. Details can be found elsewhere.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/CompactFlash b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/CompactFlash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8616d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/CompactFlash
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+README on the Compact Flash for Card Engines
+============================================
+
+There are three challenges in supporting the CF interface of the Card
+Engines. First, every IO operation must be followed with IO to
+another memory region. Second, the slot is wired for one-to-one
+address mapping *and* it is wired for 16 bit access only. Second, the
+interrupt request line from the CF device isn't wired.
+
+The IOBARRIER issue is covered in README.IOBARRIER. This isn't an
+onerous problem. Enough said here.
+
+The addressing issue is solved in the
+arch/arm/mach-lh7a40x/ide-lpd7a40x.c file with some awkward
+work-arounds. We implement a special SELECT_DRIVE routine that is
+called before the IDE driver performs its own SELECT_DRIVE. Our code
+recognizes that the SELECT register cannot be modified without also
+writing a command. It send an IDLE_IMMEDIATE command on selecting a
+drive. The function also prevents drive select to the slave drive
+since there can be only one. The awkward part is that the IDE driver,
+even though we have a select procedure, also attempts to change the
+drive by writing directly the SELECT register. This attempt is
+explicitly blocked by the OUTB function--not pretty, but effective.
+
+The lack of interrupts is a more serious problem. Even though the CF
+card is fast when compared to a normal IDE device, we don't know that
+the CF is really flash. A user could use one of the very small hard
+drives being shipped with a CF interface. The IDE code includes a
+check for interfaces that lack an IRQ. In these cases, submitting a
+command to the IDE controller is followed by a call to poll for
+completion. If the device isn't immediately ready, it schedules a
+timer to poll again later.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/IOBarrier b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/IOBarrier
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0d8853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/IOBarrier
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+README on the IOBARRIER for CardEngine IO
+=========================================
+
+Due to an unfortunate oversight when the Card Engines were designed,
+the signals that control access to some peripherals, most notably the
+SMC91C9111 ethernet controller, are not properly handled.
+
+The symptom is that some back to back IO with the peripheral returns
+unreliable data. With the SMC chip, you'll see errors about the bank
+register being 'screwed'.
+
+The cause is that the AEN signal to the SMC chip does not transition
+for every memory access. It is driven through the CPLD from the CS7
+line of the CPU's static memory controller which is optimized to
+eliminate unnecessary transitions. Yet, the SMC requires a transition
+for every write access. The Sharp website has more information about
+the effect this power-conserving feature has on peripheral
+interfacing.
+
+The solution is to follow every write access to the SMC chip with an
+access to another memory region that will force the CPU to release the
+chip select line. It is important to guarantee that this access
+forces the CPU off-chip. We map a page of SDRAM as if it were an
+uncacheable IO device and read from it after every SMC IO write
+operation.
+
+ SMC IO
+ BARRIER IO
+
+Only this sequence is important. It does not matter that there is no
+BARRIER IO before the access to the SMC chip because the AEN latch
+only needs occurs after the SMC IO write cycle. The routines that
+implement this work-around make an additional concession which is to
+disable interrupts during the IO sequence. Other hardware devices
+(the LogicPD CPLD) have registers in the same the physical memory
+region as the SMC chip. An interrupt might allow an access to one of
+those registers while SMC IO is being performed.
+
+You might be tempted to think that we have to access another device
+attached to the static memory controller, but the empirical evidence
+indicates that this is not so. Mapping 0x00000000 (flash) and
+0xc0000000 (SDRAM) appear to have the same effect. Using SDRAM seems
+to be faster. Choosing to access an undecoded memory region is not
+desirable as there is no way to know how that chip select will be used
+in the future.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/KEV7A400 b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/KEV7A400
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be32b14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/KEV7A400
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+README on Implementing Linux for Sharp's KEV7a400
+=================================================
+
+This product has been discontinued by Sharp. For the time being, the
+partially implemented code remains in the kernel. At some point in
+the future, either the code will be finished or it will be removed
+completely. This depends primarily on how many of the development
+boards are in the field.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/LPD7A400 b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/LPD7A400
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3275b45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/LPD7A400
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+README on Implementing Linux for the Logic PD LPD7A400-10
+=========================================================
+
+- CPLD memory mapping
+
+ The board designers chose to use high address lines for controlling
+ access to the CPLD registers. It turns out to be a big waste
+ because we're using an MMU and must map IO space into virtual
+ memory. The result is that we have to make a mapping for every
+ register.
+
+- Serial Console
+
+ It may be OK not to use the serial console option if the user passes
+ the console device name to the kernel. This deserves some exploration.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/LPD7A40X b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/LPD7A40X
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c29a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/LPD7A40X
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+README on Implementing Linux for the Logic PD LPD7A40X-10
+=========================================================
+
+- CPLD memory mapping
+
+ The board designers chose to use high address lines for controlling
+ access to the CPLD registers. It turns out to be a big waste
+ because we're using an MMU and must map IO space into virtual
+ memory. The result is that we have to make a mapping for every
+ register.
+
+- Serial Console
+
+ It may be OK not to use the serial console option if the user passes
+ the console device name to the kernel. This deserves some exploration.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/SDRAM b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/SDRAM
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93ddc23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/SDRAM
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+README on the SDRAM Controller for the LH7a40X
+==============================================
+
+The standard configuration for the SDRAM controller generates a sparse
+memory array. The precise layout is determined by the SDRAM chips. A
+default kernel configuration assembles the discontiguous memory
+regions into separate memory nodes via the NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory
+Architecture) facilities. In this default configuration, the kernel
+is forgiving about the precise layout. As long as it is given an
+accurate picture of available memory by the bootloader the kernel will
+execute correctly.
+
+The SDRC supports a mode where some of the chip select lines are
+swapped in order to make SDRAM look like a synchronous ROM. Setting
+this bit means that the RAM will present as a contiguous array. Some
+programmers prefer this to the discontiguous layout. Be aware that
+may be a penalty for this feature where some some configurations of
+memory are significantly reduced; i.e. 64MiB of RAM appears as only 32
+MiB.
+
+There are a couple of configuration options to override the default
+behavior. When the SROMLL bit is set and memory appears as a
+contiguous array, there is no reason to support NUMA.
+CONFIG_LH7A40X_CONTIGMEM disables NUMA support. When physical memory
+is discontiguous, the memory tables are organized such that there are
+two banks per nodes with a small gap between them. This layout wastes
+some kernel memory for page tables representing non-existent memory.
+CONFIG_LH7A40X_ONE_BANK_PER_NODE optimizes the node tables such that
+there are no gaps. These options control the low level organization
+of the memory management tables in ways that may prevent the kernel
+from booting or may cause the kernel to allocated excessively large
+page tables. Be warned. Only change these options if you know what
+you are doing. The default behavior is a reasonable compromise that
+will suit all users.
+
+--
+
+A typical 32MiB system with the default configuration options will
+find physical memory managed as follows.
+
+ node 0: 0xc0000000 4MiB
+ 0xc1000000 4MiB
+ node 1: 0xc4000000 4MiB
+ 0xc5000000 4MiB
+ node 2: 0xc8000000 4MiB
+ 0xc9000000 4MiB
+ node 3: 0xcc000000 4MiB
+ 0xcd000000 4MiB
+
+Setting CONFIG_LH7A40X_ONE_BANK_PER_NODE will put each bank into a
+separate node.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/VectoredInterruptController b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/VectoredInterruptController
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23047e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/Sharp-LH/VectoredInterruptController
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+README on the Vectored Interrupt Controller of the LH7A404
+==========================================================
+
+The 404 revision of the LH7A40X series comes with two vectored
+interrupts controllers. While the kernel does use some of the
+features of these devices, it is far from the purpose for which they
+were designed.
+
+When this README was written, the implementation of the VICs was in
+flux. It is possible that some details, especially with priorities,
+will change.
+
+The VIC support code is inspired by routines written by Sharp.
+
+
+Priority Control
+----------------
+
+The significant reason for using the VIC's vectoring is to control
+interrupt priorities. There are two tables in
+arch/arm/mach-lh7a40x/irq-lh7a404.c that look something like this.
+
+ static unsigned char irq_pri_vic1[] = { IRQ_GPIO3INTR, };
+ static unsigned char irq_pri_vic2[] = {
+ IRQ_T3UI, IRQ_GPIO7INTR,
+ IRQ_UART1INTR, IRQ_UART2INTR, IRQ_UART3INTR, };
+
+The initialization code reads these tables and inserts a vector
+address and enable for each indicated IRQ. Vectored interrupts have
+higher priority than non-vectored interrupts. So, on VIC1,
+IRQ_GPIO3INTR will be served before any other non-FIQ interrupt. Due
+to the way that the vectoring works, IRQ_T3UI is the next highest
+priority followed by the other vectored interrupts on VIC2. After
+that, the non-vectored interrupts are scanned in VIC1 then in VIC2.
+
+
+ISR
+---
+
+The interrupt service routine macro get_irqnr() in
+arch/arm/kernel/entry-armv.S scans the VICs for the next active
+interrupt. The vectoring makes this code somewhat larger than it was
+before using vectoring (refer to the LH7A400 implementation). In the
+case where an interrupt is vectored, the implementation will tend to
+be faster than the non-vectored version. However, the worst-case path
+is longer.
+
+It is worth noting that at present, there is no need to read
+VIC2_VECTADDR because the register appears to be shared between the
+controllers. The code is written such that if this changes, it ought
+to still work properly.
+
+
+Vector Addresses
+----------------
+
+The proper use of the vectoring hardware would jump to the ISR
+specified by the vectoring address. Linux isn't structured to take
+advantage of this feature, though it might be possible to change
+things to support it.
+
+In this implementation, the vectoring address is used to speed the
+search for the active IRQ. The address is coded such that the lowest
+6 bits store the IRQ number for vectored interrupts. These numbers
+correspond to the bits in the interrupt status registers. IRQ zero is
+the lowest interrupt bit in VIC1. IRQ 32 is the lowest interrupt bit
+in VIC2. Because zero is a valid IRQ number and because we cannot
+detect whether or not there is a valid vectoring address if that
+address is zero, the eigth bit (0x100) is set for vectored interrupts.
+The address for IRQ 0x18 (VIC2) is 0x118. Only the ninth bit is set
+for the default handler on VIC1 and only the tenth bit is set for the
+default handler on VIC2.
+
+In other words.
+
+ 0x000 - no active interrupt
+ 0x1ii - vectored interrupt 0xii
+ 0x2xx - unvectored interrupt on VIC1 (xx is don't care)
+ 0x4xx - unvectored interrupt on VIC2 (xx is don't care)
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/VFP/release-notes.txt b/Documentation/arm/VFP/release-notes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f28e022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/VFP/release-notes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+Release notes for Linux Kernel VFP support code
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+Date: 20 May 2004
+Author: Russell King
+
+This is the first release of the Linux Kernel VFP support code. It
+provides support for the exceptions bounced from VFP hardware found
+on ARM926EJ-S.
+
+This release has been validated against the SoftFloat-2b library by
+John R. Hauser using the TestFloat-2a test suite. Details of this
+library and test suite can be found at:
+
+ http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jhauser/arithmetic/SoftFloat.html
+
+The operations which have been tested with this package are:
+
+ - fdiv
+ - fsub
+ - fadd
+ - fmul
+ - fcmp
+ - fcmpe
+ - fcvtd
+ - fcvts
+ - fsito
+ - ftosi
+ - fsqrt
+
+All the above pass softfloat tests with the following exceptions:
+
+- fadd/fsub shows some differences in the handling of +0 / -0 results
+ when input operands differ in signs.
+- the handling of underflow exceptions is slightly different. If a
+ result underflows before rounding, but becomes a normalised number
+ after rounding, we do not signal an underflow exception.
+
+Other operations which have been tested by basic assembly-only tests
+are:
+
+ - fcpy
+ - fabs
+ - fneg
+ - ftoui
+ - ftosiz
+ - ftouiz
+
+The combination operations have not been tested:
+
+ - fmac
+ - fnmac
+ - fmsc
+ - fnmsc
+ - fnmul
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/empeg/README b/Documentation/arm/empeg/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09cc8d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/empeg/README
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Empeg, Ltd's Empeg MP3 Car Audio Player
+
+The initial design is to go in your car, but you can use it at home, on a
+boat... almost anywhere. The principle is to store CD-quality music using
+MPEG technology onto a hard disk in the unit, and use the power of the
+embedded computer to serve up the music you want.
+
+For more details, see:
+
+ http://www.empeg.com
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/empeg/ir.txt b/Documentation/arm/empeg/ir.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10a2974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/empeg/ir.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+Infra-red driver documentation.
+
+Mike Crowe <mac@empeg.com>
+(C) Empeg Ltd 1999
+
+Not a lot here yet :-)
+
+The Kenwood KCA-R6A remote control generates a sequence like the following:
+
+Go low for approx 16T (Around 9000us)
+Go high for approx 8T (Around 4000us)
+Go low for less than 2T (Around 750us)
+
+For each of the 32 bits
+ Go high for more than 2T (Around 1500us) == 1
+ Go high for less than T (Around 400us) == 0
+ Go low for less than 2T (Around 750us)
+
+Rather than repeat a signal when the button is held down certain buttons
+generate the following code to indicate repetition.
+
+Go low for approx 16T
+Go high for approx 4T
+Go low for less than 2T
+
+(By removing the <2T from the start of the sequence and placing at the end
+ it can be considered a stop bit but I found it easier to deal with it at
+ the start).
+
+The 32 bits are encoded as XxYy where x and y are the actual data values
+while X and Y are the logical inverses of the associated data values. Using
+LSB first yields sensible codes for the numbers.
+
+All codes are of the form b9xx
+
+The numeric keys generate the code 0x where x is the number pressed.
+
+Tuner 1c
+Tape 1d
+CD 1e
+CD-MD-CH 1f
+Track- 0a
+Track+ 0b
+Rewind 0c
+FF 0d
+DNPP 5e
+Play/Pause 0e
+Vol+ 14
+Vol- 15
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/empeg/mkdevs b/Documentation/arm/empeg/mkdevs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a85e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/empeg/mkdevs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+mknod /dev/display c 244 0
+mknod /dev/ir c 242 0
+mknod /dev/usb0 c 243 0
+mknod /dev/audio c 245 4
+mknod /dev/dsp c 245 3
+mknod /dev/mixer c 245 0
+mknod /dev/empeg_state c 246 0
+mknod /dev/radio0 c 81 64
+ln -sf radio0 radio
+ln -sf usb0 usb
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/mem_alignment b/Documentation/arm/mem_alignment
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d145ccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/mem_alignment
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+Too many problems poped up because of unnoticed misaligned memory access in
+kernel code lately. Therefore the alignment fixup is now unconditionally
+configured in for SA11x0 based targets. According to Alan Cox, this is a
+bad idea to configure it out, but Russell King has some good reasons for
+doing so on some f***ed up ARM architectures like the EBSA110. However
+this is not the case on many design I'm aware of, like all SA11x0 based
+ones.
+
+Of course this is a bad idea to rely on the alignment trap to perform
+unaligned memory access in general. If those access are predictable, you
+are better to use the macros provided by include/asm/unaligned.h. The
+alignment trap can fixup misaligned access for the exception cases, but at
+a high performance cost. It better be rare.
+
+Now for user space applications, it is possible to configure the alignment
+trap to SIGBUS any code performing unaligned access (good for debugging bad
+code), or even fixup the access by software like for kernel code. The later
+mode isn't recommended for performance reasons (just think about the
+floating point emulation that works about the same way). Fix your code
+instead!
+
+Please note that randomly changing the behaviour without good thought is
+real bad - it changes the behaviour of all unaligned instructions in user
+space, and might cause programs to fail unexpectedly.
+
+To change the alignment trap behavior, simply echo a number into
+/proc/sys/debug/alignment. The number is made up from various bits:
+
+bit behavior when set
+--- -----------------
+
+0 A user process performing an unaligned memory access
+ will cause the kernel to print a message indicating
+ process name, pid, pc, instruction, address, and the
+ fault code.
+
+1 The kernel will attempt to fix up the user process
+ performing the unaligned access. This is of course
+ slow (think about the floating point emulator) and
+ not recommended for production use.
+
+2 The kernel will send a SIGBUS signal to the user process
+ performing the unaligned access.
+
+Note that not all combinations are supported - only values 0 through 5.
+(6 and 7 don't make sense).
+
+For example, the following will turn on the warnings, but without
+fixing up or sending SIGBUS signals:
+
+ echo 1 > /proc/sys/debug/alignment
+
+You can also read the content of the same file to get statistical
+information on unaligned access occurrences plus the current mode of
+operation for user space code.
+
+
+Nicolas Pitre, Mar 13, 2001. Modified Russell King, Nov 30, 2001.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/memory.txt b/Documentation/arm/memory.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b1c93a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/memory.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+ Kernel Memory Layout on ARM Linux
+
+ Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
+ May 21, 2004 (2.6.6)
+
+This document describes the virtual memory layout which the Linux
+kernel uses for ARM processors. It indicates which regions are
+free for platforms to use, and which are used by generic code.
+
+The ARM CPU is capable of addressing a maximum of 4GB virtual memory
+space, and this must be shared between user space processes, the
+kernel, and hardware devices.
+
+As the ARM architecture matures, it becomes necessary to reserve
+certain regions of VM space for use for new facilities; therefore
+this document may reserve more VM space over time.
+
+Start End Use
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ffff8000 ffffffff copy_user_page / clear_user_page use.
+ For SA11xx and Xscale, this is used to
+ setup a minicache mapping.
+
+ffff1000 ffff7fff Reserved.
+ Platforms must not use this address range.
+
+ffff0000 ffff0fff CPU vector page.
+ The CPU vectors are mapped here if the
+ CPU supports vector relocation (control
+ register V bit.)
+
+ffc00000 fffeffff DMA memory mapping region. Memory returned
+ by the dma_alloc_xxx functions will be
+ dynamically mapped here.
+
+ff000000 ffbfffff Reserved for future expansion of DMA
+ mapping region.
+
+VMALLOC_END feffffff Free for platform use, recommended.
+
+VMALLOC_START VMALLOC_END-1 vmalloc() / ioremap() space.
+ Memory returned by vmalloc/ioremap will
+ be dynamically placed in this region.
+ VMALLOC_START may be based upon the value
+ of the high_memory variable.
+
+PAGE_OFFSET high_memory-1 Kernel direct-mapped RAM region.
+ This maps the platforms RAM, and typically
+ maps all platform RAM in a 1:1 relationship.
+
+TASK_SIZE PAGE_OFFSET-1 Kernel module space
+ Kernel modules inserted via insmod are
+ placed here using dynamic mappings.
+
+00001000 TASK_SIZE-1 User space mappings
+ Per-thread mappings are placed here via
+ the mmap() system call.
+
+00000000 00000fff CPU vector page / null pointer trap
+ CPUs which do not support vector remapping
+ place their vector page here. NULL pointer
+ dereferences by both the kernel and user
+ space are also caught via this mapping.
+
+Please note that mappings which collide with the above areas may result
+in a non-bootable kernel, or may cause the kernel to (eventually) panic
+at run time.
+
+Since future CPUs may impact the kernel mapping layout, user programs
+must not access any memory which is not mapped inside their 0x0001000
+to TASK_SIZE address range. If they wish to access these areas, they
+must set up their own mappings using open() and mmap().
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/NOTES b/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/NOTES
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40577b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/NOTES
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+There seems to be a problem with exp(double) and our emulator. I haven't
+been able to track it down yet. This does not occur with the emulator
+supplied by Russell King.
+
+I also found one oddity in the emulator. I don't think it is serious but
+will point it out. The ARM calling conventions require floating point
+registers f4-f7 to be preserved over a function call. The compiler quite
+often uses an stfe instruction to save f4 on the stack upon entry to a
+function, and an ldfe instruction to restore it before returning.
+
+I was looking at some code, that calculated a double result, stored it in f4
+then made a function call. Upon return from the function call the number in
+f4 had been converted to an extended value in the emulator.
+
+This is a side effect of the stfe instruction. The double in f4 had to be
+converted to extended, then stored. If an lfm/sfm combination had been used,
+then no conversion would occur. This has performance considerations. The
+result from the function call and f4 were used in a multiplication. If the
+emulator sees a multiply of a double and extended, it promotes the double to
+extended, then does the multiply in extended precision.
+
+This code will cause this problem:
+
+double x, y, z;
+z = log(x)/log(y);
+
+The result of log(x) (a double) will be calculated, returned in f0, then
+moved to f4 to preserve it over the log(y) call. The division will be done
+in extended precision, due to the stfe instruction used to save f4 in log(y).
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/README b/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..771871d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/README
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+This directory contains the version 0.92 test release of the NetWinder
+Floating Point Emulator.
+
+The majority of the code was written by me, Scott Bambrough It is
+written in C, with a small number of routines in inline assembler
+where required. It was written quickly, with a goal of implementing a
+working version of all the floating point instructions the compiler
+emits as the first target. I have attempted to be as optimal as
+possible, but there remains much room for improvement.
+
+I have attempted to make the emulator as portable as possible. One of
+the problems is with leading underscores on kernel symbols. Elf
+kernels have no leading underscores, a.out compiled kernels do. I
+have attempted to use the C_SYMBOL_NAME macro wherever this may be
+important.
+
+Another choice I made was in the file structure. I have attempted to
+contain all operating system specific code in one module (fpmodule.*).
+All the other files contain emulator specific code. This should allow
+others to port the emulator to NetBSD for instance relatively easily.
+
+The floating point operations are based on SoftFloat Release 2, by
+John Hauser. SoftFloat is a software implementation of floating-point
+that conforms to the IEC/IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-point
+Arithmetic. As many as four formats are supported: single precision,
+double precision, extended double precision, and quadruple precision.
+All operations required by the standard are implemented, except for
+conversions to and from decimal. We use only the single precision,
+double precision and extended double precision formats. The port of
+SoftFloat to the ARM was done by Phil Blundell, based on an earlier
+port of SoftFloat version 1 by Neil Carson for NetBSD/arm32.
+
+The file README.FPE contains a description of what has been implemented
+so far in the emulator. The file TODO contains a information on what
+remains to be done, and other ideas for the emulator.
+
+Bug reports, comments, suggestions should be directed to me at
+<scottb@netwinder.org>. General reports of "this program doesn't
+work correctly when your emulator is installed" are useful for
+determining that bugs still exist; but are virtually useless when
+attempting to isolate the problem. Please report them, but don't
+expect quick action. Bugs still exist. The problem remains in isolating
+which instruction contains the bug. Small programs illustrating a specific
+problem are a godsend.
+
+Legal Notices
+-------------
+
+The NetWinder Floating Point Emulator is free software. Everything Rebel.com
+has written is provided under the GNU GPL. See the file COPYING for copying
+conditions. Excluded from the above is the SoftFloat code. John Hauser's
+legal notice for SoftFloat is included below.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SoftFloat Legal Notice
+
+SoftFloat was written by John R. Hauser. This work was made possible in
+part by the International Computer Science Institute, located at Suite 600,
+1947 Center Street, Berkeley, California 94704. Funding was partially
+provided by the National Science Foundation under grant MIP-9311980. The
+original version of this code was written as part of a project to build
+a fixed-point vector processor in collaboration with the University of
+California at Berkeley, overseen by Profs. Nelson Morgan and John Wawrzynek.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS DISTRIBUTED AS IS, FOR FREE. Although reasonable effort
+has been made to avoid it, THIS SOFTWARE MAY CONTAIN FAULTS THAT WILL AT
+TIMES RESULT IN INCORRECT BEHAVIOR. USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IS RESTRICTED TO
+PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS WHO CAN AND WILL TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY
+AND ALL LOSSES, COSTS, OR OTHER PROBLEMS ARISING FROM ITS USE.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/README.FPE b/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/README.FPE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26f5d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/README.FPE
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+The following describes the current state of the NetWinder's floating point
+emulator.
+
+In the following nomenclature is used to describe the floating point
+instructions. It follows the conventions in the ARM manual.
+
+<S|D|E> = <single|double|extended>, no default
+{P|M|Z} = {round to +infinity,round to -infinity,round to zero},
+ default = round to nearest
+
+Note: items enclosed in {} are optional.
+
+Floating Point Coprocessor Data Transfer Instructions (CPDT)
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+LDF/STF - load and store floating
+
+<LDF|STF>{cond}<S|D|E> Fd, Rn
+<LDF|STF>{cond}<S|D|E> Fd, [Rn, #<expression>]{!}
+<LDF|STF>{cond}<S|D|E> Fd, [Rn], #<expression>
+
+These instructions are fully implemented.
+
+LFM/SFM - load and store multiple floating
+
+Form 1 syntax:
+<LFM|SFM>{cond}<S|D|E> Fd, <count>, [Rn]
+<LFM|SFM>{cond}<S|D|E> Fd, <count>, [Rn, #<expression>]{!}
+<LFM|SFM>{cond}<S|D|E> Fd, <count>, [Rn], #<expression>
+
+Form 2 syntax:
+<LFM|SFM>{cond}<FD,EA> Fd, <count>, [Rn]{!}
+
+These instructions are fully implemented. They store/load three words
+for each floating point register into the memory location given in the
+instruction. The format in memory is unlikely to be compatible with
+other implementations, in particular the actual hardware. Specific
+mention of this is made in the ARM manuals.
+
+Floating Point Coprocessor Register Transfer Instructions (CPRT)
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Conversions, read/write status/control register instructions
+
+FLT{cond}<S,D,E>{P,M,Z} Fn, Rd Convert integer to floating point
+FIX{cond}{P,M,Z} Rd, Fn Convert floating point to integer
+WFS{cond} Rd Write floating point status register
+RFS{cond} Rd Read floating point status register
+WFC{cond} Rd Write floating point control register
+RFC{cond} Rd Read floating point control register
+
+FLT/FIX are fully implemented.
+
+RFS/WFS are fully implemented.
+
+RFC/WFC are fully implemented. RFC/WFC are supervisor only instructions, and
+presently check the CPU mode, and do an invalid instruction trap if not called
+from supervisor mode.
+
+Compare instructions
+
+CMF{cond} Fn, Fm Compare floating
+CMFE{cond} Fn, Fm Compare floating with exception
+CNF{cond} Fn, Fm Compare negated floating
+CNFE{cond} Fn, Fm Compare negated floating with exception
+
+These are fully implemented.
+
+Floating Point Coprocessor Data Instructions (CPDT)
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+Dyadic operations:
+
+ADF{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - add
+SUF{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - subtract
+RSF{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - reverse subtract
+MUF{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - multiply
+DVF{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - divide
+RDV{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - reverse divide
+
+These are fully implemented.
+
+FML{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - fast multiply
+FDV{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - fast divide
+FRD{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - fast reverse divide
+
+These are fully implemented as well. They use the same algorithm as the
+non-fast versions. Hence, in this implementation their performance is
+equivalent to the MUF/DVF/RDV instructions. This is acceptable according
+to the ARM manual. The manual notes these are defined only for single
+operands, on the actual FPA11 hardware they do not work for double or
+extended precision operands. The emulator currently does not check
+the requested permissions conditions, and performs the requested operation.
+
+RMF{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - IEEE remainder
+
+This is fully implemented.
+
+Monadic operations:
+
+MVF{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - move
+MNF{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - move negated
+
+These are fully implemented.
+
+ABS{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - absolute value
+SQT{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - square root
+RND{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - round
+
+These are fully implemented.
+
+URD{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - unnormalized round
+NRM{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - normalize
+
+These are implemented. URD is implemented using the same code as the RND
+instruction. Since URD cannot return a unnormalized number, NRM becomes
+a NOP.
+
+Library calls:
+
+POW{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - power
+RPW{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - reverse power
+POL{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - polar angle (arctan2)
+
+LOG{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - logarithm to base 10
+LGN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - logarithm to base e
+EXP{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - exponent
+SIN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - sine
+COS{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - cosine
+TAN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - tangent
+ASN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - arcsine
+ACS{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - arccosine
+ATN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - arctangent
+
+These are not implemented. They are not currently issued by the compiler,
+and are handled by routines in libc. These are not implemented by the FPA11
+hardware, but are handled by the floating point support code. They should
+be implemented in future versions.
+
+Signalling:
+
+Signals are implemented. However current ELF kernels produced by Rebel.com
+have a bug in them that prevents the module from generating a SIGFPE. This
+is caused by a failure to alias fp_current to the kernel variable
+current_set[0] correctly.
+
+The kernel provided with this distribution (vmlinux-nwfpe-0.93) contains
+a fix for this problem and also incorporates the current version of the
+emulator directly. It is possible to run with no floating point module
+loaded with this kernel. It is provided as a demonstration of the
+technology and for those who want to do floating point work that depends
+on signals. It is not strictly necessary to use the module.
+
+A module (either the one provided by Russell King, or the one in this
+distribution) can be loaded to replace the functionality of the emulator
+built into the kernel.
diff --git a/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/TODO b/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/TODO
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8027061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm/nwfpe/TODO
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+TODO LIST
+---------
+
+POW{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - power
+RPW{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - reverse power
+POL{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, Fn, <Fm,#value> - polar angle (arctan2)
+
+LOG{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - logarithm to base 10
+LGN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - logarithm to base e
+EXP{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - exponent
+SIN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - sine
+COS{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - cosine
+TAN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - tangent
+ASN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - arcsine
+ACS{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - arccosine
+ATN{cond}<S|D|E>{P,M,Z} Fd, <Fm,#value> - arctangent
+
+These are not implemented. They are not currently issued by the compiler,
+and are handled by routines in libc. These are not implemented by the FPA11
+hardware, but are handled by the floating point support code. They should
+be implemented in future versions.
+
+There are a couple of ways to approach the implementation of these. One
+method would be to use accurate table methods for these routines. I have
+a couple of papers by S. Gal from IBM's research labs in Haifa, Israel that
+seem to promise extreme accuracy (in the order of 99.8%) and reasonable speed.
+These methods are used in GLIBC for some of the transcendental functions.
+
+Another approach, which I know little about is CORDIC. This stands for
+Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer, and is a method of computing
+transcendental functions using mostly shifts and adds and a few
+multiplications and divisions. The ARM excels at shifts and adds,
+so such a method could be promising, but requires more research to
+determine if it is feasible.
+
+Rounding Methods
+
+The IEEE standard defines 4 rounding modes. Round to nearest is the
+default, but rounding to + or - infinity or round to zero are also allowed.
+Many architectures allow the rounding mode to be specified by modifying bits
+in a control register. Not so with the ARM FPA11 architecture. To change
+the rounding mode one must specify it with each instruction.
+
+This has made porting some benchmarks difficult. It is possible to
+introduce such a capability into the emulator. The FPCR contains
+bits describing the rounding mode. The emulator could be altered to
+examine a flag, which if set forced it to ignore the rounding mode in
+the instruction, and use the mode specified in the bits in the FPCR.
+
+This would require a method of getting/setting the flag, and the bits
+in the FPCR. This requires a kernel call in ArmLinux, as WFC/RFC are
+supervisor only instructions. If anyone has any ideas or comments I
+would like to hear them.
+
+[NOTE: pulled out from some docs on ARM floating point, specifically
+ for the Acorn FPE, but not limited to it:
+
+ The floating point control register (FPCR) may only be present in some
+ implementations: it is there to control the hardware in an implementation-
+ specific manner, for example to disable the floating point system. The user
+ mode of the ARM is not permitted to use this register (since the right is
+ reserved to alter it between implementations) and the WFC and RFC
+ instructions will trap if tried in user mode.
+
+ Hence, the answer is yes, you could do this, but then you will run a high
+ risk of becoming isolated if and when hardware FP emulation comes out
+ -- Russell].
diff --git a/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt b/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8eedaa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+ Semantics and Behavior of Atomic and
+ Bitmask Operations
+
+ David S. Miller
+
+ This document is intended to serve as a guide to Linux port
+maintainers on how to implement atomic counter, bitops, and spinlock
+interfaces properly.
+
+ The atomic_t type should be defined as a signed integer.
+Also, it should be made opaque such that any kind of cast to a normal
+C integer type will fail. Something like the following should
+suffice:
+
+ typedef struct { volatile int counter; } atomic_t;
+
+ The first operations to implement for atomic_t's are the
+initializers and plain reads.
+
+ #define ATOMIC_INIT(i) { (i) }
+ #define atomic_set(v, i) ((v)->counter = (i))
+
+The first macro is used in definitions, such as:
+
+static atomic_t my_counter = ATOMIC_INIT(1);
+
+The second interface can be used at runtime, as in:
+
+ struct foo { atomic_t counter; };
+ ...
+
+ struct foo *k;
+
+ k = kmalloc(sizeof(*k), GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (!k)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ atomic_set(&k->counter, 0);
+
+Next, we have:
+
+ #define atomic_read(v) ((v)->counter)
+
+which simply reads the current value of the counter.
+
+Now, we move onto the actual atomic operation interfaces.
+
+ void atomic_add(int i, atomic_t *v);
+ void atomic_sub(int i, atomic_t *v);
+ void atomic_inc(atomic_t *v);
+ void atomic_dec(atomic_t *v);
+
+These four routines add and subtract integral values to/from the given
+atomic_t value. The first two routines pass explicit integers by
+which to make the adjustment, whereas the latter two use an implicit
+adjustment value of "1".
+
+One very important aspect of these two routines is that they DO NOT
+require any explicit memory barriers. They need only perform the
+atomic_t counter update in an SMP safe manner.
+
+Next, we have:
+
+ int atomic_inc_return(atomic_t *v);
+ int atomic_dec_return(atomic_t *v);
+
+These routines add 1 and subtract 1, respectively, from the given
+atomic_t and return the new counter value after the operation is
+performed.
+
+Unlike the above routines, it is required that explicit memory
+barriers are performed before and after the operation. It must be
+done such that all memory operations before and after the atomic
+operation calls are strongly ordered with respect to the atomic
+operation itself.
+
+For example, it should behave as if a smp_mb() call existed both
+before and after the atomic operation.
+
+If the atomic instructions used in an implementation provide explicit
+memory barrier semantics which satisfy the above requirements, that is
+fine as well.
+
+Let's move on:
+
+ int atomic_add_return(int i, atomic_t *v);
+ int atomic_sub_return(int i, atomic_t *v);
+
+These behave just like atomic_{inc,dec}_return() except that an
+explicit counter adjustment is given instead of the implicit "1".
+This means that like atomic_{inc,dec}_return(), the memory barrier
+semantics are required.
+
+Next:
+
+ int atomic_inc_and_test(atomic_t *v);
+ int atomic_dec_and_test(atomic_t *v);
+
+These two routines increment and decrement by 1, respectively, the
+given atomic counter. They return a boolean indicating whether the
+resulting counter value was zero or not.
+
+It requires explicit memory barrier semantics around the operation as
+above.
+
+ int atomic_sub_and_test(int i, atomic_t *v);
+
+This is identical to atomic_dec_and_test() except that an explicit
+decrement is given instead of the implicit "1". It requires explicit
+memory barrier semantics around the operation.
+
+ int atomic_add_negative(int i, atomic_t *v);
+
+The given increment is added to the given atomic counter value. A
+boolean is return which indicates whether the resulting counter value
+is negative. It requires explicit memory barrier semantics around the
+operation.
+
+If a caller requires memory barrier semantics around an atomic_t
+operation which does not return a value, a set of interfaces are
+defined which accomplish this:
+
+ void smp_mb__before_atomic_dec(void);
+ void smp_mb__after_atomic_dec(void);
+ void smp_mb__before_atomic_inc(void);
+ void smp_mb__after_atomic_dec(void);
+
+For example, smp_mb__before_atomic_dec() can be used like so:
+
+ obj->dead = 1;
+ smp_mb__before_atomic_dec();
+ atomic_dec(&obj->ref_count);
+
+It makes sure that all memory operations preceeding the atomic_dec()
+call are strongly ordered with respect to the atomic counter
+operation. In the above example, it guarentees that the assignment of
+"1" to obj->dead will be globally visible to other cpus before the
+atomic counter decrement.
+
+Without the explicitl smp_mb__before_atomic_dec() call, the
+implementation could legally allow the atomic counter update visible
+to other cpus before the "obj->dead = 1;" assignment.
+
+The other three interfaces listed are used to provide explicit
+ordering with respect to memory operations after an atomic_dec() call
+(smp_mb__after_atomic_dec()) and around atomic_inc() calls
+(smp_mb__{before,after}_atomic_inc()).
+
+A missing memory barrier in the cases where they are required by the
+atomic_t implementation above can have disasterous results. Here is
+an example, which follows a pattern occuring frequently in the Linux
+kernel. It is the use of atomic counters to implement reference
+counting, and it works such that once the counter falls to zero it can
+be guarenteed that no other entity can be accessing the object:
+
+static void obj_list_add(struct obj *obj)
+{
+ obj->active = 1;
+ list_add(&obj->list);
+}
+
+static void obj_list_del(struct obj *obj)
+{
+ list_del(&obj->list);
+ obj->active = 0;
+}
+
+static void obj_destroy(struct obj *obj)
+{
+ BUG_ON(obj->active);
+ kfree(obj);
+}
+
+struct obj *obj_list_peek(struct list_head *head)
+{
+ if (!list_empty(head)) {
+ struct obj *obj;
+
+ obj = list_entry(head->next, struct obj, list);
+ atomic_inc(&obj->refcnt);
+ return obj;
+ }
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+void obj_poke(void)
+{
+ struct obj *obj;
+
+ spin_lock(&global_list_lock);
+ obj = obj_list_peek(&global_list);
+ spin_unlock(&global_list_lock);
+
+ if (obj) {
+ obj->ops->poke(obj);
+ if (atomic_dec_and_test(&obj->refcnt))
+ obj_destroy(obj);
+ }
+}
+
+void obj_timeout(struct obj *obj)
+{
+ spin_lock(&global_list_lock);
+ obj_list_del(obj);
+ spin_unlock(&global_list_lock);
+
+ if (atomic_dec_and_test(&obj->refcnt))
+ obj_destroy(obj);
+}
+
+(This is a simplification of the ARP queue management in the
+ generic neighbour discover code of the networking. Olaf Kirch
+ found a bug wrt. memory barriers in kfree_skb() that exposed
+ the atomic_t memory barrier requirements quite clearly.)
+
+Given the above scheme, it must be the case that the obj->active
+update done by the obj list deletion be visible to other processors
+before the atomic counter decrement is performed.
+
+Otherwise, the counter could fall to zero, yet obj->active would still
+be set, thus triggering the assertion in obj_destroy(). The error
+sequence looks like this:
+
+ cpu 0 cpu 1
+ obj_poke() obj_timeout()
+ obj = obj_list_peek();
+ ... gains ref to obj, refcnt=2
+ obj_list_del(obj);
+ obj->active = 0 ...
+ ... visibility delayed ...
+ atomic_dec_and_test()
+ ... refcnt drops to 1 ...
+ atomic_dec_and_test()
+ ... refcount drops to 0 ...
+ obj_destroy()
+ BUG() triggers since obj->active
+ still seen as one
+ obj->active update visibility occurs
+
+With the memory barrier semantics required of the atomic_t operations
+which return values, the above sequence of memory visibility can never
+happen. Specifically, in the above case the atomic_dec_and_test()
+counter decrement would not become globally visible until the
+obj->active update does.
+
+As a historical note, 32-bit Sparc used to only allow usage of
+24-bits of it's atomic_t type. This was because it used 8 bits
+as a spinlock for SMP safety. Sparc32 lacked a "compare and swap"
+type instruction. However, 32-bit Sparc has since been moved over
+to a "hash table of spinlocks" scheme, that allows the full 32-bit
+counter to be realized. Essentially, an array of spinlocks are
+indexed into based upon the address of the atomic_t being operated
+on, and that lock protects the atomic operation. Parisc uses the
+same scheme.
+
+Another note is that the atomic_t operations returning values are
+extremely slow on an old 386.
+
+We will now cover the atomic bitmask operations. You will find that
+their SMP and memory barrier semantics are similar in shape and scope
+to the atomic_t ops above.
+
+Native atomic bit operations are defined to operate on objects aligned
+to the size of an "unsigned long" C data type, and are least of that
+size. The endianness of the bits within each "unsigned long" are the
+native endianness of the cpu.
+
+ void set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatils unsigned long *addr);
+ void clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatils unsigned long *addr);
+ void change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatils unsigned long *addr);
+
+These routines set, clear, and change, respectively, the bit number
+indicated by "nr" on the bit mask pointed to by "ADDR".
+
+They must execute atomically, yet there are no implicit memory barrier
+semantics required of these interfaces.
+
+ int test_and_set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatils unsigned long *addr);
+ int test_and_clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatils unsigned long *addr);
+ int test_and_change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatils unsigned long *addr);
+
+Like the above, except that these routines return a boolean which
+indicates whether the changed bit was set _BEFORE_ the atomic bit
+operation.
+
+WARNING! It is incredibly important that the value be a boolean,
+ie. "0" or "1". Do not try to be fancy and save a few instructions by
+declaring the above to return "long" and just returning something like
+"old_val & mask" because that will not work.
+
+For one thing, this return value gets truncated to int in many code
+paths using these interfaces, so on 64-bit if the bit is set in the
+upper 32-bits then testers will never see that.
+
+One great example of where this problem crops up are the thread_info
+flag operations. Routines such as test_and_set_ti_thread_flag() chop
+the return value into an int. There are other places where things
+like this occur as well.
+
+These routines, like the atomic_t counter operations returning values,
+require explicit memory barrier semantics around their execution. All
+memory operations before the atomic bit operation call must be made
+visible globally before the atomic bit operation is made visible.
+Likewise, the atomic bit operation must be visible globally before any
+subsequent memory operation is made visible. For example:
+
+ obj->dead = 1;
+ if (test_and_set_bit(0, &obj->flags))
+ /* ... */;
+ obj->killed = 1;
+
+The implementation of test_and_set_bit() must guarentee that
+"obj->dead = 1;" is visible to cpus before the atomic memory operation
+done by test_and_set_bit() becomes visible. Likewise, the atomic
+memory operation done by test_and_set_bit() must become visible before
+"obj->killed = 1;" is visible.
+
+Finally there is the basic operation:
+
+ int test_bit(unsigned long nr, __const__ volatile unsigned long *addr);
+
+Which returns a boolean indicating if bit "nr" is set in the bitmask
+pointed to by "addr".
+
+If explicit memory barriers are required around clear_bit() (which
+does not return a value, and thus does not need to provide memory
+barrier semantics), two interfaces are provided:
+
+ void smp_mb__before_clear_bit(void);
+ void smp_mb__after_clear_bit(void);
+
+They are used as follows, and are akin to their atomic_t operation
+brothers:
+
+ /* All memory operations before this call will
+ * be globally visible before the clear_bit().
+ */
+ smp_mb__before_clear_bit();
+ clear_bit( ... );
+
+ /* The clear_bit() will be visible before all
+ * subsequent memory operations.
+ */
+ smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
+
+Finally, there are non-atomic versions of the bitmask operations
+provided. They are used in contexts where some other higher-level SMP
+locking scheme is being used to protect the bitmask, and thus less
+expensive non-atomic operations may be used in the implementation.
+They have names similar to the above bitmask operation interfaces,
+except that two underscores are prefixed to the interface name.
+
+ void __set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ void __clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ void __change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ int __test_and_set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ int __test_and_clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ int __test_and_change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+
+These non-atomic variants also do not require any special memory
+barrier semantics.
+
+The routines xchg() and cmpxchg() need the same exact memory barriers
+as the atomic and bit operations returning values.
+
+Spinlocks and rwlocks have memory barrier expectations as well.
+The rule to follow is simple:
+
+1) When acquiring a lock, the implementation must make it globally
+ visible before any subsequent memory operation.
+
+2) When releasing a lock, the implementation must make it such that
+ all previous memory operations are globally visible before the
+ lock release.
+
+Which finally brings us to _atomic_dec_and_lock(). There is an
+architecture-neutral version implemented in lib/dec_and_lock.c,
+but most platforms will wish to optimize this in assembler.
+
+ int _atomic_dec_and_lock(atomic_t *atomic, spinlock_t *lock);
+
+Atomically decrement the given counter, and if will drop to zero
+atomically acquire the given spinlock and perform the decrement
+of the counter to zero. If it does not drop to zero, do nothing
+with the spinlock.
+
+It is actually pretty simple to get the memory barrier correct.
+Simply satisfy the spinlock grab requirements, which is make
+sure the spinlock operation is globally visible before any
+subsequent memory operation.
+
+We can demonstrate this operation more clearly if we define
+an abstract atomic operation:
+
+ long cas(long *mem, long old, long new);
+
+"cas" stands for "compare and swap". It atomically:
+
+1) Compares "old" with the value currently at "mem".
+2) If they are equal, "new" is written to "mem".
+3) Regardless, the current value at "mem" is returned.
+
+As an example usage, here is what an atomic counter update
+might look like:
+
+void example_atomic_inc(long *counter)
+{
+ long old, new, ret;
+
+ while (1) {
+ old = *counter;
+ new = old + 1;
+
+ ret = cas(counter, old, new);
+ if (ret == old)
+ break;
+ }
+}
+
+Let's use cas() in order to build a pseudo-C atomic_dec_and_lock():
+
+int _atomic_dec_and_lock(atomic_t *atomic, spinlock_t *lock)
+{
+ long old, new, ret;
+ int went_to_zero;
+
+ went_to_zero = 0;
+ while (1) {
+ old = atomic_read(atomic);
+ new = old - 1;
+ if (new == 0) {
+ went_to_zero = 1;
+ spin_lock(lock);
+ }
+ ret = cas(atomic, old, new);
+ if (ret == old)
+ break;
+ if (went_to_zero) {
+ spin_unlock(lock);
+ went_to_zero = 0;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return went_to_zero;
+}
+
+Now, as far as memory barriers go, as long as spin_lock()
+strictly orders all subsequent memory operations (including
+the cas()) with respect to itself, things will be fine.
+
+Said another way, _atomic_dec_and_lock() must guarentee that
+a counter dropping to zero is never made visible before the
+spinlock being acquired.
+
+Note that this also means that for the case where the counter
+is not dropping to zero, there are no memory ordering
+requirements.
diff --git a/Documentation/basic_profiling.txt b/Documentation/basic_profiling.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65e3dc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/basic_profiling.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+These instructions are deliberately very basic. If you want something clever,
+go read the real docs ;-) Please don't add more stuff, but feel free to
+correct my mistakes ;-) (mbligh@aracnet.com)
+Thanks to John Levon, Dave Hansen, et al. for help writing this.
+
+<test> is the thing you're trying to measure.
+Make sure you have the correct System.map / vmlinux referenced!
+
+It is probably easiest to use "make install" for linux and hack
+/sbin/installkernel to copy vmlinux to /boot, in addition to vmlinuz,
+config, System.map, which are usually installed by default.
+
+Readprofile
+-----------
+A recent readprofile command is needed for 2.6, such as found in util-linux
+2.12a, which can be downloaded from:
+
+http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/
+
+Most distributions will ship it already.
+
+Add "profile=2" to the kernel command line.
+
+clear readprofile -r
+ <test>
+dump output readprofile -m /boot/System.map > captured_profile
+
+Oprofile
+--------
+Get the source (I use 0.8) from http://oprofile.sourceforge.net/
+and add "idle=poll" to the kernel command line
+Configure with CONFIG_PROFILING=y and CONFIG_OPROFILE=y & reboot on new kernel
+./configure --with-kernel-support
+make install
+
+For superior results, be sure to enable the local APIC. If opreport sees
+a 0Hz CPU, APIC was not on. Be aware that idle=poll may mean a performance
+penalty.
+
+One time setup:
+ opcontrol --setup --vmlinux=/boot/vmlinux
+
+clear opcontrol --reset
+start opcontrol --start
+ <test>
+stop opcontrol --stop
+dump output opreport > output_file
+
+To only report on the kernel, run opreport /boot/vmlinux > output_file
+
+A reset is needed to clear old statistics, which survive a reboot.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt b/Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d097f09ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+ Kernel Support for miscellaneous (your favourite) Binary Formats v1.1
+ =====================================================================
+
+This Kernel feature allows you to invoke almost (for restrictions see below)
+every program by simply typing its name in the shell.
+This includes for example compiled Java(TM), Python or Emacs programs.
+
+To achieve this you must tell binfmt_misc which interpreter has to be invoked
+with which binary. Binfmt_misc recognises the binary-type by matching some bytes
+at the beginning of the file with a magic byte sequence (masking out specified
+bits) you have supplied. Binfmt_misc can also recognise a filename extension
+aka '.com' or '.exe'.
+
+First you must mount binfmt_misc:
+ mount binfmt_misc -t binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
+
+To actually register a new binary type, you have to set up a string looking like
+:name:type:offset:magic:mask:interpreter:flags (where you can choose the ':' upon
+your needs) and echo it to /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register.
+Here is what the fields mean:
+ - 'name' is an identifier string. A new /proc file will be created with this
+ name below /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
+ - 'type' is the type of recognition. Give 'M' for magic and 'E' for extension.
+ - 'offset' is the offset of the magic/mask in the file, counted in bytes. This
+ defaults to 0 if you omit it (i.e. you write ':name:type::magic...')
+ - 'magic' is the byte sequence binfmt_misc is matching for. The magic string
+ may contain hex-encoded characters like \x0a or \xA4. In a shell environment
+ you will have to write \\x0a to prevent the shell from eating your \.
+ If you chose filename extension matching, this is the extension to be
+ recognised (without the '.', the \x0a specials are not allowed). Extension
+ matching is case sensitive!
+ - 'mask' is an (optional, defaults to all 0xff) mask. You can mask out some
+ bits from matching by supplying a string like magic and as long as magic.
+ The mask is anded with the byte sequence of the file.
+ - 'interpreter' is the program that should be invoked with the binary as first
+ argument (specify the full path)
+ - 'flags' is an optional field that controls several aspects of the invocation
+ of the interpreter. It is a string of capital letters, each controls a certain
+ aspect. The following flags are supported -
+ 'P' - preserve-argv[0]. Legacy behavior of binfmt_misc is to overwrite the
+ original argv[0] with the full path to the binary. When this flag is
+ included, binfmt_misc will add an argument to the argument vector for
+ this purpose, thus preserving the original argv[0].
+ 'O' - open-binary. Legacy behavior of binfmt_misc is to pass the full path
+ of the binary to the interpreter as an argument. When this flag is
+ included, binfmt_misc will open the file for reading and pass its
+ descriptor as an argument, instead of the full path, thus allowing
+ the interpreter to execute non-readable binaries. This feature should
+ be used with care - the interpreter has to be trusted not to emit
+ the contents of the non-readable binary.
+ 'C' - credentials. Currently, the behavior of binfmt_misc is to calculate
+ the credentials and security token of the new process according to
+ the interpreter. When this flag is included, these attributes are
+ calculated according to the binary. It also implies the 'O' flag.
+ This feature should be used with care as the interpreter
+ will run with root permissions when a setuid binary owned by root
+ is run with binfmt_misc.
+
+
+There are some restrictions:
+ - the whole register string may not exceed 255 characters
+ - the magic must reside in the first 128 bytes of the file, i.e.
+ offset+size(magic) has to be less than 128
+ - the interpreter string may not exceed 127 characters
+
+To use binfmt_misc you have to mount it first. You can mount it with
+"mount -t binfmt_misc none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc" command, or you can add
+a line "none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc defaults 0 0" to your
+/etc/fstab so it auto mounts on boot.
+
+You may want to add the binary formats in one of your /etc/rc scripts during
+boot-up. Read the manual of your init program to figure out how to do this
+right.
+
+Think about the order of adding entries! Later added entries are matched first!
+
+
+A few examples (assumed you are in /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc):
+
+- enable support for em86 (like binfmt_em86, for Alpha AXP only):
+ echo ':i386:M::\x7fELF\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x03:\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xfe\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfb\xff\xff:/bin/em86:' > register
+ echo ':i486:M::\x7fELF\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x06:\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xfe\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfb\xff\xff:/bin/em86:' > register
+
+- enable support for packed DOS applications (pre-configured dosemu hdimages):
+ echo ':DEXE:M::\x0eDEX::/usr/bin/dosexec:' > register
+
+- enable support for Windows executables using wine:
+ echo ':DOSWin:M::MZ::/usr/local/bin/wine:' > register
+
+For java support see Documentation/java.txt
+
+
+You can enable/disable binfmt_misc or one binary type by echoing 0 (to disable)
+or 1 (to enable) to /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status or /proc/.../the_name.
+Catting the file tells you the current status of binfmt_misc/the entry.
+
+You can remove one entry or all entries by echoing -1 to /proc/.../the_name
+or /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status.
+
+
+HINTS:
+======
+
+If you want to pass special arguments to your interpreter, you can
+write a wrapper script for it. See Documentation/java.txt for an
+example.
+
+Your interpreter should NOT look in the PATH for the filename; the kernel
+passes it the full filename (or the file descriptor) to use. Using $PATH can
+cause unexpected behaviour and can be a security hazard.
+
+
+There is a web page about binfmt_misc at
+http://www.tat.physik.uni-tuebingen.de/~rguenth/linux/binfmt_misc.html
+
+Richard Günther <rguenth@tat.physik.uni-tuebingen.de>
diff --git a/Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt b/Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f47332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+Anticipatory IO scheduler
+-------------------------
+Nick Piggin <piggin@cyberone.com.au> 13 Sep 2003
+
+Attention! Database servers, especially those using "TCQ" disks should
+investigate performance with the 'deadline' IO scheduler. Any system with high
+disk performance requirements should do so, in fact.
+
+If you see unusual performance characteristics of your disk systems, or you
+see big performance regressions versus the deadline scheduler, please email
+me. Database users don't bother unless you're willing to test a lot of patches
+from me ;) its a known issue.
+
+Also, users with hardware RAID controllers, doing striping, may find
+highly variable performance results with using the as-iosched. The
+as-iosched anticipatory implementation is based on the notion that a disk
+device has only one physical seeking head. A striped RAID controller
+actually has a head for each physical device in the logical RAID device.
+
+However, setting the antic_expire (see tunable parameters below) produces
+very similar behavior to the deadline IO scheduler.
+
+
+Selecting IO schedulers
+-----------------------
+To choose IO schedulers at boot time, use the argument 'elevator=deadline'.
+'noop' and 'as' (the default) are also available. IO schedulers are assigned
+globally at boot time only presently.
+
+
+Anticipatory IO scheduler Policies
+----------------------------------
+The as-iosched implementation implements several layers of policies
+to determine when an IO request is dispatched to the disk controller.
+Here are the policies outlined, in order of application.
+
+1. one-way Elevator algorithm.
+
+The elevator algorithm is similar to that used in deadline scheduler, with
+the addition that it allows limited backward movement of the elevator
+(i.e. seeks backwards). A seek backwards can occur when choosing between
+two IO requests where one is behind the elevator's current position, and
+the other is in front of the elevator's position. If the seek distance to
+the request in back of the elevator is less than half the seek distance to
+the request in front of the elevator, then the request in back can be chosen.
+Backward seeks are also limited to a maximum of MAXBACK (1024*1024) sectors.
+This favors forward movement of the elevator, while allowing opportunistic
+"short" backward seeks.
+
+2. FIFO expiration times for reads and for writes.
+
+This is again very similar to the deadline IO scheduler. The expiration
+times for requests on these lists is tunable using the parameters read_expire
+and write_expire discussed below. When a read or a write expires in this way,
+the IO scheduler will interrupt its current elevator sweep or read anticipation
+to service the expired request.
+
+3. Read and write request batching
+
+A batch is a collection of read requests or a collection of write
+requests. The as scheduler alternates dispatching read and write batches
+to the driver. In the case a read batch, the scheduler submits read
+requests to the driver as long as there are read requests to submit, and
+the read batch time limit has not been exceeded (read_batch_expire).
+The read batch time limit begins counting down only when there are
+competing write requests pending.
+
+In the case of a write batch, the scheduler submits write requests to
+the driver as long as there are write requests available, and the
+write batch time limit has not been exceeded (write_batch_expire).
+However, the length of write batches will be gradually shortened
+when read batches frequently exceed their time limit.
+
+When changing between batch types, the scheduler waits for all requests
+from the previous batch to complete before scheduling requests for the
+next batch.
+
+The read and write fifo expiration times described in policy 2 above
+are checked only when in scheduling IO of a batch for the corresponding
+(read/write) type. So for example, the read FIFO timeout values are
+tested only during read batches. Likewise, the write FIFO timeout
+values are tested only during write batches. For this reason,
+it is generally not recommended for the read batch time
+to be longer than the write expiration time, nor for the write batch
+time to exceed the read expiration time (see tunable parameters below).
+
+When the IO scheduler changes from a read to a write batch,
+it begins the elevator from the request that is on the head of the
+write expiration FIFO. Likewise, when changing from a write batch to
+a read batch, scheduler begins the elevator from the first entry
+on the read expiration FIFO.
+
+4. Read anticipation.
+
+Read anticipation occurs only when scheduling a read batch.
+This implementation of read anticipation allows only one read request
+to be dispatched to the disk controller at a time. In
+contrast, many write requests may be dispatched to the disk controller
+at a time during a write batch. It is this characteristic that can make
+the anticipatory scheduler perform anomalously with controllers supporting
+TCQ, or with hardware striped RAID devices. Setting the antic_expire
+queue paramter (see below) to zero disables this behavior, and the anticipatory
+scheduler behaves essentially like the deadline scheduler.
+
+When read anticipation is enabled (antic_expire is not zero), reads
+are dispatched to the disk controller one at a time.
+At the end of each read request, the IO scheduler examines its next
+candidate read request from its sorted read list. If that next request
+is from the same process as the request that just completed,
+or if the next request in the queue is "very close" to the
+just completed request, it is dispatched immediately. Otherwise,
+statistics (average think time, average seek distance) on the process
+that submitted the just completed request are examined. If it seems
+likely that that process will submit another request soon, and that
+request is likely to be near the just completed request, then the IO
+scheduler will stop dispatching more read requests for up time (antic_expire)
+milliseconds, hoping that process will submit a new request near the one
+that just completed. If such a request is made, then it is dispatched
+immediately. If the antic_expire wait time expires, then the IO scheduler
+will dispatch the next read request from the sorted read queue.
+
+To decide whether an anticipatory wait is worthwhile, the scheduler
+maintains statistics for each process that can be used to compute
+mean "think time" (the time between read requests), and mean seek
+distance for that process. One observation is that these statistics
+are associated with each process, but those statistics are not associated
+with a specific IO device. So for example, if a process is doing IO
+on several file systems on separate devices, the statistics will be
+a combination of IO behavior from all those devices.
+
+
+Tuning the anticipatory IO scheduler
+------------------------------------
+When using 'as', the anticipatory IO scheduler there are 5 parameters under
+/sys/block/*/queue/iosched/. All are units of milliseconds.
+
+The parameters are:
+* read_expire
+ Controls how long until a read request becomes "expired". It also controls the
+ interval between which expired requests are served, so set to 50, a request
+ might take anywhere < 100ms to be serviced _if_ it is the next on the
+ expired list. Obviously request expiration strategies won't make the disk
+ go faster. The result basically equates to the timeslice a single reader
+ gets in the presence of other IO. 100*((seek time / read_expire) + 1) is
+ very roughly the % streaming read efficiency your disk should get with
+ multiple readers.
+
+* read_batch_expire
+ Controls how much time a batch of reads is given before pending writes are
+ served. A higher value is more efficient. This might be set below read_expire
+ if writes are to be given higher priority than reads, but reads are to be
+ as efficient as possible when there are no writes. Generally though, it
+ should be some multiple of read_expire.
+
+* write_expire, and
+* write_batch_expire are equivalent to the above, for writes.
+
+* antic_expire
+ Controls the maximum amount of time we can anticipate a good read (one
+ with a short seek distance from the most recently completed request) before
+ giving up. Many other factors may cause anticipation to be stopped early,
+ or some processes will not be "anticipated" at all. Should be a bit higher
+ for big seek time devices though not a linear correspondence - most
+ processes have only a few ms thinktime.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt b/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dd274d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1213 @@
+ Notes on the Generic Block Layer Rewrite in Linux 2.5
+ =====================================================
+
+Notes Written on Jan 15, 2002:
+ Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
+ Suparna Bhattacharya <suparna@in.ibm.com>
+
+Last Updated May 2, 2002
+September 2003: Updated I/O Scheduler portions
+ Nick Piggin <piggin@cyberone.com.au>
+
+Introduction:
+
+These are some notes describing some aspects of the 2.5 block layer in the
+context of the bio rewrite. The idea is to bring out some of the key
+changes and a glimpse of the rationale behind those changes.
+
+Please mail corrections & suggestions to suparna@in.ibm.com.
+
+Credits:
+---------
+
+2.5 bio rewrite:
+ Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
+
+Many aspects of the generic block layer redesign were driven by and evolved
+over discussions, prior patches and the collective experience of several
+people. See sections 8 and 9 for a list of some related references.
+
+The following people helped with review comments and inputs for this
+document:
+ Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
+ Arjan van de Ven <arjanv@redhat.com>
+ Randy Dunlap <rddunlap@osdl.org>
+ Andre Hedrick <andre@linux-ide.org>
+
+The following people helped with fixes/contributions to the bio patches
+while it was still work-in-progress:
+ David S. Miller <davem@redhat.com>
+
+
+Description of Contents:
+------------------------
+
+1. Scope for tuning of logic to various needs
+ 1.1 Tuning based on device or low level driver capabilities
+ - Per-queue parameters
+ - Highmem I/O support
+ - I/O scheduler modularization
+ 1.2 Tuning based on high level requirements/capabilities
+ 1.2.1 I/O Barriers
+ 1.2.2 Request Priority/Latency
+ 1.3 Direct access/bypass to lower layers for diagnostics and special
+ device operations
+ 1.3.1 Pre-built commands
+2. New flexible and generic but minimalist i/o structure or descriptor
+ (instead of using buffer heads at the i/o layer)
+ 2.1 Requirements/Goals addressed
+ 2.2 The bio struct in detail (multi-page io unit)
+ 2.3 Changes in the request structure
+3. Using bios
+ 3.1 Setup/teardown (allocation, splitting)
+ 3.2 Generic bio helper routines
+ 3.2.1 Traversing segments and completion units in a request
+ 3.2.2 Setting up DMA scatterlists
+ 3.2.3 I/O completion
+ 3.2.4 Implications for drivers that do not interpret bios (don't handle
+ multiple segments)
+ 3.2.5 Request command tagging
+ 3.3 I/O submission
+4. The I/O scheduler
+5. Scalability related changes
+ 5.1 Granular locking: Removal of io_request_lock
+ 5.2 Prepare for transition to 64 bit sector_t
+6. Other Changes/Implications
+ 6.1 Partition re-mapping handled by the generic block layer
+7. A few tips on migration of older drivers
+8. A list of prior/related/impacted patches/ideas
+9. Other References/Discussion Threads
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Bio Notes
+--------
+
+Let us discuss the changes in the context of how some overall goals for the
+block layer are addressed.
+
+1. Scope for tuning the generic logic to satisfy various requirements
+
+The block layer design supports adaptable abstractions to handle common
+processing with the ability to tune the logic to an appropriate extent
+depending on the nature of the device and the requirements of the caller.
+One of the objectives of the rewrite was to increase the degree of tunability
+and to enable higher level code to utilize underlying device/driver
+capabilities to the maximum extent for better i/o performance. This is
+important especially in the light of ever improving hardware capabilities
+and application/middleware software designed to take advantage of these
+capabilities.
+
+1.1 Tuning based on low level device / driver capabilities
+
+Sophisticated devices with large built-in caches, intelligent i/o scheduling
+optimizations, high memory DMA support, etc may find some of the
+generic processing an overhead, while for less capable devices the
+generic functionality is essential for performance or correctness reasons.
+Knowledge of some of the capabilities or parameters of the device should be
+used at the generic block layer to take the right decisions on
+behalf of the driver.
+
+How is this achieved ?
+
+Tuning at a per-queue level:
+
+i. Per-queue limits/values exported to the generic layer by the driver
+
+Various parameters that the generic i/o scheduler logic uses are set at
+a per-queue level (e.g maximum request size, maximum number of segments in
+a scatter-gather list, hardsect size)
+
+Some parameters that were earlier available as global arrays indexed by
+major/minor are now directly associated with the queue. Some of these may
+move into the block device structure in the future. Some characteristics
+have been incorporated into a queue flags field rather than separate fields
+in themselves. There are blk_queue_xxx functions to set the parameters,
+rather than update the fields directly
+
+Some new queue property settings:
+
+ blk_queue_bounce_limit(q, u64 dma_address)
+ Enable I/O to highmem pages, dma_address being the
+ limit. No highmem default.
+
+ blk_queue_max_sectors(q, max_sectors)
+ Maximum size request you can handle in units of 512 byte
+ sectors. 255 default.
+
+ blk_queue_max_phys_segments(q, max_segments)
+ Maximum physical segments you can handle in a request. 128
+ default (driver limit). (See 3.2.2)
+
+ blk_queue_max_hw_segments(q, max_segments)
+ Maximum dma segments the hardware can handle in a request. 128
+ default (host adapter limit, after dma remapping).
+ (See 3.2.2)
+
+ blk_queue_max_segment_size(q, max_seg_size)
+ Maximum size of a clustered segment, 64kB default.
+
+ blk_queue_hardsect_size(q, hardsect_size)
+ Lowest possible sector size that the hardware can operate
+ on, 512 bytes default.
+
+New queue flags:
+
+ QUEUE_FLAG_CLUSTER (see 3.2.2)
+ QUEUE_FLAG_QUEUED (see 3.2.4)
+
+
+ii. High-mem i/o capabilities are now considered the default
+
+The generic bounce buffer logic, present in 2.4, where the block layer would
+by default copyin/out i/o requests on high-memory buffers to low-memory buffers
+assuming that the driver wouldn't be able to handle it directly, has been
+changed in 2.5. The bounce logic is now applied only for memory ranges
+for which the device cannot handle i/o. A driver can specify this by
+setting the queue bounce limit for the request queue for the device
+(blk_queue_bounce_limit()). This avoids the inefficiencies of the copyin/out
+where a device is capable of handling high memory i/o.
+
+In order to enable high-memory i/o where the device is capable of supporting
+it, the pci dma mapping routines and associated data structures have now been
+modified to accomplish a direct page -> bus translation, without requiring
+a virtual address mapping (unlike the earlier scheme of virtual address
+-> bus translation). So this works uniformly for high-memory pages (which
+do not have a correponding kernel virtual address space mapping) and
+low-memory pages.
+
+Note: Please refer to DMA-mapping.txt for a discussion on PCI high mem DMA
+aspects and mapping of scatter gather lists, and support for 64 bit PCI.
+
+Special handling is required only for cases where i/o needs to happen on
+pages at physical memory addresses beyond what the device can support. In these
+cases, a bounce bio representing a buffer from the supported memory range
+is used for performing the i/o with copyin/copyout as needed depending on
+the type of the operation. For example, in case of a read operation, the
+data read has to be copied to the original buffer on i/o completion, so a
+callback routine is set up to do this, while for write, the data is copied
+from the original buffer to the bounce buffer prior to issuing the
+operation. Since an original buffer may be in a high memory area that's not
+mapped in kernel virtual addr, a kmap operation may be required for
+performing the copy, and special care may be needed in the completion path
+as it may not be in irq context. Special care is also required (by way of
+GFP flags) when allocating bounce buffers, to avoid certain highmem
+deadlock possibilities.
+
+It is also possible that a bounce buffer may be allocated from high-memory
+area that's not mapped in kernel virtual addr, but within the range that the
+device can use directly; so the bounce page may need to be kmapped during
+copy operations. [Note: This does not hold in the current implementation,
+though]
+
+There are some situations when pages from high memory may need to
+be kmapped, even if bounce buffers are not necessary. For example a device
+may need to abort DMA operations and revert to PIO for the transfer, in
+which case a virtual mapping of the page is required. For SCSI it is also
+done in some scenarios where the low level driver cannot be trusted to
+handle a single sg entry correctly. The driver is expected to perform the
+kmaps as needed on such occasions using the __bio_kmap_atomic and bio_kmap_irq
+routines as appropriate. A driver could also use the blk_queue_bounce()
+routine on its own to bounce highmem i/o to low memory for specific requests
+if so desired.
+
+iii. The i/o scheduler algorithm itself can be replaced/set as appropriate
+
+As in 2.4, it is possible to plugin a brand new i/o scheduler for a particular
+queue or pick from (copy) existing generic schedulers and replace/override
+certain portions of it. The 2.5 rewrite provides improved modularization
+of the i/o scheduler. There are more pluggable callbacks, e.g for init,
+add request, extract request, which makes it possible to abstract specific
+i/o scheduling algorithm aspects and details outside of the generic loop.
+It also makes it possible to completely hide the implementation details of
+the i/o scheduler from block drivers.
+
+I/O scheduler wrappers are to be used instead of accessing the queue directly.
+See section 4. The I/O scheduler for details.
+
+1.2 Tuning Based on High level code capabilities
+
+i. Application capabilities for raw i/o
+
+This comes from some of the high-performance database/middleware
+requirements where an application prefers to make its own i/o scheduling
+decisions based on an understanding of the access patterns and i/o
+characteristics
+
+ii. High performance filesystems or other higher level kernel code's
+capabilities
+
+Kernel components like filesystems could also take their own i/o scheduling
+decisions for optimizing performance. Journalling filesystems may need
+some control over i/o ordering.
+
+What kind of support exists at the generic block layer for this ?
+
+The flags and rw fields in the bio structure can be used for some tuning
+from above e.g indicating that an i/o is just a readahead request, or for
+marking barrier requests (discussed next), or priority settings (currently
+unused). As far as user applications are concerned they would need an
+additional mechanism either via open flags or ioctls, or some other upper
+level mechanism to communicate such settings to block.
+
+1.2.1 I/O Barriers
+
+There is a way to enforce strict ordering for i/os through barriers.
+All requests before a barrier point must be serviced before the barrier
+request and any other requests arriving after the barrier will not be
+serviced until after the barrier has completed. This is useful for higher
+level control on write ordering, e.g flushing a log of committed updates
+to disk before the corresponding updates themselves.
+
+A flag in the bio structure, BIO_BARRIER is used to identify a barrier i/o.
+The generic i/o scheduler would make sure that it places the barrier request and
+all other requests coming after it after all the previous requests in the
+queue. Barriers may be implemented in different ways depending on the
+driver. A SCSI driver for example could make use of ordered tags to
+preserve the necessary ordering with a lower impact on throughput. For IDE
+this might be two sync cache flush: a pre and post flush when encountering
+a barrier write.
+
+There is a provision for queues to indicate what kind of barriers they
+can provide. This is as of yet unmerged, details will be added here once it
+is in the kernel.
+
+1.2.2 Request Priority/Latency
+
+Todo/Under discussion:
+Arjan's proposed request priority scheme allows higher levels some broad
+ control (high/med/low) over the priority of an i/o request vs other pending
+ requests in the queue. For example it allows reads for bringing in an
+ executable page on demand to be given a higher priority over pending write
+ requests which haven't aged too much on the queue. Potentially this priority
+ could even be exposed to applications in some manner, providing higher level
+ tunability. Time based aging avoids starvation of lower priority
+ requests. Some bits in the bi_rw flags field in the bio structure are
+ intended to be used for this priority information.
+
+
+1.3 Direct Access to Low level Device/Driver Capabilities (Bypass mode)
+ (e.g Diagnostics, Systems Management)
+
+There are situations where high-level code needs to have direct access to
+the low level device capabilities or requires the ability to issue commands
+to the device bypassing some of the intermediate i/o layers.
+These could, for example, be special control commands issued through ioctl
+interfaces, or could be raw read/write commands that stress the drive's
+capabilities for certain kinds of fitness tests. Having direct interfaces at
+multiple levels without having to pass through upper layers makes
+it possible to perform bottom up validation of the i/o path, layer by
+layer, starting from the media.
+
+The normal i/o submission interfaces, e.g submit_bio, could be bypassed
+for specially crafted requests which such ioctl or diagnostics
+interfaces would typically use, and the elevator add_request routine
+can instead be used to directly insert such requests in the queue or preferably
+the blk_do_rq routine can be used to place the request on the queue and
+wait for completion. Alternatively, sometimes the caller might just
+invoke a lower level driver specific interface with the request as a
+parameter.
+
+If the request is a means for passing on special information associated with
+the command, then such information is associated with the request->special
+field (rather than misuse the request->buffer field which is meant for the
+request data buffer's virtual mapping).
+
+For passing request data, the caller must build up a bio descriptor
+representing the concerned memory buffer if the underlying driver interprets
+bio segments or uses the block layer end*request* functions for i/o
+completion. Alternatively one could directly use the request->buffer field to
+specify the virtual address of the buffer, if the driver expects buffer
+addresses passed in this way and ignores bio entries for the request type
+involved. In the latter case, the driver would modify and manage the
+request->buffer, request->sector and request->nr_sectors or
+request->current_nr_sectors fields itself rather than using the block layer
+end_request or end_that_request_first completion interfaces.
+(See 2.3 or Documentation/block/request.txt for a brief explanation of
+the request structure fields)
+
+[TBD: end_that_request_last should be usable even in this case;
+Perhaps an end_that_direct_request_first routine could be implemented to make
+handling direct requests easier for such drivers; Also for drivers that
+expect bios, a helper function could be provided for setting up a bio
+corresponding to a data buffer]
+
+<JENS: I dont understand the above, why is end_that_request_first() not
+usable? Or _last for that matter. I must be missing something>
+<SUP: What I meant here was that if the request doesn't have a bio, then
+ end_that_request_first doesn't modify nr_sectors or current_nr_sectors,
+ and hence can't be used for advancing request state settings on the
+ completion of partial transfers. The driver has to modify these fields
+ directly by hand.
+ This is because end_that_request_first only iterates over the bio list,
+ and always returns 0 if there are none associated with the request.
+ _last works OK in this case, and is not a problem, as I mentioned earlier
+>
+
+1.3.1 Pre-built Commands
+
+A request can be created with a pre-built custom command to be sent directly
+to the device. The cmd block in the request structure has room for filling
+in the command bytes. (i.e rq->cmd is now 16 bytes in size, and meant for
+command pre-building, and the type of the request is now indicated
+through rq->flags instead of via rq->cmd)
+
+The request structure flags can be set up to indicate the type of request
+in such cases (REQ_PC: direct packet command passed to driver, REQ_BLOCK_PC:
+packet command issued via blk_do_rq, REQ_SPECIAL: special request).
+
+It can help to pre-build device commands for requests in advance.
+Drivers can now specify a request prepare function (q->prep_rq_fn) that the
+block layer would invoke to pre-build device commands for a given request,
+or perform other preparatory processing for the request. This is routine is
+called by elv_next_request(), i.e. typically just before servicing a request.
+(The prepare function would not be called for requests that have REQ_DONTPREP
+enabled)
+
+Aside:
+ Pre-building could possibly even be done early, i.e before placing the
+ request on the queue, rather than construct the command on the fly in the
+ driver while servicing the request queue when it may affect latencies in
+ interrupt context or responsiveness in general. One way to add early
+ pre-building would be to do it whenever we fail to merge on a request.
+ Now REQ_NOMERGE is set in the request flags to skip this one in the future,
+ which means that it will not change before we feed it to the device. So
+ the pre-builder hook can be invoked there.
+
+
+2. Flexible and generic but minimalist i/o structure/descriptor.
+
+2.1 Reason for a new structure and requirements addressed
+
+Prior to 2.5, buffer heads were used as the unit of i/o at the generic block
+layer, and the low level request structure was associated with a chain of
+buffer heads for a contiguous i/o request. This led to certain inefficiencies
+when it came to large i/o requests and readv/writev style operations, as it
+forced such requests to be broken up into small chunks before being passed
+on to the generic block layer, only to be merged by the i/o scheduler
+when the underlying device was capable of handling the i/o in one shot.
+Also, using the buffer head as an i/o structure for i/os that didn't originate
+from the buffer cache unecessarily added to the weight of the descriptors
+which were generated for each such chunk.
+
+The following were some of the goals and expectations considered in the
+redesign of the block i/o data structure in 2.5.
+
+i. Should be appropriate as a descriptor for both raw and buffered i/o -
+ avoid cache related fields which are irrelevant in the direct/page i/o path,
+ or filesystem block size alignment restrictions which may not be relevant
+ for raw i/o.
+ii. Ability to represent high-memory buffers (which do not have a virtual
+ address mapping in kernel address space).
+iii.Ability to represent large i/os w/o unecessarily breaking them up (i.e
+ greater than PAGE_SIZE chunks in one shot)
+iv. At the same time, ability to retain independent identity of i/os from
+ different sources or i/o units requiring individual completion (e.g. for
+ latency reasons)
+v. Ability to represent an i/o involving multiple physical memory segments
+ (including non-page aligned page fragments, as specified via readv/writev)
+ without unecessarily breaking it up, if the underlying device is capable of
+ handling it.
+vi. Preferably should be based on a memory descriptor structure that can be
+ passed around different types of subsystems or layers, maybe even
+ networking, without duplication or extra copies of data/descriptor fields
+ themselves in the process
+vii.Ability to handle the possibility of splits/merges as the structure passes
+ through layered drivers (lvm, md, evms), with minimal overhead.
+
+The solution was to define a new structure (bio) for the block layer,
+instead of using the buffer head structure (bh) directly, the idea being
+avoidance of some associated baggage and limitations. The bio structure
+is uniformly used for all i/o at the block layer ; it forms a part of the
+bh structure for buffered i/o, and in the case of raw/direct i/o kiobufs are
+mapped to bio structures.
+
+2.2 The bio struct
+
+The bio structure uses a vector representation pointing to an array of tuples
+of <page, offset, len> to describe the i/o buffer, and has various other
+fields describing i/o parameters and state that needs to be maintained for
+performing the i/o.
+
+Notice that this representation means that a bio has no virtual address
+mapping at all (unlike buffer heads).
+
+struct bio_vec {
+ struct page *bv_page;
+ unsigned short bv_len;
+ unsigned short bv_offset;
+};
+
+/*
+ * main unit of I/O for the block layer and lower layers (ie drivers)
+ */
+struct bio {
+ sector_t bi_sector;
+ struct bio *bi_next; /* request queue link */
+ struct block_device *bi_bdev; /* target device */
+ unsigned long bi_flags; /* status, command, etc */
+ unsigned long bi_rw; /* low bits: r/w, high: priority */
+
+ unsigned int bi_vcnt; /* how may bio_vec's */
+ unsigned int bi_idx; /* current index into bio_vec array */
+
+ unsigned int bi_size; /* total size in bytes */
+ unsigned short bi_phys_segments; /* segments after physaddr coalesce*/
+ unsigned short bi_hw_segments; /* segments after DMA remapping */
+ unsigned int bi_max; /* max bio_vecs we can hold
+ used as index into pool */
+ struct bio_vec *bi_io_vec; /* the actual vec list */
+ bio_end_io_t *bi_end_io; /* bi_end_io (bio) */
+ atomic_t bi_cnt; /* pin count: free when it hits zero */
+ void *bi_private;
+ bio_destructor_t *bi_destructor; /* bi_destructor (bio) */
+};
+
+With this multipage bio design:
+
+- Large i/os can be sent down in one go using a bio_vec list consisting
+ of an array of <page, offset, len> fragments (similar to the way fragments
+ are represented in the zero-copy network code)
+- Splitting of an i/o request across multiple devices (as in the case of
+ lvm or raid) is achieved by cloning the bio (where the clone points to
+ the same bi_io_vec array, but with the index and size accordingly modified)
+- A linked list of bios is used as before for unrelated merges (*) - this
+ avoids reallocs and makes independent completions easier to handle.
+- Code that traverses the req list needs to make a distinction between
+ segments of a request (bio_for_each_segment) and the distinct completion
+ units/bios (rq_for_each_bio).
+- Drivers which can't process a large bio in one shot can use the bi_idx
+ field to keep track of the next bio_vec entry to process.
+ (e.g a 1MB bio_vec needs to be handled in max 128kB chunks for IDE)
+ [TBD: Should preferably also have a bi_voffset and bi_vlen to avoid modifying
+ bi_offset an len fields]
+
+(*) unrelated merges -- a request ends up containing two or more bios that
+ didn't originate from the same place.
+
+bi_end_io() i/o callback gets called on i/o completion of the entire bio.
+
+At a lower level, drivers build a scatter gather list from the merged bios.
+The scatter gather list is in the form of an array of <page, offset, len>
+entries with their corresponding dma address mappings filled in at the
+appropriate time. As an optimization, contiguous physical pages can be
+covered by a single entry where <page> refers to the first page and <len>
+covers the range of pages (upto 16 contiguous pages could be covered this
+way). There is a helper routine (blk_rq_map_sg) which drivers can use to build
+the sg list.
+
+Note: Right now the only user of bios with more than one page is ll_rw_kio,
+which in turn means that only raw I/O uses it (direct i/o may not work
+right now). The intent however is to enable clustering of pages etc to
+become possible. The pagebuf abstraction layer from SGI also uses multi-page
+bios, but that is currently not included in the stock development kernels.
+The same is true of Andrew Morton's work-in-progress multipage bio writeout
+and readahead patches.
+
+2.3 Changes in the Request Structure
+
+The request structure is the structure that gets passed down to low level
+drivers. The block layer make_request function builds up a request structure,
+places it on the queue and invokes the drivers request_fn. The driver makes
+use of block layer helper routine elv_next_request to pull the next request
+off the queue. Control or diagnostic functions might bypass block and directly
+invoke underlying driver entry points passing in a specially constructed
+request structure.
+
+Only some relevant fields (mainly those which changed or may be referred
+to in some of the discussion here) are listed below, not necessarily in
+the order in which they occur in the structure (see include/linux/blkdev.h)
+Refer to Documentation/block/request.txt for details about all the request
+structure fields and a quick reference about the layers which are
+supposed to use or modify those fields.
+
+struct request {
+ struct list_head queuelist; /* Not meant to be directly accessed by
+ the driver.
+ Used by q->elv_next_request_fn
+ rq->queue is gone
+ */
+ .
+ .
+ unsigned char cmd[16]; /* prebuilt command data block */
+ unsigned long flags; /* also includes earlier rq->cmd settings */
+ .
+ .
+ sector_t sector; /* this field is now of type sector_t instead of int
+ preparation for 64 bit sectors */
+ .
+ .
+
+ /* Number of scatter-gather DMA addr+len pairs after
+ * physical address coalescing is performed.
+ */
+ unsigned short nr_phys_segments;
+
+ /* Number of scatter-gather addr+len pairs after
+ * physical and DMA remapping hardware coalescing is performed.
+ * This is the number of scatter-gather entries the driver
+ * will actually have to deal with after DMA mapping is done.
+ */
+ unsigned short nr_hw_segments;
+
+ /* Various sector counts */
+ unsigned long nr_sectors; /* no. of sectors left: driver modifiable */
+ unsigned long hard_nr_sectors; /* block internal copy of above */
+ unsigned int current_nr_sectors; /* no. of sectors left in the
+ current segment:driver modifiable */
+ unsigned long hard_cur_sectors; /* block internal copy of the above */
+ .
+ .
+ int tag; /* command tag associated with request */
+ void *special; /* same as before */
+ char *buffer; /* valid only for low memory buffers upto
+ current_nr_sectors */
+ .
+ .
+ struct bio *bio, *biotail; /* bio list instead of bh */
+ struct request_list *rl;
+}
+
+See the rq_flag_bits definitions for an explanation of the various flags
+available. Some bits are used by the block layer or i/o scheduler.
+
+The behaviour of the various sector counts are almost the same as before,
+except that since we have multi-segment bios, current_nr_sectors refers
+to the numbers of sectors in the current segment being processed which could
+be one of the many segments in the current bio (i.e i/o completion unit).
+The nr_sectors value refers to the total number of sectors in the whole
+request that remain to be transferred (no change). The purpose of the
+hard_xxx values is for block to remember these counts every time it hands
+over the request to the driver. These values are updated by block on
+end_that_request_first, i.e. every time the driver completes a part of the
+transfer and invokes block end*request helpers to mark this. The
+driver should not modify these values. The block layer sets up the
+nr_sectors and current_nr_sectors fields (based on the corresponding
+hard_xxx values and the number of bytes transferred) and updates it on
+every transfer that invokes end_that_request_first. It does the same for the
+buffer, bio, bio->bi_idx fields too.
+
+The buffer field is just a virtual address mapping of the current segment
+of the i/o buffer in cases where the buffer resides in low-memory. For high
+memory i/o, this field is not valid and must not be used by drivers.
+
+Code that sets up its own request structures and passes them down to
+a driver needs to be careful about interoperation with the block layer helper
+functions which the driver uses. (Section 1.3)
+
+3. Using bios
+
+3.1 Setup/Teardown
+
+There are routines for managing the allocation, and reference counting, and
+freeing of bios (bio_alloc, bio_get, bio_put).
+
+This makes use of Ingo Molnar's mempool implementation, which enables
+subsystems like bio to maintain their own reserve memory pools for guaranteed
+deadlock-free allocations during extreme VM load. For example, the VM
+subsystem makes use of the block layer to writeout dirty pages in order to be
+able to free up memory space, a case which needs careful handling. The
+allocation logic draws from the preallocated emergency reserve in situations
+where it cannot allocate through normal means. If the pool is empty and it
+can wait, then it would trigger action that would help free up memory or
+replenish the pool (without deadlocking) and wait for availability in the pool.
+If it is in IRQ context, and hence not in a position to do this, allocation
+could fail if the pool is empty. In general mempool always first tries to
+perform allocation without having to wait, even if it means digging into the
+pool as long it is not less that 50% full.
+
+On a free, memory is released to the pool or directly freed depending on
+the current availability in the pool. The mempool interface lets the
+subsystem specify the routines to be used for normal alloc and free. In the
+case of bio, these routines make use of the standard slab allocator.
+
+The caller of bio_alloc is expected to taken certain steps to avoid
+deadlocks, e.g. avoid trying to allocate more memory from the pool while
+already holding memory obtained from the pool.
+[TBD: This is a potential issue, though a rare possibility
+ in the bounce bio allocation that happens in the current code, since
+ it ends up allocating a second bio from the same pool while
+ holding the original bio ]
+
+Memory allocated from the pool should be released back within a limited
+amount of time (in the case of bio, that would be after the i/o is completed).
+This ensures that if part of the pool has been used up, some work (in this
+case i/o) must already be in progress and memory would be available when it
+is over. If allocating from multiple pools in the same code path, the order
+or hierarchy of allocation needs to be consistent, just the way one deals
+with multiple locks.
+
+The bio_alloc routine also needs to allocate the bio_vec_list (bvec_alloc())
+for a non-clone bio. There are the 6 pools setup for different size biovecs,
+so bio_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs) will allocate a vec_list of the
+given size from these slabs.
+
+The bi_destructor() routine takes into account the possibility of the bio
+having originated from a different source (see later discussions on
+n/w to block transfers and kvec_cb)
+
+The bio_get() routine may be used to hold an extra reference on a bio prior
+to i/o submission, if the bio fields are likely to be accessed after the
+i/o is issued (since the bio may otherwise get freed in case i/o completion
+happens in the meantime).
+
+The bio_clone() routine may be used to duplicate a bio, where the clone
+shares the bio_vec_list with the original bio (i.e. both point to the
+same bio_vec_list). This would typically be used for splitting i/o requests
+in lvm or md.
+
+3.2 Generic bio helper Routines
+
+3.2.1 Traversing segments and completion units in a request
+
+The macros bio_for_each_segment() and rq_for_each_bio() should be used for
+traversing the bios in the request list (drivers should avoid directly
+trying to do it themselves). Using these helpers should also make it easier
+to cope with block changes in the future.
+
+ rq_for_each_bio(bio, rq)
+ bio_for_each_segment(bio_vec, bio, i)
+ /* bio_vec is now current segment */
+
+I/O completion callbacks are per-bio rather than per-segment, so drivers
+that traverse bio chains on completion need to keep that in mind. Drivers
+which don't make a distinction between segments and completion units would
+need to be reorganized to support multi-segment bios.
+
+3.2.2 Setting up DMA scatterlists
+
+The blk_rq_map_sg() helper routine would be used for setting up scatter
+gather lists from a request, so a driver need not do it on its own.
+
+ nr_segments = blk_rq_map_sg(q, rq, scatterlist);
+
+The helper routine provides a level of abstraction which makes it easier
+to modify the internals of request to scatterlist conversion down the line
+without breaking drivers. The blk_rq_map_sg routine takes care of several
+things like collapsing physically contiguous segments (if QUEUE_FLAG_CLUSTER
+is set) and correct segment accounting to avoid exceeding the limits which
+the i/o hardware can handle, based on various queue properties.
+
+- Prevents a clustered segment from crossing a 4GB mem boundary
+- Avoids building segments that would exceed the number of physical
+ memory segments that the driver can handle (phys_segments) and the
+ number that the underlying hardware can handle at once, accounting for
+ DMA remapping (hw_segments) (i.e. IOMMU aware limits).
+
+Routines which the low level driver can use to set up the segment limits:
+
+blk_queue_max_hw_segments() : Sets an upper limit of the maximum number of
+hw data segments in a request (i.e. the maximum number of address/length
+pairs the host adapter can actually hand to the device at once)
+
+blk_queue_max_phys_segments() : Sets an upper limit on the maximum number
+of physical data segments in a request (i.e. the largest sized scatter list
+a driver could handle)
+
+3.2.3 I/O completion
+
+The existing generic block layer helper routines end_request,
+end_that_request_first and end_that_request_last can be used for i/o
+completion (and setting things up so the rest of the i/o or the next
+request can be kicked of) as before. With the introduction of multi-page
+bio support, end_that_request_first requires an additional argument indicating
+the number of sectors completed.
+
+3.2.4 Implications for drivers that do not interpret bios (don't handle
+ multiple segments)
+
+Drivers that do not interpret bios e.g those which do not handle multiple
+segments and do not support i/o into high memory addresses (require bounce
+buffers) and expect only virtually mapped buffers, can access the rq->buffer
+field. As before the driver should use current_nr_sectors to determine the
+size of remaining data in the current segment (that is the maximum it can
+transfer in one go unless it interprets segments), and rely on the block layer
+end_request, or end_that_request_first/last to take care of all accounting
+and transparent mapping of the next bio segment when a segment boundary
+is crossed on completion of a transfer. (The end*request* functions should
+be used if only if the request has come down from block/bio path, not for
+direct access requests which only specify rq->buffer without a valid rq->bio)
+
+3.2.5 Generic request command tagging
+
+3.2.5.1 Tag helpers
+
+Block now offers some simple generic functionality to help support command
+queueing (typically known as tagged command queueing), ie manage more than
+one outstanding command on a queue at any given time.
+
+ blk_queue_init_tags(request_queue_t *q, int depth)
+
+ Initialize internal command tagging structures for a maximum
+ depth of 'depth'.
+
+ blk_queue_free_tags((request_queue_t *q)
+
+ Teardown tag info associated with the queue. This will be done
+ automatically by block if blk_queue_cleanup() is called on a queue
+ that is using tagging.
+
+The above are initialization and exit management, the main helpers during
+normal operations are:
+
+ blk_queue_start_tag(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
+
+ Start tagged operation for this request. A free tag number between
+ 0 and 'depth' is assigned to the request (rq->tag holds this number),
+ and 'rq' is added to the internal tag management. If the maximum depth
+ for this queue is already achieved (or if the tag wasn't started for
+ some other reason), 1 is returned. Otherwise 0 is returned.
+
+ blk_queue_end_tag(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
+
+ End tagged operation on this request. 'rq' is removed from the internal
+ book keeping structures.
+
+To minimize struct request and queue overhead, the tag helpers utilize some
+of the same request members that are used for normal request queue management.
+This means that a request cannot both be an active tag and be on the queue
+list at the same time. blk_queue_start_tag() will remove the request, but
+the driver must remember to call blk_queue_end_tag() before signalling
+completion of the request to the block layer. This means ending tag
+operations before calling end_that_request_last()! For an example of a user
+of these helpers, see the IDE tagged command queueing support.
+
+Certain hardware conditions may dictate a need to invalidate the block tag
+queue. For instance, on IDE any tagged request error needs to clear both
+the hardware and software block queue and enable the driver to sanely restart
+all the outstanding requests. There's a third helper to do that:
+
+ blk_queue_invalidate_tags(request_queue_t *q)
+
+ Clear the internal block tag queue and readd all the pending requests
+ to the request queue. The driver will receive them again on the
+ next request_fn run, just like it did the first time it encountered
+ them.
+
+3.2.5.2 Tag info
+
+Some block functions exist to query current tag status or to go from a
+tag number to the associated request. These are, in no particular order:
+
+ blk_queue_tagged(q)
+
+ Returns 1 if the queue 'q' is using tagging, 0 if not.
+
+ blk_queue_tag_request(q, tag)
+
+ Returns a pointer to the request associated with tag 'tag'.
+
+ blk_queue_tag_depth(q)
+
+ Return current queue depth.
+
+ blk_queue_tag_queue(q)
+
+ Returns 1 if the queue can accept a new queued command, 0 if we are
+ at the maximum depth already.
+
+ blk_queue_rq_tagged(rq)
+
+ Returns 1 if the request 'rq' is tagged.
+
+3.2.5.2 Internal structure
+
+Internally, block manages tags in the blk_queue_tag structure:
+
+ struct blk_queue_tag {
+ struct request **tag_index; /* array or pointers to rq */
+ unsigned long *tag_map; /* bitmap of free tags */
+ struct list_head busy_list; /* fifo list of busy tags */
+ int busy; /* queue depth */
+ int max_depth; /* max queue depth */
+ };
+
+Most of the above is simple and straight forward, however busy_list may need
+a bit of explaining. Normally we don't care too much about request ordering,
+but in the event of any barrier requests in the tag queue we need to ensure
+that requests are restarted in the order they were queue. This may happen
+if the driver needs to use blk_queue_invalidate_tags().
+
+Tagging also defines a new request flag, REQ_QUEUED. This is set whenever
+a request is currently tagged. You should not use this flag directly,
+blk_rq_tagged(rq) is the portable way to do so.
+
+3.3 I/O Submission
+
+The routine submit_bio() is used to submit a single io. Higher level i/o
+routines make use of this:
+
+(a) Buffered i/o:
+The routine submit_bh() invokes submit_bio() on a bio corresponding to the
+bh, allocating the bio if required. ll_rw_block() uses submit_bh() as before.
+
+(b) Kiobuf i/o (for raw/direct i/o):
+The ll_rw_kio() routine breaks up the kiobuf into page sized chunks and
+maps the array to one or more multi-page bios, issuing submit_bio() to
+perform the i/o on each of these.
+
+The embedded bh array in the kiobuf structure has been removed and no
+preallocation of bios is done for kiobufs. [The intent is to remove the
+blocks array as well, but it's currently in there to kludge around direct i/o.]
+Thus kiobuf allocation has switched back to using kmalloc rather than vmalloc.
+
+Todo/Observation:
+
+ A single kiobuf structure is assumed to correspond to a contiguous range
+ of data, so brw_kiovec() invokes ll_rw_kio for each kiobuf in a kiovec.
+ So right now it wouldn't work for direct i/o on non-contiguous blocks.
+ This is to be resolved. The eventual direction is to replace kiobuf
+ by kvec's.
+
+ Badari Pulavarty has a patch to implement direct i/o correctly using
+ bio and kvec.
+
+
+(c) Page i/o:
+Todo/Under discussion:
+
+ Andrew Morton's multi-page bio patches attempt to issue multi-page
+ writeouts (and reads) from the page cache, by directly building up
+ large bios for submission completely bypassing the usage of buffer
+ heads. This work is still in progress.
+
+ Christoph Hellwig had some code that uses bios for page-io (rather than
+ bh). This isn't included in bio as yet. Christoph was also working on a
+ design for representing virtual/real extents as an entity and modifying
+ some of the address space ops interfaces to utilize this abstraction rather
+ than buffer_heads. (This is somewhat along the lines of the SGI XFS pagebuf
+ abstraction, but intended to be as lightweight as possible).
+
+(d) Direct access i/o:
+Direct access requests that do not contain bios would be submitted differently
+as discussed earlier in section 1.3.
+
+Aside:
+
+ Kvec i/o:
+
+ Ben LaHaise's aio code uses a slighly different structure instead
+ of kiobufs, called a kvec_cb. This contains an array of <page, offset, len>
+ tuples (very much like the networking code), together with a callback function
+ and data pointer. This is embedded into a brw_cb structure when passed
+ to brw_kvec_async().
+
+ Now it should be possible to directly map these kvecs to a bio. Just as while
+ cloning, in this case rather than PRE_BUILT bio_vecs, we set the bi_io_vec
+ array pointer to point to the veclet array in kvecs.
+
+ TBD: In order for this to work, some changes are needed in the way multi-page
+ bios are handled today. The values of the tuples in such a vector passed in
+ from higher level code should not be modified by the block layer in the course
+ of its request processing, since that would make it hard for the higher layer
+ to continue to use the vector descriptor (kvec) after i/o completes. Instead,
+ all such transient state should either be maintained in the request structure,
+ and passed on in some way to the endio completion routine.
+
+
+4. The I/O scheduler
+I/O schedulers are now per queue. They should be runtime switchable and modular
+but aren't yet. Jens has most bits to do this, but the sysfs implementation is
+missing.
+
+A block layer call to the i/o scheduler follows the convention elv_xxx(). This
+calls elevator_xxx_fn in the elevator switch (drivers/block/elevator.c). Oh,
+xxx and xxx might not match exactly, but use your imagination. If an elevator
+doesn't implement a function, the switch does nothing or some minimal house
+keeping work.
+
+4.1. I/O scheduler API
+
+The functions an elevator may implement are: (* are mandatory)
+elevator_merge_fn called to query requests for merge with a bio
+
+elevator_merge_req_fn " " " with another request
+
+elevator_merged_fn called when a request in the scheduler has been
+ involved in a merge. It is used in the deadline
+ scheduler for example, to reposition the request
+ if its sorting order has changed.
+
+*elevator_next_req_fn returns the next scheduled request, or NULL
+ if there are none (or none are ready).
+
+*elevator_add_req_fn called to add a new request into the scheduler
+
+elevator_queue_empty_fn returns true if the merge queue is empty.
+ Drivers shouldn't use this, but rather check
+ if elv_next_request is NULL (without losing the
+ request if one exists!)
+
+elevator_remove_req_fn This is called when a driver claims ownership of
+ the target request - it now belongs to the
+ driver. It must not be modified or merged.
+ Drivers must not lose the request! A subsequent
+ call of elevator_next_req_fn must return the
+ _next_ request.
+
+elevator_requeue_req_fn called to add a request to the scheduler. This
+ is used when the request has alrnadebeen
+ returned by elv_next_request, but hasn't
+ completed. If this is not implemented then
+ elevator_add_req_fn is called instead.
+
+elevator_former_req_fn
+elevator_latter_req_fn These return the request before or after the
+ one specified in disk sort order. Used by the
+ block layer to find merge possibilities.
+
+elevator_completed_req_fn called when a request is completed. This might
+ come about due to being merged with another or
+ when the device completes the request.
+
+elevator_may_queue_fn returns true if the scheduler wants to allow the
+ current context to queue a new request even if
+ it is over the queue limit. This must be used
+ very carefully!!
+
+elevator_set_req_fn
+elevator_put_req_fn Must be used to allocate and free any elevator
+ specific storate for a request.
+
+elevator_init_fn
+elevator_exit_fn Allocate and free any elevator specific storage
+ for a queue.
+
+4.2 I/O scheduler implementation
+The generic i/o scheduler algorithm attempts to sort/merge/batch requests for
+optimal disk scan and request servicing performance (based on generic
+principles and device capabilities), optimized for:
+i. improved throughput
+ii. improved latency
+iii. better utilization of h/w & CPU time
+
+Characteristics:
+
+i. Binary tree
+AS and deadline i/o schedulers use red black binary trees for disk position
+sorting and searching, and a fifo linked list for time-based searching. This
+gives good scalability and good availablility of information. Requests are
+almost always dispatched in disk sort order, so a cache is kept of the next
+request in sort order to prevent binary tree lookups.
+
+This arrangement is not a generic block layer characteristic however, so
+elevators may implement queues as they please.
+
+ii. Last merge hint
+The last merge hint is part of the generic queue layer. I/O schedulers must do
+some management on it. For the most part, the most important thing is to make
+sure q->last_merge is cleared (set to NULL) when the request on it is no longer
+a candidate for merging (for example if it has been sent to the driver).
+
+The last merge performed is cached as a hint for the subsequent request. If
+sequential data is being submitted, the hint is used to perform merges without
+any scanning. This is not sufficient when there are multiple processes doing
+I/O though, so a "merge hash" is used by some schedulers.
+
+iii. Merge hash
+AS and deadline use a hash table indexed by the last sector of a request. This
+enables merging code to quickly look up "back merge" candidates, even when
+multiple I/O streams are being performed at once on one disk.
+
+"Front merges", a new request being merged at the front of an existing request,
+are far less common than "back merges" due to the nature of most I/O patterns.
+Front merges are handled by the binary trees in AS and deadline schedulers.
+
+iv. Handling barrier cases
+A request with flags REQ_HARDBARRIER or REQ_SOFTBARRIER must not be ordered
+around. That is, they must be processed after all older requests, and before
+any newer ones. This includes merges!
+
+In AS and deadline schedulers, barriers have the effect of flushing the reorder
+queue. The performance cost of this will vary from nothing to a lot depending
+on i/o patterns and device characteristics. Obviously they won't improve
+performance, so their use should be kept to a minimum.
+
+v. Handling insertion position directives
+A request may be inserted with a position directive. The directives are one of
+ELEVATOR_INSERT_BACK, ELEVATOR_INSERT_FRONT, ELEVATOR_INSERT_SORT.
+
+ELEVATOR_INSERT_SORT is a general directive for non-barrier requests.
+ELEVATOR_INSERT_BACK is used to insert a barrier to the back of the queue.
+ELEVATOR_INSERT_FRONT is used to insert a barrier to the front of the queue, and
+overrides the ordering requested by any previous barriers. In practice this is
+harmless and required, because it is used for SCSI requeueing. This does not
+require flushing the reorder queue, so does not impose a performance penalty.
+
+vi. Plugging the queue to batch requests in anticipation of opportunities for
+ merge/sort optimizations
+
+This is just the same as in 2.4 so far, though per-device unplugging
+support is anticipated for 2.5. Also with a priority-based i/o scheduler,
+such decisions could be based on request priorities.
+
+Plugging is an approach that the current i/o scheduling algorithm resorts to so
+that it collects up enough requests in the queue to be able to take
+advantage of the sorting/merging logic in the elevator. If the
+queue is empty when a request comes in, then it plugs the request queue
+(sort of like plugging the bottom of a vessel to get fluid to build up)
+till it fills up with a few more requests, before starting to service
+the requests. This provides an opportunity to merge/sort the requests before
+passing them down to the device. There are various conditions when the queue is
+unplugged (to open up the flow again), either through a scheduled task or
+could be on demand. For example wait_on_buffer sets the unplugging going
+(by running tq_disk) so the read gets satisfied soon. So in the read case,
+the queue gets explicitly unplugged as part of waiting for completion,
+in fact all queues get unplugged as a side-effect.
+
+Aside:
+ This is kind of controversial territory, as it's not clear if plugging is
+ always the right thing to do. Devices typically have their own queues,
+ and allowing a big queue to build up in software, while letting the device be
+ idle for a while may not always make sense. The trick is to handle the fine
+ balance between when to plug and when to open up. Also now that we have
+ multi-page bios being queued in one shot, we may not need to wait to merge
+ a big request from the broken up pieces coming by.
+
+ Per-queue granularity unplugging (still a Todo) may help reduce some of the
+ concerns with just a single tq_disk flush approach. Something like
+ blk_kick_queue() to unplug a specific queue (right away ?)
+ or optionally, all queues, is in the plan.
+
+4.3 I/O contexts
+I/O contexts provide a dynamically allocated per process data area. They may
+be used in I/O schedulers, and in the block layer (could be used for IO statis,
+priorities for example). See *io_context in drivers/block/ll_rw_blk.c, and
+as-iosched.c for an example of usage in an i/o scheduler.
+
+
+5. Scalability related changes
+
+5.1 Granular Locking: io_request_lock replaced by a per-queue lock
+
+The global io_request_lock has been removed as of 2.5, to avoid
+the scalability bottleneck it was causing, and has been replaced by more
+granular locking. The request queue structure has a pointer to the
+lock to be used for that queue. As a result, locking can now be
+per-queue, with a provision for sharing a lock across queues if
+necessary (e.g the scsi layer sets the queue lock pointers to the
+corresponding adapter lock, which results in a per host locking
+granularity). The locking semantics are the same, i.e. locking is
+still imposed by the block layer, grabbing the lock before
+request_fn execution which it means that lots of older drivers
+should still be SMP safe. Drivers are free to drop the queue
+lock themselves, if required. Drivers that explicitly used the
+io_request_lock for serialization need to be modified accordingly.
+Usually it's as easy as adding a global lock:
+
+ static spinlock_t my_driver_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
+
+and passing the address to that lock to blk_init_queue().
+
+5.2 64 bit sector numbers (sector_t prepares for 64 bit support)
+
+The sector number used in the bio structure has been changed to sector_t,
+which could be defined as 64 bit in preparation for 64 bit sector support.
+
+6. Other Changes/Implications
+
+6.1 Partition re-mapping handled by the generic block layer
+
+In 2.5 some of the gendisk/partition related code has been reorganized.
+Now the generic block layer performs partition-remapping early and thus
+provides drivers with a sector number relative to whole device, rather than
+having to take partition number into account in order to arrive at the true
+sector number. The routine blk_partition_remap() is invoked by
+generic_make_request even before invoking the queue specific make_request_fn,
+so the i/o scheduler also gets to operate on whole disk sector numbers. This
+should typically not require changes to block drivers, it just never gets
+to invoke its own partition sector offset calculations since all bios
+sent are offset from the beginning of the device.
+
+
+7. A Few Tips on Migration of older drivers
+
+Old-style drivers that just use CURRENT and ignores clustered requests,
+may not need much change. The generic layer will automatically handle
+clustered requests, multi-page bios, etc for the driver.
+
+For a low performance driver or hardware that is PIO driven or just doesn't
+support scatter-gather changes should be minimal too.
+
+The following are some points to keep in mind when converting old drivers
+to bio.
+
+Drivers should use elv_next_request to pick up requests and are no longer
+supposed to handle looping directly over the request list.
+(struct request->queue has been removed)
+
+Now end_that_request_first takes an additional number_of_sectors argument.
+It used to handle always just the first buffer_head in a request, now
+it will loop and handle as many sectors (on a bio-segment granularity)
+as specified.
+
+Now bh->b_end_io is replaced by bio->bi_end_io, but most of the time the
+right thing to use is bio_endio(bio, uptodate) instead.
+
+If the driver is dropping the io_request_lock from its request_fn strategy,
+then it just needs to replace that with q->queue_lock instead.
+
+As described in Sec 1.1, drivers can set max sector size, max segment size
+etc per queue now. Drivers that used to define their own merge functions i
+to handle things like this can now just use the blk_queue_* functions at
+blk_init_queue time.
+
+Drivers no longer have to map a {partition, sector offset} into the
+correct absolute location anymore, this is done by the block layer, so
+where a driver received a request ala this before:
+
+ rq->rq_dev = mk_kdev(3, 5); /* /dev/hda5 */
+ rq->sector = 0; /* first sector on hda5 */
+
+ it will now see
+
+ rq->rq_dev = mk_kdev(3, 0); /* /dev/hda */
+ rq->sector = 123128; /* offset from start of disk */
+
+As mentioned, there is no virtual mapping of a bio. For DMA, this is
+not a problem as the driver probably never will need a virtual mapping.
+Instead it needs a bus mapping (pci_map_page for a single segment or
+use blk_rq_map_sg for scatter gather) to be able to ship it to the driver. For
+PIO drivers (or drivers that need to revert to PIO transfer once in a
+while (IDE for example)), where the CPU is doing the actual data
+transfer a virtual mapping is needed. If the driver supports highmem I/O,
+(Sec 1.1, (ii) ) it needs to use __bio_kmap_atomic and bio_kmap_irq to
+temporarily map a bio into the virtual address space.
+
+
+8. Prior/Related/Impacted patches
+
+8.1. Earlier kiobuf patches (sct/axboe/chait/hch/mkp)
+- orig kiobuf & raw i/o patches (now in 2.4 tree)
+- direct kiobuf based i/o to devices (no intermediate bh's)
+- page i/o using kiobuf
+- kiobuf splitting for lvm (mkp)
+- elevator support for kiobuf request merging (axboe)
+8.2. Zero-copy networking (Dave Miller)
+8.3. SGI XFS - pagebuf patches - use of kiobufs
+8.4. Multi-page pioent patch for bio (Christoph Hellwig)
+8.5. Direct i/o implementation (Andrea Arcangeli) since 2.4.10-pre11
+8.6. Async i/o implementation patch (Ben LaHaise)
+8.7. EVMS layering design (IBM EVMS team)
+8.8. Larger page cache size patch (Ben LaHaise) and
+ Large page size (Daniel Phillips)
+ => larger contiguous physical memory buffers
+8.9. VM reservations patch (Ben LaHaise)
+8.10. Write clustering patches ? (Marcelo/Quintela/Riel ?)
+8.11. Block device in page cache patch (Andrea Archangeli) - now in 2.4.10+
+8.12. Multiple block-size transfers for faster raw i/o (Shailabh Nagar,
+ Badari)
+8.13 Priority based i/o scheduler - prepatches (Arjan van de Ven)
+8.14 IDE Taskfile i/o patch (Andre Hedrick)
+8.15 Multi-page writeout and readahead patches (Andrew Morton)
+8.16 Direct i/o patches for 2.5 using kvec and bio (Badari Pulavarthy)
+
+9. Other References:
+
+9.1 The Splice I/O Model - Larry McVoy (and subsequent discussions on lkml,
+and Linus' comments - Jan 2001)
+9.2 Discussions about kiobuf and bh design on lkml between sct, linus, alan
+et al - Feb-March 2001 (many of the initial thoughts that led to bio were
+brought up in this discusion thread)
+9.3 Discussions on mempool on lkml - Dec 2001.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt b/Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c918b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+Deadline IO scheduler tunables
+==============================
+
+This little file attempts to document how the deadline io scheduler works.
+In particular, it will clarify the meaning of the exposed tunables that may be
+of interest to power users.
+
+Each io queue has a set of io scheduler tunables associated with it. These
+tunables control how the io scheduler works. You can find these entries
+in:
+
+/sys/block/<device>/queue/iosched
+
+assuming that you have sysfs mounted on /sys. If you don't have sysfs mounted,
+you can do so by typing:
+
+# mount none /sys -t sysfs
+
+
+********************************************************************************
+
+
+read_expire (in ms)
+-----------
+
+The goal of the deadline io scheduler is to attempt to guarentee a start
+service time for a request. As we focus mainly on read latencies, this is
+tunable. When a read request first enters the io scheduler, it is assigned
+a deadline that is the current time + the read_expire value in units of
+miliseconds.
+
+
+write_expire (in ms)
+-----------
+
+Similar to read_expire mentioned above, but for writes.
+
+
+fifo_batch
+----------
+
+When a read request expires its deadline, we must move some requests from
+the sorted io scheduler list to the block device dispatch queue. fifo_batch
+controls how many requests we move, based on the cost of each request. A
+request is either qualified as a seek or a stream. The io scheduler knows
+the last request that was serviced by the drive (or will be serviced right
+before this one). See seek_cost and stream_unit.
+
+
+write_starved (number of dispatches)
+-------------
+
+When we have to move requests from the io scheduler queue to the block
+device dispatch queue, we always give a preference to reads. However, we
+don't want to starve writes indefinitely either. So writes_starved controls
+how many times we give preference to reads over writes. When that has been
+done writes_starved number of times, we dispatch some writes based on the
+same criteria as reads.
+
+
+front_merges (bool)
+------------
+
+Sometimes it happens that a request enters the io scheduler that is contigious
+with a request that is already on the queue. Either it fits in the back of that
+request, or it fits at the front. That is called either a back merge candidate
+or a front merge candidate. Due to the way files are typically laid out,
+back merges are much more common than front merges. For some work loads, you
+may even know that it is a waste of time to spend any time attempting to
+front merge requests. Setting front_merges to 0 disables this functionality.
+Front merges may still occur due to the cached last_merge hint, but since
+that comes at basically 0 cost we leave that on. We simply disable the
+rbtree front sector lookup when the io scheduler merge function is called.
+
+
+Nov 11 2002, Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/block/request.txt b/Documentation/block/request.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75924e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/block/request.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+
+struct request documentation
+
+Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de> 27/05/02
+
+1.0
+Index
+
+2.0 Struct request members classification
+
+ 2.1 struct request members explanation
+
+3.0
+
+
+2.0
+Short explanation of request members
+
+Classification flags:
+
+ D driver member
+ B block layer member
+ I I/O scheduler member
+
+Unless an entry contains a D classification, a device driver must not access
+this member. Some members may contain D classifications, but should only be
+access through certain macros or functions (eg ->flags).
+
+<linux/blkdev.h>
+
+2.1
+Member Flag Comment
+------ ---- -------
+
+struct list_head queuelist BI Organization on various internal
+ queues
+
+void *elevator_private I I/O scheduler private data
+
+unsigned char cmd[16] D Driver can use this for setting up
+ a cdb before execution, see
+ blk_queue_prep_rq
+
+unsigned long flags DBI Contains info about data direction,
+ request type, etc.
+
+int rq_status D Request status bits
+
+kdev_t rq_dev DBI Target device
+
+int errors DB Error counts
+
+sector_t sector DBI Target location
+
+unsigned long hard_nr_sectors B Used to keep sector sane
+
+unsigned long nr_sectors DBI Total number of sectors in request
+
+unsigned long hard_nr_sectors B Used to keep nr_sectors sane
+
+unsigned short nr_phys_segments DB Number of physical scatter gather
+ segments in a request
+
+unsigned short nr_hw_segments DB Number of hardware scatter gather
+ segments in a request
+
+unsigned int current_nr_sectors DB Number of sectors in first segment
+ of request
+
+unsigned int hard_cur_sectors B Used to keep current_nr_sectors sane
+
+int tag DB TCQ tag, if assigned
+
+void *special D Free to be used by driver
+
+char *buffer D Map of first segment, also see
+ section on bouncing SECTION
+
+struct completion *waiting D Can be used by driver to get signalled
+ on request completion
+
+struct bio *bio DBI First bio in request
+
+struct bio *biotail DBI Last bio in request
+
+request_queue_t *q DB Request queue this request belongs to
+
+struct request_list *rl B Request list this request came from
diff --git a/Documentation/cachetlb.txt b/Documentation/cachetlb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e132fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cachetlb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+ Cache and TLB Flushing
+ Under Linux
+
+ David S. Miller <davem@redhat.com>
+
+This document describes the cache/tlb flushing interfaces called
+by the Linux VM subsystem. It enumerates over each interface,
+describes it's intended purpose, and what side effect is expected
+after the interface is invoked.
+
+The side effects described below are stated for a uniprocessor
+implementation, and what is to happen on that single processor. The
+SMP cases are a simple extension, in that you just extend the
+definition such that the side effect for a particular interface occurs
+on all processors in the system. Don't let this scare you into
+thinking SMP cache/tlb flushing must be so inefficient, this is in
+fact an area where many optimizations are possible. For example,
+if it can be proven that a user address space has never executed
+on a cpu (see vma->cpu_vm_mask), one need not perform a flush
+for this address space on that cpu.
+
+First, the TLB flushing interfaces, since they are the simplest. The
+"TLB" is abstracted under Linux as something the cpu uses to cache
+virtual-->physical address translations obtained from the software
+page tables. Meaning that if the software page tables change, it is
+possible for stale translations to exist in this "TLB" cache.
+Therefore when software page table changes occur, the kernel will
+invoke one of the following flush methods _after_ the page table
+changes occur:
+
+1) void flush_tlb_all(void)
+
+ The most severe flush of all. After this interface runs,
+ any previous page table modification whatsoever will be
+ visible to the cpu.
+
+ This is usually invoked when the kernel page tables are
+ changed, since such translations are "global" in nature.
+
+2) void flush_tlb_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
+
+ This interface flushes an entire user address space from
+ the TLB. After running, this interface must make sure that
+ any previous page table modifications for the address space
+ 'mm' will be visible to the cpu. That is, after running,
+ there will be no entries in the TLB for 'mm'.
+
+ This interface is used to handle whole address space
+ page table operations such as what happens during
+ fork, and exec.
+
+ Platform developers note that generic code will always
+ invoke this interface without mm->page_table_lock held.
+
+3) void flush_tlb_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+ unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
+
+ Here we are flushing a specific range of (user) virtual
+ address translations from the TLB. After running, this
+ interface must make sure that any previous page table
+ modifications for the address space 'vma->vm_mm' in the range
+ 'start' to 'end-1' will be visible to the cpu. That is, after
+ running, here will be no entries in the TLB for 'mm' for
+ virtual addresses in the range 'start' to 'end-1'.
+
+ The "vma" is the backing store being used for the region.
+ Primarily, this is used for munmap() type operations.
+
+ The interface is provided in hopes that the port can find
+ a suitably efficient method for removing multiple page
+ sized translations from the TLB, instead of having the kernel
+ call flush_tlb_page (see below) for each entry which may be
+ modified.
+
+ Platform developers note that generic code will always
+ invoke this interface with mm->page_table_lock held.
+
+4) void flush_tlb_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr)
+
+ This time we need to remove the PAGE_SIZE sized translation
+ from the TLB. The 'vma' is the backing structure used by
+ Linux to keep track of mmap'd regions for a process, the
+ address space is available via vma->vm_mm. Also, one may
+ test (vma->vm_flags & VM_EXEC) to see if this region is
+ executable (and thus could be in the 'instruction TLB' in
+ split-tlb type setups).
+
+ After running, this interface must make sure that any previous
+ page table modification for address space 'vma->vm_mm' for
+ user virtual address 'addr' will be visible to the cpu. That
+ is, after running, there will be no entries in the TLB for
+ 'vma->vm_mm' for virtual address 'addr'.
+
+ This is used primarily during fault processing.
+
+ Platform developers note that generic code will always
+ invoke this interface with mm->page_table_lock held.
+
+5) void flush_tlb_pgtables(struct mm_struct *mm,
+ unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
+
+ The software page tables for address space 'mm' for virtual
+ addresses in the range 'start' to 'end-1' are being torn down.
+
+ Some platforms cache the lowest level of the software page tables
+ in a linear virtually mapped array, to make TLB miss processing
+ more efficient. On such platforms, since the TLB is caching the
+ software page table structure, it needs to be flushed when parts
+ of the software page table tree are unlinked/freed.
+
+ Sparc64 is one example of a platform which does this.
+
+ Usually, when munmap()'ing an area of user virtual address
+ space, the kernel leaves the page table parts around and just
+ marks the individual pte's as invalid. However, if very large
+ portions of the address space are unmapped, the kernel frees up
+ those portions of the software page tables to prevent potential
+ excessive kernel memory usage caused by erratic mmap/mmunmap
+ sequences. It is at these times that flush_tlb_pgtables will
+ be invoked.
+
+6) void update_mmu_cache(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+ unsigned long address, pte_t pte)
+
+ At the end of every page fault, this routine is invoked to
+ tell the architecture specific code that a translation
+ described by "pte" now exists at virtual address "address"
+ for address space "vma->vm_mm", in the software page tables.
+
+ A port may use this information in any way it so chooses.
+ For example, it could use this event to pre-load TLB
+ translations for software managed TLB configurations.
+ The sparc64 port currently does this.
+
+7) void tlb_migrate_finish(struct mm_struct *mm)
+
+ This interface is called at the end of an explicit
+ process migration. This interface provides a hook
+ to allow a platform to update TLB or context-specific
+ information for the address space.
+
+ The ia64 sn2 platform is one example of a platform
+ that uses this interface.
+
+8) void lazy_mmu_prot_update(pte_t pte)
+ This interface is called whenever the protection on
+ any user PTEs change. This interface provides a notification
+ to architecture specific code to take appropiate action.
+
+
+Next, we have the cache flushing interfaces. In general, when Linux
+is changing an existing virtual-->physical mapping to a new value,
+the sequence will be in one of the following forms:
+
+ 1) flush_cache_mm(mm);
+ change_all_page_tables_of(mm);
+ flush_tlb_mm(mm);
+
+ 2) flush_cache_range(vma, start, end);
+ change_range_of_page_tables(mm, start, end);
+ flush_tlb_range(vma, start, end);
+
+ 3) flush_cache_page(vma, addr, pfn);
+ set_pte(pte_pointer, new_pte_val);
+ flush_tlb_page(vma, addr);
+
+The cache level flush will always be first, because this allows
+us to properly handle systems whose caches are strict and require
+a virtual-->physical translation to exist for a virtual address
+when that virtual address is flushed from the cache. The HyperSparc
+cpu is one such cpu with this attribute.
+
+The cache flushing routines below need only deal with cache flushing
+to the extent that it is necessary for a particular cpu. Mostly,
+these routines must be implemented for cpus which have virtually
+indexed caches which must be flushed when virtual-->physical
+translations are changed or removed. So, for example, the physically
+indexed physically tagged caches of IA32 processors have no need to
+implement these interfaces since the caches are fully synchronized
+and have no dependency on translation information.
+
+Here are the routines, one by one:
+
+1) void flush_cache_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
+
+ This interface flushes an entire user address space from
+ the caches. That is, after running, there will be no cache
+ lines associated with 'mm'.
+
+ This interface is used to handle whole address space
+ page table operations such as what happens during
+ fork, exit, and exec.
+
+2) void flush_cache_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+ unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
+
+ Here we are flushing a specific range of (user) virtual
+ addresses from the cache. After running, there will be no
+ entries in the cache for 'vma->vm_mm' for virtual addresses in
+ the range 'start' to 'end-1'.
+
+ The "vma" is the backing store being used for the region.
+ Primarily, this is used for munmap() type operations.
+
+ The interface is provided in hopes that the port can find
+ a suitably efficient method for removing multiple page
+ sized regions from the cache, instead of having the kernel
+ call flush_cache_page (see below) for each entry which may be
+ modified.
+
+3) void flush_cache_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr, unsigned long pfn)
+
+ This time we need to remove a PAGE_SIZE sized range
+ from the cache. The 'vma' is the backing structure used by
+ Linux to keep track of mmap'd regions for a process, the
+ address space is available via vma->vm_mm. Also, one may
+ test (vma->vm_flags & VM_EXEC) to see if this region is
+ executable (and thus could be in the 'instruction cache' in
+ "Harvard" type cache layouts).
+
+ The 'pfn' indicates the physical page frame (shift this value
+ left by PAGE_SHIFT to get the physical address) that 'addr'
+ translates to. It is this mapping which should be removed from
+ the cache.
+
+ After running, there will be no entries in the cache for
+ 'vma->vm_mm' for virtual address 'addr' which translates
+ to 'pfn'.
+
+ This is used primarily during fault processing.
+
+4) void flush_cache_kmaps(void)
+
+ This routine need only be implemented if the platform utilizes
+ highmem. It will be called right before all of the kmaps
+ are invalidated.
+
+ After running, there will be no entries in the cache for
+ the kernel virtual address range PKMAP_ADDR(0) to
+ PKMAP_ADDR(LAST_PKMAP).
+
+ This routing should be implemented in asm/highmem.h
+
+5) void flush_cache_vmap(unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
+ void flush_cache_vunmap(unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
+
+ Here in these two interfaces we are flushing a specific range
+ of (kernel) virtual addresses from the cache. After running,
+ there will be no entries in the cache for the kernel address
+ space for virtual addresses in the range 'start' to 'end-1'.
+
+ The first of these two routines is invoked after map_vm_area()
+ has installed the page table entries. The second is invoked
+ before unmap_vm_area() deletes the page table entries.
+
+There exists another whole class of cpu cache issues which currently
+require a whole different set of interfaces to handle properly.
+The biggest problem is that of virtual aliasing in the data cache
+of a processor.
+
+Is your port susceptible to virtual aliasing in it's D-cache?
+Well, if your D-cache is virtually indexed, is larger in size than
+PAGE_SIZE, and does not prevent multiple cache lines for the same
+physical address from existing at once, you have this problem.
+
+If your D-cache has this problem, first define asm/shmparam.h SHMLBA
+properly, it should essentially be the size of your virtually
+addressed D-cache (or if the size is variable, the largest possible
+size). This setting will force the SYSv IPC layer to only allow user
+processes to mmap shared memory at address which are a multiple of
+this value.
+
+NOTE: This does not fix shared mmaps, check out the sparc64 port for
+one way to solve this (in particular SPARC_FLAG_MMAPSHARED).
+
+Next, you have to solve the D-cache aliasing issue for all
+other cases. Please keep in mind that fact that, for a given page
+mapped into some user address space, there is always at least one more
+mapping, that of the kernel in it's linear mapping starting at
+PAGE_OFFSET. So immediately, once the first user maps a given
+physical page into its address space, by implication the D-cache
+aliasing problem has the potential to exist since the kernel already
+maps this page at its virtual address.
+
+ void copy_user_page(void *to, void *from, unsigned long addr, struct page *page)
+ void clear_user_page(void *to, unsigned long addr, struct page *page)
+
+ These two routines store data in user anonymous or COW
+ pages. It allows a port to efficiently avoid D-cache alias
+ issues between userspace and the kernel.
+
+ For example, a port may temporarily map 'from' and 'to' to
+ kernel virtual addresses during the copy. The virtual address
+ for these two pages is chosen in such a way that the kernel
+ load/store instructions happen to virtual addresses which are
+ of the same "color" as the user mapping of the page. Sparc64
+ for example, uses this technique.
+
+ The 'addr' parameter tells the virtual address where the
+ user will ultimately have this page mapped, and the 'page'
+ parameter gives a pointer to the struct page of the target.
+
+ If D-cache aliasing is not an issue, these two routines may
+ simply call memcpy/memset directly and do nothing more.
+
+ void flush_dcache_page(struct page *page)
+
+ Any time the kernel writes to a page cache page, _OR_
+ the kernel is about to read from a page cache page and
+ user space shared/writable mappings of this page potentially
+ exist, this routine is called.
+
+ NOTE: This routine need only be called for page cache pages
+ which can potentially ever be mapped into the address
+ space of a user process. So for example, VFS layer code
+ handling vfs symlinks in the page cache need not call
+ this interface at all.
+
+ The phrase "kernel writes to a page cache page" means,
+ specifically, that the kernel executes store instructions
+ that dirty data in that page at the page->virtual mapping
+ of that page. It is important to flush here to handle
+ D-cache aliasing, to make sure these kernel stores are
+ visible to user space mappings of that page.
+
+ The corollary case is just as important, if there are users
+ which have shared+writable mappings of this file, we must make
+ sure that kernel reads of these pages will see the most recent
+ stores done by the user.
+
+ If D-cache aliasing is not an issue, this routine may
+ simply be defined as a nop on that architecture.
+
+ There is a bit set aside in page->flags (PG_arch_1) as
+ "architecture private". The kernel guarantees that,
+ for pagecache pages, it will clear this bit when such
+ a page first enters the pagecache.
+
+ This allows these interfaces to be implemented much more
+ efficiently. It allows one to "defer" (perhaps indefinitely)
+ the actual flush if there are currently no user processes
+ mapping this page. See sparc64's flush_dcache_page and
+ update_mmu_cache implementations for an example of how to go
+ about doing this.
+
+ The idea is, first at flush_dcache_page() time, if
+ page->mapping->i_mmap is an empty tree and ->i_mmap_nonlinear
+ an empty list, just mark the architecture private page flag bit.
+ Later, in update_mmu_cache(), a check is made of this flag bit,
+ and if set the flush is done and the flag bit is cleared.
+
+ IMPORTANT NOTE: It is often important, if you defer the flush,
+ that the actual flush occurs on the same CPU
+ as did the cpu stores into the page to make it
+ dirty. Again, see sparc64 for examples of how
+ to deal with this.
+
+ void copy_to_user_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page *page,
+ unsigned long user_vaddr,
+ void *dst, void *src, int len)
+ void copy_from_user_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page *page,
+ unsigned long user_vaddr,
+ void *dst, void *src, int len)
+ When the kernel needs to copy arbitrary data in and out
+ of arbitrary user pages (f.e. for ptrace()) it will use
+ these two routines.
+
+ Any necessary cache flushing or other coherency operations
+ that need to occur should happen here. If the processor's
+ instruction cache does not snoop cpu stores, it is very
+ likely that you will need to flush the instruction cache
+ for copy_to_user_page().
+
+ void flush_icache_range(unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
+ When the kernel stores into addresses that it will execute
+ out of (eg when loading modules), this function is called.
+
+ If the icache does not snoop stores then this routine will need
+ to flush it.
+
+ void flush_icache_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page *page)
+ All the functionality of flush_icache_page can be implemented in
+ flush_dcache_page and update_mmu_cache. In 2.7 the hope is to
+ remove this interface completely.
diff --git a/Documentation/cciss.txt b/Documentation/cciss.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d599beb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cciss.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+This driver is for Compaq's SMART Array Controllers.
+
+Supported Cards:
+----------------
+
+This driver is known to work with the following cards:
+
+ * SA 5300
+ * SA 5i
+ * SA 532
+ * SA 5312
+ * SA 641
+ * SA 642
+ * SA 6400
+ * SA 6400 U320 Expansion Module
+ * SA 6i
+ * SA P600
+ * SA P800
+ * SA E400
+
+If nodes are not already created in the /dev/cciss directory, run as root:
+
+# cd /dev
+# ./MAKEDEV cciss
+
+Device Naming:
+--------------
+
+You need some entries in /dev for the cciss device. The MAKEDEV script
+can make device nodes for you automatically. Currently the device setup
+is as follows:
+
+Major numbers:
+ 104 cciss0
+ 105 cciss1
+ 106 cciss2
+ 105 cciss3
+ 108 cciss4
+ 109 cciss5
+ 110 cciss6
+ 111 cciss7
+
+Minor numbers:
+ b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
+ |----+----| |----+----|
+ | |
+ | +-------- Partition ID (0=wholedev, 1-15 partition)
+ |
+ +-------------------- Logical Volume number
+
+The device naming scheme is:
+/dev/cciss/c0d0 Controller 0, disk 0, whole device
+/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 Controller 0, disk 0, partition 1
+/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 Controller 0, disk 0, partition 2
+/dev/cciss/c0d0p3 Controller 0, disk 0, partition 3
+
+/dev/cciss/c1d1 Controller 1, disk 1, whole device
+/dev/cciss/c1d1p1 Controller 1, disk 1, partition 1
+/dev/cciss/c1d1p2 Controller 1, disk 1, partition 2
+/dev/cciss/c1d1p3 Controller 1, disk 1, partition 3
+
+SCSI tape drive and medium changer support
+------------------------------------------
+
+SCSI sequential access devices and medium changer devices are supported and
+appropriate device nodes are automatically created. (e.g.
+/dev/st0, /dev/st1, etc. See the "st" man page for more details.)
+You must enable "SCSI tape drive support for Smart Array 5xxx" and
+"SCSI support" in your kernel configuration to be able to use SCSI
+tape drives with your Smart Array 5xxx controller.
+
+Additionally, note that the driver will not engage the SCSI core at init
+time. The driver must be directed to dynamically engage the SCSI core via
+the /proc filesystem entry which the "block" side of the driver creates as
+/proc/driver/cciss/cciss* at runtime. This is because at driver init time,
+the SCSI core may not yet be initialized (because the driver is a block
+driver) and attempting to register it with the SCSI core in such a case
+would cause a hang. This is best done via an initialization script
+(typically in /etc/init.d, but could vary depending on distibution).
+For example:
+
+ for x in /proc/driver/cciss/cciss[0-9]*
+ do
+ echo "engage scsi" > $x
+ done
+
+Once the SCSI core is engaged by the driver, it cannot be disengaged
+(except by unloading the driver, if it happens to be linked as a module.)
+
+Note also that if no sequential access devices or medium changers are
+detected, the SCSI core will not be engaged by the action of the above
+script.
+
+Hot plug support for SCSI tape drives
+-------------------------------------
+
+Hot plugging of SCSI tape drives is supported, with some caveats.
+The cciss driver must be informed that changes to the SCSI bus
+have been made, in addition to and prior to informing the SCSI
+mid layer. This may be done via the /proc filesystem. For example:
+
+ echo "rescan" > /proc/scsi/cciss0/1
+
+This causes the adapter to query the adapter about changes to the
+physical SCSI buses and/or fibre channel arbitrated loop and the
+driver to make note of any new or removed sequential access devices
+or medium changers. The driver will output messages indicating what
+devices have been added or removed and the controller, bus, target and
+lun used to address the device. Once this is done, the SCSI mid layer
+can be informed of changes to the virtual SCSI bus which the driver
+presents to it in the usual way. For example:
+
+ echo scsi add-single-device 3 2 1 0 > /proc/scsi/scsi
+
+to add a device on controller 3, bus 2, target 1, lun 0. Note that
+the driver makes an effort to preserve the devices positions
+in the virtual SCSI bus, so if you are only moving tape drives
+around on the same adapter and not adding or removing tape drives
+from the adapter, informing the SCSI mid layer may not be necessary.
+
+Note that the naming convention of the /proc filesystem entries
+contains a number in addition to the driver name. (E.g. "cciss0"
+instead of just "cciss" which you might expect.)
+
+Note: ONLY sequential access devices and medium changers are presented
+as SCSI devices to the SCSI mid layer by the cciss driver. Specifically,
+physical SCSI disk drives are NOT presented to the SCSI mid layer. The
+physical SCSI disk drives are controlled directly by the array controller
+hardware and it is important to prevent the kernel from attempting to directly
+access these devices too, as if the array controller were merely a SCSI
+controller in the same way that we are allowing it to access SCSI tape drives.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/00-INDEX b/Documentation/cdrom/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..916dafe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+00-INDEX
+ - this file (info on CD-ROMs and Linux)
+Makefile
+ - only used to generate TeX output from the documentation.
+aztcd
+ - info on Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes/Conrad/CyCDROM driver.
+cdrom-standard.tex
+ - LaTeX document on standardizing the CD-ROM programming interface.
+cdu31a
+ - info on the Sony CDU31A/CDU33A CD-ROM driver.
+cm206
+ - info on the Philips/LMS cm206/cm260 CD-ROM driver.
+gscd
+ - info on the Goldstar R420 CD-ROM driver.
+ide-cd
+ - info on setting up and using ATAPI (aka IDE) CD-ROMs.
+isp16
+ - info on the CD-ROM interface on ISP16, MAD16 or Mozart sound card.
+mcd
+ - info on limitations of standard Mitsumi CD-ROM driver.
+mcdx
+ - info on improved Mitsumi CD-ROM driver.
+optcd
+ - info on the Optics Storage 8000 AT CD-ROM driver
+packet-writing.txt
+ - Info on the CDRW packet writing module
+sbpcd
+ - info on the SoundBlaster/Panasonic CD-ROM interface driver.
+sjcd
+ - info on the SANYO CDR-H94A CD-ROM interface driver.
+sonycd535
+ - info on the Sony CDU-535 (and 531) CD-ROM driver.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/Makefile b/Documentation/cdrom/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a19e321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+LATEXFILE = cdrom-standard
+
+all:
+ make clean
+ latex $(LATEXFILE)
+ latex $(LATEXFILE)
+ @if [ -x `which gv` ]; then \
+ `dvips -q -t letter -o $(LATEXFILE).ps $(LATEXFILE).dvi` ;\
+ `gv -antialias -media letter -nocenter $(LATEXFILE).ps` ;\
+ else \
+ `xdvi $(LATEXFILE).dvi &` ;\
+ fi
+ make sortofclean
+
+clean:
+ rm -f $(LATEXFILE).ps $(LATEXFILE).dvi $(LATEXFILE).aux $(LATEXFILE).log
+
+sortofclean:
+ rm -f $(LATEXFILE).aux $(LATEXFILE).log
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/aztcd b/Documentation/cdrom/aztcd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bf0290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/aztcd
@@ -0,0 +1,822 @@
+$Id: README.aztcd,v 2.60 1997/11/29 09:51:25 root Exp root $
+ Readme-File Documentation/cdrom/aztcd
+ for
+ AZTECH CD-ROM CDA268-01A, ORCHID CD-3110,
+ OKANO/WEARNES CDD110, CONRAD TXC, CyCDROM CR520, CR540
+ CD-ROM Drives
+ Version 2.6 and newer
+ (for other drives see 6.-8.)
+
+NOTE: THIS DRIVER WILL WORK WITH THE CD-ROM DRIVES LISTED, WHICH HAVE
+ A PROPRIETARY INTERFACE (implemented on a sound card or on an
+ ISA-AT-bus card).
+ IT WILL DEFINITELY NOT WORK WITH CD-ROM DRIVES WITH *IDE*-INTERFACE,
+ such as the Aztech CDA269-031SE !!! (The only known exceptions are
+ 'faked' IDE drives like the CyCDROM CR520ie which work with aztcd
+ under certain conditions, see 7.). IF YOU'RE USING A CD-ROM DRIVE
+ WITH IDE-INTERFACE, SOMETIMES ALSO CALLED ATAPI-COMPATIBLE, PLEASE
+ USE THE ide-cd.c DRIVER, WRITTEN BY MARK LORD AND SCOTT SNYDER !
+ THE STANDARD-KERNEL 1.2.x NOW ALSO SUPPORTS IDE-CDROM-DRIVES, SEE THE
+ HARDDISK (!) SECTION OF make config, WHEN COMPILING A NEW KERNEL!!!
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Contents of this file:
+ 1. NOTE
+ 2. INSTALLATION
+ 3. CONFIGURING YOUR KERNEL
+ 4. RECOMPILING YOUR KERNEL
+ 4.1 AZTCD AS A RUN-TIME LOADABLE MODULE
+ 4.2 CDROM CONNECTED TO A SOUNDCARD
+ 5. KNOWN PROBLEMS, FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
+ 5.1 MULTISESSION SUPPORT
+ 5.2 STATUS RECOGNITION
+ 5.3 DOSEMU's CDROM SUPPORT
+ 6. BUG REPORTS
+ 7. OTHER DRIVES
+ 8. IF YOU DON'T SUCCEED ... DEBUGGING
+ 9. TECHNICAL HISTORY OF THE DRIVER
+ 10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+ 11. PROGRAMMING ADD ONS: CDPLAY.C
+ APPENDIX: Source code of cdplay.c
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+1. NOTE
+This software has been successfully in alpha and beta test and is part of
+the standard kernel since kernel 1.1.8x since December 1994. It works with
+AZTECH CDA268-01A, ORCHID CDS-3110, ORCHID/WEARNES CDD110 and CONRAD TXC
+(Nr.99 31 23 -series 04) and has proven to be stable with kernel
+versions 1.0.9 and newer. But with any software there still may be bugs in it.
+So if you encounter problems, you are invited to help us improve this software.
+Please send me a detailed bug report (see chapter BUG REPORTS). You are also
+invited in helping us to increase the number of drives, which are supported.
+
+Please read the README-files carefully and always keep a backup copy of your
+old kernel, in order to reboot if something goes wrong!
+
+2. INSTALLATION
+The driver consists of a header file 'aztcd.h', which normally should reside
+in /usr/src/linux/drivers/cdrom and the source code 'aztcd.c', which normally
+resides in the same place. It uses /dev/aztcd (/dev/aztcd0 in some distri-
+butions), which must be a valid block device with major number 29 and reside
+in directory /dev. To mount a CD-ROM, your kernel needs to have the ISO9660-
+filesystem support included.
+
+PLEASE NOTE: aztcd.c has been developed in parallel to the linux kernel,
+which had and is having many major and minor changes which are not backward
+compatible. Quite definitely aztcd.c version 1.80 and newer will NOT work
+in kernels older than 1.3.33. So please always use the most recent version
+of aztcd.c with the appropriate linux-kernel.
+
+3. CONFIGURING YOUR KERNEL
+If your kernel is already configured for using the AZTECH driver you will
+see the following message while Linux boots:
+ Aztech CD-ROM Init: DriverVersion=<version number> BaseAddress=<baseaddress>
+ Aztech CD-ROM Init: FirmwareVersion=<firmware version id of your I/O-card>>>
+ Aztech CD-ROM Init: <drive type> detected
+ Aztech CD-ROM Init: End
+If the message looks different and you are sure to have a supported drive,
+it may have a different base address. The Aztech driver does look for the
+CD-ROM drive at the base address specified in aztcd.h at compile time. This
+address can be overwritten by boot parameter aztcd=....You should reboot and
+start Linux with boot parameter aztcd=<base address>, e.g. aztcd=0x320. If
+you do not know the base address, start your PC with DOS and look at the boot
+message of your CD-ROM's DOS driver. If that still does not help, use boot
+parameter aztcd=<base address>,0x79 , this tells aztcd to try a little harder.
+aztcd may be configured to use autoprobing the base address by recompiling
+it (see chapter 4.).
+
+If the message looks correct, as user 'root' you should be able to mount the
+drive by
+ mount -t iso9660 -r /dev/aztcd0 /mnt
+and use it as any other filesystem. (If this does not work, check if
+/dev/aztcd0 and /mnt do exist and create them, if necessary by doing
+ mknod /dev/aztcd0 b 29 0
+ mkdir /mnt
+
+If you still get a different message while Linux boots or when you get the
+message, that the ISO9660-filesystem is not supported by your kernel, when
+you try to mount the CD-ROM drive, you have to recompile your kernel.
+
+If you do *not* have an Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes/TXC drive and want to
+bypass drive detection during Linux boot up, start with boot parameter aztcd=0.
+
+Most distributions nowadays do contain a boot disk image containing aztcd.
+Please note, that this driver will not work with IDE/ATAPI drives! With these
+you must use ide-cd.c instead.
+
+4. RECOMPILING YOUR KERNEL
+If your kernel is not yet configured for the AZTECH driver and the ISO9660-
+filesystem, you have to recompile your kernel:
+
+- Edit aztcd.h to set the I/O-address to your I/O-Base address (AZT_BASE_ADDR),
+ the driver does not use interrupts or DMA, so if you are using an AZTECH
+ CD268, an ORCHID CD-3110 or ORCHID/WEARNES CDD110 that's the only item you
+ have to set up. If you have a soundcard, read chapter 4.2.
+ Users of other drives should read chapter OTHER DRIVES of this file.
+ You also can configure that address by kernel boot parameter aztcd=...
+- aztcd may be configured to use autoprobing the base address by setting
+ AZT_BASE_ADDR to '-1'. In that case aztcd probes the addresses listed
+ under AZT_BASE_AUTO. But please remember, that autoprobing always may
+ incorrectly influence other hardware components too!
+- There are some other points, which may be configured, e.g. auto-eject the
+ CD when unmounting a drive, tray locking etc., see aztcd.h for details.
+- If you're using a linux kernel version prior to 2.1.0, in aztcd.h
+ uncomment the line '#define AZT_KERNEL_PRIOR_2_1'
+- Build a new kernel, configure it for 'Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes support'
+ (if you want aztcd to be part of the kernel). Do not configure it for
+ 'Aztech... support', if you want to use aztcd as a run time loadable module.
+ But in any case you must have the ISO9660-filesystem included in your
+ kernel.
+- Activate the new kernel, normally this is done by running LILO (don't for-
+ get to configure it before and to keep a copy of your old kernel in case
+ something goes wrong!).
+- Reboot
+- If you've included aztcd in your kernel, you now should see during boot
+ some messages like
+ Aztech CD-ROM Init: DriverVersion=<version number> BaseAddress=<baseaddress>
+ Aztech CD-ROM Init: FirmwareVersion=<firmware version id of your I/O-card>
+ Aztech CD-ROM Init: <drive type> detected
+ Aztech CD-ROM Init: End
+- If you have not included aztcd in your kernel, but want to load aztcd as a
+ run time loadable module see 4.1.
+- If the message looks correct, as user 'root' you should be able to mount
+ the drive by
+ mount -t iso9660 -r /dev/aztcd0 /mnt
+ and use it as any other filesystem. (If this does not work, check if
+ /dev/aztcd0 and /mnt do exist and create them, if necessary by doing
+ mknod /dev/aztcd0 b 29 0
+ mkdir /mnt
+- If this still does not help, see chapters OTHER DRIVES and DEBUGGING.
+
+4.1 AZTCD AS A RUN-TIME LOADABLE MODULE
+If you do not need aztcd permanently, you can also load and remove the driver
+during runtime via insmod and rmmod. To build aztcd as a loadable module you
+must configure your kernel for AZTECH module support (answer 'm' when con-
+figuring the kernel). Anyhow, you may run into problems, if the version of
+your boot kernel is not the same than the source kernel version, from which
+you create the modules. So rebuild your kernel, if necessary.
+
+Now edit the base address of your AZTECH interface card in
+/usr/src/linux/drivers/cdrom/aztcd.h to the appropriate value.
+aztcd may be configured to use autoprobing the base address by setting
+AZT_BASE_ADDR to '-1'. In that case aztcd probes the addresses listed
+under AZT_BASE_AUTO. But please remember, that autoprobing always may
+incorrectly influence other hardware components too!
+There are also some special features which may be configured, e.g.
+auto-eject a CD when unmounting the drive etc; see aztcd.h for details.
+Then change to /usr/src/linux and do a
+ make modules
+ make modules_install
+After that you can run-time load the driver via
+ insmod /lib/modules/X.X.X/misc/aztcd.o
+and remove it via rmmod aztcd.
+If you did not set the correct base address in aztcd.h, you can also supply the
+base address when loading the driver via
+ insmod /lib/modules/X.X.X/misc/aztcd.o aztcd=<base address>
+Again specifying aztcd=-1 will cause autoprobing.
+If you do not have the iso9660-filesystem in your boot kernel, you also have
+to load it before you can mount the CDROM:
+ insmod /lib/modules/X.X.X/fs/isofs.o
+The mount procedure works as described in 4. above.
+(In all commands 'X.X.X' is the current linux kernel version number)
+
+4.2 CDROM CONNECTED TO A SOUNDCARD
+Most soundcards do have a bus interface to the CDROM-drive. In many cases
+this soundcard needs to be configured, before the CDROM can be used. This
+configuration procedure consists of writing some kind of initialization
+data to the soundcard registers. The AZTECH-CDROM driver in the moment does
+only support one type of soundcard (SoundWave32). Users of other soundcards
+should try to boot DOS first and let their DOS drivers initialize the
+soundcard and CDROM, then warm boot (or use loadlin) their PC to start
+Linux.
+Support for the CDROM-interface of SoundWave32-soundcards is directly
+implemented in the AZTECH driver. Please edit linux/drivers/cdrom/aztdc.h,
+uncomment line '#define AZT_SW32' and set the appropriate value for
+AZT_BASE_ADDR and AZT_SW32_BASE_ADDR. This support was tested with an Orchid
+CDS-3110 connected to a SoundWave32.
+If you want your soundcard to be supported, find out, how it needs to be
+configured and mail me (see 6.) the appropriate information.
+
+5. KNOWN PROBLEMS, FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
+5.1 MULTISESSION SUPPORT
+Multisession support for CD's still is a myth. I implemented and tested a basic
+support for multisession and XA CDs, but I still have not enough CDs and appli-
+cations to test it rigorously. So if you'd like to help me, please contact me
+(Email address see below). As of version 1.4 and newer you can enable the
+multisession support in aztcd.h by setting AZT_MULTISESSION to 1. Doing so
+will cause the ISO9660-filesystem to deal with multisession CDs, ie. redirect
+requests to the Table of Contents (TOC) information from the last session,
+which contains the info of all previous sessions etc.. If you do set
+AZT_MULTISESSION to 0, you can use multisession CDs anyway. In that case the
+drive's firmware will do automatic redirection. For the ISO9660-filesystem any
+multisession CD will then look like a 'normal' single session CD. But never-
+theless the data of all sessions are viewable and accessible. So with practical-
+ly all real world applications you won't notice the difference. But as future
+applications may make use of advanced multisession features, I've started to
+implement the interface for the ISO9660 multisession interface via ioctl
+CDROMMULTISESSION.
+
+5.2 STATUS RECOGNITION
+The drive status recognition does not work correctly in all cases. Changing
+a disk or having the door open, when a drive is already mounted, is detected
+by the Aztech driver itself, but nevertheless causes multiple read attempts
+by the different layers of the ISO9660-filesystem driver, which finally timeout,
+so you have to wait quite a little... But isn't it bad style to change a disk
+in a mounted drive, anyhow ?!
+
+The driver uses busy wait in most cases for the drive handshake (macros
+STEN_LOW and DTEN_LOW). I tested with a 486/DX2 at 66MHz and a Pentium at
+60MHz and 90MHz. Whenever you use a much faster machine you are likely to get
+timeout messages. In that case edit aztcd.h and increase the timeout value
+AZT_TIMEOUT.
+
+For some 'slow' drive commands I implemented waiting with a timer waitqueue
+(macro STEN_LOW_WAIT). If you get this timeout message, you may also edit
+aztcd.h and increase the timeout value AZT_STATUS_DELAY. The waitqueue has
+shown to be a little critical. If you get kernel panic messages, edit aztcd.c
+and substitute STEN_LOW_WAIT by STEN_LOW. Busy waiting with STEN_LOW is more
+stable, but also causes CPU overhead.
+
+5.3 DOSEMU's CD-ROM SUPPORT
+With release 1.20 aztcd was modified to allow access to CD-ROMS when running
+under dosemu-0.60.0 aztcd-versions before 1.20 are most likely to crash
+Linux, when a CD-ROM is accessed under dosemu. This problem has partly been
+fixed, but still when accessing a directory for the first time the system
+might hang for some 30sec. So be patient, when using dosemu's CD-ROM support
+in combination with aztcd :-) !
+This problem has now (July 1995) been fixed by a modification to dosemu's
+CD-ROM driver. The new version came with dosemu-0.60.2, see dosemu's
+README.CDROM.
+
+6. BUG REPORTS
+Please send detailed bug reports and bug fixes via EMail to
+
+ Werner.Zimmermann@fht-esslingen.de
+
+Please include a description of your CD-ROM drive type and interface card,
+the exact firmware message during Linux bootup, the version number of the
+AZTECH-CDROM-driver and the Linux kernel version. Also a description of your
+system's other hardware could be of interest, especially microprocessor type,
+clock frequency, other interface cards such as soundcards, ethernet adapter,
+game cards etc..
+
+I will try to collect the reports and make the necessary modifications from
+time to time. I may also come back to you directly with some bug fixes and
+ask you to do further testing and debugging.
+
+Editors of CD-ROMs are invited to send a 'cooperation' copy of their
+CD-ROMs to the volunteers, who provided the CD-ROM support for Linux. My
+snail mail address for such 'stuff' is
+ Prof. Dr. W. Zimmermann
+ Fachhochschule fuer Technik Esslingen
+ Fachbereich IT
+ Flandernstrasse 101
+ D-73732 Esslingen
+ Germany
+
+
+7. OTHER DRIVES
+The following drives ORCHID CDS3110, OKANO CDD110, WEARNES CDD110 and Conrad
+TXC Nr. 993123-series 04 nearly look the same as AZTECH CDA268-01A, especially
+they seem to use the same command codes. So it was quite simple to make the
+AZTECH driver work with these drives.
+
+Unfortunately I do not have any of these drives available, so I couldn't test
+it myself. In some installations, it seems necessary to initialize the drive
+with the DOS driver before (especially if combined with a sound card) and then
+do a warm boot (CTRL-ALT-RESET) or start Linux from DOS, e.g. with 'loadlin'.
+
+If you do not succeed, read chapter DEBUGGING. Thanks in advance!
+
+Sorry for the inconvenience, but it is difficult to develop for hardware,
+which you don't have available for testing. So if you like, please help us.
+
+If you do have a CyCDROM CR520ie thanks to Hilmar Berger's help your chances
+are good, that it will work with aztcd. The CR520ie is sold as an IDE-drive
+and really is connected to the IDE interface (primary at 0x1F0 or secondary
+at 0x170, configured as slave, not as master). Nevertheless it is not ATAPI
+compatible but still uses Aztech's command codes.
+
+
+8. DEBUGGING : IF YOU DON'T SUCCEED, TRY THE FOLLOWING
+-reread the complete README file
+-make sure, that your drive is hardware configured for
+ transfer mode: polled
+ IRQ: not used
+ DMA: not used
+ Base Address: something like 300, 320 ...
+ You can check this, when you start the DOS driver, which came with your
+ drive. By appropriately configuring the drive and the DOS driver you can
+ check, whether your drive does operate in this mode correctly under DOS. If
+ it does not operate under DOS, it won't under Linux.
+ If your drive's base address is something like 0x170 or 0x1F0 (and it is
+ not a CyCDROM CR520ie or CR 940ie) you most likely are having an IDE/ATAPI-
+ compatible drive, which is not supported by aztcd.c, use ide-cd.c instead.
+ Make sure the Base Address is configured correctly in aztcd.h, also make
+ sure, that /dev/aztcd0 exists with the correct major number (compare it with
+ the entry in file /usr/include/linux/major.h for the Aztech drive).
+-insert a CD-ROM and close the tray
+-cold boot your PC (i.e. via the power on switch or the reset button)
+-if you start Linux via DOS, e.g. using loadlin, make sure, that the DOS
+ driver for the CD-ROM drive is not loaded (comment out the calling lines
+ in DOS' config.sys!)
+-look for the aztcd: init message during Linux init and note them exactly
+-log in as root and do a mount -t iso9660 /dev/aztcd0 /mnt
+-if you don't succeed in the first time, try several times. Try also to open
+ and close the tray, then mount again. Please note carefully all commands
+ you typed in and the aztcd-messages, which you get.
+-if you get an 'Aztech CD-ROM init: aborted' message, read the remarks about
+ the version string below.
+
+If this does not help, do the same with the following differences
+-start DOS before; make now sure, that the DOS driver for the CD-ROM is
+ loaded under DOS (i.e. uncomment it again in config.sys)
+-warm boot your PC (i.e. via CTRL-ALT-DEL)
+ if you have it, you can also start via loadlin (try both).
+ ...
+ Again note all commands and the aztcd-messages.
+
+If you see STEN_LOW or STEN_LOW_WAIT error messages, increase the timeout
+values.
+
+If this still does not help,
+-look in aztcd.c for the lines #if 0
+ #define AZT_TEST1
+ ...
+ #endif
+ and substitute '#if 0' by '#if 1'.
+-recompile your kernel and repeat the above two procedures. You will now get
+ a bundle of debugging messages from the driver. Again note your commands
+ and the appropriate messages. If you have syslogd running, these messages
+ may also be found in syslogd's kernel log file. Nevertheless in some
+ installations syslogd does not yet run, when init() is called, thus look for
+ the aztcd-messages during init, before the login-prompt appears.
+ Then look in aztcd.c, to find out, what happened. The normal calling sequence
+ is: aztcd_init() during Linux bootup procedure init()
+ after doing a 'mount -t iso9660 /dev/aztcd0 /mnt' the normal calling sequence is
+ aztcd_open() -> Status 2c after cold reboot with CDROM or audio CD inserted
+ -> Status 8 after warm reboot with CDROM inserted
+ -> Status 2e after cold reboot with no disk, closed tray
+ -> Status 6e after cold reboot, mount with door open
+ aztUpdateToc()
+ aztGetDiskInfo()
+ aztGetQChannelInfo() repeated several times
+ aztGetToc()
+ aztGetQChannelInfo() repeated several times
+ a list of track information
+ do_aztcd_request() }
+ azt_transfer() } repeated several times
+ azt_poll }
+ Check, if there is a difference in the calling sequence or the status flags!
+
+ There are a lot of other messages, eg. the ACMD-command code (defined in
+ aztcd.h), status info from the getAztStatus-command and the state sequence of
+ the finite state machine in azt_poll(). The most important are the status
+ messages, look how they are defined and try to understand, if they make
+ sense in the context where they appear. With a CD-ROM inserted the status
+ should always be 8, except in aztcd_open(). Try to open the tray, insert an
+ audio disk, insert no disk or reinsert the CD-ROM and check, if the status
+ bits change accordingly. The status bits are the most likely point, where
+ the drive manufacturers may implement changes.
+
+If you still don't succeed, a good point to start is to look in aztcd.c in
+function aztcd_init, where the drive should be detected during init. Do the
+following:
+-reboot the system with boot parameter 'aztcd=<your base address>,0x79'. With
+ parameter 0x79 most of the drive version detection is bypassed. After that
+ you should see the complete version string including leading and trailing
+ blanks during init.
+ Now adapt the statement
+ if ((result[1]=='A')&&(result[2]=='Z' ...)
+ in aztcd_init() to exactly match the first 3 or 4 letters you have seen.
+-Another point is the 'smart' card detection feature in aztcd_init(). Normally
+ the CD-ROM drive is ready, when aztcd_init is trying to read the version
+ string and a time consuming ACMD_SOFT_RESET command can be avoided. This is
+ detected by looking, if AFL_OP_OK can be read correctly. If the CD-ROM drive
+ hangs in some unknown state, e.g. because of an error before a warm start or
+ because you first operated under DOS, even the version string may be correct,
+ but the following commands will not. Then change the code in such a way,
+ that the ACMD_SOFT_RESET is issued in any case, by substituting the
+ if-statement 'if ( ...=AFL_OP_OK)' by 'if (1)'.
+
+If you succeed, please mail me the exact version string of your drive and
+the code modifications, you have made together with a short explanation.
+If you don't succeed, you may mail me the output of the debugging messages.
+But remember, they are only useful, if they are exact and complete and you
+describe in detail your hardware setup and what you did (cold/warm reboot,
+with/without DOS, DOS-driver started/not started, which Linux-commands etc.)
+
+
+9. TECHNICAL HISTORY OF THE DRIVER
+The AZTECH-Driver is a rework of the Mitsumi-Driver. Four major items had to
+be reworked:
+
+a) The Mitsumi drive does issue complete status information acknowledging
+each command, the Aztech drive does only signal that the command was
+processed. So whenever the complete status information is needed, an extra
+ACMD_GET_STATUS command is issued. The handshake procedure for the drive
+can be found in the functions aztSendCmd(), sendAztCmd() and getAztStatus().
+
+b) The Aztech Drive does not have a ACMD_GET_DISK_INFO command, so the
+necessary info about the number of tracks (firstTrack, lastTrack), disk
+length etc. has to be read from the TOC in the lead in track (see function
+aztGetDiskInfo()).
+
+c) Whenever data is read from the drive, the Mitsumi drive is started with a
+command to read an indefinite (0xffffff) number of sectors. When the appropriate
+number of sectors is read, the drive is stopped by a ACDM_STOP command. This
+does not work with the Aztech drive. I did not find a way to stop it. The
+stop and pause commands do only work in AUDIO mode but not in DATA mode.
+Therefore I had to modify the 'finite state machine' in function azt_poll to
+only read a certain number of sectors and then start a new read on demand. As I
+have not completely understood, how the buffer/caching scheme of the Mitsumi
+driver was implemented, I am not sure, if I have covered all cases correctly,
+whenever you get timeout messages, the bug is most likely to be in that
+function azt_poll() around switch(cmd) .... case ACD_S_DATA.
+
+d) I did not get information about changing drive mode. So I doubt, that the
+code around function azt_poll() case AZT_S_MODE does work. In my test I have
+not been able to switch to reading in raw mode. For reading raw mode, Aztech
+uses a different command than for cooked mode, which I only have implemen-
+ted in the ioctl-section but not in the section which is used by the ISO9660.
+
+The driver was developed on an AST PC with Intel 486/DX2, 8MB RAM, 340MB IDE
+hard disk and on an AST PC with Intel Pentium 60MHz, 16MB RAM, 520MB IDE
+running Linux kernel version 1.0.9 from the LST 1.8 Distribution. The kernel
+was compiled with gcc.2.5.8. My CD-ROM drive is an Aztech CDA268-01A. My
+drive says, that it has Firmware Version AZT26801A1.3. It came with an ISA-bus
+interface card and works with polled I/O without DMA and without interrupts.
+The code for all other drives was 'remote' tested and debugged by a number of
+volunteers on the Internet.
+
+Points, where I feel that possible problems might be and all points where I
+did not completely understand the drive's behaviour or trust my own code are
+marked with /*???*/ in the source code. There are also some parts in the
+Mitsumi driver, where I did not completely understand their code.
+
+
+10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+Without the help of P.Bush, Aztech, who delivered technical information
+about the Aztech Drive and without the help of E.Moenkeberg, GWDG, who did a
+great job in analyzing the command structure of various CD-ROM drives, this
+work would not have been possible. E.Moenkeberg was also a great help in
+making the software 'kernel ready' and in answering many of the CDROM-related
+questions in the newsgroups. He really is *the* Linux CD-ROM guru. Thanks
+also to all the guys on the Internet, who collected valuable technical
+information about CDROMs.
+
+Joe Nardone (joe@access.digex.net) was a patient tester even for my first
+trial, which was more than slow, and made suggestions for code improvement.
+Especially the 'finite state machine' azt_poll() was rewritten by Joe to get
+clean C code and avoid the ugly 'gotos', which I copied from mcd.c.
+
+Robby Schirmer (schirmer@fmi.uni-passau.de) tested the audio stuff (ioctls)
+and suggested a lot of patches for them.
+
+Joseph Piskor and Peter Nugent were the first users with the ORCHID CD3110
+and also were very patient with the problems which occurred.
+
+Reinhard Max delivered the information for the CDROM-interface of the
+SoundWave32 soundcards.
+
+Jochen Kunz and Olaf Kaluza delivered the information for supporting Conrad's
+TXC drive.
+
+Hilmar Berger delivered the patches for supporting CyCDROM CR520ie.
+
+Anybody, who is interested in these items should have a look at 'ftp.gwdg.de',
+directory 'pub/linux/cdrom' and at 'ftp.cdrom.com', directory 'pub/cdrom'.
+
+11. PROGRAMMING ADD ONs: cdplay.c
+You can use the ioctl-functions included in aztcd.c in your own programs. As
+an example on how to do this, you will find a tiny CD Player for audio CDs
+named 'cdplay.c'. It allows you to play audio CDs. You can play a specified
+track, pause and resume or skip tracks forward and backwards. If you quit the
+program without stopping the drive, playing is continued. You can also
+(mis)use cdplay to read and hexdump data disks. You can find the code in the
+APPENDIX of this file, which you should cut out with an editor and store in a
+separate file 'cdplay.c'. To compile it and make it executable, do
+ gcc -s -Wall -O2 -L/usr/lib cdplay.c -o /usr/local/bin/cdplay # compiles it
+ chmod +755 /usr/local/bin/cdplay # makes it executable
+ ln -s /dev/aztcd0 /dev/cdrom # creates a link
+ (for /usr/lib substitute the top level directory, where your include files
+ reside, and for /usr/local/bin the directory, where you want the executable
+ binary to reside )
+
+You have to set the correct permissions for cdplay *and* for /dev/mcd0 or
+/dev/aztcd0 in order to use it. Remember, that you should not have /dev/cdrom
+mounted, when you're playing audio CDs.
+
+This program is just a hack for testing the ioctl-functions in aztcd.c. I will
+not maintain it, so if you run into problems, discard it or have a look into
+the source code 'cdplay.c'. The program does only contain a minimum of user
+protection and input error detection. If you use the commands in the wrong
+order or if you try to read a CD at wrong addresses, you may get error messages
+or even hang your machine. If you get STEN_LOW, STEN_LOW_WAIT or segment violation
+error messages when using cdplay, after that, the system might not be stable
+any more, so you'd better reboot. As the ioctl-functions run in kernel mode,
+most normal Linux-multitasking protection features do not work. By using
+uninitialized 'wild' pointers etc., it is easy to write to other users' data
+and program areas, destroy kernel tables etc.. So if you experiment with ioctls
+as always when you are doing systems programming and kernel hacking, you
+should have a backup copy of your system in a safe place (and you also
+should try restoring from a backup copy first)!
+
+A reworked and improved version called 'cdtester.c', which has yet more
+features for testing CDROM-drives can be found in
+Documentation/cdrom/sbpcd, written by E.Moenkeberg.
+
+Werner Zimmermann
+Fachhochschule fuer Technik Esslingen
+(EMail: Werner.Zimmermann@fht-esslingen.de)
+October, 1997
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+APPENDIX: Source code of cdplay.c
+
+/* Tiny Audio CD Player
+
+ Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Werner Zimmermann (Werner.Zimmermann@fht-esslingen.de)
+
+This program originally was written to test the audio functions of the
+AZTECH.CDROM-driver, but it should work with every CD-ROM drive. Before
+using it, you should set a symlink from /dev/cdrom to your real CDROM
+device.
+
+The GNU General Public License applies to this program.
+
+History: V0.1 W.Zimmermann: First release. Nov. 8, 1994
+ V0.2 W.Zimmermann: Enhanced functionality. Nov. 9, 1994
+ V0.3 W.Zimmermann: Additional functions. Nov. 28, 1994
+ V0.4 W.Zimmermann: fixed some bugs. Dec. 17, 1994
+ V0.5 W.Zimmermann: clean 'scanf' commands without compiler warnings
+ Jan. 6, 1995
+ V0.6 W.Zimmermann: volume control (still experimental). Jan. 24, 1995
+ V0.7 W.Zimmermann: read raw modified. July 26, 95
+*/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/cdrom.h>
+#include <linux/../../drivers/cdrom/aztcd.h>
+
+void help(void)
+{ printf("Available Commands: STOP s EJECT/CLOSE e QUIT q\n");
+ printf(" PLAY TRACK t PAUSE p RESUME r\n");
+ printf(" NEXT TRACK n REPEAT LAST l HELP h\n");
+ printf(" SUB CHANNEL c TRACK INFO i PLAY AT a\n");
+ printf(" READ d READ RAW w VOLUME v\n");
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{ int handle;
+ unsigned char command=' ', ini=0, first=1, last=1;
+ unsigned int cmd, i,j,k, arg1,arg2,arg3;
+ struct cdrom_ti ti;
+ struct cdrom_tochdr tocHdr;
+ struct cdrom_subchnl subchnl;
+ struct cdrom_tocentry entry;
+ struct cdrom_msf msf;
+ union { struct cdrom_msf msf;
+ unsigned char buf[CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW];
+ } azt;
+ struct cdrom_volctrl volctrl;
+
+ printf("\nMini-Audio CD-Player V0.72 (C) 1994,1995,1996 W.Zimmermann\n");
+ handle=open("/dev/cdrom",O_RDWR);
+ ioctl(handle,CDROMRESUME);
+
+ if (handle<=0)
+ { printf("Drive Error: already playing, no audio disk, door open\n");
+ printf(" or no permission (you must be ROOT in order to use this program)\n");
+ }
+ else
+ { help();
+ while (1)
+ { printf("Type command (h = help): ");
+ scanf("%s",&command);
+ switch (command)
+ { case 'e': cmd=CDROMEJECT;
+ ioctl(handle,cmd);
+ break;
+ case 'p': if (!ini)
+ { printf("Command not allowed - play track first\n");
+ }
+ else
+ { cmd=CDROMPAUSE;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd)) printf("Drive Error\n");
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'r': if (!ini)
+ { printf("Command not allowed - play track first\n");
+ }
+ else
+ { cmd=CDROMRESUME;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd)) printf("Drive Error\n");
+ }
+ break;
+ case 's': cmd=CDROMPAUSE;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd)) printf("Drive error or already stopped\n");
+ cmd=CDROMSTOP;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd)) printf("Drive error\n");
+ break;
+ case 't': cmd=CDROMREADTOCHDR;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd,&tocHdr)) printf("Drive Error\n");
+ first=tocHdr.cdth_trk0;
+ last= tocHdr.cdth_trk1;
+ if ((first==0)||(first>last))
+ { printf ("--could not read TOC\n");
+ }
+ else
+ { printf("--first track: %d --last track: %d --enter track number: ",first,last);
+ cmd=CDROMPLAYTRKIND;
+ scanf("%i",&arg1);
+ ti.cdti_trk0=arg1;
+ if (ti.cdti_trk0<first) ti.cdti_trk0=first;
+ if (ti.cdti_trk0>last) ti.cdti_trk0=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind0=0;
+ ti.cdti_trk1=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind1=0;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd,&ti)) printf("Drive Error\n");
+ ini=1;
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'n': if (!ini++)
+ { if (ioctl(handle,CDROMREADTOCHDR,&tocHdr)) printf("Drive Error\n");
+ first=tocHdr.cdth_trk0;
+ last= tocHdr.cdth_trk1;
+ ti.cdti_trk0=first-1;
+ }
+ if ((first==0)||(first>last))
+ { printf ("--could not read TOC\n");
+ }
+ else
+ { cmd=CDROMPLAYTRKIND;
+ if (++ti.cdti_trk0 > last) ti.cdti_trk0=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind0=0;
+ ti.cdti_trk1=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind1=0;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd,&ti)) printf("Drive Error\n");
+ ini=1;
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'l': if (!ini++)
+ { if (ioctl(handle,CDROMREADTOCHDR,&tocHdr)) printf("Drive Error\n");
+ first=tocHdr.cdth_trk0;
+ last= tocHdr.cdth_trk1;
+ ti.cdti_trk0=first+1;
+ }
+ if ((first==0)||(first>last))
+ { printf ("--could not read TOC\n");
+ }
+ else
+ { cmd=CDROMPLAYTRKIND;
+ if (--ti.cdti_trk0 < first) ti.cdti_trk0=first;
+ ti.cdti_ind0=0;
+ ti.cdti_trk1=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind1=0;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd,&ti)) printf("Drive Error\n");
+ ini=1;
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'c': subchnl.cdsc_format=CDROM_MSF;
+ if (ioctl(handle,CDROMSUBCHNL,&subchnl))
+ printf("Drive Error\n");
+ else
+ { printf("AudioStatus:%s Track:%d Mode:%d MSF=%d:%d:%d\n", \
+ subchnl.cdsc_audiostatus==CDROM_AUDIO_PLAY ? "PLAYING":"NOT PLAYING",\
+ subchnl.cdsc_trk,subchnl.cdsc_adr, \
+ subchnl.cdsc_absaddr.msf.minute, subchnl.cdsc_absaddr.msf.second, \
+ subchnl.cdsc_absaddr.msf.frame);
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'i': if (!ini)
+ { printf("Command not allowed - play track first\n");
+ }
+ else
+ { cmd=CDROMREADTOCENTRY;
+ printf("Track No.: ");
+ scanf("%d",&arg1);
+ entry.cdte_track=arg1;
+ if (entry.cdte_track<first) entry.cdte_track=first;
+ if (entry.cdte_track>last) entry.cdte_track=last;
+ entry.cdte_format=CDROM_MSF;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd,&entry))
+ { printf("Drive error or invalid track no.\n");
+ }
+ else
+ { printf("Mode %d Track, starts at %d:%d:%d\n", \
+ entry.cdte_adr,entry.cdte_addr.msf.minute, \
+ entry.cdte_addr.msf.second,entry.cdte_addr.msf.frame);
+ }
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'a': cmd=CDROMPLAYMSF;
+ printf("Address (min:sec:frame) ");
+ scanf("%d:%d:%d",&arg1,&arg2,&arg3);
+ msf.cdmsf_min0 =arg1;
+ msf.cdmsf_sec0 =arg2;
+ msf.cdmsf_frame0=arg3;
+ if (msf.cdmsf_sec0 > 59) msf.cdmsf_sec0 =59;
+ if (msf.cdmsf_frame0> 74) msf.cdmsf_frame0=74;
+ msf.cdmsf_min1=60;
+ msf.cdmsf_sec1=00;
+ msf.cdmsf_frame1=00;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd,&msf))
+ { printf("Drive error or invalid address\n");
+ }
+ break;
+#ifdef AZT_PRIVATE_IOCTLS /*not supported by every CDROM driver*/
+ case 'd': cmd=CDROMREADCOOKED;
+ printf("Address (min:sec:frame) ");
+ scanf("%d:%d:%d",&arg1,&arg2,&arg3);
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_min0 =arg1;
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0 =arg2;
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0=arg3;
+ if (azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0 > 59) azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0 =59;
+ if (azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0> 74) azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0=74;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd,&azt.msf))
+ { printf("Drive error, invalid address or unsupported command\n");
+ }
+ k=0;
+ getchar();
+ for (i=0;i<128;i++)
+ { printf("%4d:",i*16);
+ for (j=0;j<16;j++)
+ { printf("%2x ",azt.buf[i*16+j]);
+ }
+ for (j=0;j<16;j++)
+ { if (isalnum(azt.buf[i*16+j]))
+ printf("%c",azt.buf[i*16+j]);
+ else
+ printf(".");
+ }
+ printf("\n");
+ k++;
+ if (k>=20)
+ { printf("press ENTER to continue\n");
+ getchar();
+ k=0;
+ }
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'w': cmd=CDROMREADRAW;
+ printf("Address (min:sec:frame) ");
+ scanf("%d:%d:%d",&arg1,&arg2,&arg3);
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_min0 =arg1;
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0 =arg2;
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0=arg3;
+ if (azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0 > 59) azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0 =59;
+ if (azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0> 74) azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0=74;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd,&azt))
+ { printf("Drive error, invalid address or unsupported command\n");
+ }
+ k=0;
+ for (i=0;i<147;i++)
+ { printf("%4d:",i*16);
+ for (j=0;j<16;j++)
+ { printf("%2x ",azt.buf[i*16+j]);
+ }
+ for (j=0;j<16;j++)
+ { if (isalnum(azt.buf[i*16+j]))
+ printf("%c",azt.buf[i*16+j]);
+ else
+ printf(".");
+ }
+ printf("\n");
+ k++;
+ if (k>=20)
+ { getchar();
+ k=0;
+ }
+ }
+ break;
+#endif
+ case 'v': cmd=CDROMVOLCTRL;
+ printf("--Channel 0 Left (0-255): ");
+ scanf("%d",&arg1);
+ printf("--Channel 1 Right (0-255): ");
+ scanf("%d",&arg2);
+ volctrl.channel0=arg1;
+ volctrl.channel1=arg2;
+ volctrl.channel2=0;
+ volctrl.channel3=0;
+ if (ioctl(handle,cmd,&volctrl))
+ { printf("Drive error or unsupported command\n");
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'q': if (close(handle)) printf("Drive Error: CLOSE\n");
+ exit(0);
+ case 'h': help();
+ break;
+ default: printf("unknown command\n");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/cdrom-standard.tex b/Documentation/cdrom/cdrom-standard.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92f94e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/cdrom-standard.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,1022 @@
+\documentclass{article}
+\def\version{$Id: cdrom-standard.tex,v 1.9 1997/12/28 15:42:49 david Exp $}
+\newcommand{\newsection}[1]{\newpage\section{#1}}
+
+\evensidemargin=0pt
+\oddsidemargin=0pt
+\topmargin=-\headheight \advance\topmargin by -\headsep
+\textwidth=15.99cm \textheight=24.62cm % normal A4, 1'' margin
+
+\def\linux{{\sc Linux}}
+\def\cdrom{{\sc cd-rom}}
+\def\UCD{{\sc Uniform cd-rom Driver}}
+\def\cdromc{{\tt {cdrom.c}}}
+\def\cdromh{{\tt {cdrom.h}}}
+\def\fo{\sl} % foreign words
+\def\ie{{\fo i.e.}}
+\def\eg{{\fo e.g.}}
+
+\everymath{\it} \everydisplay{\it}
+\catcode `\_=\active \def_{\_\penalty100 }
+\catcode`\<=\active \def<#1>{{\langle\hbox{\rm#1}\rangle}}
+
+\begin{document}
+\title{A \linux\ \cdrom\ standard}
+\author{David van Leeuwen\\{\normalsize\tt david@ElseWare.cistron.nl}
+\\{\footnotesize updated by Erik Andersen {\tt(andersee@debian.org)}}
+\\{\footnotesize updated by Jens Axboe {\tt(axboe@image.dk)}}}
+\date{12 March 1999}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\newsection{Introduction}
+
+\linux\ is probably the Unix-like operating system that supports
+the widest variety of hardware devices. The reasons for this are
+presumably
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+ The large list of hardware devices available for the many platforms
+ that \linux\ now supports (\ie, i386-PCs, Sparc Suns, etc.)
+\item
+ The open design of the operating system, such that anybody can write a
+ driver for \linux.
+\item
+ There is plenty of source code around as examples of how to write a driver.
+\end{itemize}
+The openness of \linux, and the many different types of available
+hardware has allowed \linux\ to support many different hardware devices.
+Unfortunately, the very openness that has allowed \linux\ to support
+all these different devices has also allowed the behavior of each
+device driver to differ significantly from one device to another.
+This divergence of behavior has been very significant for \cdrom\
+devices; the way a particular drive reacts to a `standard' $ioctl()$
+call varies greatly from one device driver to another. To avoid making
+their drivers totally inconsistent, the writers of \linux\ \cdrom\
+drivers generally created new device drivers by understanding, copying,
+and then changing an existing one. Unfortunately, this practice did not
+maintain uniform behavior across all the \linux\ \cdrom\ drivers.
+
+This document describes an effort to establish Uniform behavior across
+all the different \cdrom\ device drivers for \linux. This document also
+defines the various $ioctl$s, and how the low-level \cdrom\ device
+drivers should implement them. Currently (as of the \linux\ 2.1.$x$
+development kernels) several low-level \cdrom\ device drivers, including
+both IDE/ATAPI and SCSI, now use this Uniform interface.
+
+When the \cdrom\ was developed, the interface between the \cdrom\ drive
+and the computer was not specified in the standards. As a result, many
+different \cdrom\ interfaces were developed. Some of them had their
+own proprietary design (Sony, Mitsumi, Panasonic, Philips), other
+manufacturers adopted an existing electrical interface and changed
+the functionality (CreativeLabs/SoundBlaster, Teac, Funai) or simply
+adapted their drives to one or more of the already existing electrical
+interfaces (Aztech, Sanyo, Funai, Vertos, Longshine, Optics Storage and
+most of the `NoName' manufacturers). In cases where a new drive really
+brought its own interface or used its own command set and flow control
+scheme, either a separate driver had to be written, or an existing
+driver had to be enhanced. History has delivered us \cdrom\ support for
+many of these different interfaces. Nowadays, almost all new \cdrom\
+drives are either IDE/ATAPI or SCSI, and it is very unlikely that any
+manufacturer will create a new interface. Even finding drives for the
+old proprietary interfaces is getting difficult.
+
+When (in the 1.3.70's) I looked at the existing software interface,
+which was expressed through \cdromh, it appeared to be a rather wild
+set of commands and data formats.\footnote{I cannot recollect what
+kernel version I looked at, then, presumably 1.2.13 and 1.3.34---the
+latest kernel that I was indirectly involved in.} It seemed that many
+features of the software interface had been added to accommodate the
+capabilities of a particular drive, in an {\fo ad hoc\/} manner. More
+importantly, it appeared that the behavior of the `standard' commands
+was different for most of the different drivers: \eg, some drivers
+close the tray if an $open()$ call occurs when the tray is open, while
+others do not. Some drivers lock the door upon opening the device, to
+prevent an incoherent file system, but others don't, to allow software
+ejection. Undoubtedly, the capabilities of the different drives vary,
+but even when two drives have the same capability their drivers'
+behavior was usually different.
+
+I decided to start a discussion on how to make all the \linux\ \cdrom\
+drivers behave more uniformly. I began by contacting the developers of
+the many \cdrom\ drivers found in the \linux\ kernel. Their reactions
+encouraged me to write the \UCD\ which this document is intended to
+describe. The implementation of the \UCD\ is in the file \cdromc. This
+driver is intended to be an additional software layer that sits on top
+of the low-level device drivers for each \cdrom\ drive. By adding this
+additional layer, it is possible to have all the different \cdrom\
+devices behave {\em exactly\/} the same (insofar as the underlying
+hardware will allow).
+
+The goal of the \UCD\ is {\em not\/} to alienate driver developers who
+have not yet taken steps to support this effort. The goal of \UCD\ is
+simply to give people writing application programs for \cdrom\ drives
+{\em one\/} \linux\ \cdrom\ interface with consistent behavior for all
+\cdrom\ devices. In addition, this also provides a consistent interface
+between the low-level device driver code and the \linux\ kernel. Care
+is taken that 100\,\% compatibility exists with the data structures and
+programmer's interface defined in \cdromh. This guide was written to
+help \cdrom\ driver developers adapt their code to use the \UCD\ code
+defined in \cdromc.
+
+Personally, I think that the most important hardware interfaces are
+the IDE/ATAPI drives and, of course, the SCSI drives, but as prices
+of hardware drop continuously, it is also likely that people may have
+more than one \cdrom\ drive, possibly of mixed types. It is important
+that these drives behave in the same way. In December 1994, one of the
+cheapest \cdrom\ drives was a Philips cm206, a double-speed proprietary
+drive. In the months that I was busy writing a \linux\ driver for it,
+proprietary drives became obsolete and IDE/ATAPI drives became the
+standard. At the time of the last update to this document (November
+1997) it is becoming difficult to even {\em find} anything less than a
+16 speed \cdrom\ drive, and 24 speed drives are common.
+
+\newsection{Standardizing through another software level}
+\label{cdrom.c}
+
+At the time this document was conceived, all drivers directly
+implemented the \cdrom\ $ioctl()$ calls through their own routines. This
+led to the danger of different drivers forgetting to do important things
+like checking that the user was giving the driver valid data. More
+importantly, this led to the divergence of behavior, which has already
+been discussed.
+
+For this reason, the \UCD\ was created to enforce consistent \cdrom\
+drive behavior, and to provide a common set of services to the various
+low-level \cdrom\ device drivers. The \UCD\ now provides another
+software-level, that separates the $ioctl()$ and $open()$ implementation
+from the actual hardware implementation. Note that this effort has
+made few changes which will affect a user's application programs. The
+greatest change involved moving the contents of the various low-level
+\cdrom\ drivers' header files to the kernel's cdrom directory. This was
+done to help ensure that the user is only presented with only one cdrom
+interface, the interface defined in \cdromh.
+
+\cdrom\ drives are specific enough (\ie, different from other
+block-devices such as floppy or hard disc drives), to define a set
+of common {\em \cdrom\ device operations}, $<cdrom-device>_dops$.
+These operations are different from the classical block-device file
+operations, $<block-device>_fops$.
+
+The routines for the \UCD\ interface level are implemented in the file
+\cdromc. In this file, the \UCD\ interfaces with the kernel as a block
+device by registering the following general $struct\ file_operations$:
+$$
+\halign{$#$\ \hfil&$#$\ \hfil&$/*$ \rm# $*/$\hfil\cr
+struct& file_operations\ cdrom_fops = \{\hidewidth\cr
+ &NULL, & lseek \cr
+ &block_read, & read---general block-dev read \cr
+ &block_write, & write---general block-dev write \cr
+ &NULL, & readdir \cr
+ &NULL, & select \cr
+ &cdrom_ioctl, & ioctl \cr
+ &NULL, & mmap \cr
+ &cdrom_open, & open \cr
+ &cdrom_release, & release \cr
+ &NULL, & fsync \cr
+ &NULL, & fasync \cr
+ &cdrom_media_changed, & media change \cr
+ &NULL & revalidate \cr
+\};\cr
+}
+$$
+
+Every active \cdrom\ device shares this $struct$. The routines
+declared above are all implemented in \cdromc, since this file is the
+place where the behavior of all \cdrom-devices is defined and
+standardized. The actual interface to the various types of \cdrom\
+hardware is still performed by various low-level \cdrom-device
+drivers. These routines simply implement certain {\em capabilities\/}
+that are common to all \cdrom\ (and really, all removable-media
+devices).
+
+Registration of a low-level \cdrom\ device driver is now done through
+the general routines in \cdromc, not through the Virtual File System
+(VFS) any more. The interface implemented in \cdromc\ is carried out
+through two general structures that contain information about the
+capabilities of the driver, and the specific drives on which the
+driver operates. The structures are:
+\begin{description}
+\item[$cdrom_device_ops$]
+ This structure contains information about the low-level driver for a
+ \cdrom\ device. This structure is conceptually connected to the major
+ number of the device (although some drivers may have different
+ major numbers, as is the case for the IDE driver).
+\item[$cdrom_device_info$]
+ This structure contains information about a particular \cdrom\ drive,
+ such as its device name, speed, etc. This structure is conceptually
+ connected to the minor number of the device.
+\end{description}
+
+Registering a particular \cdrom\ drive with the \UCD\ is done by the
+low-level device driver though a call to:
+$$register_cdrom(struct\ cdrom_device_info * <device>_info)
+$$
+The device information structure, $<device>_info$, contains all the
+information needed for the kernel to interface with the low-level
+\cdrom\ device driver. One of the most important entries in this
+structure is a pointer to the $cdrom_device_ops$ structure of the
+low-level driver.
+
+The device operations structure, $cdrom_device_ops$, contains a list
+of pointers to the functions which are implemented in the low-level
+device driver. When \cdromc\ accesses a \cdrom\ device, it does it
+through the functions in this structure. It is impossible to know all
+the capabilities of future \cdrom\ drives, so it is expected that this
+list may need to be expanded from time to time as new technologies are
+developed. For example, CD-R and CD-R/W drives are beginning to become
+popular, and support will soon need to be added for them. For now, the
+current $struct$ is:
+$$
+\halign{$#$\ \hfil&$#$\ \hfil&\hbox to 10em{$#$\hss}&
+ $/*$ \rm# $*/$\hfil\cr
+struct& cdrom_device_ops\ \{ \hidewidth\cr
+ &int& (* open)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, int)\cr
+ &void& (* release)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *);\cr
+ &int& (* drive_status)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, int);\cr
+ &int& (* media_changed)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, int);\cr
+ &int& (* tray_move)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, int);\cr
+ &int& (* lock_door)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, int);\cr
+ &int& (* select_speed)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, int);\cr
+ &int& (* select_disc)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, int);\cr
+ &int& (* get_last_session) (struct\ cdrom_device_info *,
+ struct\ cdrom_multisession *{});\cr
+ &int& (* get_mcn)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, struct\ cdrom_mcn *{});\cr
+ &int& (* reset)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *);\cr
+ &int& (* audio_ioctl)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, unsigned\ int,
+ void *{});\cr
+ &int& (* dev_ioctl)(struct\ cdrom_device_info *, unsigned\ int,
+ unsigned\ long);\cr
+\noalign{\medskip}
+ &const\ int& capability;& capability flags \cr
+ &int& n_minors;& number of active minor devices \cr
+\};\cr
+}
+$$
+When a low-level device driver implements one of these capabilities,
+it should add a function pointer to this $struct$. When a particular
+function is not implemented, however, this $struct$ should contain a
+NULL instead. The $capability$ flags specify the capabilities of the
+\cdrom\ hardware and/or low-level \cdrom\ driver when a \cdrom\ drive
+is registered with the \UCD. The value $n_minors$ should be a positive
+value indicating the number of minor devices that are supported by
+the low-level device driver, normally~1. Although these two variables
+are `informative' rather than `operational,' they are included in
+$cdrom_device_ops$ because they describe the capability of the {\em
+driver\/} rather than the {\em drive}. Nomenclature has always been
+difficult in computer programming.
+
+Note that most functions have fewer parameters than their
+$blkdev_fops$ counterparts. This is because very little of the
+information in the structures $inode$ and $file$ is used. For most
+drivers, the main parameter is the $struct$ $cdrom_device_info$, from
+which the major and minor number can be extracted. (Most low-level
+\cdrom\ drivers don't even look at the major and minor number though,
+since many of them only support one device.) This will be available
+through $dev$ in $cdrom_device_info$ described below.
+
+The drive-specific, minor-like information that is registered with
+\cdromc, currently contains the following fields:
+$$
+\halign{$#$\ \hfil&$#$\ \hfil&\hbox to 10em{$#$\hss}&
+ $/*$ \rm# $*/$\hfil\cr
+struct& cdrom_device_info\ \{ \hidewidth\cr
+ & struct\ cdrom_device_ops *& ops;& device operations for this major\cr
+ & struct\ cdrom_device_info *& next;& next device_info for this major\cr
+ & void *& handle;& driver-dependent data\cr
+\noalign{\medskip}
+ & kdev_t& dev;& device number (incorporates minor)\cr
+ & int& mask;& mask of capability: disables them \cr
+ & int& speed;& maximum speed for reading data \cr
+ & int& capacity;& number of discs in a jukebox \cr
+\noalign{\medskip}
+ &int& options : 30;& options flags \cr
+ &unsigned& mc_flags : 2;& media-change buffer flags \cr
+ & int& use_count;& number of times device is opened\cr
+ & char& name[20];& name of the device type\cr
+\}\cr
+}$$
+Using this $struct$, a linked list of the registered minor devices is
+built, using the $next$ field. The device number, the device operations
+struct and specifications of properties of the drive are stored in this
+structure.
+
+The $mask$ flags can be used to mask out some of the capabilities listed
+in $ops\to capability$, if a specific drive doesn't support a feature
+of the driver. The value $speed$ specifies the maximum head-rate of the
+drive, measured in units of normal audio speed (176\,kB/sec raw data or
+150\,kB/sec file system data). The value $n_discs$ should reflect the
+number of discs the drive can hold simultaneously, if it is designed
+as a juke-box, or otherwise~1. The parameters are declared $const$
+because they describe properties of the drive, which don't change after
+registration.
+
+A few registers contain variables local to the \cdrom\ drive. The
+flags $options$ are used to specify how the general \cdrom\ routines
+should behave. These various flags registers should provide enough
+flexibility to adapt to the different users' wishes (and {\em not\/} the
+`arbitrary' wishes of the author of the low-level device driver, as is
+the case in the old scheme). The register $mc_flags$ is used to buffer
+the information from $media_changed()$ to two separate queues. Other
+data that is specific to a minor drive, can be accessed through $handle$,
+which can point to a data structure specific to the low-level driver.
+The fields $use_count$, $next$, $options$ and $mc_flags$ need not be
+initialized.
+
+The intermediate software layer that \cdromc\ forms will perform some
+additional bookkeeping. The use count of the device (the number of
+processes that have the device opened) is registered in $use_count$. The
+function $cdrom_ioctl()$ will verify the appropriate user-memory regions
+for read and write, and in case a location on the CD is transferred,
+it will `sanitize' the format by making requests to the low-level
+drivers in a standard format, and translating all formats between the
+user-software and low level drivers. This relieves much of the drivers'
+memory checking and format checking and translation. Also, the necessary
+structures will be declared on the program stack.
+
+The implementation of the functions should be as defined in the
+following sections. Two functions {\em must\/} be implemented, namely
+$open()$ and $release()$. Other functions may be omitted, their
+corresponding capability flags will be cleared upon registration.
+Generally, a function returns zero on success and negative on error. A
+function call should return only after the command has completed, but of
+course waiting for the device should not use processor time.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ open(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, int\ purpose)$}
+
+$Open()$ should try to open the device for a specific $purpose$, which
+can be either:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item[0] Open for reading data, as done by {\tt {mount()}} (2), or the
+user commands {\tt {dd}} or {\tt {cat}}.
+\item[1] Open for $ioctl$ commands, as done by audio-CD playing
+programs.
+\end{itemize}
+Notice that any strategic code (closing tray upon $open()$, etc.)\ is
+done by the calling routine in \cdromc, so the low-level routine
+should only be concerned with proper initialization, such as spinning
+up the disc, etc. % and device-use count
+
+
+\subsection{$Void\ release(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi)$}
+
+
+Device-specific actions should be taken such as spinning down the device.
+However, strategic actions such as ejection of the tray, or unlocking
+the door, should be left over to the general routine $cdrom_release()$.
+This is the only function returning type $void$.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ drive_status(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, int\ slot_nr)$}
+\label{drive status}
+
+The function $drive_status$, if implemented, should provide
+information on the status of the drive (not the status of the disc,
+which may or may not be in the drive). If the drive is not a changer,
+$slot_nr$ should be ignored. In \cdromh\ the possibilities are listed:
+$$
+\halign{$#$\ \hfil&$/*$ \rm# $*/$\hfil\cr
+CDS_NO_INFO& no information available\cr
+CDS_NO_DISC& no disc is inserted, tray is closed\cr
+CDS_TRAY_OPEN& tray is opened\cr
+CDS_DRIVE_NOT_READY& something is wrong, tray is moving?\cr
+CDS_DISC_OK& a disc is loaded and everything is fine\cr
+}
+$$
+
+\subsection{$Int\ media_changed(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, int\ disc_nr)$}
+
+This function is very similar to the original function in $struct\
+file_operations$. It returns 1 if the medium of the device $cdi\to
+dev$ has changed since the last call, and 0 otherwise. The parameter
+$disc_nr$ identifies a specific slot in a juke-box, it should be
+ignored for single-disc drives. Note that by `re-routing' this
+function through $cdrom_media_changed()$, we can implement separate
+queues for the VFS and a new $ioctl()$ function that can report device
+changes to software (\eg, an auto-mounting daemon).
+
+\subsection{$Int\ tray_move(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, int\ position)$}
+
+This function, if implemented, should control the tray movement. (No
+other function should control this.) The parameter $position$ controls
+the desired direction of movement:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item[0] Close tray
+\item[1] Open tray
+\end{itemize}
+This function returns 0 upon success, and a non-zero value upon
+error. Note that if the tray is already in the desired position, no
+action need be taken, and the return value should be 0.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ lock_door(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, int\ lock)$}
+
+This function (and no other code) controls locking of the door, if the
+drive allows this. The value of $lock$ controls the desired locking
+state:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item[0] Unlock door, manual opening is allowed
+\item[1] Lock door, tray cannot be ejected manually
+\end{itemize}
+This function returns 0 upon success, and a non-zero value upon
+error. Note that if the door is already in the requested state, no
+action need be taken, and the return value should be 0.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ select_speed(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, int\ speed)$}
+
+Some \cdrom\ drives are capable of changing their head-speed. There
+are several reasons for changing the speed of a \cdrom\ drive. Badly
+pressed \cdrom s may benefit from less-than-maximum head rate. Modern
+\cdrom\ drives can obtain very high head rates (up to $24\times$ is
+common). It has been reported that these drives can make reading
+errors at these high speeds, reducing the speed can prevent data loss
+in these circumstances. Finally, some of these drives can
+make an annoyingly loud noise, which a lower speed may reduce. %Finally,
+%although the audio-low-pass filters probably aren't designed for it,
+%more than real-time playback of audio might be used for high-speed
+%copying of audio tracks.
+
+This function specifies the speed at which data is read or audio is
+played back. The value of $speed$ specifies the head-speed of the
+drive, measured in units of standard cdrom speed (176\,kB/sec raw data
+or 150\,kB/sec file system data). So to request that a \cdrom\ drive
+operate at 300\,kB/sec you would call the CDROM_SELECT_SPEED $ioctl$
+with $speed=2$. The special value `0' means `auto-selection', \ie,
+maximum data-rate or real-time audio rate. If the drive doesn't have
+this `auto-selection' capability, the decision should be made on the
+current disc loaded and the return value should be positive. A negative
+return value indicates an error.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ select_disc(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, int\ number)$}
+
+If the drive can store multiple discs (a juke-box) this function
+will perform disc selection. It should return the number of the
+selected disc on success, a negative value on error. Currently, only
+the ide-cd driver supports this functionality.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ get_last_session(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, struct\
+ cdrom_multisession * ms_info)$}
+
+This function should implement the old corresponding $ioctl()$. For
+device $cdi\to dev$, the start of the last session of the current disc
+should be returned in the pointer argument $ms_info$. Note that
+routines in \cdromc\ have sanitized this argument: its requested
+format will {\em always\/} be of the type $CDROM_LBA$ (linear block
+addressing mode), whatever the calling software requested. But
+sanitization goes even further: the low-level implementation may
+return the requested information in $CDROM_MSF$ format if it wishes so
+(setting the $ms_info\rightarrow addr_format$ field appropriately, of
+course) and the routines in \cdromc\ will make the transformation if
+necessary. The return value is 0 upon success.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ get_mcn(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, struct\
+ cdrom_mcn * mcn)$}
+
+Some discs carry a `Media Catalog Number' (MCN), also called
+`Universal Product Code' (UPC). This number should reflect the number
+that is generally found in the bar-code on the product. Unfortunately,
+the few discs that carry such a number on the disc don't even use the
+same format. The return argument to this function is a pointer to a
+pre-declared memory region of type $struct\ cdrom_mcn$. The MCN is
+expected as a 13-character string, terminated by a null-character.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ reset(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi)$}
+
+This call should perform a hard-reset on the drive (although in
+circumstances that a hard-reset is necessary, a drive may very well not
+listen to commands anymore). Preferably, control is returned to the
+caller only after the drive has finished resetting. If the drive is no
+longer listening, it may be wise for the underlying low-level cdrom
+driver to time out.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ audio_ioctl(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, unsigned\
+ int\ cmd, void * arg)$}
+
+Some of the \cdrom-$ioctl$s defined in \cdromh\ can be
+implemented by the routines described above, and hence the function
+$cdrom_ioctl$ will use those. However, most $ioctl$s deal with
+audio-control. We have decided to leave these to be accessed through a
+single function, repeating the arguments $cmd$ and $arg$. Note that
+the latter is of type $void*{}$, rather than $unsigned\ long\
+int$. The routine $cdrom_ioctl()$ does do some useful things,
+though. It sanitizes the address format type to $CDROM_MSF$ (Minutes,
+Seconds, Frames) for all audio calls. It also verifies the memory
+location of $arg$, and reserves stack-memory for the argument. This
+makes implementation of the $audio_ioctl()$ much simpler than in the
+old driver scheme. For example, you may look up the function
+$cm206_audio_ioctl()$ in {\tt {cm206.c}} that should be updated with
+this documentation.
+
+An unimplemented ioctl should return $-ENOSYS$, but a harmless request
+(\eg, $CDROMSTART$) may be ignored by returning 0 (success). Other
+errors should be according to the standards, whatever they are. When
+an error is returned by the low-level driver, the \UCD\ tries whenever
+possible to return the error code to the calling program. (We may decide
+to sanitize the return value in $cdrom_ioctl()$ though, in order to
+guarantee a uniform interface to the audio-player software.)
+
+\subsection{$Int\ dev_ioctl(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi, unsigned\ int\
+ cmd, unsigned\ long\ arg)$}
+
+Some $ioctl$s seem to be specific to certain \cdrom\ drives. That is,
+they are introduced to service some capabilities of certain drives. In
+fact, there are 6 different $ioctl$s for reading data, either in some
+particular kind of format, or audio data. Not many drives support
+reading audio tracks as data, I believe this is because of protection
+of copyrights of artists. Moreover, I think that if audio-tracks are
+supported, it should be done through the VFS and not via $ioctl$s. A
+problem here could be the fact that audio-frames are 2352 bytes long,
+so either the audio-file-system should ask for 75264 bytes at once
+(the least common multiple of 512 and 2352), or the drivers should
+bend their backs to cope with this incoherence (to which I would be
+opposed). Furthermore, it is very difficult for the hardware to find
+the exact frame boundaries, since there are no synchronization headers
+in audio frames. Once these issues are resolved, this code should be
+standardized in \cdromc.
+
+Because there are so many $ioctl$s that seem to be introduced to
+satisfy certain drivers,\footnote{Is there software around that
+ actually uses these? I'd be interested!} any `non-standard' $ioctl$s
+are routed through the call $dev_ioctl()$. In principle, `private'
+$ioctl$s should be numbered after the device's major number, and not
+the general \cdrom\ $ioctl$ number, {\tt {0x53}}. Currently the
+non-supported $ioctl$s are: {\it CDROMREADMODE1, CDROMREADMODE2,
+ CDROMREADAUDIO, CDROMREADRAW, CDROMREADCOOKED, CDROMSEEK,
+ CDROMPLAY\-BLK and CDROM\-READALL}.
+
+
+\subsection{\cdrom\ capabilities}
+\label{capability}
+
+Instead of just implementing some $ioctl$ calls, the interface in
+\cdromc\ supplies the possibility to indicate the {\em capabilities\/}
+of a \cdrom\ drive. This can be done by ORing any number of
+capability-constants that are defined in \cdromh\ at the registration
+phase. Currently, the capabilities are any of:
+$$
+\halign{$#$\ \hfil&$/*$ \rm# $*/$\hfil\cr
+CDC_CLOSE_TRAY& can close tray by software control\cr
+CDC_OPEN_TRAY& can open tray\cr
+CDC_LOCK& can lock and unlock the door\cr
+CDC_SELECT_SPEED& can select speed, in units of $\sim$150\,kB/s\cr
+CDC_SELECT_DISC& drive is juke-box\cr
+CDC_MULTI_SESSION& can read sessions $>\rm1$\cr
+CDC_MCN& can read Media Catalog Number\cr
+CDC_MEDIA_CHANGED& can report if disc has changed\cr
+CDC_PLAY_AUDIO& can perform audio-functions (play, pause, etc)\cr
+CDC_RESET& hard reset device\cr
+CDC_IOCTLS& driver has non-standard ioctls\cr
+CDC_DRIVE_STATUS& driver implements drive status\cr
+}
+$$
+The capability flag is declared $const$, to prevent drivers from
+accidentally tampering with the contents. The capability fags actually
+inform \cdromc\ of what the driver can do. If the drive found
+by the driver does not have the capability, is can be masked out by
+the $cdrom_device_info$ variable $mask$. For instance, the SCSI \cdrom\
+driver has implemented the code for loading and ejecting \cdrom's, and
+hence its corresponding flags in $capability$ will be set. But a SCSI
+\cdrom\ drive might be a caddy system, which can't load the tray, and
+hence for this drive the $cdrom_device_info$ struct will have set
+the $CDC_CLOSE_TRAY$ bit in $mask$.
+
+In the file \cdromc\ you will encounter many constructions of the type
+$$\it
+if\ (cdo\rightarrow capability \mathrel\& \mathord{\sim} cdi\rightarrow mask
+ \mathrel{\&} CDC_<capability>) \ldots
+$$
+There is no $ioctl$ to set the mask\dots The reason is that
+I think it is better to control the {\em behavior\/} rather than the
+{\em capabilities}.
+
+\subsection{Options}
+
+A final flag register controls the {\em behavior\/} of the \cdrom\
+drives, in order to satisfy different users' wishes, hopefully
+independently of the ideas of the respective author who happened to
+have made the drive's support available to the \linux\ community. The
+current behavior options are:
+$$
+\halign{$#$\ \hfil&$/*$ \rm# $*/$\hfil\cr
+CDO_AUTO_CLOSE& try to close tray upon device $open()$\cr
+CDO_AUTO_EJECT& try to open tray on last device $close()$\cr
+CDO_USE_FFLAGS& use $file_pointer\rightarrow f_flags$ to indicate
+ purpose for $open()$\cr
+CDO_LOCK& try to lock door if device is opened\cr
+CDO_CHECK_TYPE& ensure disc type is data if opened for data\cr
+}
+$$
+
+The initial value of this register is $CDO_AUTO_CLOSE \mathrel|
+CDO_USE_FFLAGS \mathrel| CDO_LOCK$, reflecting my own view on user
+interface and software standards. Before you protest, there are two
+new $ioctl$s implemented in \cdromc, that allow you to control the
+behavior by software. These are:
+$$
+\halign{$#$\ \hfil&$/*$ \rm# $*/$\hfil\cr
+CDROM_SET_OPTIONS& set options specified in $(int)\ arg$\cr
+CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS& clear options specified in $(int)\ arg$\cr
+}
+$$
+One option needs some more explanation: $CDO_USE_FFLAGS$. In the next
+newsection we explain what the need for this option is.
+
+A software package {\tt setcd}, available from the Debian distribution
+and {\tt sunsite.unc.edu}, allows user level control of these flags.
+
+\newsection{The need to know the purpose of opening the \cdrom\ device}
+
+Traditionally, Unix devices can be used in two different `modes',
+either by reading/writing to the device file, or by issuing
+controlling commands to the device, by the device's $ioctl()$
+call. The problem with \cdrom\ drives, is that they can be used for
+two entirely different purposes. One is to mount removable
+file systems, \cdrom s, the other is to play audio CD's. Audio commands
+are implemented entirely through $ioctl$s, presumably because the
+first implementation (SUN?) has been such. In principle there is
+nothing wrong with this, but a good control of the `CD player' demands
+that the device can {\em always\/} be opened in order to give the
+$ioctl$ commands, regardless of the state the drive is in.
+
+On the other hand, when used as a removable-media disc drive (what the
+original purpose of \cdrom s is) we would like to make sure that the
+disc drive is ready for operation upon opening the device. In the old
+scheme, some \cdrom\ drivers don't do any integrity checking, resulting
+in a number of i/o errors reported by the VFS to the kernel when an
+attempt for mounting a \cdrom\ on an empty drive occurs. This is not a
+particularly elegant way to find out that there is no \cdrom\ inserted;
+it more-or-less looks like the old IBM-PC trying to read an empty floppy
+drive for a couple of seconds, after which the system complains it
+can't read from it. Nowadays we can {\em sense\/} the existence of a
+removable medium in a drive, and we believe we should exploit that
+fact. An integrity check on opening of the device, that verifies the
+availability of a \cdrom\ and its correct type (data), would be
+desirable.
+
+These two ways of using a \cdrom\ drive, principally for data and
+secondarily for playing audio discs, have different demands for the
+behavior of the $open()$ call. Audio use simply wants to open the
+device in order to get a file handle which is needed for issuing
+$ioctl$ commands, while data use wants to open for correct and
+reliable data transfer. The only way user programs can indicate what
+their {\em purpose\/} of opening the device is, is through the $flags$
+parameter (see {\tt {open(2)}}). For \cdrom\ devices, these flags aren't
+implemented (some drivers implement checking for write-related flags,
+but this is not strictly necessary if the device file has correct
+permission flags). Most option flags simply don't make sense to
+\cdrom\ devices: $O_CREAT$, $O_NOCTTY$, $O_TRUNC$, $O_APPEND$, and
+$O_SYNC$ have no meaning to a \cdrom.
+
+We therefore propose to use the flag $O_NONBLOCK$ to indicate
+that the device is opened just for issuing $ioctl$
+commands. Strictly, the meaning of $O_NONBLOCK$ is that opening and
+subsequent calls to the device don't cause the calling process to
+wait. We could interpret this as ``don't wait until someone has
+inserted some valid data-\cdrom.'' Thus, our proposal of the
+implementation for the $open()$ call for \cdrom s is:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item If no other flags are set than $O_RDONLY$, the device is opened
+for data transfer, and the return value will be 0 only upon successful
+initialization of the transfer. The call may even induce some actions
+on the \cdrom, such as closing the tray.
+\item If the option flag $O_NONBLOCK$ is set, opening will always be
+successful, unless the whole device doesn't exist. The drive will take
+no actions whatsoever.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{And what about standards?}
+
+You might hesitate to accept this proposal as it comes from the
+\linux\ community, and not from some standardizing institute. What
+about SUN, SGI, HP and all those other Unix and hardware vendors?
+Well, these companies are in the lucky position that they generally
+control both the hardware and software of their supported products,
+and are large enough to set their own standard. They do not have to
+deal with a dozen or more different, competing hardware
+configurations.\footnote{Incidentally, I think that SUN's approach to
+mounting \cdrom s is very good in origin: under Solaris a
+volume-daemon automatically mounts a newly inserted \cdrom\ under {\tt
+{/cdrom/$<volume-name>$/}}. In my opinion they should have pushed this
+further and have {\em every\/} \cdrom\ on the local area network be
+mounted at the similar location, \ie, no matter in which particular
+machine you insert a \cdrom, it will always appear at the same
+position in the directory tree, on every system. When I wanted to
+implement such a user-program for \linux, I came across the
+differences in behavior of the various drivers, and the need for an
+$ioctl$ informing about media changes.}
+
+We believe that using $O_NONBLOCK$ to indicate that a device is being opened
+for $ioctl$ commands only can be easily introduced in the \linux\
+community. All the CD-player authors will have to be informed, we can
+even send in our own patches to the programs. The use of $O_NONBLOCK$
+has most likely no influence on the behavior of the CD-players on
+other operating systems than \linux. Finally, a user can always revert
+to old behavior by a call to $ioctl(file_descriptor, CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS,
+CDO_USE_FFLAGS)$.
+
+\subsection{The preferred strategy of $open()$}
+
+The routines in \cdromc\ are designed in such a way that run-time
+configuration of the behavior of \cdrom\ devices (of {\em any\/} type)
+can be carried out, by the $CDROM_SET/CLEAR_OPTIONS$ $ioctls$. Thus, various
+modes of operation can be set:
+\begin{description}
+\item[$CDO_AUTO_CLOSE \mathrel| CDO_USE_FFLAGS \mathrel| CDO_LOCK$] This
+is the default setting. (With $CDO_CHECK_TYPE$ it will be better, in the
+future.) If the device is not yet opened by any other process, and if
+the device is being opened for data ($O_NONBLOCK$ is not set) and the
+tray is found to be open, an attempt to close the tray is made. Then,
+it is verified that a disc is in the drive and, if $CDO_CHECK_TYPE$ is
+set, that it contains tracks of type `data mode 1.' Only if all tests
+are passed is the return value zero. The door is locked to prevent file
+system corruption. If the drive is opened for audio ($O_NONBLOCK$ is
+set), no actions are taken and a value of 0 will be returned.
+\item[$CDO_AUTO_CLOSE \mathrel| CDO_AUTO_EJECT \mathrel| CDO_LOCK$] This
+mimics the behavior of the current sbpcd-driver. The option flags are
+ignored, the tray is closed on the first open, if necessary. Similarly,
+the tray is opened on the last release, \ie, if a \cdrom\ is unmounted,
+it is automatically ejected, such that the user can replace it.
+\end{description}
+We hope that these option can convince everybody (both driver
+maintainers and user program developers) to adopt the new \cdrom\
+driver scheme and option flag interpretation.
+
+\newsection{Description of routines in \cdromc}
+
+Only a few routines in \cdromc\ are exported to the drivers. In this
+new section we will discuss these, as well as the functions that `take
+over' the \cdrom\ interface to the kernel. The header file belonging
+to \cdromc\ is called \cdromh. Formerly, some of the contents of this
+file were placed in the file {\tt {ucdrom.h}}, but this file has now been
+merged back into \cdromh.
+
+\subsection{$Struct\ file_operations\ cdrom_fops$}
+
+The contents of this structure were described in section~\ref{cdrom.c}.
+A pointer to this structure is assigned to the $fops$ field
+of the $struct gendisk$.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ register_cdrom( struct\ cdrom_device_info\ * cdi)$}
+
+This function is used in about the same way one registers $cdrom_fops$
+with the kernel, the device operations and information structures,
+as described in section~\ref{cdrom.c}, should be registered with the
+\UCD:
+$$
+register_cdrom(\&<device>_info));
+$$
+This function returns zero upon success, and non-zero upon
+failure. The structure $<device>_info$ should have a pointer to the
+driver's $<device>_dops$, as in
+$$
+\vbox{\halign{&$#$\hfil\cr
+struct\ &cdrom_device_info\ <device>_info = \{\cr
+& <device>_dops;\cr
+&\ldots\cr
+\}\cr
+}}$$
+Note that a driver must have one static structure, $<device>_dops$, while
+it may have as many structures $<device>_info$ as there are minor devices
+active. $Register_cdrom()$ builds a linked list from these.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ unregister_cdrom(struct\ cdrom_device_info * cdi)$}
+
+Unregistering device $cdi$ with minor number $MINOR(cdi\to dev)$ removes
+the minor device from the list. If it was the last registered minor for
+the low-level driver, this disconnects the registered device-operation
+routines from the \cdrom\ interface. This function returns zero upon
+success, and non-zero upon failure.
+
+\subsection{$Int\ cdrom_open(struct\ inode * ip, struct\ file * fp)$}
+
+This function is not called directly by the low-level drivers, it is
+listed in the standard $cdrom_fops$. If the VFS opens a file, this
+function becomes active. A strategy is implemented in this routine,
+taking care of all capabilities and options that are set in the
+$cdrom_device_ops$ connected to the device. Then, the program flow is
+transferred to the device_dependent $open()$ call.
+
+\subsection{$Void\ cdrom_release(struct\ inode *ip, struct\ file
+*fp)$}
+
+This function implements the reverse-logic of $cdrom_open()$, and then
+calls the device-dependent $release()$ routine. When the use-count has
+reached 0, the allocated buffers are flushed by calls to $sync_dev(dev)$
+and $invalidate_buffers(dev)$.
+
+
+\subsection{$Int\ cdrom_ioctl(struct\ inode *ip, struct\ file *fp,
+unsigned\ int\ cmd, unsigned\ long\ arg)$}
+\label{cdrom-ioctl}
+
+This function handles all the standard $ioctl$ requests for \cdrom\
+devices in a uniform way. The different calls fall into three
+categories: $ioctl$s that can be directly implemented by device
+operations, ones that are routed through the call $audio_ioctl()$, and
+the remaining ones, that are presumable device-dependent. Generally, a
+negative return value indicates an error.
+
+\subsubsection{Directly implemented $ioctl$s}
+\label{ioctl-direct}
+
+The following `old' \cdrom-$ioctl$s are implemented by directly
+calling device-operations in $cdrom_device_ops$, if implemented and
+not masked:
+\begin{description}
+\item[CDROMMULTISESSION] Requests the last session on a \cdrom.
+\item[CDROMEJECT] Open tray.
+\item[CDROMCLOSETRAY] Close tray.
+\item[CDROMEJECT_SW] If $arg\not=0$, set behavior to auto-close (close
+tray on first open) and auto-eject (eject on last release), otherwise
+set behavior to non-moving on $open()$ and $release()$ calls.
+\item[CDROM_GET_MCN] Get the Media Catalog Number from a CD.
+\end{description}
+
+\subsubsection{$Ioctl$s routed through $audio_ioctl()$}
+\label{ioctl-audio}
+
+The following set of $ioctl$s are all implemented through a call to
+the $cdrom_fops$ function $audio_ioctl()$. Memory checks and
+allocation are performed in $cdrom_ioctl()$, and also sanitization of
+address format ($CDROM_LBA$/$CDROM_MSF$) is done.
+\begin{description}
+\item[CDROMSUBCHNL] Get sub-channel data in argument $arg$ of type $struct\
+cdrom_subchnl *{}$.
+\item[CDROMREADTOCHDR] Read Table of Contents header, in $arg$ of type
+$struct\ cdrom_tochdr *{}$.
+\item[CDROMREADTOCENTRY] Read a Table of Contents entry in $arg$ and
+specified by $arg$ of type $struct\ cdrom_tocentry *{}$.
+\item[CDROMPLAYMSF] Play audio fragment specified in Minute, Second,
+Frame format, delimited by $arg$ of type $struct\ cdrom_msf *{}$.
+\item[CDROMPLAYTRKIND] Play audio fragment in track-index format
+delimited by $arg$ of type $struct\ \penalty-1000 cdrom_ti *{}$.
+\item[CDROMVOLCTRL] Set volume specified by $arg$ of type $struct\
+cdrom_volctrl *{}$.
+\item[CDROMVOLREAD] Read volume into by $arg$ of type $struct\
+cdrom_volctrl *{}$.
+\item[CDROMSTART] Spin up disc.
+\item[CDROMSTOP] Stop playback of audio fragment.
+\item[CDROMPAUSE] Pause playback of audio fragment.
+\item[CDROMRESUME] Resume playing.
+\end{description}
+
+\subsubsection{New $ioctl$s in \cdromc}
+
+The following $ioctl$s have been introduced to allow user programs to
+control the behavior of individual \cdrom\ devices. New $ioctl$
+commands can be identified by the underscores in their names.
+\begin{description}
+\item[CDROM_SET_OPTIONS] Set options specified by $arg$. Returns the
+option flag register after modification. Use $arg = \rm0$ for reading
+the current flags.
+\item[CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS] Clear options specified by $arg$. Returns
+ the option flag register after modification.
+\item[CDROM_SELECT_SPEED] Select head-rate speed of disc specified as
+ by $arg$ in units of standard cdrom speed (176\,kB/sec raw data or
+ 150\,kB/sec file system data). The value 0 means `auto-select', \ie,
+ play audio discs at real time and data discs at maximum speed. The value
+ $arg$ is checked against the maximum head rate of the drive found in the
+ $cdrom_dops$.
+\item[CDROM_SELECT_DISC] Select disc numbered $arg$ from a juke-box.
+ First disc is numbered 0. The number $arg$ is checked against the
+ maximum number of discs in the juke-box found in the $cdrom_dops$.
+\item[CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED] Returns 1 if a disc has been changed since
+ the last call. Note that calls to $cdrom_media_changed$ by the VFS
+ are treated by an independent queue, so both mechanisms will detect
+ a media change once. For juke-boxes, an extra argument $arg$
+ specifies the slot for which the information is given. The special
+ value $CDSL_CURRENT$ requests that information about the currently
+ selected slot be returned.
+\item[CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS] Returns the status of the drive by a call to
+ $drive_status()$. Return values are defined in section~\ref{drive
+ status}. Note that this call doesn't return information on the
+ current playing activity of the drive; this can be polled through an
+ $ioctl$ call to $CDROMSUBCHNL$. For juke-boxes, an extra argument
+ $arg$ specifies the slot for which (possibly limited) information is
+ given. The special value $CDSL_CURRENT$ requests that information
+ about the currently selected slot be returned.
+\item[CDROM_DISC_STATUS] Returns the type of the disc currently in the
+ drive. It should be viewed as a complement to $CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS$.
+ This $ioctl$ can provide \emph {some} information about the current
+ disc that is inserted in the drive. This functionality used to be
+ implemented in the low level drivers, but is now carried out
+ entirely in \UCD.
+
+ The history of development of the CD's use as a carrier medium for
+ various digital information has lead to many different disc types.
+ This $ioctl$ is useful only in the case that CDs have \emph {only
+ one} type of data on them. While this is often the case, it is
+ also very common for CDs to have some tracks with data, and some
+ tracks with audio. Because this is an existing interface, rather
+ than fixing this interface by changing the assumptions it was made
+ under, thereby breaking all user applications that use this
+ function, the \UCD\ implements this $ioctl$ as follows: If the CD in
+ question has audio tracks on it, and it has absolutely no CD-I, XA,
+ or data tracks on it, it will be reported as $CDS_AUDIO$. If it has
+ both audio and data tracks, it will return $CDS_MIXED$. If there
+ are no audio tracks on the disc, and if the CD in question has any
+ CD-I tracks on it, it will be reported as $CDS_XA_2_2$. Failing
+ that, if the CD in question has any XA tracks on it, it will be
+ reported as $CDS_XA_2_1$. Finally, if the CD in question has any
+ data tracks on it, it will be reported as a data CD ($CDS_DATA_1$).
+
+ This $ioctl$ can return:
+ $$
+ \halign{$#$\ \hfil&$/*$ \rm# $*/$\hfil\cr
+ CDS_NO_INFO& no information available\cr
+ CDS_NO_DISC& no disc is inserted, or tray is opened\cr
+ CDS_AUDIO& Audio disc (2352 audio bytes/frame)\cr
+ CDS_DATA_1& data disc, mode 1 (2048 user bytes/frame)\cr
+ CDS_XA_2_1& mixed data (XA), mode 2, form 1 (2048 user bytes)\cr
+ CDS_XA_2_2& mixed data (XA), mode 2, form 1 (2324 user bytes)\cr
+ CDS_MIXED& mixed audio/data disc\cr
+ }
+ $$
+ For some information concerning frame layout of the various disc
+ types, see a recent version of \cdromh.
+
+\item[CDROM_CHANGER_NSLOTS] Returns the number of slots in a
+ juke-box.
+\item[CDROMRESET] Reset the drive.
+\item[CDROM_GET_CAPABILITY] Returns the $capability$ flags for the
+ drive. Refer to section \ref{capability} for more information on
+ these flags.
+\item[CDROM_LOCKDOOR] Locks the door of the drive. $arg == \rm0$
+ unlocks the door, any other value locks it.
+\item[CDROM_DEBUG] Turns on debugging info. Only root is allowed
+ to do this. Same semantics as CDROM_LOCKDOOR.
+\end{description}
+
+\subsubsection{Device dependent $ioctl$s}
+
+Finally, all other $ioctl$s are passed to the function $dev_ioctl()$,
+if implemented. No memory allocation or verification is carried out.
+
+\newsection{How to update your driver}
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item Make a backup of your current driver.
+\item Get hold of the files \cdromc\ and \cdromh, they should be in
+ the directory tree that came with this documentation.
+\item Make sure you include \cdromh.
+\item Change the 3rd argument of $register_blkdev$ from
+$\&<your-drive>_fops$ to $\&cdrom_fops$.
+\item Just after that line, add the following to register with the \UCD:
+ $$register_cdrom(\&<your-drive>_info);$$
+ Similarly, add a call to $unregister_cdrom()$ at the appropriate place.
+\item Copy an example of the device-operations $struct$ to your
+ source, \eg, from {\tt {cm206.c}} $cm206_dops$, and change all
+ entries to names corresponding to your driver, or names you just
+ happen to like. If your driver doesn't support a certain function,
+ make the entry $NULL$. At the entry $capability$ you should list all
+ capabilities your driver currently supports. If your driver
+ has a capability that is not listed, please send me a message.
+\item Copy the $cdrom_device_info$ declaration from the same example
+ driver, and modify the entries according to your needs. If your
+ driver dynamically determines the capabilities of the hardware, this
+ structure should also be declared dynamically.
+\item Implement all functions in your $<device>_dops$ structure,
+ according to prototypes listed in \cdromh, and specifications given
+ in section~\ref{cdrom.c}. Most likely you have already implemented
+ the code in a large part, and you will almost certainly need to adapt the
+ prototype and return values.
+\item Rename your $<device>_ioctl()$ function to $audio_ioctl$ and
+ change the prototype a little. Remove entries listed in the first
+ part in section~\ref{cdrom-ioctl}, if your code was OK, these are
+ just calls to the routines you adapted in the previous step.
+\item You may remove all remaining memory checking code in the
+ $audio_ioctl()$ function that deals with audio commands (these are
+ listed in the second part of section~\ref{cdrom-ioctl}). There is no
+ need for memory allocation either, so most $case$s in the $switch$
+ statement look similar to:
+ $$
+ case\ CDROMREADTOCENTRY\colon get_toc_entry\bigl((struct\
+ cdrom_tocentry *{})\ arg\bigr);
+ $$
+\item All remaining $ioctl$ cases must be moved to a separate
+ function, $<device>_ioctl$, the device-dependent $ioctl$s. Note that
+ memory checking and allocation must be kept in this code!
+\item Change the prototypes of $<device>_open()$ and
+ $<device>_release()$, and remove any strategic code (\ie, tray
+ movement, door locking, etc.).
+\item Try to recompile the drivers. We advise you to use modules, both
+ for {\tt {cdrom.o}} and your driver, as debugging is much easier this
+ way.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\newsection{Thanks}
+
+Thanks to all the people involved. First, Erik Andersen, who has
+taken over the torch in maintaining \cdromc\ and integrating much
+\cdrom-related code in the 2.1-kernel. Thanks to Scott Snyder and
+Gerd Knorr, who were the first to implement this interface for SCSI
+and IDE-CD drivers and added many ideas for extension of the data
+structures relative to kernel~2.0. Further thanks to Heiko Eissfeldt,
+Thomas Quinot, Jon Tombs, Ken Pizzini, Eberhard M\"onkeberg and Andrew
+Kroll, the \linux\ \cdrom\ device driver developers who were kind
+enough to give suggestions and criticisms during the writing. Finally
+of course, I want to thank Linus Torvalds for making this possible in
+the first place.
+
+\vfill
+$ \version\ $
+\eject
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/cdu31a b/Documentation/cdrom/cdu31a
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0667da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/cdu31a
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+ CDU31A/CDU33A Driver Info
+ -------------------------
+
+Information on the Sony CDU31A/CDU33A CDROM driver for the Linux
+kernel.
+
+ Corey Minyard (minyard@metronet.com)
+
+ Colossians 3:17
+
+Crude Table of Contents
+-----------------------
+
+ Setting Up the Hardware
+ Configuring the Kernel
+ Configuring as a Module
+ Driver Special Features
+
+
+This device driver handles Sony CDU31A/CDU33A CDROM drives and
+provides a complete block-level interface as well as an ioctl()
+interface as specified in include/linux/cdrom.h). With this
+interface, CDROMs can be accessed, standard audio CDs can be played
+back normally, and CD audio information can be read off the drive.
+
+Note that this will only work for CDU31A/CDU33A drives. Some vendors
+market their drives as CDU31A compatible. They lie. Their drives are
+really CDU31A hardware interface compatible (they can plug into the
+same card). They are not software compatible.
+
+Setting Up the Hardware
+-----------------------
+
+The CDU31A driver is unable to safely tell if an interface card is
+present that it can use because the interface card does not announce
+its presence in any way besides placing 4 I/O locations in memory. It
+used to just probe memory and attempt commands, but Linus wisely asked
+me to remove that because it could really screw up other hardware in
+the system.
+
+Because of this, you must tell the kernel where the drive interface
+is, what interrupts are used, and possibly if you are on a PAS-16
+soundcard.
+
+If you have the Sony CDU31A/CDU33A drive interface card, the following
+diagram will help you set it up. If you have another card, you are on
+your own. You need to make sure that the I/O address and interrupt is
+not used by another card in the system. You will need to know the I/O
+address and interrupt you have set. Note that use of interrupts is
+highly recommended, if possible, it really cuts down on CPU used.
+Unfortunately, most soundcards do not support interrupts for their
+CDROM interfaces. By default, the Sony interface card comes with
+interrupts disabled.
+
+ +----------+-----------------+----------------------+
+ | JP1 | 34 Pin Conn | |
+ | JP2 +-----------------+ |
+ | JP3 |
+ | JP4 |
+ | +--+
+ | | +-+
+ | | | | External
+ | | | | Connector
+ | | | |
+ | | +-+
+ | +--+
+ | |
+ | +--------+
+ | |
+ +------------------------------------------+
+
+ JP1 sets the Base Address, using the following settings:
+
+ Address Pin 1 Pin 2
+ ------- ----- -----
+ 0x320 Short Short
+ 0x330 Short Open
+ 0x340 Open Short
+ 0x360 Open Open
+
+ JP2 and JP3 configure the DMA channel; they must be set the same.
+
+ DMA Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3
+ --- ----- ----- -----
+ 1 On Off On
+ 2 Off On Off
+ 3 Off Off On
+
+ JP4 Configures the IRQ:
+
+ IRQ Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4
+ --- ----- ----- ----- -----
+ 3 Off Off On Off
+ 4 Off Off* Off On
+ 5 On Off Off Off
+ 6 Off On Off Off
+
+ The documentation states to set this for interrupt
+ 4, but I think that is a mistake.
+
+Note that if you have another interface card, you will need to look at
+the documentation to find the I/O base address. This is specified to
+the SLCD.SYS driver for DOS with the /B: parameter, so you can look at
+you DOS driver setup to find the address, if necessary.
+
+Configuring the Kernel
+----------------------
+
+You must tell the kernel where the drive is at boot time. This can be
+done at the Linux boot prompt, by using LILO, or by using Bootlin.
+Note that this is no substitute for HOWTOs and LILO documentation, if
+you are confused please read those for info on bootline configuration
+and LILO.
+
+At the linux boot prompt, press the ALT key and add the following line
+after the boot name (you can let the kernel boot, it will tell you the
+default boot name while booting):
+
+ cdu31a=<base address>,<interrupt>[,PAS]
+
+The base address needs to have "0x" in front of it, since it is in
+hex. For instance, to configure a drive at address 320 on interrupt 5,
+use the following:
+
+ cdu31a=0x320,5
+
+I use the following boot line:
+
+ cdu31a=0x1f88,0,PAS
+
+because I have a PAS-16 which does not support interrupt for the
+CDU31A interface.
+
+Adding this as an append line at the beginning of the /etc/lilo.conf
+file will set it for lilo configurations. I have the following as the
+first line in my lilo.conf file:
+
+ append="cdu31a=0x1f88,0"
+
+I'm not sure how to set up Bootlin (I have never used it), if someone
+would like to fill in this section please do.
+
+
+Configuring as a Module
+-----------------------
+
+The driver supports loading as a module. However, you must specify
+the boot address and interrupt on the boot line to insmod. You can't
+use modprobe to load it, since modprobe doesn't support setting
+variables.
+
+Anyway, I use the following line to load my driver as a module
+
+ /sbin/insmod /lib/modules/`uname -r`/misc/cdu31a.o cdu31a_port=0x1f88
+
+You can set the following variables in the driver:
+
+ cdu31a_port=<I/O address> - sets the base I/O. If hex, put 0x in
+ front of it. This must be specified.
+
+ cdu31a_irq=<interrupt> - Sets the interrupt number. Leaving this
+ off will turn interrupts off.
+
+
+Driver Special Features
+-----------------------
+
+This section describes features beyond the normal audio and CD-ROM
+functions of the drive.
+
+2048 byte buffer mode
+
+If a disk is mounted with -o block=2048, data is copied straight from
+the drive data port to the buffer. Otherwise, the readahead buffer
+must be involved to hold the other 1K of data when a 1K block
+operation is done. Note that with 2048 byte blocks you cannot execute
+files from the CD.
+
+XA compatibility
+
+The driver should support XA disks for both the CDU31A and CDU33A. It
+does this transparently, the using program doesn't need to set it.
+
+Multi-Session
+
+A multi-session disk looks just like a normal disk to the user. Just
+mount one normally, and all the data should be there. A special
+thanks to Koen for help with this!
+
+Raw sector I/O
+
+Using the CDROMREADAUDIO it is possible to read raw audio and data
+tracks. Both operations return 2352 bytes per sector. On the data
+tracks, the first 12 bytes is not returned by the drive and the value
+of that data is indeterminate.
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/cm206 b/Documentation/cdrom/cm206
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..810368f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/cm206
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+This is the readme file for the driver for the Philips/LMS cdrom drive
+cm206 in combination with the cm260 host adapter card.
+
+ (c) 1995 David A. van Leeuwen
+
+Changes since version 0.99
+--------------------------
+- Interfacing to the kernel is routed though an extra interface layer,
+ cdrom.c. This allows runtime-configurable `behavior' of the cdrom-drive,
+ independent of the driver.
+
+Features since version 0.33
+---------------------------
+- Full audio support, that is, both workman, workbone and cdp work
+ now reasonably. Reading TOC still takes some time. xmcd has been
+ reported to run successfully.
+- Made auto-probe code a little better, I hope
+
+Features since version 0.28
+---------------------------
+- Full speed transfer rate (300 kB/s).
+- Minimum kernel memory usage for buffering (less than 3 kB).
+- Multisession support.
+- Tray locking.
+- Statistics of driver accessible to the user.
+- Module support.
+- Auto-probing of adapter card's base port and irq line,
+ also configurable at boot time or module load time.
+
+
+Decide how you are going to use the driver. There are two
+options:
+
+ (a) installing the driver as a resident part of the kernel
+ (b) compiling the driver as a loadable module
+
+ Further, you must decide if you are going to specify the base port
+ address and the interrupt request line of the adapter card cm260 as
+ boot options for (a), module parameters for (b), use automatic
+ probing of these values, or hard-wire your adaptor card's settings
+ into the source code. If you don't care, you can choose
+ autoprobing, which is the default. In that case you can move on to
+ the next step.
+
+Compiling the kernel
+--------------------
+1) move to /usr/src/linux and do a
+
+ make config
+
+ If you have chosen option (a), answer yes to CONFIG_CM206 and
+ CONFIG_ISO9660_FS.
+
+ If you have chosen option (b), answer yes to CONFIG_MODVERSIONS
+ and no (!) to CONFIG_CM206 and CONFIG_ISO9660_FS.
+
+2) then do a
+
+ make clean; make zImage; make modules
+
+3) do the usual things to install a new image (backup the old one, run
+ `rdev -R zImage 1', copy the new image in place, run lilo). Might
+ be `make zlilo'.
+
+Using the driver as a module
+----------------------------
+If you will only occasionally use the cd-rom driver, you can choose
+option (b), install as a loadable module. You may have to re-compile
+the module when you upgrade the kernel to a new version.
+
+Since version 0.96, much of the functionality has been transferred to
+a generic cdrom interface in the file cdrom.c. The module cm206.o
+depends on cdrom.o. If the latter is not compiled into the kernel,
+you must explicitly load it before cm206.o:
+
+ insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/cdrom.o
+
+To install the module, you use the command, as root
+
+ insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/cm206.o
+
+You can specify the base address on the command line as well as the irq
+line to be used, e.g.
+
+ insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/cm206.o cm206=0x300,11
+
+The order of base port and irq line doesn't matter; if you specify only
+one, the other will have the value of the compiled-in default. You
+may also have to install the file-system module `iso9660.o', if you
+didn't compile that into the kernel.
+
+
+Using the driver as part of the kernel
+--------------------------------------
+If you have chosen option (a), you can specify the base-port
+address and irq on the lilo boot command line, e.g.:
+
+ LILO: linux cm206=0x340,11
+
+This assumes that your linux kernel image keyword is `linux'.
+If you specify either IRQ (3--11) or base port (0x300--0x370),
+auto probing is turned off for both settings, thus setting the
+other value to the compiled-in default.
+
+Note that you can also put these parameters in the lilo configuration file:
+
+# linux config
+image = /vmlinuz
+ root = /dev/hda1
+ label = Linux
+ append = "cm206=0x340,11"
+ read-only
+
+
+If module parameters and LILO config options don't work
+-------------------------------------------------------
+If autoprobing does not work, you can hard-wire the default values
+of the base port address (CM206_BASE) and interrupt request line
+(CM206_IRQ) into the file /usr/src/linux/drivers/cdrom/cm206.h. Change
+the defines of CM206_IRQ and CM206_BASE.
+
+
+Mounting the cdrom
+------------------
+1) Make sure that the right device is installed in /dev.
+
+ mknod /dev/cm206cd b 32 0
+
+2) Make sure there is a mount point, e.g., /cdrom
+
+ mkdir /cdrom
+
+3) mount using a command like this (run as root):
+
+ mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cm206cd /cdrom
+
+4) For user-mounts, add a line in /etc/fstab
+
+ /dev/cm206cd /cdrom iso9660 ro,noauto,user
+
+ This will allow users to give the commands
+
+ mount /cdrom
+ umount /cdrom
+
+If things don't work
+--------------------
+
+- Try to do a `dmesg' to find out if the driver said anything about
+ what is going wrong during the initialization.
+
+- Try to do a `dd if=/dev/cm206cd | od -tc | less' to read from the
+ CD.
+
+- Look in the /proc directory to see if `cm206' shows up under one of
+ `interrupts', `ioports', `devices' or `modules' (if applicable).
+
+
+DISCLAIMER
+----------
+I cannot guarantee that this driver works, or that the hardware will
+not be harmed, although I consider it most unlikely.
+
+I hope that you'll find this driver in some way useful.
+
+ David van Leeuwen
+ david@tm.tno.nl
+
+Note for Linux CDROM vendors
+-----------------------------
+You are encouraged to include this driver on your Linux CDROM. If
+you do, you might consider sending me a free copy of that cd-rom.
+You can contact me through my e-mail address, david@tm.tno.nl.
+If this driver is compiled into a kernel to boot off a cdrom,
+you should actually send me a free copy of that cd-rom.
+
+Copyright
+---------
+The copyright of the cm206 driver for Linux is
+
+ (c) 1995 David A. van Leeuwen
+
+The driver is released under the conditions of the GNU general public
+license, which can be found in the file COPYING in the root of this
+source tree.
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/gscd b/Documentation/cdrom/gscd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d01ca36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/gscd
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+ Goldstar R420 CD-Rom device driver README
+
+For all kind of other information about the GoldStar R420 CDROM
+and this Linux device driver see the WWW page:
+
+ http://linux.rz.fh-hannover.de/~raupach
+
+
+ If you are the editor of a Linux CD, you should
+ enable gscd.c within your boot floppy kernel. Please,
+ send me one of your CDs for free.
+
+
+This current driver version 0.4a only supports reading data from the disk.
+Currently we have no audio and no multisession or XA support.
+The polling interface is used, no DMA.
+
+
+Sometimes the GoldStar R420 is sold in a 'Reveal Multimedia Kit'. This kit's
+drive interface is compatible, too.
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+Change to '/usr/src/linux/drivers/cdrom' and edit the file 'gscd.h'. Insert
+the i/o address of your interface card.
+
+The default base address is 0x340. This will work for most applications.
+Address selection is accomplished by jumpers PN801-1 to PN801-4 on the
+GoldStar Interface Card.
+Appropriate settings are: 0x300, 0x310, 0x320, 0x330, 0x340, 0x350, 0x360
+0x370, 0x380, 0x390, 0x3A0, 0x3B0, 0x3C0, 0x3D0, 0x3E0, 0x3F0
+
+Then go back to '/usr/src/linux/' and 'make config' to build the new
+configuration for your kernel. If you want to use the GoldStar driver
+like a module, don't select 'GoldStar CDROM support'. By the way, you
+have to include the iso9660 filesystem.
+
+Now start compiling the kernel with 'make zImage'.
+If you want to use the driver as a module, you have to do 'make modules'
+and 'make modules_install', additionally.
+Install your new kernel as usual - maybe you do it with 'make zlilo'.
+
+Before you can use the driver, you have to
+ mknod /dev/gscd0 b 16 0
+to create the appropriate device file (you only need to do this once).
+
+If you use modules, you can try to insert the driver.
+Say: 'insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/gscd.o'
+or: 'insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/gscd.o gscd=<address>'
+The driver should report its results.
+
+That's it! Mount a disk, i.e. 'mount -rt iso9660 /dev/gscd0 /cdrom'
+
+Feel free to report errors and suggestions to the following address.
+Be sure, I'm very happy to receive your comments!
+
+ Oliver Raupach Hannover, Juni 1995
+(raupach@nwfs1.rz.fh-hannover.de)
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/ide-cd b/Documentation/cdrom/ide-cd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29721bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/ide-cd
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+IDE-CD driver documentation
+Originally by scott snyder <snyder@fnald0.fnal.gov> (19 May 1996)
+Carrying on the torch is: Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org>
+New maintainers (19 Oct 1998): Jens Axboe <axboe@image.dk>
+
+1. Introduction
+---------------
+
+The ide-cd driver should work with all ATAPI ver 1.2 to ATAPI 2.6 compliant
+CDROM drives which attach to an IDE interface. Note that some CDROM vendors
+(including Mitsumi, Sony, Creative, Aztech, and Goldstar) have made
+both ATAPI-compliant drives and drives which use a proprietary
+interface. If your drive uses one of those proprietary interfaces,
+this driver will not work with it (but one of the other CDROM drivers
+probably will). This driver will not work with `ATAPI' drives which
+attach to the parallel port. In addition, there is at least one drive
+(CyCDROM CR520ie) which attaches to the IDE port but is not ATAPI;
+this driver will not work with drives like that either (but see the
+aztcd driver).
+
+This driver provides the following features:
+
+ - Reading from data tracks, and mounting ISO 9660 filesystems.
+
+ - Playing audio tracks. Most of the CDROM player programs floating
+ around should work; I usually use Workman.
+
+ - Multisession support.
+
+ - On drives which support it, reading digital audio data directly
+ from audio tracks. The program cdda2wav can be used for this.
+ Note, however, that only some drives actually support this.
+
+ - There is now support for CDROM changers which comply with the
+ ATAPI 2.6 draft standard (such as the NEC CDR-251). This additional
+ functionality includes a function call to query which slot is the
+ currently selected slot, a function call to query which slots contain
+ CDs, etc. A sample program which demonstrates this functionality is
+ appended to the end of this file. The Sanyo 3-disc changer
+ (which does not conform to the standard) is also now supported.
+ Please note the driver refers to the first CD as slot # 0.
+
+
+2. Installation
+---------------
+
+0. The ide-cd relies on the ide disk driver. See
+ Documentation/ide.txt for up-to-date information on the ide
+ driver.
+
+1. Make sure that the ide and ide-cd drivers are compiled into the
+ kernel you're using. When configuring the kernel, in the section
+ entitled "Floppy, IDE, and other block devices", say either `Y'
+ (which will compile the support directly into the kernel) or `M'
+ (to compile support as a module which can be loaded and unloaded)
+ to the options:
+
+ Enhanced IDE/MFM/RLL disk/cdrom/tape/floppy support
+ Include IDE/ATAPI CDROM support
+
+ and `no' to
+
+ Use old disk-only driver on primary interface
+
+ Depending on what type of IDE interface you have, you may need to
+ specify additional configuration options. See
+ Documentation/ide.txt.
+
+2. You should also ensure that the iso9660 filesystem is either
+ compiled into the kernel or available as a loadable module. You
+ can see if a filesystem is known to the kernel by catting
+ /proc/filesystems.
+
+3. The CDROM drive should be connected to the host on an IDE
+ interface. Each interface on a system is defined by an I/O port
+ address and an IRQ number, the standard assignments being
+ 0x1f0 and 14 for the primary interface and 0x170 and 15 for the
+ secondary interface. Each interface can control up to two devices,
+ where each device can be a hard drive, a CDROM drive, a floppy drive,
+ or a tape drive. The two devices on an interface are called `master'
+ and `slave'; this is usually selectable via a jumper on the drive.
+
+ Linux names these devices as follows. The master and slave devices
+ on the primary IDE interface are called `hda' and `hdb',
+ respectively. The drives on the secondary interface are called
+ `hdc' and `hdd'. (Interfaces at other locations get other letters
+ in the third position; see Documentation/ide.txt.)
+
+ If you want your CDROM drive to be found automatically by the
+ driver, you should make sure your IDE interface uses either the
+ primary or secondary addresses mentioned above. In addition, if
+ the CDROM drive is the only device on the IDE interface, it should
+ be jumpered as `master'. (If for some reason you cannot configure
+ your system in this manner, you can probably still use the driver.
+ You may have to pass extra configuration information to the kernel
+ when you boot, however. See Documentation/ide.txt for more
+ information.)
+
+4. Boot the system. If the drive is recognized, you should see a
+ message which looks like
+
+ hdb: NEC CD-ROM DRIVE:260, ATAPI CDROM drive
+
+ If you do not see this, see section 5 below.
+
+5. You may want to create a symbolic link /dev/cdrom pointing to the
+ actual device. You can do this with the command
+
+ ln -s /dev/hdX /dev/cdrom
+
+ where X should be replaced by the letter indicating where your
+ drive is installed.
+
+6. You should be able to see any error messages from the driver with
+ the `dmesg' command.
+
+
+3. Basic usage
+--------------
+
+An ISO 9660 CDROM can be mounted by putting the disc in the drive and
+typing (as root)
+
+ mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
+
+where it is assumed that /dev/cdrom is a link pointing to the actual
+device (as described in step 5 of the last section) and /mnt/cdrom is
+an empty directory. You should now be able to see the contents of the
+CDROM under the /mnt/cdrom directory. If you want to eject the CDROM,
+you must first dismount it with a command like
+
+ umount /mnt/cdrom
+
+Note that audio CDs cannot be mounted.
+
+Some distributions set up /etc/fstab to always try to mount a CDROM
+filesystem on bootup. It is not required to mount the CDROM in this
+manner, though, and it may be a nuisance if you change CDROMs often.
+You should feel free to remove the cdrom line from /etc/fstab and
+mount CDROMs manually if that suits you better.
+
+Multisession and photocd discs should work with no special handling.
+The hpcdtoppm package (ftp.gwdg.de:/pub/linux/hpcdtoppm/) may be
+useful for reading photocds.
+
+To play an audio CD, you should first unmount and remove any data
+CDROM. Any of the CDROM player programs should then work (workman,
+workbone, cdplayer, etc.). Lacking anything else, you could use the
+cdtester program in Documentation/cdrom/sbpcd.
+
+On a few drives, you can read digital audio directly using a program
+such as cdda2wav. The only types of drive which I've heard support
+this are Sony and Toshiba drives. You will get errors if you try to
+use this function on a drive which does not support it.
+
+For supported changers, you can use the `cdchange' program (appended to
+the end of this file) to switch between changer slots. Note that the
+drive should be unmounted before attempting this. The program takes
+two arguments: the CDROM device, and the slot number to which you wish
+to change. If the slot number is -1, the drive is unloaded.
+
+
+4. Compilation options
+----------------------
+
+There are a few additional options which can be set when compiling the
+driver. Most people should not need to mess with any of these; they
+are listed here simply for completeness. A compilation option can be
+enabled by adding a line of the form `#define <option> 1' to the top
+of ide-cd.c. All these options are disabled by default.
+
+VERBOSE_IDE_CD_ERRORS
+ If this is set, ATAPI error codes will be translated into textual
+ descriptions. In addition, a dump is made of the command which
+ provoked the error. This is off by default to save the memory used
+ by the (somewhat long) table of error descriptions.
+
+STANDARD_ATAPI
+ If this is set, the code needed to deal with certain drives which do
+ not properly implement the ATAPI spec will be disabled. If you know
+ your drive implements ATAPI properly, you can turn this on to get a
+ slightly smaller kernel.
+
+NO_DOOR_LOCKING
+ If this is set, the driver will never attempt to lock the door of
+ the drive.
+
+CDROM_NBLOCKS_BUFFER
+ This sets the size of the buffer to be used for a CDROMREADAUDIO
+ ioctl. The default is 8.
+
+TEST
+ This currently enables an additional ioctl which enables a user-mode
+ program to execute an arbitrary packet command. See the source for
+ details. This should be left off unless you know what you're doing.
+
+
+5. Common problems
+------------------
+
+This section discusses some common problems encountered when trying to
+use the driver, and some possible solutions. Note that if you are
+experiencing problems, you should probably also review
+Documentation/ide.txt for current information about the underlying
+IDE support code. Some of these items apply only to earlier versions
+of the driver, but are mentioned here for completeness.
+
+In most cases, you should probably check with `dmesg' for any errors
+from the driver.
+
+a. Drive is not detected during booting.
+
+ - Review the configuration instructions above and in
+ Documentation/ide.txt, and check how your hardware is
+ configured.
+
+ - If your drive is the only device on an IDE interface, it should
+ be jumpered as master, if at all possible.
+
+ - If your IDE interface is not at the standard addresses of 0x170
+ or 0x1f0, you'll need to explicitly inform the driver using a
+ lilo option. See Documentation/ide.txt. (This feature was
+ added around kernel version 1.3.30.)
+
+ - If the autoprobing is not finding your drive, you can tell the
+ driver to assume that one exists by using a lilo option of the
+ form `hdX=cdrom', where X is the drive letter corresponding to
+ where your drive is installed. Note that if you do this and you
+ see a boot message like
+
+ hdX: ATAPI cdrom (?)
+
+ this does _not_ mean that the driver has successfully detected
+ the drive; rather, it means that the driver has not detected a
+ drive, but is assuming there's one there anyway because you told
+ it so. If you actually try to do I/O to a drive defined at a
+ nonexistent or nonresponding I/O address, you'll probably get
+ errors with a status value of 0xff.
+
+ - Some IDE adapters require a nonstandard initialization sequence
+ before they'll function properly. (If this is the case, there
+ will often be a separate MS-DOS driver just for the controller.)
+ IDE interfaces on sound cards often fall into this category.
+
+ Support for some interfaces needing extra initialization is
+ provided in later 1.3.x kernels. You may need to turn on
+ additional kernel configuration options to get them to work;
+ see Documentation/ide.txt.
+
+ Even if support is not available for your interface, you may be
+ able to get it to work with the following procedure. First boot
+ MS-DOS and load the appropriate drivers. Then warm-boot linux
+ (i.e., without powering off). If this works, it can be automated
+ by running loadlin from the MS-DOS autoexec.
+
+
+b. Timeout/IRQ errors.
+
+ - If you always get timeout errors, interrupts from the drive are
+ probably not making it to the host.
+
+ - IRQ problems may also be indicated by the message
+ `IRQ probe failed (<n>)' while booting. If <n> is zero, that
+ means that the system did not see an interrupt from the drive when
+ it was expecting one (on any feasible IRQ). If <n> is negative,
+ that means the system saw interrupts on multiple IRQ lines, when
+ it was expecting to receive just one from the CDROM drive.
+
+ - Double-check your hardware configuration to make sure that the IRQ
+ number of your IDE interface matches what the driver expects.
+ (The usual assignments are 14 for the primary (0x1f0) interface
+ and 15 for the secondary (0x170) interface.) Also be sure that
+ you don't have some other hardware which might be conflicting with
+ the IRQ you're using. Also check the BIOS setup for your system;
+ some have the ability to disable individual IRQ levels, and I've
+ had one report of a system which was shipped with IRQ 15 disabled
+ by default.
+
+ - Note that many MS-DOS CDROM drivers will still function even if
+ there are hardware problems with the interrupt setup; they
+ apparently don't use interrupts.
+
+ - If you own a Pioneer DR-A24X, you _will_ get nasty error messages
+ on boot such as "irq timeout: status=0x50 { DriveReady SeekComplete }"
+ The Pioneer DR-A24X CDROM drives are fairly popular these days.
+ Unfortunately, these drives seem to become very confused when we perform
+ the standard Linux ATA disk drive probe. If you own one of these drives,
+ you can bypass the ATA probing which confuses these CDROM drives, by
+ adding `append="hdX=noprobe hdX=cdrom"' to your lilo.conf file and running
+ lilo (again where X is the drive letter corresponding to where your drive
+ is installed.)
+
+c. System hangups.
+
+ - If the system locks up when you try to access the CDROM, the most
+ likely cause is that you have a buggy IDE adapter which doesn't
+ properly handle simultaneous transactions on multiple interfaces.
+ The most notorious of these is the CMD640B chip. This problem can
+ be worked around by specifying the `serialize' option when
+ booting. Recent kernels should be able to detect the need for
+ this automatically in most cases, but the detection is not
+ foolproof. See Documentation/ide.txt for more information
+ about the `serialize' option and the CMD640B.
+
+ - Note that many MS-DOS CDROM drivers will work with such buggy
+ hardware, apparently because they never attempt to overlap CDROM
+ operations with other disk activity.
+
+
+d. Can't mount a CDROM.
+
+ - If you get errors from mount, it may help to check `dmesg' to see
+ if there are any more specific errors from the driver or from the
+ filesystem.
+
+ - Make sure there's a CDROM loaded in the drive, and that's it's an
+ ISO 9660 disc. You can't mount an audio CD.
+
+ - With the CDROM in the drive and unmounted, try something like
+
+ cat /dev/cdrom | od | more
+
+ If you see a dump, then the drive and driver are probably working
+ OK, and the problem is at the filesystem level (i.e., the CDROM is
+ not ISO 9660 or has errors in the filesystem structure).
+
+ - If you see `not a block device' errors, check that the definitions
+ of the device special files are correct. They should be as
+ follows:
+
+ brw-rw---- 1 root disk 3, 0 Nov 11 18:48 /dev/hda
+ brw-rw---- 1 root disk 3, 64 Nov 11 18:48 /dev/hdb
+ brw-rw---- 1 root disk 22, 0 Nov 11 18:48 /dev/hdc
+ brw-rw---- 1 root disk 22, 64 Nov 11 18:48 /dev/hdd
+
+ Some early Slackware releases had these defined incorrectly. If
+ these are wrong, you can remake them by running the script
+ scripts/MAKEDEV.ide. (You may have to make it executable
+ with chmod first.)
+
+ If you have a /dev/cdrom symbolic link, check that it is pointing
+ to the correct device file.
+
+ If you hear people talking of the devices `hd1a' and `hd1b', these
+ were old names for what are now called hdc and hdd. Those names
+ should be considered obsolete.
+
+ - If mount is complaining that the iso9660 filesystem is not
+ available, but you know it is (check /proc/filesystems), you
+ probably need a newer version of mount. Early versions would not
+ always give meaningful error messages.
+
+
+e. Directory listings are unpredictably truncated, and `dmesg' shows
+ `buffer botch' error messages from the driver.
+
+ - There was a bug in the version of the driver in 1.2.x kernels
+ which could cause this. It was fixed in 1.3.0. If you can't
+ upgrade, you can probably work around the problem by specifying a
+ blocksize of 2048 when mounting. (Note that you won't be able to
+ directly execute binaries off the CDROM in that case.)
+
+ If you see this in kernels later than 1.3.0, please report it as a
+ bug.
+
+
+f. Data corruption.
+
+ - Random data corruption was occasionally observed with the Hitachi
+ CDR-7730 CDROM. If you experience data corruption, using "hdx=slow"
+ as a command line parameter may work around the problem, at the
+ expense of low system performance.
+
+
+6. cdchange.c
+-------------
+
+/*
+ * cdchange.c [-v] <device> [<slot>]
+ *
+ * This loads a CDROM from a specified slot in a changer, and displays
+ * information about the changer status. The drive should be unmounted before
+ * using this program.
+ *
+ * Changer information is displayed if either the -v flag is specified
+ * or no slot was specified.
+ *
+ * Based on code originally from Gerhard Zuber <zuber@berlin.snafu.de>.
+ * Changer status information, and rewrite for the new Uniform CDROM driver
+ * interface by Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org>.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/cdrom.h>
+
+
+int
+main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+ char *program;
+ char *device;
+ int fd; /* file descriptor for CD-ROM device */
+ int status; /* return status for system calls */
+ int verbose = 0;
+ int slot=-1, x_slot;
+ int total_slots_available;
+
+ program = argv[0];
+
+ ++argv;
+ --argc;
+
+ if (argc < 1 || argc > 3) {
+ fprintf (stderr, "usage: %s [-v] <device> [<slot>]\n",
+ program);
+ fprintf (stderr, " Slots are numbered 1 -- n.\n");
+ exit (1);
+ }
+
+ if (strcmp (argv[0], "-v") == 0) {
+ verbose = 1;
+ ++argv;
+ --argc;
+ }
+
+ device = argv[0];
+
+ if (argc == 2)
+ slot = atoi (argv[1]) - 1;
+
+ /* open device */
+ fd = open(device, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK);
+ if (fd < 0) {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: open failed for `%s': %s\n",
+ program, device, strerror (errno));
+ exit (1);
+ }
+
+ /* Check CD player status */
+ total_slots_available = ioctl (fd, CDROM_CHANGER_NSLOTS);
+ if (total_slots_available <= 1 ) {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: Device `%s' is not an ATAPI "
+ "compliant CD changer.\n", program, device);
+ exit (1);
+ }
+
+ if (slot >= 0) {
+ if (slot >= total_slots_available) {
+ fprintf (stderr, "Bad slot number. "
+ "Should be 1 -- %d.\n",
+ total_slots_available);
+ exit (1);
+ }
+
+ /* load */
+ slot=ioctl (fd, CDROM_SELECT_DISC, slot);
+ if (slot<0) {
+ fflush(stdout);
+ perror ("CDROM_SELECT_DISC ");
+ exit(1);
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (slot < 0 || verbose) {
+
+ status=ioctl (fd, CDROM_SELECT_DISC, CDSL_CURRENT);
+ if (status<0) {
+ fflush(stdout);
+ perror (" CDROM_SELECT_DISC");
+ exit(1);
+ }
+ slot=status;
+
+ printf ("Current slot: %d\n", slot+1);
+ printf ("Total slots available: %d\n",
+ total_slots_available);
+
+ printf ("Drive status: ");
+ status = ioctl (fd, CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS, CDSL_CURRENT);
+ if (status<0) {
+ perror(" CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS");
+ } else switch(status) {
+ case CDS_DISC_OK:
+ printf ("Ready.\n");
+ break;
+ case CDS_TRAY_OPEN:
+ printf ("Tray Open.\n");
+ break;
+ case CDS_DRIVE_NOT_READY:
+ printf ("Drive Not Ready.\n");
+ break;
+ default:
+ printf ("This Should not happen!\n");
+ break;
+ }
+
+ for (x_slot=0; x_slot<total_slots_available; x_slot++) {
+ printf ("Slot %2d: ", x_slot+1);
+ status = ioctl (fd, CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS, x_slot);
+ if (status<0) {
+ perror(" CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS");
+ } else switch(status) {
+ case CDS_DISC_OK:
+ printf ("Disc present.");
+ break;
+ case CDS_NO_DISC:
+ printf ("Empty slot.");
+ break;
+ case CDS_TRAY_OPEN:
+ printf ("CD-ROM tray open.\n");
+ break;
+ case CDS_DRIVE_NOT_READY:
+ printf ("CD-ROM drive not ready.\n");
+ break;
+ case CDS_NO_INFO:
+ printf ("No Information available.");
+ break;
+ default:
+ printf ("This Should not happen!\n");
+ break;
+ }
+ if (slot == x_slot) {
+ status = ioctl (fd, CDROM_DISC_STATUS);
+ if (status<0) {
+ perror(" CDROM_DISC_STATUS");
+ }
+ switch (status) {
+ case CDS_AUDIO:
+ printf ("\tAudio disc.\t");
+ break;
+ case CDS_DATA_1:
+ case CDS_DATA_2:
+ printf ("\tData disc type %d.\t", status-CDS_DATA_1+1);
+ break;
+ case CDS_XA_2_1:
+ case CDS_XA_2_2:
+ printf ("\tXA data disc type %d.\t", status-CDS_XA_2_1+1);
+ break;
+ default:
+ printf ("\tUnknown disc type 0x%x!\t", status);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ status = ioctl (fd, CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED, x_slot);
+ if (status<0) {
+ perror(" CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED");
+ }
+ switch (status) {
+ case 1:
+ printf ("Changed.\n");
+ break;
+ default:
+ printf ("\n");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* close device */
+ status = close (fd);
+ if (status != 0) {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: close failed for `%s': %s\n",
+ program, device, strerror (errno));
+ exit (1);
+ }
+
+ exit (0);
+}
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/isp16 b/Documentation/cdrom/isp16
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc86533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/isp16
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+ -- Documentation/cdrom/isp16
+
+Docs by Eric van der Maarel <H.T.M.v.d.Maarel@marin.nl>
+
+This is the README for version 0.6 of the cdrom interface on an
+ISP16, MAD16 or Mozart sound card.
+
+The detection and configuration of this interface used to be included
+in both the sjcd and optcd cdrom driver. Drives supported by these
+drivers came packed with Media Magic's multi media kit, which also
+included the ISP16 card. The idea (thanks Leo Spiekman)
+to move it from these drivers into a separate module and moreover, not to
+rely on the MAD16 sound driver, are as follows:
+-duplication of code in the kernel is a waste of resources and should
+ be avoided;
+-however, kernels and notably those included with Linux distributions
+ (cf Slackware 3.0 included version 0.5 of the isp16 configuration
+ code included in the drivers) don't always come with sound support
+ included. Especially when they already include a bunch of cdrom drivers.
+ Hence, the cdrom interface should be configurable _independently_ of
+ sound support.
+
+The ISP16, MAD16 and Mozart sound cards have an OPTi 82C928 or an
+OPTi 82C929 chip. The interface on these cards should work with
+any cdrom attached to the card, which is 'electrically' compatible
+with Sanyo/Panasonic, Sony or Mitsumi non-ide drives. However, the
+command sets for any proprietary drives may differ
+(and hence may not be supported in the kernel) from these four types.
+For a fact I know the interface works and the way of configuration
+as described in this documentation works in combination with the
+sjcd (in Sanyo/Panasonic compatibility mode) cdrom drivers
+(probably with the optcd (in Sony compatibility mode) as well).
+If you have such an OPTi based sound card and you want to use the
+cdrom interface with a cdrom drive supported by any of the other cdrom
+drivers, it will probably work. Please let me know any experience you
+might have).
+I understand that cards based on the OPTi 82C929 chips may be configured
+(hardware jumpers that is) as an IDE interface. Initialisation of such a
+card in this mode is not supported (yet?).
+
+The suggestion to configure the ISP16 etc. sound card by booting DOS and
+do a warm reboot to boot Linux somehow doesn't work, at least not
+on my machine (IPC P90), with the OPTi 82C928 based card.
+
+Booting the kernel through the boot manager LILO allows the use
+of some command line options on the 'LILO boot:' prompt. At boot time
+press Alt or Shift while the LILO prompt is written on the screen and enter
+any kernel options. Alternatively these options may be used in
+the appropriate section in /etc/lilo.conf. Adding 'append="<cmd_line_options>"'
+will do the trick as well.
+The syntax of 'cmd_line_options' is
+
+ isp16=[<port>[,<irq>[,<dma>]]][[,]<drive_type>]
+
+If there is no ISP16 or compatibles detected, there's probably no harm done.
+These options indicate the values that your cdrom drive has been (or will be)
+configured to use.
+Valid values for the base i/o address are:
+ port=0x340,0x320,0x330,0x360
+for the interrupt request number
+ irq=0,3,5,7,9,10,11
+for the direct memory access line
+ dma=0,3,5,6,7
+and for the type of drive
+ drive_type=noisp16,Sanyo,Panasonic,Sony,Mitsumi.
+Note that these options are case sensitive.
+The values 0 for irq and dma indicate that they are not used, and
+the drive will be used in 'polling' mode. The values 5 and 7 for irq
+should be avoided in order to avoid any conflicts with optional
+sound card configuration.
+The syntax of the command line does not allow the specification of
+irq when there's nothing specified for the base address and no
+specification of dma when there is no specification of irq.
+The value 'noisp16' for drive_type, which may be used as the first
+non-integer option value (e.g. 'isp16=noisp16'), makes sure that probing
+for and subsequent configuration of an ISP16-compatible card is skipped
+all together. This can be useful to overcome possible conflicts which
+may arise while the kernel is probing your hardware.
+The default values are
+ port=0x340
+ irq=0
+ dma=0
+ drive_type=Sanyo
+reflecting my own configuration. The defaults can be changed in
+the file linux/drivers/cdrom/ips16.h.
+
+The cdrom interface can be configured at run time by loading the
+initialisation driver as a module. In that case, the interface
+parameters can be set by giving appropriate values on the command
+line. Configuring the driver can then be done by the following
+command (assuming you have iso16.o installed in a proper place):
+
+ insmod isp16.o isp16_cdrom_base=<port> isp16_cdrom_irq=<irq> \
+ isp16_cdrom_dma=<dma> isp16_cdrom_type=<drive_type>
+
+where port, irq, dma and drive_type can have any of the values mentioned
+above.
+
+
+Have fun!
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/mcdx b/Documentation/cdrom/mcdx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bac4b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/mcdx
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+If you are using the driver as a module, you can specify your ports and IRQs
+like
+
+ # insmod mcdx.o mcdx=0x300,11,0x304,5
+
+and so on ("address,IRQ" pairs).
+This will override the configuration in mcdx.h.
+
+This driver:
+
+ o handles XA and (hopefully) multi session CDs as well as
+ ordinary CDs;
+ o supports up to 5 drives (of course, you'll need free
+ IRQs, i/o ports and slots);
+ o plays audio
+
+This version doesn't support yet:
+
+ o shared IRQs (but it seems to be possible - I've successfully
+ connected two drives to the same irq. So it's `only' a
+ problem of the driver.)
+
+This driver never will:
+
+ o Read digital audio (i.e. copy directly), due to missing
+ hardware features.
+
+
+heiko@lotte.sax.de
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/optcd b/Documentation/cdrom/optcd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f46c7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/optcd
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+This is the README file for the Optics Storage 8000 AT CDROM device driver.
+
+This is the driver for the so-called 'DOLPHIN' drive, with the 34-pin
+Sony-compatible interface. For the IDE-compatible Optics Storage 8001
+drive, you will want the ATAPI CDROM driver. The driver also seems to
+work with the Lasermate CR328A. If you have a drive that works with
+this driver, and that doesn't report itself as DOLPHIN, please drop me
+a mail.
+
+The support for multisession CDs is in ALPHA stage. If you use it,
+please mail me your experiences. Multisession support can be disabled
+at compile time.
+
+You can find some older versions of the driver at
+ dutette.et.tudelft.nl:/pub/linux/
+and at Eberhard's mirror
+ ftp.gwdg.de:/pub/linux/cdrom/drivers/optics/
+
+Before you can use the driver, you have to create the device file once:
+ # mknod /dev/optcd0 b 17 0
+
+To specify the base address if the driver is "compiled-in" to your kernel,
+you can use the kernel command line item (LILO option)
+ optcd=0x340
+with the right address.
+
+If you have compiled optcd as a module, you can load it with
+ # insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/optcd.o
+or
+ # insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/optcd.o optcd=0x340
+with the matching address value of your interface card.
+
+The driver employs a number of buffers to do read-ahead and block size
+conversion. The number of buffers is configurable in optcd.h, and has
+influence on the driver performance. For my machine (a P75), 6 buffers
+seems optimal, as can be seen from this table:
+
+#bufs kb/s %cpu
+1 97 0.1
+2 191 0.3
+3 188 0.2
+4 246 0.3
+5 189 19
+6 280 0.4
+7 281 7.0
+8 246 2.8
+16 281 3.4
+
+If you get a throughput significantly below 300 kb/s, try tweaking
+N_BUFS, and don't forget to mail me your results!
+
+I'd appreciate success/failure reports. If you find a bug, try
+recompiling the driver with some strategically chosen debug options
+(these can be found in optcd.h) and include the messages generated in
+your bug report. Good luck.
+
+Leo Spiekman (spiekman@dutette.et.tudelft.nl)
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/packet-writing.txt b/Documentation/cdrom/packet-writing.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d44c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/packet-writing.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+Getting started quick
+---------------------
+
+- Select packet support in the block device section and UDF support in
+ the file system section.
+
+- Compile and install kernel and modules, reboot.
+
+- You need the udftools package (pktsetup, mkudffs, cdrwtool).
+ Download from http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-udf/
+
+- Grab a new CD-RW disc and format it (assuming CD-RW is hdc, substitute
+ as appropriate):
+ # cdrwtool -d /dev/hdc -q
+
+- Setup your writer
+ # pktsetup dev_name /dev/hdc
+
+- Now you can mount /dev/pktcdvd/dev_name and copy files to it. Enjoy!
+ # mount /dev/pktcdvd/dev_name /cdrom -t udf -o rw,noatime
+
+
+Packet writing for DVD-RW media
+-------------------------------
+
+DVD-RW discs can be written to much like CD-RW discs if they are in
+the so called "restricted overwrite" mode. To put a disc in restricted
+overwrite mode, run:
+
+ # dvd+rw-format /dev/hdc
+
+You can then use the disc the same way you would use a CD-RW disc:
+
+ # pktsetup dev_name /dev/hdc
+ # mount /dev/pktcdvd/dev_name /cdrom -t udf -o rw,noatime
+
+
+Packet writing for DVD+RW media
+-------------------------------
+
+According to the DVD+RW specification, a drive supporting DVD+RW discs
+shall implement "true random writes with 2KB granularity", which means
+that it should be possible to put any filesystem with a block size >=
+2KB on such a disc. For example, it should be possible to do:
+
+ # dvd+rw-format /dev/hdc (only needed if the disc has never
+ been formatted)
+ # mkudffs /dev/hdc
+ # mount /dev/hdc /cdrom -t udf -o rw,noatime
+
+However, some drives don't follow the specification and expect the
+host to perform aligned writes at 32KB boundaries. Other drives do
+follow the specification, but suffer bad performance problems if the
+writes are not 32KB aligned.
+
+Both problems can be solved by using the pktcdvd driver, which always
+generates aligned writes.
+
+ # dvd+rw-format /dev/hdc
+ # pktsetup dev_name /dev/hdc
+ # mkudffs /dev/pktcdvd/dev_name
+ # mount /dev/pktcdvd/dev_name /cdrom -t udf -o rw,noatime
+
+
+Packet writing for DVD-RAM media
+--------------------------------
+
+DVD-RAM discs are random writable, so using the pktcdvd driver is not
+necessary. However, using the pktcdvd driver can improve performance
+in the same way it does for DVD+RW media.
+
+
+Notes
+-----
+
+- CD-RW media can usually not be overwritten more than about 1000
+ times, so to avoid unnecessary wear on the media, you should always
+ use the noatime mount option.
+
+- Defect management (ie automatic remapping of bad sectors) has not
+ been implemented yet, so you are likely to get at least some
+ filesystem corruption if the disc wears out.
+
+- Since the pktcdvd driver makes the disc appear as a regular block
+ device with a 2KB block size, you can put any filesystem you like on
+ the disc. For example, run:
+
+ # /sbin/mke2fs /dev/pktcdvd/dev_name
+
+ to create an ext2 filesystem on the disc.
+
+
+Links
+-----
+
+See http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/ for more information
+about DVD writing.
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/sbpcd b/Documentation/cdrom/sbpcd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1825df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/sbpcd
@@ -0,0 +1,1057 @@
+This README belongs to release 4.2 or newer of the SoundBlaster Pro
+(Matsushita, Kotobuki, Panasonic, CreativeLabs, Longshine and Teac)
+CD-ROM driver for Linux.
+
+sbpcd really, really is NOT for ANY IDE/ATAPI drive!
+Not even if you have an "original" SoundBlaster card with an IDE interface!
+So, you'd better have a look into README.ide if your port address is 0x1F0,
+0x170, 0x1E8, 0x168 or similar.
+I get tons of mails from IDE/ATAPI drive users - I really can't continue
+any more to answer them all. So, if your drive/interface information sheets
+mention "IDE" (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) and the DOS driver
+invoking line within your CONFIG.SYS is using an address below 0x230:
+DON'T ROB MY LAST NERVE - jumper your interface to address 0x170 and IRQ 15
+(that is the "secondary IDE" configuration), set your drive to "master" and
+use ide-cd as your driver. If you do not have a second IDE hard disk, use the
+LILO commands
+ hdb=noprobe hdc=cdrom
+and get lucky.
+To make it fully clear to you: if you mail me about IDE/ATAPI drive problems,
+my answer is above, and I simply will discard your mail, hoping to stop the
+flood and to find time to lead my 12-year old son towards happy computing.
+
+The driver is able to drive the whole family of "traditional" AT-style (that
+is NOT the new "Enhanced IDE" or "ATAPI" drive standard) Matsushita,
+Kotobuki, Panasonic drives, sometimes labelled as "CreativeLabs". The
+well-known drives are CR-521, CR-522, CR-523, CR-562, CR-563.
+CR-574 is an IDE/ATAPI drive.
+
+The Longshine LCS-7260 is a double-speed drive which uses the "old"
+Matsushita command set. It is supported - with help by Serge Robyns.
+Vertos ("Elitegroup Computer Systems", ECS) has a similar drive - support
+has started; get in contact if you have such a "Vertos 100" or "ECS-AT"
+drive.
+
+There exists an "IBM External ISA CD-ROM Drive" which in fact is a CR-563
+with a special controller board. This drive is supported (the interface is
+of the "LaserMate" type), and it is possibly the best buy today (cheaper than
+an internal drive, and you can use it as an internal, too - e.g. plug it into
+a soundcard).
+
+CreativeLabs has a new drive "CD200" and a similar drive "CD200F". The latter
+is made by Funai and sometimes named "E2550UA", newer models may be named
+"MK4015". The CD200F drives should fully work.
+CD200 drives without "F" are still giving problems: drive detection and
+playing audio should work, data access will result in errors. I need qualified
+feedback about the bugs within the data functions or a drive (I never saw a
+CD200).
+
+The quad-speed Teac CD-55A drive is supported, but still does not reach "full
+speed". The data rate already reaches 500 kB/sec if you set SBP_BUFFER_FRAMES
+to 64 (it is not recommended to do that for normal "file access" usage, but it
+can speed up things a lot if you use something like "dd" to read from the
+drive; I use it for verifying self-written CDs this way).
+The drive itself is able to deliver 600 kB/sec, so this needs
+work; with the normal setup, the performance currently is not even as good as
+double-speed.
+
+This driver is NOT for Mitsumi or Sony or Aztech or Philips or XXX drives,
+and again: this driver is in no way usable for any IDE/ATAPI drive. If you
+think your drive should work and it doesn't: send me the DOS driver for your
+beast (gzipped + uuencoded) and your CONFIG.SYS if you want to ask me for help,
+and include an original log message excerpt, and try to give all information
+a complete idiot needs to understand your hassle already with your first
+mail. And if you want to say "as I have mailed you before", be sure that I
+don't remember your "case" by such remarks; at the moment, I have some
+hundreds of open correspondences about Linux CDROM questions (hope to reduce if
+the IDE/ATAPI user questions disappear).
+
+
+This driver will work with the soundcard interfaces (SB Pro, SB 16, Galaxy,
+SoundFX, Mozart, MAD16 ...) and with the "no-sound" cards (Panasonic CI-101P,
+LaserMate, WDH-7001C, Longshine LCS-6853, Teac ...).
+
+It works with the "configurable" interface "Sequoia S-1000", too, which is
+used on the Spea Media FX and Ensonic Soundscape sound cards. You have to
+specify the type "SBPRO 2" and the true CDROM port address with it, not the
+"configuration port" address.
+
+If you have a sound card which needs a "configuration driver" instead of
+jumpers for interface types and addresses (like Mozart cards) - those
+drivers get invoked before the DOS CDROM driver in your CONFIG.SYS, typical
+names are "cdsetup.sys" and "mztinit.sys" - let the sound driver do the
+CDROM port configuration (the leading comments in linux/drivers/sound/mad16.c
+are just for you!). Hannu Savolainen's mad16.c code is able to set up my
+Mozart card - I simply had to add
+ #define MAD16_CONF 0x06
+ #define MAD16_CDSEL 0x03
+to configure the CDROM interface for type "Panasonic" (LaserMate) and address
+0x340.
+
+The interface type has to get configured in linux/drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.h,
+because the register layout is different between the "SoundBlaster" and the
+"LaserMate" type.
+
+I got a report that the Teac interface card "I/F E117098" is of type
+"SoundBlaster" (i.e. you have to set SBPRO to 1) even with the addresses
+0x300 and above. This is unusual, and it can't get covered by the auto
+probing scheme.
+The Teac 16-bit interface cards (like P/N E950228-00A, default address 0x2C0)
+need the SBPRO 3 setup.
+
+If auto-probing found the drive, the address is correct. The reported type
+may be wrong. A "mount" will give success only if the interface type is set
+right. Playing audio should work with a wrong set interface type, too.
+
+With some Teac and some CD200 drives I have seen interface cards which seem
+to lack the "drive select" lines; always drive 0 gets addressed. To avoid
+"mirror drives" (four drives detected where you only have one) with such
+interface cards, set MAX_DRIVES to 1 and jumper your drive to ID 0 (if
+possible).
+
+
+Up to 4 drives per interface card, and up to 4 interface cards are supported.
+All supported drive families can be mixed, but the CR-521 drives are
+hard-wired to drive ID 0. The drives have to use different drive IDs, and each
+drive has to get a unique minor number (0...3), corresponding indirectly to
+its drive ID.
+The drive IDs may be selected freely from 0 to 3 - they do not have to be in
+consecutive order.
+
+As Don Carroll, don@ds9.us.dell.com or FIDO 1:382/14, told me, it is possible
+to change old drives to any ID, too. He writes in this sense:
+ "In order to be able to use more than one single speed drive
+ (they do not have the ID jumpers) you must add a DIP switch
+ and two resistors. The pads are already on the board next to
+ the power connector. You will see the silkscreen for the
+ switch if you remove the top cover.
+ 1 2 3 4
+ ID 0 = x F F x O = "on"
+ ID 1 = x O F x F = "off"
+ ID 2 = x F O x x = "don't care"
+ ID 3 = x O O x
+ Next to the switch are the positions for R76 (7k) and R78
+ (12k). I had to play around with the resistor values - ID 3
+ did not work with other values. If the values are not good,
+ ID 3 behaves like ID 0."
+
+To use more than 4 drives, you simply need a second controller card at a
+different address and a second cable.
+
+The driver supports reading of data from the CD and playing of audio tracks.
+The audio part should run with WorkMan, xcdplayer, with the "non-X11" products
+CDplayer and WorkBone - tell me if it is not compatible with other software.
+The only accepted measure for correctness with the audio functions is the
+"cdtester" utility (appended) - most audio player programmers seem to be
+better musicians than programmers. ;-)
+
+With the CR-56x and the CD200 drives, the reading of audio frames is possible.
+This is implemented by an IOCTL function which reads READ_AUDIO frames of
+2352 bytes at once (configurable with the "READ_AUDIO" define, default is 0).
+Reading the same frame a second time gives different data; the frame data
+start at a different position, but all read bytes are valid, and we always
+read 98 consecutive chunks (of 24 Bytes) as a frame. Reading more than 1 frame
+at once possibly misses some chunks at each frame boundary. This lack has to
+get corrected by external, "higher level" software which reads the same frame
+again and tries to find and eliminate overlapping chunks (24-byte-pieces).
+
+The transfer rate with reading audio (1-frame-pieces) currently is very slow.
+This can be better reading bigger chunks, but the "missing" chunks possibly
+occur at the beginning of each single frame.
+The software interface possibly may change a bit the day the SCSI driver
+supports it too.
+
+With all but the CR-52x drives, MultiSession is supported.
+Photo CDs work (the "old" drives like CR-521 can access only the first
+session of a photoCD).
+At ftp.gwdg.de:/pub/linux/hpcdtoppm/ you will find Hadmut Danisch's package to
+convert photo CD image files and Gerd Knorr's viewing utility.
+
+The transfer rate will reach 150 kB/sec with CR-52x drives, 300 kB/sec with
+CR-56x drives, and currently not more than 500 kB/sec (usually less than
+250 kB/sec) with the Teac quad speed drives.
+XA (PhotoCD) disks with "old" drives give only 50 kB/sec.
+
+This release consists of
+- this README file
+- the driver file linux/drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.c
+- the stub files linux/drivers/cdrom/sbpcd[234].c
+- the header file linux/drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.h.
+
+
+To install:
+-----------
+
+1. Setup your hardware parameters. Though the driver does "auto-probing" at a
+ lot of (not all possible!) addresses, this step is recommended for
+ everyday use. You should let sbpcd auto-probe once and use the reported
+ address if a drive got found. The reported type may be incorrect; it is
+ correct if you can mount a data CD. There is no choice for you with the
+ type; only one is right, the others are deadly wrong.
+
+ a. Go into /usr/src/linux/drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.h and configure it for your
+ hardware (near the beginning):
+ a1. Set it up for the appropriate type of interface board.
+ "Original" CreativeLabs sound cards need "SBPRO 1".
+ Most "compatible" sound cards (almost all "non-CreativeLabs" cards)
+ need "SBPRO 0".
+ The "no-sound" board from OmniCd needs the "SBPRO 1" setup.
+ The Teac 8-bit "no-sound" boards need the "SBPRO 1" setup.
+ The Teac 16-bit "no-sound" boards need the "SBPRO 3" setup.
+ All other "no-sound" boards need the "SBPRO 0" setup.
+ The Spea Media FX and Ensoniq SoundScape cards need "SBPRO 2".
+ sbpcd.c holds some examples in its auto-probe list.
+ If you configure "SBPRO" wrong, the playing of audio CDs will work,
+ but you will not be able to mount a data CD.
+ a2. Tell the address of your CDROM_PORT (not of the sound port).
+ a3. If 4 drives get found, but you have only one, set MAX_DRIVES to 1.
+ a4. Set DISTRIBUTION to 0.
+ b. Additionally for 2.a1 and 2.a2, the setup may be done during
+ boot time (via the "kernel command line" or "LILO option"):
+ sbpcd=0x320,LaserMate
+ or
+ sbpcd=0x230,SoundBlaster
+ or
+ sbpcd=0x338,SoundScape
+ or
+ sbpcd=0x2C0,Teac16bit
+ This is especially useful if you install a fresh distribution.
+ If the second parameter is a number, it gets taken as the type
+ setting; 0 is "LaserMate", 1 is "SoundBlaster", 2 is "SoundScape",
+ 3 is "Teac16bit".
+ So, for example
+ sbpcd=0x230,1
+ is equivalent to
+ sbpcd=0x230,SoundBlaster
+
+2. "cd /usr/src/linux" and do a "make config" and select "y" for Matsushita
+ CD-ROM support and for ISO9660 FileSystem support. If you do not have a
+ second, third, or fourth controller installed, do not say "y" to the
+ secondary Matsushita CD-ROM questions.
+
+3. Then make the kernel image ("make zlilo" or similar).
+
+4. Make the device file(s). This step usually already has been done by the
+ MAKEDEV script.
+ The driver uses MAJOR 25, so, if necessary, do
+ mknod /dev/sbpcd b 25 0 (if you have only one drive)
+ and/or
+ mknod /dev/sbpcd0 b 25 0
+ mknod /dev/sbpcd1 b 25 1
+ mknod /dev/sbpcd2 b 25 2
+ mknod /dev/sbpcd3 b 25 3
+ to make the node(s).
+
+ The "first found" drive gets MINOR 0 (regardless of its jumpered ID), the
+ "next found" (at the same cable) gets MINOR 1, ...
+
+ For a second interface board, you have to make nodes like
+ mknod /dev/sbpcd4 b 26 0
+ mknod /dev/sbpcd5 b 26 1
+ and so on. Use the MAJORs 26, 27, 28.
+
+ If you further make a link like
+ ln -s sbpcd /dev/cdrom
+ you can use the name /dev/cdrom, too.
+
+5. Reboot with the new kernel.
+
+You should now be able to do
+ mkdir /CD
+and
+ mount -rt iso9660 /dev/sbpcd /CD
+or
+ mount -rt iso9660 -o block=2048 /dev/sbpcd /CD
+and see the contents of your CD in the /CD directory.
+To use audio CDs, a mounting is not recommended (and it would fail if the
+first track is not a data track).
+
+
+Using sbpcd as a "loadable module":
+-----------------------------------
+
+If you do NOT select "Matsushita/Panasonic CDROM driver support" during the
+"make config" of your kernel, you can build the "loadable module" sbpcd.o.
+
+If sbpcd gets used as a module, the support of more than one interface
+card (i.e. drives 4...15) is disabled.
+
+You can specify interface address and type with the "insmod" command like:
+ # insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/sbpcd.o sbpcd=0x340,0
+or
+ # insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/sbpcd.o sbpcd=0x230,1
+or
+ # insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/sbpcd.o sbpcd=0x338,2
+where the last number represents the SBPRO setting (no strings allowed here).
+
+
+Things of interest:
+-------------------
+
+The driver is configured to try the LaserMate type of interface at I/O port
+0x0340 first. If this is not appropriate, sbpcd.h should get changed
+(you will find the right place - just at the beginning).
+
+No DMA and no IRQ is used.
+
+To reduce or increase the amount of kernel messages, edit sbpcd.c and play
+with the "DBG_xxx" switches (initialization of the variable "sbpcd_debug").
+Don't forget to reflect on what you do; enabling all DBG_xxx switches at once
+may crash your system, and each message line is accompanied by a delay.
+
+The driver uses the "variable BLOCK_SIZE" feature. To use it, you have to
+specify "block=2048" as a mount option. Doing this will disable the direct
+execution of a binary from the CD; you have to copy it to a device with the
+standard BLOCK_SIZE (1024) first. So, do not use this if your system is
+directly "running from the CDROM" (like some of Yggdrasil's installation
+variants). There are CDs on the market (like the German "unifix" Linux
+distribution) which MUST get handled with a block_size of 1024. Generally,
+one can say all the CDs which hold files of the name YMTRANS.TBL are defective;
+do not use block=2048 with those.
+
+Within sbpcd.h, you will find some "#define"s (e.g. EJECT and JUKEBOX). With
+these, you can configure the driver for some special things.
+You can use the appended program "cdtester" to set the auto-eject feature
+during runtime. Jeff Tranter's "eject" utility can do this, too (and more)
+for you.
+
+There is an ioctl CDROMMULTISESSION to obtain with a user program if
+the CD is an XA disk and - if it is - where the last session starts. The
+"cdtester" program illustrates how to call it.
+
+
+Auto-probing at boot time:
+--------------------------
+
+The driver does auto-probing at many well-known interface card addresses,
+but not all:
+Some probings can cause a hang if an NE2000 ethernet card gets touched, because
+SBPCD's auto-probing happens before the initialization of the net drivers.
+Those "hazardous" addresses are excluded from auto-probing; the "kernel
+command line" feature has to be used during installation if you have your
+drive at those addresses. The "module" version is allowed to probe at those
+addresses, too.
+
+The auto-probing looks first at the configured address resp. the address
+submitted by the kernel command line. With this, it is possible to use this
+driver within installation boot floppies, and for any non-standard address,
+too.
+
+Auto-probing will make an assumption about the interface type ("SBPRO" or not),
+based upon the address. That assumption may be wrong (initialization will be
+o.k., but you will get I/O errors during mount). In that case, use the "kernel
+command line" feature and specify address & type at boot time to find out the
+right setup.
+
+For everyday use, address and type should get configured within sbpcd.h. That
+will stop the auto-probing due to success with the first try.
+
+The kernel command "sbpcd=0" suppresses each auto-probing and causes
+the driver not to find any drive; it is meant for people who love sbpcd
+so much that they do not want to miss it, even if they miss the drives. ;-)
+
+If you configure "#define CDROM_PORT 0" in sbpcd.h, the auto-probing is
+initially disabled and needs an explicit kernel command to get activated.
+Once activated, it does not stop before success or end-of-list. This may be
+useful within "universal" CDROM installation boot floppies (but using the
+loadable module would be better because it allows an "extended" auto-probing
+without fearing NE2000 cards).
+
+To shorten the auto-probing list to a single entry, set DISTRIBUTION 0 within
+sbpcd.h.
+
+
+Setting up address and interface type:
+--------------------------------------
+
+If your I/O port address is not 0x340, you have to look for the #defines near
+the beginning of sbpcd.h and configure them: set SBPRO to 0 or 1 or 2, and
+change CDROM_PORT to the address of your CDROM I/O port.
+
+Almost all of the "SoundBlaster compatible" cards behave like the no-sound
+interfaces, i.e. need SBPRO 0!
+
+With "original" SB Pro cards, an initial setting of CD_volume through the
+sound card's MIXER register gets done.
+If you are using a "compatible" sound card of types "LaserMate" or "SPEA",
+you can set SOUND_BASE (in sbpcd.h) to get it done with your card, too...
+
+
+Using audio CDs:
+----------------
+
+Workman, WorkBone, xcdplayer, cdplayer and the nice little tool "cdplay" (see
+README.aztcd from the Aztech driver package) should work.
+
+The program CDplayer likes to talk to "/dev/mcd" only, xcdplayer wants
+"/dev/rsr0", workman loves "/dev/sr0" or "/dev/cdrom" - so, make the
+appropriate links to use them without the need to supply parameters.
+
+
+Copying audio tracks:
+---------------------
+
+The following program will copy track 1 (or a piece of it) from an audio CD
+into the file "track01":
+
+/*=================== begin program ========================================*/
+/*
+ * read an audio track from a CD
+ *
+ * (c) 1994 Eberhard Moenkeberg <emoenke@gwdg.de>
+ * may be used & enhanced freely
+ *
+ * Due to non-existent sync bytes at the beginning of each audio frame (or due
+ * to a firmware bug within all known drives?), it is currently a kind of
+ * fortune if two consecutive frames fit together.
+ * Usually, they overlap, or a little piece is missing. This happens in units
+ * of 24-byte chunks. It has to get fixed by higher-level software (reading
+ * until an overlap occurs, and then eliminate the overlapping chunks).
+ * ftp.gwdg.de:/pub/linux/misc/cdda2wav-sbpcd.*.tar.gz holds an example of
+ * such an algorithm.
+ * This example program further is missing to obtain the SubChannel data
+ * which belong to each frame.
+ *
+ * This is only an example of the low-level access routine. The read data are
+ * pure 16-bit CDDA values; they have to get converted to make sound out of
+ * them.
+ * It is no fun to listen to it without prior overlap/underlap correction!
+ */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/cdrom.h>
+
+static struct cdrom_tochdr hdr;
+static struct cdrom_tocentry entry[101];
+static struct cdrom_read_audio arg;
+static u_char buffer[CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW];
+static int datafile, drive;
+static int i, j, limit, track, err;
+static char filename[32];
+
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+/*
+ * open /dev/cdrom
+ */
+ drive=open("/dev/cdrom", 0);
+ if (drive<0)
+ {
+ fprintf(stderr, "can't open drive.\n");
+ exit (-1);
+ }
+/*
+ * get TocHeader
+ */
+ fprintf(stdout, "getting TocHeader...\n");
+ err=ioctl(drive, CDROMREADTOCHDR, &hdr);
+ if (err!=0)
+ {
+ fprintf(stderr, "can't get TocHeader (error %d).\n", err);
+ exit (-1);
+ }
+ else
+ fprintf(stdout, "TocHeader: %d %d\n", hdr.cdth_trk0, hdr.cdth_trk1);
+/*
+ * get and display all TocEntries
+ */
+ fprintf(stdout, "getting TocEntries...\n");
+ for (i=1;i<=hdr.cdth_trk1+1;i++)
+ {
+ if (i!=hdr.cdth_trk1+1) entry[i].cdte_track = i;
+ else entry[i].cdte_track = CDROM_LEADOUT;
+ entry[i].cdte_format = CDROM_LBA;
+ err=ioctl(drive, CDROMREADTOCENTRY, &entry[i]);
+ if (err!=0)
+ {
+ fprintf(stderr, "can't get TocEntry #%d (error %d).\n", i, err);
+ exit (-1);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ fprintf(stdout, "TocEntry #%d: %1X %1X %06X %02X\n",
+ entry[i].cdte_track,
+ entry[i].cdte_adr,
+ entry[i].cdte_ctrl,
+ entry[i].cdte_addr.lba,
+ entry[i].cdte_datamode);
+ }
+ }
+ fprintf(stdout, "got all TocEntries.\n");
+/*
+ * ask for track number (not implemented here)
+ */
+track=1;
+#if 0 /* just read a little piece (4 seconds) */
+entry[track+1].cdte_addr.lba=entry[track].cdte_addr.lba+300;
+#endif
+/*
+ * read track into file
+ */
+ sprintf(filename, "track%02d\0", track);
+ datafile=creat(filename, 0755);
+ if (datafile<0)
+ {
+ fprintf(stderr, "can't open datafile %s.\n", filename);
+ exit (-1);
+ }
+ arg.addr.lba=entry[track].cdte_addr.lba;
+ arg.addr_format=CDROM_LBA; /* CDROM_MSF would be possible here, too. */
+ arg.nframes=1;
+ arg.buf=&buffer[0];
+ limit=entry[track+1].cdte_addr.lba;
+ for (;arg.addr.lba<limit;arg.addr.lba++)
+ {
+ err=ioctl(drive, CDROMREADAUDIO, &arg);
+ if (err!=0)
+ {
+ fprintf(stderr, "can't read abs. frame #%d (error %d).\n",
+ arg.addr.lba, err);
+ }
+ j=write(datafile, &buffer[0], CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW);
+ if (j!=CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW)
+ {
+ fprintf(stderr,"I/O error (datafile) at rel. frame %d\n",
+ arg.addr.lba-entry[track].cdte_addr.lba);
+ }
+ arg.addr.lba++;
+ }
+}
+/*===================== end program ========================================*/
+
+At ftp.gwdg.de:/pub/linux/misc/cdda2wav-sbpcd.*.tar.gz is an adapted version of
+Heiko Eissfeldt's digital-audio to .WAV converter (the original is there, too).
+This is preliminary, as Heiko himself will care about it.
+
+
+Known problems:
+---------------
+
+Currently, the detection of disk change or removal is actively disabled.
+
+Most attempts to read the UPC/EAN code result in a stream of zeroes. All my
+drives are mostly telling there is no UPC/EAN code on disk or there is, but it
+is an all-zero number. I guess now almost no CD holds such a number.
+
+Bug reports, comments, wishes, donations (technical information is a donation,
+too :-) etc. to emoenke@gwdg.de.
+
+SnailMail address, preferable for CD editors if they want to submit a free
+"cooperation" copy:
+ Eberhard Moenkeberg
+ Reinholdstr. 14
+ D-37083 Goettingen
+ Germany
+---
+
+
+Appendix -- the "cdtester" utility:
+
+/*
+ * cdtester.c -- test the audio functions of a CD driver
+ *
+ * (c) 1995 Eberhard Moenkeberg <emoenke@gwdg.de>
+ * published under the GPL
+ *
+ * made under heavy use of the "Tiny Audio CD Player"
+ * from Werner Zimmermann <zimmerma@rz.fht-esslingen.de>
+ * (see linux/drivers/block/README.aztcd)
+ */
+#undef AZT_PRIVATE_IOCTLS /* not supported by every CDROM driver */
+#define SBP_PRIVATE_IOCTLS /* not supported by every CDROM driver */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <malloc.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/cdrom.h>
+
+#ifdef AZT_PRIVATE_IOCTLS
+#include <linux/../../drivers/cdrom/aztcd.h>
+#endif AZT_PRIVATE_IOCTLS
+#ifdef SBP_PRIVATE_IOCTLS
+#include <linux/../../drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#endif SBP_PRIVATE_IOCTLS
+
+struct cdrom_tochdr hdr;
+struct cdrom_tochdr tocHdr;
+struct cdrom_tocentry TocEntry[101];
+struct cdrom_tocentry entry;
+struct cdrom_multisession ms_info;
+struct cdrom_read_audio read_audio;
+struct cdrom_ti ti;
+struct cdrom_subchnl subchnl;
+struct cdrom_msf msf;
+struct cdrom_volctrl volctrl;
+#ifdef AZT_PRIVATE_IOCTLS
+union
+{
+ struct cdrom_msf msf;
+ unsigned char buf[CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW];
+} azt;
+#endif AZT_PRIVATE_IOCTLS
+int i, i1, i2, i3, j, k;
+unsigned char sequence=0;
+unsigned char command[80];
+unsigned char first=1, last=1;
+char *default_device="/dev/cdrom";
+char dev[20];
+char filename[20];
+int drive;
+int datafile;
+int rc;
+
+void help(void)
+{
+ printf("Available Commands:\n");
+ printf("STOP s EJECT e QUIT q\n");
+ printf("PLAY TRACK t PAUSE p RESUME r\n");
+ printf("NEXT TRACK n REPEAT LAST l HELP h\n");
+ printf("SUBCHANNEL_Q c TRACK INFO i PLAY AT a\n");
+ printf("READ d READ RAW w READ AUDIO A\n");
+ printf("MS-INFO M TOC T START S\n");
+ printf("SET EJECTSW X DEVICE D DEBUG Y\n");
+ printf("AUDIO_BUFSIZ Z RESET R SET VOLUME v\n");
+ printf("GET VOLUME V\n");
+}
+
+/*
+ * convert MSF number (3 bytes only) to Logical_Block_Address
+ */
+int msf2lba(u_char *msf)
+{
+ int i;
+
+ i=(msf[0] * CD_SECS + msf[1]) * CD_FRAMES + msf[2] - CD_BLOCK_OFFSET;
+ if (i<0) return (0);
+ return (i);
+}
+/*
+ * convert logical_block_address to m-s-f_number (3 bytes only)
+ */
+void lba2msf(int lba, unsigned char *msf)
+{
+ lba += CD_BLOCK_OFFSET;
+ msf[0] = lba / (CD_SECS*CD_FRAMES);
+ lba %= CD_SECS*CD_FRAMES;
+ msf[1] = lba / CD_FRAMES;
+ msf[2] = lba % CD_FRAMES;
+}
+
+int init_drive(char *dev)
+{
+ unsigned char msf_ent[3];
+
+ /*
+ * open the device
+ */
+ drive=open(dev,0);
+ if (drive<0) return (-1);
+ /*
+ * get TocHeader
+ */
+ printf("getting TocHeader...\n");
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMREADTOCHDR,&hdr);
+ if (rc!=0)
+ {
+ printf("can't get TocHeader (error %d).\n",rc);
+ return (-2);
+ }
+ else
+ first=hdr.cdth_trk0;
+ last=hdr.cdth_trk1;
+ printf("TocHeader: %d %d\n",hdr.cdth_trk0,hdr.cdth_trk1);
+ /*
+ * get and display all TocEntries
+ */
+ printf("getting TocEntries...\n");
+ for (i=1;i<=hdr.cdth_trk1+1;i++)
+ {
+ if (i!=hdr.cdth_trk1+1) TocEntry[i].cdte_track = i;
+ else TocEntry[i].cdte_track = CDROM_LEADOUT;
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_format = CDROM_LBA;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMREADTOCENTRY,&TocEntry[i]);
+ if (rc!=0)
+ {
+ printf("can't get TocEntry #%d (error %d).\n",i,rc);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ lba2msf(TocEntry[i].cdte_addr.lba,&msf_ent[0]);
+ if (TocEntry[i].cdte_track==CDROM_LEADOUT)
+ {
+ printf("TocEntry #%02X: %1X %1X %02d:%02d:%02d (lba: 0x%06X) %02X\n",
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_track,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_adr,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_ctrl,
+ msf_ent[0],
+ msf_ent[1],
+ msf_ent[2],
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_addr.lba,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_datamode);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ printf("TocEntry #%02d: %1X %1X %02d:%02d:%02d (lba: 0x%06X) %02X\n",
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_track,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_adr,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_ctrl,
+ msf_ent[0],
+ msf_ent[1],
+ msf_ent[2],
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_addr.lba,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_datamode);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return (hdr.cdth_trk1); /* number of tracks */
+}
+
+void display(int size,unsigned char *buffer)
+{
+ k=0;
+ getchar();
+ for (i=0;i<(size+1)/16;i++)
+ {
+ printf("%4d:",i*16);
+ for (j=0;j<16;j++)
+ {
+ printf(" %02X",buffer[i*16+j]);
+ }
+ printf(" ");
+ for (j=0;j<16;j++)
+ {
+ if (isalnum(buffer[i*16+j]))
+ printf("%c",buffer[i*16+j]);
+ else
+ printf(".");
+ }
+ printf("\n");
+ k++;
+ if (k>=20)
+ {
+ printf("press ENTER to continue\n");
+ getchar();
+ k=0;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+ printf("\nTesting tool for a CDROM driver's audio functions V0.1\n");
+ printf("(C) 1995 Eberhard Moenkeberg <emoenke@gwdg.de>\n");
+ printf("initializing...\n");
+
+ rc=init_drive(default_device);
+ if (rc<0) printf("could not open %s (rc=%d).\n",default_device,rc);
+ help();
+ while (1)
+ {
+ printf("Give a one-letter command (h = help): ");
+ scanf("%s",command);
+ command[1]=0;
+ switch (command[0])
+ {
+ case 'D':
+ printf("device name (f.e. /dev/sbpcd3): ? ");
+ scanf("%s",&dev);
+ close(drive);
+ rc=init_drive(dev);
+ if (rc<0) printf("could not open %s (rc %d).\n",dev,rc);
+ break;
+ case 'e':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMEJECT);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMEJECT: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 'p':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMPAUSE);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMPAUSE: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 'r':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMRESUME);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMRESUME: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 's':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMSTOP);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMSTOP: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 'S':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMSTART);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMSTART: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 't':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMREADTOCHDR,&tocHdr);
+ if (rc<0)
+ {
+ printf("CDROMREADTOCHDR: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ }
+ first=tocHdr.cdth_trk0;
+ last= tocHdr.cdth_trk1;
+ if ((first==0)||(first>last))
+ {
+ printf ("--got invalid TOC data.\n");
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ printf("--enter track number(first=%d, last=%d): ",first,last);
+ scanf("%d",&i1);
+ ti.cdti_trk0=i1;
+ if (ti.cdti_trk0<first) ti.cdti_trk0=first;
+ if (ti.cdti_trk0>last) ti.cdti_trk0=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind0=0;
+ ti.cdti_trk1=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind1=0;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMSTOP);
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMPLAYTRKIND,&ti);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMPLAYTRKIND: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'n':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMSTOP);
+ if (++ti.cdti_trk0>last) ti.cdti_trk0=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind0=0;
+ ti.cdti_trk1=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind1=0;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMPLAYTRKIND,&ti);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMPLAYTRKIND: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 'l':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMSTOP);
+ if (--ti.cdti_trk0<first) ti.cdti_trk0=first;
+ ti.cdti_ind0=0;
+ ti.cdti_trk1=last;
+ ti.cdti_ind1=0;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMPLAYTRKIND,&ti);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMPLAYTRKIND: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 'c':
+ subchnl.cdsc_format=CDROM_MSF;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMSUBCHNL,&subchnl);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMSUBCHNL: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ else
+ {
+ printf("AudioStatus:%s Track:%d Mode:%d MSF=%02d:%02d:%02d\n",
+ subchnl.cdsc_audiostatus==CDROM_AUDIO_PLAY ? "PLAYING":"NOT PLAYING",
+ subchnl.cdsc_trk,subchnl.cdsc_adr,
+ subchnl.cdsc_absaddr.msf.minute,
+ subchnl.cdsc_absaddr.msf.second,
+ subchnl.cdsc_absaddr.msf.frame);
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'i':
+ printf("Track No.: ");
+ scanf("%d",&i1);
+ entry.cdte_track=i1;
+ if (entry.cdte_track<first) entry.cdte_track=first;
+ if (entry.cdte_track>last) entry.cdte_track=last;
+ entry.cdte_format=CDROM_MSF;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMREADTOCENTRY,&entry);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMREADTOCENTRY: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ else
+ {
+ printf("Mode %d Track, starts at %02d:%02d:%02d\n",
+ entry.cdte_adr,
+ entry.cdte_addr.msf.minute,
+ entry.cdte_addr.msf.second,
+ entry.cdte_addr.msf.frame);
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'a':
+ printf("Address (min:sec:frm) ");
+ scanf("%d:%d:%d",&i1,&i2,&i3);
+ msf.cdmsf_min0=i1;
+ msf.cdmsf_sec0=i2;
+ msf.cdmsf_frame0=i3;
+ if (msf.cdmsf_sec0>59) msf.cdmsf_sec0=59;
+ if (msf.cdmsf_frame0>74) msf.cdmsf_frame0=74;
+ lba2msf(TocEntry[last+1].cdte_addr.lba-1,&msf.cdmsf_min1);
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMSTOP);
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMPLAYMSF,&msf);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMPLAYMSF: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 'V':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMVOLREAD,&volctrl);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMVOLCTRL: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ printf("Volume: channel 0 (left) %d, channel 1 (right) %d\n",volctrl.channel0,volctrl.channel1);
+ break;
+ case 'R':
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMRESET);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMRESET: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+#ifdef AZT_PRIVATE_IOCTLS /*not supported by every CDROM driver*/
+ case 'd':
+ printf("Address (min:sec:frm) ");
+ scanf("%d:%d:%d",&i1,&i2,&i3);
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_min0=i1;
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0=i2;
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0=i3;
+ if (azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0>59) azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0=59;
+ if (azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0>74) azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0=74;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMREADMODE1,&azt.msf);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMREADMODE1: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ else display(CD_FRAMESIZE,azt.buf);
+ break;
+ case 'w':
+ printf("Address (min:sec:frame) ");
+ scanf("%d:%d:%d",&i1,&i2,&i3);
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_min0=i1;
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0=i2;
+ azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0=i3;
+ if (azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0>59) azt.msf.cdmsf_sec0=59;
+ if (azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0>74) azt.msf.cdmsf_frame0=74;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMREADMODE2,&azt.msf);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMREADMODE2: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ else display(CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW,azt.buf); /* currently only 2336 */
+ break;
+#endif
+ case 'v':
+ printf("--Channel 0 (Left) (0-255): ");
+ scanf("%d",&i1);
+ volctrl.channel0=i1;
+ printf("--Channel 1 (Right) (0-255): ");
+ scanf("%d",&i1);
+ volctrl.channel1=i1;
+ volctrl.channel2=0;
+ volctrl.channel3=0;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMVOLCTRL,&volctrl);
+ if (rc<0) printf("CDROMVOLCTRL: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 'q':
+ close(drive);
+ exit(0);
+ case 'h':
+ help();
+ break;
+ case 'T': /* display TOC entry - without involving the driver */
+ scanf("%d",&i);
+ if ((i<hdr.cdth_trk0)||(i>hdr.cdth_trk1))
+ printf("invalid track number.\n");
+ else
+ printf("TocEntry %02d: adr=%01X ctrl=%01X msf=%02d:%02d:%02d mode=%02X\n",
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_track,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_adr,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_ctrl,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_addr.msf.minute,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_addr.msf.second,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_addr.msf.frame,
+ TocEntry[i].cdte_datamode);
+ break;
+ case 'A': /* read audio data into file */
+ printf("Address (min:sec:frm) ? ");
+ scanf("%d:%d:%d",&i1,&i2,&i3);
+ read_audio.addr.msf.minute=i1;
+ read_audio.addr.msf.second=i2;
+ read_audio.addr.msf.frame=i3;
+ read_audio.addr_format=CDROM_MSF;
+ printf("# of frames ? ");
+ scanf("%d",&i1);
+ read_audio.nframes=i1;
+ k=read_audio.nframes*CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW;
+ read_audio.buf=malloc(k);
+ if (read_audio.buf==NULL)
+ {
+ printf("can't malloc %d bytes.\n",k);
+ break;
+ }
+ sprintf(filename,"audio_%02d%02d%02d_%02d.%02d\0",
+ read_audio.addr.msf.minute,
+ read_audio.addr.msf.second,
+ read_audio.addr.msf.frame,
+ read_audio.nframes,
+ ++sequence);
+ datafile=creat(filename, 0755);
+ if (datafile<0)
+ {
+ printf("can't open datafile %s.\n",filename);
+ break;
+ }
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMREADAUDIO,&read_audio);
+ if (rc!=0)
+ {
+ printf("CDROMREADAUDIO: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ rc=write(datafile,&read_audio.buf,k);
+ if (rc!=k) printf("datafile I/O error (%d).\n",rc);
+ }
+ close(datafile);
+ break;
+ case 'X': /* set EJECT_SW (0: disable, 1: enable auto-ejecting) */
+ scanf("%d",&i);
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMEJECT_SW,i);
+ if (rc!=0)
+ printf("CDROMEJECT_SW: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ else
+ printf("EJECT_SW set to %d\n",i);
+ break;
+ case 'M': /* get the multisession redirection info */
+ ms_info.addr_format=CDROM_LBA;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMMULTISESSION,&ms_info);
+ if (rc!=0)
+ {
+ printf("CDROMMULTISESSION(lba): rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (ms_info.xa_flag) printf("MultiSession offset (lba): %d (0x%06X)\n",ms_info.addr.lba,ms_info.addr.lba);
+ else
+ {
+ printf("this CD is not an XA disk.\n");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ ms_info.addr_format=CDROM_MSF;
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMMULTISESSION,&ms_info);
+ if (rc!=0)
+ {
+ printf("CDROMMULTISESSION(msf): rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (ms_info.xa_flag)
+ printf("MultiSession offset (msf): %02d:%02d:%02d (0x%02X%02X%02X)\n",
+ ms_info.addr.msf.minute,
+ ms_info.addr.msf.second,
+ ms_info.addr.msf.frame,
+ ms_info.addr.msf.minute,
+ ms_info.addr.msf.second,
+ ms_info.addr.msf.frame);
+ else printf("this CD is not an XA disk.\n");
+ }
+ break;
+#ifdef SBP_PRIVATE_IOCTLS
+ case 'Y': /* set the driver's message level */
+#if 0 /* not implemented yet */
+ printf("enter switch name (f.e. DBG_CMD): ");
+ scanf("%s",&dbg_switch);
+ j=get_dbg_num(dbg_switch);
+#else
+ printf("enter DDIOCSDBG switch number: ");
+ scanf("%d",&j);
+#endif
+ printf("enter 0 for \"off\", 1 for \"on\": ");
+ scanf("%d",&i);
+ if (i==0) j|=0x80;
+ printf("calling \"ioctl(drive,DDIOCSDBG,%d)\"\n",j);
+ rc=ioctl(drive,DDIOCSDBG,j);
+ printf("DDIOCSDBG: rc=%d.\n",rc);
+ break;
+ case 'Z': /* set the audio buffer size */
+ printf("# frames wanted: ? ");
+ scanf("%d",&j);
+ rc=ioctl(drive,CDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ,j);
+ printf("%d frames granted.\n",rc);
+ break;
+#endif SBP_PRIVATE_IOCTLS
+ default:
+ printf("unknown command: \"%s\".\n",command);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+}
+/*==========================================================================*/
+
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/sjcd b/Documentation/cdrom/sjcd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74a1484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/sjcd
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+ -- Documentation/cdrom/sjcd
+ 80% of the work takes 20% of the time,
+ 20% of the work takes 80% of the time...
+ (Murphy's law)
+
+ Once started, training can not be stopped...
+ (Star Wars)
+
+This is the README for the sjcd cdrom driver, version 1.6.
+
+This file is meant as a tips & tricks edge for the usage of the SANYO CDR-H94A
+cdrom drive. It will grow as the questions arise. ;-)
+For info on configuring the ISP16 sound card look at Documentation/cdrom/isp16.
+
+The driver should work with any of the Panasonic, Sony or Mitsumi style
+CDROM interfaces.
+The cdrom interface on Media Magic's soft configurable sound card ISP16,
+which used to be included in the driver, is now supported in a separate module.
+This initialisation module will probably also work with other interfaces
+based on an OPTi 82C928 or 82C929 chip (like MAD16 and Mozart): see the
+documentation Documentation/cdrom/isp16.
+
+The device major for sjcd is 18, and minor is 0. Create a block special
+file in your /dev directory (e.g., /dev/sjcd) with these numbers.
+(For those who don't know, being root and doing the following should do
+the trick:
+ mknod -m 644 /dev/sjcd b 18 0
+and mount the cdrom by /dev/sjcd).
+
+The default configuration parameters are:
+ base address 0x340
+ no irq
+ no dma
+(Actually the CDR-H94A doesn't know how to use irq and dma.)
+As of version 1.2, setting base address at boot time is supported
+through the use of command line options: type at the "boot:" prompt:
+ linux sjcd=<base_address>
+(where you would use the kernel labeled "linux" in lilo's configuration
+file /etc/lilo.conf). You could also use 'append="sjcd=<configuration_info>"'
+in the appropriate section of /etc/lilo.conf
+If you're building a kernel yourself you can set your default base
+i/o address with SJCD_BASE_ADDR in /usr/src/linux/drivers/cdrom/sjcd.h.
+
+The sjcd driver supports being loaded as a module. The following
+command will set the base i/o address on the fly (assuming you
+have installed the module in an appropriate place).
+ insmod sjcd.o sjcd_base=<base_address>
+
+
+Have fun!
+
+If something is wrong, please email to vadim@rbrf.ru
+ or vadim@ipsun.ras.ru
+ or model@cecmow.enet.dec.com
+ or H.T.M.v.d.Maarel@marin.nl
+
+It happens sometimes that Vadim is not reachable by mail. For these
+instances, Eric van der Maarel will help too.
+
+ Vadim V. Model, Eric van der Maarel, Eberhard Moenkeberg
diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/sonycd535 b/Documentation/cdrom/sonycd535
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59581a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cdrom/sonycd535
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+ README FOR LINUX SONY CDU-535/531 DRIVER
+ ========================================
+
+This is the Sony CDU-535 (and 531) driver version 0.7 for Linux.
+I do not think I have the documentation to add features like DMA support
+so if anyone else wants to pursue it or help me with it, please do.
+(I need to see what was done for the CDU-31A driver -- perhaps I can
+steal some of that code.)
+
+This is a Linux device driver for the Sony CDU-535 CDROM drive. This is
+one of the older Sony drives with its own interface card (Sony bus).
+The DOS driver for this drive is named SONY_CDU.SYS - when you boot DOS
+your drive should be identified as a SONY CDU-535. The driver works
+with a CDU-531 also. One user reported that the driver worked on drives
+OEM'ed by Procomm, drive and interface board were labelled Procomm.
+
+The Linux driver is based on Corey Minyard's sonycd 0.3 driver for
+the CDU-31A. Ron Jeppesen just changed the commands that were sent
+to the drive to correspond to the CDU-535 commands and registers.
+There were enough changes to let bugs creep in but it seems to be stable.
+Ron was able to tar an entire CDROM (should read all blocks) and built
+ghostview and xfig off Walnut Creek's X11R5/GNU CDROM. xcdplayer and
+workman work with the driver. Others have used the driver without
+problems except those dealing with wait loops (fixed in third release).
+Like Minyard's original driver this one uses a polled interface (this
+is also the default setup for the DOS driver). It has not been tried
+with interrupts or DMA enabled on the board.
+
+REQUIREMENTS
+============
+
+ - Sony CDU-535 drive, preferably without interrupts and DMA
+ enabled on the card.
+
+ - Drive must be set up as unit 1. Only the first unit will be
+ recognized
+
+ - You must enter your interface address into
+ /usr/src/linux/drivers/cdrom/sonycd535.h and build the
+ appropriate kernel or use the "kernel command line" parameter
+ sonycd535=0x320
+ with the correct interface address.
+
+NOTES:
+======
+
+1) The drive MUST be turned on when booting or it will not be recognized!
+ (but see comments on modularized version below)
+
+2) when the cdrom device is opened the eject button is disabled to keep the
+ user from ejecting a mounted disk and replacing it with another.
+ Unfortunately xcdplayer and workman also open the cdrom device so you
+ have to use the eject button in the software. Keep this in mind if your
+ cdrom player refuses to give up its disk -- exit workman or xcdplayer, or
+ umount the drive if it has been mounted.
+
+THANKS
+======
+
+Many thanks to Ron Jeppesen (ronj.an@site007.saic.com) for getting
+this project off the ground. He wrote the initial release
+and the first two patches to this driver (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3).
+Thanks also to Eberhard Moenkeberg (emoenke@gwdg.de) for prodding
+me to place this code into the mainstream Linux source tree
+(as of Linux version 1.1.91), as well as some patches to make
+it a better device citizen. Further thanks to Joel Katz
+<joelkatz@webchat.org> for his MODULE patches (see details below),
+Porfiri Claudio <C.Porfiri@nisms.tei.ericsson.se> for patches
+to make the driver work with the older CDU-510/515 series, and
+Heiko Eissfeldt <heiko@colossus.escape.de> for pointing out that
+the verify_area() checks were ignoring the results of said checks.
+
+(Acknowledgments from Ron Jeppesen in the 0.3 release:)
+Thanks to Corey Minyard who wrote the original CDU-31A driver on which
+this driver is based. Thanks to Ken Pizzini and Bob Blair who provided
+patches and feedback on the first release of this driver.
+
+Ken Pizzini
+ken@halcyon.com
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+(The following is from Joel Katz <joelkatz@webchat.org>.)
+
+ To build a version of sony535.o that can be installed as a module,
+use the following command:
+
+gcc -c -D__KERNEL__ -DMODULE -O2 sonycd535.c -o sonycd535.o
+
+ To install the module, simply type:
+
+insmod sony535.o
+ or
+insmod sony535.o sonycd535=<address>
+
+ And to remove it:
+
+rmmod sony535
+
+ The code checks to see if MODULE is defined and behaves as it used
+to if MODULE is not defined. That means your patched file should behave
+exactly as it used to if compiled into the kernel.
+
+ I have an external drive, and I usually leave it powered off. I used
+to have to reboot if I needed to use the CDROM drive. Now I don't.
+
+ Even if you have an internal drive, why waste the 96K of memory
+(unswappable) that the driver uses if you use your CD-ROM drive infrequently?
+
+ This driver will not install (whether compiled in or loaded as a
+module) if the CDROM drive is not available during its initialization. This
+means that you can have the driver compiled into the kernel and still load
+the module later (assuming the driver doesn't install itself during
+power-on). This only wastes 12K when you boot with the CDROM drive off.
+
+ This is what I usually do; I leave the driver compiled into the
+kernel, but load it as a module if I powered the system up with the drive
+off and then later decided to use the CDROM drive.
+
+ Since the driver only uses a single page to point to the chunks,
+attempting to set the buffer cache to more than 2 Megabytes would be very
+bad; don't do that.
diff --git a/Documentation/cli-sti-removal.txt b/Documentation/cli-sti-removal.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0223c9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cli-sti-removal.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+
+#### cli()/sti() removal guide, started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
+
+
+as of 2.5.28, five popular macros have been removed on SMP, and
+are being phased out on UP:
+
+ cli(), sti(), save_flags(flags), save_flags_cli(flags), restore_flags(flags)
+
+until now it was possible to protect driver code against interrupt
+handlers via a cli(), but from now on other, more lightweight methods
+have to be used for synchronization, such as spinlocks or semaphores.
+
+for example, driver code that used to do something like:
+
+ struct driver_data;
+
+ irq_handler (...)
+ {
+ ....
+ driver_data.finish = 1;
+ driver_data.new_work = 0;
+ ....
+ }
+
+ ...
+
+ ioctl_func (...)
+ {
+ ...
+ cli();
+ ...
+ driver_data.finish = 0;
+ driver_data.new_work = 2;
+ ...
+ sti();
+ ...
+ }
+
+was SMP-correct because the cli() function ensured that no
+interrupt handler (amongst them the above irq_handler()) function
+would execute while the cli()-ed section is executing.
+
+but from now on a more direct method of locking has to be used:
+
+ spinlock_t driver_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
+ struct driver_data;
+
+ irq_handler (...)
+ {
+ unsigned long flags;
+ ....
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&driver_lock, flags);
+ ....
+ driver_data.finish = 1;
+ driver_data.new_work = 0;
+ ....
+ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&driver_lock, flags);
+ ....
+ }
+
+ ...
+
+ ioctl_func (...)
+ {
+ ...
+ spin_lock_irq(&driver_lock);
+ ...
+ driver_data.finish = 0;
+ driver_data.new_work = 2;
+ ...
+ spin_unlock_irq(&driver_lock);
+ ...
+ }
+
+the above code has a number of advantages:
+
+- the locking relation is easier to understand - actual lock usage
+ pinpoints the critical sections. cli() usage is too opaque.
+ Easier to understand means it's easier to debug.
+
+- it's faster, because spinlocks are faster to acquire than the
+ potentially heavily-used IRQ lock. Furthermore, your driver does
+ not have to wait eg. for a big heavy SCSI interrupt to finish,
+ because the driver_lock spinlock is only used by your driver.
+ cli() on the other hand was used by many drivers, and extended
+ the critical section to the whole IRQ handler function - creating
+ serious lock contention.
+
+
+to make the transition easier, we've still kept the cli(), sti(),
+save_flags(), save_flags_cli() and restore_flags() macros defined
+on UP systems - but their usage will be phased out until 2.6 is
+released.
+
+drivers that want to disable local interrupts (interrupts on the
+current CPU), can use the following five macros:
+
+ local_irq_disable(), local_irq_enable(), local_save_flags(flags),
+ local_irq_save(flags), local_irq_restore(flags)
+
+but beware, their meaning and semantics are much simpler, far from
+that of the old cli(), sti(), save_flags(flags) and restore_flags(flags)
+SMP meaning:
+
+ local_irq_disable() => turn local IRQs off
+
+ local_irq_enable() => turn local IRQs on
+
+ local_save_flags(flags) => save the current IRQ state into flags. The
+ state can be on or off. (on some
+ architectures there's even more bits in it.)
+
+ local_irq_save(flags) => save the current IRQ state into flags and
+ disable interrupts.
+
+ local_irq_restore(flags) => restore the IRQ state from flags.
+
+(local_irq_save can save both irqs on and irqs off state, and
+local_irq_restore can restore into both irqs on and irqs off state.)
+
+another related change is that synchronize_irq() now takes a parameter:
+synchronize_irq(irq). This change too has the purpose of making SMP
+synchronization more lightweight - this way you can wait for your own
+interrupt handler to finish, no need to wait for other IRQ sources.
+
+
+why were these changes done? The main reason was the architectural burden
+of maintaining the cli()/sti() interface - it became a real problem. The
+new interrupt system is much more streamlined, easier to understand, debug,
+and it's also a bit faster - the same happened to it that will happen to
+cli()/sti() using drivers once they convert to spinlocks :-)
+
diff --git a/Documentation/computone.txt b/Documentation/computone.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1cf59b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/computone.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+NOTE: This is an unmaintained driver. It is not guaranteed to work due to
+changes made in the tty layer in 2.6. If you wish to take over maintenance of
+this driver, contact Michael Warfield <mhw@wittsend.com>.
+
+Changelog:
+----------
+11-01-2001: Original Document
+
+10-29-2004: Minor misspelling & format fix, update status of driver.
+ James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com>
+
+Computone Intelliport II/Plus Multiport Serial Driver
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+Release Notes For Linux Kernel 2.2 and higher.
+These notes are for the drivers which have already been integrated into the
+kernel and have been tested on Linux kernels 2.0, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4.
+
+Version: 1.2.14
+Date: 11/01/2001
+Historical Author: Andrew Manison <amanison@america.net>
+Primary Author: Doug McNash
+Support: support@computone.com
+Fixes and Updates: Mike Warfield <mhw@wittsend.com>
+
+This file assumes that you are using the Computone drivers which are
+integrated into the kernel sources. For updating the drivers or installing
+drivers into kernels which do not already have Computone drivers, please
+refer to the instructions in the README.computone file in the driver patch.
+
+
+1. INTRODUCTION
+
+This driver supports the entire family of Intelliport II/Plus controllers
+with the exception of the MicroChannel controllers. It does not support
+products previous to the Intelliport II.
+
+This driver was developed on the v2.0.x Linux tree and has been tested up
+to v2.4.14; it will probably not work with earlier v1.X kernels,.
+
+
+2. QUICK INSTALLATION
+
+Hardware - If you have an ISA card, find a free interrupt and io port.
+ List those in use with `cat /proc/interrupts` and
+ `cat /proc/ioports`. Set the card dip switches to a free
+ address. You may need to configure your BIOS to reserve an
+ irq for an ISA card. PCI and EISA parameters are set
+ automagically. Insert card into computer with the power off
+ before or after drivers installation.
+
+ Note the hardware address from the Computone ISA cards installed into
+ the system. These are required for editing ip2.c or editing
+ /etc/modprobe.conf, or for specification on the modprobe
+ command line.
+
+ Note that the /etc/modules.conf should be used for older (pre-2.6)
+ kernels.
+
+Software -
+
+Module installation:
+
+a) Determine free irq/address to use if any (configure BIOS if need be)
+b) Run "make config" or "make menuconfig" or "make xconfig"
+ Select (m) module for CONFIG_COMPUTONE under character
+ devices. CONFIG_PCI and CONFIG_MODULES also may need to be set.
+c) Set address on ISA cards then:
+ edit /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/ip2.c if needed
+ or
+ edit /etc/modprobe.conf if needed (module).
+ or both to match this setting.
+d) Run "make modules"
+e) Run "make modules_install"
+f) Run "/sbin/depmod -a"
+g) install driver using `modprobe ip2 <options>` (options listed below)
+h) run ip2mkdev (either the script below or the binary version)
+
+
+Kernel installation:
+
+a) Determine free irq/address to use if any (configure BIOS if need be)
+b) Run "make config" or "make menuconfig" or "make xconfig"
+ Select (y) kernel for CONFIG_COMPUTONE under character
+ devices. CONFIG_PCI may need to be set if you have PCI bus.
+c) Set address on ISA cards then:
+ edit /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/ip2.c
+ (Optional - may be specified on kernel command line now)
+d) Run "make zImage" or whatever target you prefer.
+e) mv /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage to /boot.
+f) Add new config for this kernel into /etc/lilo.conf, run "lilo"
+ or copy to a floppy disk and boot from that floppy disk.
+g) Reboot using this kernel
+h) run ip2mkdev (either the script below or the binary version)
+
+Kernel command line options:
+
+When compiling the driver into the kernel, io and irq may be
+compiled into the driver by editing ip2.c and setting the values for
+io and irq in the appropriate array. An alternative is to specify
+a command line parameter to the kernel at boot up.
+
+ ip2=io0,irq0,io1,irq1,io2,irq2,io3,irq3
+
+Note that this order is very different from the specifications for the
+modload parameters which have separate IRQ and IO specifiers.
+
+The io port also selects PCI (1) and EISA (2) boards.
+
+ io=0 No board
+ io=1 PCI board
+ io=2 EISA board
+ else ISA board io address
+
+You only need to specify the boards which are present.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ 2 PCI boards:
+
+ ip2=1,0,1,0
+
+ 1 ISA board at 0x310 irq 5:
+
+ ip2=0x310,5
+
+This can be added to and "append" option in lilo.conf similar to this:
+
+ append="ip2=1,0,1,0"
+
+
+3. INSTALLATION
+
+Previously, the driver sources were packaged with a set of patch files
+to update the character drivers' makefile and configuration file, and other
+kernel source files. A build script (ip2build) was included which applies
+the patches if needed, and build any utilities needed.
+What you receive may be a single patch file in conventional kernel
+patch format build script. That form can also be applied by
+running patch -p1 < ThePatchFile. Otherwise run ip2build.
+
+The driver can be installed as a module (recommended) or built into the
+kernel. This is selected as for other drivers through the `make config`
+command from the root of the Linux source tree. If the driver is built
+into the kernel you will need to edit the file ip2.c to match the boards
+you are installing. See that file for instructions. If the driver is
+installed as a module the configuration can also be specified on the
+modprobe command line as follows:
+
+ modprobe ip2 irq=irq1,irq2,irq3,irq4 io=addr1,addr2,addr3,addr4
+
+where irqnum is one of the valid Intelliport II interrupts (3,4,5,7,10,11,
+12,15) and addr1-4 are the base addresses for up to four controllers. If
+the irqs are not specified the driver uses the default in ip2.c (which
+selects polled mode). If no base addresses are specified the defaults in
+ip2.c are used. If you are autoloading the driver module with kerneld or
+kmod the base addresses and interrupt number must also be set in ip2.c
+and recompile or just insert and options line in /etc/modprobe.conf or both.
+The options line is equivalent to the command line and takes precedence over
+what is in ip2.c.
+
+/etc/modprobe.conf sample:
+ options ip2 io=1,0x328 irq=1,10
+ alias char-major-71 ip2
+ alias char-major-72 ip2
+ alias char-major-73 ip2
+
+The equivalent in ip2.c:
+
+static int io[IP2_MAX_BOARDS]= { 1, 0x328, 0, 0 };
+static int irq[IP2_MAX_BOARDS] = { 1, 10, -1, -1 };
+
+The equivalent for the kernel command line (in lilo.conf):
+
+ append="ip2=1,1,0x328,10"
+
+
+Note: Both io and irq should be updated to reflect YOUR system. An "io"
+ address of 1 or 2 indicates a PCI or EISA card in the board table.
+ The PCI or EISA irq will be assigned automatically.
+
+Specifying an invalid or in-use irq will default the driver into
+running in polled mode for that card. If all irq entries are 0 then
+all cards will operate in polled mode.
+
+If you select the driver as part of the kernel run :
+
+ make zlilo (or whatever you do to create a bootable kernel)
+
+If you selected a module run :
+
+ make modules && make modules_install
+
+The utility ip2mkdev (see 5 and 7 below) creates all the device nodes
+required by the driver. For a device to be created it must be configured
+in the driver and the board must be installed. Only devices corresponding
+to real IntelliPort II ports are created. With multiple boards and expansion
+boxes this will leave gaps in the sequence of device names. ip2mkdev uses
+Linux tty naming conventions: ttyF0 - ttyF255 for normal devices, and
+cuf0 - cuf255 for callout devices.
+
+If you are using devfs, existing devices are automatically created within
+the devfs name space. Normal devices will be tts/F0 - tts/F255 and callout
+devices will be cua/F0 - cua/F255. With devfs installed, ip2mkdev will
+create symbolic links in /dev from the old conventional names to the newer
+devfs names as follows:
+
+ /dev/ip2ipl[n] -> /dev/ip2/ipl[n] n = 0 - 3
+ /dev/ip2stat[n] -> /dev/ip2/stat[n] n = 0 - 3
+ /dev/ttyF[n] -> /dev/tts/F[n] n = 0 - 255
+ /dev/cuf[n] -> /dev/cua/F[n] n = 0 - 255
+
+Only devices for existing ports and boards will be created.
+
+IMPORTANT NOTE: The naming convention used for devfs by this driver
+was changed from 1.2.12 to 1.2.13. The old naming convention was to
+use ttf/%d for the tty device and cuf/%d for the cua device. That
+has been changed to conform to an agreed-upon standard of placing
+all the tty devices under tts. The device names are now tts/F%d for
+the tty device and cua/F%d for the cua devices. If you were using
+the older devfs names, you must update for the newer convention.
+
+You do not need to run ip2mkdev if you are using devfs and only want to
+use the devfs native device names.
+
+
+4. USING THE DRIVERS
+
+As noted above, the driver implements the ports in accordance with Linux
+conventions, and the devices should be interchangeable with the standard
+serial devices. (This is a key point for problem reporting: please make
+sure that what you are trying do works on the ttySx/cuax ports first; then
+tell us what went wrong with the ip2 ports!)
+
+Higher speeds can be obtained using the setserial utility which remaps
+38,400 bps (extb) to 57,600 bps, 115,200 bps, or a custom speed.
+Intelliport II installations using the PowerPort expansion module can
+use the custom speed setting to select the highest speeds: 153,600 bps,
+230,400 bps, 307,200 bps, 460,800bps and 921,600 bps. The base for
+custom baud rate configuration is fixed at 921,600 for cards/expansion
+modules with ST654's and 115200 for those with Cirrus CD1400's. This
+corresponds to the maximum bit rates those chips are capable.
+For example if the baud base is 921600 and the baud divisor is 18 then
+the custom rate is 921600/18 = 51200 bps. See the setserial man page for
+complete details. Of course if stty accepts the higher rates now you can
+use that as well as the standard ioctls().
+
+
+5. ip2mkdev and assorted utilities...
+
+Several utilities, including the source for a binary ip2mkdev utility are
+available under .../drivers/char/ip2. These can be build by changing to
+that directory and typing "make" after the kernel has be built. If you do
+not wish to compile the binary utilities, the shell script below can be
+cut out and run as "ip2mkdev" to create the necessary device files. To
+use the ip2mkdev script, you must have procfs enabled and the proc file
+system mounted on /proc.
+
+You do not need to run ip2mkdev if you are using devfs and only want to
+use the devfs native device names.
+
+
+6. DEVFS
+
+DEVFS is the DEVice File System available as an add on package for the
+2.2.x kernels and available as a configuration option in 2.3.46 and higher.
+Devfs allows for the automatic creation and management of device names
+under control of the device drivers themselves. The Devfs namespace is
+hierarchical and reduces the clutter present in the normal flat /dev
+namespace. Devfs names and conventional device names may be intermixed.
+A userspace daemon, devfsd, exists to allow for automatic creation and
+management of symbolic links from the devfs name space to the conventional
+names. More details on devfs can be found on the DEVFS home site at
+<http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/> or in the file kernel
+documentation files, .../linux/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/README.
+
+If you are using devfs, existing devices are automatically created within
+the devfs name space. Normal devices will be tts/F0 - tts/F255 and callout
+devices will be cua/F0 - cua/F255. With devfs installed, ip2mkdev will
+create symbolic links in /dev from the old conventional names to the newer
+devfs names as follows:
+
+ /dev/ip2ipl[n] -> /dev/ip2/ipl[n] n = 0 - 3
+ /dev/ip2stat[n] -> /dev/ip2/stat[n] n = 0 - 3
+ /dev/ttyF[n] -> /dev/tts/F[n] n = 0 - 255
+ /dev/cuf[n] -> /dev/cua/F[n] n = 0 - 255
+
+Only devices for existing ports and boards will be created.
+
+IMPORTANT NOTE: The naming convention used for devfs by this driver
+was changed from 1.2.12 to 1.2.13. The old naming convention was to
+use ttf/%d for the tty device and cuf/%d for the cua device. That
+has been changed to conform to an agreed-upon standard of placing
+all the tty devices under tts. The device names are now tts/F%d for
+the tty device and cua/F%d for the cua devices. If you were using
+the older devfs names, you must update for the newer convention.
+
+You do not need to run ip2mkdev if you are using devfs and only want to
+use the devfs native device names.
+
+
+7. NOTES
+
+This is a release version of the driver, but it is impossible to test it
+in all configurations of Linux. If there is any anomalous behaviour that
+does not match the standard serial port's behaviour please let us know.
+
+
+8. ip2mkdev shell script
+
+Previously, this script was simply attached here. It is now attached as a
+shar archive to make it easier to extract the script from the documentation.
+To create the ip2mkdev shell script change to a convenient directory (/tmp
+works just fine) and run the following command:
+
+ unshar Documentation/computone.txt
+ (This file)
+
+You should now have a file ip2mkdev in your current working directory with
+permissions set to execute. Running that script with then create the
+necessary devices for the Computone boards, interfaces, and ports which
+are present on you system at the time it is run.
+
+
+#!/bin/sh
+# This is a shell archive (produced by GNU sharutils 4.2.1).
+# To extract the files from this archive, save it to some FILE, remove
+# everything before the `!/bin/sh' line above, then type `sh FILE'.
+#
+# Made on 2001-10-29 10:32 EST by <mhw@alcove.wittsend.com>.
+# Source directory was `/home2/src/tmp'.
+#
+# Existing files will *not* be overwritten unless `-c' is specified.
+#
+# This shar contains:
+# length mode name
+# ------ ---------- ------------------------------------------
+# 4251 -rwxr-xr-x ip2mkdev
+#
+save_IFS="${IFS}"
+IFS="${IFS}:"
+gettext_dir=FAILED
+locale_dir=FAILED
+first_param="$1"
+for dir in $PATH
+do
+ if test "$gettext_dir" = FAILED && test -f $dir/gettext \
+ && ($dir/gettext --version >/dev/null 2>&1)
+ then
+ set `$dir/gettext --version 2>&1`
+ if test "$3" = GNU
+ then
+ gettext_dir=$dir
+ fi
+ fi
+ if test "$locale_dir" = FAILED && test -f $dir/shar \
+ && ($dir/shar --print-text-domain-dir >/dev/null 2>&1)
+ then
+ locale_dir=`$dir/shar --print-text-domain-dir`
+ fi
+done
+IFS="$save_IFS"
+if test "$locale_dir" = FAILED || test "$gettext_dir" = FAILED
+then
+ echo=echo
+else
+ TEXTDOMAINDIR=$locale_dir
+ export TEXTDOMAINDIR
+ TEXTDOMAIN=sharutils
+ export TEXTDOMAIN
+ echo="$gettext_dir/gettext -s"
+fi
+if touch -am -t 200112312359.59 $$.touch >/dev/null 2>&1 && test ! -f 200112312359.59 -a -f $$.touch; then
+ shar_touch='touch -am -t $1$2$3$4$5$6.$7 "$8"'
+elif touch -am 123123592001.59 $$.touch >/dev/null 2>&1 && test ! -f 123123592001.59 -a ! -f 123123592001.5 -a -f $$.touch; then
+ shar_touch='touch -am $3$4$5$6$1$2.$7 "$8"'
+elif touch -am 1231235901 $$.touch >/dev/null 2>&1 && test ! -f 1231235901 -a -f $$.touch; then
+ shar_touch='touch -am $3$4$5$6$2 "$8"'
+else
+ shar_touch=:
+ echo
+ $echo 'WARNING: not restoring timestamps. Consider getting and'
+ $echo "installing GNU \`touch', distributed in GNU File Utilities..."
+ echo
+fi
+rm -f 200112312359.59 123123592001.59 123123592001.5 1231235901 $$.touch
+#
+if mkdir _sh17581; then
+ $echo 'x -' 'creating lock directory'
+else
+ $echo 'failed to create lock directory'
+ exit 1
+fi
+# ============= ip2mkdev ==============
+if test -f 'ip2mkdev' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
+ $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'ip2mkdev' '(file already exists)'
+else
+ $echo 'x -' extracting 'ip2mkdev' '(text)'
+ sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'ip2mkdev' &&
+#!/bin/sh -
+#
+# ip2mkdev
+#
+# Make or remove devices as needed for Computone Intelliport drivers
+#
+# First rule! If the dev file exists and you need it, don't mess
+# with it. That prevents us from screwing up open ttys, ownership
+# and permissions on a running system!
+#
+# This script will NOT remove devices that no longer exist if their
+# board or interface box has been removed. If you want to get rid
+# of them, you can manually do an "rm -f /dev/ttyF* /dev/cuaf*"
+# before running this script. Running this script will then recreate
+# all the valid devices.
+#
+# Michael H. Warfield
+# /\/\|=mhw=|\/\/
+# mhw@wittsend.com
+#
+# Updated 10/29/2000 for version 1.2.13 naming convention
+# under devfs. /\/\|=mhw=|\/\/
+#
+# Updated 03/09/2000 for devfs support in ip2 drivers. /\/\|=mhw=|\/\/
+#
+X
+if test -d /dev/ip2 ; then
+# This is devfs mode... We don't do anything except create symlinks
+# from the real devices to the old names!
+X cd /dev
+X echo "Creating symbolic links to devfs devices"
+X for i in `ls ip2` ; do
+X if test ! -L ip2$i ; then
+X # Remove it incase it wasn't a symlink (old device)
+X rm -f ip2$i
+X ln -s ip2/$i ip2$i
+X fi
+X done
+X for i in `( cd tts ; ls F* )` ; do
+X if test ! -L tty$i ; then
+X # Remove it incase it wasn't a symlink (old device)
+X rm -f tty$i
+X ln -s tts/$i tty$i
+X fi
+X done
+X for i in `( cd cua ; ls F* )` ; do
+X DEVNUMBER=`expr $i : 'F\(.*\)'`
+X if test ! -L cuf$DEVNUMBER ; then
+X # Remove it incase it wasn't a symlink (old device)
+X rm -f cuf$DEVNUMBER
+X ln -s cua/$i cuf$DEVNUMBER
+X fi
+X done
+X exit 0
+fi
+X
+if test ! -f /proc/tty/drivers
+then
+X echo "\
+Unable to check driver status.
+Make sure proc file system is mounted."
+X
+X exit 255
+fi
+X
+if test ! -f /proc/tty/driver/ip2
+then
+X echo "\
+Unable to locate ip2 proc file.
+Attempting to load driver"
+X
+X if /sbin/insmod ip2
+X then
+X if test ! -f /proc/tty/driver/ip2
+X then
+X echo "\
+Unable to locate ip2 proc file after loading driver.
+Driver initialization failure or driver version error.
+"
+X exit 255
+X fi
+X else
+X echo "Unable to load ip2 driver."
+X exit 255
+X fi
+fi
+X
+# Ok... So we got the driver loaded and we can locate the procfs files.
+# Next we need our major numbers.
+X
+TTYMAJOR=`sed -e '/^ip2/!d' -e '/\/dev\/tt/!d' -e 's/.*tt[^ ]*[ ]*\([0-9]*\)[ ]*.*/\1/' < /proc/tty/drivers`
+CUAMAJOR=`sed -e '/^ip2/!d' -e '/\/dev\/cu/!d' -e 's/.*cu[^ ]*[ ]*\([0-9]*\)[ ]*.*/\1/' < /proc/tty/drivers`
+BRDMAJOR=`sed -e '/^Driver: /!d' -e 's/.*IMajor=\([0-9]*\)[ ]*.*/\1/' < /proc/tty/driver/ip2`
+X
+echo "\
+TTYMAJOR = $TTYMAJOR
+CUAMAJOR = $CUAMAJOR
+BRDMAJOR = $BRDMAJOR
+"
+X
+# Ok... Now we should know our major numbers, if appropriate...
+# Now we need our boards and start the device loops.
+X
+grep '^Board [0-9]:' /proc/tty/driver/ip2 | while read token number type alltherest
+do
+X # The test for blank "type" will catch the stats lead-in lines
+X # if they exist in the file
+X if test "$type" = "vacant" -o "$type" = "Vacant" -o "$type" = ""
+X then
+X continue
+X fi
+X
+X BOARDNO=`expr "$number" : '\([0-9]\):'`
+X PORTS=`expr "$alltherest" : '.*ports=\([0-9]*\)' | tr ',' ' '`
+X MINORS=`expr "$alltherest" : '.*minors=\([0-9,]*\)' | tr ',' ' '`
+X
+X if test "$BOARDNO" = "" -o "$PORTS" = ""
+X then
+# This may be a bug. We should at least get this much information
+X echo "Unable to process board line"
+X continue
+X fi
+X
+X if test "$MINORS" = ""
+X then
+# Silently skip this one. This board seems to have no boxes
+X continue
+X fi
+X
+X echo "board $BOARDNO: $type ports = $PORTS; port numbers = $MINORS"
+X
+X if test "$BRDMAJOR" != ""
+X then
+X BRDMINOR=`expr $BOARDNO \* 4`
+X STSMINOR=`expr $BRDMINOR + 1`
+X if test ! -c /dev/ip2ipl$BOARDNO ; then
+X mknod /dev/ip2ipl$BOARDNO c $BRDMAJOR $BRDMINOR
+X fi
+X if test ! -c /dev/ip2stat$BOARDNO ; then
+X mknod /dev/ip2stat$BOARDNO c $BRDMAJOR $STSMINOR
+X fi
+X fi
+X
+X if test "$TTYMAJOR" != ""
+X then
+X PORTNO=$BOARDBASE
+X
+X for PORTNO in $MINORS
+X do
+X if test ! -c /dev/ttyF$PORTNO ; then
+X # We got the hardware but no device - make it
+X mknod /dev/ttyF$PORTNO c $TTYMAJOR $PORTNO
+X fi
+X done
+X fi
+X
+X if test "$CUAMAJOR" != ""
+X then
+X PORTNO=$BOARDBASE
+X
+X for PORTNO in $MINORS
+X do
+X if test ! -c /dev/cuf$PORTNO ; then
+X # We got the hardware but no device - make it
+X mknod /dev/cuf$PORTNO c $CUAMAJOR $PORTNO
+X fi
+X done
+X fi
+done
+X
+Xexit 0
+SHAR_EOF
+ (set 20 01 10 29 10 32 01 'ip2mkdev'; eval "$shar_touch") &&
+ chmod 0755 'ip2mkdev' ||
+ $echo 'restore of' 'ip2mkdev' 'failed'
+ if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
+ md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ || $echo 'ip2mkdev:' 'MD5 check failed'
+cb5717134509f38bad9fde6b1f79b4a4 ip2mkdev
+SHAR_EOF
+ else
+ shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'ip2mkdev'`"
+ test 4251 -eq "$shar_count" ||
+ $echo 'ip2mkdev:' 'original size' '4251,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
+ fi
+fi
+rm -fr _sh17581
+exit 0
diff --git a/Documentation/cpqarray.txt b/Documentation/cpqarray.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7154e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cpqarray.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+This driver is for Compaq's SMART2 Intelligent Disk Array Controllers.
+
+Supported Cards:
+----------------
+
+This driver is known to work with the following cards:
+
+ * SMART (EISA)
+ * SMART-2/E (EISA)
+ * SMART-2/P
+ * SMART-2DH
+ * SMART-2SL
+ * SMART-221
+ * SMART-3100ES
+ * SMART-3200
+ * Integrated Smart Array Controller
+ * SA 4200
+ * SA 4250ES
+ * SA 431
+ * RAID LC2 Controller
+
+It should also work with some really old Disk array adapters, but I am
+unable to test against these cards:
+
+ * IDA
+ * IDA-2
+ * IAES
+
+
+EISA Controllers:
+-----------------
+
+If you want to use an EISA controller you'll have to supply some
+modprobe/lilo parameters. If the driver is compiled into the kernel, must
+give it the controller's IO port address at boot time (it is not
+necessary to specify the IRQ). For example, if you had two SMART-2/E
+controllers, in EISA slots 1 and 2 you'd give it a boot argument like
+this:
+
+ smart2=0x1000,0x2000
+
+If you were loading the driver as a module, you'd give load it like this:
+
+ modprobe cpqarray eisa=0x1000,0x2000
+
+You can use EISA and PCI adapters at the same time.
+
+
+Device Naming:
+--------------
+
+You need some entries in /dev for the ida device. MAKEDEV in the /dev
+directory can make device nodes for you automatically. The device setup is
+as follows:
+
+Major numbers:
+ 72 ida0
+ 73 ida1
+ 74 ida2
+ 75 ida3
+ 76 ida4
+ 77 ida5
+ 78 ida6
+ 79 ida7
+
+Minor numbers:
+ b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
+ |----+----| |----+----|
+ | |
+ | +-------- Partition ID (0=wholedev, 1-15 partition)
+ |
+ +-------------------- Logical Volume number
+
+The device naming scheme is:
+/dev/ida/c0d0 Controller 0, disk 0, whole device
+/dev/ida/c0d0p1 Controller 0, disk 0, partition 1
+/dev/ida/c0d0p2 Controller 0, disk 0, partition 2
+/dev/ida/c0d0p3 Controller 0, disk 0, partition 3
+
+/dev/ida/c1d1 Controller 1, disk 1, whole device
+/dev/ida/c1d1p1 Controller 1, disk 1, partition 1
+/dev/ida/c1d1p2 Controller 1, disk 1, partition 2
+/dev/ida/c1d1p3 Controller 1, disk 1, partition 3
+
+
+Changelog:
+==========
+
+10-28-2004 : General cleanup, syntax fixes for in-kernel driver version.
+ James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com>
+
+
+1999 : Original Document
diff --git a/Documentation/cpu-freq/amd-powernow.txt b/Documentation/cpu-freq/amd-powernow.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..254da15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cpu-freq/amd-powernow.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+
+PowerNow! and Cool'n'Quiet are AMD names for frequency
+management capabilities in AMD processors. As the hardware
+implementation changes in new generations of the processors,
+there is a different cpu-freq driver for each generation.
+
+Note that the driver's will not load on the "wrong" hardware,
+so it is safe to try each driver in turn when in doubt as to
+which is the correct driver.
+
+Note that the functionality to change frequency (and voltage)
+is not available in all processors. The drivers will refuse
+to load on processors without this capability. The capability
+is detected with the cpuid instruction.
+
+The drivers use BIOS supplied tables to obtain frequency and
+voltage information appropriate for a particular platform.
+Frequency transitions will be unavailable if the BIOS does
+not supply these tables.
+
+6th Generation: powernow-k6
+
+7th Generation: powernow-k7: Athlon, Duron, Geode.
+
+8th Generation: powernow-k8: Athlon, Athlon 64, Opteron, Sempron.
+Documentation on this functionality in 8th generation processors
+is available in the "BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide", publication
+26094, in chapter 9, available for download from www.amd.com.
+
+BIOS supplied data, for powernow-k7 and for powernow-k8, may be
+from either the PSB table or from ACPI objects. The ACPI support
+is only available if the kernel config sets CONFIG_ACPI_PROCESSOR.
+The powernow-k8 driver will attempt to use ACPI if so configured,
+and fall back to PST if that fails.
+The powernow-k7 driver will try to use the PSB support first, and
+fall back to ACPI if the PSB support fails. A module parameter,
+acpi_force, is provided to force ACPI support to be used instead
+of PSB support.
diff --git a/Documentation/cpu-freq/core.txt b/Documentation/cpu-freq/core.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29b3f9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cpu-freq/core.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+ CPU frequency and voltage scaling code in the Linux(TM) kernel
+
+
+ L i n u x C P U F r e q
+
+ C P U F r e q C o r e
+
+
+ Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
+ David Kimdon <dwhedon@debian.org>
+
+
+
+ Clock scaling allows you to change the clock speed of the CPUs on the
+ fly. This is a nice method to save battery power, because the lower
+ the clock speed, the less power the CPU consumes.
+
+
+Contents:
+---------
+1. CPUFreq core and interfaces
+2. CPUFreq notifiers
+
+1. General Information
+=======================
+
+The CPUFreq core code is located in linux/kernel/cpufreq.c. This
+cpufreq code offers a standardized interface for the CPUFreq
+architecture drivers (those pieces of code that do actual
+frequency transitions), as well as to "notifiers". These are device
+drivers or other part of the kernel that need to be informed of
+policy changes (ex. thermal modules like ACPI) or of all
+frequency changes (ex. timing code) or even need to force certain
+speed limits (like LCD drivers on ARM architecture). Additionally, the
+kernel "constant" loops_per_jiffy is updated on frequency changes
+here.
+
+Reference counting is done by cpufreq_get_cpu and cpufreq_put_cpu,
+which make sure that the cpufreq processor driver is correctly
+registered with the core, and will not be unloaded until
+cpufreq_put_cpu is called.
+
+2. CPUFreq notifiers
+====================
+
+CPUFreq notifiers conform to the standard kernel notifier interface.
+See linux/include/linux/notifier.h for details on notifiers.
+
+There are two different CPUFreq notifiers - policy notifiers and
+transition notifiers.
+
+
+2.1 CPUFreq policy notifiers
+----------------------------
+
+These are notified when a new policy is intended to be set. Each
+CPUFreq policy notifier is called three times for a policy transition:
+
+1.) During CPUFREQ_ADJUST all CPUFreq notifiers may change the limit if
+ they see a need for this - may it be thermal considerations or
+ hardware limitations.
+
+2.) During CPUFREQ_INCOMPATIBLE only changes may be done in order to avoid
+ hardware failure.
+
+3.) And during CPUFREQ_NOTIFY all notifiers are informed of the new policy
+ - if two hardware drivers failed to agree on a new policy before this
+ stage, the incompatible hardware shall be shut down, and the user
+ informed of this.
+
+The phase is specified in the second argument to the notifier.
+
+The third argument, a void *pointer, points to a struct cpufreq_policy
+consisting of five values: cpu, min, max, policy and max_cpu_freq. min
+and max are the lower and upper frequencies (in kHz) of the new
+policy, policy the new policy, cpu the number of the affected CPU; and
+max_cpu_freq the maximum supported CPU frequency. This value is given
+for informational purposes only.
+
+
+2.2 CPUFreq transition notifiers
+--------------------------------
+
+These are notified twice when the CPUfreq driver switches the CPU core
+frequency and this change has any external implications.
+
+The second argument specifies the phase - CPUFREQ_PRECHANGE or
+CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE.
+
+The third argument is a struct cpufreq_freqs with the following
+values:
+cpu - number of the affected CPU
+old - old frequency
+new - new frequency
+
+If the cpufreq core detects the frequency has changed while the system
+was suspended, these notifiers are called with CPUFREQ_RESUMECHANGE as
+second argument.
diff --git a/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpu-drivers.txt b/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpu-drivers.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43c7439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpu-drivers.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+ CPU frequency and voltage scaling code in the Linux(TM) kernel
+
+
+ L i n u x C P U F r e q
+
+ C P U D r i v e r s
+
+ - information for developers -
+
+
+ Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
+
+
+
+ Clock scaling allows you to change the clock speed of the CPUs on the
+ fly. This is a nice method to save battery power, because the lower
+ the clock speed, the less power the CPU consumes.
+
+
+Contents:
+---------
+1. What To Do?
+1.1 Initialization
+1.2 Per-CPU Initialization
+1.3 verify
+1.4 target or setpolicy?
+1.5 target
+1.6 setpolicy
+2. Frequency Table Helpers
+
+
+
+1. What To Do?
+==============
+
+So, you just got a brand-new CPU / chipset with datasheets and want to
+add cpufreq support for this CPU / chipset? Great. Here are some hints
+on what is necessary:
+
+
+1.1 Initialization
+------------------
+
+First of all, in an __initcall level 7 (module_init()) or later
+function check whether this kernel runs on the right CPU and the right
+chipset. If so, register a struct cpufreq_driver with the CPUfreq core
+using cpufreq_register_driver()
+
+What shall this struct cpufreq_driver contain?
+
+cpufreq_driver.name - The name of this driver.
+
+cpufreq_driver.owner - THIS_MODULE;
+
+cpufreq_driver.init - A pointer to the per-CPU initialization
+ function.
+
+cpufreq_driver.verify - A pointer to a "verification" function.
+
+cpufreq_driver.setpolicy _or_
+cpufreq_driver.target - See below on the differences.
+
+And optionally
+
+cpufreq_driver.exit - A pointer to a per-CPU cleanup function.
+
+cpufreq_driver.resume - A pointer to a per-CPU resume function
+ which is called with interrupts disabled
+ and _before_ the pre-suspend frequency
+ and/or policy is restored by a call to
+ ->target or ->setpolicy.
+
+cpufreq_driver.attr - A pointer to a NULL-terminated list of
+ "struct freq_attr" which allow to
+ export values to sysfs.
+
+
+1.2 Per-CPU Initialization
+--------------------------
+
+Whenever a new CPU is registered with the device model, or after the
+cpufreq driver registers itself, the per-CPU initialization function
+cpufreq_driver.init is called. It takes a struct cpufreq_policy
+*policy as argument. What to do now?
+
+If necessary, activate the CPUfreq support on your CPU.
+
+Then, the driver must fill in the following values:
+
+policy->cpuinfo.min_freq _and_
+policy->cpuinfo.max_freq - the minimum and maximum frequency
+ (in kHz) which is supported by
+ this CPU
+policy->cpuinfo.transition_latency the time it takes on this CPU to
+ switch between two frequencies (if
+ appropriate, else specify
+ CPUFREQ_ETERNAL)
+
+policy->cur The current operating frequency of
+ this CPU (if appropriate)
+policy->min,
+policy->max,
+policy->policy and, if necessary,
+policy->governor must contain the "default policy" for
+ this CPU. A few moments later,
+ cpufreq_driver.verify and either
+ cpufreq_driver.setpolicy or
+ cpufreq_driver.target is called with
+ these values.
+
+For setting some of these values, the frequency table helpers might be
+helpful. See the section 2 for more information on them.
+
+
+1.3 verify
+------------
+
+When the user decides a new policy (consisting of
+"policy,governor,min,max") shall be set, this policy must be validated
+so that incompatible values can be corrected. For verifying these
+values, a frequency table helper and/or the
+cpufreq_verify_within_limits(struct cpufreq_policy *policy, unsigned
+int min_freq, unsigned int max_freq) function might be helpful. See
+section 2 for details on frequency table helpers.
+
+You need to make sure that at least one valid frequency (or operating
+range) is within policy->min and policy->max. If necessary, increase
+policy->max first, and only if this is no solution, decrease policy->min.
+
+
+1.4 target or setpolicy?
+----------------------------
+
+Most cpufreq drivers or even most cpu frequency scaling algorithms
+only allow the CPU to be set to one frequency. For these, you use the
+->target call.
+
+Some cpufreq-capable processors switch the frequency between certain
+limits on their own. These shall use the ->setpolicy call
+
+
+1.4. target
+-------------
+
+The target call has three arguments: struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
+unsigned int target_frequency, unsigned int relation.
+
+The CPUfreq driver must set the new frequency when called here. The
+actual frequency must be determined using the following rules:
+
+- keep close to "target_freq"
+- policy->min <= new_freq <= policy->max (THIS MUST BE VALID!!!)
+- if relation==CPUFREQ_REL_L, try to select a new_freq higher than or equal
+ target_freq. ("L for lowest, but no lower than")
+- if relation==CPUFREQ_REL_H, try to select a new_freq lower than or equal
+ target_freq. ("H for highest, but no higher than")
+
+Here again the frequency table helper might assist you - see section 3
+for details.
+
+
+1.5 setpolicy
+---------------
+
+The setpolicy call only takes a struct cpufreq_policy *policy as
+argument. You need to set the lower limit of the in-processor or
+in-chipset dynamic frequency switching to policy->min, the upper limit
+to policy->max, and -if supported- select a performance-oriented
+setting when policy->policy is CPUFREQ_POLICY_PERFORMANCE, and a
+powersaving-oriented setting when CPUFREQ_POLICY_POWERSAVE. Also check
+the reference implementation in arch/i386/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/longrun.c
+
+
+
+2. Frequency Table Helpers
+==========================
+
+As most cpufreq processors only allow for being set to a few specific
+frequencies, a "frequency table" with some functions might assist in
+some work of the processor driver. Such a "frequency table" consists
+of an array of struct cpufreq_freq_table entries, with any value in
+"index" you want to use, and the corresponding frequency in
+"frequency". At the end of the table, you need to add a
+cpufreq_freq_table entry with frequency set to CPUFREQ_TABLE_END. And
+if you want to skip one entry in the table, set the frequency to
+CPUFREQ_ENTRY_INVALID. The entries don't need to be in ascending
+order.
+
+By calling cpufreq_frequency_table_cpuinfo(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
+ struct cpufreq_frequency_table *table);
+the cpuinfo.min_freq and cpuinfo.max_freq values are detected, and
+policy->min and policy->max are set to the same values. This is
+helpful for the per-CPU initialization stage.
+
+int cpufreq_frequency_table_verify(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
+ struct cpufreq_frequency_table *table);
+assures that at least one valid frequency is within policy->min and
+policy->max, and all other criteria are met. This is helpful for the
+->verify call.
+
+int cpufreq_frequency_table_target(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
+ struct cpufreq_frequency_table *table,
+ unsigned int target_freq,
+ unsigned int relation,
+ unsigned int *index);
+
+is the corresponding frequency table helper for the ->target
+stage. Just pass the values to this function, and the unsigned int
+index returns the number of the frequency table entry which contains
+the frequency the CPU shall be set to. PLEASE NOTE: This is not the
+"index" which is in this cpufreq_table_entry.index, but instead
+cpufreq_table[index]. So, the new frequency is
+cpufreq_table[index].frequency, and the value you stored into the
+frequency table "index" field is
+cpufreq_table[index].index.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpufreq-nforce2.txt b/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpufreq-nforce2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9188337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpufreq-nforce2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+The cpufreq-nforce2 driver changes the FSB on nVidia nForce2 plattforms.
+
+This works better than on other plattforms, because the FSB of the CPU
+can be controlled independently from the PCI/AGP clock.
+
+The module has two options:
+
+ fid: multiplier * 10 (for example 8.5 = 85)
+ min_fsb: minimum FSB
+
+If not set, fid is calculated from the current CPU speed and the FSB.
+min_fsb defaults to FSB at boot time - 50 MHz.
+
+IMPORTANT: The available range is limited downwards!
+ Also the minimum available FSB can differ, for systems
+ booting with 200 MHz, 150 should always work.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt b/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b85481a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+ CPU frequency and voltage scaling code in the Linux(TM) kernel
+
+
+ L i n u x C P U F r e q
+
+ C P U F r e q G o v e r n o r s
+
+ - information for users and developers -
+
+
+ Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
+
+
+
+ Clock scaling allows you to change the clock speed of the CPUs on the
+ fly. This is a nice method to save battery power, because the lower
+ the clock speed, the less power the CPU consumes.
+
+
+Contents:
+---------
+1. What is a CPUFreq Governor?
+
+2. Governors In the Linux Kernel
+2.1 Performance
+2.2 Powersave
+2.3 Userspace
+
+3. The Governor Interface in the CPUfreq Core
+
+
+
+1. What Is A CPUFreq Governor?
+==============================
+
+Most cpufreq drivers (in fact, all except one, longrun) or even most
+cpu frequency scaling algorithms only offer the CPU to be set to one
+frequency. In order to offer dynamic frequency scaling, the cpufreq
+core must be able to tell these drivers of a "target frequency". So
+these specific drivers will be transformed to offer a "->target"
+call instead of the existing "->setpolicy" call. For "longrun", all
+stays the same, though.
+
+How to decide what frequency within the CPUfreq policy should be used?
+That's done using "cpufreq governors". Two are already in this patch
+-- they're the already existing "powersave" and "performance" which
+set the frequency statically to the lowest or highest frequency,
+respectively. At least two more such governors will be ready for
+addition in the near future, but likely many more as there are various
+different theories and models about dynamic frequency scaling
+around. Using such a generic interface as cpufreq offers to scaling
+governors, these can be tested extensively, and the best one can be
+selected for each specific use.
+
+Basically, it's the following flow graph:
+
+CPU can be set to switch independetly | CPU can only be set
+ within specific "limits" | to specific frequencies
+
+ "CPUfreq policy"
+ consists of frequency limits (policy->{min,max})
+ and CPUfreq governor to be used
+ / \
+ / \
+ / the cpufreq governor decides
+ / (dynamically or statically)
+ / what target_freq to set within
+ / the limits of policy->{min,max}
+ / \
+ / \
+ Using the ->setpolicy call, Using the ->target call,
+ the limits and the the frequency closest
+ "policy" is set. to target_freq is set.
+ It is assured that it
+ is within policy->{min,max}
+
+
+2. Governors In the Linux Kernel
+================================
+
+2.1 Performance
+---------------
+
+The CPUfreq governor "performance" sets the CPU statically to the
+highest frequency within the borders of scaling_min_freq and
+scaling_max_freq.
+
+
+2.1 Powersave
+-------------
+
+The CPUfreq governor "powersave" sets the CPU statically to the
+lowest frequency within the borders of scaling_min_freq and
+scaling_max_freq.
+
+
+2.2 Userspace
+-------------
+
+The CPUfreq governor "userspace" allows the user, or any userspace
+program running with UID "root", to set the CPU to a specific frequency
+by making a sysfs file "scaling_setspeed" available in the CPU-device
+directory.
+
+
+
+3. The Governor Interface in the CPUfreq Core
+=============================================
+
+A new governor must register itself with the CPUfreq core using
+"cpufreq_register_governor". The struct cpufreq_governor, which has to
+be passed to that function, must contain the following values:
+
+governor->name - A unique name for this governor
+governor->governor - The governor callback function
+governor->owner - .THIS_MODULE for the governor module (if
+ appropriate)
+
+The governor->governor callback is called with the current (or to-be-set)
+cpufreq_policy struct for that CPU, and an unsigned int event. The
+following events are currently defined:
+
+CPUFREQ_GOV_START: This governor shall start its duty for the CPU
+ policy->cpu
+CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP: This governor shall end its duty for the CPU
+ policy->cpu
+CPUFREQ_GOV_LIMITS: The limits for CPU policy->cpu have changed to
+ policy->min and policy->max.
+
+If you need other "events" externally of your driver, _only_ use the
+cpufreq_governor_l(unsigned int cpu, unsigned int event) call to the
+CPUfreq core to ensure proper locking.
+
+
+The CPUfreq governor may call the CPU processor driver using one of
+these two functions:
+
+int cpufreq_driver_target(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
+ unsigned int target_freq,
+ unsigned int relation);
+
+int __cpufreq_driver_target(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
+ unsigned int target_freq,
+ unsigned int relation);
+
+target_freq must be within policy->min and policy->max, of course.
+What's the difference between these two functions? When your governor
+still is in a direct code path of a call to governor->governor, the
+per-CPU cpufreq lock is still held in the cpufreq core, and there's
+no need to lock it again (in fact, this would cause a deadlock). So
+use __cpufreq_driver_target only in these cases. In all other cases
+(for example, when there's a "daemonized" function that wakes up
+every second), use cpufreq_driver_target to lock the cpufreq per-CPU
+lock before the command is passed to the cpufreq processor driver.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/cpu-freq/index.txt b/Documentation/cpu-freq/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5009805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cpu-freq/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+ CPU frequency and voltage scaling code in the Linux(TM) kernel
+
+
+ L i n u x C P U F r e q
+
+
+
+
+ Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
+
+
+
+ Clock scaling allows you to change the clock speed of the CPUs on the
+ fly. This is a nice method to save battery power, because the lower
+ the clock speed, the less power the CPU consumes.
+
+
+
+Documents in this directory:
+----------------------------
+core.txt - General description of the CPUFreq core and
+ of CPUFreq notifiers
+
+cpu-drivers.txt - How to implement a new cpufreq processor driver
+
+governors.txt - What are cpufreq governors and how to
+ implement them?
+
+index.txt - File index, Mailing list and Links (this document)
+
+user-guide.txt - User Guide to CPUFreq
+
+
+Mailing List
+------------
+There is a CPU frequency changing CVS commit and general list where
+you can report bugs, problems or submit patches. To post a message,
+send an email to cpufreq@lists.linux.org.uk, to subscribe go to
+http://lists.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/cpufreq. Previous post to the
+mailing list are available to subscribers at
+http://lists.linux.org.uk/mailman/private/cpufreq/.
+
+
+Links
+-----
+the FTP archives:
+* ftp://ftp.linux.org.uk/pub/linux/cpufreq/
+
+how to access the CVS repository:
+* http://cvs.arm.linux.org.uk/
+
+the CPUFreq Mailing list:
+* http://lists.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/cpufreq
+
+Clock and voltage scaling for the SA-1100:
+* http://www.lart.tudelft.nl/projects/scaling
diff --git a/Documentation/cpu-freq/user-guide.txt b/Documentation/cpu-freq/user-guide.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fedc00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cpu-freq/user-guide.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+ CPU frequency and voltage scaling code in the Linux(TM) kernel
+
+
+ L i n u x C P U F r e q
+
+ U S E R G U I D E
+
+
+ Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
+
+
+
+ Clock scaling allows you to change the clock speed of the CPUs on the
+ fly. This is a nice method to save battery power, because the lower
+ the clock speed, the less power the CPU consumes.
+
+
+Contents:
+---------
+1. Supported Architectures and Processors
+1.1 ARM
+1.2 x86
+1.3 sparc64
+1.4 ppc
+1.5 SuperH
+
+2. "Policy" / "Governor"?
+2.1 Policy
+2.2 Governor
+
+3. How to change the CPU cpufreq policy and/or speed
+3.1 Preferred interface: sysfs
+3.2 Deprecated interfaces
+
+
+
+1. Supported Architectures and Processors
+=========================================
+
+1.1 ARM
+-------
+
+The following ARM processors are supported by cpufreq:
+
+ARM Integrator
+ARM-SA1100
+ARM-SA1110
+
+
+1.2 x86
+-------
+
+The following processors for the x86 architecture are supported by cpufreq:
+
+AMD Elan - SC400, SC410
+AMD mobile K6-2+
+AMD mobile K6-3+
+AMD mobile Duron
+AMD mobile Athlon
+AMD Opteron
+AMD Athlon 64
+Cyrix Media GXm
+Intel mobile PIII and Intel mobile PIII-M on certain chipsets
+Intel Pentium 4, Intel Xeon
+Intel Pentium M (Centrino)
+National Semiconductors Geode GX
+Transmeta Crusoe
+Transmeta Efficeon
+VIA Cyrix 3 / C3
+various processors on some ACPI 2.0-compatible systems [*]
+
+[*] Only if "ACPI Processor Performance States" are available
+to the ACPI<->BIOS interface.
+
+
+1.3 sparc64
+-----------
+
+The following processors for the sparc64 architecture are supported by
+cpufreq:
+
+UltraSPARC-III
+
+
+1.4 ppc
+-------
+
+Several "PowerBook" and "iBook2" notebooks are supported.
+
+
+1.5 SuperH
+----------
+
+The following SuperH processors are supported by cpufreq:
+
+SH-3
+SH-4
+
+
+2. "Policy" / "Governor" ?
+==========================
+
+Some CPU frequency scaling-capable processor switch between various
+frequencies and operating voltages "on the fly" without any kernel or
+user involvement. This guarantees very fast switching to a frequency
+which is high enough to serve the user's needs, but low enough to save
+power.
+
+
+2.1 Policy
+----------
+
+On these systems, all you can do is select the lower and upper
+frequency limit as well as whether you want more aggressive
+power-saving or more instantly available processing power.
+
+
+2.2 Governor
+------------
+
+On all other cpufreq implementations, these boundaries still need to
+be set. Then, a "governor" must be selected. Such a "governor" decides
+what speed the processor shall run within the boundaries. One such
+"governor" is the "userspace" governor. This one allows the user - or
+a yet-to-implement userspace program - to decide what specific speed
+the processor shall run at.
+
+
+3. How to change the CPU cpufreq policy and/or speed
+====================================================
+
+3.1 Preferred Interface: sysfs
+------------------------------
+
+The preferred interface is located in the sysfs filesystem. If you
+mounted it at /sys, the cpufreq interface is located in a subdirectory
+"cpufreq" within the cpu-device directory
+(e.g. /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/ for the first CPU).
+
+cpuinfo_min_freq : this file shows the minimum operating
+ frequency the processor can run at(in kHz)
+cpuinfo_max_freq : this file shows the maximum operating
+ frequency the processor can run at(in kHz)
+scaling_driver : this file shows what cpufreq driver is
+ used to set the frequency on this CPU
+
+scaling_available_governors : this file shows the CPUfreq governors
+ available in this kernel. You can see the
+ currently activated governor in
+
+scaling_governor, and by "echoing" the name of another
+ governor you can change it. Please note
+ that some governors won't load - they only
+ work on some specific architectures or
+ processors.
+scaling_min_freq and
+scaling_max_freq show the current "policy limits" (in
+ kHz). By echoing new values into these
+ files, you can change these limits.
+
+
+If you have selected the "userspace" governor which allows you to
+set the CPU operating frequency to a specific value, you can read out
+the current frequency in
+
+scaling_setspeed. By "echoing" a new frequency into this
+ you can change the speed of the CPU,
+ but only within the limits of
+ scaling_min_freq and scaling_max_freq.
+
+
+3.2 Deprecated Interfaces
+-------------------------
+
+Depending on your kernel configuration, you might find the following
+cpufreq-related files:
+/proc/cpufreq
+/proc/sys/cpu/*/speed
+/proc/sys/cpu/*/speed-min
+/proc/sys/cpu/*/speed-max
+
+These are files for deprecated interfaces to cpufreq, which offer far
+less functionality. Because of this, these interfaces aren't described
+here.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/cpusets.txt b/Documentation/cpusets.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ad26d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cpusets.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+ CPUSETS
+ -------
+
+Copyright (C) 2004 BULL SA.
+Written by Simon.Derr@bull.net
+
+Portions Copyright (c) 2004 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
+Modified by Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
+
+CONTENTS:
+=========
+
+1. Cpusets
+ 1.1 What are cpusets ?
+ 1.2 Why are cpusets needed ?
+ 1.3 How are cpusets implemented ?
+ 1.4 How do I use cpusets ?
+2. Usage Examples and Syntax
+ 2.1 Basic Usage
+ 2.2 Adding/removing cpus
+ 2.3 Setting flags
+ 2.4 Attaching processes
+3. Questions
+4. Contact
+
+1. Cpusets
+==========
+
+1.1 What are cpusets ?
+----------------------
+
+Cpusets provide a mechanism for assigning a set of CPUs and Memory
+Nodes to a set of tasks.
+
+Cpusets constrain the CPU and Memory placement of tasks to only
+the resources within a tasks current cpuset. They form a nested
+hierarchy visible in a virtual file system. These are the essential
+hooks, beyond what is already present, required to manage dynamic
+job placement on large systems.
+
+Each task has a pointer to a cpuset. Multiple tasks may reference
+the same cpuset. Requests by a task, using the sched_setaffinity(2)
+system call to include CPUs in its CPU affinity mask, and using the
+mbind(2) and set_mempolicy(2) system calls to include Memory Nodes
+in its memory policy, are both filtered through that tasks cpuset,
+filtering out any CPUs or Memory Nodes not in that cpuset. The
+scheduler will not schedule a task on a CPU that is not allowed in
+its cpus_allowed vector, and the kernel page allocator will not
+allocate a page on a node that is not allowed in the requesting tasks
+mems_allowed vector.
+
+If a cpuset is cpu or mem exclusive, no other cpuset, other than a direct
+ancestor or descendent, may share any of the same CPUs or Memory Nodes.
+
+User level code may create and destroy cpusets by name in the cpuset
+virtual file system, manage the attributes and permissions of these
+cpusets and which CPUs and Memory Nodes are assigned to each cpuset,
+specify and query to which cpuset a task is assigned, and list the
+task pids assigned to a cpuset.
+
+
+1.2 Why are cpusets needed ?
+----------------------------
+
+The management of large computer systems, with many processors (CPUs),
+complex memory cache hierarchies and multiple Memory Nodes having
+non-uniform access times (NUMA) presents additional challenges for
+the efficient scheduling and memory placement of processes.
+
+Frequently more modest sized systems can be operated with adequate
+efficiency just by letting the operating system automatically share
+the available CPU and Memory resources amongst the requesting tasks.
+
+But larger systems, which benefit more from careful processor and
+memory placement to reduce memory access times and contention,
+and which typically represent a larger investment for the customer,
+can benefit from explictly placing jobs on properly sized subsets of
+the system.
+
+This can be especially valuable on:
+
+ * Web Servers running multiple instances of the same web application,
+ * Servers running different applications (for instance, a web server
+ and a database), or
+ * NUMA systems running large HPC applications with demanding
+ performance characteristics.
+
+These subsets, or "soft partitions" must be able to be dynamically
+adjusted, as the job mix changes, without impacting other concurrently
+executing jobs.
+
+The kernel cpuset patch provides the minimum essential kernel
+mechanisms required to efficiently implement such subsets. It
+leverages existing CPU and Memory Placement facilities in the Linux
+kernel to avoid any additional impact on the critical scheduler or
+memory allocator code.
+
+
+1.3 How are cpusets implemented ?
+---------------------------------
+
+Cpusets provide a Linux kernel (2.6.7 and above) mechanism to constrain
+which CPUs and Memory Nodes are used by a process or set of processes.
+
+The Linux kernel already has a pair of mechanisms to specify on which
+CPUs a task may be scheduled (sched_setaffinity) and on which Memory
+Nodes it may obtain memory (mbind, set_mempolicy).
+
+Cpusets extends these two mechanisms as follows:
+
+ - Cpusets are sets of allowed CPUs and Memory Nodes, known to the
+ kernel.
+ - Each task in the system is attached to a cpuset, via a pointer
+ in the task structure to a reference counted cpuset structure.
+ - Calls to sched_setaffinity are filtered to just those CPUs
+ allowed in that tasks cpuset.
+ - Calls to mbind and set_mempolicy are filtered to just
+ those Memory Nodes allowed in that tasks cpuset.
+ - The root cpuset contains all the systems CPUs and Memory
+ Nodes.
+ - For any cpuset, one can define child cpusets containing a subset
+ of the parents CPU and Memory Node resources.
+ - The hierarchy of cpusets can be mounted at /dev/cpuset, for
+ browsing and manipulation from user space.
+ - A cpuset may be marked exclusive, which ensures that no other
+ cpuset (except direct ancestors and descendents) may contain
+ any overlapping CPUs or Memory Nodes.
+ - You can list all the tasks (by pid) attached to any cpuset.
+
+The implementation of cpusets requires a few, simple hooks
+into the rest of the kernel, none in performance critical paths:
+
+ - in main/init.c, to initialize the root cpuset at system boot.
+ - in fork and exit, to attach and detach a task from its cpuset.
+ - in sched_setaffinity, to mask the requested CPUs by what's
+ allowed in that tasks cpuset.
+ - in sched.c migrate_all_tasks(), to keep migrating tasks within
+ the CPUs allowed by their cpuset, if possible.
+ - in the mbind and set_mempolicy system calls, to mask the requested
+ Memory Nodes by what's allowed in that tasks cpuset.
+ - in page_alloc, to restrict memory to allowed nodes.
+ - in vmscan.c, to restrict page recovery to the current cpuset.
+
+In addition a new file system, of type "cpuset" may be mounted,
+typically at /dev/cpuset, to enable browsing and modifying the cpusets
+presently known to the kernel. No new system calls are added for
+cpusets - all support for querying and modifying cpusets is via
+this cpuset file system.
+
+Each task under /proc has an added file named 'cpuset', displaying
+the cpuset name, as the path relative to the root of the cpuset file
+system.
+
+The /proc/<pid>/status file for each task has two added lines,
+displaying the tasks cpus_allowed (on which CPUs it may be scheduled)
+and mems_allowed (on which Memory Nodes it may obtain memory),
+in the format seen in the following example:
+
+ Cpus_allowed: ffffffff,ffffffff,ffffffff,ffffffff
+ Mems_allowed: ffffffff,ffffffff
+
+Each cpuset is represented by a directory in the cpuset file system
+containing the following files describing that cpuset:
+
+ - cpus: list of CPUs in that cpuset
+ - mems: list of Memory Nodes in that cpuset
+ - cpu_exclusive flag: is cpu placement exclusive?
+ - mem_exclusive flag: is memory placement exclusive?
+ - tasks: list of tasks (by pid) attached to that cpuset
+
+New cpusets are created using the mkdir system call or shell
+command. The properties of a cpuset, such as its flags, allowed
+CPUs and Memory Nodes, and attached tasks, are modified by writing
+to the appropriate file in that cpusets directory, as listed above.
+
+The named hierarchical structure of nested cpusets allows partitioning
+a large system into nested, dynamically changeable, "soft-partitions".
+
+The attachment of each task, automatically inherited at fork by any
+children of that task, to a cpuset allows organizing the work load
+on a system into related sets of tasks such that each set is constrained
+to using the CPUs and Memory Nodes of a particular cpuset. A task
+may be re-attached to any other cpuset, if allowed by the permissions
+on the necessary cpuset file system directories.
+
+Such management of a system "in the large" integrates smoothly with
+the detailed placement done on individual tasks and memory regions
+using the sched_setaffinity, mbind and set_mempolicy system calls.
+
+The following rules apply to each cpuset:
+
+ - Its CPUs and Memory Nodes must be a subset of its parents.
+ - It can only be marked exclusive if its parent is.
+ - If its cpu or memory is exclusive, they may not overlap any sibling.
+
+These rules, and the natural hierarchy of cpusets, enable efficient
+enforcement of the exclusive guarantee, without having to scan all
+cpusets every time any of them change to ensure nothing overlaps a
+exclusive cpuset. Also, the use of a Linux virtual file system (vfs)
+to represent the cpuset hierarchy provides for a familiar permission
+and name space for cpusets, with a minimum of additional kernel code.
+
+1.4 How do I use cpusets ?
+--------------------------
+
+In order to minimize the impact of cpusets on critical kernel
+code, such as the scheduler, and due to the fact that the kernel
+does not support one task updating the memory placement of another
+task directly, the impact on a task of changing its cpuset CPU
+or Memory Node placement, or of changing to which cpuset a task
+is attached, is subtle.
+
+If a cpuset has its Memory Nodes modified, then for each task attached
+to that cpuset, the next time that the kernel attempts to allocate
+a page of memory for that task, the kernel will notice the change
+in the tasks cpuset, and update its per-task memory placement to
+remain within the new cpusets memory placement. If the task was using
+mempolicy MPOL_BIND, and the nodes to which it was bound overlap with
+its new cpuset, then the task will continue to use whatever subset
+of MPOL_BIND nodes are still allowed in the new cpuset. If the task
+was using MPOL_BIND and now none of its MPOL_BIND nodes are allowed
+in the new cpuset, then the task will be essentially treated as if it
+was MPOL_BIND bound to the new cpuset (even though its numa placement,
+as queried by get_mempolicy(), doesn't change). If a task is moved
+from one cpuset to another, then the kernel will adjust the tasks
+memory placement, as above, the next time that the kernel attempts
+to allocate a page of memory for that task.
+
+If a cpuset has its CPUs modified, then each task using that
+cpuset does _not_ change its behavior automatically. In order to
+minimize the impact on the critical scheduling code in the kernel,
+tasks will continue to use their prior CPU placement until they
+are rebound to their cpuset, by rewriting their pid to the 'tasks'
+file of their cpuset. If a task had been bound to some subset of its
+cpuset using the sched_setaffinity() call, and if any of that subset
+is still allowed in its new cpuset settings, then the task will be
+restricted to the intersection of the CPUs it was allowed on before,
+and its new cpuset CPU placement. If, on the other hand, there is
+no overlap between a tasks prior placement and its new cpuset CPU
+placement, then the task will be allowed to run on any CPU allowed
+in its new cpuset. If a task is moved from one cpuset to another,
+its CPU placement is updated in the same way as if the tasks pid is
+rewritten to the 'tasks' file of its current cpuset.
+
+In summary, the memory placement of a task whose cpuset is changed is
+updated by the kernel, on the next allocation of a page for that task,
+but the processor placement is not updated, until that tasks pid is
+rewritten to the 'tasks' file of its cpuset. This is done to avoid
+impacting the scheduler code in the kernel with a check for changes
+in a tasks processor placement.
+
+There is an exception to the above. If hotplug funtionality is used
+to remove all the CPUs that are currently assigned to a cpuset,
+then the kernel will automatically update the cpus_allowed of all
+tasks attached to CPUs in that cpuset with the online CPUs of the
+nearest parent cpuset that still has some CPUs online. When memory
+hotplug functionality for removing Memory Nodes is available, a
+similar exception is expected to apply there as well. In general,
+the kernel prefers to violate cpuset placement, over starving a task
+that has had all its allowed CPUs or Memory Nodes taken offline. User
+code should reconfigure cpusets to only refer to online CPUs and Memory
+Nodes when using hotplug to add or remove such resources.
+
+There is a second exception to the above. GFP_ATOMIC requests are
+kernel internal allocations that must be satisfied, immediately.
+The kernel may drop some request, in rare cases even panic, if a
+GFP_ATOMIC alloc fails. If the request cannot be satisfied within
+the current tasks cpuset, then we relax the cpuset, and look for
+memory anywhere we can find it. It's better to violate the cpuset
+than stress the kernel.
+
+To start a new job that is to be contained within a cpuset, the steps are:
+
+ 1) mkdir /dev/cpuset
+ 2) mount -t cpuset none /dev/cpuset
+ 3) Create the new cpuset by doing mkdir's and write's (or echo's) in
+ the /dev/cpuset virtual file system.
+ 4) Start a task that will be the "founding father" of the new job.
+ 5) Attach that task to the new cpuset by writing its pid to the
+ /dev/cpuset tasks file for that cpuset.
+ 6) fork, exec or clone the job tasks from this founding father task.
+
+For example, the following sequence of commands will setup a cpuset
+named "Charlie", containing just CPUs 2 and 3, and Memory Node 1,
+and then start a subshell 'sh' in that cpuset:
+
+ mount -t cpuset none /dev/cpuset
+ cd /dev/cpuset
+ mkdir Charlie
+ cd Charlie
+ /bin/echo 2-3 > cpus
+ /bin/echo 1 > mems
+ /bin/echo $$ > tasks
+ sh
+ # The subshell 'sh' is now running in cpuset Charlie
+ # The next line should display '/Charlie'
+ cat /proc/self/cpuset
+
+In the case that a change of cpuset includes wanting to move already
+allocated memory pages, consider further the work of IWAMOTO
+Toshihiro <iwamoto@valinux.co.jp> for page remapping and memory
+hotremoval, which can be found at:
+
+ http://people.valinux.co.jp/~iwamoto/mh.html
+
+The integration of cpusets with such memory migration is not yet
+available.
+
+In the future, a C library interface to cpusets will likely be
+available. For now, the only way to query or modify cpusets is
+via the cpuset file system, using the various cd, mkdir, echo, cat,
+rmdir commands from the shell, or their equivalent from C.
+
+The sched_setaffinity calls can also be done at the shell prompt using
+SGI's runon or Robert Love's taskset. The mbind and set_mempolicy
+calls can be done at the shell prompt using the numactl command
+(part of Andi Kleen's numa package).
+
+2. Usage Examples and Syntax
+============================
+
+2.1 Basic Usage
+---------------
+
+Creating, modifying, using the cpusets can be done through the cpuset
+virtual filesystem.
+
+To mount it, type:
+# mount -t cpuset none /dev/cpuset
+
+Then under /dev/cpuset you can find a tree that corresponds to the
+tree of the cpusets in the system. For instance, /dev/cpuset
+is the cpuset that holds the whole system.
+
+If you want to create a new cpuset under /dev/cpuset:
+# cd /dev/cpuset
+# mkdir my_cpuset
+
+Now you want to do something with this cpuset.
+# cd my_cpuset
+
+In this directory you can find several files:
+# ls
+cpus cpu_exclusive mems mem_exclusive tasks
+
+Reading them will give you information about the state of this cpuset:
+the CPUs and Memory Nodes it can use, the processes that are using
+it, its properties. By writing to these files you can manipulate
+the cpuset.
+
+Set some flags:
+# /bin/echo 1 > cpu_exclusive
+
+Add some cpus:
+# /bin/echo 0-7 > cpus
+
+Now attach your shell to this cpuset:
+# /bin/echo $$ > tasks
+
+You can also create cpusets inside your cpuset by using mkdir in this
+directory.
+# mkdir my_sub_cs
+
+To remove a cpuset, just use rmdir:
+# rmdir my_sub_cs
+This will fail if the cpuset is in use (has cpusets inside, or has
+processes attached).
+
+2.2 Adding/removing cpus
+------------------------
+
+This is the syntax to use when writing in the cpus or mems files
+in cpuset directories:
+
+# /bin/echo 1-4 > cpus -> set cpus list to cpus 1,2,3,4
+# /bin/echo 1,2,3,4 > cpus -> set cpus list to cpus 1,2,3,4
+
+2.3 Setting flags
+-----------------
+
+The syntax is very simple:
+
+# /bin/echo 1 > cpu_exclusive -> set flag 'cpu_exclusive'
+# /bin/echo 0 > cpu_exclusive -> unset flag 'cpu_exclusive'
+
+2.4 Attaching processes
+-----------------------
+
+# /bin/echo PID > tasks
+
+Note that it is PID, not PIDs. You can only attach ONE task at a time.
+If you have several tasks to attach, you have to do it one after another:
+
+# /bin/echo PID1 > tasks
+# /bin/echo PID2 > tasks
+ ...
+# /bin/echo PIDn > tasks
+
+
+3. Questions
+============
+
+Q: what's up with this '/bin/echo' ?
+A: bash's builtin 'echo' command does not check calls to write() against
+ errors. If you use it in the cpuset file system, you won't be
+ able to tell whether a command succeeded or failed.
+
+Q: When I attach processes, only the first of the line gets really attached !
+A: We can only return one error code per call to write(). So you should also
+ put only ONE pid.
+
+4. Contact
+==========
+
+Web: http://www.bullopensource.org/cpuset
diff --git a/Documentation/cris/README b/Documentation/cris/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..795a1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/cris/README
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+Linux 2.4 on the CRIS architecture
+==================================
+$Id: README,v 1.7 2001/04/19 12:38:32 bjornw Exp $
+
+This is a port of Linux 2.4 to Axis Communications ETRAX 100LX embedded
+network CPU. For more information about CRIS and ETRAX please see further
+below.
+
+In order to compile this you need a version of gcc with support for the
+ETRAX chip family. Please see this link for more information on how to
+download the compiler and other tools useful when building and booting
+software for the ETRAX platform:
+
+http://developer.axis.com/doc/software/devboard_lx/install-howto.html
+
+<more specific information should come in this document later>
+
+What is CRIS ?
+--------------
+
+CRIS is an acronym for 'Code Reduced Instruction Set'. It is the CPU
+architecture in Axis Communication AB's range of embedded network CPU's,
+called ETRAX. The latest CPU is called ETRAX 100LX, where LX stands for
+'Linux' because the chip was designed to be a good host for the Linux
+operating system.
+
+The ETRAX 100LX chip
+--------------------
+
+For reference, plase see the press-release:
+
+http://www.axis.com/news/us/001101_etrax.htm
+
+The ETRAX 100LX is a 100 MIPS processor with 8kB cache, MMU, and a very broad
+range of built-in interfaces, all with modern scatter/gather DMA.
+
+Memory interfaces:
+
+ * SRAM
+ * NOR-flash/ROM
+ * EDO or page-mode DRAM
+ * SDRAM
+
+I/O interfaces:
+
+ * one 10/100 Mbit/s ethernet controller
+ * four serial-ports (up to 6 Mbit/s)
+ * two synchronous serial-ports for multimedia codec's etc.
+ * USB host controller and USB slave
+ * ATA
+ * SCSI
+ * two parallel-ports
+ * two generic 8-bit ports
+
+ (not all interfaces are available at the same time due to chip pin
+ multiplexing)
+
+The previous version of the ETRAX, the ETRAX 100, sits in almost all of
+Axis shipping thin-servers like the Axis 2100 web camera or the ETRAX 100
+developer-board. It lacks an MMU so the Linux we run on that is a version
+of uClinux (Linux 2.0 without MM-support) ported to the CRIS architecture.
+The new Linux 2.4 port has full MM and needs a CPU with an MMU, so it will
+not run on the ETRAX 100.
+
+A version of the Axis developer-board with ETRAX 100LX (running Linux
+2.4) is now available. For more information please see developer.axis.com.
+
+
+Bootlog
+-------
+
+Just as an example, this is the debug-output from a boot of Linux 2.4 on
+a board with ETRAX 100LX. The displayed BogoMIPS value is 5 times too small :)
+At the end you see some user-mode programs booting like telnet and ftp daemons.
+
+Linux version 2.4.1 (bjornw@godzilla.axis.se) (gcc version 2.96 20000427 (experimental)) #207 Wed Feb 21 15:48:15 CET 2001
+ROM fs in RAM, size 1376256 bytes
+Setting up paging and the MMU.
+On node 0 totalpages: 2048
+zone(0): 2048 pages.
+zone(1): 0 pages.
+zone(2): 0 pages.
+Linux/CRIS port on ETRAX 100LX (c) 2001 Axis Communications AB
+Kernel command line:
+Calibrating delay loop... 19.91 BogoMIPS
+Memory: 13872k/16384k available (587k kernel code, 2512k reserved, 44k data, 24k init)
+kmem_create: Forcing size word alignment - vm_area_struct
+kmem_create: Forcing size word alignment - filp
+Dentry-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 16384 bytes)
+Buffer-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 0, 8192 bytes)
+Page-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 0, 8192 bytes)
+kmem_create: Forcing size word alignment - kiobuf
+kmem_create: Forcing size word alignment - bdev_cache
+Inode-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 8192 bytes)
+kmem_create: Forcing size word alignment - inode_cache
+POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX
+Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4
+Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039
+Starting kswapd v1.8
+kmem_create: Forcing size word alignment - file lock cache
+kmem_create: Forcing size word alignment - blkdev_requests
+block: queued sectors max/low 9109kB/3036kB, 64 slots per queue
+ETRAX 100LX 10/100MBit ethernet v2.0 (c) 2000 Axis Communications AB
+eth0 initialized
+eth0: changed MAC to 00:40:8C:CD:00:00
+ETRAX 100LX serial-driver $Revision: 1.7 $, (c) 2000 Axis Communications AB
+ttyS0 at 0xb0000060 is a builtin UART with DMA
+ttyS1 at 0xb0000068 is a builtin UART with DMA
+ttyS2 at 0xb0000070 is a builtin UART with DMA
+ttyS3 at 0xb0000078 is a builtin UART with DMA
+Axis flash mapping: 200000 at 50000000
+Axis flash: Found 1 x16 CFI device at 0x0 in 16 bit mode
+ Amd/Fujitsu Extended Query Table v1.0 at 0x0040
+Axis flash: JEDEC Device ID is 0xC4. Assuming broken CFI table.
+Axis flash: Swapping erase regions for broken CFI table.
+number of CFI chips: 1
+ Using default partition table
+I2C driver v2.2, (c) 1999-2001 Axis Communications AB
+ETRAX 100LX GPIO driver v2.1, (c) 2001 Axis Communications AB
+NET4: Linux TCP/IP 1.0 for NET4.0
+IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP
+kmem_create: Forcing size word alignment - ip_dst_cache
+IP: routing cache hash table of 1024 buckets, 8Kbytes
+TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)
+NET4: Unix domain sockets 1.0/SMP for Linux NET4.0.
+VFS: Mounted root (cramfs filesystem) readonly.
+Init starts up...
+Mounted none on /proc ok.
+Setting up eth0 with ip 10.13.9.116 and mac 00:40:8c:18:04:60
+eth0: changed MAC to 00:40:8C:18:04:60
+Setting up lo with ip 127.0.0.1
+Default gateway is 10.13.9.1
+Hostname is bbox1
+Telnetd starting, using port 23.
+ using /bin/sash as shell.
+sftpd[15]: sftpd $Revision: 1.7 $ starting up
+
+
+
+And here is how some /proc entries look:
+
+17# cd /proc
+17# cat cpuinfo
+cpu : CRIS
+cpu revision : 10
+cpu model : ETRAX 100LX
+cache size : 8 kB
+fpu : no
+mmu : yes
+ethernet : 10/100 Mbps
+token ring : no
+scsi : yes
+ata : yes
+usb : yes
+bogomips : 99.84
+
+17# cat meminfo
+ total: used: free: shared: buffers: cached:
+Mem: 7028736 925696 6103040 114688 0 229376
+Swap: 0 0 0
+MemTotal: 6864 kB
+MemFree: 5960 kB
+MemShared: 112 kB
+Buffers: 0 kB
+Cached: 224 kB
+Active: 224 kB
+Inact_dirty: 0 kB
+Inact_clean: 0 kB
+Inact_target: 0 kB
+HighTotal: 0 kB
+HighFree: 0 kB
+LowTotal: 6864 kB
+LowFree: 5960 kB
+SwapTotal: 0 kB
+SwapFree: 0 kB
+17# ls -l /bin
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 342 100 10356 Jan 01 00:00 ifconfig
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 342 100 17548 Jan 01 00:00 init
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 342 100 9488 Jan 01 00:00 route
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 342 100 46036 Jan 01 00:00 sftpd
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 342 100 48104 Jan 01 00:00 sh
+-rwxr-xr-x 1 342 100 16252 Jan 01 00:00 telnetd
+
+
+(All programs are statically linked to the libc at this point - we have not ported the
+ shared libraries yet)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/crypto/api-intro.txt b/Documentation/crypto/api-intro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2d5b49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/crypto/api-intro.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+
+ Scatterlist Cryptographic API
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+The Scatterlist Crypto API takes page vectors (scatterlists) as
+arguments, and works directly on pages. In some cases (e.g. ECB
+mode ciphers), this will allow for pages to be encrypted in-place
+with no copying.
+
+One of the initial goals of this design was to readily support IPsec,
+so that processing can be applied to paged skb's without the need
+for linearization.
+
+
+DETAILS
+
+At the lowest level are algorithms, which register dynamically with the
+API.
+
+'Transforms' are user-instantiated objects, which maintain state, handle all
+of the implementation logic (e.g. manipulating page vectors), provide an
+abstraction to the underlying algorithms, and handle common logical
+operations (e.g. cipher modes, HMAC for digests). However, at the user
+level they are very simple.
+
+Conceptually, the API layering looks like this:
+
+ [transform api] (user interface)
+ [transform ops] (per-type logic glue e.g. cipher.c, digest.c)
+ [algorithm api] (for registering algorithms)
+
+The idea is to make the user interface and algorithm registration API
+very simple, while hiding the core logic from both. Many good ideas
+from existing APIs such as Cryptoapi and Nettle have been adapted for this.
+
+The API currently supports three types of transforms: Ciphers, Digests and
+Compressors. The compression algorithms especially seem to be performing
+very well so far.
+
+Support for hardware crypto devices via an asynchronous interface is
+under development.
+
+Here's an example of how to use the API:
+
+ #include <linux/crypto.h>
+
+ struct scatterlist sg[2];
+ char result[128];
+ struct crypto_tfm *tfm;
+
+ tfm = crypto_alloc_tfm("md5", 0);
+ if (tfm == NULL)
+ fail();
+
+ /* ... set up the scatterlists ... */
+
+ crypto_digest_init(tfm);
+ crypto_digest_update(tfm, &sg, 2);
+ crypto_digest_final(tfm, result);
+
+ crypto_free_tfm(tfm);
+
+
+Many real examples are available in the regression test module (tcrypt.c).
+
+
+CONFIGURATION NOTES
+
+As Triple DES is part of the DES module, for those using modular builds,
+add the following line to /etc/modprobe.conf:
+
+ alias des3_ede des
+
+The Null algorithms reside in the crypto_null module, so these lines
+should also be added:
+
+ alias cipher_null crypto_null
+ alias digest_null crypto_null
+ alias compress_null crypto_null
+
+The SHA384 algorithm shares code within the SHA512 module, so you'll
+also need:
+ alias sha384 sha512
+
+
+DEVELOPER NOTES
+
+Transforms may only be allocated in user context, and cryptographic
+methods may only be called from softirq and user contexts.
+
+When using the API for ciphers, performance will be optimal if each
+scatterlist contains data which is a multiple of the cipher's block
+size (typically 8 bytes). This prevents having to do any copying
+across non-aligned page fragment boundaries.
+
+
+ADDING NEW ALGORITHMS
+
+When submitting a new algorithm for inclusion, a mandatory requirement
+is that at least a few test vectors from known sources (preferably
+standards) be included.
+
+Converting existing well known code is preferred, as it is more likely
+to have been reviewed and widely tested. If submitting code from LGPL
+sources, please consider changing the license to GPL (see section 3 of
+the LGPL).
+
+Algorithms submitted must also be generally patent-free (e.g. IDEA
+will not be included in the mainline until around 2011), and be based
+on a recognized standard and/or have been subjected to appropriate
+peer review.
+
+Also check for any RFCs which may relate to the use of specific algorithms,
+as well as general application notes such as RFC2451 ("The ESP CBC-Mode
+Cipher Algorithms").
+
+It's a good idea to avoid using lots of macros and use inlined functions
+instead, as gcc does a good job with inlining, while excessive use of
+macros can cause compilation problems on some platforms.
+
+Also check the TODO list at the web site listed below to see what people
+might already be working on.
+
+
+BUGS
+
+Send bug reports to:
+James Morris <jmorris@redhat.com>
+Cc: David S. Miller <davem@redhat.com>
+
+
+FURTHER INFORMATION
+
+For further patches and various updates, including the current TODO
+list, see:
+http://samba.org/~jamesm/crypto/
+
+
+AUTHORS
+
+James Morris
+David S. Miller
+
+
+CREDITS
+
+The following people provided invaluable feedback during the development
+of the API:
+
+ Alexey Kuznetzov
+ Rusty Russell
+ Herbert Valerio Riedel
+ Jeff Garzik
+ Michael Richardson
+ Andrew Morton
+ Ingo Oeser
+ Christoph Hellwig
+
+Portions of this API were derived from the following projects:
+
+ Kerneli Cryptoapi (http://www.kerneli.org/)
+ Alexander Kjeldaas
+ Herbert Valerio Riedel
+ Kyle McMartin
+ Jean-Luc Cooke
+ David Bryson
+ Clemens Fruhwirth
+ Tobias Ringstrom
+ Harald Welte
+
+and;
+
+ Nettle (http://www.lysator.liu.se/~nisse/nettle/)
+ Niels Möller
+
+Original developers of the crypto algorithms:
+
+ Dana L. How (DES)
+ Andrew Tridgell and Steve French (MD4)
+ Colin Plumb (MD5)
+ Steve Reid (SHA1)
+ Jean-Luc Cooke (SHA256, SHA384, SHA512)
+ Kazunori Miyazawa / USAGI (HMAC)
+ Matthew Skala (Twofish)
+ Dag Arne Osvik (Serpent)
+ Brian Gladman (AES)
+ Kartikey Mahendra Bhatt (CAST6)
+ Jon Oberheide (ARC4)
+ Jouni Malinen (Michael MIC)
+
+SHA1 algorithm contributors:
+ Jean-Francois Dive
+
+DES algorithm contributors:
+ Raimar Falke
+ Gisle Sælensminde
+ Niels Möller
+
+Blowfish algorithm contributors:
+ Herbert Valerio Riedel
+ Kyle McMartin
+
+Twofish algorithm contributors:
+ Werner Koch
+ Marc Mutz
+
+SHA256/384/512 algorithm contributors:
+ Andrew McDonald
+ Kyle McMartin
+ Herbert Valerio Riedel
+
+AES algorithm contributors:
+ Alexander Kjeldaas
+ Herbert Valerio Riedel
+ Kyle McMartin
+ Adam J. Richter
+ Fruhwirth Clemens (i586)
+ Linus Torvalds (i586)
+
+CAST5 algorithm contributors:
+ Kartikey Mahendra Bhatt (original developers unknown, FSF copyright).
+
+TEA/XTEA algorithm contributors:
+ Aaron Grothe
+
+Khazad algorithm contributors:
+ Aaron Grothe
+
+Whirlpool algorithm contributors:
+ Aaron Grothe
+ Jean-Luc Cooke
+
+Anubis algorithm contributors:
+ Aaron Grothe
+
+Tiger algorithm contributors:
+ Aaron Grothe
+
+Generic scatterwalk code by Adam J. Richter <adam@yggdrasil.com>
+
+Please send any credits updates or corrections to:
+James Morris <jmorris@redhat.com>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/crypto/descore-readme.txt b/Documentation/crypto/descore-readme.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..166474c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/crypto/descore-readme.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+Below is the orginal README file from the descore.shar package.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+des - fast & portable DES encryption & decryption.
+Copyright (C) 1992 Dana L. How
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+GNU Library General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public License
+along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+Author's address: how@isl.stanford.edu
+
+$Id: README,v 1.15 1992/05/20 00:25:32 how E $
+
+
+==>> To compile after untarring/unsharring, just `make' <<==
+
+
+This package was designed with the following goals:
+1. Highest possible encryption/decryption PERFORMANCE.
+2. PORTABILITY to any byte-addressable host with a 32bit unsigned C type
+3. Plug-compatible replacement for KERBEROS's low-level routines.
+
+This second release includes a number of performance enhancements for
+register-starved machines. My discussions with Richard Outerbridge,
+71755.204@compuserve.com, sparked a number of these enhancements.
+
+To more rapidly understand the code in this package, inspect desSmallFips.i
+(created by typing `make') BEFORE you tackle desCode.h. The latter is set
+up in a parameterized fashion so it can easily be modified by speed-daemon
+hackers in pursuit of that last microsecond. You will find it more
+illuminating to inspect one specific implementation,
+and then move on to the common abstract skeleton with this one in mind.
+
+
+performance comparison to other available des code which i could
+compile on a SPARCStation 1 (cc -O4, gcc -O2):
+
+this code (byte-order independent):
+ 30us per encryption (options: 64k tables, no IP/FP)
+ 33us per encryption (options: 64k tables, FIPS standard bit ordering)
+ 45us per encryption (options: 2k tables, no IP/FP)
+ 48us per encryption (options: 2k tables, FIPS standard bit ordering)
+ 275us to set a new key (uses 1k of key tables)
+ this has the quickest encryption/decryption routines i've seen.
+ since i was interested in fast des filters rather than crypt(3)
+ and password cracking, i haven't really bothered yet to speed up
+ the key setting routine. also, i have no interest in re-implementing
+ all the other junk in the mit kerberos des library, so i've just
+ provided my routines with little stub interfaces so they can be
+ used as drop-in replacements with mit's code or any of the mit-
+ compatible packages below. (note that the first two timings above
+ are highly variable because of cache effects).
+
+kerberos des replacement from australia (version 1.95):
+ 53us per encryption (uses 2k of tables)
+ 96us to set a new key (uses 2.25k of key tables)
+ so despite the author's inclusion of some of the performance
+ improvements i had suggested to him, this package's
+ encryption/decryption is still slower on the sparc and 68000.
+ more specifically, 19-40% slower on the 68020 and 11-35% slower
+ on the sparc, depending on the compiler;
+ in full gory detail (ALT_ECB is a libdes variant):
+ compiler machine desCore libdes ALT_ECB slower by
+ gcc 2.1 -O2 Sun 3/110 304 uS 369.5uS 461.8uS 22%
+ cc -O1 Sun 3/110 336 uS 436.6uS 399.3uS 19%
+ cc -O2 Sun 3/110 360 uS 532.4uS 505.1uS 40%
+ cc -O4 Sun 3/110 365 uS 532.3uS 505.3uS 38%
+ gcc 2.1 -O2 Sun 4/50 48 uS 53.4uS 57.5uS 11%
+ cc -O2 Sun 4/50 48 uS 64.6uS 64.7uS 35%
+ cc -O4 Sun 4/50 48 uS 64.7uS 64.9uS 35%
+ (my time measurements are not as accurate as his).
+ the comments in my first release of desCore on version 1.92:
+ 68us per encryption (uses 2k of tables)
+ 96us to set a new key (uses 2.25k of key tables)
+ this is a very nice package which implements the most important
+ of the optimizations which i did in my encryption routines.
+ it's a bit weak on common low-level optimizations which is why
+ it's 39%-106% slower. because he was interested in fast crypt(3) and
+ password-cracking applications, he also used the same ideas to
+ speed up the key-setting routines with impressive results.
+ (at some point i may do the same in my package). he also implements
+ the rest of the mit des library.
+ (code from eay@psych.psy.uq.oz.au via comp.sources.misc)
+
+fast crypt(3) package from denmark:
+ the des routine here is buried inside a loop to do the
+ crypt function and i didn't feel like ripping it out and measuring
+ performance. his code takes 26 sparc instructions to compute one
+ des iteration; above, Quick (64k) takes 21 and Small (2k) takes 37.
+ he claims to use 280k of tables but the iteration calculation seems
+ to use only 128k. his tables and code are machine independent.
+ (code from glad@daimi.aau.dk via alt.sources or comp.sources.misc)
+
+swedish reimplementation of Kerberos des library
+ 108us per encryption (uses 34k worth of tables)
+ 134us to set a new key (uses 32k of key tables to get this speed!)
+ the tables used seem to be machine-independent;
+ he seems to have included a lot of special case code
+ so that, e.g., `long' loads can be used instead of 4 `char' loads
+ when the machine's architecture allows it.
+ (code obtained from chalmers.se:pub/des)
+
+crack 3.3c package from england:
+ as in crypt above, the des routine is buried in a loop. it's
+ also very modified for crypt. his iteration code uses 16k
+ of tables and appears to be slow.
+ (code obtained from aem@aber.ac.uk via alt.sources or comp.sources.misc)
+
+``highly optimized'' and tweaked Kerberos/Athena code (byte-order dependent):
+ 165us per encryption (uses 6k worth of tables)
+ 478us to set a new key (uses <1k of key tables)
+ so despite the comments in this code, it was possible to get
+ faster code AND smaller tables, as well as making the tables
+ machine-independent.
+ (code obtained from prep.ai.mit.edu)
+
+UC Berkeley code (depends on machine-endedness):
+ 226us per encryption
+10848us to set a new key
+ table sizes are unclear, but they don't look very small
+ (code obtained from wuarchive.wustl.edu)
+
+
+motivation and history
+
+a while ago i wanted some des routines and the routines documented on sun's
+man pages either didn't exist or dumped core. i had heard of kerberos,
+and knew that it used des, so i figured i'd use its routines. but once
+i got it and looked at the code, it really set off a lot of pet peeves -
+it was too convoluted, the code had been written without taking
+advantage of the regular structure of operations such as IP, E, and FP
+(i.e. the author didn't sit down and think before coding),
+it was excessively slow, the author had attempted to clarify the code
+by adding MORE statements to make the data movement more `consistent'
+instead of simplifying his implementation and cutting down on all data
+movement (in particular, his use of L1, R1, L2, R2), and it was full of
+idiotic `tweaks' for particular machines which failed to deliver significant
+speedups but which did obfuscate everything. so i took the test data
+from his verification program and rewrote everything else.
+
+a while later i ran across the great crypt(3) package mentioned above.
+the fact that this guy was computing 2 sboxes per table lookup rather
+than one (and using a MUCH larger table in the process) emboldened me to
+do the same - it was a trivial change from which i had been scared away
+by the larger table size. in his case he didn't realize you don't need to keep
+the working data in TWO forms, one for easy use of half the sboxes in
+indexing, the other for easy use of the other half; instead you can keep
+it in the form for the first half and use a simple rotate to get the other
+half. this means i have (almost) half the data manipulation and half
+the table size. in fairness though he might be encoding something particular
+to crypt(3) in his tables - i didn't check.
+
+i'm glad that i implemented it the way i did, because this C version is
+portable (the ifdef's are performance enhancements) and it is faster
+than versions hand-written in assembly for the sparc!
+
+
+porting notes
+
+one thing i did not want to do was write an enormous mess
+which depended on endedness and other machine quirks,
+and which necessarily produced different code and different lookup tables
+for different machines. see the kerberos code for an example
+of what i didn't want to do; all their endedness-specific `optimizations'
+obfuscate the code and in the end were slower than a simpler machine
+independent approach. however, there are always some portability
+considerations of some kind, and i have included some options
+for varying numbers of register variables.
+perhaps some will still regard the result as a mess!
+
+1) i assume everything is byte addressable, although i don't actually
+ depend on the byte order, and that bytes are 8 bits.
+ i assume word pointers can be freely cast to and from char pointers.
+ note that 99% of C programs make these assumptions.
+ i always use unsigned char's if the high bit could be set.
+2) the typedef `word' means a 32 bit unsigned integral type.
+ if `unsigned long' is not 32 bits, change the typedef in desCore.h.
+ i assume sizeof(word) == 4 EVERYWHERE.
+
+the (worst-case) cost of my NOT doing endedness-specific optimizations
+in the data loading and storing code surrounding the key iterations
+is less than 12%. also, there is the added benefit that
+the input and output work areas do not need to be word-aligned.
+
+
+OPTIONAL performance optimizations
+
+1) you should define one of `i386,' `vax,' `mc68000,' or `sparc,'
+ whichever one is closest to the capabilities of your machine.
+ see the start of desCode.h to see exactly what this selection implies.
+ note that if you select the wrong one, the des code will still work;
+ these are just performance tweaks.
+2) for those with functional `asm' keywords: you should change the
+ ROR and ROL macros to use machine rotate instructions if you have them.
+ this will save 2 instructions and a temporary per use,
+ or about 32 to 40 instructions per en/decryption.
+ note that gcc is smart enough to translate the ROL/R macros into
+ machine rotates!
+
+these optimizations are all rather persnickety, yet with them you should
+be able to get performance equal to assembly-coding, except that:
+1) with the lack of a bit rotate operator in C, rotates have to be synthesized
+ from shifts. so access to `asm' will speed things up if your machine
+ has rotates, as explained above in (3) (not necessary if you use gcc).
+2) if your machine has less than 12 32-bit registers i doubt your compiler will
+ generate good code.
+ `i386' tries to configure the code for a 386 by only declaring 3 registers
+ (it appears that gcc can use ebx, esi and edi to hold register variables).
+ however, if you like assembly coding, the 386 does have 7 32-bit registers,
+ and if you use ALL of them, use `scaled by 8' address modes with displacement
+ and other tricks, you can get reasonable routines for DesQuickCore... with
+ about 250 instructions apiece. For DesSmall... it will help to rearrange
+ des_keymap, i.e., now the sbox # is the high part of the index and
+ the 6 bits of data is the low part; it helps to exchange these.
+ since i have no way to conveniently test it i have not provided my
+ shoehorned 386 version. note that with this release of desCore, gcc is able
+ to put everything in registers(!), and generate about 370 instructions apiece
+ for the DesQuickCore... routines!
+
+coding notes
+
+the en/decryption routines each use 6 necessary register variables,
+with 4 being actively used at once during the inner iterations.
+if you don't have 4 register variables get a new machine.
+up to 8 more registers are used to hold constants in some configurations.
+
+i assume that the use of a constant is more expensive than using a register:
+a) additionally, i have tried to put the larger constants in registers.
+ registering priority was by the following:
+ anything more than 12 bits (bad for RISC and CISC)
+ greater than 127 in value (can't use movq or byte immediate on CISC)
+ 9-127 (may not be able to use CISC shift immediate or add/sub quick),
+ 1-8 were never registered, being the cheapest constants.
+b) the compiler may be too stupid to realize table and table+256 should
+ be assigned to different constant registers and instead repetitively
+ do the arithmetic, so i assign these to explicit `m' register variables
+ when possible and helpful.
+
+i assume that indexing is cheaper or equivalent to auto increment/decrement,
+where the index is 7 bits unsigned or smaller.
+this assumption is reversed for 68k and vax.
+
+i assume that addresses can be cheaply formed from two registers,
+or from a register and a small constant.
+for the 68000, the `two registers and small offset' form is used sparingly.
+all index scaling is done explicitly - no hidden shifts by log2(sizeof).
+
+the code is written so that even a dumb compiler
+should never need more than one hidden temporary,
+increasing the chance that everything will fit in the registers.
+KEEP THIS MORE SUBTLE POINT IN MIND IF YOU REWRITE ANYTHING.
+(actually, there are some code fragments now which do require two temps,
+but fixing it would either break the structure of the macros or
+require declaring another temporary).
+
+
+special efficient data format
+
+bits are manipulated in this arrangement most of the time (S7 S5 S3 S1):
+ 003130292827xxxx242322212019xxxx161514131211xxxx080706050403xxxx
+(the x bits are still there, i'm just emphasizing where the S boxes are).
+bits are rotated left 4 when computing S6 S4 S2 S0:
+ 282726252423xxxx201918171615xxxx121110090807xxxx040302010031xxxx
+the rightmost two bits are usually cleared so the lower byte can be used
+as an index into an sbox mapping table. the next two x'd bits are set
+to various values to access different parts of the tables.
+
+
+how to use the routines
+
+datatypes:
+ pointer to 8 byte area of type DesData
+ used to hold keys and input/output blocks to des.
+
+ pointer to 128 byte area of type DesKeys
+ used to hold full 768-bit key.
+ must be long-aligned.
+
+DesQuickInit()
+ call this before using any other routine with `Quick' in its name.
+ it generates the special 64k table these routines need.
+DesQuickDone()
+ frees this table
+
+DesMethod(m, k)
+ m points to a 128byte block, k points to an 8 byte des key
+ which must have odd parity (or -1 is returned) and which must
+ not be a (semi-)weak key (or -2 is returned).
+ normally DesMethod() returns 0.
+ m is filled in from k so that when one of the routines below
+ is called with m, the routine will act like standard des
+ en/decryption with the key k. if you use DesMethod,
+ you supply a standard 56bit key; however, if you fill in
+ m yourself, you will get a 768bit key - but then it won't
+ be standard. it's 768bits not 1024 because the least significant
+ two bits of each byte are not used. note that these two bits
+ will be set to magic constants which speed up the encryption/decryption
+ on some machines. and yes, each byte controls
+ a specific sbox during a specific iteration.
+ you really shouldn't use the 768bit format directly; i should
+ provide a routine that converts 128 6-bit bytes (specified in
+ S-box mapping order or something) into the right format for you.
+ this would entail some byte concatenation and rotation.
+
+Des{Small|Quick}{Fips|Core}{Encrypt|Decrypt}(d, m, s)
+ performs des on the 8 bytes at s into the 8 bytes at d. (d,s: char *).
+ uses m as a 768bit key as explained above.
+ the Encrypt|Decrypt choice is obvious.
+ Fips|Core determines whether a completely standard FIPS initial
+ and final permutation is done; if not, then the data is loaded
+ and stored in a nonstandard bit order (FIPS w/o IP/FP).
+ Fips slows down Quick by 10%, Small by 9%.
+ Small|Quick determines whether you use the normal routine
+ or the crazy quick one which gobbles up 64k more of memory.
+ Small is 50% slower then Quick, but Quick needs 32 times as much
+ memory. Quick is included for programs that do nothing but DES,
+ e.g., encryption filters, etc.
+
+
+Getting it to compile on your machine
+
+there are no machine-dependencies in the code (see porting),
+except perhaps the `now()' macro in desTest.c.
+ALL generated tables are machine independent.
+you should edit the Makefile with the appropriate optimization flags
+for your compiler (MAX optimization).
+
+
+Speeding up kerberos (and/or its des library)
+
+note that i have included a kerberos-compatible interface in desUtil.c
+through the functions des_key_sched() and des_ecb_encrypt().
+to use these with kerberos or kerberos-compatible code put desCore.a
+ahead of the kerberos-compatible library on your linker's command line.
+you should not need to #include desCore.h; just include the header
+file provided with the kerberos library.
+
+Other uses
+
+the macros in desCode.h would be very useful for putting inline des
+functions in more complicated encryption routines.
diff --git a/Documentation/debugging-modules.txt b/Documentation/debugging-modules.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24029f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/debugging-modules.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Debugging Modules after 2.6.3
+-----------------------------
+
+In almost all distributions, the kernel asks for modules which don't
+exist, such as "net-pf-10" or whatever. Changing "modprobe -q" to
+"succeed" in this case is hacky and breaks some setups, and also we
+want to know if it failed for the fallback code for old aliases in
+fs/char_dev.c, for example.
+
+In the past a debugging message which would fill people's logs was
+emitted. This debugging message has been removed. The correct way
+of debugging module problems is something like this:
+
+echo '#! /bin/sh' > /tmp/modprobe
+echo 'echo "$@" >> /tmp/modprobe.log' >> /tmp/modprobe
+echo 'exec /sbin/modprobe "$@"' >> /tmp/modprobe
+chmod a+x /tmp/modprobe
+echo /tmp/modprobe > /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
diff --git a/Documentation/device-mapper/dm-io.txt b/Documentation/device-mapper/dm-io.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b5d9a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/device-mapper/dm-io.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+dm-io
+=====
+
+Dm-io provides synchronous and asynchronous I/O services. There are three
+types of I/O services available, and each type has a sync and an async
+version.
+
+The user must set up an io_region structure to describe the desired location
+of the I/O. Each io_region indicates a block-device along with the starting
+sector and size of the region.
+
+ struct io_region {
+ struct block_device *bdev;
+ sector_t sector;
+ sector_t count;
+ };
+
+Dm-io can read from one io_region or write to one or more io_regions. Writes
+to multiple regions are specified by an array of io_region structures.
+
+The first I/O service type takes a list of memory pages as the data buffer for
+the I/O, along with an offset into the first page.
+
+ struct page_list {
+ struct page_list *next;
+ struct page *page;
+ };
+
+ int dm_io_sync(unsigned int num_regions, struct io_region *where, int rw,
+ struct page_list *pl, unsigned int offset,
+ unsigned long *error_bits);
+ int dm_io_async(unsigned int num_regions, struct io_region *where, int rw,
+ struct page_list *pl, unsigned int offset,
+ io_notify_fn fn, void *context);
+
+The second I/O service type takes an array of bio vectors as the data buffer
+for the I/O. This service can be handy if the caller has a pre-assembled bio,
+but wants to direct different portions of the bio to different devices.
+
+ int dm_io_sync_bvec(unsigned int num_regions, struct io_region *where,
+ int rw, struct bio_vec *bvec,
+ unsigned long *error_bits);
+ int dm_io_async_bvec(unsigned int num_regions, struct io_region *where,
+ int rw, struct bio_vec *bvec,
+ io_notify_fn fn, void *context);
+
+The third I/O service type takes a pointer to a vmalloc'd memory buffer as the
+data buffer for the I/O. This service can be handy if the caller needs to do
+I/O to a large region but doesn't want to allocate a large number of individual
+memory pages.
+
+ int dm_io_sync_vm(unsigned int num_regions, struct io_region *where, int rw,
+ void *data, unsigned long *error_bits);
+ int dm_io_async_vm(unsigned int num_regions, struct io_region *where, int rw,
+ void *data, io_notify_fn fn, void *context);
+
+Callers of the asynchronous I/O services must include the name of a completion
+callback routine and a pointer to some context data for the I/O.
+
+ typedef void (*io_notify_fn)(unsigned long error, void *context);
+
+The "error" parameter in this callback, as well as the "*error" parameter in
+all of the synchronous versions, is a bitset (instead of a simple error value).
+In the case of an write-I/O to multiple regions, this bitset allows dm-io to
+indicate success or failure on each individual region.
+
+Before using any of the dm-io services, the user should call dm_io_get()
+and specify the number of pages they expect to perform I/O on concurrently.
+Dm-io will attempt to resize its mempool to make sure enough pages are
+always available in order to avoid unnecessary waiting while performing I/O.
+
+When the user is finished using the dm-io services, they should call
+dm_io_put() and specify the same number of pages that were given on the
+dm_io_get() call.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/device-mapper/kcopyd.txt b/Documentation/device-mapper/kcopyd.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..820382c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/device-mapper/kcopyd.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+kcopyd
+======
+
+Kcopyd provides the ability to copy a range of sectors from one block-device
+to one or more other block-devices, with an asynchronous completion
+notification. It is used by dm-snapshot and dm-mirror.
+
+Users of kcopyd must first create a client and indicate how many memory pages
+to set aside for their copy jobs. This is done with a call to
+kcopyd_client_create().
+
+ int kcopyd_client_create(unsigned int num_pages,
+ struct kcopyd_client **result);
+
+To start a copy job, the user must set up io_region structures to describe
+the source and destinations of the copy. Each io_region indicates a
+block-device along with the starting sector and size of the region. The source
+of the copy is given as one io_region structure, and the destinations of the
+copy are given as an array of io_region structures.
+
+ struct io_region {
+ struct block_device *bdev;
+ sector_t sector;
+ sector_t count;
+ };
+
+To start the copy, the user calls kcopyd_copy(), passing in the client
+pointer, pointers to the source and destination io_regions, the name of a
+completion callback routine, and a pointer to some context data for the copy.
+
+ int kcopyd_copy(struct kcopyd_client *kc, struct io_region *from,
+ unsigned int num_dests, struct io_region *dests,
+ unsigned int flags, kcopyd_notify_fn fn, void *context);
+
+ typedef void (*kcopyd_notify_fn)(int read_err, unsigned int write_err,
+ void *context);
+
+When the copy completes, kcopyd will call the user's completion routine,
+passing back the user's context pointer. It will also indicate if a read or
+write error occurred during the copy.
+
+When a user is done with all their copy jobs, they should call
+kcopyd_client_destroy() to delete the kcopyd client, which will release the
+associated memory pages.
+
+ void kcopyd_client_destroy(struct kcopyd_client *kc);
+
diff --git a/Documentation/device-mapper/linear.txt b/Documentation/device-mapper/linear.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5307d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/device-mapper/linear.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+dm-linear
+=========
+
+Device-Mapper's "linear" target maps a linear range of the Device-Mapper
+device onto a linear range of another device. This is the basic building
+block of logical volume managers.
+
+Parameters: <dev path> <offset>
+ <dev path>: Full pathname to the underlying block-device, or a
+ "major:minor" device-number.
+ <offset>: Starting sector within the device.
+
+
+Example scripts
+===============
+[[
+#!/bin/sh
+# Create an identity mapping for a device
+echo "0 `blockdev --getsize $1` linear $1 0" | dmsetup create identity
+]]
+
+
+[[
+#!/bin/sh
+# Join 2 devices together
+size1=`blockdev --getsize $1`
+size2=`blockdev --getsize $2`
+echo "0 $size1 linear $1 0
+$size1 $size2 linear $2 0" | dmsetup create joined
+]]
+
+
+[[
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+# Split a device into 4M chunks and then join them together in reverse order.
+
+my $name = "reverse";
+my $extent_size = 4 * 1024 * 2;
+my $dev = $ARGV[0];
+my $table = "";
+my $count = 0;
+
+if (!defined($dev)) {
+ die("Please specify a device.\n");
+}
+
+my $dev_size = `blockdev --getsize $dev`;
+my $extents = int($dev_size / $extent_size) -
+ (($dev_size % $extent_size) ? 1 : 0);
+
+while ($extents > 0) {
+ my $this_start = $count * $extent_size;
+ $extents--;
+ $count++;
+ my $this_offset = $extents * $extent_size;
+
+ $table .= "$this_start $extent_size linear $dev $this_offset\n";
+}
+
+`echo \"$table\" | dmsetup create $name`;
+]]
diff --git a/Documentation/device-mapper/striped.txt b/Documentation/device-mapper/striped.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f34d323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/device-mapper/striped.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+dm-stripe
+=========
+
+Device-Mapper's "striped" target is used to create a striped (i.e. RAID-0)
+device across one or more underlying devices. Data is written in "chunks",
+with consecutive chunks rotating among the underlying devices. This can
+potentially provide improved I/O throughput by utilizing several physical
+devices in parallel.
+
+Parameters: <num devs> <chunk size> [<dev path> <offset>]+
+ <num devs>: Number of underlying devices.
+ <chunk size>: Size of each chunk of data. Must be a power-of-2 and at
+ least as large as the system's PAGE_SIZE.
+ <dev path>: Full pathname to the underlying block-device, or a
+ "major:minor" device-number.
+ <offset>: Starting sector within the device.
+
+One or more underlying devices can be specified. The striped device size must
+be a multiple of the chunk size and a multiple of the number of underlying
+devices.
+
+
+Example scripts
+===============
+
+[[
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+# Create a striped device across any number of underlying devices. The device
+# will be called "stripe_dev" and have a chunk-size of 128k.
+
+my $chunk_size = 128 * 2;
+my $dev_name = "stripe_dev";
+my $num_devs = @ARGV;
+my @devs = @ARGV;
+my ($min_dev_size, $stripe_dev_size, $i);
+
+if (!$num_devs) {
+ die("Specify at least one device\n");
+}
+
+$min_dev_size = `blockdev --getsize $devs[0]`;
+for ($i = 1; $i < $num_devs; $i++) {
+ my $this_size = `blockdev --getsize $devs[$i]`;
+ $min_dev_size = ($min_dev_size < $this_size) ?
+ $min_dev_size : $this_size;
+}
+
+$stripe_dev_size = $min_dev_size * $num_devs;
+$stripe_dev_size -= $stripe_dev_size % ($chunk_size * $num_devs);
+
+$table = "0 $stripe_dev_size striped $num_devs $chunk_size";
+for ($i = 0; $i < $num_devs; $i++) {
+ $table .= " $devs[$i] 0";
+}
+
+`echo $table | dmsetup create $dev_name`;
+]]
+
diff --git a/Documentation/device-mapper/zero.txt b/Documentation/device-mapper/zero.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20fb38e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/device-mapper/zero.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+dm-zero
+=======
+
+Device-Mapper's "zero" target provides a block-device that always returns
+zero'd data on reads and silently drops writes. This is similar behavior to
+/dev/zero, but as a block-device instead of a character-device.
+
+Dm-zero has no target-specific parameters.
+
+One very interesting use of dm-zero is for creating "sparse" devices in
+conjunction with dm-snapshot. A sparse device reports a device-size larger
+than the amount of actual storage space available for that device. A user can
+write data anywhere within the sparse device and read it back like a normal
+device. Reads to previously unwritten areas will return a zero'd buffer. When
+enough data has been written to fill up the actual storage space, the sparse
+device is deactivated. This can be very useful for testing device and
+filesystem limitations.
+
+To create a sparse device, start by creating a dm-zero device that's the
+desired size of the sparse device. For this example, we'll assume a 10TB
+sparse device.
+
+TEN_TERABYTES=`expr 10 \* 1024 \* 1024 \* 1024 \* 2` # 10 TB in sectors
+echo "0 $TEN_TERABYTES zero" | dmsetup create zero1
+
+Then create a snapshot of the zero device, using any available block-device as
+the COW device. The size of the COW device will determine the amount of real
+space available to the sparse device. For this example, we'll assume /dev/sdb1
+is an available 10GB partition.
+
+echo "0 $TEN_TERABYTES snapshot /dev/mapper/zero1 /dev/sdb1 p 128" | \
+ dmsetup create sparse1
+
+This will create a 10TB sparse device called /dev/mapper/sparse1 that has
+10GB of actual storage space available. If more than 10GB of data is written
+to this device, it will start returning I/O errors.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/devices.txt b/Documentation/devices.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb67cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/devices.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3216 @@
+
+ LINUX ALLOCATED DEVICES (2.6+ version)
+
+ Maintained by Torben Mathiasen <device@lanana.org>
+
+ Last revised: 25 January 2005
+
+This list is the Linux Device List, the official registry of allocated
+device numbers and /dev directory nodes for the Linux operating
+system.
+
+The latest version of this list is available from
+http://www.lanana.org/docs/device-list/ or
+ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/device-list/. This version may be
+newer than the one distributed with the Linux kernel.
+
+The LaTeX version of this document is no longer maintained.
+
+This document is included by reference into the Filesystem Hierarchy
+Standard (FHS). The FHS is available from http://www.pathname.com/fhs/.
+
+Allocations marked (68k/Amiga) apply to Linux/68k on the Amiga
+platform only. Allocations marked (68k/Atari) apply to Linux/68k on
+the Atari platform only.
+
+The symbol {2.6} means the allocation is obsolete and scheduled for
+removal once kernel version 2.6 (or equivalent) is released. Some of these
+allocations have already been removed.
+
+This document is in the public domain. The author requests, however,
+that semantically altered versions are not distributed without
+permission of the author, assuming the author can be contacted without
+an unreasonable effort.
+
+In particular, please don't sent patches for this list to Linus, at
+least not without contacting me first.
+
+I do not have any information about these devices beyond what appears
+on this list. Any such information requests will be deleted without
+reply.
+
+
+ **** DEVICE DRIVERS AUTHORS PLEASE READ THIS ****
+
+To have a major number allocated, or a minor number in situations
+where that applies (e.g. busmice), please contact me with the
+appropriate device information. Also, if you have additional
+information regarding any of the devices listed below, or if I have
+made a mistake, I would greatly appreciate a note.
+
+I do, however, make a few requests about the nature of your report.
+This is necessary for me to be able to keep this list up to date and
+correct in a timely manner. First of all, *please* send it to the
+correct address... <device@lanana.org>. I receive hundreds of email
+messages a day, so mail sent to other addresses may very well get lost
+in the avalanche. Please put in a descriptive subject, so I can find
+your mail again should I need to. Too many people send me email
+saying just "device number request" in the subject.
+
+Second, please include a description of the device *in the same format
+as this list*. The reason for this is that it is the only way I have
+found to ensure I have all the requisite information to publish your
+device and avoid conflicts.
+
+Third, please don't assume that the distributed version of the list is
+up to date. Due to the number of registrations I have to maintain it
+in "batch mode", so there is likely additional registrations that
+haven't been listed yet.
+
+Finally, sometimes I have to play "namespace police." Please don't be
+offended. I often get submissions for /dev names that would be bound
+to cause conflicts down the road. I am trying to avoid getting in a
+situation where we would have to suffer an incompatible forward
+change. Therefore, please consult with me *before* you make your
+device names and numbers in any way public, at least to the point
+where it would be at all difficult to get them changed.
+
+Your cooperation is appreciated.
+
+
+ 0 Unnamed devices (e.g. non-device mounts)
+ 0 = reserved as null device number
+ See block major 144, 145, 146 for expansion areas.
+
+ 1 char Memory devices
+ 1 = /dev/mem Physical memory access
+ 2 = /dev/kmem Kernel virtual memory access
+ 3 = /dev/null Null device
+ 4 = /dev/port I/O port access
+ 5 = /dev/zero Null byte source
+ 6 = /dev/core OBSOLETE - replaced by /proc/kcore
+ 7 = /dev/full Returns ENOSPC on write
+ 8 = /dev/random Nondeterministic random number gen.
+ 9 = /dev/urandom Faster, less secure random number gen.
+ 10 = /dev/aio Asyncronous I/O notification interface
+ 11 = /dev/kmsg Writes to this come out as printk's
+ 1 block RAM disk
+ 0 = /dev/ram0 First RAM disk
+ 1 = /dev/ram1 Second RAM disk
+ ...
+ 250 = /dev/initrd Initial RAM disk {2.6}
+
+ Older kernels had /dev/ramdisk (1, 1) here.
+ /dev/initrd refers to a RAM disk which was preloaded
+ by the boot loader; newer kernels use /dev/ram0 for
+ the initrd.
+
+ 2 char Pseudo-TTY masters
+ 0 = /dev/ptyp0 First PTY master
+ 1 = /dev/ptyp1 Second PTY master
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/ptyef 256th PTY master
+
+ Pseudo-tty's are named as follows:
+ * Masters are "pty", slaves are "tty";
+ * the fourth letter is one of pqrstuvwxyzabcde indicating
+ the 1st through 16th series of 16 pseudo-ttys each, and
+ * the fifth letter is one of 0123456789abcdef indicating
+ the position within the series.
+
+ These are the old-style (BSD) PTY devices; Unix98
+ devices are on major 128 and above and use the PTY
+ master multiplex (/dev/ptmx) to acquire a PTY on
+ demand.
+
+ 2 block Floppy disks
+ 0 = /dev/fd0 Controller 0, drive 0, autodetect
+ 1 = /dev/fd1 Controller 0, drive 1, autodetect
+ 2 = /dev/fd2 Controller 0, drive 2, autodetect
+ 3 = /dev/fd3 Controller 0, drive 3, autodetect
+ 128 = /dev/fd4 Controller 1, drive 0, autodetect
+ 129 = /dev/fd5 Controller 1, drive 1, autodetect
+ 130 = /dev/fd6 Controller 1, drive 2, autodetect
+ 131 = /dev/fd7 Controller 1, drive 3, autodetect
+
+ To specify format, add to the autodetect device number:
+ 0 = /dev/fd? Autodetect format
+ 4 = /dev/fd?d360 5.25" 360K in a 360K drive(1)
+ 20 = /dev/fd?h360 5.25" 360K in a 1200K drive(1)
+ 48 = /dev/fd?h410 5.25" 410K in a 1200K drive
+ 64 = /dev/fd?h420 5.25" 420K in a 1200K drive
+ 24 = /dev/fd?h720 5.25" 720K in a 1200K drive
+ 80 = /dev/fd?h880 5.25" 880K in a 1200K drive(1)
+ 8 = /dev/fd?h1200 5.25" 1200K in a 1200K drive(1)
+ 40 = /dev/fd?h1440 5.25" 1440K in a 1200K drive(1)
+ 56 = /dev/fd?h1476 5.25" 1476K in a 1200K drive
+ 72 = /dev/fd?h1494 5.25" 1494K in a 1200K drive
+ 92 = /dev/fd?h1600 5.25" 1600K in a 1200K drive(1)
+
+ 12 = /dev/fd?u360 3.5" 360K Double Density(2)
+ 16 = /dev/fd?u720 3.5" 720K Double Density(1)
+ 120 = /dev/fd?u800 3.5" 800K Double Density(2)
+ 52 = /dev/fd?u820 3.5" 820K Double Density
+ 68 = /dev/fd?u830 3.5" 830K Double Density
+ 84 = /dev/fd?u1040 3.5" 1040K Double Density(1)
+ 88 = /dev/fd?u1120 3.5" 1120K Double Density(1)
+ 28 = /dev/fd?u1440 3.5" 1440K High Density(1)
+ 124 = /dev/fd?u1600 3.5" 1600K High Density(1)
+ 44 = /dev/fd?u1680 3.5" 1680K High Density(3)
+ 60 = /dev/fd?u1722 3.5" 1722K High Density
+ 76 = /dev/fd?u1743 3.5" 1743K High Density
+ 96 = /dev/fd?u1760 3.5" 1760K High Density
+ 116 = /dev/fd?u1840 3.5" 1840K High Density(3)
+ 100 = /dev/fd?u1920 3.5" 1920K High Density(1)
+ 32 = /dev/fd?u2880 3.5" 2880K Extra Density(1)
+ 104 = /dev/fd?u3200 3.5" 3200K Extra Density
+ 108 = /dev/fd?u3520 3.5" 3520K Extra Density
+ 112 = /dev/fd?u3840 3.5" 3840K Extra Density(1)
+
+ 36 = /dev/fd?CompaQ Compaq 2880K drive; obsolete?
+
+ (1) Autodetectable format
+ (2) Autodetectable format in a Double Density (720K) drive only
+ (3) Autodetectable format in a High Density (1440K) drive only
+
+ NOTE: The letter in the device name (d, q, h or u)
+ signifies the type of drive: 5.25" Double Density (d),
+ 5.25" Quad Density (q), 5.25" High Density (h) or 3.5"
+ (any model, u). The use of the capital letters D, H
+ and E for the 3.5" models have been deprecated, since
+ the drive type is insignificant for these devices.
+
+ 3 char Pseudo-TTY slaves
+ 0 = /dev/ttyp0 First PTY slave
+ 1 = /dev/ttyp1 Second PTY slave
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/ttyef 256th PTY slave
+
+ These are the old-style (BSD) PTY devices; Unix98
+ devices are on major 136 and above.
+
+ 3 block First MFM, RLL and IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hda Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdb Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ For partitions, add to the whole disk device number:
+ 0 = /dev/hd? Whole disk
+ 1 = /dev/hd?1 First partition
+ 2 = /dev/hd?2 Second partition
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/hd?63 63rd partition
+
+ For Linux/i386, partitions 1-4 are the primary
+ partitions, and 5 and above are logical partitions.
+ Other versions of Linux use partitioning schemes
+ appropriate to their respective architectures.
+
+ 4 char TTY devices
+ 0 = /dev/tty0 Current virtual console
+
+ 1 = /dev/tty1 First virtual console
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/tty63 63rd virtual console
+ 64 = /dev/ttyS0 First UART serial port
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/ttyS191 192nd UART serial port
+
+ UART serial ports refer to 8250/16450/16550 series devices.
+
+ Older versions of the Linux kernel used this major
+ number for BSD PTY devices. As of Linux 2.1.115, this
+ is no longer supported. Use major numbers 2 and 3.
+
+ 4 block Aliases for dynamically allocated major devices to be used
+ when its not possible to create the real device nodes
+ because the root filesystem is mounted read-only.
+
+ 0 = /dev/root
+
+ 5 char Alternate TTY devices
+ 0 = /dev/tty Current TTY device
+ 1 = /dev/console System console
+ 2 = /dev/ptmx PTY master multiplex
+ 64 = /dev/cua0 Callout device for ttyS0
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/cua191 Callout device for ttyS191
+
+ (5,1) is /dev/console starting with Linux 2.1.71. See
+ the section on terminal devices for more information
+ on /dev/console.
+
+ 6 char Parallel printer devices
+ 0 = /dev/lp0 Parallel printer on parport0
+ 1 = /dev/lp1 Parallel printer on parport1
+ ...
+
+ Current Linux kernels no longer have a fixed mapping
+ between parallel ports and I/O addresses. Instead,
+ they are redirected through the parport multiplex layer.
+
+ 7 char Virtual console capture devices
+ 0 = /dev/vcs Current vc text contents
+ 1 = /dev/vcs1 tty1 text contents
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/vcs63 tty63 text contents
+ 128 = /dev/vcsa Current vc text/attribute contents
+ 129 = /dev/vcsa1 tty1 text/attribute contents
+ ...
+ 191 = /dev/vcsa63 tty63 text/attribute contents
+
+ NOTE: These devices permit both read and write access.
+
+ 7 block Loopback devices
+ 0 = /dev/loop0 First loopback device
+ 1 = /dev/loop1 Second loopback device
+ ...
+
+ The loopback devices are used to mount filesystems not
+ associated with block devices. The binding to the
+ loopback devices is handled by mount(8) or losetup(8).
+
+ 8 block SCSI disk devices (0-15)
+ 0 = /dev/sda First SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdb Second SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdc Third SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdp Sixteenth SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 9 char SCSI tape devices
+ 0 = /dev/st0 First SCSI tape, mode 0
+ 1 = /dev/st1 Second SCSI tape, mode 0
+ ...
+ 32 = /dev/st0l First SCSI tape, mode 1
+ 33 = /dev/st1l Second SCSI tape, mode 1
+ ...
+ 64 = /dev/st0m First SCSI tape, mode 2
+ 65 = /dev/st1m Second SCSI tape, mode 2
+ ...
+ 96 = /dev/st0a First SCSI tape, mode 3
+ 97 = /dev/st1a Second SCSI tape, mode 3
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/nst0 First SCSI tape, mode 0, no rewind
+ 129 = /dev/nst1 Second SCSI tape, mode 0, no rewind
+ ...
+ 160 = /dev/nst0l First SCSI tape, mode 1, no rewind
+ 161 = /dev/nst1l Second SCSI tape, mode 1, no rewind
+ ...
+ 192 = /dev/nst0m First SCSI tape, mode 2, no rewind
+ 193 = /dev/nst1m Second SCSI tape, mode 2, no rewind
+ ...
+ 224 = /dev/nst0a First SCSI tape, mode 3, no rewind
+ 225 = /dev/nst1a Second SCSI tape, mode 3, no rewind
+ ...
+
+ "No rewind" refers to the omission of the default
+ automatic rewind on device close. The MTREW or MTOFFL
+ ioctl()'s can be used to rewind the tape regardless of
+ the device used to access it.
+
+ 9 block Metadisk (RAID) devices
+ 0 = /dev/md0 First metadisk group
+ 1 = /dev/md1 Second metadisk group
+ ...
+
+ The metadisk driver is used to span a
+ filesystem across multiple physical disks.
+
+ 10 char Non-serial mice, misc features
+ 0 = /dev/logibm Logitech bus mouse
+ 1 = /dev/psaux PS/2-style mouse port
+ 2 = /dev/inportbm Microsoft Inport bus mouse
+ 3 = /dev/atibm ATI XL bus mouse
+ 4 = /dev/jbm J-mouse
+ 4 = /dev/amigamouse Amiga mouse (68k/Amiga)
+ 5 = /dev/atarimouse Atari mouse
+ 6 = /dev/sunmouse Sun mouse
+ 7 = /dev/amigamouse1 Second Amiga mouse
+ 8 = /dev/smouse Simple serial mouse driver
+ 9 = /dev/pc110pad IBM PC-110 digitizer pad
+ 10 = /dev/adbmouse Apple Desktop Bus mouse
+ 11 = /dev/vrtpanel Vr41xx embedded touch panel
+ 13 = /dev/vpcmouse Connectix Virtual PC Mouse
+ 14 = /dev/touchscreen/ucb1x00 UCB 1x00 touchscreen
+ 15 = /dev/touchscreen/mk712 MK712 touchscreen
+ 128 = /dev/beep Fancy beep device
+ 129 = /dev/modreq Kernel module load request {2.6}
+ 130 = /dev/watchdog Watchdog timer port
+ 131 = /dev/temperature Machine internal temperature
+ 132 = /dev/hwtrap Hardware fault trap
+ 133 = /dev/exttrp External device trap
+ 134 = /dev/apm_bios Advanced Power Management BIOS
+ 135 = /dev/rtc Real Time Clock
+ 139 = /dev/openprom SPARC OpenBoot PROM
+ 140 = /dev/relay8 Berkshire Products Octal relay card
+ 141 = /dev/relay16 Berkshire Products ISO-16 relay card
+ 142 = /dev/msr x86 model-specific registers {2.6}
+ 143 = /dev/pciconf PCI configuration space
+ 144 = /dev/nvram Non-volatile configuration RAM
+ 145 = /dev/hfmodem Soundcard shortwave modem control {2.6}
+ 146 = /dev/graphics Linux/SGI graphics device
+ 147 = /dev/opengl Linux/SGI OpenGL pipe
+ 148 = /dev/gfx Linux/SGI graphics effects device
+ 149 = /dev/input/mouse Linux/SGI Irix emulation mouse
+ 150 = /dev/input/keyboard Linux/SGI Irix emulation keyboard
+ 151 = /dev/led Front panel LEDs
+ 152 = /dev/kpoll Kernel Poll Driver
+ 153 = /dev/mergemem Memory merge device
+ 154 = /dev/pmu Macintosh PowerBook power manager
+ 155 = /dev/isictl MultiTech ISICom serial control
+ 156 = /dev/lcd Front panel LCD display
+ 157 = /dev/ac Applicom Intl Profibus card
+ 158 = /dev/nwbutton Netwinder external button
+ 159 = /dev/nwdebug Netwinder debug interface
+ 160 = /dev/nwflash Netwinder flash memory
+ 161 = /dev/userdma User-space DMA access
+ 162 = /dev/smbus System Management Bus
+ 163 = /dev/lik Logitech Internet Keyboard
+ 164 = /dev/ipmo Intel Intelligent Platform Management
+ 165 = /dev/vmmon VMWare virtual machine monitor
+ 166 = /dev/i2o/ctl I2O configuration manager
+ 167 = /dev/specialix_sxctl Specialix serial control
+ 168 = /dev/tcldrv Technology Concepts serial control
+ 169 = /dev/specialix_rioctl Specialix RIO serial control
+ 170 = /dev/thinkpad/thinkpad IBM Thinkpad devices
+ 171 = /dev/srripc QNX4 API IPC manager
+ 172 = /dev/usemaclone Semaphore clone device
+ 173 = /dev/ipmikcs Intelligent Platform Management
+ 174 = /dev/uctrl SPARCbook 3 microcontroller
+ 175 = /dev/agpgart AGP Graphics Address Remapping Table
+ 176 = /dev/gtrsc Gorgy Timing radio clock
+ 177 = /dev/cbm Serial CBM bus
+ 178 = /dev/jsflash JavaStation OS flash SIMM
+ 179 = /dev/xsvc High-speed shared-mem/semaphore service
+ 180 = /dev/vrbuttons Vr41xx button input device
+ 181 = /dev/toshiba Toshiba laptop SMM support
+ 182 = /dev/perfctr Performance-monitoring counters
+ 183 = /dev/hwrng Generic random number generator
+ 184 = /dev/cpu/microcode CPU microcode update interface
+ 186 = /dev/atomicps Atomic shapshot of process state data
+ 187 = /dev/irnet IrNET device
+ 188 = /dev/smbusbios SMBus BIOS
+ 189 = /dev/ussp_ctl User space serial port control
+ 190 = /dev/crash Mission Critical Linux crash dump facility
+ 191 = /dev/pcl181 <information missing>
+ 192 = /dev/nas_xbus NAS xbus LCD/buttons access
+ 193 = /dev/d7s SPARC 7-segment display
+ 194 = /dev/zkshim Zero-Knowledge network shim control
+ 195 = /dev/elographics/e2201 Elographics touchscreen E271-2201
+ 198 = /dev/sexec Signed executable interface
+ 199 = /dev/scanners/cuecat :CueCat barcode scanner
+ 200 = /dev/net/tun TAP/TUN network device
+ 201 = /dev/button/gulpb Transmeta GULP-B buttons
+ 202 = /dev/emd/ctl Enhanced Metadisk RAID (EMD) control
+ 204 = /dev/video/em8300 EM8300 DVD decoder control
+ 205 = /dev/video/em8300_mv EM8300 DVD decoder video
+ 206 = /dev/video/em8300_ma EM8300 DVD decoder audio
+ 207 = /dev/video/em8300_sp EM8300 DVD decoder subpicture
+ 208 = /dev/compaq/cpqphpc Compaq PCI Hot Plug Controller
+ 209 = /dev/compaq/cpqrid Compaq Remote Insight Driver
+ 210 = /dev/impi/bt IMPI coprocessor block transfer
+ 211 = /dev/impi/smic IMPI coprocessor stream interface
+ 212 = /dev/watchdogs/0 First watchdog device
+ 213 = /dev/watchdogs/1 Second watchdog device
+ 214 = /dev/watchdogs/2 Third watchdog device
+ 215 = /dev/watchdogs/3 Fourth watchdog device
+ 216 = /dev/fujitsu/apanel Fujitsu/Siemens application panel
+ 217 = /dev/ni/natmotn National Instruments Motion
+ 218 = /dev/kchuid Inter-process chuid control
+ 219 = /dev/modems/mwave MWave modem firmware upload
+ 220 = /dev/mptctl Message passing technology (MPT) control
+ 221 = /dev/mvista/hssdsi Montavista PICMG hot swap system driver
+ 222 = /dev/mvista/hasi Montavista PICMG high availability
+ 223 = /dev/input/uinput User level driver support for input
+ 224 = /dev/tpm TCPA TPM driver
+ 225 = /dev/pps Pulse Per Second driver
+ 226 = /dev/systrace Systrace device
+ 227 = /dev/mcelog X86_64 Machine Check Exception driver
+ 228 = /dev/hpet HPET driver
+ 229 = /dev/fuse Fuse (virtual filesystem in user-space)
+ 230 = /dev/midishare MidiShare driver
+ 240-254 Reserved for local use
+ 255 Reserved for MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR
+
+ 11 char Raw keyboard device (Linux/SPARC only)
+ 0 = /dev/kbd Raw keyboard device
+
+ 11 char Serial Mux device (Linux/PA-RISC only)
+ 0 = /dev/ttyB0 First mux port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyB1 Second mux port
+ ...
+
+ 11 block SCSI CD-ROM devices
+ 0 = /dev/scd0 First SCSI CD-ROM
+ 1 = /dev/scd1 Second SCSI CD-ROM
+ ...
+
+ The prefix /dev/sr (instead of /dev/scd) has been deprecated.
+
+ 12 char QIC-02 tape
+ 2 = /dev/ntpqic11 QIC-11, no rewind-on-close
+ 3 = /dev/tpqic11 QIC-11, rewind-on-close
+ 4 = /dev/ntpqic24 QIC-24, no rewind-on-close
+ 5 = /dev/tpqic24 QIC-24, rewind-on-close
+ 6 = /dev/ntpqic120 QIC-120, no rewind-on-close
+ 7 = /dev/tpqic120 QIC-120, rewind-on-close
+ 8 = /dev/ntpqic150 QIC-150, no rewind-on-close
+ 9 = /dev/tpqic150 QIC-150, rewind-on-close
+
+ The device names specified are proposed -- if there
+ are "standard" names for these devices, please let me know.
+
+ 12 block MSCDEX CD-ROM callback support {2.6}
+ 0 = /dev/dos_cd0 First MSCDEX CD-ROM
+ 1 = /dev/dos_cd1 Second MSCDEX CD-ROM
+ ...
+
+ 13 char Input core
+ 0 = /dev/input/js0 First joystick
+ 1 = /dev/input/js1 Second joystick
+ ...
+ 32 = /dev/input/mouse0 First mouse
+ 33 = /dev/input/mouse1 Second mouse
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/input/mice Unified mouse
+ 64 = /dev/input/event0 First event queue
+ 65 = /dev/input/event1 Second event queue
+ ...
+
+ Each device type has 5 bits (32 minors).
+
+ 13 block 8-bit MFM/RLL/IDE controller
+ 0 = /dev/xda First XT disk whole disk
+ 64 = /dev/xdb Second XT disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks
+ (see major number 3).
+
+ 14 char Open Sound System (OSS)
+ 0 = /dev/mixer Mixer control
+ 1 = /dev/sequencer Audio sequencer
+ 2 = /dev/midi00 First MIDI port
+ 3 = /dev/dsp Digital audio
+ 4 = /dev/audio Sun-compatible digital audio
+ 6 = /dev/sndstat Sound card status information {2.6}
+ 7 = /dev/audioctl SPARC audio control device
+ 8 = /dev/sequencer2 Sequencer -- alternate device
+ 16 = /dev/mixer1 Second soundcard mixer control
+ 17 = /dev/patmgr0 Sequencer patch manager
+ 18 = /dev/midi01 Second MIDI port
+ 19 = /dev/dsp1 Second soundcard digital audio
+ 20 = /dev/audio1 Second soundcard Sun digital audio
+ 33 = /dev/patmgr1 Sequencer patch manager
+ 34 = /dev/midi02 Third MIDI port
+ 50 = /dev/midi03 Fourth MIDI port
+ 14 block BIOS harddrive callback support {2.6}
+ 0 = /dev/dos_hda First BIOS harddrive whole disk
+ 64 = /dev/dos_hdb Second BIOS harddrive whole disk
+ 128 = /dev/dos_hdc Third BIOS harddrive whole disk
+ 192 = /dev/dos_hdd Fourth BIOS harddrive whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks
+ (see major number 3).
+
+ 15 char Joystick
+ 0 = /dev/js0 First analog joystick
+ 1 = /dev/js1 Second analog joystick
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/djs0 First digital joystick
+ 129 = /dev/djs1 Second digital joystick
+ ...
+ 15 block Sony CDU-31A/CDU-33A CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/sonycd Sony CDU-31a CD-ROM
+
+ 16 char Non-SCSI scanners
+ 0 = /dev/gs4500 Genius 4500 handheld scanner
+ 16 block GoldStar CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/gscd GoldStar CD-ROM
+
+ 17 char Chase serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyH0 First Chase port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyH1 Second Chase port
+ ...
+ 17 block Optics Storage CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/optcd Optics Storage CD-ROM
+
+ 18 char Chase serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cuh0 Callout device for ttyH0
+ 1 = /dev/cuh1 Callout device for ttyH1
+ ...
+ 18 block Sanyo CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/sjcd Sanyo CD-ROM
+
+ 19 char Cyclades serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyC0 First Cyclades port
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/ttyC31 32nd Cyclades port
+ 19 block "Double" compressed disk
+ 0 = /dev/double0 First compressed disk
+ ...
+ 7 = /dev/double7 Eighth compressed disk
+ 128 = /dev/cdouble0 Mirror of first compressed disk
+ ...
+ 135 = /dev/cdouble7 Mirror of eighth compressed disk
+
+ See the Double documentation for the meaning of the
+ mirror devices.
+
+ 20 char Cyclades serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cub0 Callout device for ttyC0
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/cub31 Callout device for ttyC31
+ 20 block Hitachi CD-ROM (under development)
+ 0 = /dev/hitcd Hitachi CD-ROM
+
+ 21 char Generic SCSI access
+ 0 = /dev/sg0 First generic SCSI device
+ 1 = /dev/sg1 Second generic SCSI device
+ ...
+
+ Most distributions name these /dev/sga, /dev/sgb...;
+ this sets an unnecessary limit of 26 SCSI devices in
+ the system and is counter to standard Linux
+ device-naming practice.
+
+ 21 block Acorn MFM hard drive interface
+ 0 = /dev/mfma First MFM drive whole disk
+ 64 = /dev/mfmb Second MFM drive whole disk
+
+ This device is used on the ARM-based Acorn RiscPC.
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for IDE disks
+ (see major number 3).
+
+ 22 char Digiboard serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyD0 First Digiboard port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyD1 Second Digiboard port
+ ...
+ 22 block Second IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hdc Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdd Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
+ interface (see major number 3).
+
+ 23 char Digiboard serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cud0 Callout device for ttyD0
+ 1 = /dev/cud1 Callout device for ttyD1
+ ...
+ 23 block Mitsumi proprietary CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/mcd Mitsumi CD-ROM
+
+ 24 char Stallion serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyE0 Stallion port 0 card 0
+ 1 = /dev/ttyE1 Stallion port 1 card 0
+ ...
+ 64 = /dev/ttyE64 Stallion port 0 card 1
+ 65 = /dev/ttyE65 Stallion port 1 card 1
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/ttyE128 Stallion port 0 card 2
+ 129 = /dev/ttyE129 Stallion port 1 card 2
+ ...
+ 192 = /dev/ttyE192 Stallion port 0 card 3
+ 193 = /dev/ttyE193 Stallion port 1 card 3
+ ...
+ 24 block Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/cdu535 Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM
+
+ 25 char Stallion serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cue0 Callout device for ttyE0
+ 1 = /dev/cue1 Callout device for ttyE1
+ ...
+ 64 = /dev/cue64 Callout device for ttyE64
+ 65 = /dev/cue65 Callout device for ttyE65
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/cue128 Callout device for ttyE128
+ 129 = /dev/cue129 Callout device for ttyE129
+ ...
+ 192 = /dev/cue192 Callout device for ttyE192
+ 193 = /dev/cue193 Callout device for ttyE193
+ ...
+ 25 block First Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/sbpcd0 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 0
+ 1 = /dev/sbpcd1 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 1
+ 2 = /dev/sbpcd2 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 2
+ 3 = /dev/sbpcd3 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 3
+
+ 26 char Quanta WinVision frame grabber {2.6}
+ 0 = /dev/wvisfgrab Quanta WinVision frame grabber
+ 26 block Second Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/sbpcd4 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 0
+ 1 = /dev/sbpcd5 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 1
+ 2 = /dev/sbpcd6 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 2
+ 3 = /dev/sbpcd7 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 3
+
+ 27 char QIC-117 tape
+ 0 = /dev/qft0 Unit 0, rewind-on-close
+ 1 = /dev/qft1 Unit 1, rewind-on-close
+ 2 = /dev/qft2 Unit 2, rewind-on-close
+ 3 = /dev/qft3 Unit 3, rewind-on-close
+ 4 = /dev/nqft0 Unit 0, no rewind-on-close
+ 5 = /dev/nqft1 Unit 1, no rewind-on-close
+ 6 = /dev/nqft2 Unit 2, no rewind-on-close
+ 7 = /dev/nqft3 Unit 3, no rewind-on-close
+ 16 = /dev/zqft0 Unit 0, rewind-on-close, compression
+ 17 = /dev/zqft1 Unit 1, rewind-on-close, compression
+ 18 = /dev/zqft2 Unit 2, rewind-on-close, compression
+ 19 = /dev/zqft3 Unit 3, rewind-on-close, compression
+ 20 = /dev/nzqft0 Unit 0, no rewind-on-close, compression
+ 21 = /dev/nzqft1 Unit 1, no rewind-on-close, compression
+ 22 = /dev/nzqft2 Unit 2, no rewind-on-close, compression
+ 23 = /dev/nzqft3 Unit 3, no rewind-on-close, compression
+ 32 = /dev/rawqft0 Unit 0, rewind-on-close, no file marks
+ 33 = /dev/rawqft1 Unit 1, rewind-on-close, no file marks
+ 34 = /dev/rawqft2 Unit 2, rewind-on-close, no file marks
+ 35 = /dev/rawqft3 Unit 3, rewind-on-close, no file marks
+ 36 = /dev/nrawqft0 Unit 0, no rewind-on-close, no file marks
+ 37 = /dev/nrawqft1 Unit 1, no rewind-on-close, no file marks
+ 38 = /dev/nrawqft2 Unit 2, no rewind-on-close, no file marks
+ 39 = /dev/nrawqft3 Unit 3, no rewind-on-close, no file marks
+ 27 block Third Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/sbpcd8 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 0
+ 1 = /dev/sbpcd9 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 1
+ 2 = /dev/sbpcd10 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 2
+ 3 = /dev/sbpcd11 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 3
+
+ 28 char Stallion serial card - card programming
+ 0 = /dev/staliomem0 First Stallion card I/O memory
+ 1 = /dev/staliomem1 Second Stallion card I/O memory
+ 2 = /dev/staliomem2 Third Stallion card I/O memory
+ 3 = /dev/staliomem3 Fourth Stallion card I/O memory
+ 28 char Atari SLM ACSI laser printer (68k/Atari)
+ 0 = /dev/slm0 First SLM laser printer
+ 1 = /dev/slm1 Second SLM laser printer
+ ...
+ 28 block Fourth Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/sbpcd12 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 0
+ 1 = /dev/sbpcd13 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 1
+ 2 = /dev/sbpcd14 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 2
+ 3 = /dev/sbpcd15 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 3
+ 28 block ACSI disk (68k/Atari)
+ 0 = /dev/ada First ACSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/adb Second ACSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/adc Third ACSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/adp 16th ACSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15, like SCSI.
+
+ 29 char Universal frame buffer
+ 0 = /dev/fb0 First frame buffer
+ 1 = /dev/fb1 Second frame buffer
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/fb31 32nd frame buffer
+
+ 29 block Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/aztcd Aztech CD-ROM
+
+ 30 char iBCS-2 compatibility devices
+ 0 = /dev/socksys Socket access
+ 1 = /dev/spx SVR3 local X interface
+ 32 = /dev/inet/ip Network access
+ 33 = /dev/inet/icmp
+ 34 = /dev/inet/ggp
+ 35 = /dev/inet/ipip
+ 36 = /dev/inet/tcp
+ 37 = /dev/inet/egp
+ 38 = /dev/inet/pup
+ 39 = /dev/inet/udp
+ 40 = /dev/inet/idp
+ 41 = /dev/inet/rawip
+
+ Additionally, iBCS-2 requires the following links:
+
+ /dev/ip -> /dev/inet/ip
+ /dev/icmp -> /dev/inet/icmp
+ /dev/ggp -> /dev/inet/ggp
+ /dev/ipip -> /dev/inet/ipip
+ /dev/tcp -> /dev/inet/tcp
+ /dev/egp -> /dev/inet/egp
+ /dev/pup -> /dev/inet/pup
+ /dev/udp -> /dev/inet/udp
+ /dev/idp -> /dev/inet/idp
+ /dev/rawip -> /dev/inet/rawip
+ /dev/inet/arp -> /dev/inet/udp
+ /dev/inet/rip -> /dev/inet/udp
+ /dev/nfsd -> /dev/socksys
+ /dev/X0R -> /dev/null (? apparently not required ?)
+
+ 30 block Philips LMS CM-205 CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/cm205cd Philips LMS CM-205 CD-ROM
+
+ /dev/lmscd is an older name for this device. This
+ driver does not work with the CM-205MS CD-ROM.
+
+ 31 char MPU-401 MIDI
+ 0 = /dev/mpu401data MPU-401 data port
+ 1 = /dev/mpu401stat MPU-401 status port
+ 31 block ROM/flash memory card
+ 0 = /dev/rom0 First ROM card (rw)
+ ...
+ 7 = /dev/rom7 Eighth ROM card (rw)
+ 8 = /dev/rrom0 First ROM card (ro)
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/rrom7 Eighth ROM card (ro)
+ 16 = /dev/flash0 First flash memory card (rw)
+ ...
+ 23 = /dev/flash7 Eighth flash memory card (rw)
+ 24 = /dev/rflash0 First flash memory card (ro)
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/rflash7 Eighth flash memory card (ro)
+
+ The read-write (rw) devices support back-caching
+ written data in RAM, as well as writing to flash RAM
+ devices. The read-only devices (ro) support reading
+ only.
+
+ 32 char Specialix serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyX0 First Specialix port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyX1 Second Specialix port
+ ...
+ 32 block Philips LMS CM-206 CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/cm206cd Philips LMS CM-206 CD-ROM
+
+ 33 char Specialix serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cux0 Callout device for ttyX0
+ 1 = /dev/cux1 Callout device for ttyX1
+ ...
+ 33 block Third IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hde Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdf Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
+ interface (see major number 3).
+
+ 34 char Z8530 HDLC driver
+ 0 = /dev/scc0 First Z8530, first port
+ 1 = /dev/scc1 First Z8530, second port
+ 2 = /dev/scc2 Second Z8530, first port
+ 3 = /dev/scc3 Second Z8530, second port
+ ...
+
+ In a previous version these devices were named
+ /dev/sc1 for /dev/scc0, /dev/sc2 for /dev/scc1, and so
+ on.
+
+ 34 block Fourth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hdg Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdh Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
+ interface (see major number 3).
+
+ 35 char tclmidi MIDI driver
+ 0 = /dev/midi0 First MIDI port, kernel timed
+ 1 = /dev/midi1 Second MIDI port, kernel timed
+ 2 = /dev/midi2 Third MIDI port, kernel timed
+ 3 = /dev/midi3 Fourth MIDI port, kernel timed
+ 64 = /dev/rmidi0 First MIDI port, untimed
+ 65 = /dev/rmidi1 Second MIDI port, untimed
+ 66 = /dev/rmidi2 Third MIDI port, untimed
+ 67 = /dev/rmidi3 Fourth MIDI port, untimed
+ 128 = /dev/smpte0 First MIDI port, SMPTE timed
+ 129 = /dev/smpte1 Second MIDI port, SMPTE timed
+ 130 = /dev/smpte2 Third MIDI port, SMPTE timed
+ 131 = /dev/smpte3 Fourth MIDI port, SMPTE timed
+ 35 block Slow memory ramdisk
+ 0 = /dev/slram Slow memory ramdisk
+
+ 36 char Netlink support
+ 0 = /dev/route Routing, device updates, kernel to user
+ 1 = /dev/skip enSKIP security cache control
+ 3 = /dev/fwmonitor Firewall packet copies
+ 16 = /dev/tap0 First Ethertap device
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/tap15 16th Ethertap device
+ 36 block MCA ESDI hard disk
+ 0 = /dev/eda First ESDI disk whole disk
+ 64 = /dev/edb Second ESDI disk whole disk
+ ...
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks
+ (see major number 3).
+
+ 37 char IDE tape
+ 0 = /dev/ht0 First IDE tape
+ 1 = /dev/ht1 Second IDE tape
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/nht0 First IDE tape, no rewind-on-close
+ 129 = /dev/nht1 Second IDE tape, no rewind-on-close
+ ...
+
+ Currently, only one IDE tape drive is supported.
+
+ 37 block Zorro II ramdisk
+ 0 = /dev/z2ram Zorro II ramdisk
+
+ 38 char Myricom PCI Myrinet board
+ 0 = /dev/mlanai0 First Myrinet board
+ 1 = /dev/mlanai1 Second Myrinet board
+ ...
+
+ This device is used for status query, board control
+ and "user level packet I/O." This board is also
+ accessible as a standard networking "eth" device.
+
+ 38 block Reserved for Linux/AP+
+
+ 39 char ML-16P experimental I/O board
+ 0 = /dev/ml16pa-a0 First card, first analog channel
+ 1 = /dev/ml16pa-a1 First card, second analog channel
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/ml16pa-a15 First card, 16th analog channel
+ 16 = /dev/ml16pa-d First card, digital lines
+ 17 = /dev/ml16pa-c0 First card, first counter/timer
+ 18 = /dev/ml16pa-c1 First card, second counter/timer
+ 19 = /dev/ml16pa-c2 First card, third counter/timer
+ 32 = /dev/ml16pb-a0 Second card, first analog channel
+ 33 = /dev/ml16pb-a1 Second card, second analog channel
+ ...
+ 47 = /dev/ml16pb-a15 Second card, 16th analog channel
+ 48 = /dev/ml16pb-d Second card, digital lines
+ 49 = /dev/ml16pb-c0 Second card, first counter/timer
+ 50 = /dev/ml16pb-c1 Second card, second counter/timer
+ 51 = /dev/ml16pb-c2 Second card, third counter/timer
+ ...
+ 39 block Reserved for Linux/AP+
+
+ 40 char Matrox Meteor frame grabber {2.6}
+ 0 = /dev/mmetfgrab Matrox Meteor frame grabber
+ 40 block Syquest EZ135 parallel port removable drive
+ 0 = /dev/eza Parallel EZ135 drive, whole disk
+
+ This device is obsolete and will be removed in a
+ future version of Linux. It has been replaced with
+ the parallel port IDE disk driver at major number 45.
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks
+ (see major number 3).
+
+ 41 char Yet Another Micro Monitor
+ 0 = /dev/yamm Yet Another Micro Monitor
+ 41 block MicroSolutions BackPack parallel port CD-ROM
+ 0 = /dev/bpcd BackPack CD-ROM
+
+ This device is obsolete and will be removed in a
+ future version of Linux. It has been replaced with
+ the parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM driver at major number 46.
+
+ 42 char Demo/sample use
+ 42 block Demo/sample use
+
+ This number is intended for use in sample code, as
+ well as a general "example" device number. It
+ should never be used for a device driver that is being
+ distributed; either obtain an official number or use
+ the local/experimental range. The sudden addition or
+ removal of a driver with this number should not cause
+ ill effects to the system (bugs excepted.)
+
+ IN PARTICULAR, ANY DISTRIBUTION WHICH CONTAINS A
+ DEVICE DRIVER USING MAJOR NUMBER 42 IS NONCOMPLIANT.
+
+ 43 char isdn4linux virtual modem
+ 0 = /dev/ttyI0 First virtual modem
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/ttyI63 64th virtual modem
+ 43 block Network block devices
+ 0 = /dev/nb0 First network block device
+ 1 = /dev/nb1 Second network block device
+ ...
+
+ Network Block Device is somehow similar to loopback
+ devices: If you read from it, it sends packet across
+ network asking server for data. If you write to it, it
+ sends packet telling server to write. It could be used
+ to mounting filesystems over the net, swapping over
+ the net, implementing block device in userland etc.
+
+ 44 char isdn4linux virtual modem - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cui0 Callout device for ttyI0
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/cui63 Callout device for ttyI63
+ 44 block Flash Translation Layer (FTL) filesystems
+ 0 = /dev/ftla FTL on first Memory Technology Device
+ 16 = /dev/ftlb FTL on second Memory Technology Device
+ 32 = /dev/ftlc FTL on third Memory Technology Device
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/ftlp FTL on 16th Memory Technology Device
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) expect that the partition
+ limit is 15 rather than 63 per disk (same as SCSI.)
+
+ 45 char isdn4linux ISDN BRI driver
+ 0 = /dev/isdn0 First virtual B channel raw data
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/isdn63 64th virtual B channel raw data
+ 64 = /dev/isdnctrl0 First channel control/debug
+ ...
+ 127 = /dev/isdnctrl63 64th channel control/debug
+
+ 128 = /dev/ippp0 First SyncPPP device
+ ...
+ 191 = /dev/ippp63 64th SyncPPP device
+
+ 255 = /dev/isdninfo ISDN monitor interface
+ 45 block Parallel port IDE disk devices
+ 0 = /dev/pda First parallel port IDE disk
+ 16 = /dev/pdb Second parallel port IDE disk
+ 32 = /dev/pdc Third parallel port IDE disk
+ 48 = /dev/pdd Fourth parallel port IDE disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the partition
+ limit is 15 rather than 63 per disk.
+
+ 46 char Comtrol Rocketport serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyR0 First Rocketport port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyR1 Second Rocketport port
+ ...
+ 46 block Parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM devices
+ 0 = /dev/pcd0 First parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM
+ 1 = /dev/pcd1 Second parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM
+ 2 = /dev/pcd2 Third parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM
+ 3 = /dev/pcd3 Fourth parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM
+
+ 47 char Comtrol Rocketport serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cur0 Callout device for ttyR0
+ 1 = /dev/cur1 Callout device for ttyR1
+ ...
+ 47 block Parallel port ATAPI disk devices
+ 0 = /dev/pf0 First parallel port ATAPI disk
+ 1 = /dev/pf1 Second parallel port ATAPI disk
+ 2 = /dev/pf2 Third parallel port ATAPI disk
+ 3 = /dev/pf3 Fourth parallel port ATAPI disk
+
+ This driver is intended for floppy disks and similar
+ devices and hence does not support partitioning.
+
+ 48 char SDL RISCom serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyL0 First RISCom port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyL1 Second RISCom port
+ ...
+ 48 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; first controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c0d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c0d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c0d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ For partitions add:
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c?d? Whole disk
+ 1 = /dev/rd/c?d?p1 First partition
+ ...
+ 7 = /dev/rd/c?d?p7 Seventh partition
+
+ 49 char SDL RISCom serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cul0 Callout device for ttyL0
+ 1 = /dev/cul1 Callout device for ttyL1
+ ...
+ 49 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; second controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c1d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c1d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c1d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+ 50 char Reserved for GLINT
+
+ 50 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; third controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c2d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c2d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c2d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ 51 char Baycom radio modem OR Radio Tech BIM-XXX-RS232 radio modem
+ 0 = /dev/bc0 First Baycom radio modem
+ 1 = /dev/bc1 Second Baycom radio modem
+ ...
+ 51 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; fourth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c3d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c3d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c3d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+ 52 char Spellcaster DataComm/BRI ISDN card
+ 0 = /dev/dcbri0 First DataComm card
+ 1 = /dev/dcbri1 Second DataComm card
+ 2 = /dev/dcbri2 Third DataComm card
+ 3 = /dev/dcbri3 Fourth DataComm card
+ 52 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; fifth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c4d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c4d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c4d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+ 53 char BDM interface for remote debugging MC683xx microcontrollers
+ 0 = /dev/pd_bdm0 PD BDM interface on lp0
+ 1 = /dev/pd_bdm1 PD BDM interface on lp1
+ 2 = /dev/pd_bdm2 PD BDM interface on lp2
+ 4 = /dev/icd_bdm0 ICD BDM interface on lp0
+ 5 = /dev/icd_bdm1 ICD BDM interface on lp1
+ 6 = /dev/icd_bdm2 ICD BDM interface on lp2
+
+ This device is used for the interfacing to the MC683xx
+ microcontrollers via Background Debug Mode by use of a
+ Parallel Port interface. PD is the Motorola Public
+ Domain Interface and ICD is the commercial interface
+ by P&E.
+
+ 53 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; sixth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c5d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c5d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c5d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+ 54 char Electrocardiognosis Holter serial card
+ 0 = /dev/holter0 First Holter port
+ 1 = /dev/holter1 Second Holter port
+ 2 = /dev/holter2 Third Holter port
+
+ A custom serial card used by Electrocardiognosis SRL
+ <mseritan@ottonel.pub.ro> to transfer data from Holter
+ 24-hour heart monitoring equipment.
+
+ 54 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; seventh controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c6d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c6d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c6d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+ 55 char DSP56001 digital signal processor
+ 0 = /dev/dsp56k First DSP56001
+ 55 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; eigth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c7d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c7d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c7d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+ 56 char Apple Desktop Bus
+ 0 = /dev/adb ADB bus control
+
+ Additional devices will be added to this number, all
+ starting with /dev/adb.
+
+ 56 block Fifth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hdi Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdj Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
+ interface (see major number 3).
+
+ 57 char Hayes ESP serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyP0 First ESP port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyP1 Second ESP port
+ ...
+
+ 57 block Sixth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hdk Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdl Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
+ interface (see major number 3).
+
+ 58 char Hayes ESP serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cup0 Callout device for ttyP0
+ 1 = /dev/cup1 Callout device for ttyP1
+ ...
+ 58 block Reserved for logical volume manager
+
+ 59 char sf firewall package
+ 0 = /dev/firewall Communication with sf kernel module
+
+ 59 block Generic PDA filesystem device
+ 0 = /dev/pda0 First PDA device
+ 1 = /dev/pda1 Second PDA device
+ ...
+
+ The pda devices are used to mount filesystems on
+ remote pda's (basically slow handheld machines with
+ proprietary OS's and limited memory and storage
+ running small fs translation drivers) through serial /
+ IRDA / parallel links.
+
+ NAMING CONFLICT -- PROPOSED REVISED NAME /dev/rpda0 etc
+
+ 60-63 char LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
+ 60-63 block LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
+ Allocated for local/experimental use. For devices not
+ assigned official numbers, these ranges should be
+ used in order to avoid conflicting with future assignments.
+
+ 64 char ENskip kernel encryption package
+ 0 = /dev/enskip Communication with ENskip kernel module
+
+ 64 block Scramdisk/DriveCrypt encrypted devices
+ 0 = /dev/scramdisk/master Master node for ioctls
+ 1 = /dev/scramdisk/1 First encrypted device
+ 2 = /dev/scramdisk/2 Second encrypted device
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/scramdisk/255 255th encrypted device
+
+ The filename of the encrypted container and the passwords
+ are sent via ioctls (using the sdmount tool) to the master
+ node which then activates them via one of the
+ /dev/scramdisk/x nodes for loopback mounting (all handled
+ through the sdmount tool).
+
+ Requested by: andy@scramdisklinux.org
+
+ 65 char Sundance "plink" Transputer boards (obsolete, unused)
+ 0 = /dev/plink0 First plink device
+ 1 = /dev/plink1 Second plink device
+ 2 = /dev/plink2 Third plink device
+ 3 = /dev/plink3 Fourth plink device
+ 64 = /dev/rplink0 First plink device, raw
+ 65 = /dev/rplink1 Second plink device, raw
+ 66 = /dev/rplink2 Third plink device, raw
+ 67 = /dev/rplink3 Fourth plink device, raw
+ 128 = /dev/plink0d First plink device, debug
+ 129 = /dev/plink1d Second plink device, debug
+ 130 = /dev/plink2d Third plink device, debug
+ 131 = /dev/plink3d Fourth plink device, debug
+ 192 = /dev/rplink0d First plink device, raw, debug
+ 193 = /dev/rplink1d Second plink device, raw, debug
+ 194 = /dev/rplink2d Third plink device, raw, debug
+ 195 = /dev/rplink3d Fourth plink device, raw, debug
+
+ This is a commercial driver; contact James Howes
+ <jth@prosig.demon.co.uk> for information.
+
+ 65 block SCSI disk devices (16-31)
+ 0 = /dev/sdq 17th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdr 18th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sds 19th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdaf 32nd SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 66 char YARC PowerPC PCI coprocessor card
+ 0 = /dev/yppcpci0 First YARC card
+ 1 = /dev/yppcpci1 Second YARC card
+ ...
+
+ 66 block SCSI disk devices (32-47)
+ 0 = /dev/sdag 33th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdah 34th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdai 35th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdav 48nd SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 67 char Coda network file system
+ 0 = /dev/cfs0 Coda cache manager
+
+ See http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu for information about Coda.
+
+ 67 block SCSI disk devices (48-63)
+ 0 = /dev/sdaw 49th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdax 50th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sday 51st SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdbl 64th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 68 char CAPI 2.0 interface
+ 0 = /dev/capi20 Control device
+ 1 = /dev/capi20.00 First CAPI 2.0 application
+ 2 = /dev/capi20.01 Second CAPI 2.0 application
+ ...
+ 20 = /dev/capi20.19 19th CAPI 2.0 application
+
+ ISDN CAPI 2.0 driver for use with CAPI 2.0
+ applications; currently supports the AVM B1 card.
+
+ 68 block SCSI disk devices (64-79)
+ 0 = /dev/sdbm 65th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdbn 66th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdbo 67th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdcb 80th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 69 char MA16 numeric accelerator card
+ 0 = /dev/ma16 Board memory access
+
+ 69 block SCSI disk devices (80-95)
+ 0 = /dev/sdcc 81st SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdcd 82nd SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdce 83th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdcr 96th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 70 char SpellCaster Protocol Services Interface
+ 0 = /dev/apscfg Configuration interface
+ 1 = /dev/apsauth Authentication interface
+ 2 = /dev/apslog Logging interface
+ 3 = /dev/apsdbg Debugging interface
+ 64 = /dev/apsisdn ISDN command interface
+ 65 = /dev/apsasync Async command interface
+ 128 = /dev/apsmon Monitor interface
+
+ 70 block SCSI disk devices (96-111)
+ 0 = /dev/sdcs 97th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdct 98th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdcu 99th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sddh 112nd SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 71 char Computone IntelliPort II serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyF0 IntelliPort II board 0, port 0
+ 1 = /dev/ttyF1 IntelliPort II board 0, port 1
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/ttyF63 IntelliPort II board 0, port 63
+ 64 = /dev/ttyF64 IntelliPort II board 1, port 0
+ 65 = /dev/ttyF65 IntelliPort II board 1, port 1
+ ...
+ 127 = /dev/ttyF127 IntelliPort II board 1, port 63
+ 128 = /dev/ttyF128 IntelliPort II board 2, port 0
+ 129 = /dev/ttyF129 IntelliPort II board 2, port 1
+ ...
+ 191 = /dev/ttyF191 IntelliPort II board 2, port 63
+ 192 = /dev/ttyF192 IntelliPort II board 3, port 0
+ 193 = /dev/ttyF193 IntelliPort II board 3, port 1
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/ttyF255 IntelliPort II board 3, port 63
+
+ 71 block SCSI disk devices (112-127)
+ 0 = /dev/sddi 113th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sddj 114th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sddk 115th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sddx 128th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 72 char Computone IntelliPort II serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cuf0 Callout device for ttyF0
+ 1 = /dev/cuf1 Callout device for ttyF1
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/cuf63 Callout device for ttyF63
+ 64 = /dev/cuf64 Callout device for ttyF64
+ 65 = /dev/cuf65 Callout device for ttyF65
+ ...
+ 127 = /dev/cuf127 Callout device for ttyF127
+ 128 = /dev/cuf128 Callout device for ttyF128
+ 129 = /dev/cuf129 Callout device for ttyF129
+ ...
+ 191 = /dev/cuf191 Callout device for ttyF191
+ 192 = /dev/cuf192 Callout device for ttyF192
+ 193 = /dev/cuf193 Callout device for ttyF193
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/cuf255 Callout device for ttyF255
+
+ 72 block Compaq Intelligent Drive Array, first controller
+ 0 = /dev/ida/c0d0 First logical drive whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/ida/c0d1 Second logical drive whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/ida/c0d15 16th logical drive whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 73 char Computone IntelliPort II serial card - control devices
+ 0 = /dev/ip2ipl0 Loadware device for board 0
+ 1 = /dev/ip2stat0 Status device for board 0
+ 4 = /dev/ip2ipl1 Loadware device for board 1
+ 5 = /dev/ip2stat1 Status device for board 1
+ 8 = /dev/ip2ipl2 Loadware device for board 2
+ 9 = /dev/ip2stat2 Status device for board 2
+ 12 = /dev/ip2ipl3 Loadware device for board 3
+ 13 = /dev/ip2stat3 Status device for board 3
+
+ 73 block Compaq Intelligent Drive Array, second controller
+ 0 = /dev/ida/c1d0 First logical drive whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/ida/c1d1 Second logical drive whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/ida/c1d15 16th logical drive whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 74 char SCI bridge
+ 0 = /dev/SCI/0 SCI device 0
+ 1 = /dev/SCI/1 SCI device 1
+ ...
+
+ Currently for Dolphin Interconnect Solutions' PCI-SCI
+ bridge.
+
+ 74 block Compaq Intelligent Drive Array, third controller
+ 0 = /dev/ida/c2d0 First logical drive whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/ida/c2d1 Second logical drive whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/ida/c2d15 16th logical drive whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 75 char Specialix IO8+ serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyW0 First IO8+ port, first card
+ 1 = /dev/ttyW1 Second IO8+ port, first card
+ ...
+ 8 = /dev/ttyW8 First IO8+ port, second card
+ ...
+
+ 75 block Compaq Intelligent Drive Array, fourth controller
+ 0 = /dev/ida/c3d0 First logical drive whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/ida/c3d1 Second logical drive whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/ida/c3d15 16th logical drive whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 76 char Specialix IO8+ serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cuw0 Callout device for ttyW0
+ 1 = /dev/cuw1 Callout device for ttyW1
+ ...
+ 8 = /dev/cuw8 Callout device for ttyW8
+ ...
+
+ 76 block Compaq Intelligent Drive Array, fifth controller
+ 0 = /dev/ida/c4d0 First logical drive whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/ida/c4d1 Second logical drive whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/ida/c4d15 16th logical drive whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+ 77 char ComScire Quantum Noise Generator
+ 0 = /dev/qng ComScire Quantum Noise Generator
+
+ 77 block Compaq Intelligent Drive Array, sixth controller
+ 0 = /dev/ida/c5d0 First logical drive whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/ida/c5d1 Second logical drive whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/ida/c5d15 16th logical drive whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+ 78 char PAM Software's multimodem boards
+ 0 = /dev/ttyM0 First PAM modem
+ 1 = /dev/ttyM1 Second PAM modem
+ ...
+
+ 78 block Compaq Intelligent Drive Array, seventh controller
+ 0 = /dev/ida/c6d0 First logical drive whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/ida/c6d1 Second logical drive whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/ida/c6d15 16th logical drive whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+ 79 char PAM Software's multimodem boards - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cum0 Callout device for ttyM0
+ 1 = /dev/cum1 Callout device for ttyM1
+ ...
+
+ 79 block Compaq Intelligent Drive Array, eigth controller
+ 0 = /dev/ida/c7d0 First logical drive whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/ida/c7d1 Second logical drive whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/ida/c715 16th logical drive whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+ 80 char Photometrics AT200 CCD camera
+ 0 = /dev/at200 Photometrics AT200 CCD camera
+
+ 80 block I2O hard disk
+ 0 = /dev/i2o/hda First I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/i2o/hdb Second I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/i2o/hdp 16th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 81 char video4linux
+ 0 = /dev/video0 Video capture/overlay device
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/video63 Video capture/overlay device
+ 64 = /dev/radio0 Radio device
+ ...
+ 127 = /dev/radio63 Radio device
+ 192 = /dev/vtx0 Teletext device
+ ...
+ 223 = /dev/vtx31 Teletext device
+ 224 = /dev/vbi0 Vertical blank interrupt
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/vbi31 Vertical blank interrupt
+
+ 81 block I2O hard disk
+ 0 = /dev/i2o/hdq 17th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/i2o/hdr 18th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/i2o/hdaf 32nd I2O hard disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 82 char WiNRADiO communications receiver card
+ 0 = /dev/winradio0 First WiNRADiO card
+ 1 = /dev/winradio1 Second WiNRADiO card
+ ...
+
+ The driver and documentation may be obtained from
+ http://www.proximity.com.au/~brian/winradio/
+
+ 82 block I2O hard disk
+ 0 = /dev/i2o/hdag 33rd I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/i2o/hdah 34th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/i2o/hdav 48th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 83 char Matrox mga_vid video driver
+ 0 = /dev/mga_vid0 1st video card
+ 1 = /dev/mga_vid1 2nd video card
+ 2 = /dev/mga_vid2 3rd video card
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/mga_vid15 16th video card
+
+ 83 block I2O hard disk
+ 0 = /dev/i2o/hdaw 49th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/i2o/hdax 50th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/i2o/hdbl 64th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 84 char Ikon 1011[57] Versatec Greensheet Interface
+ 0 = /dev/ihcp0 First Greensheet port
+ 1 = /dev/ihcp1 Second Greensheet port
+
+ 84 block I2O hard disk
+ 0 = /dev/i2o/hdbm 65th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/i2o/hdbn 66th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/i2o/hdcb 80th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 85 char Linux/SGI shared memory input queue
+ 0 = /dev/shmiq Master shared input queue
+ 1 = /dev/qcntl0 First device pushed
+ 2 = /dev/qcntl1 Second device pushed
+ ...
+
+ 85 block I2O hard disk
+ 0 = /dev/i2o/hdcc 81st I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/i2o/hdcd 82nd I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/i2o/hdcr 96th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 86 char SCSI media changer
+ 0 = /dev/sch0 First SCSI media changer
+ 1 = /dev/sch1 Second SCSI media changer
+ ...
+
+ 86 block I2O hard disk
+ 0 = /dev/i2o/hdcs 97th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/i2o/hdct 98th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/i2o/hddh 112th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 87 char Sony Control-A1 stereo control bus
+ 0 = /dev/controla0 First device on chain
+ 1 = /dev/controla1 Second device on chain
+ ...
+
+ 87 block I2O hard disk
+ 0 = /dev/i2o/hddi 113rd I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/i2o/hddj 114th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/i2o/hddx 128th I2O hard disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 88 char COMX synchronous serial card
+ 0 = /dev/comx0 COMX channel 0
+ 1 = /dev/comx1 COMX channel 1
+ ...
+
+ 88 block Seventh IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hdm Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdn Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
+ interface (see major number 3).
+
+ 89 char I2C bus interface
+ 0 = /dev/i2c-0 First I2C adapter
+ 1 = /dev/i2c-1 Second I2C adapter
+ ...
+
+ 89 block Eighth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hdo Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdp Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
+ interface (see major number 3).
+
+ 90 char Memory Technology Device (RAM, ROM, Flash)
+ 0 = /dev/mtd0 First MTD (rw)
+ 1 = /dev/mtdr0 First MTD (ro)
+ ...
+ 30 = /dev/mtd15 16th MTD (rw)
+ 31 = /dev/mtdr15 16th MTD (ro)
+
+ 90 block Ninth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hdq Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdr Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
+ interface (see major number 3).
+
+ 91 char CAN-Bus devices
+ 0 = /dev/can0 First CAN-Bus controller
+ 1 = /dev/can1 Second CAN-Bus controller
+ ...
+
+ 91 block Tenth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
+ 0 = /dev/hds Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+ 64 = /dev/hdt Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
+ interface (see major number 3).
+
+ 92 char Reserved for ith Kommunikationstechnik MIC ISDN card
+
+ 92 block PPDD encrypted disk driver
+ 0 = /dev/ppdd0 First encrypted disk
+ 1 = /dev/ppdd1 Second encrypted disk
+ ...
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ 93 char IBM Smart Capture Card frame grabber {2.6}
+ 0 = /dev/iscc0 First Smart Capture Card
+ 1 = /dev/iscc1 Second Smart Capture Card
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/isccctl0 First Smart Capture Card control
+ 129 = /dev/isccctl1 Second Smart Capture Card control
+ ...
+
+ 93 block NAND Flash Translation Layer filesystem
+ 0 = /dev/nftla First NFTL layer
+ 16 = /dev/nftlb Second NFTL layer
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/nftlp 16th NTFL layer
+
+ 94 char miroVIDEO DC10/30 capture/playback device {2.6}
+ 0 = /dev/dcxx0 First capture card
+ 1 = /dev/dcxx1 Second capture card
+ ...
+
+ 94 block IBM S/390 DASD block storage
+ 0 = /dev/dasda First DASD device, major
+ 1 = /dev/dasda1 First DASD device, block 1
+ 2 = /dev/dasda2 First DASD device, block 2
+ 3 = /dev/dasda3 First DASD device, block 3
+ 4 = /dev/dasdb Second DASD device, major
+ 5 = /dev/dasdb1 Second DASD device, block 1
+ 6 = /dev/dasdb2 Second DASD device, block 2
+ 7 = /dev/dasdb3 Second DASD device, block 3
+ ...
+
+ 95 char IP filter
+ 0 = /dev/ipl Filter control device/log file
+ 1 = /dev/ipnat NAT control device/log file
+ 2 = /dev/ipstate State information log file
+ 3 = /dev/ipauth Authentication control device/log file
+ ...
+
+ 96 char Parallel port ATAPI tape devices
+ 0 = /dev/pt0 First parallel port ATAPI tape
+ 1 = /dev/pt1 Second parallel port ATAPI tape
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/npt0 First p.p. ATAPI tape, no rewind
+ 129 = /dev/npt1 Second p.p. ATAPI tape, no rewind
+ ...
+
+ 96 block Inverse NAND Flash Translation Layer
+ 0 = /dev/inftla First INFTL layer
+ 16 = /dev/inftlb Second INFTL layer
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/inftlp 16th INTFL layer
+
+ 97 char Parallel port generic ATAPI interface
+ 0 = /dev/pg0 First parallel port ATAPI device
+ 1 = /dev/pg1 Second parallel port ATAPI device
+ 2 = /dev/pg2 Third parallel port ATAPI device
+ 3 = /dev/pg3 Fourth parallel port ATAPI device
+
+ These devices support the same API as the generic SCSI
+ devices.
+
+ 97 block Packet writing for CD/DVD devices
+ 0 = /dev/pktcdvd0 First packet-writing module
+ 1 = /dev/pktcdvd1 Second packet-writing module
+ ...
+
+ 98 char Control and Measurement Device (comedi)
+ 0 = /dev/comedi0 First comedi device
+ 1 = /dev/comedi1 Second comedi device
+ ...
+
+ See http://stm.lbl.gov/comedi or http://www.llp.fu-berlin.de/.
+
+ 98 block User-mode virtual block device
+ 0 = /dev/ubda First user-mode block device
+ 16 = /dev/udbb Second user-mode block device
+ ...
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+ This device is used by the user-mode virtual kernel port.
+
+ 99 char Raw parallel ports
+ 0 = /dev/parport0 First parallel port
+ 1 = /dev/parport1 Second parallel port
+ ...
+
+ 99 block JavaStation flash disk
+ 0 = /dev/jsfd JavaStation flash disk
+
+100 char Telephony for Linux
+ 0 = /dev/phone0 First telephony device
+ 1 = /dev/phone1 Second telephony device
+ ...
+
+101 char Motorola DSP 56xxx board
+ 0 = /dev/mdspstat Status information
+ 1 = /dev/mdsp1 First DSP board I/O controls
+ ...
+ 16 = /dev/mdsp16 16th DSP board I/O controls
+
+101 block AMI HyperDisk RAID controller
+ 0 = /dev/amiraid/ar0 First array whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/amiraid/ar1 Second array whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/amiraid/ar15 16th array whole disk
+
+ For each device, partitions are added as:
+ 0 = /dev/amiraid/ar? Whole disk
+ 1 = /dev/amiraid/ar?p1 First partition
+ 2 = /dev/amiraid/ar?p2 Second partition
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/amiraid/ar?p15 15th partition
+
+102 char Philips SAA5249 Teletext signal decoder {2.6}
+ 0 = /dev/tlk0 First Teletext decoder
+ 1 = /dev/tlk1 Second Teletext decoder
+ 2 = /dev/tlk2 Third Teletext decoder
+ 3 = /dev/tlk3 Fourth Teletext decoder
+
+102 block Compressed block device
+ 0 = /dev/cbd/a First compressed block device, whole device
+ 16 = /dev/cbd/b Second compressed block device, whole device
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/cbd/p 16th compressed block device, whole device
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+103 char Arla network file system
+ 0 = /dev/nnpfs0 First NNPFS device
+ 1 = /dev/nnpfs1 Second NNPFS device
+
+ Arla is a free clone of the Andrew File System, AFS.
+ The NNPFS device gives user mode filesystem
+ implementations a kernel presence for caching and easy
+ mounting. For more information about the project,
+ write to <arla-drinkers@stacken.kth.se> or see
+ http://www.stacken.kth.se/project/arla/
+
+103 block Audit device
+ 0 = /dev/audit Audit device
+
+104 char Flash BIOS support
+
+104 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, first controller
+ 0 = /dev/cciss/c0d0 First logical drive, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/cciss/c0d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/cciss/c0d15 16th logical drive, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+105 char Comtrol VS-1000 serial controller
+ 0 = /dev/ttyV0 First VS-1000 port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyV1 Second VS-1000 port
+ ...
+
+105 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, second controller
+ 0 = /dev/cciss/c1d0 First logical drive, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/cciss/c1d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/cciss/c1d15 16th logical drive, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+106 char Comtrol VS-1000 serial controller - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cuv0 First VS-1000 port
+ 1 = /dev/cuv1 Second VS-1000 port
+ ...
+
+106 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, third controller
+ 0 = /dev/cciss/c2d0 First logical drive, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/cciss/c2d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/cciss/c2d15 16th logical drive, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+107 char 3Dfx Voodoo Graphics device
+ 0 = /dev/3dfx Primary 3Dfx graphics device
+
+107 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, fourth controller
+ 0 = /dev/cciss/c3d0 First logical drive, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/cciss/c3d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/cciss/c3d15 16th logical drive, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+108 char Device independent PPP interface
+ 0 = /dev/ppp Device independent PPP interface
+
+108 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, fifth controller
+ 0 = /dev/cciss/c4d0 First logical drive, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/cciss/c4d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/cciss/c4d15 16th logical drive, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+109 char Reserved for logical volume manager
+
+109 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, sixth controller
+ 0 = /dev/cciss/c5d0 First logical drive, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/cciss/c5d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/cciss/c5d15 16th logical drive, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+110 char miroMEDIA Surround board
+ 0 = /dev/srnd0 First miroMEDIA Surround board
+ 1 = /dev/srnd1 Second miroMEDIA Surround board
+ ...
+
+110 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, seventh controller
+ 0 = /dev/cciss/c6d0 First logical drive, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/cciss/c6d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/cciss/c6d15 16th logical drive, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+111 char Philips SAA7146-based audio/video card {2.6}
+ 0 = /dev/av0 First A/V card
+ 1 = /dev/av1 Second A/V card
+ ...
+
+111 block Compaq Next Generation Drive Array, eigth controller
+ 0 = /dev/cciss/c7d0 First logical drive, whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/cciss/c7d1 Second logical drive, whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/cciss/c7d15 16th logical drive, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled the same way as for Mylex
+ DAC960 (see major number 48) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+112 char ISI serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyM0 First ISI port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyM1 Second ISI port
+ ...
+
+ There is currently a device-naming conflict between
+ these and PAM multimodems (major 78).
+
+112 block IBM iSeries virtual disk
+ 0 = /dev/iseries/vda First virtual disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/iseries/vdb Second virtual disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 200 = /dev/iseries/vdz 26th virtual disk, whole disk
+ 208 = /dev/iseries/vdaa 27th virtual disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/iseries/vdaf 32nd virtual disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 7.
+
+113 char ISI serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cum0 Callout device for ttyM0
+ 1 = /dev/cum1 Callout device for ttyM1
+ ...
+
+113 block IBM iSeries virtual CD-ROM
+
+ 0 = /dev/iseries/vcda First virtual CD-ROM
+ 1 = /dev/iseries/vcdb Second virtual CD-ROM
+ ...
+
+114 char Picture Elements ISE board
+ 0 = /dev/ise0 First ISE board
+ 1 = /dev/ise1 Second ISE board
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/isex0 Control node for first ISE board
+ 129 = /dev/isex1 Control node for second ISE board
+ ...
+
+ The ISE board is an embedded computer, optimized for
+ image processing. The /dev/iseN nodes are the general
+ I/O access to the board, the /dev/isex0 nodes command
+ nodes used to control the board.
+
+114 block IDE BIOS powered software RAID interfaces such as the
+ Promise Fastrak
+
+ 0 = /dev/ataraid/d0
+ 1 = /dev/ataraid/d0p1
+ 2 = /dev/ataraid/d0p2
+ ...
+ 16 = /dev/ataraid/d1
+ 17 = /dev/ataraid/d1p1
+ 18 = /dev/ataraid/d1p2
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/ataraid/d15p15
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+115 char TI link cable devices (115 was formerly the console driver speaker)
+ 0 = /dev/tipar0 Parallel cable on first parallel port
+ ...
+ 7 = /dev/tipar7 Parallel cable on seventh parallel port
+
+ 8 = /dev/tiser0 Serial cable on first serial port
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/tiser7 Serial cable on seventh serial port
+
+ 16 = /dev/tiusb0 First USB cable
+ ...
+ 47 = /dev/tiusb31 32nd USB cable
+
+115 block NetWare (NWFS) Devices (0-255)
+
+ The NWFS (NetWare) devices are used to present a
+ collection of NetWare Mirror Groups or NetWare
+ Partitions as a logical storage segment for
+ use in mounting NetWare volumes. A maximum of
+ 256 NetWare volumes can be supported in a single
+ machine.
+
+ http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/jmerkey/nwfs
+
+ 0 = /dev/nwfs/v0 First NetWare (NWFS) Logical Volume
+ 1 = /dev/nwfs/v1 Second NetWare (NWFS) Logical Volume
+ 2 = /dev/nwfs/v2 Third NetWare (NWFS) Logical Volume
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/nwfs/v255 Last NetWare (NWFS) Logical Volume
+
+116 char Advanced Linux Sound Driver (ALSA)
+
+116 block MicroMemory battery backed RAM adapter (NVRAM)
+ Supports 16 boards, 15 paritions each.
+ Requested by neilb at cse.unsw.edu.au.
+
+ 0 = /dev/umem/d0 Whole of first board
+ 1 = /dev/umem/d0p1 First partition of first board
+ 2 = /dev/umem/d0p2 Second partition of first board
+ 15 = /dev/umem/d0p15 15th partition of first board
+
+ 16 = /dev/umem/d1 Whole of second board
+ 17 = /dev/umem/d1p1 First partition of second board
+ ...
+ 255= /dev/umem/d15p15 15th partition of 16th board.
+
+117 char COSA/SRP synchronous serial card
+ 0 = /dev/cosa0c0 1st board, 1st channel
+ 1 = /dev/cosa0c1 1st board, 2nd channel
+ ...
+ 16 = /dev/cosa1c0 2nd board, 1st channel
+ 17 = /dev/cosa1c1 2nd board, 2nd channel
+ ...
+
+117 block Enterprise Volume Management System (EVMS)
+
+ The EVMS driver uses a layered, plug-in model to provide
+ unparalleled flexibility and extensibility in managing
+ storage. This allows for easy expansion or customization
+ of various levels of volume management. Requested by
+ Mark Peloquin (peloquin at us.ibm.com).
+
+ Note: EVMS populates and manages all the devnodes in
+ /dev/evms.
+
+ http://sf.net/projects/evms
+
+ 0 = /dev/evms/block_device EVMS block device
+ 1 = /dev/evms/legacyname1 First EVMS legacy device
+ 2 = /dev/evms/legacyname2 Second EVMS legacy device
+ ...
+ Both ranges can grow (down or up) until they meet.
+ ...
+ 254 = /dev/evms/EVMSname2 Second EVMS native device
+ 255 = /dev/evms/EVMSname1 First EVMS native device
+
+ Note: legacyname(s) are derived from the normal legacy
+ device names. For example, /dev/hda5 would become
+ /dev/evms/hda5.
+
+118 char IBM Cryptographic Accelerator
+ 0 = /dev/ica Virtual interface to all IBM Crypto Accelerators
+ 1 = /dev/ica0 IBMCA Device 0
+ 2 = /dev/ica1 IBMCA Device 1
+ ...
+
+119 char VMware virtual network control
+ 0 = /dev/vnet0 1st virtual network
+ 1 = /dev/vnet1 2nd virtual network
+ ...
+
+120-127 char LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
+120-127 block LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
+ Allocated for local/experimental use. For devices not
+ assigned official numbers, these ranges should be
+ used in order to avoid conflicting with future assignments.
+
+128-135 char Unix98 PTY masters
+
+ These devices should not have corresponding device
+ nodes; instead they should be accessed through the
+ /dev/ptmx cloning interface.
+
+
+128 block SCSI disk devices (128-143)
+ 0 = /dev/sddy 129th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sddz 130th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdea 131th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sden 144th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+129 block SCSI disk devices (144-159)
+ 0 = /dev/sdeo 145th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdep 146th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdeq 147th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdfd 160th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+130 char (Misc devices)
+
+130 block SCSI disk devices (160-175)
+ 0 = /dev/sdfe 161st SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdff 162nd SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdfg 163rd SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdft 176th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+131 block SCSI disk devices (176-191)
+ 0 = /dev/sdfu 177th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdfv 178th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdfw 179th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdgj 192nd SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+132 block SCSI disk devices (192-207)
+ 0 = /dev/sdgk 193rd SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdgl 194th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdgm 195th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdgz 208th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+133 block SCSI disk devices (208-223)
+ 0 = /dev/sdha 209th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdhb 210th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdhc 211th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdhp 224th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+134 block SCSI disk devices (224-239)
+ 0 = /dev/sdhq 225th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdhr 226th SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdhs 227th SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdif 240th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+135 block SCSI disk devices (240-255)
+ 0 = /dev/sdig 241st SCSI disk whole disk
+ 16 = /dev/sdih 242nd SCSI disk whole disk
+ 32 = /dev/sdih 243rd SCSI disk whole disk
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/sdiv 256th SCSI disk whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+
+136-143 char Unix98 PTY slaves
+ 0 = /dev/pts/0 First Unix98 pseudo-TTY
+ 1 = /dev/pts/1 Second Unix98 pesudo-TTY
+ ...
+
+ These device nodes are automatically generated with
+ the proper permissions and modes by mounting the
+ devpts filesystem onto /dev/pts with the appropriate
+ mount options (distribution dependent, however, on
+ *most* distributions the appropriate options are
+ "mode=0620,gid=<gid of the "tty" group>".)
+
+136 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; ninth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c8d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c8d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c8d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+137 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; tenth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c9d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c9d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c9d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+138 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; eleventh controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c10d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c10d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c10d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+139 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; twelfth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c11d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c11d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c11d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+140 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; thirteenth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c12d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c12d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c12d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+141 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; fourteenth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c13d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c13d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c13d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+142 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; fifteenth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c14d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c14d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c14d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+143 block Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller; sixteenth controller
+ 0 = /dev/rd/c15d0 First disk, whole disk
+ 8 = /dev/rd/c15d1 Second disk, whole disk
+ ...
+ 248 = /dev/rd/c15d31 32nd disk, whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled as for major 48.
+
+144 char Encapsulated PPP
+ 0 = /dev/pppox0 First PPP over Ethernet
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/pppox63 64th PPP over Ethernet
+
+ This is primarily used for ADSL.
+
+ The SST 5136-DN DeviceNet interface driver has been
+ relocated to major 183 due to an unfortunate conflict.
+
+144 block Expansion Area #1 for more non-device (e.g. NFS) mounts
+ 0 = mounted device 256
+ 255 = mounted device 511
+
+145 char SAM9407-based soundcard
+ 0 = /dev/sam0_mixer
+ 1 = /dev/sam0_sequencer
+ 2 = /dev/sam0_midi00
+ 3 = /dev/sam0_dsp
+ 4 = /dev/sam0_audio
+ 6 = /dev/sam0_sndstat
+ 18 = /dev/sam0_midi01
+ 34 = /dev/sam0_midi02
+ 50 = /dev/sam0_midi03
+ 64 = /dev/sam1_mixer
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/sam2_mixer
+ ...
+ 192 = /dev/sam3_mixer
+ ...
+
+ Device functions match OSS, but offer a number of
+ addons, which are sam9407 specific. OSS can be
+ operated simultaneously, taking care of the codec.
+
+145 block Expansion Area #2 for more non-device (e.g. NFS) mounts
+ 0 = mounted device 512
+ 255 = mounted device 767
+
+146 char SYSTRAM SCRAMNet mirrored-memory network
+ 0 = /dev/scramnet0 First SCRAMNet device
+ 1 = /dev/scramnet1 Second SCRAMNet device
+ ...
+
+146 block Expansion Area #3 for more non-device (e.g. NFS) mounts
+ 0 = mounted device 768
+ 255 = mounted device 1023
+
+147 char Aureal Semiconductor Vortex Audio device
+ 0 = /dev/aureal0 First Aureal Vortex
+ 1 = /dev/aureal1 Second Aureal Vortex
+ ...
+
+147 block Distributed Replicated Block Device (DRBD)
+ 0 = /dev/drbd0 First DRBD device
+ 1 = /dev/drbd1 Second DRBD device
+ ...
+
+148 char Technology Concepts serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyT0 First TCL port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyT1 Second TCL port
+ ...
+
+149 char Technology Concepts serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cut0 Callout device for ttyT0
+ 1 = /dev/cut0 Callout device for ttyT1
+ ...
+
+150 char Real-Time Linux FIFOs
+ 0 = /dev/rtf0 First RTLinux FIFO
+ 1 = /dev/rtf1 Second RTLinux FIFO
+ ...
+
+151 char DPT I2O SmartRaid V controller
+ 0 = /dev/dpti0 First DPT I2O adapter
+ 1 = /dev/dpti1 Second DPT I2O adapter
+ ...
+
+152 char EtherDrive Control Device
+ 0 = /dev/etherd/ctl Connect/Disconnect an EtherDrive
+ 1 = /dev/etherd/err Monitor errors
+ 2 = /dev/etherd/raw Raw AoE packet monitor
+
+152 block EtherDrive Block Devices
+ 0 = /dev/etherd/0 EtherDrive 0
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/etherd/255 EtherDrive 255
+
+153 char SPI Bus Interface (sometimes referred to as MicroWire)
+ 0 = /dev/spi0 First SPI device on the bus
+ 1 = /dev/spi1 Second SPI device on the bus
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/spi15 Sixteenth SPI device on the bus
+
+153 block Enhanced Metadisk RAID (EMD) storage units
+ 0 = /dev/emd/0 First unit
+ 1 = /dev/emd/0p1 Partition 1 on First unit
+ 2 = /dev/emd/0p2 Partition 2 on First unit
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/emd/0p15 Partition 15 on First unit
+
+ 16 = /dev/emd/1 Second unit
+ 32 = /dev/emd/2 Third unit
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/emd/15 Sixteenth unit
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 15.
+
+154 char Specialix RIO serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttySR0 First RIO port
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/ttySR255 256th RIO port
+
+155 char Specialix RIO serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cusr0 Callout device for ttySR0
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/cusr255 Callout device for ttySR255
+
+156 char Specialix RIO serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttySR256 257th RIO port
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/ttySR511 512th RIO port
+
+157 char Specialix RIO serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cusr256 Callout device for ttySR256
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/cusr511 Callout device for ttySR511
+
+158 char Dialogic GammaLink fax driver
+ 0 = /dev/gfax0 GammaLink channel 0
+ 1 = /dev/gfax1 GammaLink channel 1
+ ...
+
+159 char RESERVED
+159 block RESERVED
+
+160 char General Purpose Instrument Bus (GPIB)
+ 0 = /dev/gpib0 First GPIB bus
+ 1 = /dev/gpib1 Second GPIB bus
+ ...
+
+160 block Carmel 8-port SATA Disks on First Controller
+ 0 = /dev/carmel/0 SATA disk 0 whole disk
+ 1 = /dev/carmel/0p1 SATA disk 0 partition 1
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/carmel/0p31 SATA disk 0 partition 31
+
+ 32 = /dev/carmel/1 SATA disk 1 whole disk
+ 64 = /dev/carmel/2 SATA disk 2 whole disk
+ ...
+ 224 = /dev/carmel/7 SATA disk 7 whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 31.
+
+161 char IrCOMM devices (IrDA serial/parallel emulation)
+ 0 = /dev/ircomm0 First IrCOMM device
+ 1 = /dev/ircomm1 Second IrCOMM device
+ ...
+ 16 = /dev/irlpt0 First IrLPT device
+ 17 = /dev/irlpt1 Second IrLPT device
+ ...
+
+161 block Carmel 8-port SATA Disks on Second Controller
+ 0 = /dev/carmel/8 SATA disk 8 whole disk
+ 1 = /dev/carmel/8p1 SATA disk 8 partition 1
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/carmel/8p31 SATA disk 8 partition 31
+
+ 32 = /dev/carmel/9 SATA disk 9 whole disk
+ 64 = /dev/carmel/10 SATA disk 10 whole disk
+ ...
+ 224 = /dev/carmel/15 SATA disk 15 whole disk
+
+ Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
+ disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
+ partitions is 31.
+
+162 char Raw block device interface
+ 0 = /dev/rawctl Raw I/O control device
+ 1 = /dev/raw/raw1 First raw I/O device
+ 2 = /dev/raw/raw2 Second raw I/O device
+ ...
+
+163 char UNASSIGNED (was Radio Tech BIM-XXX-RS232 radio modem - see 51)
+
+164 char Chase Research AT/PCI-Fast serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyCH0 AT/PCI-Fast board 0, port 0
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/ttyCH15 AT/PCI-Fast board 0, port 15
+ 16 = /dev/ttyCH16 AT/PCI-Fast board 1, port 0
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/ttyCH31 AT/PCI-Fast board 1, port 15
+ 32 = /dev/ttyCH32 AT/PCI-Fast board 2, port 0
+ ...
+ 47 = /dev/ttyCH47 AT/PCI-Fast board 2, port 15
+ 48 = /dev/ttyCH48 AT/PCI-Fast board 3, port 0
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/ttyCH63 AT/PCI-Fast board 3, port 15
+
+165 char Chase Research AT/PCI-Fast serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cuch0 Callout device for ttyCH0
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/cuch63 Callout device for ttyCH63
+
+166 char ACM USB modems
+ 0 = /dev/ttyACM0 First ACM modem
+ 1 = /dev/ttyACM1 Second ACM modem
+ ...
+
+167 char ACM USB modems - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cuacm0 Callout device for ttyACM0
+ 1 = /dev/cuacm1 Callout device for ttyACM1
+ ...
+
+168 char Eracom CSA7000 PCI encryption adaptor
+ 0 = /dev/ecsa0 First CSA7000
+ 1 = /dev/ecsa1 Second CSA7000
+ ...
+
+169 char Eracom CSA8000 PCI encryption adaptor
+ 0 = /dev/ecsa8-0 First CSA8000
+ 1 = /dev/ecsa8-1 Second CSA8000
+ ...
+
+170 char AMI MegaRAC remote access controller
+ 0 = /dev/megarac0 First MegaRAC card
+ 1 = /dev/megarac1 Second MegaRAC card
+ ...
+
+171 char Reserved for IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
+
+
+172 char Moxa Intellio serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyMX0 First Moxa port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyMX1 Second Moxa port
+ ...
+ 127 = /dev/ttyMX127 128th Moxa port
+ 128 = /dev/moxactl Moxa control port
+
+173 char Moxa Intellio serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cumx0 Callout device for ttyMX0
+ 1 = /dev/cumx1 Callout device for ttyMX1
+ ...
+ 127 = /dev/cumx127 Callout device for ttyMX127
+
+174 char SmartIO serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttySI0 First SmartIO port
+ 1 = /dev/ttySI1 Second SmartIO port
+ ...
+
+175 char SmartIO serial card - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cusi0 Callout device for ttySI0
+ 1 = /dev/cusi1 Callout device for ttySI1
+ ...
+
+176 char nCipher nFast PCI crypto accelerator
+ 0 = /dev/nfastpci0 First nFast PCI device
+ 1 = /dev/nfastpci1 First nFast PCI device
+ ...
+
+177 char TI PCILynx memory spaces
+ 0 = /dev/pcilynx/aux0 AUX space of first PCILynx card
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/pcilynx/aux15 AUX space of 16th PCILynx card
+ 16 = /dev/pcilynx/rom0 ROM space of first PCILynx card
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/pcilynx/rom15 ROM space of 16th PCILynx card
+ 32 = /dev/pcilynx/ram0 RAM space of first PCILynx card
+ ...
+ 47 = /dev/pcilynx/ram15 RAM space of 16th PCILynx card
+
+178 char Giganet cLAN1xxx virtual interface adapter
+ 0 = /dev/clanvi0 First cLAN adapter
+ 1 = /dev/clanvi1 Second cLAN adapter
+ ...
+
+179 char CCube DVXChip-based PCI products
+ 0 = /dev/dvxirq0 First DVX device
+ 1 = /dev/dvxirq1 Second DVX device
+ ...
+
+180 char USB devices
+ 0 = /dev/usb/lp0 First USB printer
+ ...
+ 15 = /dev/usb/lp15 16th USB printer
+ 16 = /dev/usb/mouse0 First USB mouse
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/usb/mouse15 16th USB mouse
+ 32 = /dev/usb/ez0 First USB firmware loader
+ ...
+ 47 = /dev/usb/ez15 16th USB firmware loader
+ 48 = /dev/usb/scanner0 First USB scanner
+ ...
+ 63 = /dev/usb/scanner15 16th USB scanner
+ 64 = /dev/usb/rio500 Diamond Rio 500
+ 65 = /dev/usb/usblcd USBLCD Interface (info@usblcd.de)
+ 66 = /dev/usb/cpad0 Synaptics cPad (mouse/LCD)
+
+180 block USB block devices
+ 0 = /dev/uba First USB block device
+ 8 = /dev/ubb Second USB block device
+ 16 = /dev/ubc Thrid USB block device
+ ...
+
+181 char Conrad Electronic parallel port radio clocks
+ 0 = /dev/pcfclock0 First Conrad radio clock
+ 1 = /dev/pcfclock1 Second Conrad radio clock
+ ...
+
+182 char Picture Elements THR2 binarizer
+ 0 = /dev/pethr0 First THR2 board
+ 1 = /dev/pethr1 Second THR2 board
+ ...
+
+183 char SST 5136-DN DeviceNet interface
+ 0 = /dev/ss5136dn0 First DeviceNet interface
+ 1 = /dev/ss5136dn1 Second DeviceNet interface
+ ...
+
+ This device used to be assigned to major number 144.
+ It had to be moved due to an unfortunate conflict.
+
+184 char Picture Elements' video simulator/sender
+ 0 = /dev/pevss0 First sender board
+ 1 = /dev/pevss1 Second sender board
+ ...
+
+185 char InterMezzo high availability file system
+ 0 = /dev/intermezzo0 First cache manager
+ 1 = /dev/intermezzo1 Second cache manager
+ ...
+
+ See http://www.inter-mezzo.org/ for more information.
+
+186 char Object-based storage control device
+ 0 = /dev/obd0 First obd control device
+ 1 = /dev/obd1 Second obd control device
+ ...
+
+ See ftp://ftp.lustre.org/pub/obd for code and information.
+
+187 char DESkey hardware encryption device
+ 0 = /dev/deskey0 First DES key
+ 1 = /dev/deskey1 Second DES key
+ ...
+
+188 char USB serial converters
+ 0 = /dev/ttyUSB0 First USB serial converter
+ 1 = /dev/ttyUSB1 Second USB serial converter
+ ...
+
+189 char USB serial converters - alternate devices
+ 0 = /dev/cuusb0 Callout device for ttyUSB0
+ 1 = /dev/cuusb1 Callout device for ttyUSB1
+ ...
+
+190 char Kansas City tracker/tuner card
+ 0 = /dev/kctt0 First KCT/T card
+ 1 = /dev/kctt1 Second KCT/T card
+ ...
+
+191 char Reserved for PCMCIA
+
+192 char Kernel profiling interface
+ 0 = /dev/profile Profiling control device
+ 1 = /dev/profile0 Profiling device for CPU 0
+ 2 = /dev/profile1 Profiling device for CPU 1
+ ...
+
+193 char Kernel event-tracing interface
+ 0 = /dev/trace Tracing control device
+ 1 = /dev/trace0 Tracing device for CPU 0
+ 2 = /dev/trace1 Tracing device for CPU 1
+ ...
+
+194 char linVideoStreams (LINVS)
+ 0 = /dev/mvideo/status0 Video compression status
+ 1 = /dev/mvideo/stream0 Video stream
+ 2 = /dev/mvideo/frame0 Single compressed frame
+ 3 = /dev/mvideo/rawframe0 Raw uncompressed frame
+ 4 = /dev/mvideo/codec0 Direct codec access
+ 5 = /dev/mvideo/video4linux0 Video4Linux compatibility
+
+ 16 = /dev/mvideo/status1 Second device
+ ...
+ 32 = /dev/mvideo/status2 Third device
+ ...
+ ...
+ 240 = /dev/mvideo/status15 16th device
+ ...
+
+195 char Nvidia graphics devices
+ 0 = /dev/nvidia0 First Nvidia card
+ 1 = /dev/nvidia1 Second Nvidia card
+ ...
+ 255 = /dev/nvidiactl Nvidia card control device
+
+196 char Tormenta T1 card
+ 0 = /dev/tor/0 Master control channel for all cards
+ 1 = /dev/tor/1 First DS0
+ 2 = /dev/tor/2 Second DS0
+ ...
+ 48 = /dev/tor/48 48th DS0
+ 49 = /dev/tor/49 First pseudo-channel
+ 50 = /dev/tor/50 Second pseudo-channel
+ ...
+
+197 char OpenTNF tracing facility
+ 0 = /dev/tnf/t0 Trace 0 data extraction
+ 1 = /dev/tnf/t1 Trace 1 data extraction
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/tnf/status Tracing facility status
+ 130 = /dev/tnf/trace Tracing device
+
+198 char Total Impact TPMP2 quad coprocessor PCI card
+ 0 = /dev/tpmp2/0 First card
+ 1 = /dev/tpmp2/1 Second card
+ ...
+
+199 char Veritas volume manager (VxVM) volumes
+ 0 = /dev/vx/rdsk/*/* First volume
+ 1 = /dev/vx/rdsk/*/* Second volume
+ ...
+
+199 block Veritas volume manager (VxVM) volumes
+ 0 = /dev/vx/dsk/*/* First volume
+ 1 = /dev/vx/dsk/*/* Second volume
+ ...
+
+ The namespace in these directories is maintained by
+ the user space VxVM software.
+
+200 char Veritas VxVM configuration interface
+ 0 = /dev/vx/config Configuration access node
+ 1 = /dev/vx/trace Volume i/o trace access node
+ 2 = /dev/vx/iod Volume i/o daemon access node
+ 3 = /dev/vx/info Volume information access node
+ 4 = /dev/vx/task Volume tasks access node
+ 5 = /dev/vx/taskmon Volume tasks monitor daemon
+
+201 char Veritas VxVM dynamic multipathing driver
+ 0 = /dev/vx/rdmp/* First multipath device
+ 1 = /dev/vx/rdmp/* Second multipath device
+ ...
+201 block Veritas VxVM dynamic multipathing driver
+ 0 = /dev/vx/dmp/* First multipath device
+ 1 = /dev/vx/dmp/* Second multipath device
+ ...
+
+ The namespace in these directories is maintained by
+ the user space VxVM software.
+
+202 char CPU model-specific registers
+ 0 = /dev/cpu/0/msr MSRs on CPU 0
+ 1 = /dev/cpu/1/msr MSRs on CPU 1
+ ...
+
+203 char CPU CPUID information
+ 0 = /dev/cpu/0/cpuid CPUID on CPU 0
+ 1 = /dev/cpu/1/cpuid CPUID on CPU 1
+ ...
+
+204 char Low-density serial ports
+ 0 = /dev/ttyLU0 LinkUp Systems L72xx UART - port 0
+ 1 = /dev/ttyLU1 LinkUp Systems L72xx UART - port 1
+ 2 = /dev/ttyLU2 LinkUp Systems L72xx UART - port 2
+ 3 = /dev/ttyLU3 LinkUp Systems L72xx UART - port 3
+ 4 = /dev/ttyFB0 Intel Footbridge (ARM)
+ 5 = /dev/ttySA0 StrongARM builtin serial port 0
+ 6 = /dev/ttySA1 StrongARM builtin serial port 1
+ 7 = /dev/ttySA2 StrongARM builtin serial port 2
+ 8 = /dev/ttySC0 SCI serial port (SuperH) - port 0
+ 9 = /dev/ttySC1 SCI serial port (SuperH) - port 1
+ 10 = /dev/ttySC2 SCI serial port (SuperH) - port 2
+ 11 = /dev/ttySC3 SCI serial port (SuperH) - port 3
+ 12 = /dev/ttyFW0 Firmware console - port 0
+ 13 = /dev/ttyFW1 Firmware console - port 1
+ 14 = /dev/ttyFW2 Firmware console - port 2
+ 15 = /dev/ttyFW3 Firmware console - port 3
+ 16 = /dev/ttyAM0 ARM "AMBA" serial port 0
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/ttyAM15 ARM "AMBA" serial port 15
+ 32 = /dev/ttyDB0 DataBooster serial port 0
+ ...
+ 39 = /dev/ttyDB7 DataBooster serial port 7
+ 40 = /dev/ttySG0 SGI Altix console port
+ 41 = /dev/ttySMX0 Motorola i.MX - port 0
+ 42 = /dev/ttySMX1 Motorola i.MX - port 1
+ 43 = /dev/ttySMX2 Motorola i.MX - port 2
+ 44 = /dev/ttyMM0 Marvell MPSC - port 0
+ 45 = /dev/ttyMM1 Marvell MPSC - port 1
+ 46 = /dev/ttyCPM0 PPC CPM (SCC or SMC) - port 0
+ ...
+ 47 = /dev/ttyCPM5 PPC CPM (SCC or SMC) - port 5
+ 50 = /dev/ttyIOC40 Altix serial card
+ ...
+ 81 = /dev/ttyIOC431 Altix serial card
+ 82 = /dev/ttyVR0 NEC VR4100 series SIU
+ 83 = /dev/ttyVR1 NEC VR4100 series DSIU
+
+205 char Low-density serial ports (alternate device)
+ 0 = /dev/culu0 Callout device for ttyLU0
+ 1 = /dev/culu1 Callout device for ttyLU1
+ 2 = /dev/culu2 Callout device for ttyLU2
+ 3 = /dev/culu3 Callout device for ttyLU3
+ 4 = /dev/cufb0 Callout device for ttyFB0
+ 5 = /dev/cusa0 Callout device for ttySA0
+ 6 = /dev/cusa1 Callout device for ttySA1
+ 7 = /dev/cusa2 Callout device for ttySA2
+ 8 = /dev/cusc0 Callout device for ttySC0
+ 9 = /dev/cusc1 Callout device for ttySC1
+ 10 = /dev/cusc2 Callout device for ttySC2
+ 11 = /dev/cusc3 Callout device for ttySC3
+ 12 = /dev/cufw0 Callout device for ttyFW0
+ 13 = /dev/cufw1 Callout device for ttyFW1
+ 14 = /dev/cufw2 Callout device for ttyFW2
+ 15 = /dev/cufw3 Callout device for ttyFW3
+ 16 = /dev/cuam0 Callout device for ttyAM0
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/cuam15 Callout device for ttyAM15
+ 32 = /dev/cudb0 Callout device for ttyDB0
+ ...
+ 39 = /dev/cudb7 Callout device for ttyDB7
+ 40 = /dev/cusg0 Callout device for ttySG0
+ 41 = /dev/ttycusmx0 Callout device for ttySMX0
+ 42 = /dev/ttycusmx1 Callout device for ttySMX1
+ 43 = /dev/ttycusmx2 Callout device for ttySMX2
+ 46 = /dev/cucpm0 Callout device for ttyCPM0
+ ...
+ 49 = /dev/cucpm5 Callout device for ttyCPM5
+ 50 = /dev/cuioc40 Callout device for ttyIOC40
+ ...
+ 81 = /dev/cuioc431 Callout device for ttyIOC431
+ 82 = /dev/cuvr0 Callout device for ttyVR0
+ 83 = /dev/cuvr1 Callout device for ttyVR1
+
+
+206 char OnStream SC-x0 tape devices
+ 0 = /dev/osst0 First OnStream SCSI tape, mode 0
+ 1 = /dev/osst1 Second OnStream SCSI tape, mode 0
+ ...
+ 32 = /dev/osst0l First OnStream SCSI tape, mode 1
+ 33 = /dev/osst1l Second OnStream SCSI tape, mode 1
+ ...
+ 64 = /dev/osst0m First OnStream SCSI tape, mode 2
+ 65 = /dev/osst1m Second OnStream SCSI tape, mode 2
+ ...
+ 96 = /dev/osst0a First OnStream SCSI tape, mode 3
+ 97 = /dev/osst1a Second OnStream SCSI tape, mode 3
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/nosst0 No rewind version of /dev/osst0
+ 129 = /dev/nosst1 No rewind version of /dev/osst1
+ ...
+ 160 = /dev/nosst0l No rewind version of /dev/osst0l
+ 161 = /dev/nosst1l No rewind version of /dev/osst1l
+ ...
+ 192 = /dev/nosst0m No rewind version of /dev/osst0m
+ 193 = /dev/nosst1m No rewind version of /dev/osst1m
+ ...
+ 224 = /dev/nosst0a No rewind version of /dev/osst0a
+ 225 = /dev/nosst1a No rewind version of /dev/osst1a
+ ...
+
+ The OnStream SC-x0 SCSI tapes do not support the
+ standard SCSI SASD command set and therefore need
+ their own driver "osst". Note that the IDE, USB (and
+ maybe ParPort) versions may be driven via ide-scsi or
+ usb-storage SCSI emulation and this osst device and
+ driver as well. The ADR-x0 drives are QIC-157
+ compliant and don't need osst.
+
+207 char Compaq ProLiant health feature indicate
+ 0 = /dev/cpqhealth/cpqw Redirector interface
+ 1 = /dev/cpqhealth/crom EISA CROM
+ 2 = /dev/cpqhealth/cdt Data Table
+ 3 = /dev/cpqhealth/cevt Event Log
+ 4 = /dev/cpqhealth/casr Automatic Server Recovery
+ 5 = /dev/cpqhealth/cecc ECC Memory
+ 6 = /dev/cpqhealth/cmca Machine Check Architecture
+ 7 = /dev/cpqhealth/ccsm Deprecated CDT
+ 8 = /dev/cpqhealth/cnmi NMI Handling
+ 9 = /dev/cpqhealth/css Sideshow Management
+ 10 = /dev/cpqhealth/cram CMOS interface
+ 11 = /dev/cpqhealth/cpci PCI IRQ interface
+
+208 char User space serial ports
+ 0 = /dev/ttyU0 First user space serial port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyU1 Second user space serial port
+ ...
+
+209 char User space serial ports (alternate devices)
+ 0 = /dev/cuu0 Callout device for ttyU0
+ 1 = /dev/cuu1 Callout device for ttyU1
+ ...
+
+210 char SBE, Inc. sync/async serial card
+ 0 = /dev/sbei/wxcfg0 Configuration device for board 0
+ 1 = /dev/sbei/dld0 Download device for board 0
+ 2 = /dev/sbei/wan00 WAN device, port 0, board 0
+ 3 = /dev/sbei/wan01 WAN device, port 1, board 0
+ 4 = /dev/sbei/wan02 WAN device, port 2, board 0
+ 5 = /dev/sbei/wan03 WAN device, port 3, board 0
+ 6 = /dev/sbei/wanc00 WAN clone device, port 0, board 0
+ 7 = /dev/sbei/wanc01 WAN clone device, port 1, board 0
+ 8 = /dev/sbei/wanc02 WAN clone device, port 2, board 0
+ 9 = /dev/sbei/wanc03 WAN clone device, port 3, board 0
+ 10 = /dev/sbei/wxcfg1 Configuration device for board 1
+ 11 = /dev/sbei/dld1 Download device for board 1
+ 12 = /dev/sbei/wan10 WAN device, port 0, board 1
+ 13 = /dev/sbei/wan11 WAN device, port 1, board 1
+ 14 = /dev/sbei/wan12 WAN device, port 2, board 1
+ 15 = /dev/sbei/wan13 WAN device, port 3, board 1
+ 16 = /dev/sbei/wanc10 WAN clone device, port 0, board 1
+ 17 = /dev/sbei/wanc11 WAN clone device, port 1, board 1
+ 18 = /dev/sbei/wanc12 WAN clone device, port 2, board 1
+ 19 = /dev/sbei/wanc13 WAN clone device, port 3, board 1
+ ...
+
+ Yes, each board is really spaced 10 (decimal) apart.
+
+211 char Addinum CPCI1500 digital I/O card
+ 0 = /dev/addinum/cpci1500/0 First CPCI1500 card
+ 1 = /dev/addinum/cpci1500/1 Second CPCI1500 card
+ ...
+
+212 char LinuxTV.org DVB driver subsystem
+
+ 0 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/video0 first video decoder of first card
+ 1 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/audio0 first audio decoder of first card
+ 2 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/sec0 (obsolete/unused)
+ 3 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/frontend0 first frontend device of first card
+ 4 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/demux0 first demux device of first card
+ 5 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/dvr0 first digital video recoder device of first card
+ 6 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/ca0 first common access port of first card
+ 7 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/net0 first network device of first card
+ 8 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/osd0 first on-screen-display device of first card
+ 9 = /dev/dvb/adapter0/video1 second video decoder of first card
+ ...
+ 64 = /dev/dvb/adapter1/video0 first video decoder of second card
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/dvb/adapter2/video0 first video decoder of third card
+ ...
+ 196 = /dev/dvb/adapter3/video0 first video decoder of fourth card
+
+
+216 char USB BlueTooth devices
+ 0 = /dev/ttyUB0 First USB BlueTooth device
+ 1 = /dev/ttyUB1 Second USB BlueTooth device
+ ...
+
+217 char USB BlueTooth devices (alternate devices)
+ 0 = /dev/cuub0 Callout device for ttyUB0
+ 1 = /dev/cuub1 Callout device for ttyUB1
+ ...
+
+218 char The Logical Company bus Unibus/Qbus adapters
+ 0 = /dev/logicalco/bci/0 First bus adapter
+ 1 = /dev/logicalco/bci/1 First bus adapter
+ ...
+
+219 char The Logical Company DCI-1300 digital I/O card
+ 0 = /dev/logicalco/dci1300/0 First DCI-1300 card
+ 1 = /dev/logicalco/dci1300/1 Second DCI-1300 card
+ ...
+
+220 char Myricom Myrinet "GM" board
+ 0 = /dev/myricom/gm0 First Myrinet GM board
+ 1 = /dev/myricom/gmp0 First board "root access"
+ 2 = /dev/myricom/gm1 Second Myrinet GM board
+ 3 = /dev/myricom/gmp1 Second board "root access"
+ ...
+
+221 char VME bus
+ 0 = /dev/bus/vme/m0 First master image
+ 1 = /dev/bus/vme/m1 Second master image
+ 2 = /dev/bus/vme/m2 Third master image
+ 3 = /dev/bus/vme/m3 Fourth master image
+ 4 = /dev/bus/vme/s0 First slave image
+ 5 = /dev/bus/vme/s1 Second slave image
+ 6 = /dev/bus/vme/s2 Third slave image
+ 7 = /dev/bus/vme/s3 Fourth slave image
+ 8 = /dev/bus/vme/ctl Control
+
+ It is expected that all VME bus drivers will use the
+ same interface. For interface documentation see
+ http://www.vmelinux.org/.
+
+224 char A2232 serial card
+ 0 = /dev/ttyY0 First A2232 port
+ 1 = /dev/ttyY1 Second A2232 port
+ ...
+
+225 char A2232 serial card (alternate devices)
+ 0 = /dev/cuy0 Callout device for ttyY0
+ 1 = /dev/cuy1 Callout device for ttyY1
+ ...
+
+226 char Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI)
+ 0 = /dev/dri/card0 First graphics card
+ 1 = /dev/dri/card1 Second graphics card
+ ...
+
+227 char IBM 3270 terminal Unix tty access
+ 1 = /dev/3270/tty1 First 3270 terminal
+ 2 = /dev/3270/tty2 Seconds 3270 terminal
+ ...
+
+228 char IBM 3270 terminal block-mode access
+ 0 = /dev/3270/tub Controlling interface
+ 1 = /dev/3270/tub1 First 3270 terminal
+ 2 = /dev/3270/tub2 Second 3270 terminal
+ ...
+
+229 char IBM iSeries virtual console
+ 0 = /dev/iseries/vtty0 First console port
+ 1 = /dev/iseries/vtty1 Second console port
+ ...
+
+230 char IBM iSeries virtual tape
+ 0 = /dev/iseries/vt0 First virtual tape, mode 0
+ 1 = /dev/iseries/vt1 Second virtual tape, mode 0
+ ...
+ 32 = /dev/iseries/vt0l First virtual tape, mode 1
+ 33 = /dev/iseries/vt1l Second virtual tape, mode 1
+ ...
+ 64 = /dev/iseries/vt0m First virtual tape, mode 2
+ 65 = /dev/iseries/vt1m Second virtual tape, mode 2
+ ...
+ 96 = /dev/iseries/vt0a First virtual tape, mode 3
+ 97 = /dev/iseries/vt1a Second virtual tape, mode 3
+ ...
+ 128 = /dev/iseries/nvt0 First virtual tape, mode 0, no rewind
+ 129 = /dev/iseries/nvt1 Second virtual tape, mode 0, no rewind
+ ...
+ 160 = /dev/iseries/nvt0l First virtual tape, mode 1, no rewind
+ 161 = /dev/iseries/nvt1l Second virtual tape, mode 1, no rewind
+ ...
+ 192 = /dev/iseries/nvt0m First virtual tape, mode 2, no rewind
+ 193 = /dev/iseries/nvt1m Second virtual tape, mode 2, no rewind
+ ...
+ 224 = /dev/iseries/nvt0a First virtual tape, mode 3, no rewind
+ 225 = /dev/iseries/nvt1a Second virtual tape, mode 3, no rewind
+ ...
+
+ "No rewind" refers to the omission of the default
+ automatic rewind on device close. The MTREW or MTOFFL
+ ioctl()'s can be used to rewind the tape regardless of
+ the device used to access it.
+
+231 char InfiniBand MAD
+ 0 = /dev/infiniband/umad0
+ 1 = /dev/infiniband/umad1
+ ...
+
+232-239 UNASSIGNED
+
+240-254 char LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
+240-254 block LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE
+ Allocated for local/experimental use. For devices not
+ assigned official numbers, these ranges should be
+ used in order to avoid conflicting with future assignments.
+
+255 char RESERVED
+255 block RESERVED
+
+ This major is reserved to assist the expansion to a
+ larger number space. No device nodes with this major
+ should ever be created on the filesystem.
+
+ **** ADDITIONAL /dev DIRECTORY ENTRIES
+
+This section details additional entries that should or may exist in
+the /dev directory. It is preferred that symbolic links use the same
+form (absolute or relative) as is indicated here. Links are
+classified as "hard" or "symbolic" depending on the preferred type of
+link; if possible, the indicated type of link should be used.
+
+
+ Compulsory links
+
+These links should exist on all systems:
+
+/dev/fd /proc/self/fd symbolic File descriptors
+/dev/stdin fd/0 symbolic stdin file descriptor
+/dev/stdout fd/1 symbolic stdout file descriptor
+/dev/stderr fd/2 symbolic stderr file descriptor
+/dev/nfsd socksys symbolic Required by iBCS-2
+/dev/X0R null symbolic Required by iBCS-2
+
+Note: /dev/X0R is <letter X>-<digit 0>-<letter R>.
+
+ Recommended links
+
+It is recommended that these links exist on all systems:
+
+/dev/core /proc/kcore symbolic Backward compatibility
+/dev/ramdisk ram0 symbolic Backward compatibility
+/dev/ftape qft0 symbolic Backward compatibility
+/dev/bttv0 video0 symbolic Backward compatibility
+/dev/radio radio0 symbolic Backward compatibility
+/dev/i2o* /dev/i2o/* symbolic Backward compatibility
+/dev/scd? sr? hard Alternate SCSI CD-ROM name
+
+ Locally defined links
+
+The following links may be established locally to conform to the
+configuration of the system. This is merely a tabulation of existing
+practice, and does not constitute a recommendation. However, if they
+exist, they should have the following uses.
+
+/dev/mouse mouse port symbolic Current mouse device
+/dev/tape tape device symbolic Current tape device
+/dev/cdrom CD-ROM device symbolic Current CD-ROM device
+/dev/cdwriter CD-writer symbolic Current CD-writer device
+/dev/scanner scanner symbolic Current scanner device
+/dev/modem modem port symbolic Current dialout device
+/dev/root root device symbolic Current root filesystem
+/dev/swap swap device symbolic Current swap device
+
+/dev/modem should not be used for a modem which supports dialin as
+well as dialout, as it tends to cause lock file problems. If it
+exists, /dev/modem should point to the appropriate primary TTY device
+(the use of the alternate callout devices is deprecated).
+
+For SCSI devices, /dev/tape and /dev/cdrom should point to the
+``cooked'' devices (/dev/st* and /dev/sr*, respectively), whereas
+/dev/cdwriter and /dev/scanner should point to the appropriate generic
+SCSI devices (/dev/sg*).
+
+/dev/mouse may point to a primary serial TTY device, a hardware mouse
+device, or a socket for a mouse driver program (e.g. /dev/gpmdata).
+
+ Sockets and pipes
+
+Non-transient sockets and named pipes may exist in /dev. Common entries are:
+
+/dev/printer socket lpd local socket
+/dev/log socket syslog local socket
+/dev/gpmdata socket gpm mouse multiplexer
+
+ Mount points
+
+The following names are reserved for mounting special filesystems
+under /dev. These special filesystems provide kernel interfaces that
+cannot be provided with standard device nodes.
+
+/dev/pts devpts PTY slave filesystem
+/dev/shm tmpfs POSIX shared memory maintenance access
+
+ **** TERMINAL DEVICES
+
+Terminal, or TTY devices are a special class of character devices. A
+terminal device is any device that could act as a controlling terminal
+for a session; this includes virtual consoles, serial ports, and
+pseudoterminals (PTYs).
+
+All terminal devices share a common set of capabilities known as line
+diciplines; these include the common terminal line dicipline as well
+as SLIP and PPP modes.
+
+All terminal devices are named similarly; this section explains the
+naming and use of the various types of TTYs. Note that the naming
+conventions include several historical warts; some of these are
+Linux-specific, some were inherited from other systems, and some
+reflect Linux outgrowing a borrowed convention.
+
+A hash mark (#) in a device name is used here to indicate a decimal
+number without leading zeroes.
+
+ Virtual consoles and the console device
+
+Virtual consoles are full-screen terminal displays on the system video
+monitor. Virtual consoles are named /dev/tty#, with numbering
+starting at /dev/tty1; /dev/tty0 is the current virtual console.
+/dev/tty0 is the device that should be used to access the system video
+card on those architectures for which the frame buffer devices
+(/dev/fb*) are not applicable. Do not use /dev/console
+for this purpose.
+
+The console device, /dev/console, is the device to which system
+messages should be sent, and on which logins should be permitted in
+single-user mode. Starting with Linux 2.1.71, /dev/console is managed
+by the kernel; for previous versions it should be a symbolic link to
+either /dev/tty0, a specific virtual console such as /dev/tty1, or to
+a serial port primary (tty*, not cu*) device, depending on the
+configuration of the system.
+
+ Serial ports
+
+Serial ports are RS-232 serial ports and any device which simulates
+one, either in hardware (such as internal modems) or in software (such
+as the ISDN driver.) Under Linux, each serial ports has two device
+names, the primary or callin device and the alternate or callout one.
+Each kind of device is indicated by a different letter. For any
+letter X, the names of the devices are /dev/ttyX# and /dev/cux#,
+respectively; for historical reasons, /dev/ttyS# and /dev/ttyC#
+correspond to /dev/cua# and /dev/cub#. In the future, it should be
+expected that multiple letters will be used; all letters will be upper
+case for the "tty" device (e.g. /dev/ttyDP#) and lower case for the
+"cu" device (e.g. /dev/cudp#).
+
+The names /dev/ttyQ# and /dev/cuq# are reserved for local use.
+
+The alternate devices provide for kernel-based exclusion and somewhat
+different defaults than the primary devices. Their main purpose is to
+allow the use of serial ports with programs with no inherent or broken
+support for serial ports. Their use is deprecated, and they may be
+removed from a future version of Linux.
+
+Arbitration of serial ports is provided by the use of lock files with
+the names /var/lock/LCK..ttyX#. The contents of the lock file should
+be the PID of the locking process as an ASCII number.
+
+It is common practice to install links such as /dev/modem
+which point to serial ports. In order to ensure proper locking in the
+presence of these links, it is recommended that software chase
+symlinks and lock all possible names; additionally, it is recommended
+that a lock file be installed with the corresponding alternate
+device. In order to avoid deadlocks, it is recommended that the locks
+are acquired in the following order, and released in the reverse:
+
+ 1. The symbolic link name, if any (/var/lock/LCK..modem)
+ 2. The "tty" name (/var/lock/LCK..ttyS2)
+ 3. The alternate device name (/var/lock/LCK..cua2)
+
+In the case of nested symbolic links, the lock files should be
+installed in the order the symlinks are resolved.
+
+Under no circumstances should an application hold a lock while waiting
+for another to be released. In addition, applications which attempt
+to create lock files for the corresponding alternate device names
+should take into account the possibility of being used on a non-serial
+port TTY, for which no alternate device would exist.
+
+ Pseudoterminals (PTYs)
+
+Pseudoterminals, or PTYs, are used to create login sessions or provide
+other capabilities requiring a TTY line dicipline (including SLIP or
+PPP capability) to arbitrary data-generation processes. Each PTY has
+a master side, named /dev/pty[p-za-e][0-9a-f], and a slave side, named
+/dev/tty[p-za-e][0-9a-f]. The kernel arbitrates the use of PTYs by
+allowing each master side to be opened only once.
+
+Once the master side has been opened, the corresponding slave device
+can be used in the same manner as any TTY device. The master and
+slave devices are connected by the kernel, generating the equivalent
+of a bidirectional pipe with TTY capabilities.
+
+Recent versions of the Linux kernels and GNU libc contain support for
+the System V/Unix98 naming scheme for PTYs, which assigns a common
+device, /dev/ptmx, to all the masters (opening it will automatically
+give you a previously unassigned PTY) and a subdirectory, /dev/pts,
+for the slaves; the slaves are named with decimal integers (/dev/pts/#
+in our notation). This removes the problem of exhausting the
+namespace and enables the kernel to automatically create the device
+nodes for the slaves on demand using the "devpts" filesystem.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/digiepca.txt b/Documentation/digiepca.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88820fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/digiepca.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+NOTE: This driver is obsolete. Digi provides a 2.6 driver (dgdm) at
+http://www.digi.com for PCI cards. They no longer maintain this driver,
+and have no 2.6 driver for ISA cards.
+
+This driver requires a number of user-space tools. They can be aquired from
+http://www.digi.com, but only works with 2.4 kernels.
+
+
+The Digi Intl. epca driver.
+----------------------------
+The Digi Intl. epca driver for Linux supports the following boards:
+
+Digi PC/Xem, PC/Xr, PC/Xe, PC/Xi, PC/Xeve
+Digi EISA/Xem, PCI/Xem, PCI/Xr
+
+Limitations:
+------------
+Currently the driver only autoprobes for supported PCI boards.
+
+The Linux MAKEDEV command does not support generating the Digiboard
+Devices. Users executing digiConfig to setup EISA and PC series cards
+will have their device nodes automatically constructed (cud?? for ~CLOCAL,
+and ttyD?? for CLOCAL). Users wishing to boot their board from the LILO
+prompt, or those users booting PCI cards may use buildDIGI to construct
+the necessary nodes.
+
+Notes:
+------
+This driver may be configured via LILO. For users who have already configured
+their driver using digiConfig, configuring from LILO will override previous
+settings. Multiple boards may be configured by issuing multiple LILO command
+lines. For examples see the bottom of this document.
+
+Device names start at 0 and continue up. Beware of this as previous Digi
+drivers started device names with 1.
+
+PCI boards are auto-detected and configured by the driver. PCI boards will
+be allocated device numbers (internally) beginning with the lowest PCI slot
+first. In other words a PCI card in slot 3 will always have higher device
+nodes than a PCI card in slot 1.
+
+LILO config examples:
+---------------------
+Using LILO's APPEND command, a string of comma separated identifiers or
+integers can be used to configure supported boards. The six values in order
+are:
+
+ Enable/Disable this card or Override,
+ Type of card: PC/Xe (AccelePort) (0), PC/Xeve (1), PC/Xem or PC/Xr (2),
+ EISA/Xem (3), PC/64Xe (4), PC/Xi (5),
+ Enable/Disable alternate pin arrangement,
+ Number of ports on this card,
+ I/O Port where card is configured (in HEX if using string identifiers),
+ Base of memory window (in HEX if using string identifiers),
+
+NOTE : PCI boards are auto-detected and configured. Do not attempt to
+configure PCI boards with the LILO append command. If you wish to override
+previous configuration data (As set by digiConfig), but you do not wish to
+configure any specific card (Example if there are PCI cards in the system)
+the following override command will accomplish this:
+-> append="digi=2"
+
+Samples:
+ append="digiepca=E,PC/Xe,D,16,200,D0000"
+ or
+ append="digi=1,0,0,16,512,851968"
+
+Supporting Tools:
+-----------------
+Supporting tools include digiDload, digiConfig, buildPCI, and ditty. See
+drivers/char/README.epca for more details. Note,
+this driver REQUIRES that digiDload be executed prior to it being used.
+Failure to do this will result in an ENODEV error.
+
+Documentation:
+--------------
+Complete documentation for this product may be found in the tool package.
+
+Sources of information and support:
+-----------------------------------
+Digi Intl. support site for this product:
+
+-> http://www.digi.com
+
+Acknowledgments:
+----------------
+Much of this work (And even text) was derived from a similar document
+supporting the original public domain DigiBoard driver Copyright (C)
+1994,1995 Troy De Jongh. Many thanks to Christoph Lameter
+(christoph@lameter.com) and Mike McLagan (mike.mclagan@linux.org) who authored
+and contributed to the original document.
+
+Changelog:
+----------
+10-29-04: Update status of driver, remove dead links in document
+ James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com>
+
+2000 (?) Original Document
diff --git a/Documentation/dnotify.txt b/Documentation/dnotify.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6984fca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dnotify.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+ Linux Directory Notification
+ ============================
+
+ Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
+
+The intention of directory notification is to allow user applications
+to be notified when a directory, or any of the files in it, are changed.
+The basic mechanism involves the application registering for notification
+on a directory using a fcntl(2) call and the notifications themselves
+being delivered using signals.
+
+The application decides which "events" it wants to be notified about.
+The currently defined events are:
+
+ DN_ACCESS A file in the directory was accessed (read)
+ DN_MODIFY A file in the directory was modified (write,truncate)
+ DN_CREATE A file was created in the directory
+ DN_DELETE A file was unlinked from directory
+ DN_RENAME A file in the directory was renamed
+ DN_ATTRIB A file in the directory had its attributes
+ changed (chmod,chown)
+
+Usually, the application must reregister after each notification, but
+if DN_MULTISHOT is or'ed with the event mask, then the registration will
+remain until explicitly removed (by registering for no events).
+
+By default, SIGIO will be delivered to the process and no other useful
+information. However, if the F_SETSIG fcntl(2) call is used to let the
+kernel know which signal to deliver, a siginfo structure will be passed to
+the signal handler and the si_fd member of that structure will contain the
+file descriptor associated with the directory in which the event occurred.
+
+Preferably the application will choose one of the real time signals
+(SIGRTMIN + <n>) so that the notifications may be queued. This is
+especially important if DN_MULTISHOT is specified. Note that SIGRTMIN
+is often blocked, so it is better to use (at least) SIGRTMIN + 1.
+
+Implementation expectations (features and bugs :-))
+---------------------------
+
+The notification should work for any local access to files even if the
+actual file system is on a remote server. This implies that remote
+access to files served by local user mode servers should be notified.
+Also, remote accesses to files served by a local kernel NFS server should
+be notified.
+
+In order to make the impact on the file system code as small as possible,
+the problem of hard links to files has been ignored. So if a file (x)
+exists in two directories (a and b) then a change to the file using the
+name "a/x" should be notified to a program expecting notifications on
+directory "a", but will not be notified to one expecting notifications on
+directory "b".
+
+Also, files that are unlinked, will still cause notifications in the
+last directory that they were linked to.
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+Dnotify is controlled via the CONFIG_DNOTIFY configuration option. When
+disabled, fcntl(fd, F_NOTIFY, ...) will return -EINVAL.
+
+Example
+-------
+
+ #define _GNU_SOURCE /* needed to get the defines */
+ #include <fcntl.h> /* in glibc 2.2 this has the needed
+ values defined */
+ #include <signal.h>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include <unistd.h>
+
+ static volatile int event_fd;
+
+ static void handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *data)
+ {
+ event_fd = si->si_fd;
+ }
+
+ int main(void)
+ {
+ struct sigaction act;
+ int fd;
+
+ act.sa_sigaction = handler;
+ sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
+ act.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
+ sigaction(SIGRTMIN + 1, &act, NULL);
+
+ fd = open(".", O_RDONLY);
+ fcntl(fd, F_SETSIG, SIGRTMIN + 1);
+ fcntl(fd, F_NOTIFY, DN_MODIFY|DN_CREATE|DN_MULTISHOT);
+ /* we will now be notified if any of the files
+ in "." is modified or new files are created */
+ while (1) {
+ pause();
+ printf("Got event on fd=%d\n", event_fd);
+ }
+ }
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/binding.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/binding.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7ec9d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/binding.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+
+Driver Binding
+
+Driver binding is the process of associating a device with a device
+driver that can control it. Bus drivers have typically handled this
+because there have been bus-specific structures to represent the
+devices and the drivers. With generic device and device driver
+structures, most of the binding can take place using common code.
+
+
+Bus
+~~~
+
+The bus type structure contains a list of all devices that are on that bus
+type in the system. When device_register is called for a device, it is
+inserted into the end of this list. The bus object also contains a
+list of all drivers of that bus type. When driver_register is called
+for a driver, it is inserted at the end of this list. These are the
+two events which trigger driver binding.
+
+
+device_register
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When a new device is added, the bus's list of drivers is iterated over
+to find one that supports it. In order to determine that, the device
+ID of the device must match one of the device IDs that the driver
+supports. The format and semantics for comparing IDs is bus-specific.
+Instead of trying to derive a complex state machine and matching
+algorithm, it is up to the bus driver to provide a callback to compare
+a device against the IDs of a driver. The bus returns 1 if a match was
+found; 0 otherwise.
+
+int match(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv);
+
+If a match is found, the device's driver field is set to the driver
+and the driver's probe callback is called. This gives the driver a
+chance to verify that it really does support the hardware, and that
+it's in a working state.
+
+Device Class
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Upon the successful completion of probe, the device is registered with
+the class to which it belongs. Device drivers belong to one and only one
+class, and that is set in the driver's devclass field.
+devclass_add_device is called to enumerate the device within the class
+and actually register it with the class, which happens with the
+class's register_dev callback.
+
+NOTE: The device class structures and core routines to manipulate them
+are not in the mainline kernel, so the discussion is still a bit
+speculative.
+
+
+Driver
+~~~~~~
+
+When a driver is attached to a device, the device is inserted into the
+driver's list of devices.
+
+
+sysfs
+~~~~~
+
+A symlink is created in the bus's 'devices' directory that points to
+the device's directory in the physical hierarchy.
+
+A symlink is created in the driver's 'devices' directory that points
+to the device's directory in the physical hierarchy.
+
+A directory for the device is created in the class's directory. A
+symlink is created in that directory that points to the device's
+physical location in the sysfs tree.
+
+A symlink can be created (though this isn't done yet) in the device's
+physical directory to either its class directory, or the class's
+top-level directory. One can also be created to point to its driver's
+directory also.
+
+
+driver_register
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The process is almost identical for when a new driver is added.
+The bus's list of devices is iterated over to find a match. Devices
+that already have a driver are skipped. All the devices are iterated
+over, to bind as many devices as possible to the driver.
+
+
+Removal
+~~~~~~~
+
+When a device is removed, the reference count for it will eventually
+go to 0. When it does, the remove callback of the driver is called. It
+is removed from the driver's list of devices and the reference count
+of the driver is decremented. All symlinks between the two are removed.
+
+When a driver is removed, the list of devices that it supports is
+iterated over, and the driver's remove callback is called for each
+one. The device is removed from that list and the symlinks removed.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/bus.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/bus.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd62c7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/bus.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+
+Bus Types
+
+Definition
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+struct bus_type {
+ char * name;
+
+ struct subsystem subsys;
+ struct kset drivers;
+ struct kset devices;
+
+ struct bus_attribute * bus_attrs;
+ struct device_attribute * dev_attrs;
+ struct driver_attribute * drv_attrs;
+
+ int (*match)(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv);
+ int (*hotplug) (struct device *dev, char **envp,
+ int num_envp, char *buffer, int buffer_size);
+ int (*suspend)(struct device * dev, u32 state);
+ int (*resume)(struct device * dev);
+};
+
+int bus_register(struct bus_type * bus);
+
+
+Declaration
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Each bus type in the kernel (PCI, USB, etc) should declare one static
+object of this type. They must initialize the name field, and may
+optionally initialize the match callback.
+
+struct bus_type pci_bus_type = {
+ .name = "pci",
+ .match = pci_bus_match,
+};
+
+The structure should be exported to drivers in a header file:
+
+extern struct bus_type pci_bus_type;
+
+
+Registration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When a bus driver is initialized, it calls bus_register. This
+initializes the rest of the fields in the bus object and inserts it
+into a global list of bus types. Once the bus object is registered,
+the fields in it are usable by the bus driver.
+
+
+Callbacks
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+match(): Attaching Drivers to Devices
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The format of device ID structures and the semantics for comparing
+them are inherently bus-specific. Drivers typically declare an array
+of device IDs of devices they support that reside in a bus-specific
+driver structure.
+
+The purpose of the match callback is provide the bus an opportunity to
+determine if a particular driver supports a particular device by
+comparing the device IDs the driver supports with the device ID of a
+particular device, without sacrificing bus-specific functionality or
+type-safety.
+
+When a driver is registered with the bus, the bus's list of devices is
+iterated over, and the match callback is called for each device that
+does not have a driver associated with it.
+
+
+
+Device and Driver Lists
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The lists of devices and drivers are intended to replace the local
+lists that many buses keep. They are lists of struct devices and
+struct device_drivers, respectively. Bus drivers are free to use the
+lists as they please, but conversion to the bus-specific type may be
+necessary.
+
+The LDM core provides helper functions for iterating over each list.
+
+int bus_for_each_dev(struct bus_type * bus, struct device * start, void * data,
+ int (*fn)(struct device *, void *));
+
+int bus_for_each_drv(struct bus_type * bus, struct device_driver * start,
+ void * data, int (*fn)(struct device_driver *, void *));
+
+These helpers iterate over the respective list, and call the callback
+for each device or driver in the list. All list accesses are
+synchronized by taking the bus's lock (read currently). The reference
+count on each object in the list is incremented before the callback is
+called; it is decremented after the next object has been obtained. The
+lock is not held when calling the callback.
+
+
+sysfs
+~~~~~~~~
+There is a top-level directory named 'bus'.
+
+Each bus gets a directory in the bus directory, along with two default
+directories:
+
+ /sys/bus/pci/
+ |-- devices
+ `-- drivers
+
+Drivers registered with the bus get a directory in the bus's drivers
+directory:
+
+ /sys/bus/pci/
+ |-- devices
+ `-- drivers
+ |-- Intel ICH
+ |-- Intel ICH Joystick
+ |-- agpgart
+ `-- e100
+
+Each device that is discovered on a bus of that type gets a symlink in
+the bus's devices directory to the device's directory in the physical
+hierarchy:
+
+ /sys/bus/pci/
+ |-- devices
+ | |-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:00.0
+ | |-- 00:01.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:01.0
+ | `-- 00:02.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:02.0
+ `-- drivers
+
+
+Exporting Attributes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+struct bus_attribute {
+ struct attribute attr;
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct bus_type *, char * buf);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct bus_type *, const char * buf, size_t count);
+};
+
+Bus drivers can export attributes using the BUS_ATTR macro that works
+similarly to the DEVICE_ATTR macro for devices. For example, a definition
+like this:
+
+static BUS_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug);
+
+is equivalent to declaring:
+
+static bus_attribute bus_attr_debug;
+
+This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the bus's
+sysfs directory using:
+
+int bus_create_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *);
+void bus_remove_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *);
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/class.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/class.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d1d893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/class.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+
+Device Classes
+
+
+Introduction
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+A device class describes a type of device, like an audio or network
+device. The following device classes have been identified:
+
+<Insert List of Device Classes Here>
+
+
+Each device class defines a set of semantics and a programming interface
+that devices of that class adhere to. Device drivers are the
+implemention of that programming interface for a particular device on
+a particular bus.
+
+Device classes are agnostic with respect to what bus a device resides
+on.
+
+
+Programming Interface
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The device class structure looks like:
+
+
+typedef int (*devclass_add)(struct device *);
+typedef void (*devclass_remove)(struct device *);
+
+struct device_class {
+ char * name;
+ rwlock_t lock;
+ u32 devnum;
+ struct list_head node;
+
+ struct list_head drivers;
+ struct list_head intf_list;
+
+ struct driver_dir_entry dir;
+ struct driver_dir_entry device_dir;
+ struct driver_dir_entry driver_dir;
+
+ devclass_add add_device;
+ devclass_remove remove_device;
+};
+
+A typical device class definition would look like:
+
+struct device_class input_devclass = {
+ .name = "input",
+ .add_device = input_add_device,
+ .remove_device = input_remove_device,
+};
+
+Each device class structure should be exported in a header file so it
+can be used by drivers, extensions and interfaces.
+
+Device classes are registered and unregistered with the core using:
+
+int devclass_register(struct device_class * cls);
+void devclass_unregister(struct device_class * cls);
+
+
+Devices
+~~~~~~~
+As devices are bound to drivers, they are added to the device class
+that the driver belongs to. Before the driver model core, this would
+typically happen during the driver's probe() callback, once the device
+has been initialized. It now happens after the probe() callback
+finishes from the core.
+
+The device is enumerated in the class. Each time a device is added to
+the class, the class's devnum field is incremented and assigned to the
+device. The field is never decremented, so if the device is removed
+from the class and re-added, it will receive a different enumerated
+value.
+
+The class is allowed to create a class-specific structure for the
+device and store it in the device's class_data pointer.
+
+There is no list of devices in the device class. Each driver has a
+list of devices that it supports. The device class has a list of
+drivers of that particular class. To access all of the devices in the
+class, iterate over the device lists of each driver in the class.
+
+
+Device Drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Device drivers are added to device classes when they are registered
+with the core. A driver specifies the class it belongs to by setting
+the struct device_driver::devclass field.
+
+
+sysfs directory structure
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+There is a top-level sysfs directory named 'class'.
+
+Each class gets a directory in the class directory, along with two
+default subdirectories:
+
+ class/
+ `-- input
+ |-- devices
+ `-- drivers
+
+
+Drivers registered with the class get a symlink in the drivers/ directory
+that points to the driver's directory (under its bus directory):
+
+ class/
+ `-- input
+ |-- devices
+ `-- drivers
+ `-- usb:usb_mouse -> ../../../bus/drivers/usb_mouse/
+
+
+Each device gets a symlink in the devices/ directory that points to the
+device's directory in the physical hierarchy:
+
+ class/
+ `-- input
+ |-- devices
+ | `-- 1 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:1f.0/usb_bus/00:1f.2-1:0/
+ `-- drivers
+
+
+Exporting Attributes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+struct devclass_attribute {
+ struct attribute attr;
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct device_class *, char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct device_class *, const char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off);
+};
+
+Class drivers can export attributes using the DEVCLASS_ATTR macro that works
+similarly to the DEVICE_ATTR macro for devices. For example, a definition
+like this:
+
+static DEVCLASS_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug);
+
+is equivalent to declaring:
+
+static devclass_attribute devclass_attr_debug;
+
+The bus driver can add and remove the attribute from the class's
+sysfs directory using:
+
+int devclass_create_file(struct device_class *, struct devclass_attribute *);
+void devclass_remove_file(struct device_class *, struct devclass_attribute *);
+
+In the example above, the file will be named 'debug' in placed in the
+class's directory in sysfs.
+
+
+Interfaces
+~~~~~~~~~~
+There may exist multiple mechanisms for accessing the same device of a
+particular class type. Device interfaces describe these mechanisms.
+
+When a device is added to a device class, the core attempts to add it
+to every interface that is registered with the device class.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58cc5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+
+The Basic Device Structure
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+struct device {
+ struct list_head g_list;
+ struct list_head node;
+ struct list_head bus_list;
+ struct list_head driver_list;
+ struct list_head intf_list;
+ struct list_head children;
+ struct device * parent;
+
+ char name[DEVICE_NAME_SIZE];
+ char bus_id[BUS_ID_SIZE];
+
+ spinlock_t lock;
+ atomic_t refcount;
+
+ struct bus_type * bus;
+ struct driver_dir_entry dir;
+
+ u32 class_num;
+
+ struct device_driver *driver;
+ void *driver_data;
+ void *platform_data;
+
+ u32 current_state;
+ unsigned char *saved_state;
+
+ void (*release)(struct device * dev);
+};
+
+Fields
+~~~~~~
+g_list: Node in the global device list.
+
+node: Node in device's parent's children list.
+
+bus_list: Node in device's bus's devices list.
+
+driver_list: Node in device's driver's devices list.
+
+intf_list: List of intf_data. There is one structure allocated for
+ each interface that the device supports.
+
+children: List of child devices.
+
+parent: *** FIXME ***
+
+name: ASCII description of device.
+ Example: " 3Com Corporation 3c905 100BaseTX [Boomerang]"
+
+bus_id: ASCII representation of device's bus position. This
+ field should be a name unique across all devices on the
+ bus type the device belongs to.
+
+ Example: PCI bus_ids are in the form of
+ <bus number>:<slot number>.<function number>
+ This name is unique across all PCI devices in the system.
+
+lock: Spinlock for the device.
+
+refcount: Reference count on the device.
+
+bus: Pointer to struct bus_type that device belongs to.
+
+dir: Device's sysfs directory.
+
+class_num: Class-enumerated value of the device.
+
+driver: Pointer to struct device_driver that controls the device.
+
+driver_data: Driver-specific data.
+
+platform_data: Platform data specific to the device.
+
+current_state: Current power state of the device.
+
+saved_state: Pointer to saved state of the device. This is usable by
+ the device driver controlling the device.
+
+release: Callback to free the device after all references have
+ gone away. This should be set by the allocator of the
+ device (i.e. the bus driver that discovered the device).
+
+
+Programming Interface
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The bus driver that discovers the device uses this to register the
+device with the core:
+
+int device_register(struct device * dev);
+
+The bus should initialize the following fields:
+
+ - parent
+ - name
+ - bus_id
+ - bus
+
+A device is removed from the core when its reference count goes to
+0. The reference count can be adjusted using:
+
+struct device * get_device(struct device * dev);
+void put_device(struct device * dev);
+
+get_device() will return a pointer to the struct device passed to it
+if the reference is not already 0 (if it's in the process of being
+removed already).
+
+A driver can access the lock in the device structure using:
+
+void lock_device(struct device * dev);
+void unlock_device(struct device * dev);
+
+
+Attributes
+~~~~~~~~~~
+struct device_attribute {
+ struct attribute attr;
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct device * dev, char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct device * dev, const char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off);
+};
+
+Attributes of devices can be exported via drivers using a simple
+procfs-like interface.
+
+Please see Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt for more information
+on how sysfs works.
+
+Attributes are declared using a macro called DEVICE_ATTR:
+
+#define DEVICE_ATTR(name,mode,show,store)
+
+Example:
+
+DEVICE_ATTR(power,0644,show_power,store_power);
+
+This declares a structure of type struct device_attribute named
+'dev_attr_power'. This can then be added and removed to the device's
+directory using:
+
+int device_create_file(struct device *device, struct device_attribute * entry);
+void device_remove_file(struct device * dev, struct device_attribute * attr);
+
+Example:
+
+device_create_file(dev,&dev_attr_power);
+device_remove_file(dev,&dev_attr_power);
+
+The file name will be 'power' with a mode of 0644 (-rw-r--r--).
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/driver.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/driver.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1244778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/driver.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+
+Device Drivers
+
+struct device_driver {
+ char * name;
+ struct bus_type * bus;
+
+ rwlock_t lock;
+ atomic_t refcount;
+
+ list_t bus_list;
+ list_t devices;
+
+ struct driver_dir_entry dir;
+
+ int (*probe) (struct device * dev);
+ int (*remove) (struct device * dev);
+
+ int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, u32 state, u32 level);
+ int (*resume) (struct device * dev, u32 level);
+
+ void (*release) (struct device_driver * drv);
+};
+
+
+
+Allocation
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Device drivers are statically allocated structures. Though there may
+be multiple devices in a system that a driver supports, struct
+device_driver represents the driver as a whole (not a particular
+device instance).
+
+Initialization
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The driver must initialize at least the name and bus fields. It should
+also initialize the devclass field (when it arrives), so it may obtain
+the proper linkage internally. It should also initialize as many of
+the callbacks as possible, though each is optional.
+
+Declaration
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+As stated above, struct device_driver objects are statically
+allocated. Below is an example declaration of the eepro100
+driver. This declaration is hypothetical only; it relies on the driver
+being converted completely to the new model.
+
+static struct device_driver eepro100_driver = {
+ .name = "eepro100",
+ .bus = &pci_bus_type,
+ .devclass = ðernet_devclass, /* when it's implemented */
+
+ .probe = eepro100_probe,
+ .remove = eepro100_remove,
+ .suspend = eepro100_suspend,
+ .resume = eepro100_resume,
+};
+
+Most drivers will not be able to be converted completely to the new
+model because the bus they belong to has a bus-specific structure with
+bus-specific fields that cannot be generalized.
+
+The most common example of this are device ID structures. A driver
+typically defines an array of device IDs that it supports. The format
+of these structures and the semantics for comparing device IDs are
+completely bus-specific. Defining them as bus-specific entities would
+sacrifice type-safety, so we keep bus-specific structures around.
+
+Bus-specific drivers should include a generic struct device_driver in
+the definition of the bus-specific driver. Like this:
+
+struct pci_driver {
+ const struct pci_device_id *id_table;
+ struct device_driver driver;
+};
+
+A definition that included bus-specific fields would look like
+(using the eepro100 driver again):
+
+static struct pci_driver eepro100_driver = {
+ .id_table = eepro100_pci_tbl,
+ .driver = {
+ .name = "eepro100",
+ .bus = &pci_bus_type,
+ .devclass = ðernet_devclass, /* when it's implemented */
+ .probe = eepro100_probe,
+ .remove = eepro100_remove,
+ .suspend = eepro100_suspend,
+ .resume = eepro100_resume,
+ },
+};
+
+Some may find the syntax of embedded struct initialization awkward or
+even a bit ugly. So far, it's the best way we've found to do what we want...
+
+Registration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+int driver_register(struct device_driver * drv);
+
+The driver registers the structure on startup. For drivers that have
+no bus-specific fields (i.e. don't have a bus-specific driver
+structure), they would use driver_register and pass a pointer to their
+struct device_driver object.
+
+Most drivers, however, will have a bus-specific structure and will
+need to register with the bus using something like pci_driver_register.
+
+It is important that drivers register their driver structure as early as
+possible. Registration with the core initializes several fields in the
+struct device_driver object, including the reference count and the
+lock. These fields are assumed to be valid at all times and may be
+used by the device model core or the bus driver.
+
+
+Transition Bus Drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+By defining wrapper functions, the transition to the new model can be
+made easier. Drivers can ignore the generic structure altogether and
+let the bus wrapper fill in the fields. For the callbacks, the bus can
+define generic callbacks that forward the call to the bus-specific
+callbacks of the drivers.
+
+This solution is intended to be only temporary. In order to get class
+information in the driver, the drivers must be modified anyway. Since
+converting drivers to the new model should reduce some infrastructural
+complexity and code size, it is recommended that they are converted as
+class information is added.
+
+Access
+~~~~~~
+
+Once the object has been registered, it may access the common fields of
+the object, like the lock and the list of devices.
+
+int driver_for_each_dev(struct device_driver * drv, void * data,
+ int (*callback)(struct device * dev, void * data));
+
+The devices field is a list of all the devices that have been bound to
+the driver. The LDM core provides a helper function to operate on all
+the devices a driver controls. This helper locks the driver on each
+node access, and does proper reference counting on each device as it
+accesses it.
+
+
+sysfs
+~~~~~
+
+When a driver is registered, a sysfs directory is created in its
+bus's directory. In this directory, the driver can export an interface
+to userspace to control operation of the driver on a global basis;
+e.g. toggling debugging output in the driver.
+
+A future feature of this directory will be a 'devices' directory. This
+directory will contain symlinks to the directories of devices it
+supports.
+
+
+
+Callbacks
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+ int (*probe) (struct device * dev);
+
+probe is called to verify the existence of a certain type of
+hardware. This is called during the driver binding process, after the
+bus has verified that the device ID of a device matches one of the
+device IDs supported by the driver.
+
+This callback only verifies that there actually is supported hardware
+present. It may allocate a driver-specific structure, but it should
+not do any initialization of the hardware itself. The device-specific
+structure may be stored in the device's driver_data field.
+
+ int (*init) (struct device * dev);
+
+init is called during the binding stage. It is called after probe has
+successfully returned and the device has been registered with its
+class. It is responsible for initializing the hardware.
+
+ int (*remove) (struct device * dev);
+
+remove is called to dissociate a driver with a device. This may be
+called if a device is physically removed from the system, if the
+driver module is being unloaded, or during a reboot sequence.
+
+It is up to the driver to determine if the device is present or
+not. It should free any resources allocated specifically for the
+device; i.e. anything in the device's driver_data field.
+
+If the device is still present, it should quiesce the device and place
+it into a supported low-power state.
+
+ int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, u32 state, u32 level);
+
+suspend is called to put the device in a low power state. There are
+several stages to successfully suspending a device, which is denoted in
+the @level parameter. Breaking the suspend transition into several
+stages affords the platform flexibility in performing device power
+management based on the requirements of the system and the
+user-defined policy.
+
+SUSPEND_NOTIFY notifies the device that a suspend transition is about
+to happen. This happens on system power state transitions to verify
+that all devices can successfully suspend.
+
+A driver may choose to fail on this call, which should cause the
+entire suspend transition to fail. A driver should fail only if it
+knows that the device will not be able to be resumed properly when the
+system wakes up again. It could also fail if it somehow determines it
+is in the middle of an operation too important to stop.
+
+SUSPEND_DISABLE tells the device to stop I/O transactions. When it
+stops transactions, or what it should do with unfinished transactions
+is a policy of the driver. After this call, the driver should not
+accept any other I/O requests.
+
+SUSPEND_SAVE_STATE tells the device to save the context of the
+hardware. This includes any bus-specific hardware state and
+device-specific hardware state. A pointer to this saved state can be
+stored in the device's saved_state field.
+
+SUSPEND_POWER_DOWN tells the driver to place the device in the low
+power state requested.
+
+Whether suspend is called with a given level is a policy of the
+platform. Some levels may be omitted; drivers must not assume the
+reception of any level. However, all levels must be called in the
+order above; i.e. notification will always come before disabling;
+disabling the device will come before suspending the device.
+
+All calls are made with interrupts enabled, except for the
+SUSPEND_POWER_DOWN level.
+
+ int (*resume) (struct device * dev, u32 level);
+
+Resume is used to bring a device back from a low power state. Like the
+suspend transition, it happens in several stages.
+
+RESUME_POWER_ON tells the driver to set the power state to the state
+before the suspend call (The device could have already been in a low
+power state before the suspend call to put in a lower power state).
+
+RESUME_RESTORE_STATE tells the driver to restore the state saved by
+the SUSPEND_SAVE_STATE suspend call.
+
+RESUME_ENABLE tells the driver to start accepting I/O transactions
+again. Depending on driver policy, the device may already have pending
+I/O requests.
+
+RESUME_POWER_ON is called with interrupts disabled. The other resume
+levels are called with interrupts enabled.
+
+As with the various suspend stages, the driver must not assume that
+any other resume calls have been or will be made. Each call should be
+self-contained and not dependent on any external state.
+
+
+Attributes
+~~~~~~~~~~
+struct driver_attribute {
+ struct attribute attr;
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct device_driver *, char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct device_driver *, const char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off);
+};
+
+Device drivers can export attributes via their sysfs directories.
+Drivers can declare attributes using a DRIVER_ATTR macro that works
+identically to the DEVICE_ATTR macro.
+
+Example:
+
+DRIVER_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug);
+
+This is equivalent to declaring:
+
+struct driver_attribute driver_attr_debug;
+
+This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the
+driver's directory using:
+
+int driver_create_file(struct device_driver *, struct driver_attribute *);
+void driver_remove_file(struct device_driver *, struct driver_attribute *);
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/interface.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/interface.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c66912bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/interface.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+
+Device Interfaces
+
+Introduction
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Device interfaces are the logical interfaces of device classes that correlate
+directly to userspace interfaces, like device nodes.
+
+Each device class may have multiple interfaces through which you can
+access the same device. An input device may support the mouse interface,
+the 'evdev' interface, and the touchscreen interface. A SCSI disk would
+support the disk interface, the SCSI generic interface, and possibly a raw
+device interface.
+
+Device interfaces are registered with the class they belong to. As devices
+are added to the class, they are added to each interface registered with
+the class. The interface is responsible for determining whether the device
+supports the interface or not.
+
+
+Programming Interface
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+struct device_interface {
+ char * name;
+ rwlock_t lock;
+ u32 devnum;
+ struct device_class * devclass;
+
+ struct list_head node;
+ struct driver_dir_entry dir;
+
+ int (*add_device)(struct device *);
+ int (*add_device)(struct intf_data *);
+};
+
+int interface_register(struct device_interface *);
+void interface_unregister(struct device_interface *);
+
+
+An interface must specify the device class it belongs to. It is added
+to that class's list of interfaces on registration.
+
+
+Interfaces can be added to a device class at any time. Whenever it is
+added, each device in the class is passed to the interface's
+add_device callback. When an interface is removed, each device is
+removed from the interface.
+
+
+Devices
+~~~~~~~
+Once a device is added to a device class, it is added to each
+interface that is registered with the device class. The class
+is expected to place a class-specific data structure in
+struct device::class_data. The interface can use that (along with
+other fields of struct device) to determine whether or not the driver
+and/or device support that particular interface.
+
+
+Data
+~~~~
+
+struct intf_data {
+ struct list_head node;
+ struct device_interface * intf;
+ struct device * dev;
+ u32 intf_num;
+};
+
+int interface_add_data(struct interface_data *);
+
+The interface is responsible for allocating and initializing a struct
+intf_data and calling interface_add_data() to add it to the device's list
+of interfaces it belongs to. This list will be iterated over when the device
+is removed from the class (instead of all possible interfaces for a class).
+This structure should probably be embedded in whatever per-device data
+structure the interface is allocating anyway.
+
+Devices are enumerated within the interface. This happens in interface_add_data()
+and the enumerated value is stored in the struct intf_data for that device.
+
+sysfs
+~~~~~
+Each interface is given a directory in the directory of the device
+class it belongs to:
+
+Interfaces get a directory in the class's directory as well:
+
+ class/
+ `-- input
+ |-- devices
+ |-- drivers
+ |-- mouse
+ `-- evdev
+
+When a device is added to the interface, a symlink is created that points
+to the device's directory in the physical hierarchy:
+
+ class/
+ `-- input
+ |-- devices
+ | `-- 1 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:1f.0/usb_bus/00:1f.2-1:0/
+ |-- drivers
+ | `-- usb:usb_mouse -> ../../../bus/drivers/usb_mouse/
+ |-- mouse
+ | `-- 1 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:1f.0/usb_bus/00:1f.2-1:0/
+ `-- evdev
+ `-- 1 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:1f.0/usb_bus/00:1f.2-1:0/
+
+
+Future Plans
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+A device interface is correlated directly with a userspace interface
+for a device, specifically a device node. For instance, a SCSI disk
+exposes at least two interfaces to userspace: the standard SCSI disk
+interface and the SCSI generic interface. It might also export a raw
+device interface.
+
+Many interfaces have a major number associated with them and each
+device gets a minor number. Or, multiple interfaces might share one
+major number, and each will receive a range of minor numbers (like in
+the case of input devices).
+
+These major and minor numbers could be stored in the interface
+structure. Major and minor allocations could happen when the interface
+is registered with the class, or via a helper function.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/overview.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/overview.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44662735
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/overview.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+The Linux Kernel Device Model
+
+Patrick Mochel <mochel@osdl.org>
+
+26 August 2002
+
+
+Overview
+~~~~~~~~
+
+This driver model is a unification of all the current, disparate driver models
+that are currently in the kernel. It is intended to augment the
+bus-specific drivers for bridges and devices by consolidating a set of data
+and operations into globally accessible data structures.
+
+Current driver models implement some sort of tree-like structure (sometimes
+just a list) for the devices they control. But, there is no linkage between
+the different bus types.
+
+A common data structure can provide this linkage with little overhead: when a
+bus driver discovers a particular device, it can insert it into the global
+tree as well as its local tree. In fact, the local tree becomes just a subset
+of the global tree.
+
+Common data fields can also be moved out of the local bus models into the
+global model. Some of the manipulations of these fields can also be
+consolidated. Most likely, manipulation functions will become a set
+of helper functions, which the bus drivers wrap around to include any
+bus-specific items.
+
+The common device and bridge interface currently reflects the goals of the
+modern PC: namely the ability to do seamless Plug and Play, power management,
+and hot plug. (The model dictated by Intel and Microsoft (read: ACPI) ensures
+us that any device in the system may fit any of these criteria.)
+
+In reality, not every bus will be able to support such operations. But, most
+buses will support a majority of those operations, and all future buses will.
+In other words, a bus that doesn't support an operation is the exception,
+instead of the other way around.
+
+
+
+Downstream Access
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Common data fields have been moved out of individual bus layers into a common
+data structure. But, these fields must still be accessed by the bus layers,
+and sometimes by the device-specific drivers.
+
+Other bus layers are encouraged to do what has been done for the PCI layer.
+struct pci_dev now looks like this:
+
+struct pci_dev {
+ ...
+
+ struct device device;
+};
+
+Note first that it is statically allocated. This means only one allocation on
+device discovery. Note also that it is at the _end_ of struct pci_dev. This is
+to make people think about what they're doing when switching between the bus
+driver and the global driver; and to prevent against mindless casts between
+the two.
+
+The PCI bus layer freely accesses the fields of struct device. It knows about
+the structure of struct pci_dev, and it should know the structure of struct
+device. PCI devices that have been converted generally do not touch the fields
+of struct device. More precisely, device-specific drivers should not touch
+fields of struct device unless there is a strong compelling reason to do so.
+
+This abstraction is prevention of unnecessary pain during transitional phases.
+If the name of the field changes or is removed, then every downstream driver
+will break. On the other hand, if only the bus layer (and not the device
+layer) accesses struct device, it is only that layer that needs to change.
+
+
+User Interface
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+By virtue of having a complete hierarchical view of all the devices in the
+system, exporting a complete hierarchical view to userspace becomes relatively
+easy. This has been accomplished by implementing a special purpose virtual
+file system named sysfs. It is hence possible for the user to mount the
+whole sysfs filesystem anywhere in userspace.
+
+This can be done permanently by providing the following entry into the
+/etc/fstab (under the provision that the mount point does exist, of course):
+
+none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
+
+Or by hand on the command line:
+
+# mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
+
+Whenever a device is inserted into the tree, a directory is created for it.
+This directory may be populated at each layer of discovery - the global layer,
+the bus layer, or the device layer.
+
+The global layer currently creates two files - 'name' and 'power'. The
+former only reports the name of the device. The latter reports the
+current power state of the device. It will also be used to set the current
+power state.
+
+The bus layer may also create files for the devices it finds while probing the
+bus. For example, the PCI layer currently creates 'irq' and 'resource' files
+for each PCI device.
+
+A device-specific driver may also export files in its directory to expose
+device-specific data or tunable interfaces.
+
+More information about the sysfs directory layout can be found in
+the other documents in this directory and in the file
+Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5eee3e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+Platform Devices and Drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Platform devices
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Platform devices are devices that typically appear as autonomous
+entities in the system. This includes legacy port-based devices and
+host bridges to peripheral buses.
+
+
+Platform drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Drivers for platform devices are typically very simple and
+unstructured. Either the device was present at a particular I/O port
+and the driver was loaded, or it was not. There was no possibility
+of hotplugging or alternative discovery besides probing at a specific
+I/O address and expecting a specific response.
+
+
+Other Architectures, Modern Firmware, and new Platforms
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+These devices are not always at the legacy I/O ports. This is true on
+other architectures and on some modern architectures. In most cases,
+the drivers are modified to discover the devices at other well-known
+ports for the given platform. However, the firmware in these systems
+does usually know where exactly these devices reside, and in some
+cases, it's the only way of discovering them.
+
+
+The Platform Bus
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+A platform bus has been created to deal with these issues. First and
+foremost, it groups all the legacy devices under a common bus, and
+gives them a common parent if they don't already have one.
+
+But, besides the organizational benefits, the platform bus can also
+accommodate firmware-based enumeration.
+
+
+Device Discovery
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The platform bus has no concept of probing for devices. Devices
+discovery is left up to either the legacy drivers or the
+firmware. These entities are expected to notify the platform of
+devices that it discovers via the bus's add() callback:
+
+ platform_bus.add(parent,bus_id).
+
+
+Bus IDs
+~~~~~~~
+Bus IDs are the canonical names for the devices. There is no globally
+standard addressing mechanism for legacy devices. In the IA-32 world,
+we have Pnp IDs to use, as well as the legacy I/O ports. However,
+neither tell what the device really is or have any meaning on other
+platforms.
+
+Since both PnP IDs and the legacy I/O ports (and other standard I/O
+ports for specific devices) have a 1:1 mapping, we map the
+platform-specific name or identifier to a generic name (at least
+within the scope of the kernel).
+
+For example, a serial driver might find a device at I/O 0x3f8. The
+ACPI firmware might also discover a device with PnP ID (_HID)
+PNP0501. Both correspond to the same device and should be mapped to the
+canonical name 'serial'.
+
+The bus_id field should be a concatenation of the canonical name and
+the instance of that type of device. For example, the device at I/O
+port 0x3f8 should have a bus_id of "serial0". This places the
+responsibility of enumerating devices of a particular type up to the
+discovery mechanism. But, they are the entity that should know best
+(as opposed to the platform bus driver).
+
+
+Drivers
+~~~~~~~
+Drivers for platform devices should have a name that is the same as
+the canonical name of the devices they support. This allows the
+platform bus driver to do simple matching with the basic data
+structures to determine if a driver supports a certain device.
+
+For example, a legacy serial driver should have a name of 'serial' and
+register itself with the platform bus.
+
+
+Driver Binding
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Legacy drivers assume they are bound to the device once they start up
+and probe an I/O port. Divorcing them from this will be a difficult
+process. However, that shouldn't prevent us from implementing
+firmware-based enumeration.
+
+The firmware should notify the platform bus about devices before the
+legacy drivers have had a chance to load. Once the drivers are loaded,
+they driver model core will attempt to bind the driver to any
+previously-discovered devices. Once that has happened, it will be free
+to discover any other devices it pleases.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/porting.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/porting.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff2fef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-model/porting.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+
+Porting Drivers to the New Driver Model
+
+Patrick Mochel
+
+7 January 2003
+
+
+Overview
+
+Please refer to Documentation/driver-model/*.txt for definitions of
+various driver types and concepts.
+
+Most of the work of porting devices drivers to the new model happens
+at the bus driver layer. This was intentional, to minimize the
+negative effect on kernel drivers, and to allow a gradual transition
+of bus drivers.
+
+In a nutshell, the driver model consists of a set of objects that can
+be embedded in larger, bus-specific objects. Fields in these generic
+objects can replace fields in the bus-specific objects.
+
+The generic objects must be registered with the driver model core. By
+doing so, they will exported via the sysfs filesystem. sysfs can be
+mounted by doing
+
+ # mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
+
+
+
+The Process
+
+Step 0: Read include/linux/device.h for object and function definitions.
+
+Step 1: Registering the bus driver.
+
+
+- Define a struct bus_type for the bus driver.
+
+struct bus_type pci_bus_type = {
+ .name = "pci",
+};
+
+
+- Register the bus type.
+ This should be done in the initialization function for the bus type,
+ which is usually the module_init(), or equivalent, function.
+
+static int __init pci_driver_init(void)
+{
+ return bus_register(&pci_bus_type);
+}
+
+subsys_initcall(pci_driver_init);
+
+
+ The bus type may be unregistered (if the bus driver may be compiled
+ as a module) by doing:
+
+ bus_unregister(&pci_bus_type);
+
+
+- Export the bus type for others to use.
+
+ Other code may wish to reference the bus type, so declare it in a
+ shared header file and export the symbol.
+
+From include/linux/pci.h:
+
+extern struct bus_type pci_bus_type;
+
+
+From file the above code appears in:
+
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_bus_type);
+
+
+
+- This will cause the bus to show up in /sys/bus/pci/ with two
+ subdirectories: 'devices' and 'drivers'.
+
+# tree -d /sys/bus/pci/
+/sys/bus/pci/
+|-- devices
+`-- drivers
+
+
+
+Step 2: Registering Devices.
+
+struct device represents a single device. It mainly contains metadata
+describing the relationship the device has to other entities.
+
+
+- Embedd a struct device in the bus-specific device type.
+
+
+struct pci_dev {
+ ...
+ struct device dev; /* Generic device interface */
+ ...
+};
+
+ It is recommended that the generic device not be the first item in
+ the struct to discourage programmers from doing mindless casts
+ between the object types. Instead macros, or inline functions,
+ should be created to convert from the generic object type.
+
+
+#define to_pci_dev(n) container_of(n, struct pci_dev, dev)
+
+or
+
+static inline struct pci_dev * to_pci_dev(struct kobject * kobj)
+{
+ return container_of(n, struct pci_dev, dev);
+}
+
+ This allows the compiler to verify type-safety of the operations
+ that are performed (which is Good).
+
+
+- Initialize the device on registration.
+
+ When devices are discovered or registered with the bus type, the
+ bus driver should initialize the generic device. The most important
+ things to initialize are the bus_id, parent, and bus fields.
+
+ The bus_id is an ASCII string that contains the device's address on
+ the bus. The format of this string is bus-specific. This is
+ necessary for representing devices in sysfs.
+
+ parent is the physical parent of the device. It is important that
+ the bus driver sets this field correctly.
+
+ The driver model maintains an ordered list of devices that it uses
+ for power management. This list must be in order to guarantee that
+ devices are shutdown before their physical parents, and vice versa.
+ The order of this list is determined by the parent of registered
+ devices.
+
+ Also, the location of the device's sysfs directory depends on a
+ device's parent. sysfs exports a directory structure that mirrors
+ the device hierarchy. Accurately setting the parent guarantees that
+ sysfs will accurately represent the hierarchy.
+
+ The device's bus field is a pointer to the bus type the device
+ belongs to. This should be set to the bus_type that was declared
+ and initialized before.
+
+ Optionally, the bus driver may set the device's name and release
+ fields.
+
+ The name field is an ASCII string describing the device, like
+
+ "ATI Technologies Inc Radeon QD"
+
+ The release field is a callback that the driver model core calls
+ when the device has been removed, and all references to it have
+ been released. More on this in a moment.
+
+
+- Register the device.
+
+ Once the generic device has been initialized, it can be registered
+ with the driver model core by doing:
+
+ device_register(&dev->dev);
+
+ It can later be unregistered by doing:
+
+ device_unregister(&dev->dev);
+
+ This should happen on buses that support hotpluggable devices.
+ If a bus driver unregisters a device, it should not immediately free
+ it. It should instead wait for the driver model core to call the
+ device's release method, then free the bus-specific object.
+ (There may be other code that is currently referencing the device
+ structure, and it would be rude to free the device while that is
+ happening).
+
+
+ When the device is registered, a directory in sysfs is created.
+ The PCI tree in sysfs looks like:
+
+/sys/devices/pci0/
+|-- 00:00.0
+|-- 00:01.0
+| `-- 01:00.0
+|-- 00:02.0
+| `-- 02:1f.0
+| `-- 03:00.0
+|-- 00:1e.0
+| `-- 04:04.0
+|-- 00:1f.0
+|-- 00:1f.1
+| |-- ide0
+| | |-- 0.0
+| | `-- 0.1
+| `-- ide1
+| `-- 1.0
+|-- 00:1f.2
+|-- 00:1f.3
+`-- 00:1f.5
+
+ Also, symlinks are created in the bus's 'devices' directory
+ that point to the device's directory in the physical hierarchy.
+
+/sys/bus/pci/devices/
+|-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:00.0
+|-- 00:01.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:01.0
+|-- 00:02.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0
+|-- 00:1e.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1e.0
+|-- 00:1f.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.0
+|-- 00:1f.1 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.1
+|-- 00:1f.2 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.2
+|-- 00:1f.3 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.3
+|-- 00:1f.5 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.5
+|-- 01:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:01.0/01:00.0
+|-- 02:1f.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0/02:1f.0
+|-- 03:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0/02:1f.0/03:00.0
+`-- 04:04.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1e.0/04:04.0
+
+
+
+Step 3: Registering Drivers.
+
+struct device_driver is a simple driver structure that contains a set
+of operations that the driver model core may call.
+
+
+- Embed a struct device_driver in the bus-specific driver.
+
+ Just like with devices, do something like:
+
+struct pci_driver {
+ ...
+ struct device_driver driver;
+};
+
+
+- Initialize the generic driver structure.
+
+ When the driver registers with the bus (e.g. doing pci_register_driver()),
+ initialize the necessary fields of the driver: the name and bus
+ fields.
+
+
+- Register the driver.
+
+ After the generic driver has been initialized, call
+
+ driver_register(&drv->driver);
+
+ to register the driver with the core.
+
+ When the driver is unregistered from the bus, unregister it from the
+ core by doing:
+
+ driver_unregister(&drv->driver);
+
+ Note that this will block until all references to the driver have
+ gone away. Normally, there will not be any.
+
+
+- Sysfs representation.
+
+ Drivers are exported via sysfs in their bus's 'driver's directory.
+ For example:
+
+/sys/bus/pci/drivers/
+|-- 3c59x
+|-- Ensoniq AudioPCI
+|-- agpgart-amdk7
+|-- e100
+`-- serial
+
+
+Step 4: Define Generic Methods for Drivers.
+
+struct device_driver defines a set of operations that the driver model
+core calls. Most of these operations are probably similar to
+operations the bus already defines for drivers, but taking different
+parameters.
+
+It would be difficult and tedious to force every driver on a bus to
+simultaneously convert their drivers to generic format. Instead, the
+bus driver should define single instances of the generic methods that
+forward call to the bus-specific drivers. For instance:
+
+
+static int pci_device_remove(struct device * dev)
+{
+ struct pci_dev * pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev);
+ struct pci_driver * drv = pci_dev->driver;
+
+ if (drv) {
+ if (drv->remove)
+ drv->remove(pci_dev);
+ pci_dev->driver = NULL;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+The generic driver should be initialized with these methods before it
+is registered.
+
+ /* initialize common driver fields */
+ drv->driver.name = drv->name;
+ drv->driver.bus = &pci_bus_type;
+ drv->driver.probe = pci_device_probe;
+ drv->driver.resume = pci_device_resume;
+ drv->driver.suspend = pci_device_suspend;
+ drv->driver.remove = pci_device_remove;
+
+ /* register with core */
+ driver_register(&drv->driver);
+
+
+Ideally, the bus should only initialize the fields if they are not
+already set. This allows the drivers to implement their own generic
+methods.
+
+
+Step 5: Support generic driver binding.
+
+The model assumes that a device or driver can be dynamically
+registered with the bus at any time. When registration happens,
+devices must be bound to a driver, or drivers must be bound to all
+devices that it supports.
+
+A driver typically contains a list of device IDs that it supports. The
+bus driver compares these IDs to the IDs of devices registered with it.
+The format of the device IDs, and the semantics for comparing them are
+bus-specific, so the generic model does attempt to generalize them.
+
+Instead, a bus may supply a method in struct bus_type that does the
+comparison:
+
+ int (*match)(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv);
+
+match should return '1' if the driver supports the device, and '0'
+otherwise.
+
+When a device is registered, the bus's list of drivers is iterated
+over. bus->match() is called for each one until a match is found.
+
+When a driver is registered, the bus's list of devices is iterated
+over. bus->match() is called for each device that is not already
+claimed by a driver.
+
+When a device is successfully bound to a device, device->driver is
+set, the device is added to a per-driver list of devices, and a
+symlink is created in the driver's sysfs directory that points to the
+device's physical directory:
+
+/sys/bus/pci/drivers/
+|-- 3c59x
+| `-- 00:0b.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:0b.0
+|-- Ensoniq AudioPCI
+|-- agpgart-amdk7
+| `-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:00.0
+|-- e100
+| `-- 00:0c.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:0c.0
+`-- serial
+
+
+This driver binding should replace the existing driver binding
+mechanism the bus currently uses.
+
+
+Step 6: Supply a hotplug callback.
+
+Whenever a device is registered with the driver model core, the
+userspace program /sbin/hotplug is called to notify userspace.
+Users can define actions to perform when a device is inserted or
+removed.
+
+The driver model core passes several arguments to userspace via
+environment variables, including
+
+- ACTION: set to 'add' or 'remove'
+- DEVPATH: set to the device's physical path in sysfs.
+
+A bus driver may also supply additional parameters for userspace to
+consume. To do this, a bus must implement the 'hotplug' method in
+struct bus_type:
+
+ int (*hotplug) (struct device *dev, char **envp,
+ int num_envp, char *buffer, int buffer_size);
+
+This is called immediately before /sbin/hotplug is executed.
+
+
+Step 7: Cleaning up the bus driver.
+
+The generic bus, device, and driver structures provide several fields
+that can replace those defined privately to the bus driver.
+
+- Device list.
+
+struct bus_type contains a list of all devices registered with the bus
+type. This includes all devices on all instances of that bus type.
+An internal list that the bus uses may be removed, in favor of using
+this one.
+
+The core provides an iterator to access these devices.
+
+int bus_for_each_dev(struct bus_type * bus, struct device * start,
+ void * data, int (*fn)(struct device *, void *));
+
+
+- Driver list.
+
+struct bus_type also contains a list of all drivers registered with
+it. An internal list of drivers that the bus driver maintains may
+be removed in favor of using the generic one.
+
+The drivers may be iterated over, like devices:
+
+int bus_for_each_drv(struct bus_type * bus, struct device_driver * start,
+ void * data, int (*fn)(struct device_driver *, void *));
+
+
+Please see drivers/base/bus.c for more information.
+
+
+- rwsem
+
+struct bus_type contains an rwsem that protects all core accesses to
+the device and driver lists. This can be used by the bus driver
+internally, and should be used when accessing the device or driver
+lists the bus maintains.
+
+
+- Device and driver fields.
+
+Some of the fields in struct device and struct device_driver duplicate
+fields in the bus-specific representations of these objects. Feel free
+to remove the bus-specific ones and favor the generic ones. Note
+though, that this will likely mean fixing up all the drivers that
+reference the bus-specific fields (though those should all be 1-line
+changes).
+
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/README.dibusb b/Documentation/dvb/README.dibusb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a9e958
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/README.dibusb
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+Documentation for dib3000* frontend drivers and dibusb device driver
+====================================================================
+
+Copyright (C) 2004-5 Patrick Boettcher (patrick.boettcher@desy.de),
+
+dibusb and dib3000mb/mc drivers based on GPL code, which has
+
+Copyright (C) 2004 Amaury Demol for DiBcom (ademol@dibcom.fr)
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
+
+
+Supported devices USB1.1
+========================
+
+Produced and reselled by Twinhan:
+---------------------------------
+- TwinhanDTV USB-Ter DVB-T Device (VP7041)
+ http://www.twinhan.com/product_terrestrial_3.asp
+
+- TwinhanDTV Magic Box (VP7041e)
+ http://www.twinhan.com/product_terrestrial_4.asp
+
+- HAMA DVB-T USB device
+ http://www.hama.de/portal/articleId*110620/action*2598
+
+- CTS Portable (Chinese Television System) (2)
+ http://www.2cts.tv/ctsportable/
+
+- Unknown USB DVB-T device with vendor ID Hyper-Paltek
+
+
+Produced and reselled by KWorld:
+--------------------------------
+- KWorld V-Stream XPERT DTV DVB-T USB
+ http://www.kworld.com.tw/en/product/DVBT-USB/DVBT-USB.html
+
+- JetWay DTV DVB-T USB
+ http://www.jetway.com.tw/evisn/product/lcd-tv/DVT-USB/dtv-usb.htm
+
+- ADSTech Instant TV DVB-T USB
+ http://www.adstech.com/products/PTV-333/intro/PTV-333_intro.asp?pid=PTV-333
+
+
+Others:
+-------
+- Ultima Electronic/Artec T1 USB TVBOX (AN2135, AN2235, AN2235 with Panasonic Tuner)
+ http://82.161.246.249/products-tvbox.html
+
+- Compro Videomate DVB-U2000 - DVB-T USB (2)
+ http://www.comprousa.com/products/vmu2000.htm
+
+- Grandtec USB DVB-T
+ http://www.grand.com.tw/
+
+- Avermedia AverTV DVBT USB (2)
+ http://www.avermedia.com/
+
+- DiBcom USB DVB-T reference device (non-public)
+
+
+Supported devices USB2.0
+========================
+- Twinhan MagicBox II (2)
+ http://www.twinhan.com/product_terrestrial_7.asp
+
+- Hanftek UMT-010 (1)
+ http://www.globalsources.com/si/6008819757082/ProductDetail/Digital-TV/product_id-100046529
+
+- Typhoon/Yakumo/HAMA DVB-T mobile USB2.0 (1)
+ http://www.yakumo.de/produkte/index.php?pid=1&ag=DVB-T
+
+- Artec T1 USB TVBOX (FX2) (2)
+
+- Hauppauge WinTV NOVA-T USB2
+ http://www.hauppauge.com/
+
+- KWorld/ADSTech Instant DVB-T USB2.0 (DiB3000M-B)
+
+- DiBcom USB2.0 DVB-T reference device (non-public)
+
+1) It is working almost.
+2) No test reports received yet.
+
+
+0. NEWS:
+ 2005-02-11 - added support for the KWorld/ADSTech Instant DVB-T USB2.0. Thanks a lot to Joachim von Caron
+ 2005-02-02 - added support for the Hauppauge Win-TV Nova-T USB2
+ 2005-01-31 - distorted streaming is finally gone for USB1.1 devices
+ 2005-01-13 - moved the mirrored pid_filter_table back to dvb-dibusb
+ - first almost working version for HanfTek UMT-010
+ - found out, that Yakumo/HAMA/Typhoon are predessors of the HanfTek UMT-010
+ 2005-01-10 - refactoring completed, now everything is very delightful
+ - tuner quirks for some weird devices (Artec T1 AN2235 device has sometimes a
+ Panasonic Tuner assembled). Tunerprobing implemented. Thanks a lot to Gunnar Wittich.
+ 2004-12-29 - after several days of struggling around bug of no returning URBs fixed.
+ 2004-12-26 - refactored the dibusb-driver, splitted into separate files
+ - i2c-probing enabled
+ 2004-12-06 - possibility for demod i2c-address probing
+ - new usb IDs (Compro,Artec)
+ 2004-11-23 - merged changes from DiB3000MC_ver2.1
+ - revised the debugging
+ - possibility to deliver the complete TS for USB2.0
+ 2004-11-21 - first working version of the dib3000mc/p frontend driver.
+ 2004-11-12 - added additional remote control keys. Thanks to Uwe Hanke.
+ 2004-11-07 - added remote control support. Thanks to David Matthews.
+ 2004-11-05 - added support for a new devices (Grandtec/Avermedia/Artec)
+ - merged my changes (for dib3000mb/dibusb) to the FE_REFACTORING, because it became HEAD
+ - moved transfer control (pid filter, fifo control) from usb driver to frontend, it seems
+ better settled there (added xfer_ops-struct)
+ - created a common files for frontends (mc/p/mb)
+ 2004-09-28 - added support for a new device (Unkown, vendor ID is Hyper-Paltek)
+ 2004-09-20 - added support for a new device (Compro DVB-U2000), thanks
+ to Amaury Demol for reporting
+ - changed usb TS transfer method (several urbs, stopping transfer
+ before setting a new pid)
+ 2004-09-13 - added support for a new device (Artec T1 USB TVBOX), thanks
+ to Christian Motschke for reporting
+ 2004-09-05 - released the dibusb device and dib3000mb-frontend driver
+
+ (old news for vp7041.c)
+ 2004-07-15 - found out, by accident, that the device has a TUA6010XS for
+ PLL
+ 2004-07-12 - figured out, that the driver should also work with the
+ CTS Portable (Chinese Television System)
+ 2004-07-08 - firmware-extraction-2.422-problem solved, driver is now working
+ properly with firmware extracted from 2.422
+ - #if for 2.6.4 (dvb), compile issue
+ - changed firmware handling, see vp7041.txt sec 1.1
+ 2004-07-02 - some tuner modifications, v0.1, cleanups, first public
+ 2004-06-28 - now using the dvb_dmx_swfilter_packets, everything
+ runs fine now
+ 2004-06-27 - able to watch and switching channels (pre-alpha)
+ - no section filtering yet
+ 2004-06-06 - first TS received, but kernel oops :/
+ 2004-05-14 - firmware loader is working
+ 2004-05-11 - start writing the driver
+
+1. How to use?
+NOTE: This driver was developed using Linux 2.6.6.,
+it is working with 2.6.7 and above.
+
+Linux 2.4.x support is not planned, but patches are very welcome.
+
+NOTE: I'm using Debian testing, so the following explaination (especially
+the hotplug-path) needn't match your system, but probably it will :).
+
+The driver is included in the kernel since Linux 2.6.10.
+
+1.1. Firmware
+
+The USB driver needs to download a firmware to start working.
+
+You can either use "get_dvb_firmware dibusb" to download the firmware or you
+can get it directly via
+
+for USB1.1 (AN2135)
+http://www.linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/dvb-dibusb-5.0.0.11.fw
+
+for USB1.1 (AN2235) (a few Artec T1 devices)
+http://www.linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/dvb-dibusb-an2235-1.fw
+
+for USB2.0 (FX2) Hauppauge, DiBcom
+http://www.linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/dvb-dibusb-6.0.0.5.fw
+
+for USB2.0 ADSTech/Kworld USB2.0
+http://www.linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/dvb-dibusb-adstech-usb2-1.fw
+
+for USB2.0 HanfTek
+http://www.linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/dvb-dibusb-an2235-1.fw
+
+
+1.2. Compiling
+
+Since the driver is in the linux kernel, activating the driver in
+your favorite config-environment should sufficient. I recommend
+to compile the driver as module. Hotplug does the rest.
+
+1.3. Loading the drivers
+
+Hotplug is able to load the driver, when it is needed (because you plugged
+in the device).
+
+If you want to enable debug output, you have to load the driver manually and
+from withing the dvb-kernel cvs repository.
+
+first have a look, which debug level are available:
+
+modinfo dib3000mb
+modinfo dib3000-common
+modinfo dib3000mc
+modinfo dvb-dibusb
+
+modprobe dib3000-common debug=<level>
+modprobe dib3000mb debug=<level>
+modprobe dib3000mc debug=<level>
+modprobe dvb-dibusb debug=<level>
+
+should do the trick.
+
+When the driver is loaded successfully, the firmware file was in
+the right place and the device is connected, the "Power"-LED should be
+turned on.
+
+At this point you should be able to start a dvb-capable application. For myself
+I used mplayer, dvbscan, tzap and kaxtv, they are working. Using the device
+in vdr is working now also.
+
+2. Known problems and bugs
+
+- Don't remove the USB device while running an DVB application, your system will die.
+
+2.1. Adding support for devices
+
+It is not possible to determine the range of devices based on the DiBcom
+reference designs. This is because the reference design of DiBcom can be sold
+to thirds, without telling DiBcom (so done with the Twinhan VP7041 and
+the HAMA device).
+
+When you think you have a device like this and the driver does not recognizes it,
+please send the ****load*.inf and the ****cap*.inf of the Windows driver to me.
+
+Sometimes the Vendor or Product ID is identical to the ones of Twinhan, even
+though it is not a Twinhan device (e.g. HAMA), then please send me the name
+of the device. I will add it to this list in order to make this clear to
+others.
+
+If you are familar with C you can also add the VID and PID of the device to
+the dvb-dibusb-core.c-file and create a patch and send it over to me or to
+the linux-dvb mailing list, _after_ you have tried compiling and modprobing
+it.
+
+2.2. USB1.1 Bandwidth limitation
+
+Most of the currently supported devices are USB1.1 and thus they have a
+maximum bandwidth of about 5-6 MBit/s when connected to a USB2.0 hub.
+This is not enough for receiving the complete transport stream of a
+DVB-T channel (which can be about 16 MBit/s). Normally this is not a
+problem, if you only want to watch TV (this does not apply for HDTV),
+but watching a channel while recording another channel on the same
+frequency simply does not work very well. This applies to all USB1.1
+DVB-T devices, not just dibusb)
+
+Update: For the USB1.1 and VDR some work has been done (patches and comments
+are still very welcome). Maybe the problem is solved in the meantime because I
+now use the dmx_sw_filter function instead of dmx_sw_filter_packet. I hope the
+linux-dvb software filter is able to get the best of the garbled TS.
+
+The bug, where the TS is distorted by a heavy usage of the device is gone
+definitely. All dibusb-devices I was using (Twinhan, Kworld, DiBcom) are
+working like charm now with VDR. Sometimes I even was able to record a channel
+and watch another one.
+
+2.3. Comments
+
+Patches, comments and suggestions are very very welcome.
+
+3. Acknowledgements
+ Amaury Demol (ademol@dibcom.fr) and Francois Kanounnikoff from DiBcom for
+ providing specs, code and help, on which the dvb-dibusb, dib3000mb and
+ dib3000mc are based.
+
+ David Matthews for identifying a new device type (Artec T1 with AN2235)
+ and for extending dibusb with remote control event handling. Thank you.
+
+ Alex Woods for frequently answering question about usb and dvb
+ stuff, a big thank you.
+
+ Bernd Wagner for helping with huge bug reports and discussions.
+
+ Gunnar Wittich and Joachim von Caron for their trust for giving me
+ root-shells on their machines to implement support for new devices.
+
+ Some guys on the linux-dvb mailing list for encouraging me
+
+ Peter Schildmann >peter.schildmann-nospam-at-web.de< for his
+ user-level firmware loader, which saves a lot of time
+ (when writing the vp7041 driver)
+
+ Ulf Hermenau for helping me out with traditional chinese.
+
+ André Smoktun and Christian Frömmel for supporting me with
+ hardware and listening to my problems very patient
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/avermedia.txt b/Documentation/dvb/avermedia.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09020eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/avermedia.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+
+HOWTO: Get An Avermedia DVB-T working under Linux
+ ______________________________________________
+
+ Table of Contents
+ Assumptions and Introduction
+ The Avermedia DVB-T
+ Getting the card going
+ Receiving DVB-T in Australia
+ Known Limitations
+ Further Update
+
+Assumptions and Introduction
+
+ It is assumed that the reader understands the basic structure
+ of the Linux Kernel DVB drivers and the general principles of
+ Digital TV.
+
+ One significant difference between Digital TV and Analogue TV
+ that the unwary (like myself) should consider is that,
+ although the component structure of budget DVB-T cards are
+ substantially similar to Analogue TV cards, they function in
+ substantially different ways.
+
+ The purpose of an Analogue TV is to receive and display an
+ Analogue Television signal. An Analogue TV signal (otherwise
+ known as composite video) is an analogue encoding of a
+ sequence of image frames (25 per second) rasterised using an
+ interlacing technique. Interlacing takes two fields to
+ represent one frame. Computers today are at their best when
+ dealing with digital signals, not analogue signals and a
+ composite video signal is about as far removed from a digital
+ data stream as you can get. Therefore, an Analogue TV card for
+ a PC has the following purpose:
+
+ * Tune the receiver to receive a broadcast signal
+ * demodulate the broadcast signal
+ * demultiplex the analogue video signal and analogue audio
+ signal (note some countries employ a digital audio signal
+ embedded within the modulated composite analogue signal -
+ NICAM.)
+ * digitize the analogue video signal and make the resulting
+ datastream available to the data bus.
+
+ The digital datastream from an Analogue TV card is generated
+ by circuitry on the card and is often presented uncompressed.
+ For a PAL TV signal encoded at a resolution of 768x576 24-bit
+ color pixels over 25 frames per second - a fair amount of data
+ is generated and must be proceesed by the PC before it can be
+ displayed on the video monitor screen. Some Analogue TV cards
+ for PC's have onboard MPEG2 encoders which permit the raw
+ digital data stream to be presented to the PC in an encoded
+ and compressed form - similar to the form that is used in
+ Digital TV.
+
+ The purpose of a simple budget digital TV card (DVB-T,C or S)
+ is to simply:
+
+ * Tune the received to receive a broadcast signal.
+ * Extract the encoded digital datastream from the broadcast
+ signal.
+ * Make the encoded digital datastream (MPEG2) available to
+ the data bus.
+
+ The significant difference between the two is that the tuner
+ on the analogue TV card spits out an Analogue signal, whereas
+ the tuner on the digital TV card spits out a compressed
+ encoded digital datastream. As the signal is already
+ digitised, it is trivial to pass this datastream to the PC
+ databus with minimal additional processing and then extract
+ the digital video and audio datastreams passing them to the
+ appropriate software or hardware for decoding and viewing.
+ _________________________________________________________
+
+The Avermedia DVB-T
+
+ The Avermedia DVB-T is a budget PCI DVB card. It has 3 inputs:
+
+ * RF Tuner Input
+ * Composite Video Input (RCA Jack)
+ * SVIDEO Input (Mini-DIN)
+
+ The RF Tuner Input is the input to the tuner module of the
+ card. The Tuner is otherwise known as the "Frontend" . The
+ Frontend of the Avermedia DVB-T is a Microtune 7202D. A timely
+ post to the linux-dvb mailing list ascertained that the
+ Microtune 7202D is supported by the sp887x driver which is
+ found in the dvb-hw CVS module.
+
+ The DVB-T card is based around the BT878 chip which is a very
+ common multimedia bridge and often found on Analogue TV cards.
+ There is no on-board MPEG2 decoder, which means that all MPEG2
+ decoding must be done in software, or if you have one, on an
+ MPEG2 hardware decoding card or chipset.
+ _________________________________________________________
+
+Getting the card going
+
+ In order to fire up the card, it is necessary to load a number
+ of modules from the DVB driver set. Prior to this it will have
+ been necessary to download these drivers from the linuxtv CVS
+ server and compile them successfully.
+
+ Depending on the card's feature set, the Device Driver API for
+ DVB under Linux will expose some of the following device files
+ in the /dev tree:
+
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/audio0
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/ca0
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/demux0
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/dvr0
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/frontend0
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/net0
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/osd0
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/video0
+
+ The primary device nodes that we are interested in (at this
+ stage) for the Avermedia DVB-T are:
+
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/dvr0
+ * /dev/dvb/adapter0/frontend0
+
+ The dvr0 device node is used to read the MPEG2 Data Stream and
+ the frontend0 node is used to tune the frontend tuner module.
+
+ At this stage, it has not been able to ascertain the
+ functionality of the remaining device nodes in respect of the
+ Avermedia DVBT. However, full functionality in respect of
+ tuning, receiving and supplying the MPEG2 data stream is
+ possible with the currently available versions of the driver.
+ It may be possible that additional functionality is available
+ from the card (i.e. viewing the additional analogue inputs
+ that the card presents), but this has not been tested yet. If
+ I get around to this, I'll update the document with whatever I
+ find.
+
+ To power up the card, load the following modules in the
+ following order:
+
+ * insmod dvb-core.o
+ * modprobe bttv.o
+ * insmod bt878.o
+ * insmod dvb-bt8xx.o
+ * insmod sp887x.o
+
+ Insertion of these modules into the running kernel will
+ activate the appropriate DVB device nodes. It is then possible
+ to start accessing the card with utilities such as scan, tzap,
+ dvbstream etc.
+
+ The frontend module sp887x.o, requires an external firmware.
+ Please use the command "get_dvb_firmware sp887x" to download
+ it. Then copy it to /usr/lib/hotplug/firmware.
+
+Receiving DVB-T in Australia
+
+ I have no experience of DVB-T in other countries other than
+ Australia, so I will attempt to explain how it works here in
+ Melbourne and how this affects the configuration of the DVB-T
+ card.
+
+ The Digital Broadcasting Australia website has a Reception
+ locatortool which provides information on transponder channels
+ and frequencies. My local transmitter happens to be Mount
+ Dandenong.
+
+ The frequencies broadcast by Mount Dandenong are:
+
+ Table 1. Transponder Frequencies Mount Dandenong, Vic, Aus.
+ Broadcaster Channel Frequency
+ ABC VHF 12 226.5 MHz
+ TEN VHF 11 219.5 MHz
+ NINE VHF 8 191.625 MHz
+ SEVEN VHF 6 177.5 MHz
+ SBS UHF 29 536.5 MHz
+
+ The Scan utility has a set of compiled-in defaults for various
+ countries and regions, but if they do not suit, or if you have
+ a pre-compiled scan binary, you can specify a data file on the
+ command line which contains the transponder frequencies. Here
+ is a sample file for the above channel transponders:
+# Data file for DVB scan program
+#
+# C Frequency SymbolRate FEC QAM
+# S Frequency Polarisation SymbolRate FEC
+# T Frequency Bandwidth FEC FEC2 QAM Mode Guard Hier
+T 226500000 7MHz 2/3 NONE QAM64 8k 1/8 NONE
+T 191625000 7MHz 2/3 NONE QAM64 8k 1/8 NONE
+T 219500000 7MHz 2/3 NONE QAM64 8k 1/8 NONE
+T 177500000 7MHz 2/3 NONE QAM64 8k 1/8 NONE
+T 536500000 7MHz 2/3 NONE QAM64 8k 1/8 NONE
+
+ The defaults for the transponder frequency and other
+ modulation parameters were obtained from www.dba.org.au.
+
+ When Scan runs, it will output channels.conf information for
+ any channel's transponders which the card's frontend can lock
+ onto. (i.e. any whose signal is strong enough at your
+ antenna).
+
+ Here's my channels.conf file for anyone who's interested:
+ABC HDTV:226500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_3_4:QAM_64
+:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:2307:0:560
+ABC TV Melbourne:226500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_3_
+4:QAM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:65
+0:561
+ABC TV 2:226500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_3_4:QAM_64
+:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:562
+ABC TV 3:226500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_3_4:QAM_64
+:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:563
+ABC TV 4:226500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_3_4:QAM_64
+:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:564
+ABC DiG Radio:226500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_3_4:Q
+AM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:0:2311:56
+6
+TEN Digital:219500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:QAM
+_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:158
+5
+TEN Digital 1:219500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:Q
+AM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:1
+586
+TEN Digital 2:219500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:Q
+AM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:1
+587
+TEN Digital 3:219500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:Q
+AM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:1
+588
+TEN Digital:219500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:QAM
+_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:158
+9
+TEN Digital 4:219500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:Q
+AM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:1
+590
+TEN Digital:219500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:QAM
+_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:159
+1
+TEN HD:219500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:QAM_64:T
+RANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:514:0:1592
+TEN Digital:219500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:QAM
+_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:650:159
+3
+Nine Digital:191625000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:QA
+M_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:513:660:10
+72
+Nine Digital HD:191625000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2
+:QAM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:512:0:1
+073
+Nine Guide:191625000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_3_4:FEC_1_2:QAM_
+64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_16:HIERARCHY_NONE:514:670:1074
+7 Digital:177500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:QAM_6
+4:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:769:770:1328
+7 Digital 1:177500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:QAM
+_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:769:770:1329
+7 Digital 2:177500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:QAM
+_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:769:770:1330
+7 Digital 3:177500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:QAM
+_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:769:770:1331
+7 HD Digital:177500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:QA
+M_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:833:834:133
+2
+7 Program Guide:177500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3
+:QAM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:865:866:
+1334
+SBS HD:536500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:QAM_64:T
+RANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:102:103:784
+SBS DIGITAL 1:536500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:Q
+AM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:161:81:785
+SBS DIGITAL 2:536500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:Q
+AM_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:162:83:786
+SBS EPG:536500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:QAM_64:
+TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:163:85:787
+SBS RADIO 1:536500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:QAM
+_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:0:201:798
+SBS RADIO 2:536500000:INVERSION_OFF:BANDWIDTH_7_MHZ:FEC_2_3:FEC_2_3:QAM
+_64:TRANSMISSION_MODE_8K:GUARD_INTERVAL_1_8:HIERARCHY_NONE:0:202:799
+ _________________________________________________________
+
+Known Limitations
+
+ At present I can say with confidence that the frontend tunes
+ via /dev/dvb/adapter{x}/frontend0 and supplies an MPEG2 stream
+ via /dev/dvb/adapter{x}/dvr0. I have not tested the
+ functionality of any other part of the card yet. I will do so
+ over time and update this document.
+
+ There are some limitations in the i2c layer due to a returned
+ error message inconsistency. Although this generates errors in
+ dmesg and the system logs, it does not appear to affect the
+ ability of the frontend to function correctly.
+ _________________________________________________________
+
+Further Update
+
+ dvbstream and VideoLAN Client on windows works a treat with
+ DVB, in fact this is currently serving as my main way of
+ viewing DVB-T at the moment. Additionally, VLC is happily
+ decoding HDTV signals, although the PC is dropping the odd
+ frame here and there - I assume due to processing capability -
+ as all the decoding is being done under windows in software.
+
+ Many thanks to Nigel Pearson for the updates to this document
+ since the recent revision of the driver.
+
+ January 29th 2004
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/bt8xx.txt b/Documentation/dvb/bt8xx.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3cacf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/bt8xx.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+How to get the Nebula, PCTV and Twinhan DST cards working
+=========================================================
+
+This class of cards has a bt878a as the PCI interface, and
+require the bttv driver.
+
+Please pay close attention to the warning about the bttv module
+options below for the DST card.
+
+1) General informations
+=======================
+
+These drivers require the bttv driver to provide the means to access
+the i2c bus and the gpio pins of the bt8xx chipset.
+
+Because of this, you need to enable
+"Device drivers" => "Multimedia devices"
+ => "Video For Linux" => "BT848 Video For Linux"
+
+2) Loading Modules
+==================
+
+In general you need to load the bttv driver, which will handle the gpio and
+i2c communication for us. Next you need the common dvb-bt8xx device driver
+and one frontend driver.
+
+The bttv driver will HANG YOUR SYSTEM IF YOU DO NOT SPECIFY THE CORRECT
+CARD ID!
+
+(If you don't get your card running and you suspect that the card id you're
+using is wrong, have a look at "bttv-cards.c" for a list of possible card
+ids.)
+
+Pay attention to failures when you load the frontend drivers
+(e.g. dmesg, /var/log/messages).
+
+3a) Nebula / Pinnacle PCTV
+--------------------------
+
+ $ modprobe bttv i2c_hw=1 card=0x68
+ $ modprobe dvb-bt8xx
+
+For Nebula cards use the "nxt6000" frontend driver:
+ $ modprobe nxt6000
+
+For Pinnacle PCTV cards use the "cx24110" frontend driver:
+ $ modprobe cx24110
+
+3b) TwinHan
+-----------
+
+ $ modprobe bttv i2c_hw=1 card=0x71
+ $ modprobe dvb-bt8xx
+ $ modprobe dst
+
+The value 0x71 will override the PCI type detection for dvb-bt8xx, which
+is necessary for TwinHan cards.#
+
+If you're having an older card (blue color circuit) and card=0x71 locks your
+machine, try using 0x68, too. If that does not work, ask on the DVB mailing list.
+
+The DST module takes a couple of useful parameters, in case the
+dst drivers fails to detect your type of card correctly.
+
+dst_type takes values 0 (satellite), 1 (terrestial TV), 2 (cable).
+
+dst_type_flags takes bit combined values:
+1 = new tuner type packets. You can use this if your card is detected
+ and you have debug and you continually see the tuner packets not
+ working (make sure not a basic problem like dish alignment etc.)
+
+2 = TS 204. If your card tunes OK, but the picture is terrible, seemingly
+ breaking up in one half continually, and crc fails a lot, then
+ this is worth a try (or trying to turn off)
+
+4 = has symdiv. Some cards, mostly without new tuner packets, require
+ a symbol division algorithm. Doesn't apply to terrestial TV.
+
+You can also specify a value to have the autodetected values turned off
+(e.g. 0). The autodected values are determined bythe cards 'response
+string' which you can see in your logs e.g.
+
+dst_check_ci: recognize DST-MOT
+
+or
+
+dst_check_ci: unable to recognize DSTXCI or STXCI
+
+--
+Authors: Richard Walker, Jamie Honan, Michael Hunold
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/cards.txt b/Documentation/dvb/cards.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efdc4ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/cards.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+Hardware supported by the linuxtv.org DVB drivers
+=================================================
+
+ Generally, the DVB hardware manufacturers frequently change the
+ frontends (i.e. tuner / demodulator units) used, usually without
+ changing the product name, revision number or specs. Some cards
+ are also available in versions with different frontends for
+ DVB-S/DVB-C/DVB-T. Thus the frontend drivers are listed seperately.
+
+ Note 1: There is no guarantee that every frontend driver works
+ out of the box with every card, because of different wiring.
+
+ Note 2: The demodulator chips can be used with a variety of
+ tuner/PLL chips, and not all combinations are supported. Often
+ the demodulator and tuner/PLL chip are inside a metal box for
+ shielding, and the whole metal box has its own part number.
+
+
+o Frontends drivers:
+ - dvb_dummy_fe: for testing...
+ DVB-S:
+ - ves1x93 : Alps BSRV2 (ves1893 demodulator) and dbox2 (ves1993)
+ - cx24110 : Conexant HM1221/HM1811 (cx24110 or cx24106 demod, cx24108 PLL)
+ - grundig_29504-491 : Grundig 29504-491 (Philips TDA8083 demodulator), tsa5522 PLL
+ - mt312 : Zarlink mt312 or Mitel vp310 demodulator, sl1935 or tsa5059 PLL
+ - stv0299 : Alps BSRU6 (tsa5059 PLL), LG TDQB-S00x (tsa5059 PLL),
+ LG TDQF-S001F (sl1935 PLL), Philips SU1278 (tua6100 PLL),
+ Philips SU1278SH (tsa5059 PLL), Samsung TBMU24112IMB
+ DVB-C:
+ - ves1820 : various (ves1820 demodulator, sp5659c or spXXXX PLL)
+ - at76c651 : Atmel AT76c651(B) with DAT7021 PLL
+ DVB-T:
+ - alps_tdlb7 : Alps TDLB7 (sp8870 demodulator, sp5659 PLL)
+ - alps_tdmb7 : Alps TDMB7 (cx22700 demodulator)
+ - grundig_29504-401 : Grundig 29504-401 (LSI L64781 demodulator), tsa5060 PLL
+ - tda1004x : Philips tda10045h (td1344 or tdm1316l PLL)
+ - nxt6000 : Alps TDME7 (MITEL SP5659 PLL), Alps TDED4 (TI ALP510 PLL),
+ Comtech DVBT-6k07 (SP5730 PLL)
+ (NxtWave Communications NXT6000 demodulator)
+ - sp887x : Microtune 7202D
+ - dib3000mb : DiBcom 3000-MB demodulator
+ DVB-S/C/T:
+ - dst : TwinHan DST Frontend
+
+
+o Cards based on the Phillips saa7146 multimedia PCI bridge chip:
+ - TI AV7110 based cards (i.e. with hardware MPEG decoder):
+ - Siemens/Technotrend/Hauppauge PCI DVB card revision 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1
+ (aka Hauppauge Nexus)
+ - "budget" cards (i.e. without hardware MPEG decoder):
+ - Technotrend Budget / Hauppauge WinTV-Nova PCI Cards
+ - SATELCO Multimedia PCI
+ - KNC1 DVB-S, Typhoon DVB-S, Terratec Cinergy 1200 DVB-S (no CI support)
+ - Typhoon DVB-S budget
+ - Fujitsu-Siemens Activy DVB-S budget card
+
+o Cards based on the B2C2 Inc. FlexCopII/IIb/III:
+ - Technisat SkyStar2 PCI DVB card revision 2.3, 2.6B, 2.6C
+
+o Cards based on the Conexant Bt8xx PCI bridge:
+ - Pinnacle PCTV Sat DVB
+ - Nebula Electronics DigiTV
+ - TwinHan DST
+ - Avermedia DVB-T
+
+o Technotrend / Hauppauge DVB USB devices:
+ - Nova USB
+ - DEC 2000-T, 3000-S, 2540-T
+
+o DiBcom DVB-T USB based devices:
+ - Twinhan VisionPlus VisionDTV USB-Ter DVB-T Device
+ - HAMA DVB-T USB device
+ - CTS Portable (Chinese Television System)
+ - KWorld V-Stream XPERT DTV DVB-T USB
+ - JetWay DTV DVB-T USB
+ - ADSTech Instant TV DVB-T USB
+ - Ultima Electronic/Artec T1 USB TVBOX (AN2135 and AN2235)
+ - Compro Videomate DVB-U2000 - DVB-T USB
+ - Grandtec USB DVB-T
+ - Avermedia AverTV DVBT USB
+ - DiBcom USB DVB-T reference device (non-public)
+ - Yakumo DVB-T mobile USB2.0
+ - DiBcom USB2.0 DVB-T reference device (non-public)
+
+o Experimental support for the analog module of the Siemens DVB-C PCI card
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/contributors.txt b/Documentation/dvb/contributors.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9d5ce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/contributors.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+Thanks go to the following people for patches and contributions:
+
+Michael Hunold <m.hunold@gmx.de>
+ for the initial saa7146 driver and it's recent overhaul
+
+Christian Theiss
+ for his work on the initial Linux DVB driver
+
+Marcus Metzler <mocm@metzlerbros.de>
+Ralph Metzler <rjkm@metzlerbros.de>
+ for their continuing work on the DVB driver
+
+Michael Holzt <kju@debian.org>
+ for his contributions to the dvb-net driver
+
+Diego Picciani <d.picciani@novacomp.it>
+ for CyberLogin for Linux which allows logging onto EON
+ (in case you are wondering where CyberLogin is, EON changed its login
+ procedure and CyberLogin is no longer used.)
+
+Martin Schaller <martin@smurf.franken.de>
+ for patching the cable card decoder driver
+
+Klaus Schmidinger <Klaus.Schmidinger@cadsoft.de>
+ for various fixes regarding tuning, OSD and CI stuff and his work on VDR
+
+Steve Brown <sbrown@cortland.com>
+ for his AFC kernel thread
+
+Christoph Martin <martin@uni-mainz.de>
+ for his LIRC infrared handler
+
+Andreas Oberritter <obi@linuxtv.org>
+Dennis Noermann <dennis.noermann@noernet.de>
+Felix Domke <tmbinc@elitedvb.net>
+Florian Schirmer <jolt@tuxbox.org>
+Ronny Strutz <3des@elitedvb.de>
+Wolfram Joost <dbox2@frokaschwei.de>
+...and all the other dbox2 people
+ for many bugfixes in the generic DVB Core, frontend drivers and
+ their work on the dbox2 port of the DVB driver
+
+Oliver Endriss <o.endriss@gmx.de>
+ for many bugfixes
+
+Andrew de Quincey <adq_dvb@lidskialf.net>
+ for the tda1004x frontend driver, and various bugfixes
+
+Peter Schildmann <peter.schildmann@web.de>
+ for the driver for the Technisat SkyStar2 PCI DVB card
+
+Vadim Catana <skystar@moldova.cc>
+Roberto Ragusa <r.ragusa@libero.it>
+Augusto Cardoso <augusto@carhil.net>
+ for all the work for the FlexCopII chipset by B2C2,Inc.
+
+Davor Emard <emard@softhome.net>
+ for his work on the budget drivers, the demux code,
+ the module unloading problems, ...
+
+Hans-Frieder Vogt <hfvogt@arcor.de>
+ for his work on calculating and checking the crc's for the
+ TechnoTrend/Hauppauge DEC driver firmware
+
+Michael Dreher <michael@5dot1.de>
+Andreas 'randy' Weinberger
+ for the support of the Fujitsu-Siemens Activy budget DVB-S
+
+Kenneth Aafløy <ke-aa@frisurf.no>
+ for adding support for Typhoon DVB-S budget card
+
+Ernst Peinlich <e.peinlich@inode.at>
+ for tuning/DiSEqC support for the DEC 3000-s
+
+Peter Beutner <p.beutner@gmx.net>
+ for the IR code for the ttusb-dec driver
+
+(If you think you should be in this list, but you are not, drop a
+ line to the DVB mailing list)
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/faq.txt b/Documentation/dvb/faq.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bf51e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/faq.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+Some very frequently asked questions about linuxtv-dvb
+
+1. The signal seems to die a few seconds after tuning.
+
+ It's not a bug, it's a feature. Because the frontends have
+ significant power requirements (and hence get very hot), they
+ are powered down if they are unused (i.e. if the frontend device
+ is closed). The dvb-core.o module paramter "dvb_shutdown_timeout"
+ allow you to change the timeout (default 5 seconds). Setting the
+ timeout to 0 disables the timeout feature.
+
+2. How can I watch TV?
+
+ The driver distribution includes some simple utilities which
+ are mainly intended for testing and to demonstrate how the
+ DVB API works.
+
+ Depending on whether you have a DVB-S, DVB-C or DVB-T card, use
+ apps/szap/szap, czap or tzap. You must supply a channel list
+ in ~/.[sct]zap/channels.conf. If you are lucky you can just copy
+ one of the supplied channel lists, or you can create a new one
+ by running apps/scan/scan. If you run scan on an unknown network
+ you might have to supply some start data in apps/scan/initial.h.
+
+ If you have a card with a built-in hardware MPEG-decoder the
+ drivers create a video4linux device (/dev/v4l/video0) which
+ you can use to watch TV with any v4l application. xawtv is known
+ to work. Note that you cannot change channels with xawtv, you
+ have to zap using [sct]zap. If you want a nice application for
+ TV watching and record/playback, have a look at VDR.
+
+ If your card does not have a hardware MPEG decoder you need
+ a software MPEG decoder. Mplayer or xine are known to work.
+ Newsflash: MythTV also has DVB support now.
+ Note: Only very recent versions of Mplayer and xine can decode.
+ MPEG2 transport streams (TS) directly. Then, run
+ '[sct]zap channelname -r' in one xterm, and keep it running,
+ and start 'mplayer - < /dev/dvb/adapter0/dvr0' or
+ 'xine stdin://mpeg2 < /dev/dvb/adapter0/dvr0' in a second xterm.
+ That's all far from perfect, but it seems no one has written
+ a nice DVB application which includes a builtin software MPEG
+ decoder yet.
+
+ Newsflash: Newest xine directly supports DVB. Just copy your
+ channels.conf to ~/.xine and start 'xine dvb://', or select
+ the DVB button in the xine GUI. Channel switching works using the
+ numpad pgup/pgdown (NP9 / NP3) keys to scroll through the channel osd
+ menu and pressing numpad-enter to switch to the selected channel.
+
+ Note: Older versions of xine and mplayer understand MPEG program
+ streams (PS) only, and can be used in conjunction with the
+ ts2ps tool from the Metzler Brother's dvb-mpegtools package.
+
+3. Which other DVB applications exist?
+
+ http://www.cadsoft.de/people/kls/vdr/
+ Klaus Schmidinger's Video Disk Recorder
+
+ http://www.metzlerbros.org/dvb/
+ Metzler Bros. DVB development; alternate drivers and
+ DVB utilities, include dvb-mpegtools and tuxzap.
+
+ http://www.linuxstb.org/
+ http://sourceforge.net/projects/dvbtools/
+ Dave Chapman's dvbtools package, including
+ dvbstream and dvbtune
+
+ http://www.linuxdvb.tv/
+ Henning Holtschneider's site with many interesting
+ links and docs
+
+ http://www.dbox2.info/
+ LinuxDVB on the dBox2
+
+ http://www.tuxbox.org/
+ http://cvs.tuxbox.org/
+ the TuxBox CVS many interesting DVB applications and the dBox2
+ DVB source
+
+ http://sourceforge.net/projects/dvbsak/
+ DVB Swiss Army Knife library and utilities
+
+ http://www.nenie.org/misc/mpsys/
+ MPSYS: a MPEG2 system library and tools
+
+ http://mplayerhq.hu/
+ mplayer
+
+ http://xine.sourceforge.net/
+ http://xinehq.de/
+ xine
+
+ http://www.mythtv.org/
+ MythTV - analog TV PVR, but now with DVB support, too
+ (with software MPEG decode)
+
+ http://dvbsnoop.sourceforge.net/
+ DVB sniffer program to monitor, analyze, debug, dump
+ or view dvb/mpeg/dsm-cc/mhp stream information (TS,
+ PES, SECTION)
+
+4. Can't get a signal tuned correctly
+
+ If you are using a Technotrend/Hauppauge DVB-C card *without* analog
+ module, you might have to use module parameter adac=-1 (dvb-ttpci.o).
+
+5. The dvb_net device doesn't give me any packets at all
+
+ Run tcpdump on the dvb0_0 interface. This sets the interface
+ into promiscous mode so it accepts any packets from the PID
+ you have configured with the dvbnet utility. Check if there
+ are any packets with the IP addr and MAC addr you have
+ configured with ifconfig.
+
+ If tcpdump doesn't give you any output, check the statistics
+ which ifconfig outputs. (Note: If the MAC address is wrong,
+ dvb_net won't get any input; thus you have to run tcpdump
+ before checking the statistics.) If there are no packets at
+ all then maybe the PID is wrong. If there are error packets,
+ then either the PID is wrong or the stream does not conform to
+ the MPE standard (EN 301 192, http://www.etsi.org/). You can
+ use e.g. dvbsnoop for debugging.
+
+6. The dvb_net device doesn't give me any multicast packets
+
+ Check your routes if they include the multicast address range.
+ Additionally make sure that "source validation by reversed path
+ lookup" is disabled:
+ $ "echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/dvb0/rp_filter"
+
+7. What the hell are all those modules that need to be loaded?
+
+ For a dvb-ttpci av7110 based full-featured card the following
+ modules are loaded:
+
+ - videodev: Video4Linux core module. This is the base module that
+ gives you access to the "analog" tv picture of the av7110 mpeg2
+ decoder.
+
+ - v4l2-common: common functions for Video4Linux-2 drivers
+
+ - v4l1-compat: backward compatiblity layer for Video4Linux-1 legacy
+ applications
+
+ - dvb-core: DVB core module. This provides you with the
+ /dev/dvb/adapter entries
+
+ - saa7146: SAA7146 core driver. This is need to access any SAA7146
+ based card in your system.
+
+ - saa7146_vv: SAA7146 video and vbi functions. These are only needed
+ for full-featured cards.
+
+ - video-buf: capture helper module for the saa7146_vv driver. This
+ one is responsible to handle capture buffers.
+
+ - dvb-ttpci: The main driver for AV7110 based, full-featued
+ DVB-S/C/T cards
+
+eof
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/get_dvb_firmware b/Documentation/dvb/get_dvb_firmware
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ffdcb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/get_dvb_firmware
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+# DVB firmware extractor
+#
+# (c) 2004 Andrew de Quincey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+#
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+use File::Temp qw/ tempdir /;
+use IO::Handle;
+
+@components = ( "sp8870", "sp887x", "tda10045", "tda10046", "av7110", "dec2000t",
+ "dec2540t", "dec3000s", "vp7041", "dibusb", "nxt2002",
+ "or51211", "or51132_qam", "or51132_vsb");
+
+# Check args
+syntax() if (scalar(@ARGV) != 1);
+$cid = $ARGV[0];
+
+# Do it!
+for ($i=0; $i < scalar(@components); $i++) {
+ if ($cid eq $components[$i]) {
+ $outfile = eval($cid);
+ die $@ if $@;
+ print STDERR "Firmware $outfile extracted successfully. Now copy it to either /lib/firmware or /usr/lib/hotplug/firmware/ (depending on your hotplug version).\n";
+ exit(0);
+ }
+}
+
+# If we get here, it wasn't found
+print STDERR "Unknown component \"$cid\"\n";
+syntax();
+
+
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------
+# Firmware-specific extraction subroutines
+
+sub sp8870 {
+ my $sourcefile = "tt_Premium_217g.zip";
+ my $url = "http://www.technotrend.de/new/217g/$sourcefile";
+ my $hash = "53970ec17a538945a6d8cb608a7b3899";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-fe-sp8870.fw";
+ my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
+ verify("$tmpdir/software/OEM/HE/App/boot/SC_MAIN.MC", $hash);
+ copy("$tmpdir/software/OEM/HE/App/boot/SC_MAIN.MC", $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub sp887x {
+ my $sourcefile = "Dvbt1.3.57.6.zip";
+ my $url = "http://www.avermedia.com/software/$sourcefile";
+ my $cabfile = "DVBT Net Ver1.3.57.6/disk1/data1.cab";
+ my $hash = "237938d53a7f834c05c42b894ca68ac3";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-fe-sp887x.fw";
+ my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
+
+ checkstandard();
+ checkunshield();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
+ unshield("$tmpdir/$cabfile", $tmpdir);
+ verify("$tmpdir/ZEnglish/sc_main.mc", $hash);
+ copy("$tmpdir/ZEnglish/sc_main.mc", $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub tda10045 {
+ my $sourcefile = "tt_budget_217g.zip";
+ my $url = "http://www.technotrend.de/new/217g/$sourcefile";
+ my $hash = "2105fd5bf37842fbcdfa4bfd58f3594a";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-fe-tda10045.fw";
+ my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
+ extract("$tmpdir/software/OEM/PCI/App/ttlcdacc.dll", 0x37ef9, 30555, "$tmpdir/fwtmp");
+ verify("$tmpdir/fwtmp", $hash);
+ copy("$tmpdir/fwtmp", $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub tda10046 {
+ my $sourcefile = "tt_budget_217g.zip";
+ my $url = "http://www.technotrend.de/new/217g/$sourcefile";
+ my $hash = "a25b579e37109af60f4a36c37893957c";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-fe-tda10046.fw";
+ my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
+ extract("$tmpdir/software/OEM/PCI/App/ttlcdacc.dll", 0x3f731, 24479, "$tmpdir/fwtmp");
+ verify("$tmpdir/fwtmp", $hash);
+ copy("$tmpdir/fwtmp", $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub av7110 {
+ my $sourcefile = "dvb-ttpci-01.fw-261d";
+ my $url = "http://www.linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/$sourcefile";
+ my $hash = "603431b6259715a8e88f376a53b64e2f";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-ttpci-01.fw";
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ verify($sourcefile, $hash);
+ copy($sourcefile, $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub dec2000t {
+ my $sourcefile = "dec217g.exe";
+ my $url = "http://hauppauge.lightpath.net/de/$sourcefile";
+ my $hash = "bd86f458cee4a8f0a8ce2d20c66215a9";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-ttusb-dec-2000t.fw";
+ my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
+ verify("$tmpdir/software/OEM/STB/App/Boot/STB_PC_T.bin", $hash);
+ copy("$tmpdir/software/OEM/STB/App/Boot/STB_PC_T.bin", $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub dec2540t {
+ my $sourcefile = "dec217g.exe";
+ my $url = "http://hauppauge.lightpath.net/de/$sourcefile";
+ my $hash = "53e58f4f5b5c2930beee74a7681fed92";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-ttusb-dec-2540t.fw";
+ my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
+ verify("$tmpdir/software/OEM/STB/App/Boot/STB_PC_X.bin", $hash);
+ copy("$tmpdir/software/OEM/STB/App/Boot/STB_PC_X.bin", $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub dec3000s {
+ my $sourcefile = "dec217g.exe";
+ my $url = "http://hauppauge.lightpath.net/de/$sourcefile";
+ my $hash = "b013ececea83f4d6d8d2a29ac7c1b448";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-ttusb-dec-3000s.fw";
+ my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
+ verify("$tmpdir/software/OEM/STB/App/Boot/STB_PC_S.bin", $hash);
+ copy("$tmpdir/software/OEM/STB/App/Boot/STB_PC_S.bin", $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub vp7041 {
+ my $sourcefile = "2.422.zip";
+ my $url = "http://www.twinhan.com/files/driver/USB-Ter/$sourcefile";
+ my $hash = "e88c9372d1f66609a3e7b072c53fbcfe";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-vp7041-2.422.fw";
+ my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
+ extract("$tmpdir/VisionDTV/Drivers/Win2K&XP/UDTTload.sys", 12503, 3036, "$tmpdir/fwtmp1");
+ extract("$tmpdir/VisionDTV/Drivers/Win2K&XP/UDTTload.sys", 2207, 10274, "$tmpdir/fwtmp2");
+
+ my $CMD = "\000\001\000\222\177\000";
+ my $PAD = "\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000";
+ my ($FW);
+ open $FW, ">$tmpdir/fwtmp3";
+ print $FW "$CMD\001$PAD";
+ print $FW "$CMD\001$PAD";
+ appendfile($FW, "$tmpdir/fwtmp1");
+ print $FW "$CMD\000$PAD";
+ print $FW "$CMD\001$PAD";
+ appendfile($FW, "$tmpdir/fwtmp2");
+ print $FW "$CMD\001$PAD";
+ print $FW "$CMD\000$PAD";
+ close($FW);
+
+ verify("$tmpdir/fwtmp3", $hash);
+ copy("$tmpdir/fwtmp3", $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub dibusb {
+ my $url = "http://www.linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/dvb-dibusb-5.0.0.11.fw";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-dibusb-5.0.0.11.fw";
+ my $hash = "fa490295a527360ca16dcdf3224ca243";
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($outfile, $url);
+ verify($outfile,$hash);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub nxt2002 {
+ my $sourcefile = "Broadband4PC_4_2_11.zip";
+ my $url = "http://www.bbti.us/download/windows/$sourcefile";
+ my $hash = "c6d2ea47a8f456d887ada0cfb718ff2a";
+ my $outfile = "dvb-fe-nxt2002.fw";
+ my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1);
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($sourcefile, $url);
+ unzip($sourcefile, $tmpdir);
+ verify("$tmpdir/SkyNETU.sys", $hash);
+ extract("$tmpdir/SkyNETU.sys", 375832, 5908, $outfile);
+
+ $outfile;
+}
+
+sub or51211 {
+ my $fwfile = "dvb-fe-or51211.fw";
+ my $url = "http://linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/$fwfile";
+ my $hash = "d830949c771a289505bf9eafc225d491";
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($fwfile, $url);
+ verify($fwfile, $hash);
+
+ $fwfile;
+}
+
+sub or51132_qam {
+ my $fwfile = "dvb-fe-or51132-qam.fw";
+ my $url = "http://linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/$fwfile";
+ my $hash = "7702e8938612de46ccadfe9b413cb3b5";
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($fwfile, $url);
+ verify($fwfile, $hash);
+
+ $fwfile;
+}
+
+sub or51132_vsb {
+ my $fwfile = "dvb-fe-or51132-vsb.fw";
+ my $url = "http://linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/$fwfile";
+ my $hash = "c16208e02f36fc439a557ad4c613364a";
+
+ checkstandard();
+
+ wgetfile($fwfile, $url);
+ verify($fwfile, $hash);
+
+ $fwfile;
+}
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------
+# Utilities
+
+sub checkstandard {
+ if (system("which unzip > /dev/null 2>&1")) {
+ die "This firmware requires the unzip command - see ftp://ftp.info-zip.org/pub/infozip/UnZip.html\n";
+ }
+ if (system("which md5sum > /dev/null 2>&1")) {
+ die "This firmware requires the md5sum command - see http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/\n";
+ }
+ if (system("which wget > /dev/null 2>&1")) {
+ die "This firmware requires the wget command - see http://wget.sunsite.dk/\n";
+ }
+}
+
+sub checkunshield {
+ if (system("which unshield > /dev/null 2>&1")) {
+ die "This firmware requires the unshield command - see http://sourceforge.net/projects/synce/\n";
+ }
+}
+
+sub wgetfile {
+ my ($sourcefile, $url) = @_;
+
+ if (! -f $sourcefile) {
+ system("wget -O \"$sourcefile\" \"$url\"") and die "wget failed - unable to download firmware";
+ }
+}
+
+sub unzip {
+ my ($sourcefile, $todir) = @_;
+
+ $status = system("unzip -q -o -d \"$todir\" \"$sourcefile\" 2>/dev/null" );
+ if ((($status >> 8) > 2) || (($status & 0xff) != 0)) {
+ die ("unzip failed - unable to extract firmware");
+ }
+}
+
+sub unshield {
+ my ($sourcefile, $todir) = @_;
+
+ system("unshield x -d \"$todir\" \"$sourcefile\" > /dev/null" ) and die ("unshield failed - unable to extract firmware");
+}
+
+sub verify {
+ my ($filename, $hash) = @_;
+ my ($testhash);
+
+ open(CMD, "md5sum \"$filename\"|");
+ $testhash = <CMD>;
+ $testhash =~ /([a-zA-Z0-9]*)/;
+ $testhash = $1;
+ close CMD;
+ die "Hash of extracted file does not match!\n" if ($testhash ne $hash);
+}
+
+sub copy {
+ my ($from, $to) = @_;
+
+ system("cp -f \"$from\" \"$to\"") and die ("cp failed");
+}
+
+sub extract {
+ my ($infile, $offset, $length, $outfile) = @_;
+ my ($chunklength, $buf, $rcount);
+
+ open INFILE, "<$infile";
+ open OUTFILE, ">$outfile";
+ sysseek(INFILE, $offset, SEEK_SET);
+ while($length > 0) {
+ # Calc chunk size
+ $chunklength = 2048;
+ $chunklength = $length if ($chunklength > $length);
+
+ $rcount = sysread(INFILE, $buf, $chunklength);
+ die "Ran out of data\n" if ($rcount != $chunklength);
+ syswrite(OUTFILE, $buf);
+ $length -= $rcount;
+ }
+ close INFILE;
+ close OUTFILE;
+}
+
+sub appendfile {
+ my ($FH, $infile) = @_;
+ my ($buf);
+
+ open INFILE, "<$infile";
+ while(1) {
+ $rcount = sysread(INFILE, $buf, 2048);
+ last if ($rcount == 0);
+ print $FH $buf;
+ }
+ close(INFILE);
+}
+
+sub syntax() {
+ print STDERR "syntax: get_dvb_firmware <component>\n";
+ print STDERR "Supported components:\n";
+ for($i=0; $i < scalar(@components); $i++) {
+ print STDERR "\t" . $components[$i] . "\n";
+ }
+ exit(1);
+}
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/readme.txt b/Documentation/dvb/readme.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..754c98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/readme.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+Linux Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) subsystem
+=============================================
+
+The main development site and CVS repository for these
+drivers is http://linuxtv.org/.
+
+The developer mailing list linux-dvb is also hosted there,
+see http://linuxtv.org/lists.php. Please check
+the archive http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/
+and the Wiki http://linuxtv.org/wiki/
+before asking newbie questions on the list.
+
+API documentation, utilities and test/example programs
+are available as part of the old driver package for Linux 2.4
+(linuxtv-dvb-1.0.x.tar.gz), or from CVS (module DVB).
+We plan to split this into separate packages, but it's not
+been done yet.
+
+http://linuxtv.org/downloads/
+
+What's inside this directory:
+
+"cards.txt"
+contains a list of supported hardware.
+
+"contributors.txt"
+is the who-is-who of DVB development
+
+"faq.txt"
+contains frequently asked questions and their answers.
+
+"get_dvb_firmware"
+script to download and extract firmware for those devices
+that require it.
+
+"ttusb-dec.txt"
+contains detailed informations about the
+TT DEC2000/DEC3000 USB DVB hardware.
+
+"bt8xx.txt"
+contains detailed installation instructions for the
+various bt8xx based "budget" DVB cards
+(Nebula, Pinnacle PCTV, Twinhan DST)
+
+"README.dibusb"
+contains detailed information about adapters
+based on DiBcom reference design.
+
+"udev.txt"
+how to get DVB and udev up and running.
+
+Good luck and have fun!
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/ttusb-dec.txt b/Documentation/dvb/ttusb-dec.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c1e984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/ttusb-dec.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+TechnoTrend/Hauppauge DEC USB Driver
+====================================
+
+Driver Status
+-------------
+
+Supported:
+ DEC2000-t
+ DEC2450-t
+ DEC3000-s
+ Linux Kernels 2.4 and 2.6
+ Video Streaming
+ Audio Streaming
+ Section Filters
+ Channel Zapping
+ Hotplug firmware loader under 2.6 kernels
+
+To Do:
+ Tuner status information
+ DVB network interface
+ Streaming video PC->DEC
+ Conax support for 2450-t
+
+Getting the Firmware
+--------------------
+To download the firmware, use the following commands:
+"get_dvb_firmware dec2000t"
+"get_dvb_firmware dec2540t"
+"get_dvb_firmware dec3000s"
+
+
+Compilation Notes for 2.4 kernels
+---------------------------------
+For 2.4 kernels the firmware for the DECs is compiled into the driver itself.
+
+Copy the three files downloaded above into the build-2.4 directory.
+
+
+Hotplug Firmware Loading for 2.6 kernels
+----------------------------------------
+For 2.6 kernels the firmware is loaded at the point that the driver module is
+loaded. See linux/Documentation/dvb/firmware.txt for more information.
+
+Copy the three files downloaded above into the /usr/lib/hotplug/firmware directory.
diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/udev.txt b/Documentation/dvb/udev.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68ee224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dvb/udev.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+The DVB subsystem currently registers to the sysfs subsystem using the
+"class_simple" interface.
+
+This means that only the basic informations like module loading parameters
+are presented through sysfs. Other things that might be interesting are
+currently *not* available.
+
+Nevertheless it's now possible to add proper udev rules so that the
+DVB device nodes are created automatically.
+
+We assume that you have udev already up and running and that have been
+creating the DVB device nodes manually up to now due to the missing sysfs
+support.
+
+0. Don't forget to disable your current method of creating the
+device nodes manually.
+
+1. Unfortunately, you'll need a helper script to transform the kernel
+sysfs device name into the well known dvb adapter / device naming scheme.
+The script should be called "dvb.sh" and should be placed into a script
+dir where udev can execute it, most likely /etc/udev/scripts/
+
+So, create a new file /etc/udev/scripts/dvb.sh and add the following:
+------------------------------schnipp------------------------------------------------
+#!/bin/sh
+/bin/echo $1 | /bin/sed -e 's,dvb\([0-9]\)\.\([^0-9]*\)\([0-9]\),dvb/adapter\1/\2\3,'
+------------------------------schnipp------------------------------------------------
+
+Don't forget to make the script executable with "chmod".
+
+1. You need to create a proper udev rule that will create the device nodes
+like you know them. All real distributions out there scan the /etc/udev/rules.d
+directory for rule files. The main udev configuration file /etc/udev/udev.conf
+will tell you the directory where the rules are, most likely it's /etc/udev/rules.d/
+
+Create a new rule file in that directory called "dvb.rule" and add the following line:
+------------------------------schnipp------------------------------------------------
+KERNEL="dvb*", PROGRAM="/etc/udev/scripts/dvb.sh %k", NAME="%c"
+------------------------------schnipp------------------------------------------------
+
+If you want more control over the device nodes (for example a special group membership)
+have a look at "man udev".
+
+For every device that registers to the sysfs subsystem with a "dvb" prefix,
+the helper script /etc/udev/scripts/dvb.sh is invoked, which will then
+create the proper device node in your /dev/ directory.
diff --git a/Documentation/early-userspace/README b/Documentation/early-userspace/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..270a88e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/early-userspace/README
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+Early userspace support
+=======================
+
+Last update: 2004-12-20 tlh
+
+
+"Early userspace" is a set of libraries and programs that provide
+various pieces of functionality that are important enough to be
+available while a Linux kernel is coming up, but that don't need to be
+run inside the kernel itself.
+
+It consists of several major infrastructure components:
+
+- gen_init_cpio, a program that builds a cpio-format archive
+ containing a root filesystem image. This archive is compressed, and
+ the compressed image is linked into the kernel image.
+- initramfs, a chunk of code that unpacks the compressed cpio image
+ midway through the kernel boot process.
+- klibc, a userspace C library, currently packaged separately, that is
+ optimized for correctness and small size.
+
+The cpio file format used by initramfs is the "newc" (aka "cpio -c")
+format, and is documented in the file "buffer-format.txt". There are
+two ways to add an early userspace image: specify an existing cpio
+archive to be used as the image or have the kernel build process build
+the image from specifications.
+
+CPIO ARCHIVE method
+
+You can create a cpio archive that contains the early userspace image.
+Youre cpio archive should be specified in CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE and it
+will be used directly. Only a single cpio file may be specified in
+CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE and directory and file names are not allowed in
+combination with a cpio archive.
+
+IMAGE BUILDING method
+
+The kernel build process can also build an early userspace image from
+source parts rather than supplying a cpio archive. This method provides
+a way to create images with root-owned files even though the image was
+built by an unprivileged user.
+
+The image is specified as one or more sources in
+CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE. Sources can be either directories or files -
+cpio archives are *not* allowed when building from sources.
+
+A source directory will have it and all of it's contents packaged. The
+specified directory name will be mapped to '/'. When packaging a
+directory, limited user and group ID translation can be performed.
+INITRAMFS_ROOT_UID can be set to a user ID that needs to be mapped to
+user root (0). INITRAMFS_ROOT_GID can be set to a group ID that needs
+to be mapped to group root (0).
+
+A source file must be directives in the format required by the
+usr/gen_init_cpio utility (run 'usr/gen_init_cpio --help' to get the
+file format). The directives in the file will be passed directly to
+usr/gen_init_cpio.
+
+When a combination of directories and files are specified then the
+initramfs image will be an aggregate of all of them. In this way a user
+can create a 'root-image' directory and install all files into it.
+Because device-special files cannot be created by a unprivileged user,
+special files can be listed in a 'root-files' file. Both 'root-image'
+and 'root-files' can be listed in CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE and a complete
+early userspace image can be built by an unprivileged user.
+
+As a technical note, when directories and files are specified, the
+entire CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE is passed to
+scripts/gen_initramfs_list.sh. This means that CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE
+can really be interpreted as any legal argument to
+gen_initramfs_list.sh. If a directory is specified as an argument then
+the contents are scanned, uid/gid translation is performed, and
+usr/gen_init_cpio file directives are output. If a directory is
+specified as an arugemnt to scripts/gen_initramfs_list.sh then the
+contents of the file are simply copied to the output. All of the output
+directives from directory scanning and file contents copying are
+processed by usr/gen_init_cpio.
+
+See also 'scripts/gen_initramfs_list.sh -h'.
+
+Where's this all leading?
+=========================
+
+The klibc distribution contains some of the necessary software to make
+early userspace useful. The klibc distribution is currently
+maintained separately from the kernel, but this may change early in
+the 2.7 era (it missed the boat for 2.5).
+
+You can obtain somewhat infrequent snapshots of klibc from
+ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc/
+
+For active users, you are better off using the klibc BitKeeper
+repositories, at http://klibc.bkbits.net/
+
+The standalone klibc distribution currently provides three components,
+in addition to the klibc library:
+
+- ipconfig, a program that configures network interfaces. It can
+ configure them statically, or use DHCP to obtain information
+ dynamically (aka "IP autoconfiguration").
+- nfsmount, a program that can mount an NFS filesystem.
+- kinit, the "glue" that uses ipconfig and nfsmount to replace the old
+ support for IP autoconfig, mount a filesystem over NFS, and continue
+ system boot using that filesystem as root.
+
+kinit is built as a single statically linked binary to save space.
+
+Eventually, several more chunks of kernel functionality will hopefully
+move to early userspace:
+
+- Almost all of init/do_mounts* (the beginning of this is already in
+ place)
+- ACPI table parsing
+- Insert unwieldy subsystem that doesn't really need to be in kernel
+ space here
+
+If kinit doesn't meet your current needs and you've got bytes to burn,
+the klibc distribution includes a small Bourne-compatible shell (ash)
+and a number of other utilities, so you can replace kinit and build
+custom initramfs images that meet your needs exactly.
+
+For questions and help, you can sign up for the early userspace
+mailing list at http://www.zytor.com/mailman/listinfo/klibc
+
+How does it work?
+=================
+
+The kernel has currently 3 ways to mount the root filesystem:
+
+a) all required device and filesystem drivers compiled into the kernel, no
+ initrd. init/main.c:init() will call prepare_namespace() to mount the
+ final root filesystem, based on the root= option and optional init= to run
+ some other init binary than listed at the end of init/main.c:init().
+
+b) some device and filesystem drivers built as modules and stored in an
+ initrd. The initrd must contain a binary '/linuxrc' which is supposed to
+ load these driver modules. It is also possible to mount the final root
+ filesystem via linuxrc and use the pivot_root syscall. The initrd is
+ mounted and executed via prepare_namespace().
+
+c) using initramfs. The call to prepare_namespace() must be skipped.
+ This means that a binary must do all the work. Said binary can be stored
+ into initramfs either via modifying usr/gen_init_cpio.c or via the new
+ initrd format, an cpio archive. It must be called "/init". This binary
+ is responsible to do all the things prepare_namespace() would do.
+
+ To remain backwards compatibility, the /init binary will only run if it
+ comes via an initramfs cpio archive. If this is not the case,
+ init/main.c:init() will run prepare_namespace() to mount the final root
+ and exec one of the predefined init binaries.
+
+Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/early-userspace/buffer-format.txt b/Documentation/early-userspace/buffer-format.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1fd7f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/early-userspace/buffer-format.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+ initramfs buffer format
+ -----------------------
+
+ Al Viro, H. Peter Anvin
+ Last revision: 2002-01-13
+
+Starting with kernel 2.5.x, the old "initial ramdisk" protocol is
+getting {replaced/complemented} with the new "initial ramfs"
+(initramfs) protocol. The initramfs contents is passed using the same
+memory buffer protocol used by the initrd protocol, but the contents
+is different. The initramfs buffer contains an archive which is
+expanded into a ramfs filesystem; this document details the format of
+the initramfs buffer format.
+
+The initramfs buffer format is based around the "newc" or "crc" CPIO
+formats, and can be created with the cpio(1) utility. The cpio
+archive can be compressed using gzip(1). One valid version of an
+initramfs buffer is thus a single .cpio.gz file.
+
+The full format of the initramfs buffer is defined by the following
+grammar, where:
+ * is used to indicate "0 or more occurrences of"
+ (|) indicates alternatives
+ + indicates concatenation
+ GZIP() indicates the gzip(1) of the operand
+ ALGN(n) means padding with null bytes to an n-byte boundary
+
+ initramfs := ("\0" | cpio_archive | cpio_gzip_archive)*
+
+ cpio_gzip_archive := GZIP(cpio_archive)
+
+ cpio_archive := cpio_file* + (<nothing> | cpio_trailer)
+
+ cpio_file := ALGN(4) + cpio_header + filename + "\0" + ALGN(4) + data
+
+ cpio_trailer := ALGN(4) + cpio_header + "TRAILER!!!\0" + ALGN(4)
+
+
+In human terms, the initramfs buffer contains a collection of
+compressed and/or uncompressed cpio archives (in the "newc" or "crc"
+formats); arbitrary amounts zero bytes (for padding) can be added
+between members.
+
+The cpio "TRAILER!!!" entry (cpio end-of-archive) is optional, but is
+not ignored; see "handling of hard links" below.
+
+The structure of the cpio_header is as follows (all fields contain
+hexadecimal ASCII numbers fully padded with '0' on the left to the
+full width of the field, for example, the integer 4780 is represented
+by the ASCII string "000012ac"):
+
+Field name Field size Meaning
+c_magic 6 bytes The string "070701" or "070702"
+c_ino 8 bytes File inode number
+c_mode 8 bytes File mode and permissions
+c_uid 8 bytes File uid
+c_gid 8 bytes File gid
+c_nlink 8 bytes Number of links
+c_mtime 8 bytes Modification time
+c_filesize 8 bytes Size of data field
+c_maj 8 bytes Major part of file device number
+c_min 8 bytes Minor part of file device number
+c_rmaj 8 bytes Major part of device node reference
+c_rmin 8 bytes Minor part of device node reference
+c_namesize 8 bytes Length of filename, including final \0
+c_chksum 8 bytes Checksum of data field if c_magic is 070702;
+ otherwise zero
+
+The c_mode field matches the contents of st_mode returned by stat(2)
+on Linux, and encodes the file type and file permissions.
+
+The c_filesize should be zero for any file which is not a regular file
+or symlink.
+
+The c_chksum field contains a simple 32-bit unsigned sum of all the
+bytes in the data field. cpio(1) refers to this as "crc", which is
+clearly incorrect (a cyclic redundancy check is a different and
+significantly stronger integrity check), however, this is the
+algorithm used.
+
+If the filename is "TRAILER!!!" this is actually an end-of-archive
+marker; the c_filesize for an end-of-archive marker must be zero.
+
+
+*** Handling of hard links
+
+When a nondirectory with c_nlink > 1 is seen, the (c_maj,c_min,c_ino)
+tuple is looked up in a tuple buffer. If not found, it is entered in
+the tuple buffer and the entry is created as usual; if found, a hard
+link rather than a second copy of the file is created. It is not
+necessary (but permitted) to include a second copy of the file
+contents; if the file contents is not included, the c_filesize field
+should be set to zero to indicate no data section follows. If data is
+present, the previous instance of the file is overwritten; this allows
+the data-carrying instance of a file to occur anywhere in the sequence
+(GNU cpio is reported to attach the data to the last instance of a
+file only.)
+
+c_filesize must not be zero for a symlink.
+
+When a "TRAILER!!!" end-of-archive marker is seen, the tuple buffer is
+reset. This permits archives which are generated independently to be
+concatenated.
+
+To combine file data from different sources (without having to
+regenerate the (c_maj,c_min,c_ino) fields), therefore, either one of
+the following techniques can be used:
+
+a) Separate the different file data sources with a "TRAILER!!!"
+ end-of-archive marker, or
+
+b) Make sure c_nlink == 1 for all nondirectory entries.
diff --git a/Documentation/eisa.txt b/Documentation/eisa.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c8388d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/eisa.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+EISA bus support (Marc Zyngier <maz@wild-wind.fr.eu.org>)
+
+This document groups random notes about porting EISA drivers to the
+new EISA/sysfs API.
+
+Starting from version 2.5.59, the EISA bus is almost given the same
+status as other much more mainstream busses such as PCI or USB. This
+has been possible through sysfs, which defines a nice enough set of
+abstractions to manage busses, devices and drivers.
+
+Although the new API is quite simple to use, converting existing
+drivers to the new infrastructure is not an easy task (mostly because
+detection code is generally also used to probe ISA cards). Moreover,
+most EISA drivers are among the oldest Linux drivers so, as you can
+imagine, some dust has settled here over the years.
+
+The EISA infrastructure is made up of three parts :
+
+ - The bus code implements most of the generic code. It is shared
+ among all the architectures that the EISA code runs on. It
+ implements bus probing (detecting EISA cards avaible on the bus),
+ allocates I/O resources, allows fancy naming through sysfs, and
+ offers interfaces for driver to register.
+
+ - The bus root driver implements the glue between the bus hardware
+ and the generic bus code. It is responsible for discovering the
+ device implementing the bus, and setting it up to be latter probed
+ by the bus code. This can go from something as simple as reserving
+ an I/O region on x86, to the rather more complex, like the hppa
+ EISA code. This is the part to implement in order to have EISA
+ running on an "new" platform.
+
+ - The driver offers the bus a list of devices that it manages, and
+ implements the necessary callbacks to probe and release devices
+ whenever told to.
+
+Every function/structure below lives in <linux/eisa.h>, which depends
+heavily on <linux/device.h>.
+
+** Bus root driver :
+
+int eisa_root_register (struct eisa_root_device *root);
+
+The eisa_root_register function is used to declare a device as the
+root of an EISA bus. The eisa_root_device structure holds a reference
+to this device, as well as some parameters for probing purposes.
+
+struct eisa_root_device {
+ struct device *dev; /* Pointer to bridge device */
+ struct resource *res;
+ unsigned long bus_base_addr;
+ int slots; /* Max slot number */
+ int force_probe; /* Probe even when no slot 0 */
+ u64 dma_mask; /* from bridge device */
+ int bus_nr; /* Set by eisa_root_register */
+ struct resource eisa_root_res; /* ditto */
+};
+
+node : used for eisa_root_register internal purpose
+dev : pointer to the root device
+res : root device I/O resource
+bus_base_addr : slot 0 address on this bus
+slots : max slot number to probe
+force_probe : Probe even when slot 0 is empty (no EISA mainboard)
+dma_mask : Default DMA mask. Usualy the bridge device dma_mask.
+bus_nr : unique bus id, set by eisa_root_register
+
+** Driver :
+
+int eisa_driver_register (struct eisa_driver *edrv);
+void eisa_driver_unregister (struct eisa_driver *edrv);
+
+Clear enough ?
+
+struct eisa_device_id {
+ char sig[EISA_SIG_LEN];
+ unsigned long driver_data;
+};
+
+struct eisa_driver {
+ const struct eisa_device_id *id_table;
+ struct device_driver driver;
+};
+
+id_table : an array of NULL terminated EISA id strings,
+ followed by an empty string. Each string can
+ optionnaly be paired with a driver-dependant value
+ (driver_data).
+
+driver : a generic driver, such as described in
+ Documentation/driver-model/driver.txt. Only .name,
+ .probe and .remove members are mandatory.
+
+An example is the 3c59x driver :
+
+static struct eisa_device_id vortex_eisa_ids[] = {
+ { "TCM5920", EISA_3C592_OFFSET },
+ { "TCM5970", EISA_3C597_OFFSET },
+ { "" }
+};
+
+static struct eisa_driver vortex_eisa_driver = {
+ .id_table = vortex_eisa_ids,
+ .driver = {
+ .name = "3c59x",
+ .probe = vortex_eisa_probe,
+ .remove = vortex_eisa_remove
+ }
+};
+
+** Device :
+
+The sysfs framework calls .probe and .remove functions upon device
+discovery and removal (note that the .remove function is only called
+when driver is built as a module).
+
+Both functions are passed a pointer to a 'struct device', which is
+encapsulated in a 'struct eisa_device' described as follows :
+
+struct eisa_device {
+ struct eisa_device_id id;
+ int slot;
+ int state;
+ unsigned long base_addr;
+ struct resource res[EISA_MAX_RESOURCES];
+ u64 dma_mask;
+ struct device dev; /* generic device */
+};
+
+id : EISA id, as read from device. id.driver_data is set from the
+ matching driver EISA id.
+slot : slot number which the device was detected on
+state : set of flags indicating the state of the device. Current
+ flags are EISA_CONFIG_ENABLED and EISA_CONFIG_FORCED.
+res : set of four 256 bytes I/O regions allocated to this device
+dma_mask: DMA mask set from the parent device.
+dev : generic device (see Documentation/driver-model/device.txt)
+
+You can get the 'struct eisa_device' from 'struct device' using the
+'to_eisa_device' macro.
+
+** Misc stuff :
+
+void eisa_set_drvdata (struct eisa_device *edev, void *data);
+
+Stores data into the device's driver_data area.
+
+void *eisa_get_drvdata (struct eisa_device *edev):
+
+Gets the pointer previously stored into the device's driver_data area.
+
+int eisa_get_region_index (void *addr);
+
+Returns the region number (0 <= x < EISA_MAX_RESOURCES) of a given
+address.
+
+** Kernel parameters :
+
+eisa_bus.enable_dev :
+
+A comma-separated list of slots to be enabled, even if the firmware
+set the card as disabled. The driver must be able to properly
+initialize the device in such conditions.
+
+eisa_bus.disable_dev :
+
+A comma-separated list of slots to be enabled, even if the firmware
+set the card as enabled. The driver won't be called to handle this
+device.
+
+virtual_root.force_probe :
+
+Force the probing code to probe EISA slots even when it cannot find an
+EISA compliant mainboard (nothing appears on slot 0). Defaultd to 0
+(don't force), and set to 1 (force probing) when either
+CONFIG_ALPHA_JENSEN or CONFIG_EISA_VLB_PRIMING are set.
+
+** Random notes :
+
+Converting an EISA driver to the new API mostly involves *deleting*
+code (since probing is now in the core EISA code). Unfortunately, most
+drivers share their probing routine between ISA, MCA and EISA. Special
+care must be taken when ripping out the EISA code, so other busses
+won't suffer from these surgical strikes...
+
+You *must not* expect any EISA device to be detected when returning
+from eisa_driver_register, since the chances are that the bus has not
+yet been probed. In fact, that's what happens most of the time (the
+bus root driver usually kicks in rather late in the boot process).
+Unfortunately, most drivers are doing the probing by themselves, and
+expect to have explored the whole machine when they exit their probe
+routine.
+
+For example, switching your favorite EISA SCSI card to the "hotplug"
+model is "the right thing"(tm).
+
+** Thanks :
+
+I'd like to thank the following people for their help :
+- Xavier Benigni for lending me a wonderful Alpha Jensen,
+- James Bottomley, Jeff Garzik for getting this stuff into the kernel,
+- Andries Brouwer for contributing numerous EISA ids,
+- Catrin Jones for coping with far too many machines at home.
diff --git a/Documentation/exception.txt b/Documentation/exception.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1d4369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/exception.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+ Kernel level exception handling in Linux 2.1.8
+ Commentary by Joerg Pommnitz <joerg@raleigh.ibm.com>
+
+When a process runs in kernel mode, it often has to access user
+mode memory whose address has been passed by an untrusted program.
+To protect itself the kernel has to verify this address.
+
+In older versions of Linux this was done with the
+int verify_area(int type, const void * addr, unsigned long size)
+function.
+
+This function verified that the memory area starting at address
+addr and of size size was accessible for the operation specified
+in type (read or write). To do this, verify_read had to look up the
+virtual memory area (vma) that contained the address addr. In the
+normal case (correctly working program), this test was successful.
+It only failed for a few buggy programs. In some kernel profiling
+tests, this normally unneeded verification used up a considerable
+amount of time.
+
+To overcome this situation, Linus decided to let the virtual memory
+hardware present in every Linux-capable CPU handle this test.
+
+How does this work?
+
+Whenever the kernel tries to access an address that is currently not
+accessible, the CPU generates a page fault exception and calls the
+page fault handler
+
+void do_page_fault(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code)
+
+in arch/i386/mm/fault.c. The parameters on the stack are set up by
+the low level assembly glue in arch/i386/kernel/entry.S. The parameter
+regs is a pointer to the saved registers on the stack, error_code
+contains a reason code for the exception.
+
+do_page_fault first obtains the unaccessible address from the CPU
+control register CR2. If the address is within the virtual address
+space of the process, the fault probably occurred, because the page
+was not swapped in, write protected or something similar. However,
+we are interested in the other case: the address is not valid, there
+is no vma that contains this address. In this case, the kernel jumps
+to the bad_area label.
+
+There it uses the address of the instruction that caused the exception
+(i.e. regs->eip) to find an address where the execution can continue
+(fixup). If this search is successful, the fault handler modifies the
+return address (again regs->eip) and returns. The execution will
+continue at the address in fixup.
+
+Where does fixup point to?
+
+Since we jump to the contents of fixup, fixup obviously points
+to executable code. This code is hidden inside the user access macros.
+I have picked the get_user macro defined in include/asm/uaccess.h as an
+example. The definition is somewhat hard to follow, so let's peek at
+the code generated by the preprocessor and the compiler. I selected
+the get_user call in drivers/char/console.c for a detailed examination.
+
+The original code in console.c line 1405:
+ get_user(c, buf);
+
+The preprocessor output (edited to become somewhat readable):
+
+(
+ {
+ long __gu_err = - 14 , __gu_val = 0;
+ const __typeof__(*( ( buf ) )) *__gu_addr = ((buf));
+ if (((((0 + current_set[0])->tss.segment) == 0x18 ) ||
+ (((sizeof(*(buf))) <= 0xC0000000UL) &&
+ ((unsigned long)(__gu_addr ) <= 0xC0000000UL - (sizeof(*(buf)))))))
+ do {
+ __gu_err = 0;
+ switch ((sizeof(*(buf)))) {
+ case 1:
+ __asm__ __volatile__(
+ "1: mov" "b" " %2,%" "b" "1\n"
+ "2:\n"
+ ".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"
+ "3: movl %3,%0\n"
+ " xor" "b" " %" "b" "1,%" "b" "1\n"
+ " jmp 2b\n"
+ ".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"
+ " .align 4\n"
+ " .long 1b,3b\n"
+ ".text" : "=r"(__gu_err), "=q" (__gu_val): "m"((*(struct __large_struct *)
+ ( __gu_addr )) ), "i"(- 14 ), "0"( __gu_err )) ;
+ break;
+ case 2:
+ __asm__ __volatile__(
+ "1: mov" "w" " %2,%" "w" "1\n"
+ "2:\n"
+ ".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"
+ "3: movl %3,%0\n"
+ " xor" "w" " %" "w" "1,%" "w" "1\n"
+ " jmp 2b\n"
+ ".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"
+ " .align 4\n"
+ " .long 1b,3b\n"
+ ".text" : "=r"(__gu_err), "=r" (__gu_val) : "m"((*(struct __large_struct *)
+ ( __gu_addr )) ), "i"(- 14 ), "0"( __gu_err ));
+ break;
+ case 4:
+ __asm__ __volatile__(
+ "1: mov" "l" " %2,%" "" "1\n"
+ "2:\n"
+ ".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"
+ "3: movl %3,%0\n"
+ " xor" "l" " %" "" "1,%" "" "1\n"
+ " jmp 2b\n"
+ ".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"
+ " .align 4\n" " .long 1b,3b\n"
+ ".text" : "=r"(__gu_err), "=r" (__gu_val) : "m"((*(struct __large_struct *)
+ ( __gu_addr )) ), "i"(- 14 ), "0"(__gu_err));
+ break;
+ default:
+ (__gu_val) = __get_user_bad();
+ }
+ } while (0) ;
+ ((c)) = (__typeof__(*((buf))))__gu_val;
+ __gu_err;
+ }
+);
+
+WOW! Black GCC/assembly magic. This is impossible to follow, so let's
+see what code gcc generates:
+
+ > xorl %edx,%edx
+ > movl current_set,%eax
+ > cmpl $24,788(%eax)
+ > je .L1424
+ > cmpl $-1073741825,64(%esp)
+ > ja .L1423
+ > .L1424:
+ > movl %edx,%eax
+ > movl 64(%esp),%ebx
+ > #APP
+ > 1: movb (%ebx),%dl /* this is the actual user access */
+ > 2:
+ > .section .fixup,"ax"
+ > 3: movl $-14,%eax
+ > xorb %dl,%dl
+ > jmp 2b
+ > .section __ex_table,"a"
+ > .align 4
+ > .long 1b,3b
+ > .text
+ > #NO_APP
+ > .L1423:
+ > movzbl %dl,%esi
+
+The optimizer does a good job and gives us something we can actually
+understand. Can we? The actual user access is quite obvious. Thanks
+to the unified address space we can just access the address in user
+memory. But what does the .section stuff do?????
+
+To understand this we have to look at the final kernel:
+
+ > objdump --section-headers vmlinux
+ >
+ > vmlinux: file format elf32-i386
+ >
+ > Sections:
+ > Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn
+ > 0 .text 00098f40 c0100000 c0100000 00001000 2**4
+ > CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE
+ > 1 .fixup 000016bc c0198f40 c0198f40 00099f40 2**0
+ > CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE
+ > 2 .rodata 0000f127 c019a5fc c019a5fc 0009b5fc 2**2
+ > CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
+ > 3 __ex_table 000015c0 c01a9724 c01a9724 000aa724 2**2
+ > CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
+ > 4 .data 0000ea58 c01abcf0 c01abcf0 000abcf0 2**4
+ > CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
+ > 5 .bss 00018e21 c01ba748 c01ba748 000ba748 2**2
+ > ALLOC
+ > 6 .comment 00000ec4 00000000 00000000 000ba748 2**0
+ > CONTENTS, READONLY
+ > 7 .note 00001068 00000ec4 00000ec4 000bb60c 2**0
+ > CONTENTS, READONLY
+
+There are obviously 2 non standard ELF sections in the generated object
+file. But first we want to find out what happened to our code in the
+final kernel executable:
+
+ > objdump --disassemble --section=.text vmlinux
+ >
+ > c017e785 <do_con_write+c1> xorl %edx,%edx
+ > c017e787 <do_con_write+c3> movl 0xc01c7bec,%eax
+ > c017e78c <do_con_write+c8> cmpl $0x18,0x314(%eax)
+ > c017e793 <do_con_write+cf> je c017e79f <do_con_write+db>
+ > c017e795 <do_con_write+d1> cmpl $0xbfffffff,0x40(%esp,1)
+ > c017e79d <do_con_write+d9> ja c017e7a7 <do_con_write+e3>
+ > c017e79f <do_con_write+db> movl %edx,%eax
+ > c017e7a1 <do_con_write+dd> movl 0x40(%esp,1),%ebx
+ > c017e7a5 <do_con_write+e1> movb (%ebx),%dl
+ > c017e7a7 <do_con_write+e3> movzbl %dl,%esi
+
+The whole user memory access is reduced to 10 x86 machine instructions.
+The instructions bracketed in the .section directives are no longer
+in the normal execution path. They are located in a different section
+of the executable file:
+
+ > objdump --disassemble --section=.fixup vmlinux
+ >
+ > c0199ff5 <.fixup+10b5> movl $0xfffffff2,%eax
+ > c0199ffa <.fixup+10ba> xorb %dl,%dl
+ > c0199ffc <.fixup+10bc> jmp c017e7a7 <do_con_write+e3>
+
+And finally:
+ > objdump --full-contents --section=__ex_table vmlinux
+ >
+ > c01aa7c4 93c017c0 e09f19c0 97c017c0 99c017c0 ................
+ > c01aa7d4 f6c217c0 e99f19c0 a5e717c0 f59f19c0 ................
+ > c01aa7e4 080a18c0 01a019c0 0a0a18c0 04a019c0 ................
+
+or in human readable byte order:
+
+ > c01aa7c4 c017c093 c0199fe0 c017c097 c017c099 ................
+ > c01aa7d4 c017c2f6 c0199fe9 c017e7a5 c0199ff5 ................
+ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+ this is the interesting part!
+ > c01aa7e4 c0180a08 c019a001 c0180a0a c019a004 ................
+
+What happened? The assembly directives
+
+.section .fixup,"ax"
+.section __ex_table,"a"
+
+told the assembler to move the following code to the specified
+sections in the ELF object file. So the instructions
+3: movl $-14,%eax
+ xorb %dl,%dl
+ jmp 2b
+ended up in the .fixup section of the object file and the addresses
+ .long 1b,3b
+ended up in the __ex_table section of the object file. 1b and 3b
+are local labels. The local label 1b (1b stands for next label 1
+backward) is the address of the instruction that might fault, i.e.
+in our case the address of the label 1 is c017e7a5:
+the original assembly code: > 1: movb (%ebx),%dl
+and linked in vmlinux : > c017e7a5 <do_con_write+e1> movb (%ebx),%dl
+
+The local label 3 (backwards again) is the address of the code to handle
+the fault, in our case the actual value is c0199ff5:
+the original assembly code: > 3: movl $-14,%eax
+and linked in vmlinux : > c0199ff5 <.fixup+10b5> movl $0xfffffff2,%eax
+
+The assembly code
+ > .section __ex_table,"a"
+ > .align 4
+ > .long 1b,3b
+
+becomes the value pair
+ > c01aa7d4 c017c2f6 c0199fe9 c017e7a5 c0199ff5 ................
+ ^this is ^this is
+ 1b 3b
+c017e7a5,c0199ff5 in the exception table of the kernel.
+
+So, what actually happens if a fault from kernel mode with no suitable
+vma occurs?
+
+1.) access to invalid address:
+ > c017e7a5 <do_con_write+e1> movb (%ebx),%dl
+2.) MMU generates exception
+3.) CPU calls do_page_fault
+4.) do page fault calls search_exception_table (regs->eip == c017e7a5);
+5.) search_exception_table looks up the address c017e7a5 in the
+ exception table (i.e. the contents of the ELF section __ex_table)
+ and returns the address of the associated fault handle code c0199ff5.
+6.) do_page_fault modifies its own return address to point to the fault
+ handle code and returns.
+7.) execution continues in the fault handling code.
+8.) 8a) EAX becomes -EFAULT (== -14)
+ 8b) DL becomes zero (the value we "read" from user space)
+ 8c) execution continues at local label 2 (address of the
+ instruction immediately after the faulting user access).
+
+The steps 8a to 8c in a certain way emulate the faulting instruction.
+
+That's it, mostly. If you look at our example, you might ask why
+we set EAX to -EFAULT in the exception handler code. Well, the
+get_user macro actually returns a value: 0, if the user access was
+successful, -EFAULT on failure. Our original code did not test this
+return value, however the inline assembly code in get_user tries to
+return -EFAULT. GCC selected EAX to return this value.
+
+NOTE:
+Due to the way that the exception table is built and needs to be ordered,
+only use exceptions for code in the .text section. Any other section
+will cause the exception table to not be sorted correctly, and the
+exceptions will fail.
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/00-INDEX b/Documentation/fb/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92e89ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Index of files in Documentation/fb. If you think something about frame
+buffer devices needs an entry here, needs correction or you've written one
+please mail me.
+ Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
+
+00-INDEX
+ - this file
+framebuffer.txt
+ - introduction to frame buffer devices
+internals.txt
+ - quick overview of frame buffer device internals
+modedb.txt
+ - info on the video mode database
+aty128fb.txt
+ - info on the ATI Rage128 frame buffer driver
+clgenfb.txt
+ - info on the Cirrus Logic frame buffer driver
+matroxfb.txt
+ - info on the Matrox frame buffer driver
+pvr2fb.txt
+ - info on the PowerVR 2 frame buffer driver
+tgafb.txt
+ - info on the TGA (DECChip 21030) frame buffer driver
+vesafb.txt
+ - info on the VESA frame buffer device
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/aty128fb.txt b/Documentation/fb/aty128fb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..069262f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/aty128fb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+[This file is cloned from VesaFB/matroxfb]
+
+What is aty128fb?
+=================
+
+This is a driver for a graphic framebuffer for ATI Rage128 based devices
+on Intel and PPC boxes.
+
+Advantages:
+
+ * It provides a nice large console (128 cols + 48 lines with 1024x768)
+ without using tiny, unreadable fonts.
+ * You can run XF68_FBDev on top of /dev/fb0
+ * Most important: boot logo :-)
+
+Disadvantages:
+
+ * graphic mode is slower than text mode... but you should not notice
+ if you use same resolution as you used in textmode.
+ * still experimental.
+
+
+How to use it?
+==============
+
+Switching modes is done using the video=aty128fb:<resolution>... modedb
+boot parameter or using `fbset' program.
+
+See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt for more information on modedb
+resolutions.
+
+You should compile in both vgacon (to boot if you remove your Rage128 from
+box) and aty128fb (for graphics mode). You should not compile-in vesafb
+unless you have primary display on non-Rage128 VBE2.0 device (see
+Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt for details).
+
+
+X11
+===
+
+XF68_FBDev should generally work fine, but it is non-accelerated. As of
+this document, 8 and 32bpp works fine. There have been palette issues
+when switching from X to console and back to X. You will have to restart
+X to fix this.
+
+
+Configuration
+=============
+
+You can pass kernel command line options to vesafb with
+`video=aty128fb:option1,option2:value2,option3' (multiple options should
+be separated by comma, values are separated from options by `:').
+Accepted options:
+
+noaccel - do not use acceleration engine. It is default.
+accel - use acceleration engine. Not finished.
+vmode:x - chooses PowerMacintosh video mode <x>. Depreciated.
+cmode:x - chooses PowerMacintosh colour mode <x>. Depreciated.
+<XxX@X> - selects startup videomode. See modedb.txt for detailed
+ explanation. Default is 640x480x8bpp.
+
+
+Limitations
+===========
+
+There are known and unknown bugs, features and misfeatures.
+Currently there are following known bugs:
+ + This driver is still experimental and is not finished. Too many
+ bugs/errata to list here.
+
+--
+Brad Douglas <brad@neruo.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/cirrusfb.txt b/Documentation/fb/cirrusfb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f943684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/cirrusfb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+
+ Framebuffer driver for Cirrus Logic chipsets
+ Copyright 1999 Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
+
+
+
+{ just a little something to get people going; contributors welcome! }
+
+
+
+Chip families supported:
+ SD64
+ Piccolo
+ Picasso
+ Spectrum
+ Alpine (GD-543x/4x)
+ Picasso4 (GD-5446)
+ GD-5480
+ Laguna (GD-546x)
+
+Bus's supported:
+ PCI
+ Zorro
+
+Architectures supported:
+ i386
+ Alpha
+ PPC (Motorola Powerstack)
+ m68k (Amiga)
+
+
+
+Default video modes
+-------------------
+At the moment, there are two kernel command line arguments supported:
+
+mode:640x480
+mode:800x600
+ or
+mode:1024x768
+
+Full support for startup video modes (modedb) will be integrated soon.
+
+Version 1.9.9.1
+---------------
+* Fix memory detection for 512kB case
+* 800x600 mode
+* Fixed timings
+* Hint for AXP: Use -accel false -vyres -1 when changing resolution
+
+
+Version 1.9.4.4
+---------------
+* Preliminary Laguna support
+* Overhaul color register routines.
+* Associated with the above, console colors are now obtained from a LUT
+ called 'palette' instead of from the VGA registers. This code was
+ modeled after that in atyfb and matroxfb.
+* Code cleanup, add comments.
+* Overhaul SR07 handling.
+* Bug fixes.
+
+
+Version 1.9.4.3
+---------------
+* Correctly set default startup video mode.
+* Do not override ram size setting. Define
+ CLGEN_USE_HARDCODED_RAM_SETTINGS if you _do_ want to override the RAM
+ setting.
+* Compile fixes related to new 2.3.x IORESOURCE_IO[PORT] symbol changes.
+* Use new 2.3.x resource allocation.
+* Some code cleanup.
+
+
+Version 1.9.4.2
+---------------
+* Casting fixes.
+* Assertions no longer cause an oops on purpose.
+* Bug fixes.
+
+
+Version 1.9.4.1
+---------------
+* Add compatibility support. Now requires a 2.1.x, 2.2.x or 2.3.x kernel.
+
+
+Version 1.9.4
+-------------
+* Several enhancements, smaller memory footprint, a few bugfixes.
+* Requires kernel 2.3.14-pre1 or later.
+
+
+Version 1.9.3
+-------------
+* Bundled with kernel 2.3.14-pre1 or later.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/framebuffer.txt b/Documentation/fb/framebuffer.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..610e780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/framebuffer.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+ The Frame Buffer Device
+ -----------------------
+
+Maintained by Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
+Last revised: May 10, 2001
+
+
+0. Introduction
+---------------
+
+The frame buffer device provides an abstraction for the graphics hardware. It
+represents the frame buffer of some video hardware and allows application
+software to access the graphics hardware through a well-defined interface, so
+the software doesn't need to know anything about the low-level (hardware
+register) stuff.
+
+The device is accessed through special device nodes, usually located in the
+/dev directory, i.e. /dev/fb*.
+
+
+1. User's View of /dev/fb*
+--------------------------
+
+From the user's point of view, the frame buffer device looks just like any
+other device in /dev. It's a character device using major 29; the minor
+specifies the frame buffer number.
+
+By convention, the following device nodes are used (numbers indicate the device
+minor numbers):
+
+ 0 = /dev/fb0 First frame buffer
+ 1 = /dev/fb1 Second frame buffer
+ ...
+ 31 = /dev/fb31 32nd frame buffer
+
+For backwards compatibility, you may want to create the following symbolic
+links:
+
+ /dev/fb0current -> fb0
+ /dev/fb1current -> fb1
+
+and so on...
+
+The frame buffer devices are also `normal' memory devices, this means, you can
+read and write their contents. You can, for example, make a screen snapshot by
+
+ cp /dev/fb0 myfile
+
+There also can be more than one frame buffer at a time, e.g. if you have a
+graphics card in addition to the built-in hardware. The corresponding frame
+buffer devices (/dev/fb0 and /dev/fb1 etc.) work independently.
+
+Application software that uses the frame buffer device (e.g. the X server) will
+use /dev/fb0 by default (older software uses /dev/fb0current). You can specify
+an alternative frame buffer device by setting the environment variable
+$FRAMEBUFFER to the path name of a frame buffer device, e.g. (for sh/bash
+users):
+
+ export FRAMEBUFFER=/dev/fb1
+
+or (for csh users):
+
+ setenv FRAMEBUFFER /dev/fb1
+
+After this the X server will use the second frame buffer.
+
+
+2. Programmer's View of /dev/fb*
+--------------------------------
+
+As you already know, a frame buffer device is a memory device like /dev/mem and
+it has the same features. You can read it, write it, seek to some location in
+it and mmap() it (the main usage). The difference is just that the memory that
+appears in the special file is not the whole memory, but the frame buffer of
+some video hardware.
+
+/dev/fb* also allows several ioctls on it, by which lots of information about
+the hardware can be queried and set. The color map handling works via ioctls,
+too. Look into <linux/fb.h> for more information on what ioctls exist and on
+which data structures they work. Here's just a brief overview:
+
+ - You can request unchangeable information about the hardware, like name,
+ organization of the screen memory (planes, packed pixels, ...) and address
+ and length of the screen memory.
+
+ - You can request and change variable information about the hardware, like
+ visible and virtual geometry, depth, color map format, timing, and so on.
+ If you try to change that information, the driver maybe will round up some
+ values to meet the hardware's capabilities (or return EINVAL if that isn't
+ possible).
+
+ - You can get and set parts of the color map. Communication is done with 16
+ bits per color part (red, green, blue, transparency) to support all
+ existing hardware. The driver does all the computations needed to apply
+ it to the hardware (round it down to less bits, maybe throw away
+ transparency).
+
+All this hardware abstraction makes the implementation of application programs
+easier and more portable. E.g. the X server works completely on /dev/fb* and
+thus doesn't need to know, for example, how the color registers of the concrete
+hardware are organized. XF68_FBDev is a general X server for bitmapped,
+unaccelerated video hardware. The only thing that has to be built into
+application programs is the screen organization (bitplanes or chunky pixels
+etc.), because it works on the frame buffer image data directly.
+
+For the future it is planned that frame buffer drivers for graphics cards and
+the like can be implemented as kernel modules that are loaded at runtime. Such
+a driver just has to call register_framebuffer() and supply some functions.
+Writing and distributing such drivers independently from the kernel will save
+much trouble...
+
+
+3. Frame Buffer Resolution Maintenance
+--------------------------------------
+
+Frame buffer resolutions are maintained using the utility `fbset'. It can
+change the video mode properties of a frame buffer device. Its main usage is
+to change the current video mode, e.g. during boot up in one of your /etc/rc.*
+or /etc/init.d/* files.
+
+Fbset uses a video mode database stored in a configuration file, so you can
+easily add your own modes and refer to them with a simple identifier.
+
+
+4. The X Server
+---------------
+
+The X server (XF68_FBDev) is the most notable application program for the frame
+buffer device. Starting with XFree86 release 3.2, the X server is part of
+XFree86 and has 2 modes:
+
+ - If the `Display' subsection for the `fbdev' driver in the /etc/XF86Config
+ file contains a
+
+ Modes "default"
+
+ line, the X server will use the scheme discussed above, i.e. it will start
+ up in the resolution determined by /dev/fb0 (or $FRAMEBUFFER, if set). You
+ still have to specify the color depth (using the Depth keyword) and virtual
+ resolution (using the Virtual keyword) though. This is the default for the
+ configuration file supplied with XFree86. It's the most simple
+ configuration, but it has some limitations.
+
+ - Therefore it's also possible to specify resolutions in the /etc/XF86Config
+ file. This allows for on-the-fly resolution switching while retaining the
+ same virtual desktop size. The frame buffer device that's used is still
+ /dev/fb0current (or $FRAMEBUFFER), but the available resolutions are
+ defined by /etc/XF86Config now. The disadvantage is that you have to
+ specify the timings in a different format (but `fbset -x' may help).
+
+To tune a video mode, you can use fbset or xvidtune. Note that xvidtune doesn't
+work 100% with XF68_FBDev: the reported clock values are always incorrect.
+
+
+5. Video Mode Timings
+---------------------
+
+A monitor draws an image on the screen by using an electron beam (3 electron
+beams for color models, 1 electron beam for monochrome monitors). The front of
+the screen is covered by a pattern of colored phosphors (pixels). If a phosphor
+is hit by an electron, it emits a photon and thus becomes visible.
+
+The electron beam draws horizontal lines (scanlines) from left to right, and
+from the top to the bottom of the screen. By modifying the intensity of the
+electron beam, pixels with various colors and intensities can be shown.
+
+After each scanline the electron beam has to move back to the left side of the
+screen and to the next line: this is called the horizontal retrace. After the
+whole screen (frame) was painted, the beam moves back to the upper left corner:
+this is called the vertical retrace. During both the horizontal and vertical
+retrace, the electron beam is turned off (blanked).
+
+The speed at which the electron beam paints the pixels is determined by the
+dotclock in the graphics board. For a dotclock of e.g. 28.37516 MHz (millions
+of cycles per second), each pixel is 35242 ps (picoseconds) long:
+
+ 1/(28.37516E6 Hz) = 35.242E-9 s
+
+If the screen resolution is 640x480, it will take
+
+ 640*35.242E-9 s = 22.555E-6 s
+
+to paint the 640 (xres) pixels on one scanline. But the horizontal retrace
+also takes time (e.g. 272 `pixels'), so a full scanline takes
+
+ (640+272)*35.242E-9 s = 32.141E-6 s
+
+We'll say that the horizontal scanrate is about 31 kHz:
+
+ 1/(32.141E-6 s) = 31.113E3 Hz
+
+A full screen counts 480 (yres) lines, but we have to consider the vertical
+retrace too (e.g. 49 `lines'). So a full screen will take
+
+ (480+49)*32.141E-6 s = 17.002E-3 s
+
+The vertical scanrate is about 59 Hz:
+
+ 1/(17.002E-3 s) = 58.815 Hz
+
+This means the screen data is refreshed about 59 times per second. To have a
+stable picture without visible flicker, VESA recommends a vertical scanrate of
+at least 72 Hz. But the perceived flicker is very human dependent: some people
+can use 50 Hz without any trouble, while I'll notice if it's less than 80 Hz.
+
+Since the monitor doesn't know when a new scanline starts, the graphics board
+will supply a synchronization pulse (horizontal sync or hsync) for each
+scanline. Similarly it supplies a synchronization pulse (vertical sync or
+vsync) for each new frame. The position of the image on the screen is
+influenced by the moments at which the synchronization pulses occur.
+
+The following picture summarizes all timings. The horizontal retrace time is
+the sum of the left margin, the right margin and the hsync length, while the
+vertical retrace time is the sum of the upper margin, the lower margin and the
+vsync length.
+
+ +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
+ | | ^ | | |
+ | | |upper_margin | | |
+ | | ¥ | | |
+ +----------###############################################----------+-------+
+ | # ^ # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | left # | # right | hsync |
+ | margin # | xres # margin | len |
+ |<-------->#<---------------+--------------------------->#<-------->|<----->|
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # |yres # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # | # | |
+ | # ¥ # | |
+ +----------###############################################----------+-------+
+ | | ^ | | |
+ | | |lower_margin | | |
+ | | ¥ | | |
+ +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
+ | | ^ | | |
+ | | |vsync_len | | |
+ | | ¥ | | |
+ +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
+
+The frame buffer device expects all horizontal timings in number of dotclocks
+(in picoseconds, 1E-12 s), and vertical timings in number of scanlines.
+
+
+6. Converting XFree86 timing values info frame buffer device timings
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An XFree86 mode line consists of the following fields:
+ "800x600" 50 800 856 976 1040 600 637 643 666
+ < name > DCF HR SH1 SH2 HFL VR SV1 SV2 VFL
+
+The frame buffer device uses the following fields:
+
+ - pixclock: pixel clock in ps (pico seconds)
+ - left_margin: time from sync to picture
+ - right_margin: time from picture to sync
+ - upper_margin: time from sync to picture
+ - lower_margin: time from picture to sync
+ - hsync_len: length of horizontal sync
+ - vsync_len: length of vertical sync
+
+1) Pixelclock:
+ xfree: in MHz
+ fb: in picoseconds (ps)
+
+ pixclock = 1000000 / DCF
+
+2) horizontal timings:
+ left_margin = HFL - SH2
+ right_margin = SH1 - HR
+ hsync_len = SH2 - SH1
+
+3) vertical timings:
+ upper_margin = VFL - SV2
+ lower_margin = SV1 - VR
+ vsync_len = SV2 - SV1
+
+Good examples for VESA timings can be found in the XFree86 source tree,
+under "xc/programs/Xserver/hw/xfree86/doc/modeDB.txt".
+
+
+7. References
+-------------
+
+For more specific information about the frame buffer device and its
+applications, please refer to the Linux-fbdev website:
+
+ http://linux-fbdev.sourceforge.net/
+
+and to the following documentation:
+
+ - The manual pages for fbset: fbset(8), fb.modes(5)
+ - The manual pages for XFree86: XF68_FBDev(1), XF86Config(4/5)
+ - The mighty kernel sources:
+ o linux/drivers/video/
+ o linux/include/linux/fb.h
+ o linux/include/video/
+
+
+
+8. Mailing list
+---------------
+
+There are several frame buffer device related mailing lists at SourceForge:
+ - linux-fbdev-announce@lists.sourceforge.net, for announcements,
+ - linux-fbdev-user@lists.sourceforge.net, for generic user support,
+ - linux-fbdev-devel@lists.sourceforge.net, for project developers.
+
+Point your web browser to http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-fbdev/ for
+subscription information and archive browsing.
+
+
+9. Downloading
+--------------
+
+All necessary files can be found at
+
+ ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/LOCAL/680x0/
+
+and on its mirrors.
+
+The latest version of fbset can be found at
+
+ http://home.tvd.be/cr26864/Linux/fbdev/
+
+
+10. Credits
+----------
+
+This readme was written by Geert Uytterhoeven, partly based on the original
+`X-framebuffer.README' by Roman Hodek and Martin Schaller. Section 6 was
+provided by Frank Neumann.
+
+The frame buffer device abstraction was designed by Martin Schaller.
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/intel810.txt b/Documentation/fb/intel810.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd68b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/intel810.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+Intel 810/815 Framebuffer driver
+ Tony Daplas <adaplas@pol.net>
+ http://i810fb.sourceforge.net
+
+ March 17, 2002
+
+ First Released: July 2001
+================================================================
+
+A. Introduction
+ This is a framebuffer driver for various Intel 810/815 compatible
+graphics devices. These would include:
+
+ Intel 810
+ Intel 810E
+ Intel 810-DC100
+ Intel 815 Internal graphics only, 100Mhz FSB
+ Intel 815 Internal graphics only
+ Intel 815 Internal graphics and AGP
+
+B. Features
+
+ - Choice of using Discrete Video Timings, VESA Generalized Timing
+ Formula, or a framebuffer specific database to set the video mode
+
+ - Supports a variable range of horizontal and vertical resolution, and
+ vertical refresh rates if the VESA Generalized Timing Formula is
+ enabled.
+
+ - Supports color depths of 8, 16, 24 and 32 bits per pixel
+
+ - Supports pseudocolor, directcolor, or truecolor visuals
+
+ - Full and optimized hardware acceleration at 8, 16 and 24 bpp
+
+ - Robust video state save and restore
+
+ - MTRR support
+
+ - Utilizes user-entered monitor specifications to automatically
+ calculate required video mode parameters.
+
+ - Can concurrently run with xfree86 running with native i810 drivers
+
+ - Hardware Cursor Support
+
+C. List of available options
+
+ a. "video=i810fb"
+ enables the i810 driver
+
+ Recommendation: required
+
+ b. "xres:<value>"
+ select horizontal resolution in pixels
+
+ Recommendation: user preference
+ (default = 640)
+
+ c. "yres:<value>"
+ select vertical resolution in scanlines. If Discrete Video Timings
+ is enabled, this will be ignored and computed as 3*xres/4.
+
+ Recommendation: user preference
+ (default = 480)
+
+ d. "vyres:<value>"
+ select virtual vertical resolution in scanlines. If (0) or none
+ is specified, this will be computed against maximum available memory.
+
+ Recommendation: do not set
+ (default = 480)
+
+ e. "vram:<value>"
+ select amount of system RAM in MB to allocate for the video memory
+
+ Recommendation: 1 - 4 MB.
+ (default = 4)
+
+ f. "bpp:<value>"
+ select desired pixel depth
+
+ Recommendation: 8
+ (default = 8)
+
+ g. "hsync1/hsync2:<value>"
+ select the minimum and maximum Horizontal Sync Frequency of the
+ monitor in KHz. If a using a fixed frequency monitor, hsync1 must
+ be equal to hsync2.
+
+ Recommendation: check monitor manual for correct values
+ default (29/30)
+
+ h. "vsync1/vsync2:<value>"
+ select the minimum and maximum Vertical Sync Frequency of the monitor
+ in Hz. You can also use this option to lock your monitor's refresh
+ rate.
+
+ Recommendation: check monitor manual for correct values
+ (default = 60/60)
+
+ IMPORTANT: If you need to clamp your timings, try to give some
+ leeway for computational errors (over/underflows). Example: if
+ using vsync1/vsync2 = 60/60, make sure hsync1/hsync2 has at least
+ a 1 unit difference, and vice versa.
+
+ i. "voffset:<value>"
+ select at what offset in MB of the logical memory to allocate the
+ framebuffer memory. The intent is to avoid the memory blocks
+ used by standard graphics applications (XFree86). The default
+ offset (16 MB for a 64MB aperture, 8 MB for a 32MB aperture) will
+ avoid XFree86's usage and allows up to 7MB/15MB of framebuffer
+ memory. Depending on your usage, adjust the value up or down,
+ (0 for maximum usage, 31/63 MB for the least amount). Note, an
+ arbitrary setting may conflict with XFree86.
+
+ Recommendation: do not set
+ (default = 8 or 16 MB)
+
+ j. "accel"
+ enable text acceleration. This can be enabled/reenabled anytime
+ by using 'fbset -accel true/false'.
+
+ Recommendation: enable
+ (default = not set)
+
+ k. "mtrr"
+ enable MTRR. This allows data transfers to the framebuffer memory
+ to occur in bursts which can significantly increase performance.
+ Not very helpful with the i810/i815 because of 'shared memory'.
+
+ Recommendation: do not set
+ (default = not set)
+
+ l. "extvga"
+ if specified, secondary/external VGA output will always be enabled.
+ Useful if the BIOS turns off the VGA port when no monitor is attached.
+ The external VGA monitor can then be attached without rebooting.
+
+ Recommendation: do not set
+ (default = not set)
+
+ m. "sync"
+ Forces the hardware engine to do a "sync" or wait for the hardware
+ to finish before starting another instruction. This will produce a
+ more stable setup, but will be slower.
+
+ Recommendation: do not set
+ (default = not set)
+
+ n. "dcolor"
+ Use directcolor visual instead of truecolor for pixel depths greater
+ than 8 bpp. Useful for color tuning, such as gamma control.
+
+ Recommendation: do not set
+ (default = not set)
+
+D. Kernel booting
+
+Separate each option/option-pair by commas (,) and the option from its value
+with a colon (:) as in the following:
+
+video=i810fb:option1,option2:value2
+
+Sample Usage
+------------
+
+In /etc/lilo.conf, add the line:
+
+append="video=i810fb:vram:2,xres:1024,yres:768,bpp:8,hsync1:30,hsync2:55, \
+ vsync1:50,vsync2:85,accel,mtrr"
+
+This will initialize the framebuffer to 1024x768 at 8bpp. The framebuffer
+will use 2 MB of System RAM. MTRR support will be enabled. The refresh rate
+will be computed based on the hsync1/hsync2 and vsync1/vsync2 values.
+
+IMPORTANT:
+You must include hsync1, hsync2, vsync1 and vsync2 to enable video modes
+better than 640x480 at 60Hz.
+
+E. Module options
+
+ The module parameters are essentially similar to the kernel
+parameters. The main difference is that you need to include a Boolean value
+(1 for TRUE, and 0 for FALSE) for those options which don't need a value.
+
+Example, to enable MTRR, include "mtrr=1".
+
+Sample Usage
+------------
+
+Using the same setup as described above, load the module like this:
+
+ modprobe i810fb vram=2 xres=1024 bpp=8 hsync1=30 hsync2=55 vsync1=50 \
+ vsync2=85 accel=1 mtrr=1
+
+Or just add the following to /etc/modprobe.conf
+
+ options i810fb vram=2 xres=1024 bpp=16 hsync1=30 hsync2=55 vsync1=50 \
+ vsync2=85 accel=1 mtrr=1
+
+and just do a
+
+ modprobe i810fb
+
+
+F. Setup
+
+ a. Do your usual method of configuring the kernel.
+
+ make menuconfig/xconfig/config
+
+ b. Under "Code Maturity Options", enable "Prompt for experimental/
+ incomplete code/drivers".
+
+ c. Enable agpgart support for the Intel 810/815 on-board graphics.
+ This is required. The option is under "Character Devices"
+
+ d. Under "Graphics Support", select "Intel 810/815" either statically
+ or as a module. Choose "use VESA GTF for video timings" if you
+ need to maximize the capability of your display. To be on the
+ safe side, you can leave this unselected.
+
+ e. If you want a framebuffer console, enable it under "Console
+ Drivers"
+
+ f. Compile your kernel.
+
+ g. Load the driver as described in section D and E.
+
+ Optional:
+ h. If you are going to run XFree86 with its native drivers, the
+ standard XFree86 4.1.0 and 4.2.0 drivers should work as is.
+ However, there's a bug in the XFree86 i810 drivers. It attempts
+ to use XAA even when switched to the console. This will crash
+ your server. I have a fix at this site:
+
+ http://i810fb.sourceforge.net.
+
+ You can either use the patch, or just replace
+
+ /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers/i810_drv.o
+
+ with the one provided at the website.
+
+ i. Try the DirectFB (http://www.directfb.org) + the i810 gfxdriver
+ patch to see the chipset in action (or inaction :-).
+
+G. Acknowledgment:
+
+ 1. Geert Uytterhoeven - his excellent howto and the virtual
+ framebuffer driver code made this possible.
+
+ 2. Jeff Hartmann for his agpgart code.
+
+ 3. The X developers. Insights were provided just by reading the
+ XFree86 source code.
+
+ 4. Intel(c). For this value-oriented chipset driver and for
+ providing documentation.
+
+ 5. Matt Sottek. His inputs and ideas helped in making some
+ optimizations possible.
+
+H. Home Page:
+
+ A more complete, and probably updated information is provided at
+http://i810fb.sourceforge.net.
+
+###########################
+Tony
+
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/internals.txt b/Documentation/fb/internals.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b2a2b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/internals.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+
+This is a first start for some documentation about frame buffer device
+internals.
+
+Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>, 21 July 1998
+James Simmons <jsimmons@user.sf.net>, Nov 26 2002
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ *** STRUCTURES USED BY THE FRAME BUFFER DEVICE API ***
+
+The following structures play a role in the game of frame buffer devices. They
+are defined in <linux/fb.h>.
+
+1. Outside the kernel (user space)
+
+ - struct fb_fix_screeninfo
+
+ Device independent unchangeable information about a frame buffer device and
+ a specific video mode. This can be obtained using the FBIOGET_FSCREENINFO
+ ioctl.
+
+ - struct fb_var_screeninfo
+
+ Device independent changeable information about a frame buffer device and a
+ specific video mode. This can be obtained using the FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO
+ ioctl, and updated with the FBIOPUT_VSCREENINFO ioctl. If you want to pan
+ the screen only, you can use the FBIOPAN_DISPLAY ioctl.
+
+ - struct fb_cmap
+
+ Device independent colormap information. You can get and set the colormap
+ using the FBIOGETCMAP and FBIOPUTCMAP ioctls.
+
+
+2. Inside the kernel
+
+ - struct fb_info
+
+ Generic information, API and low level information about a specific frame
+ buffer device instance (slot number, board address, ...).
+
+ - struct `par'
+
+ Device dependent information that uniquely defines the video mode for this
+ particular piece of hardware.
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ *** VISUALS USED BY THE FRAME BUFFER DEVICE API ***
+
+
+Monochrome (FB_VISUAL_MONO01 and FB_VISUAL_MONO10)
+-------------------------------------------------
+Each pixel is either black or white.
+
+
+Pseudo color (FB_VISUAL_PSEUDOCOLOR and FB_VISUAL_STATIC_PSEUDOCOLOR)
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+The whole pixel value is fed through a programmable lookup table that has one
+color (including red, green, and blue intensities) for each possible pixel
+value, and that color is displayed.
+
+
+True color (FB_VISUAL_TRUECOLOR)
+--------------------------------
+The pixel value is broken up into red, green, and blue fields.
+
+
+Direct color (FB_VISUAL_DIRECTCOLOR)
+------------------------------------
+The pixel value is broken up into red, green, and blue fields, each of which
+are looked up in separate red, green, and blue lookup tables.
+
+
+Grayscale displays
+------------------
+Grayscale and static grayscale are special variants of pseudo color and static
+pseudo color, where the red, green and blue components are always equal to
+each other.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/matroxfb.txt b/Documentation/fb/matroxfb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad7a677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/matroxfb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+[This file is cloned from VesaFB. Thanks go to Gerd Knorr]
+
+What is matroxfb?
+=================
+
+This is a driver for a graphic framebuffer for Matrox devices on
+Alpha, Intel and PPC boxes.
+
+Advantages:
+
+ * It provides a nice large console (128 cols + 48 lines with 1024x768)
+ without using tiny, unreadable fonts.
+ * You can run XF{68,86}_FBDev or XFree86 fbdev driver on top of /dev/fb0
+ * Most important: boot logo :-)
+
+Disadvantages:
+
+ * graphic mode is slower than text mode... but you should not notice
+ if you use same resolution as you used in textmode.
+
+
+How to use it?
+==============
+
+Switching modes is done using the video=matroxfb:vesa:... boot parameter
+or using `fbset' program.
+
+If you want, for example, enable a resolution of 1280x1024x24bpp you should
+pass to the kernel this command line: "video=matroxfb:vesa:0x1BB".
+
+You should compile in both vgacon (to boot if you remove you Matrox from
+box) and matroxfb (for graphics mode). You should not compile-in vesafb
+unless you have primary display on non-Matrox VBE2.0 device (see
+Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt for details).
+
+Currently supported video modes are (through vesa:... interface, PowerMac
+has [as addon] compatibility code):
+
+
+[Graphic modes]
+
+bpp | 640x400 640x480 768x576 800x600 960x720
+----+--------------------------------------------
+ 4 | 0x12 0x102
+ 8 | 0x100 0x101 0x180 0x103 0x188
+ 15 | 0x110 0x181 0x113 0x189
+ 16 | 0x111 0x182 0x114 0x18A
+ 24 | 0x1B2 0x184 0x1B5 0x18C
+ 32 | 0x112 0x183 0x115 0x18B
+
+
+[Graphic modes (continued)]
+
+bpp | 1024x768 1152x864 1280x1024 1408x1056 1600x1200
+----+------------------------------------------------
+ 4 | 0x104 0x106
+ 8 | 0x105 0x190 0x107 0x198 0x11C
+ 15 | 0x116 0x191 0x119 0x199 0x11D
+ 16 | 0x117 0x192 0x11A 0x19A 0x11E
+ 24 | 0x1B8 0x194 0x1BB 0x19C 0x1BF
+ 32 | 0x118 0x193 0x11B 0x19B
+
+
+[Text modes]
+
+text | 640x400 640x480 1056x344 1056x400 1056x480
+-----+------------------------------------------------
+ 8x8 | 0x1C0 0x108 0x10A 0x10B 0x10C
+8x16 | 2, 3, 7 0x109
+
+You can enter these number either hexadecimal (leading `0x') or decimal
+(0x100 = 256). You can also use value + 512 to achieve compatibility
+with your old number passed to vesafb.
+
+Non-listed number can be achieved by more complicated command-line, for
+example 1600x1200x32bpp can be specified by `video=matroxfb:vesa:0x11C,depth:32'.
+
+
+X11
+===
+
+XF{68,86}_FBDev should work just fine, but it is non-accelerated. On non-intel
+architectures there are some glitches for 24bpp videomodes. 8, 16 and 32bpp
+works fine.
+
+Running another (accelerated) X-Server like XF86_SVGA works too. But (at least)
+XFree servers have big troubles in multihead configurations (even on first
+head, not even talking about second). Running XFree86 4.x accelerated mga
+driver is possible, but you must not enable DRI - if you do, resolution and
+color depth of your X desktop must match resolution and color depths of your
+virtual consoles, otherwise X will corrupt accelerator settings.
+
+
+SVGALib
+=======
+
+Driver contains SVGALib compatibility code. It is turned on by choosing textual
+mode for console. You can do it at boot time by using videomode
+2,3,7,0x108-0x10C or 0x1C0. At runtime, `fbset -depth 0' does this work.
+Unfortunately, after SVGALib application exits, screen contents is corrupted.
+Switching to another console and back fixes it. I hope that it is SVGALib's
+problem and not mine, but I'm not sure.
+
+
+Configuration
+=============
+
+You can pass kernel command line options to matroxfb with
+`video=matroxfb:option1,option2:value2,option3' (multiple options should be
+separated by comma, values are separated from options by `:').
+Accepted options:
+
+mem:X - size of memory (X can be in megabytes, kilobytes or bytes)
+ You can only decrease value determined by driver because of
+ it always probe for memory. Default is to use whole detected
+ memory usable for on-screen display (i.e. max. 8 MB).
+disabled - do not load driver; you can use also `off', but `disabled'
+ is here too.
+enabled - load driver, if you have `video=matroxfb:disabled' in LILO
+ configuration, you can override it by this (you cannot override
+ `off'). It is default.
+noaccel - do not use acceleration engine. It does not work on Alphas.
+accel - use acceleration engine. It is default.
+nopan - create initial consoles with vyres = yres, thus disabling virtual
+ scrolling.
+pan - create initial consoles as tall as possible (vyres = memory/vxres).
+ It is default.
+nopciretry - disable PCI retries. It is needed for some broken chipsets,
+ it is autodetected for intel's 82437. In this case device does
+ not comply to PCI 2.1 specs (it will not guarantee that every
+ transaction terminate with success or retry in 32 PCLK).
+pciretry - enable PCI retries. It is default, except for intel's 82437.
+novga - disables VGA I/O ports. It is default if BIOS did not enable device.
+ You should not use this option, some boards then do not restart
+ without power off.
+vga - preserve state of VGA I/O ports. It is default. Driver does not
+ enable VGA I/O if BIOS did not it (it is not safe to enable it in
+ most cases).
+nobios - disables BIOS ROM. It is default if BIOS did not enable BIOS itself.
+ You should not use this option, some boards then do not restart
+ without power off.
+bios - preserve state of BIOS ROM. It is default. Driver does not enable
+ BIOS if BIOS was not enabled before.
+noinit - tells driver, that devices were already initialized. You should use
+ it if you have G100 and/or if driver cannot detect memory, you see
+ strange pattern on screen and so on. Devices not enabled by BIOS
+ are still initialized. It is default.
+init - driver initializes every device it knows about.
+memtype - specifies memory type, implies 'init'. This is valid only for G200
+ and G400 and has following meaning:
+ G200: 0 -> 2x128Kx32 chips, 2MB onboard, probably sgram
+ 1 -> 2x128Kx32 chips, 4MB onboard, probably sgram
+ 2 -> 2x256Kx32 chips, 4MB onboard, probably sgram
+ 3 -> 2x256Kx32 chips, 8MB onboard, probably sgram
+ 4 -> 2x512Kx16 chips, 8/16MB onboard, probably sdram only
+ 5 -> same as above
+ 6 -> 4x128Kx32 chips, 4MB onboard, probably sgram
+ 7 -> 4x128Kx32 chips, 8MB onboard, probably sgram
+ G400: 0 -> 2x512Kx16 SDRAM, 16/32MB
+ 2x512Kx32 SGRAM, 16/32MB
+ 1 -> 2x256Kx32 SGRAM, 8/16MB
+ 2 -> 4x128Kx32 SGRAM, 8/16MB
+ 3 -> 4x512Kx32 SDRAM, 32MB
+ 4 -> 4x256Kx32 SGRAM, 16/32MB
+ 5 -> 2x1Mx32 SDRAM, 32MB
+ 6 -> reserved
+ 7 -> reserved
+ You should use sdram or sgram parameter in addition to memtype
+ parameter.
+nomtrr - disables write combining on frame buffer. This slows down driver but
+ there is reported minor incompatibility between GUS DMA and XFree
+ under high loads if write combining is enabled (sound dropouts).
+mtrr - enables write combining on frame buffer. It speeds up video accesses
+ much. It is default. You must have MTRR support enabled in kernel
+ and your CPU must have MTRR (f.e. Pentium II have them).
+sgram - tells to driver that you have Gxx0 with SGRAM memory. It has no
+ effect without `init'.
+sdram - tells to driver that you have Gxx0 with SDRAM memory.
+ It is a default.
+inv24 - change timings parameters for 24bpp modes on Millenium and
+ Millenium II. Specify this if you see strange color shadows around
+ characters.
+noinv24 - use standard timings. It is the default.
+inverse - invert colors on screen (for LCD displays)
+noinverse - show true colors on screen. It is default.
+dev:X - bind driver to device X. Driver numbers device from 0 up to N,
+ where device 0 is first `known' device found, 1 second and so on.
+ lspci lists devices in this order.
+ Default is `every' known device for driver with multihead support
+ and first working device (usually dev:0) for driver without
+ multihead support.
+nohwcursor - disables hardware cursor (use software cursor instead).
+hwcursor - enables hardware cursor. It is default. If you are using
+ non-accelerated mode (`noaccel' or `fbset -accel false'), software
+ cursor is used (except for text mode).
+noblink - disables cursor blinking. Cursor in text mode always blinks (hw
+ limitation).
+blink - enables cursor blinking. It is default.
+nofastfont - disables fastfont feature. It is default.
+fastfont:X - enables fastfont feature. X specifies size of memory reserved for
+ font data, it must be >= (fontwidth*fontheight*chars_in_font)/8.
+ It is faster on Gx00 series, but slower on older cards.
+grayscale - enable grayscale summing. It works in PSEUDOCOLOR modes (text,
+ 4bpp, 8bpp). In DIRECTCOLOR modes it is limited to characters
+ displayed through putc/putcs. Direct accesses to framebuffer
+ can paint colors.
+nograyscale - disable grayscale summing. It is default.
+cross4MB - enables that pixel line can cross 4MB boundary. It is default for
+ non-Millenium.
+nocross4MB - pixel line must not cross 4MB boundary. It is default for
+ Millenium I or II, because of these devices have hardware
+ limitations which do not allow this. But this option is
+ incompatible with some (if not all yet released) versions of
+ XF86_FBDev.
+dfp - enables digital flat panel interface. This option is incompatible with
+ secondary (TV) output - if DFP is active, TV output must be
+ inactive and vice versa. DFP always uses same timing as primary
+ (monitor) output.
+dfp:X - use settings X for digital flat panel interface. X is number from
+ 0 to 0xFF, and meaning of each individual bit is described in
+ G400 manual, in description of DAC register 0x1F. For normal operation
+ you should set all bits to zero, except lowest bit. This lowest bit
+ selects who is source of display clocks, whether G400, or panel.
+ Default value is now read back from hardware - so you should specify
+ this value only if you are also using `init' parameter.
+outputs:XYZ - set mapping between CRTC and outputs. Each letter can have value
+ of 0 (for no CRTC), 1 (CRTC1) or 2 (CRTC2), and first letter corresponds
+ to primary analog output, second letter to the secondary analog output
+ and third letter to the DVI output. Default setting is 100 for
+ cards below G400 or G400 without DFP, 101 for G400 with DFP, and
+ 111 for G450 and G550. You can set mapping only on first card,
+ use matroxset for setting up other devices.
+vesa:X - selects startup videomode. X is number from 0 to 0x1FF, see table
+ above for detailed explanation. Default is 640x480x8bpp if driver
+ has 8bpp support. Otherwise first available of 640x350x4bpp,
+ 640x480x15bpp, 640x480x24bpp, 640x480x32bpp or 80x25 text
+ (80x25 text is always available).
+
+If you are not satisfied with videomode selected by `vesa' option, you
+can modify it with these options:
+
+xres:X - horizontal resolution, in pixels. Default is derived from `vesa'
+ option.
+yres:X - vertical resolution, in pixel lines. Default is derived from `vesa'
+ option.
+upper:X - top boundary: lines between end of VSYNC pulse and start of first
+ pixel line of picture. Default is derived from `vesa' option.
+lower:X - bottom boundary: lines between end of picture and start of VSYNC
+ pulse. Default is derived from `vesa' option.
+vslen:X - length of VSYNC pulse, in lines. Default is derived from `vesa'
+ option.
+left:X - left boundary: pixels between end of HSYNC pulse and first pixel.
+ Default is derived from `vesa' option.
+right:X - right boundary: pixels between end of picture and start of HSYNC
+ pulse. Default is derived from `vesa' option.
+hslen:X - length of HSYNC pulse, in pixels. Default is derived from `vesa'
+ option.
+pixclock:X - dotclocks, in ps (picoseconds). Default is derived from `vesa'
+ option and from `fh' and `fv' options.
+sync:X - sync. pulse - bit 0 inverts HSYNC polarity, bit 1 VSYNC polarity.
+ If bit 3 (value 0x08) is set, composite sync instead of HSYNC is
+ generated. If bit 5 (value 0x20) is set, sync on green is turned on.
+ Do not forget that if you want sync on green, you also probably
+ want composite sync.
+ Default depends on `vesa'.
+depth:X - Bits per pixel: 0=text, 4,8,15,16,24 or 32. Default depends on
+ `vesa'.
+
+If you know capabilities of your monitor, you can specify some (or all) of
+`maxclk', `fh' and `fv'. In this case, `pixclock' is computed so that
+pixclock <= maxclk, real_fh <= fh and real_fv <= fv.
+
+maxclk:X - maximum dotclock. X can be specified in MHz, kHz or Hz. Default is
+ `don't care'.
+fh:X - maximum horizontal synchronization frequency. X can be specified
+ in kHz or Hz. Default is `don't care'.
+fv:X - maximum vertical frequency. X must be specified in Hz. Default is
+ 70 for modes derived from `vesa' with yres <= 400, 60Hz for
+ yres > 400.
+
+
+Limitations
+===========
+
+There are known and unknown bugs, features and misfeatures.
+Currently there are following known bugs:
+ + SVGALib does not restore screen on exit
+ + generic fbcon-cfbX procedures do not work on Alphas. Due to this,
+ `noaccel' (and cfb4 accel) driver does not work on Alpha. So everyone
+ with access to /dev/fb* on Alpha can hang machine (you should restrict
+ access to /dev/fb* - everyone with access to this device can destroy
+ your monitor, believe me...).
+ + 24bpp does not support correctly XF-FBDev on big-endian architectures.
+ + interlaced text mode is not supported; it looks like hardware limitation,
+ but I'm not sure.
+ + Gxx0 SGRAM/SDRAM is not autodetected.
+ + If you are using more than one framebuffer device, you must boot kernel
+ with 'video=scrollback:0'.
+ + maybe more...
+And following misfeatures:
+ + SVGALib does not restore screen on exit.
+ + pixclock for text modes is limited by hardware to
+ 83 MHz on G200
+ 66 MHz on Millennium I
+ 60 MHz on Millennium II
+ Because I have no access to other devices, I do not know specific
+ frequencies for them. So driver does not check this and allows you to
+ set frequency higher that this. It causes sparks, black holes and other
+ pretty effects on screen. Device was not destroyed during tests. :-)
+ + my Millennium G200 oscillator has frequency range from 35 MHz to 380 MHz
+ (and it works with 8bpp on about 320 MHz dotclocks (and changed mclk)).
+ But Matrox says on product sheet that VCO limit is 50-250 MHz, so I believe
+ them (maybe that chip overheats, but it has a very big cooler (G100 has
+ none), so it should work).
+ + special mixed video/graphics videomodes of Mystique and Gx00 - 2G8V16 and
+ G16V16 are not supported
+ + color keying is not supported
+ + feature connector of Mystique and Gx00 is set to VGA mode (it is disabled
+ by BIOS)
+ + DDC (monitor detection) is supported through dualhead driver
+ + some check for input values are not so strict how it should be (you can
+ specify vslen=4000 and so on).
+ + maybe more...
+And following features:
+ + 4bpp is available only on Millennium I and Millennium II. It is hardware
+ limitation.
+ + selection between 1:5:5:5 and 5:6:5 16bpp videomode is done by -rgba
+ option of fbset: "fbset -depth 16 -rgba 5,5,5" selects 1:5:5:5, anything
+ else selects 5:6:5 mode.
+ + text mode uses 6 bit VGA palette instead of 8 bit (one of 262144 colors
+ instead of one of 16M colors). It is due to hardware limitation of
+ Millennium I/II and SVGALib compatibility.
+
+
+Benchmarks
+==========
+It is time to redraw whole screen 1000 times in 1024x768, 60Hz. It is
+time for draw 6144000 characters on screen through /dev/vcsa
+(for 32bpp it is about 3GB of data (exactly 3000 MB); for 8x16 font in
+16 seconds, i.e. 187 MBps).
+Times were obtained from one older version of driver, now they are about 3%
+faster, it is kernel-space only time on P-II/350 MHz, Millennium I in 33 MHz
+PCI slot, G200 in AGP 2x slot. I did not test vgacon.
+
+NOACCEL
+ 8x16 12x22
+ Millennium I G200 Millennium I G200
+8bpp 16.42 9.54 12.33 9.13
+16bpp 21.00 15.70 19.11 15.02
+24bpp 36.66 36.66 35.00 35.00
+32bpp 35.00 30.00 33.85 28.66
+
+ACCEL, nofastfont
+ 8x16 12x22 6x11
+ Millennium I G200 Millennium I G200 Millennium I G200
+8bpp 7.79 7.24 13.55 7.78 30.00 21.01
+16bpp 9.13 7.78 16.16 7.78 30.00 21.01
+24bpp 14.17 10.72 18.69 10.24 34.99 21.01
+32bpp 16.15 16.16 18.73 13.09 34.99 21.01
+
+ACCEL, fastfont
+ 8x16 12x22 6x11
+ Millennium I G200 Millennium I G200 Millennium I G200
+8bpp 8.41 6.01 6.54 4.37 16.00 10.51
+16bpp 9.54 9.12 8.76 6.17 17.52 14.01
+24bpp 15.00 12.36 11.67 10.00 22.01 18.32
+32bpp 16.18 18.29* 12.71 12.74 24.44 21.00
+
+TEXT
+ 8x16
+ Millennium I G200
+TEXT 3.29 1.50
+
+* Yes, it is slower than Millennium I.
+
+
+Dualhead G400
+=============
+Driver supports dualhead G400 with some limitations:
+ + secondary head shares videomemory with primary head. It is not problem
+ if you have 32MB of videoram, but if you have only 16MB, you may have
+ to think twice before choosing videomode (for example twice 1880x1440x32bpp
+ is not possible).
+ + due to hardware limitation, secondary head can use only 16 and 32bpp
+ videomodes.
+ + secondary head is not accelerated. There were bad problems with accelerated
+ XFree when secondary head used to use acceleration.
+ + secondary head always powerups in 640x480@60-32 videomode. You have to use
+ fbset to change this mode.
+ + secondary head always powerups in monitor mode. You have to use fbmatroxset
+ to change it to TV mode. Also, you must select at least 525 lines for
+ NTSC output and 625 lines for PAL output.
+ + kernel is not fully multihead ready. So some things are impossible to do.
+ + if you compiled it as module, you must insert i2c-matroxfb, matroxfb_maven
+ and matroxfb_crtc2 into kernel.
+
+
+Dualhead G450
+=============
+Driver supports dualhead G450 with some limitations:
+ + secondary head shares videomemory with primary head. It is not problem
+ if you have 32MB of videoram, but if you have only 16MB, you may have
+ to think twice before choosing videomode.
+ + due to hardware limitation, secondary head can use only 16 and 32bpp
+ videomodes.
+ + secondary head is not accelerated.
+ + secondary head always powerups in 640x480@60-32 videomode. You have to use
+ fbset to change this mode.
+ + TV output is not supported
+ + kernel is not fully multihead ready, so some things are impossible to do.
+ + if you compiled it as module, you must insert matroxfb_g450 and matroxfb_crtc2
+ into kernel.
+
+--
+Petr Vandrovec <vandrove@vc.cvut.cz>
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/modedb.txt b/Documentation/fb/modedb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e04458b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/modedb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+
+
+ modedb default video mode support
+
+
+Currently all frame buffer device drivers have their own video mode databases,
+which is a mess and a waste of resources. The main idea of modedb is to have
+
+ - one routine to probe for video modes, which can be used by all frame buffer
+ devices
+ - one generic video mode database with a fair amount of standard videomodes
+ (taken from XFree86)
+ - the possibility to supply your own mode database for graphics hardware that
+ needs non-standard modes, like amifb and Mac frame buffer drivers (which
+ use macmodes.c)
+
+When a frame buffer device receives a video= option it doesn't know, it should
+consider that to be a video mode option. If no frame buffer device is specified
+in a video= option, fbmem considers that to be a global video mode option.
+
+Valid mode specifiers (mode_option argument):
+
+ <xres>x<yres>[-<bpp>][@<refresh>]
+ <name>[-<bpp>][@<refresh>]
+
+with <xres>, <yres>, <bpp> and <refresh> decimal numbers and <name> a string.
+Things between square brackets are optional.
+
+To find a suitable video mode, you just call
+
+int __init fb_find_mode(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var,
+ struct fb_info *info, const char *mode_option,
+ const struct fb_videomode *db, unsigned int dbsize,
+ const struct fb_videomode *default_mode,
+ unsigned int default_bpp)
+
+with db/dbsize your non-standard video mode database, or NULL to use the
+standard video mode database.
+
+fb_find_mode() first tries the specified video mode (or any mode that matches,
+e.g. there can be multiple 640x480 modes, each of them is tried). If that
+fails, the default mode is tried. If that fails, it walks over all modes.
+
+To specify a video mode at bootup, use the following boot options:
+ video=<driver>:<xres>x<yres>[-<bpp>][@refresh]
+
+where <driver> is a name from the table below. Valid default modes can be
+found in linux/drivers/video/modedb.c. Check your driver's documentation.
+There may be more modes.
+
+ Drivers that support modedb boot options
+ Boot Name Cards Supported
+
+ amifb - Amiga chipset frame buffer
+ aty128fb - ATI Rage128 / Pro frame buffer
+ atyfb - ATI Mach64 frame buffer
+ tdfxfb - 3D Fx frame buffer
+ tridentfb - Trident (Cyber)blade chipset frame buffer
+
+BTW, only a few drivers use this at the moment. Others are to follow
+(feel free to send patches).
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/pvr2fb.txt b/Documentation/fb/pvr2fb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bf6c23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/pvr2fb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+$Id: pvr2fb.txt,v 1.1 2001/05/24 05:09:16 mrbrown Exp $
+
+What is pvr2fb?
+===============
+
+This is a driver for PowerVR 2 based graphics frame buffers, such as the
+one found in the Dreamcast.
+
+Advantages:
+
+ * It provides a nice large console (128 cols + 48 lines with 1024x768)
+ without using tiny, unreadable fonts.
+ * You can run XF86_FBDev on top of /dev/fb0
+ * Most important: boot logo :-)
+
+Disadvantages:
+
+ * Driver is currently limited to the Dreamcast PowerVR 2 implementation
+ at the time of this writing.
+
+Configuration
+=============
+
+You can pass kernel command line options to pvr2fb with
+`video=pvr2fb:option1,option2:value2,option3' (multiple options should be
+separated by comma, values are separated from options by `:').
+Accepted options:
+
+font:X - default font to use. All fonts are supported, including the
+ SUN12x22 font which is very nice at high resolutions.
+
+mode:X - default video mode. The following video modes are supported:
+ 640x240-60, 640x480-60.
+
+ Note: the 640x240 mode is currently broken, and should not be
+ used for any reason. It is only mentioned as a reference.
+
+inverse - invert colors on screen (for LCD displays)
+
+nomtrr - disables write combining on frame buffer. This slows down driver
+ but there is reported minor incompatibility between GUS DMA and
+ XFree under high loads if write combining is enabled (sound
+ dropouts). MTRR is enabled by default on systems that have it
+ configured and that support it.
+
+cable:X - cable type. This can be any of the following: vga, rgb, and
+ composite. If none is specified, we guess.
+
+output:X - output type. This can be any of the following: pal, ntsc, and
+ vga. If none is specified, we guess.
+
+X11
+===
+
+XF86_FBDev should work, in theory. At the time of this writing it is
+totally untested and may or may not even portray the beginnings of
+working. If you end up testing this, please let me know!
+
+--
+Paul Mundt <lethal@linuxdc.org>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/pxafb.txt b/Documentation/fb/pxafb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db9b850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/pxafb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+Driver for PXA25x LCD controller
+================================
+
+The driver supports the following options, either via
+options=<OPTIONS> when modular or video=pxafb:<OPTIONS> when built in.
+
+For example:
+ modprobe pxafb options=mode:640x480-8,passive
+or on the kernel command line
+ video=pxafb:mode:640x480-8,passive
+
+mode:XRESxYRES[-BPP]
+ XRES == LCCR1_PPL + 1
+ YRES == LLCR2_LPP + 1
+ The resolution of the display in pixels
+ BPP == The bit depth. Valid values are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16.
+
+pixclock:PIXCLOCK
+ Pixel clock in picoseconds
+
+left:LEFT == LCCR1_BLW + 1
+right:RIGHT == LCCR1_ELW + 1
+hsynclen:HSYNC == LCCR1_HSW + 1
+upper:UPPER == LCCR2_BFW
+lower:LOWER == LCCR2_EFR
+vsynclen:VSYNC == LCCR2_VSW + 1
+ Display margins and sync times
+
+color | mono => LCCR0_CMS
+ umm...
+
+active | passive => LCCR0_PAS
+ Active (TFT) or Passive (STN) display
+
+single | dual => LCCR0_SDS
+ Single or dual panel passive display
+
+4pix | 8pix => LCCR0_DPD
+ 4 or 8 pixel monochrome single panel data
+
+hsync:HSYNC
+vsync:VSYNC
+ Horizontal and vertical sync. 0 => active low, 1 => active
+ high.
+
+dpc:DPC
+ Double pixel clock. 1=>true, 0=>false
+
+outputen:POLARITY
+ Output Enable Polarity. 0 => active low, 1 => active high
+
+pixclockpol:POLARITY
+ pixel clock polarity
+ 0 => falling edge, 1 => rising edge
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/sa1100fb.txt b/Documentation/fb/sa1100fb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1b4220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/sa1100fb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[This file is cloned from VesaFB/matroxfb]
+
+What is sa1100fb?
+=================
+
+This is a driver for a graphic framebuffer for the SA-1100 LCD
+controller.
+
+Configuration
+==============
+
+For most common passive displays, giving the option
+
+video=sa1100fb:bpp:<value>,lccr0:<value>,lccr1:<value>,lccr2:<value>,lccr3:<value>
+
+on the kernel command line should be enough to configure the
+controller. The bits per pixel (bpp) value should be 4, 8, 12, or
+16. LCCR values are display-specific and should be computed as
+documented in the SA-1100 Developer's Manual, Section 11.7. Dual-panel
+displays are supported as long as the SDS bit is set in LCCR0; GPIO<9:2>
+are used for the lower panel.
+
+For active displays or displays requiring additional configuration
+(controlling backlights, powering on the LCD, etc.), the command line
+options may not be enough to configure the display. Adding sections to
+sa1100fb_init_fbinfo(), sa1100fb_activate_var(),
+sa1100fb_disable_lcd_controller(), and sa1100fb_enable_lcd_controller()
+will probably be necessary.
+
+Accepted options:
+
+bpp:<value> Configure for <value> bits per pixel
+lccr0:<value> Configure LCD control register 0 (11.7.3)
+lccr1:<value> Configure LCD control register 1 (11.7.4)
+lccr2:<value> Configure LCD control register 2 (11.7.5)
+lccr3:<value> Configure LCD control register 3 (11.7.6)
+
+--
+Mark Huang <mhuang@livetoy.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/sisfb.txt b/Documentation/fb/sisfb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b50c51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/sisfb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+
+What is sisfb?
+==============
+
+sisfb is a framebuffer device driver for SiS (Silicon Integrated Systems)
+graphics chips. Supported are:
+
+- SiS 300 series: SiS 300/305, 540, 630(S), 730(S)
+- SiS 315 series: SiS 315/H/PRO, 55x, (M)65x, 740, (M)661(F/M)X, (M)741(GX)
+- SiS 330 series: SiS 330 ("Xabre"), (M)760
+
+
+Why do I need a framebuffer driver?
+===================================
+
+sisfb is eg. useful if you want a high-resolution text console. Besides that,
+sisfb is required to run DirectFB (which comes with an additional, dedicated
+driver for the 315 series).
+
+On the 300 series, sisfb on kernels older than 2.6.3 furthermore plays an
+important role in connection with DRM/DRI: Sisfb manages the memory heap
+used by DRM/DRI for 3D texture and other data. This memory management is
+required for using DRI/DRM.
+
+Kernels >= around 2.6.3 do not need sisfb any longer for DRI/DRM memory
+management. The SiS DRM driver has been updated and features a memory manager
+of its own (which will be used if sisfb is not compiled). So unless you want
+a graphical console, you don't need sisfb on kernels >=2.6.3.
+
+Sidenote: Since this seems to be a commonly made mistake: sisfb and vesafb
+cannot be active at the same time! Do only select one of them in your kernel
+configuration.
+
+
+How are parameters passed to sisfb?
+===================================
+
+Well, it depends: If compiled statically into the kernel, use lilo's append
+statement to add the parameters to the kernel command line. Please see lilo's
+(or GRUB's) documentation for more information. If sisfb is a kernel module,
+parameters are given with the modprobe (or insmod) command.
+
+Example for sisfb as part of the static kernel: Add the following line to your
+lilo.conf:
+
+ append="video=sisfb:mode:1024x768x16,mem:12288,rate:75"
+
+Example for sisfb as a module: Start sisfb by typing
+
+ modprobe sisfb mode=1024x768x16 rate=75 mem=12288
+
+A common mistake is that folks use a wrong parameter format when using the
+driver compiled into the kernel. Please note: If compiled into the kernel,
+the parameter format is video=sisfb:mode:none or video=sisfb:mode:1024x768x16
+(or whatever mode you want to use, alternatively using any other format
+described above or the vesa keyword instead of mode). If compiled as a module,
+the parameter format reads mode=none or mode=1024x768x16 (or whatever mode you
+want to use). Using a "=" for a ":" (and vice versa) is a huge difference!
+Additionally: If you give more than one argument to the in-kernel sisfb, the
+arguments are separated with ",". For example:
+
+ video=sisfb:mode:1024x768x16,rate:75,mem:12288
+
+
+How do I use it?
+================
+
+Preface statement: This file only covers very little of the driver's
+capabilities and features. Please refer to the author's and maintainer's
+website at http://www.winischhofer.net/linuxsisvga.shtml for more
+information. Additionally, "modinfo sisfb" gives an overview over all
+supported options including some explanation.
+
+The desired display mode can be specified using the keyword "mode" with
+a parameter in one of the follwing formats:
+ - XxYxDepth or
+ - XxY-Depth or
+ - XxY-Depth@Rate or
+ - XxY
+ - or simply use the VESA mode number in hexadecimal or decimal.
+
+For example: 1024x768x16, 1024x768-16@75, 1280x1024-16. If no depth is
+specified, it defaults to 8. If no rate is given, it defaults to 60Hz. Depth 32
+means 24bit color depth (but 32 bit framebuffer depth, which is not relevant
+to the user).
+
+Additionally, sisfb understands the keyword "vesa" followed by a VESA mode
+number in decimal or hexadecimal. For example: vesa=791 or vesa=0x117. Please
+use either "mode" or "vesa" but not both.
+
+Linux 2.4 only: If no mode is given, sisfb defaults to "no mode" (mode=none) if
+compiled as a module; if sisfb is statically compiled into the kernel, it
+defaults to 800x600x8 unless CRT2 type is LCD, in which case the LCD's native
+resolution is used. If you want to switch to a different mode, use the fbset
+shell command.
+
+Linux 2.6 only: If no mode is given, sisfb defaults to 800x600x8 unless CRT2
+type is LCD, in which case it defaults to the LCD's native resolution. If
+you want to switch to another mode, use the stty shell command.
+
+You should compile in both vgacon (to boot if you remove you SiS card from
+your system) and sisfb (for graphics mode). Under Linux 2.6, also "Framebuffer
+console support" (fbcon) is needed for a graphical console.
+
+You should *not* compile-in vesafb. And please do not use the "vga=" keyword
+in lilo's or grub's configuration file; mode selection is done using the
+"mode" or "vesa" keywords as a parameter. See above and below.
+
+
+X11
+===
+
+If using XFree86 or X.org, it is recommended that you don't use the "fbdev"
+driver but the dedicated "sis" X driver. The "sis" X driver and sisfb are
+developed by the same person (Thomas Winischhofer) and cooperate well with
+each other.
+
+
+SVGALib
+=======
+
+SVGALib, if directly accessing the hardware, never restores the screen
+correctly, especially on laptops or if the output devices are LCD or TV.
+Therefore, use the chipset "FBDEV" in SVGALib configuration. This will make
+SVGALib use the framebuffer device for mode switches and restoration.
+
+
+Configuration
+=============
+
+(Some) accepted options:
+
+off - Disable sisfb. This option is only understood if sisfb is
+ in-kernel, not a module.
+mem:X - size of memory for the console, rest will be used for DRI/DRM. X
+ is in kilobytes. On 300 series, the default is 4096, 8192 or
+ 16384 (each in kilobyte) depending on how much video ram the card
+ has. On 315/330 series, the default is the maximum available ram
+ (since DRI/DRM is not supported for these chipsets).
+noaccel - do not use 2D acceleration engine. (Default: use acceleration)
+noypan - disable y-panning and scroll by redrawing the entire screen.
+ This is much slower than y-panning. (Default: use y-panning)
+vesa:X - selects startup videomode. X is number from 0 to 0x1FF and
+ represents the VESA mode number (can be given in decimal or
+ hexadecimal form, the latter prefixed with "0x").
+mode:X - selects startup videomode. Please see above for the format of
+ "X".
+
+Boolean options such as "noaccel" or "noypan" are to be given without a
+parameter if sisfb is in-kernel (for example "video=sisfb:noypan). If
+sisfb is a module, these are to be set to 1 (for example "modprobe sisfb
+noypan=1").
+
+--
+Thomas Winischhofer <thomas@winischhofer.net>
+May 27, 2004
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/sstfb.txt b/Documentation/fb/sstfb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..628d7ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/sstfb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+
+Introduction
+
+ This is a frame buffer device driver for 3dfx' Voodoo Graphics
+ (aka voodoo 1, aka sst1) and Voodoo² (aka Voodoo 2, aka CVG) based
+ video boards. It's highly experimental code, but is guaranteed to work
+ on my computer, with my "Maxi Gamer 3D" and "Maxi Gamer 3d²" boards,
+ and with me "between chair and keyboard". Some people tested other
+ combinations and it seems that it works.
+ The main page is located at <http://sstfb.sourceforge.net>, and if
+ you want the latest version, check out the CVS, as the driver is a work
+ in progress, I feel uncomfortable with releasing tarballs of something
+ not completely working...Don't worry, it's still more than useable
+ (I eat my own dog food)
+
+ Please read the Bug section, and report any success or failure to me
+ (Ghozlane Toumi <gtoumi@laposte.net>).
+ BTW, If you have only one monitor , and you don't feel like playing
+ with the vga passthrou cable, I can only suggest borrowing a screen
+ somewhere...
+
+
+Installation
+
+ This driver (should) work on ix86, with "late" 2.2.x kernel (tested
+ with x = 19) and "recent" 2.4.x kernel, as a module or compiled in.
+ It has been included in mainstream kernel since the infamous 2.4.10.
+ You can apply the patches found in sstfb/kernel/*-2.{2|4}.x.patch,
+ and copy sstfb.c to linux/drivers/video/, or apply a single patch,
+ sstfb/patch-2.{2|4}.x-sstfb-yymmdd to your linux source tree.
+
+ Then configure your kernel as usual: choose "m" or "y" to 3Dfx Voodoo
+ Graphics in section "console". Compile, install, have fun... and please
+ drop me a report :)
+
+
+Module Usage
+
+ Warnings.
+ # You should read completely this section before issuing any command.
+ # If you have only one monitor to play with, once you insmod the
+ module, the 3dfx takes control of the output, so you'll have to
+ plug the monitor to the "normal" video board in order to issue
+ the commands, or you can blindly use sst_dbg_vgapass
+ in the tools directory (See Tools). The latest solution is pass the
+ parameter vgapass=1 when insmodding the driver. (See Kernel/Modules
+ Options)
+
+ Module insertion:
+ # insmod sstfb.o
+ you should see some strange output frome the board:
+ a big blue square, a green and a red small squares and a vertical
+ white rectangle. why ? the function's name is self explanatory :
+ "sstfb_test()"...
+ (if you don't have a second monitor, you'll have to plug your monitor
+ directely to the 2D videocard to see what you're typing)
+ # con2fb /dev/fbx /dev/ttyx
+ bind a tty to the new frame buffer. if you already have a frame
+ buffer driver, the voodoo fb will likely be /dev/fb1. if not,
+ the device will be /dev/fb0. You can check this by doing a
+ cat /proc/fb. You can find a copy of con2fb in tools/ directory.
+ if you don't have another fb device, this step is superfluous,
+ as the console subsystem automagicaly binds ttys to the fb.
+ # switch to the virtual console you just mapped. "tadaaa" ...
+
+ Module removal:
+ # con2fb /dev/fbx /dev/ttyx
+ bind the tty to the old frame buffer so the module can be removed.
+ (how does it work with vgacon ? short answer : it doesn't work)
+ # rmmod sstfb
+
+
+Kernel/Modules Options
+
+ You can pass some otions to sstfb module, and via the kernel command
+ line when the driver is compiled in :
+ for module : insmod sstfb.o option1=value1 option2=value2 ...
+ in kernel : video=sstfb:option1,option2:value2,option3 ...
+
+ sstfb supports the folowing options :
+
+Module Kernel Description
+
+vgapass=0 vganopass Enable or disable VGA passthrou cable.
+vgapass=1 vgapass When enabled, the monitor will get the signal
+ from the VGA board and not from the voodoo.
+ Default: nopass
+
+mem=x mem:x Force frame buffer memory in MiB
+ allowed values: 0, 1, 2, 4.
+ Default: 0 (= autodetect)
+
+inverse=1 inverse Supposed to enable inverse console.
+ doesn't work yet...
+
+clipping=1 clipping Enable or disable clipping.
+clipping=0 noclipping With clipping enabled, all offscreen
+ reads and writes are disgarded.
+ Default: enable clipping.
+
+gfxclk=x gfxclk:x Force graphic clock frequency (in MHz).
+ Be carefull with this option, it may be
+ DANGEROUS.
+ Default: auto
+ 50Mhz for Voodoo 1,
+ 75MHz for Voodoo 2.
+
+slowpci=1 fastpci Enable or disable fast PCI read/writes.
+slowpci=1 slowpci Default : fastpci
+
+dev=x dev:x Attach the driver to device number x.
+ 0 is the first compatible board (in
+ lspci order)
+
+Tools
+
+ These tools are mostly for debugging purposes, but you can
+ find some of these interesting :
+ - con2fb , maps a tty to a fbramebuffer .
+ con2fb /dev/fb1 /dev/tty5
+ - sst_dbg_vgapass , changes vga passthrou. You have to recompile the
+ driver with SST_DEBUG and SST_DEBUG_IOCTL set to 1
+ sst_dbg_vgapass /dev/fb1 1 (enables vga cable)
+ sst_dbg_vgapass /dev/fb1 0 (disables vga cable)
+ - glide_reset , resets the voodoo using glide
+ use this after rmmoding sstfb, if the module refuses to
+ reinsert .
+
+Bugs
+
+ - DO NOT use glide while the sstfb module is in, you'll most likely
+ hang your computer.
+ - If you see some artefacts (pixels not cleaning and stuff like that),
+ try turning off clipping (clipping=0), and/or using slowpci
+ - the driver don't detect the 4Mb frame buffer voodoos, it seems that
+ the 2 last Mbs wrap around. looking into that .
+ - The driver is 16 bpp only, 24/32 won't work.
+ - The driver is not your_favorite_toy-safe. this includes SMP...
+ [Actually from inspection it seems to be safe - Alan]
+ - when using XFree86 FBdev (X over fbdev) you may see strange color
+ patterns at the border of your windows (the pixels lose the lowest
+ byte -> basicaly the blue component nd some of the green) . I'm unable
+ to reproduce this with XFree86-3.3, but one of the testers has this
+ problem with XFree86-4. apparently recent Xfree86-4.x solve this
+ problem.
+ - I didn't really test changing the palette, so you may find some weird
+ things when playing with that.
+ - Sometimes the driver will not recognise the DAC , and the
+ initialisation will fail. this is specificaly true for
+ voodoo 2 boards , but it should be solved in recent versions. please
+ contact me .
+ - the 24/32 is not likely to work anytime soon , knowing that the
+ hardware does ... unusual thigs in 24/32 bpp
+ - When used with anther video board, current limitations of linux
+ console subsystem can cause some troubles, specificaly, you should
+ disable software scrollback , as it can oops badly ...
+
+Todo
+
+ - Get rid of the previous paragraph.
+ - Buy more coffee.
+ - test/port to other arch.
+ - try to add panning using tweeks with front and back buffer .
+ - try to implement accel on voodoo2 , this board can actualy do a
+ lot in 2D even if it was sold as a 3D only board ...
+
+ghoz.
+
+--
+Ghozlane Toumi <gtoumi@laposte.net>
+
+
+$Date: 2002/05/09 20:11:45 $
+http://sstfb.sourceforge.net/README
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/tgafb.txt b/Documentation/fb/tgafb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..250083a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/tgafb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+$Id: tgafb.txt,v 1.1.2.2 2000/04/04 06:50:18 mato Exp $
+
+What is tgafb?
+===============
+
+This is a driver for DECChip 21030 based graphics framebuffers, a.k.a. TGA
+cards, which are usually found in older Digital Alpha systems. The
+following models are supported:
+
+ZLxP-E1 (8bpp, 2 MB VRAM)
+ZLxP-E2 (32bpp, 8 MB VRAM)
+ZLxP-E3 (32bpp, 16 MB VRAM, Zbuffer)
+
+This version is an almost complete rewrite of the code written by Geert
+Uytterhoeven, which was based on the original TGA console code written by
+Jay Estabrook.
+
+Major new features since Linux 2.0.x:
+
+ * Support for multiple resolutions
+ * Support for fixed-frequency and other oddball monitors
+ (by allowing the video mode to be set at boot time)
+
+User-visible changes since Linux 2.2.x:
+
+ * Sync-on-green is now handled properly
+ * More useful information is printed on bootup
+ (this helps if people run into problems)
+
+This driver does not (yet) support the TGA2 family of framebuffers, so the
+PowerStorm 3D30/4D20 (also known as PBXGB) cards are not supported. These
+can however be used with the standard VGA Text Console driver.
+
+
+Configuration
+=============
+
+You can pass kernel command line options to tgafb with
+`video=tgafb:option1,option2:value2,option3' (multiple options should be
+separated by comma, values are separated from options by `:').
+Accepted options:
+
+font:X - default font to use. All fonts are supported, including the
+ SUN12x22 font which is very nice at high resolutions.
+
+mode:X - default video mode. The following video modes are supported:
+ 640x480-60, 800x600-56, 640x480-72, 800x600-60, 800x600-72,
+ 1024x768-60, 1152x864-60, 1024x768-70, 1024x768-76,
+ 1152x864-70, 1280x1024-61, 1024x768-85, 1280x1024-70,
+ 1152x864-84, 1280x1024-76, 1280x1024-85
+
+
+Known Issues
+============
+
+The XFree86 FBDev server has been reported not to work, since tgafb doesn't do
+mmap(). Running the standard XF86_TGA server from XFree86 3.3.x works fine for
+me, however this server does not do acceleration, which make certain operations
+quite slow. Support for acceleration is being progressively integrated in
+XFree86 4.x.
+
+When running tgafb in resolutions higher than 640x480, on switching VCs from
+tgafb to XF86_TGA 3.3.x, the entire screen is not re-drawn and must be manually
+refreshed. This is an X server problem, not a tgafb problem, and is fixed in
+XFree86 4.0.
+
+Enjoy!
+
+Martin Lucina <mato@kotelna.sk>
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/tridentfb.txt b/Documentation/fb/tridentfb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a6c8a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/tridentfb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+Tridentfb is a framebuffer driver for some Trident chip based cards.
+
+The following list of chips is thought to be supported although not all are
+tested:
+
+those from the Image series with Cyber in their names - accelerated
+those with Blade in their names (Blade3D,CyberBlade...) - accelerated
+the newer CyberBladeXP family - nonaccelerated
+
+Only PCI/AGP based cards are supported, none of the older Tridents.
+
+How to use it?
+==============
+
+When booting you can pass the video parameter.
+video=tridentfb
+
+The parameters for tridentfb are concatenated with a ':' as in this example.
+
+video=tridentfb:800x600,bpp=16,noaccel
+
+The second level parameters that tridentfb understands are:
+
+noaccel - turns off acceleration (when it doesn't work for your card)
+accel - force text acceleration (for boards which by default are noacceled)
+
+fp - use flat panel related stuff
+crt - assume monitor is present instead of fp
+
+center - for flat panels and resolutions smaller than native size center the
+ image, otherwise use
+stretch
+
+memsize - integer value in Kb, use if your card's memory size is misdetected.
+ look at the driver output to see what it says when initializing.
+memdiff - integer value in Kb,should be nonzero if your card reports
+ more memory than it actually has.For instance mine is 192K less than
+ detection says in all three BIOS selectable situations 2M, 4M, 8M.
+ Only use if your video memory is taken from main memory hence of
+ configurable size.Otherwise use memsize.
+ If in some modes which barely fit the memory you see garbage at the bottom
+ this might help by not letting change to that mode anymore.
+
+nativex - the width in pixels of the flat panel.If you know it (usually 1024
+ 800 or 1280) and it is not what the driver seems to detect use it.
+
+bpp - bits per pixel (8,16 or 32)
+mode - a mode name like 800x600 (as described in Documentation/fb/modedb.txt)
+
+Using insane values for the above parameters will probably result in driver
+misbehaviour so take care(for instance memsize=12345678 or memdiff=23784 or
+nativex=93)
+
+Contact: jani@astechnix.ro
diff --git a/Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt b/Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..814e2f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+
+What is vesafb?
+===============
+
+This is a generic driver for a graphic framebuffer on intel boxes.
+
+The idea is simple: Turn on graphics mode at boot time with the help
+of the BIOS, and use this as framebuffer device /dev/fb0, like the m68k
+(and other) ports do.
+
+This means we decide at boot time whenever we want to run in text or
+graphics mode. Switching mode later on (in protected mode) is
+impossible; BIOS calls work in real mode only. VESA BIOS Extensions
+Version 2.0 are required, because we need a linear frame buffer.
+
+Advantages:
+
+ * It provides a nice large console (128 cols + 48 lines with 1024x768)
+ without using tiny, unreadable fonts.
+ * You can run XF68_FBDev on top of /dev/fb0 (=> non-accelerated X11
+ support for every VBE 2.0 compliant graphics board).
+ * Most important: boot logo :-)
+
+Disadvantages:
+
+ * graphic mode is slower than text mode...
+
+
+How to use it?
+==============
+
+Switching modes is done using the vga=... boot parameter. Read
+Documentation/svga.txt for details.
+
+You should compile in both vgacon (for text mode) and vesafb (for
+graphics mode). Which of them takes over the console depends on
+whenever the specified mode is text or graphics.
+
+The graphic modes are NOT in the list which you get if you boot with
+vga=ask and hit return. The mode you wish to use is derived from the
+VESA mode number. Here are those VESA mode numbers:
+
+ | 640x480 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024
+----+-------------------------------------
+256 | 0x101 0x103 0x105 0x107
+32k | 0x110 0x113 0x116 0x119
+64k | 0x111 0x114 0x117 0x11A
+16M | 0x112 0x115 0x118 0x11B
+
+The video mode number of the Linux kernel is the VESA mode number plus
+0x200.
+
+ Linux_kernel_mode_number = VESA_mode_number + 0x200
+
+So the table for the Kernel mode numbers are:
+
+ | 640x480 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024
+----+-------------------------------------
+256 | 0x301 0x303 0x305 0x307
+32k | 0x310 0x313 0x316 0x319
+64k | 0x311 0x314 0x317 0x31A
+16M | 0x312 0x315 0x318 0x31B
+
+To enable one of those modes you have to specify "vga=ask" in the
+lilo.conf file and rerun LILO. Then you can type in the desired
+mode at the "vga=ask" prompt. For example if you like to use
+1024x768x256 colors you have to say "305" at this prompt.
+
+If this does not work, this might be because your BIOS does not support
+linear framebuffers or because it does not support this mode at all.
+Even if your board does, it might be the BIOS which does not. VESA BIOS
+Extensions v2.0 are required, 1.2 is NOT sufficient. You will get a
+"bad mode number" message if something goes wrong.
+
+1. Note: LILO cannot handle hex, for booting directly with
+ "vga=mode-number" you have to transform the numbers to decimal.
+2. Note: Some newer versions of LILO appear to work with those hex values,
+ if you set the 0x in front of the numbers.
+
+X11
+===
+
+XF68_FBDev should work just fine, but it is non-accelerated. Running
+another (accelerated) X-Server like XF86_SVGA might or might not work.
+It depends on X-Server and graphics board.
+
+The X-Server must restore the video mode correctly, else you end up
+with a broken console (and vesafb cannot do anything about this).
+
+
+Refresh rates
+=============
+
+There is no way to change the vesafb video mode and/or timings after
+booting linux. If you are not happy with the 60 Hz refresh rate, you
+have these options:
+
+ * configure and load the DOS-Tools for your the graphics board (if
+ available) and boot linux with loadlin.
+ * use a native driver (matroxfb/atyfb) instead if vesafb. If none
+ is available, write a new one!
+ * VBE 3.0 might work too. I have neither a gfx board with VBE 3.0
+ support nor the specs, so I have not checked this yet.
+
+
+Configuration
+=============
+
+The VESA BIOS provides protected mode interface for changing
+some parameters. vesafb can use it for palette changes and
+to pan the display. It is turned off by default because it
+seems not to work with some BIOS versions, but there are options
+to turn it on.
+
+You can pass options to vesafb using "video=vesafb:option" on
+the kernel command line. Multiple options should be separated
+by comma, like this: "video=vesafb:ypan,invers"
+
+Accepted options:
+
+invers no comment...
+
+ypan enable display panning using the VESA protected mode
+ interface. The visible screen is just a window of the
+ video memory, console scrolling is done by changing the
+ start of the window.
+ pro: * scrolling (fullscreen) is fast, because there is
+ no need to copy around data.
+ * You'll get scrollback (the Shift-PgUp thing),
+ the video memory can be used as scrollback buffer
+ kontra: * scrolling only parts of the screen causes some
+ ugly flicker effects (boot logo flickers for
+ example).
+
+ywrap Same as ypan, but assumes your gfx board can wrap-around
+ the video memory (i.e. starts reading from top if it
+ reaches the end of video memory). Faster than ypan.
+
+redraw scroll by redrawing the affected part of the screen, this
+ is the safe (and slow) default.
+
+
+vgapal Use the standard vga registers for palette changes.
+ This is the default.
+pmipal Use the protected mode interface for palette changes.
+
+mtrr setup memory type range registers for the vesafb framebuffer.
+
+vremap:n
+ remap 'n' MiB of video RAM. If 0 or not specified, remap memory
+ according to video mode. (2.5.66 patch/idea by Antonino Daplas
+ reversed to give override possibility (allocate more fb memory
+ than the kernel would) to 2.4 by tmb@iki.fi)
+
+vtotal:n
+ if the video BIOS of your card incorrectly determines the total
+ amount of video RAM, use this option to override the BIOS (in MiB).
+
+Have fun!
+
+ Gerd
+
+--
+Gerd Knorr <kraxel@goldbach.in-berlin.de>
+
+Minor (mostly typo) changes
+by Nico Schmoigl <schmoigl@rumms.uni-mannheim.de>
diff --git a/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt b/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6b1f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+The following is a list of files and features that are going to be
+removed in the kernel source tree. Every entry should contain what
+exactly is going away, why it is happening, and who is going to be doing
+the work. When the feature is removed from the kernel, it should also
+be removed from this file.
+
+---------------------------
+
+What: devfs
+When: July 2005
+Files: fs/devfs/*, include/linux/devfs_fs*.h and assorted devfs
+ function calls throughout the kernel tree
+Why: It has been unmaintained for a number of years, has unfixable
+ races, contains a naming policy within the kernel that is
+ against the LSB, and can be replaced by using udev.
+Who: Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>
+
+---------------------------
+
+What: ACPI S4bios support
+When: May 2005
+Why: Noone uses it, and it probably does not work, anyway. swsusp is
+ faster, more reliable, and people are actually using it.
+Who: Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz>
+
+---------------------------
+
+What: PCI Name Database (CONFIG_PCI_NAMES)
+When: July 2005
+Why: It bloats the kernel unnecessarily, and is handled by userspace better
+ (pciutils supports it.) Will eliminate the need to try to keep the
+ pci.ids file in sync with the sf.net database all of the time.
+Who: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
+
+---------------------------
+
+What: io_remap_page_range() (macro or function)
+When: September 2005
+Why: Replaced by io_remap_pfn_range() which allows more memory space
+ addressabilty (by using a pfn) and supports sparc & sparc64
+ iospace as part of the pfn.
+Who: Randy Dunlap <rddunlap@osdl.org>
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX b/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcfbab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+00-INDEX
+ - this file (info on some of the filesystems supported by linux).
+Locking
+ - info on locking rules as they pertain to Linux VFS.
+adfs.txt
+ - info and mount options for the Acorn Advanced Disc Filing System.
+affs.txt
+ - info and mount options for the Amiga Fast File System.
+bfs.txt
+ - info for the SCO UnixWare Boot Filesystem (BFS).
+cifs.txt
+ - description of the CIFS filesystem
+coda.txt
+ - description of the CODA filesystem.
+cramfs.txt
+ - info on the cram filesystem for small storage (ROMs etc)
+devfs/
+ - directory containing devfs documentation.
+ext2.txt
+ - info, mount options and specifications for the Ext2 filesystem.
+fat_cvf.txt
+ - info on the Compressed Volume Files extension to the FAT filesystem
+hpfs.txt
+ - info and mount options for the OS/2 HPFS.
+isofs.txt
+ - info and mount options for the ISO 9660 (CDROM) filesystem.
+jfs.txt
+ - info and mount options for the JFS filesystem.
+ncpfs.txt
+ - info on Novell Netware(tm) filesystem using NCP protocol.
+ntfs.txt
+ - info and mount options for the NTFS filesystem (Windows NT).
+proc.txt
+ - info on Linux's /proc filesystem.
+romfs.txt
+ - Description of the ROMFS filesystem.
+smbfs.txt
+ - info on using filesystems with the SMB protocol (Windows 3.11 and NT)
+sysv-fs.txt
+ - info on the SystemV/V7/Xenix/Coherent filesystem.
+udf.txt
+ - info and mount options for the UDF filesystem.
+ufs.txt
+ - info on the ufs filesystem.
+vfat.txt
+ - info on using the VFAT filesystem used in Windows NT and Windows 95
+vfs.txt
+ - Overview of the Virtual File System
+xfs.txt
+ - info and mount options for the XFS filesystem.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/Exporting b/Documentation/filesystems/Exporting
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31047e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/Exporting
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+
+Making Filesystems Exportable
+=============================
+
+Most filesystem operations require a dentry (or two) as a starting
+point. Local applications have a reference-counted hold on suitable
+dentrys via open file descriptors or cwd/root. However remote
+applications that access a filesystem via a remote filesystem protocol
+such as NFS may not be able to hold such a reference, and so need a
+different way to refer to a particular dentry. As the alternative
+form of reference needs to be stable across renames, truncates, and
+server-reboot (among other things, though these tend to be the most
+problematic), there is no simple answer like 'filename'.
+
+The mechanism discussed here allows each filesystem implementation to
+specify how to generate an opaque (out side of the filesystem) byte
+string for any dentry, and how to find an appropriate dentry for any
+given opaque byte string.
+This byte string will be called a "filehandle fragment" as it
+corresponds to part of an NFS filehandle.
+
+A filesystem which supports the mapping between filehandle fragments
+and dentrys will be termed "exportable".
+
+
+
+Dcache Issues
+-------------
+
+The dcache normally contains a proper prefix of any given filesystem
+tree. This means that if any filesystem object is in the dcache, then
+all of the ancestors of that filesystem object are also in the dcache.
+As normal access is by filename this prefix is created naturally and
+maintained easily (by each object maintaining a reference count on
+its parent).
+
+However when objects are included into the dcache by interpreting a
+filehandle fragment, there is no automatic creation of a path prefix
+for the object. This leads to two related but distinct features of
+the dcache that are not needed for normal filesystem access.
+
+1/ The dcache must sometimes contain objects that are not part of the
+ proper prefix. i.e that are not connected to the root.
+2/ The dcache must be prepared for a newly found (via ->lookup) directory
+ to already have a (non-connected) dentry, and must be able to move
+ that dentry into place (based on the parent and name in the
+ ->lookup). This is particularly needed for directories as
+ it is a dcache invariant that directories only have one dentry.
+
+To implement these features, the dcache has:
+
+a/ A dentry flag DCACHE_DISCONNECTED which is set on
+ any dentry that might not be part of the proper prefix.
+ This is set when anonymous dentries are created, and cleared when a
+ dentry is noticed to be a child of a dentry which is in the proper
+ prefix.
+
+b/ A per-superblock list "s_anon" of dentries which are the roots of
+ subtrees that are not in the proper prefix. These dentries, as
+ well as the proper prefix, need to be released at unmount time. As
+ these dentries will not be hashed, they are linked together on the
+ d_hash list_head.
+
+c/ Helper routines to allocate anonymous dentries, and to help attach
+ loose directory dentries at lookup time. They are:
+ d_alloc_anon(inode) will return a dentry for the given inode.
+ If the inode already has a dentry, one of those is returned.
+ If it doesn't, a new anonymous (IS_ROOT and
+ DCACHE_DISCONNECTED) dentry is allocated and attached.
+ In the case of a directory, care is taken that only one dentry
+ can ever be attached.
+ d_splice_alias(inode, dentry) will make sure that there is a
+ dentry with the same name and parent as the given dentry, and
+ which refers to the given inode.
+ If the inode is a directory and already has a dentry, then that
+ dentry is d_moved over the given dentry.
+ If the passed dentry gets attached, care is taken that this is
+ mutually exclusive to a d_alloc_anon operation.
+ If the passed dentry is used, NULL is returned, else the used
+ dentry is returned. This corresponds to the calling pattern of
+ ->lookup.
+
+
+Filesystem Issues
+-----------------
+
+For a filesystem to be exportable it must:
+
+ 1/ provide the filehandle fragment routines described below.
+ 2/ make sure that d_splice_alias is used rather than d_add
+ when ->lookup finds an inode for a given parent and name.
+ Typically the ->lookup routine will end:
+ if (inode)
+ return d_splice(inode, dentry);
+ d_add(dentry, inode);
+ return NULL;
+ }
+
+
+
+ A file system implementation declares that instances of the filesystem
+are exportable by setting the s_export_op field in the struct
+super_block. This field must point to a "struct export_operations"
+struct which could potentially be full of NULLs, though normally at
+least get_parent will be set.
+
+ The primary operations are decode_fh and encode_fh.
+decode_fh takes a filehandle fragment and tries to find or create a
+dentry for the object referred to by the filehandle.
+encode_fh takes a dentry and creates a filehandle fragment which can
+later be used to find/create a dentry for the same object.
+
+decode_fh will probably make use of "find_exported_dentry".
+This function lives in the "exportfs" module which a filesystem does
+not need unless it is being exported. So rather that calling
+find_exported_dentry directly, each filesystem should call it through
+the find_exported_dentry pointer in it's export_operations table.
+This field is set correctly by the exporting agent (e.g. nfsd) when a
+filesystem is exported, and before any export operations are called.
+
+find_exported_dentry needs three support functions from the
+filesystem:
+ get_name. When given a parent dentry and a child dentry, this
+ should find a name in the directory identified by the parent
+ dentry, which leads to the object identified by the child dentry.
+ If no get_name function is supplied, a default implementation is
+ provided which uses vfs_readdir to find potential names, and
+ matches inode numbers to find the correct match.
+
+ get_parent. When given a dentry for a directory, this should return
+ a dentry for the parent. Quite possibly the parent dentry will
+ have been allocated by d_alloc_anon.
+ The default get_parent function just returns an error so any
+ filehandle lookup that requires finding a parent will fail.
+ ->lookup("..") is *not* used as a default as it can leave ".."
+ entries in the dcache which are too messy to work with.
+
+ get_dentry. When given an opaque datum, this should find the
+ implied object and create a dentry for it (possibly with
+ d_alloc_anon).
+ The opaque datum is whatever is passed down by the decode_fh
+ function, and is often simply a fragment of the filehandle
+ fragment.
+ decode_fh passes two datums through find_exported_dentry. One that
+ should be used to identify the target object, and one that can be
+ used to identify the object's parent, should that be necessary.
+ The default get_dentry function assumes that the datum contains an
+ inode number and a generation number, and it attempts to get the
+ inode using "iget" and check it's validity by matching the
+ generation number. A filesystem should only depend on the default
+ if iget can safely be used this way.
+
+If decode_fh and/or encode_fh are left as NULL, then default
+implementations are used. These defaults are suitable for ext2 and
+extremely similar filesystems (like ext3).
+
+The default encode_fh creates a filehandle fragment from the inode
+number and generation number of the target together with the inode
+number and generation number of the parent (if the parent is
+required).
+
+The default decode_fh extract the target and parent datums from the
+filehandle assuming the format used by the default encode_fh and
+passed them to find_exported_dentry.
+
+
+A filehandle fragment consists of an array of 1 or more 4byte words,
+together with a one byte "type".
+The decode_fh routine should not depend on the stated size that is
+passed to it. This size may be larger than the original filehandle
+generated by encode_fh, in which case it will have been padded with
+nuls. Rather, the encode_fh routine should choose a "type" which
+indicates the decode_fh how much of the filehandle is valid, and how
+it should be interpreted.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/Locking b/Documentation/filesystems/Locking
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a934bae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/Locking
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+ The text below describes the locking rules for VFS-related methods.
+It is (believed to be) up-to-date. *Please*, if you change anything in
+prototypes or locking protocols - update this file. And update the relevant
+instances in the tree, don't leave that to maintainers of filesystems/devices/
+etc. At the very least, put the list of dubious cases in the end of this file.
+Don't turn it into log - maintainers of out-of-the-tree code are supposed to
+be able to use diff(1).
+ Thing currently missing here: socket operations. Alexey?
+
+--------------------------- dentry_operations --------------------------
+prototypes:
+ int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *, int);
+ int (*d_hash) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
+ int (*d_compare) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *, struct qstr *);
+ int (*d_delete)(struct dentry *);
+ void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
+ void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
+
+locking rules:
+ none have BKL
+ dcache_lock rename_lock ->d_lock may block
+d_revalidate: no no no yes
+d_hash no no no yes
+d_compare: no yes no no
+d_delete: yes no yes no
+d_release: no no no yes
+d_iput: no no no yes
+
+--------------------------- inode_operations ---------------------------
+prototypes:
+ int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int, struct nameidata *);
+ struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, struct nameid
+ata *);
+ int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
+ int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
+ int (*symlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
+ int (*mkdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int);
+ int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
+ int (*mknod) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int,dev_t);
+ int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,
+ struct inode *, struct dentry *);
+ int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char __user *,int);
+ int (*follow_link) (struct dentry *, struct nameidata *);
+ void (*truncate) (struct inode *);
+ int (*permission) (struct inode *, int, struct nameidata *);
+ int (*setattr) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
+ int (*getattr) (struct vfsmount *, struct dentry *, struct kstat *);
+ int (*setxattr) (struct dentry *, const char *,const void *,size_t,int);
+ ssize_t (*getxattr) (struct dentry *, const char *, void *, size_t);
+ ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t);
+ int (*removexattr) (struct dentry *, const char *);
+
+locking rules:
+ all may block, none have BKL
+ i_sem(inode)
+lookup: yes
+create: yes
+link: yes (both)
+mknod: yes
+symlink: yes
+mkdir: yes
+unlink: yes (both)
+rmdir: yes (both) (see below)
+rename: yes (all) (see below)
+readlink: no
+follow_link: no
+truncate: yes (see below)
+setattr: yes
+permission: no
+getattr: no
+setxattr: yes
+getxattr: no
+listxattr: no
+removexattr: yes
+ Additionally, ->rmdir(), ->unlink() and ->rename() have ->i_sem on
+victim.
+ cross-directory ->rename() has (per-superblock) ->s_vfs_rename_sem.
+ ->truncate() is never called directly - it's a callback, not a
+method. It's called by vmtruncate() - library function normally used by
+->setattr(). Locking information above applies to that call (i.e. is
+inherited from ->setattr() - vmtruncate() is used when ATTR_SIZE had been
+passed).
+
+See Documentation/filesystems/directory-locking for more detailed discussion
+of the locking scheme for directory operations.
+
+--------------------------- super_operations ---------------------------
+prototypes:
+ struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb);
+ void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *);
+ void (*read_inode) (struct inode *);
+ void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *);
+ int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, int);
+ void (*put_inode) (struct inode *);
+ void (*drop_inode) (struct inode *);
+ void (*delete_inode) (struct inode *);
+ void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
+ void (*write_super) (struct super_block *);
+ int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
+ void (*write_super_lockfs) (struct super_block *);
+ void (*unlockfs) (struct super_block *);
+ int (*statfs) (struct super_block *, struct kstatfs *);
+ int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
+ void (*clear_inode) (struct inode *);
+ void (*umount_begin) (struct super_block *);
+ int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, struct vfsmount *);
+ ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_block *, int, char *, size_t, loff_t);
+ ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_block *, int, const char *, size_t, loff_t);
+
+locking rules:
+ All may block.
+ BKL s_lock s_umount
+alloc_inode: no no no
+destroy_inode: no
+read_inode: no (see below)
+dirty_inode: no (must not sleep)
+write_inode: no
+put_inode: no
+drop_inode: no !!!inode_lock!!!
+delete_inode: no
+put_super: yes yes no
+write_super: no yes read
+sync_fs: no no read
+write_super_lockfs: ?
+unlockfs: ?
+statfs: no no no
+remount_fs: no yes maybe (see below)
+clear_inode: no
+umount_begin: yes no no
+show_options: no (vfsmount->sem)
+quota_read: no no no (see below)
+quota_write: no no no (see below)
+
+->read_inode() is not a method - it's a callback used in iget().
+->remount_fs() will have the s_umount lock if it's already mounted.
+When called from get_sb_single, it does NOT have the s_umount lock.
+->quota_read() and ->quota_write() functions are both guaranteed to
+be the only ones operating on the quota file by the quota code (via
+dqio_sem) (unless an admin really wants to screw up something and
+writes to quota files with quotas on). For other details about locking
+see also dquot_operations section.
+
+--------------------------- file_system_type ---------------------------
+prototypes:
+ struct super_block *(*get_sb) (struct file_system_type *, int,
+ const char *, void *);
+ void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *);
+locking rules:
+ may block BKL
+get_sb yes yes
+kill_sb yes yes
+
+->get_sb() returns error or a locked superblock (exclusive on ->s_umount).
+->kill_sb() takes a write-locked superblock, does all shutdown work on it,
+unlocks and drops the reference.
+
+--------------------------- address_space_operations --------------------------
+prototypes:
+ int (*writepage)(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc);
+ int (*readpage)(struct file *, struct page *);
+ int (*sync_page)(struct page *);
+ int (*writepages)(struct address_space *, struct writeback_control *);
+ int (*set_page_dirty)(struct page *page);
+ int (*readpages)(struct file *filp, struct address_space *mapping,
+ struct list_head *pages, unsigned nr_pages);
+ int (*prepare_write)(struct file *, struct page *, unsigned, unsigned);
+ int (*commit_write)(struct file *, struct page *, unsigned, unsigned);
+ sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t);
+ int (*invalidatepage) (struct page *, unsigned long);
+ int (*releasepage) (struct page *, int);
+ int (*direct_IO)(int, struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *iov,
+ loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs);
+
+locking rules:
+ All except set_page_dirty may block
+
+ BKL PageLocked(page)
+writepage: no yes, unlocks (see below)
+readpage: no yes, unlocks
+sync_page: no maybe
+writepages: no
+set_page_dirty no no
+readpages: no
+prepare_write: no yes
+commit_write: no yes
+bmap: yes
+invalidatepage: no yes
+releasepage: no yes
+direct_IO: no
+
+ ->prepare_write(), ->commit_write(), ->sync_page() and ->readpage()
+may be called from the request handler (/dev/loop).
+
+ ->readpage() unlocks the page, either synchronously or via I/O
+completion.
+
+ ->readpages() populates the pagecache with the passed pages and starts
+I/O against them. They come unlocked upon I/O completion.
+
+ ->writepage() is used for two purposes: for "memory cleansing" and for
+"sync". These are quite different operations and the behaviour may differ
+depending upon the mode.
+
+If writepage is called for sync (wbc->sync_mode != WBC_SYNC_NONE) then
+it *must* start I/O against the page, even if that would involve
+blocking on in-progress I/O.
+
+If writepage is called for memory cleansing (sync_mode ==
+WBC_SYNC_NONE) then its role is to get as much writeout underway as
+possible. So writepage should try to avoid blocking against
+currently-in-progress I/O.
+
+If the filesystem is not called for "sync" and it determines that it
+would need to block against in-progress I/O to be able to start new I/O
+against the page the filesystem should redirty the page with
+redirty_page_for_writepage(), then unlock the page and return zero.
+This may also be done to avoid internal deadlocks, but rarely.
+
+If the filesytem is called for sync then it must wait on any
+in-progress I/O and then start new I/O.
+
+The filesystem should unlock the page synchronously, before returning
+to the caller.
+
+Unless the filesystem is going to redirty_page_for_writepage(), unlock the page
+and return zero, writepage *must* run set_page_writeback() against the page,
+followed by unlocking it. Once set_page_writeback() has been run against the
+page, write I/O can be submitted and the write I/O completion handler must run
+end_page_writeback() once the I/O is complete. If no I/O is submitted, the
+filesystem must run end_page_writeback() against the page before returning from
+writepage.
+
+That is: after 2.5.12, pages which are under writeout are *not* locked. Note,
+if the filesystem needs the page to be locked during writeout, that is ok, too,
+the page is allowed to be unlocked at any point in time between the calls to
+set_page_writeback() and end_page_writeback().
+
+Note, failure to run either redirty_page_for_writepage() or the combination of
+set_page_writeback()/end_page_writeback() on a page submitted to writepage
+will leave the page itself marked clean but it will be tagged as dirty in the
+radix tree. This incoherency can lead to all sorts of hard-to-debug problems
+in the filesystem like having dirty inodes at umount and losing written data.
+
+ ->sync_page() locking rules are not well-defined - usually it is called
+with lock on page, but that is not guaranteed. Considering the currently
+existing instances of this method ->sync_page() itself doesn't look
+well-defined...
+
+ ->writepages() is used for periodic writeback and for syscall-initiated
+sync operations. The address_space should start I/O against at least
+*nr_to_write pages. *nr_to_write must be decremented for each page which is
+written. The address_space implementation may write more (or less) pages
+than *nr_to_write asks for, but it should try to be reasonably close. If
+nr_to_write is NULL, all dirty pages must be written.
+
+writepages should _only_ write pages which are present on
+mapping->io_pages.
+
+ ->set_page_dirty() is called from various places in the kernel
+when the target page is marked as needing writeback. It may be called
+under spinlock (it cannot block) and is sometimes called with the page
+not locked.
+
+ ->bmap() is currently used by legacy ioctl() (FIBMAP) provided by some
+filesystems and by the swapper. The latter will eventually go away. All
+instances do not actually need the BKL. Please, keep it that way and don't
+breed new callers.
+
+ ->invalidatepage() is called when the filesystem must attempt to drop
+some or all of the buffers from the page when it is being truncated. It
+returns zero on success. If ->invalidatepage is zero, the kernel uses
+block_invalidatepage() instead.
+
+ ->releasepage() is called when the kernel is about to try to drop the
+buffers from the page in preparation for freeing it. It returns zero to
+indicate that the buffers are (or may be) freeable. If ->releasepage is zero,
+the kernel assumes that the fs has no private interest in the buffers.
+
+ Note: currently almost all instances of address_space methods are
+using BKL for internal serialization and that's one of the worst sources
+of contention. Normally they are calling library functions (in fs/buffer.c)
+and pass foo_get_block() as a callback (on local block-based filesystems,
+indeed). BKL is not needed for library stuff and is usually taken by
+foo_get_block(). It's an overkill, since block bitmaps can be protected by
+internal fs locking and real critical areas are much smaller than the areas
+filesystems protect now.
+
+----------------------- file_lock_operations ------------------------------
+prototypes:
+ void (*fl_insert)(struct file_lock *); /* lock insertion callback */
+ void (*fl_remove)(struct file_lock *); /* lock removal callback */
+ void (*fl_copy_lock)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *);
+ void (*fl_release_private)(struct file_lock *);
+
+
+locking rules:
+ BKL may block
+fl_insert: yes no
+fl_remove: yes no
+fl_copy_lock: yes no
+fl_release_private: yes yes
+
+----------------------- lock_manager_operations ---------------------------
+prototypes:
+ int (*fl_compare_owner)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *);
+ void (*fl_notify)(struct file_lock *); /* unblock callback */
+ void (*fl_copy_lock)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *);
+ void (*fl_release_private)(struct file_lock *);
+ void (*fl_break)(struct file_lock *); /* break_lease callback */
+
+locking rules:
+ BKL may block
+fl_compare_owner: yes no
+fl_notify: yes no
+fl_copy_lock: yes no
+fl_release_private: yes yes
+fl_break: yes no
+
+ Currently only NFSD and NLM provide instances of this class. None of the
+them block. If you have out-of-tree instances - please, show up. Locking
+in that area will change.
+--------------------------- buffer_head -----------------------------------
+prototypes:
+ void (*b_end_io)(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate);
+
+locking rules:
+ called from interrupts. In other words, extreme care is needed here.
+bh is locked, but that's all warranties we have here. Currently only RAID1,
+highmem, fs/buffer.c, and fs/ntfs/aops.c are providing these. Block devices
+call this method upon the IO completion.
+
+--------------------------- block_device_operations -----------------------
+prototypes:
+ int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+ int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+ int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned, unsigned long);
+ int (*media_changed) (struct gendisk *);
+ int (*revalidate_disk) (struct gendisk *);
+
+locking rules:
+ BKL bd_sem
+open: yes yes
+release: yes yes
+ioctl: yes no
+media_changed: no no
+revalidate_disk: no no
+
+The last two are called only from check_disk_change().
+
+--------------------------- file_operations -------------------------------
+prototypes:
+ loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
+ ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
+ ssize_t (*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t);
+ ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
+ ssize_t (*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const char __user *, size_t,
+ loff_t);
+ int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
+ unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
+ int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int,
+ unsigned long);
+ long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
+ long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
+ int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
+ int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+ int (*flush) (struct file *);
+ int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+ int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *, int datasync);
+ int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync);
+ int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
+ int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
+ ssize_t (*readv) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
+ loff_t *);
+ ssize_t (*writev) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
+ loff_t *);
+ ssize_t (*sendfile) (struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, read_actor_t,
+ void __user *);
+ ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t,
+ loff_t *, int);
+ unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long,
+ unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
+ int (*check_flags)(int);
+ int (*dir_notify)(struct file *, unsigned long);
+};
+
+locking rules:
+ All except ->poll() may block.
+ BKL
+llseek: no (see below)
+read: no
+aio_read: no
+write: no
+aio_write: no
+readdir: no
+poll: no
+ioctl: yes (see below)
+unlocked_ioctl: no (see below)
+compat_ioctl: no
+mmap: no
+open: maybe (see below)
+flush: no
+release: no
+fsync: no (see below)
+aio_fsync: no
+fasync: yes (see below)
+lock: yes
+readv: no
+writev: no
+sendfile: no
+sendpage: no
+get_unmapped_area: no
+check_flags: no
+dir_notify: no
+
+->llseek() locking has moved from llseek to the individual llseek
+implementations. If your fs is not using generic_file_llseek, you
+need to acquire and release the appropriate locks in your ->llseek().
+For many filesystems, it is probably safe to acquire the inode
+semaphore. Note some filesystems (i.e. remote ones) provide no
+protection for i_size so you will need to use the BKL.
+
+->open() locking is in-transit: big lock partially moved into the methods.
+The only exception is ->open() in the instances of file_operations that never
+end up in ->i_fop/->proc_fops, i.e. ones that belong to character devices
+(chrdev_open() takes lock before replacing ->f_op and calling the secondary
+method. As soon as we fix the handling of module reference counters all
+instances of ->open() will be called without the BKL.
+
+Note: ext2_release() was *the* source of contention on fs-intensive
+loads and dropping BKL on ->release() helps to get rid of that (we still
+grab BKL for cases when we close a file that had been opened r/w, but that
+can and should be done using the internal locking with smaller critical areas).
+Current worst offender is ext2_get_block()...
+
+->fasync() is a mess. This area needs a big cleanup and that will probably
+affect locking.
+
+->readdir() and ->ioctl() on directories must be changed. Ideally we would
+move ->readdir() to inode_operations and use a separate method for directory
+->ioctl() or kill the latter completely. One of the problems is that for
+anything that resembles union-mount we won't have a struct file for all
+components. And there are other reasons why the current interface is a mess...
+
+->ioctl() on regular files is superceded by the ->unlocked_ioctl() that
+doesn't take the BKL.
+
+->read on directories probably must go away - we should just enforce -EISDIR
+in sys_read() and friends.
+
+->fsync() has i_sem on inode.
+
+--------------------------- dquot_operations -------------------------------
+prototypes:
+ int (*initialize) (struct inode *, int);
+ int (*drop) (struct inode *);
+ int (*alloc_space) (struct inode *, qsize_t, int);
+ int (*alloc_inode) (const struct inode *, unsigned long);
+ int (*free_space) (struct inode *, qsize_t);
+ int (*free_inode) (const struct inode *, unsigned long);
+ int (*transfer) (struct inode *, struct iattr *);
+ int (*write_dquot) (struct dquot *);
+ int (*acquire_dquot) (struct dquot *);
+ int (*release_dquot) (struct dquot *);
+ int (*mark_dirty) (struct dquot *);
+ int (*write_info) (struct super_block *, int);
+
+These operations are intended to be more or less wrapping functions that ensure
+a proper locking wrt the filesystem and call the generic quota operations.
+
+What filesystem should expect from the generic quota functions:
+
+ FS recursion Held locks when called
+initialize: yes maybe dqonoff_sem
+drop: yes -
+alloc_space: ->mark_dirty() -
+alloc_inode: ->mark_dirty() -
+free_space: ->mark_dirty() -
+free_inode: ->mark_dirty() -
+transfer: yes -
+write_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
+acquire_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
+release_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
+mark_dirty: no -
+write_info: yes dqonoff_sem
+
+FS recursion means calling ->quota_read() and ->quota_write() from superblock
+operations.
+
+->alloc_space(), ->alloc_inode(), ->free_space(), ->free_inode() are called
+only directly by the filesystem and do not call any fs functions only
+the ->mark_dirty() operation.
+
+More details about quota locking can be found in fs/dquot.c.
+
+--------------------------- vm_operations_struct -----------------------------
+prototypes:
+ void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct*);
+ void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct*);
+ struct page *(*nopage)(struct vm_area_struct*, unsigned long, int *);
+
+locking rules:
+ BKL mmap_sem
+open: no yes
+close: no yes
+nopage: no yes
+
+================================================================================
+ Dubious stuff
+
+(if you break something or notice that it is broken and do not fix it yourself
+- at least put it here)
+
+ipc/shm.c::shm_delete() - may need BKL.
+->read() and ->write() in many drivers are (probably) missing BKL.
+drivers/sgi/char/graphics.c::sgi_graphics_nopage() - may need BKL.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..060abb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+Mount options for ADFS
+----------------------
+
+ uid=nnn All files in the partition will be owned by
+ user id nnn. Default 0 (root).
+ gid=nnn All files in the partition willbe in group
+ nnn. Default 0 (root).
+ ownmask=nnn The permission mask for ADFS 'owner' permissions
+ will be nnn. Default 0700.
+ othmask=nnn The permission mask for ADFS 'other' permissions
+ will be nnn. Default 0077.
+
+Mapping of ADFS permissions to Linux permissions
+------------------------------------------------
+
+ ADFS permissions consist of the following:
+
+ Owner read
+ Owner write
+ Other read
+ Other write
+
+ (In older versions, an 'execute' permission did exist, but this
+ does not hold the same meaning as the Linux 'execute' permission
+ and is now obsolete).
+
+ The mapping is performed as follows:
+
+ Owner read -> -r--r--r--
+ Owner write -> --w--w---w
+ Owner read and filetype UnixExec -> ---x--x--x
+ These are then masked by ownmask, eg 700 -> -rwx------
+ Possible owner mode permissions -> -rwx------
+
+ Other read -> -r--r--r--
+ Other write -> --w--w--w-
+ Other read and filetype UnixExec -> ---x--x--x
+ These are then masked by othmask, eg 077 -> ----rwxrwx
+ Possible other mode permissions -> ----rwxrwx
+
+ Hence, with the default masks, if a file is owner read/write, and
+ not a UnixExec filetype, then the permissions will be:
+
+ -rw-------
+
+ However, if the masks were ownmask=0770,othmask=0007, then this would
+ be modified to:
+ -rw-rw----
+
+ There is no restriction on what you can do with these masks. You may
+ wish that either read bits give read access to the file for all, but
+ keep the default write protection (ownmask=0755,othmask=0577):
+
+ -rw-r--r--
+
+ You can therefore tailor the permission translation to whatever you
+ desire the permissions should be under Linux.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/affs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/affs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30c9738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/affs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+Overview of Amiga Filesystems
+=============================
+
+Not all varieties of the Amiga filesystems are supported for reading and
+writing. The Amiga currently knows six different filesystems:
+
+DOS\0 The old or original filesystem, not really suited for
+ hard disks and normally not used on them, either.
+ Supported read/write.
+
+DOS\1 The original Fast File System. Supported read/write.
+
+DOS\2 The old "international" filesystem. International means that
+ a bug has been fixed so that accented ("international") letters
+ in file names are case-insensitive, as they ought to be.
+ Supported read/write.
+
+DOS\3 The "international" Fast File System. Supported read/write.
+
+DOS\4 The original filesystem with directory cache. The directory
+ cache speeds up directory accesses on floppies considerably,
+ but slows down file creation/deletion. Doesn't make much
+ sense on hard disks. Supported read only.
+
+DOS\5 The Fast File System with directory cache. Supported read only.
+
+All of the above filesystems allow block sizes from 512 to 32K bytes.
+Supported block sizes are: 512, 1024, 2048 and 4096 bytes. Larger blocks
+speed up almost everything at the expense of wasted disk space. The speed
+gain above 4K seems not really worth the price, so you don't lose too
+much here, either.
+
+The muFS (multi user File System) equivalents of the above file systems
+are supported, too.
+
+Mount options for the AFFS
+==========================
+
+protect If this option is set, the protection bits cannot be altered.
+
+setuid[=uid] This sets the owner of all files and directories in the file
+ system to uid or the uid of the current user, respectively.
+
+setgid[=gid] Same as above, but for gid.
+
+mode=mode Sets the mode flags to the given (octal) value, regardless
+ of the original permissions. Directories will get an x
+ permission if the corresponding r bit is set.
+ This is useful since most of the plain AmigaOS files
+ will map to 600.
+
+reserved=num Sets the number of reserved blocks at the start of the
+ partition to num. You should never need this option.
+ Default is 2.
+
+root=block Sets the block number of the root block. This should never
+ be necessary.
+
+bs=blksize Sets the blocksize to blksize. Valid block sizes are 512,
+ 1024, 2048 and 4096. Like the root option, this should
+ never be necessary, as the affs can figure it out itself.
+
+quiet The file system will not return an error for disallowed
+ mode changes.
+
+verbose The volume name, file system type and block size will
+ be written to the syslog when the filesystem is mounted.
+
+mufs The filesystem is really a muFS, also it doesn't
+ identify itself as one. This option is necessary if
+ the filesystem wasn't formatted as muFS, but is used
+ as one.
+
+prefix=path Path will be prefixed to every absolute path name of
+ symbolic links on an AFFS partition. Default = "/".
+ (See below.)
+
+volume=name When symbolic links with an absolute path are created
+ on an AFFS partition, name will be prepended as the
+ volume name. Default = "" (empty string).
+ (See below.)
+
+Handling of the Users/Groups and protection flags
+=================================================
+
+Amiga -> Linux:
+
+The Amiga protection flags RWEDRWEDHSPARWED are handled as follows:
+
+ - R maps to r for user, group and others. On directories, R implies x.
+
+ - If both W and D are allowed, w will be set.
+
+ - E maps to x.
+
+ - H and P are always retained and ignored under Linux.
+
+ - A is always reset when a file is written to.
+
+User id and group id will be used unless set[gu]id are given as mount
+options. Since most of the Amiga file systems are single user systems
+they will be owned by root. The root directory (the mount point) of the
+Amiga filesystem will be owned by the user who actually mounts the
+filesystem (the root directory doesn't have uid/gid fields).
+
+Linux -> Amiga:
+
+The Linux rwxrwxrwx file mode is handled as follows:
+
+ - r permission will set R for user, group and others.
+
+ - w permission will set W and D for user, group and others.
+
+ - x permission of the user will set E for plain files.
+
+ - All other flags (suid, sgid, ...) are ignored and will
+ not be retained.
+
+Newly created files and directories will get the user and group ID
+of the current user and a mode according to the umask.
+
+Symbolic links
+==============
+
+Although the Amiga and Linux file systems resemble each other, there
+are some, not always subtle, differences. One of them becomes apparent
+with symbolic links. While Linux has a file system with exactly one
+root directory, the Amiga has a separate root directory for each
+file system (for example, partition, floppy disk, ...). With the Amiga,
+these entities are called "volumes". They have symbolic names which
+can be used to access them. Thus, symbolic links can point to a
+different volume. AFFS turns the volume name into a directory name
+and prepends the prefix path (see prefix option) to it.
+
+Example:
+You mount all your Amiga partitions under /amiga/<volume> (where
+<volume> is the name of the volume), and you give the option
+"prefix=/amiga/" when mounting all your AFFS partitions. (They
+might be "User", "WB" and "Graphics", the mount points /amiga/User,
+/amiga/WB and /amiga/Graphics). A symbolic link referring to
+"User:sc/include/dos/dos.h" will be followed to
+"/amiga/User/sc/include/dos/dos.h".
+
+Examples
+========
+
+Command line:
+ mount Archive/Amiga/Workbench3.1.adf /mnt -t affs -o loop,verbose
+ mount /dev/sda3 /Amiga -t affs
+
+/etc/fstab entry:
+ /dev/sdb5 /amiga/Workbench affs noauto,user,exec,verbose 0 0
+
+IMPORTANT NOTE
+==============
+
+If you boot Windows 95 (don't know about 3.x, 98 and NT) while you
+have an Amiga harddisk connected to your PC, it will overwrite
+the bytes 0x00dc..0x00df of block 0 with garbage, thus invalidating
+the Rigid Disk Block. Sheer luck has it that this is an unused
+area of the RDB, so only the checksum doesn't match anymore.
+Linux will ignore this garbage and recognize the RDB anyway, but
+before you connect that drive to your Amiga again, you must
+restore or repair your RDB. So please do make a backup copy of it
+before booting Windows!
+
+If the damage is already done, the following should fix the RDB
+(where <disk> is the device name).
+DO AT YOUR OWN RISK:
+
+ dd if=/dev/<disk> of=rdb.tmp count=1
+ cp rdb.tmp rdb.fixed
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=rdb.fixed bs=1 seek=220 count=4
+ dd if=rdb.fixed of=/dev/<disk>
+
+Bugs, Restrictions, Caveats
+===========================
+
+Quite a few things may not work as advertised. Not everything is
+tested, though several hundred MB have been read and written using
+this fs. For a most up-to-date list of bugs please consult
+fs/affs/Changes.
+
+Filenames are truncated to 30 characters without warning (this
+can be changed by setting the compile-time option AFFS_NO_TRUNCATE
+in include/linux/amigaffs.h).
+
+Case is ignored by the affs in filename matching, but Linux shells
+do care about the case. Example (with /wb being an affs mounted fs):
+ rm /wb/WRONGCASE
+will remove /mnt/wrongcase, but
+ rm /wb/WR*
+will not since the names are matched by the shell.
+
+The block allocation is designed for hard disk partitions. If more
+than 1 process writes to a (small) diskette, the blocks are allocated
+in an ugly way (but the real AFFS doesn't do much better). This
+is also true when space gets tight.
+
+You cannot execute programs on an OFS (Old File System), since the
+program files cannot be memory mapped due to the 488 byte blocks.
+For the same reason you cannot mount an image on such a filesystem
+via the loopback device.
+
+The bitmap valid flag in the root block may not be accurate when the
+system crashes while an affs partition is mounted. There's currently
+no way to fix a garbled filesystem without an Amiga (disk validator)
+or manually (who would do this?). Maybe later.
+
+If you mount affs partitions on system startup, you may want to tell
+fsck that the fs should not be checked (place a '0' in the sixth field
+of /etc/fstab).
+
+It's not possible to read floppy disks with a normal PC or workstation
+due to an incompatibility with the Amiga floppy controller.
+
+If you are interested in an Amiga Emulator for Linux, look at
+
+http://www-users.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~crux/uae.html
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/afs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/afs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f4237d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/afs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+ kAFS: AFS FILESYSTEM
+ ====================
+
+ABOUT
+=====
+
+This filesystem provides a fairly simple AFS filesystem driver. It is under
+development and only provides very basic facilities. It does not yet support
+the following AFS features:
+
+ (*) Write support.
+ (*) Communications security.
+ (*) Local caching.
+ (*) pioctl() system call.
+ (*) Automatic mounting of embedded mountpoints.
+
+
+USAGE
+=====
+
+When inserting the driver modules the root cell must be specified along with a
+list of volume location server IP addresses:
+
+ insmod rxrpc.o
+ insmod kafs.o rootcell=cambridge.redhat.com:172.16.18.73:172.16.18.91
+
+The first module is a driver for the RxRPC remote operation protocol, and the
+second is the actual filesystem driver for the AFS filesystem.
+
+Once the module has been loaded, more modules can be added by the following
+procedure:
+
+ echo add grand.central.org 18.7.14.88:128.2.191.224 >/proc/fs/afs/cells
+
+Where the parameters to the "add" command are the name of a cell and a list of
+volume location servers within that cell.
+
+Filesystems can be mounted anywhere by commands similar to the following:
+
+ mount -t afs "%cambridge.redhat.com:root.afs." /afs
+ mount -t afs "#cambridge.redhat.com:root.cell." /afs/cambridge
+ mount -t afs "#root.afs." /afs
+ mount -t afs "#root.cell." /afs/cambridge
+
+ NB: When using this on Linux 2.4, the mount command has to be different,
+ since the filesystem doesn't have access to the device name argument:
+
+ mount -t afs none /afs -ovol="#root.afs."
+
+Where the initial character is either a hash or a percent symbol depending on
+whether you definitely want a R/W volume (hash) or whether you'd prefer a R/O
+volume, but are willing to use a R/W volume instead (percent).
+
+The name of the volume can be suffixes with ".backup" or ".readonly" to
+specify connection to only volumes of those types.
+
+The name of the cell is optional, and if not given during a mount, then the
+named volume will be looked up in the cell specified during insmod.
+
+Additional cells can be added through /proc (see later section).
+
+
+MOUNTPOINTS
+===========
+
+AFS has a concept of mountpoints. These are specially formatted symbolic links
+(of the same form as the "device name" passed to mount). kAFS presents these
+to the user as directories that have special properties:
+
+ (*) They cannot be listed. Running a program like "ls" on them will incur an
+ EREMOTE error (Object is remote).
+
+ (*) Other objects can't be looked up inside of them. This also incurs an
+ EREMOTE error.
+
+ (*) They can be queried with the readlink() system call, which will return
+ the name of the mountpoint to which they point. The "readlink" program
+ will also work.
+
+ (*) They can be mounted on (which symbolic links can't).
+
+
+PROC FILESYSTEM
+===============
+
+The rxrpc module creates a number of files in various places in the /proc
+filesystem:
+
+ (*) Firstly, some information files are made available in a directory called
+ "/proc/net/rxrpc/". These list the extant transport endpoint, peer,
+ connection and call records.
+
+ (*) Secondly, some control files are made available in a directory called
+ "/proc/sys/rxrpc/". Currently, all these files can be used for is to
+ turn on various levels of tracing.
+
+The AFS modules creates a "/proc/fs/afs/" directory and populates it:
+
+ (*) A "cells" file that lists cells currently known to the afs module.
+
+ (*) A directory per cell that contains files that list volume location
+ servers, volumes, and active servers known within that cell.
+
+
+THE CELL DATABASE
+=================
+
+The filesystem maintains an internal database of all the cells it knows and
+the IP addresses of the volume location servers for those cells. The cell to
+which the computer belongs is added to the database when insmod is performed
+by the "rootcell=" argument.
+
+Further cells can be added by commands similar to the following:
+
+ echo add CELLNAME VLADDR[:VLADDR][:VLADDR]... >/proc/fs/afs/cells
+ echo add grand.central.org 18.7.14.88:128.2.191.224 >/proc/fs/afs/cells
+
+No other cell database operations are available at this time.
+
+
+EXAMPLES
+========
+
+Here's what I use to test this. Some of the names and IP addresses are local
+to my internal DNS. My "root.afs" partition has a mount point within it for
+some public volumes volumes.
+
+insmod -S /tmp/rxrpc.o
+insmod -S /tmp/kafs.o rootcell=cambridge.redhat.com:172.16.18.73:172.16.18.91
+
+mount -t afs \%root.afs. /afs
+mount -t afs \%cambridge.redhat.com:root.cell. /afs/cambridge.redhat.com/
+
+echo add grand.central.org 18.7.14.88:128.2.191.224 > /proc/fs/afs/cells
+mount -t afs "#grand.central.org:root.cell." /afs/grand.central.org/
+mount -t afs "#grand.central.org:root.archive." /afs/grand.central.org/archive
+mount -t afs "#grand.central.org:root.contrib." /afs/grand.central.org/contrib
+mount -t afs "#grand.central.org:root.doc." /afs/grand.central.org/doc
+mount -t afs "#grand.central.org:root.project." /afs/grand.central.org/project
+mount -t afs "#grand.central.org:root.service." /afs/grand.central.org/service
+mount -t afs "#grand.central.org:root.software." /afs/grand.central.org/software
+mount -t afs "#grand.central.org:root.user." /afs/grand.central.org/user
+
+umount /afs/grand.central.org/user
+umount /afs/grand.central.org/software
+umount /afs/grand.central.org/service
+umount /afs/grand.central.org/project
+umount /afs/grand.central.org/doc
+umount /afs/grand.central.org/contrib
+umount /afs/grand.central.org/archive
+umount /afs/grand.central.org
+umount /afs/cambridge.redhat.com
+umount /afs
+rmmod kafs
+rmmod rxrpc
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/automount-support.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/automount-support.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58c65a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/automount-support.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+Support is available for filesystems that wish to do automounting support (such
+as kAFS which can be found in fs/afs/). This facility includes allowing
+in-kernel mounts to be performed and mountpoint degradation to be
+requested. The latter can also be requested by userspace.
+
+
+======================
+IN-KERNEL AUTOMOUNTING
+======================
+
+A filesystem can now mount another filesystem on one of its directories by the
+following procedure:
+
+ (1) Give the directory a follow_link() operation.
+
+ When the directory is accessed, the follow_link op will be called, and
+ it will be provided with the location of the mountpoint in the nameidata
+ structure (vfsmount and dentry).
+
+ (2) Have the follow_link() op do the following steps:
+
+ (a) Call do_kern_mount() to call the appropriate filesystem to set up a
+ superblock and gain a vfsmount structure representing it.
+
+ (b) Copy the nameidata provided as an argument and substitute the dentry
+ argument into it the copy.
+
+ (c) Call do_add_mount() to install the new vfsmount into the namespace's
+ mountpoint tree, thus making it accessible to userspace. Use the
+ nameidata set up in (b) as the destination.
+
+ If the mountpoint will be automatically expired, then do_add_mount()
+ should also be given the location of an expiration list (see further
+ down).
+
+ (d) Release the path in the nameidata argument and substitute in the new
+ vfsmount and its root dentry. The ref counts on these will need
+ incrementing.
+
+Then from userspace, you can just do something like:
+
+ [root@andromeda root]# mount -t afs \#root.afs. /afs
+ [root@andromeda root]# ls /afs
+ asd cambridge cambridge.redhat.com grand.central.org
+ [root@andromeda root]# ls /afs/cambridge
+ afsdoc
+ [root@andromeda root]# ls /afs/cambridge/afsdoc/
+ ChangeLog html LICENSE pdf RELNOTES-1.2.2
+
+And then if you look in the mountpoint catalogue, you'll see something like:
+
+ [root@andromeda root]# cat /proc/mounts
+ ...
+ #root.afs. /afs afs rw 0 0
+ #root.cell. /afs/cambridge.redhat.com afs rw 0 0
+ #afsdoc. /afs/cambridge.redhat.com/afsdoc afs rw 0 0
+
+
+===========================
+AUTOMATIC MOUNTPOINT EXPIRY
+===========================
+
+Automatic expiration of mountpoints is easy, provided you've mounted the
+mountpoint to be expired in the automounting procedure outlined above.
+
+To do expiration, you need to follow these steps:
+
+ (3) Create at least one list off which the vfsmounts to be expired can be
+ hung. Access to this list will be governed by the vfsmount_lock.
+
+ (4) In step (2c) above, the call to do_add_mount() should be provided with a
+ pointer to this list. It will hang the vfsmount off of it if it succeeds.
+
+ (5) When you want mountpoints to be expired, call mark_mounts_for_expiry()
+ with a pointer to this list. This will process the list, marking every
+ vfsmount thereon for potential expiry on the next call.
+
+ If a vfsmount was already flagged for expiry, and if its usage count is 1
+ (it's only referenced by its parent vfsmount), then it will be deleted
+ from the namespace and thrown away (effectively unmounted).
+
+ It may prove simplest to simply call this at regular intervals, using
+ some sort of timed event to drive it.
+
+The expiration flag is cleared by calls to mntput. This means that expiration
+will only happen on the second expiration request after the last time the
+mountpoint was accessed.
+
+If a mountpoint is moved, it gets removed from the expiration list. If a bind
+mount is made on an expirable mount, the new vfsmount will not be on the
+expiration list and will not expire.
+
+If a namespace is copied, all mountpoints contained therein will be copied,
+and the copies of those that are on an expiration list will be added to the
+same expiration list.
+
+
+=======================
+USERSPACE DRIVEN EXPIRY
+=======================
+
+As an alternative, it is possible for userspace to request expiry of any
+mountpoint (though some will be rejected - the current process's idea of the
+rootfs for example). It does this by passing the MNT_EXPIRE flag to
+umount(). This flag is considered incompatible with MNT_FORCE and MNT_DETACH.
+
+If the mountpoint in question is in referenced by something other than
+umount() or its parent mountpoint, an EBUSY error will be returned and the
+mountpoint will not be marked for expiration or unmounted.
+
+If the mountpoint was not already marked for expiry at that time, an EAGAIN
+error will be given and it won't be unmounted.
+
+Otherwise if it was already marked and it wasn't referenced, unmounting will
+take place as usual.
+
+Again, the expiration flag is cleared every time anything other than umount()
+looks at a mountpoint.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/befs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/befs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..877a7b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/befs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+BeOS filesystem for Linux
+
+Document last updated: Dec 6, 2001
+
+WARNING
+=======
+Make sure you understand that this is alpha software. This means that the
+implementation is neither complete nor well-tested.
+
+I DISCLAIM ALL RESPONSIBILTY FOR ANY POSSIBLE BAD EFFECTS OF THIS CODE!
+
+LICENSE
+=====
+This software is covered by the GNU General Public License.
+See the file COPYING for the complete text of the license.
+Or the GNU website: <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html>
+
+AUTHOR
+=====
+The largest part of the code written by Will Dyson <will_dyson@pobox.com>
+He has been working on the code since Aug 13, 2001. See the changelog for
+details.
+
+Original Author: Makoto Kato <m_kato@ga2.so-net.ne.jp>
+His orriginal code can still be found at:
+<http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA008030/bfs/>
+Does anyone know of a more current email address for Makoto? He doesn't
+respond to the address given above...
+
+Current maintainer: Sergey S. Kostyliov <rathamahata@php4.ru>
+
+WHAT IS THIS DRIVER?
+==================
+This module implements the native filesystem of BeOS <http://www.be.com/>
+for the linux 2.4.1 and later kernels. Currently it is a read-only
+implementation.
+
+Which is it, BFS or BEFS?
+================
+Be, Inc said, "BeOS Filesystem is officially called BFS, not BeFS".
+But Unixware Boot Filesystem is called bfs, too. And they are already in
+the kernel. Because of this nameing conflict, on Linux the BeOS
+filesystem is called befs.
+
+HOW TO INSTALL
+==============
+step 1. Install the BeFS patch into the source code tree of linux.
+
+Apply the patchfile to your kernel source tree.
+Assuming that your kernel source is in /foo/bar/linux and the patchfile
+is called patch-befs-xxx, you would do the following:
+
+ cd /foo/bar/linux
+ patch -p1 < /path/to/patch-befs-xxx
+
+if the patching step fails (i.e. there are rejected hunks), you can try to
+figure it out yourself (it shouldn't be hard), or mail the maintainer
+(Will Dyson <will_dyson@pobox.com>) for help.
+
+step 2. Configuretion & make kernel
+
+The linux kernel has many compile-time options. Most of them are beyond the
+scope of this document. I suggest the Kernel-HOWTO document as a good general
+reference on this topic. <http://www.linux.com/howto/Kernel-HOWTO.html>
+
+However, to use the BeFS module, you must enable it at configure time.
+
+ cd /foo/bar/linux
+ make menuconfig (or xconfig)
+
+The BeFS module is not a standard part of the linux kernel, so you must first
+enable support for experimental code under the "Code maturity level" menu.
+
+Then, under the "Filesystems" menu will be an option called "BeFS
+filesystem (experimental)", or something like that. Enable that option
+(it is fine to make it a module).
+
+Save your kernel configuration and then build your kernel.
+
+step 3. Install
+
+See the kernel howto <http://www.linux.com/howto/Kernel-HOWTO.html> for
+instructions on this critical step.
+
+USING BFS
+=========
+To use the BeOS filesystem, use filesystem type 'befs'.
+
+ex)
+ mount -t befs /dev/fd0 /beos
+
+MOUNT OPTIONS
+=============
+uid=nnn All files in the partition will be owned by user id nnn.
+gid=nnn All files in the partition will be in group nnn.
+iocharset=xxx Use xxx as the name of the NLS translation table.
+debug The driver will output debugging information to the syslog.
+
+HOW TO GET LASTEST VERSION
+==========================
+
+The latest version is currently available at:
+<http://befs-driver.sourceforge.net/>
+
+ANY KNOWN BUGS?
+===========
+As of Jan 20, 2002:
+
+ None
+
+SPECIAL THANKS
+==============
+Dominic Giampalo ... Writing "Practical file system design with Be filesystem"
+Hiroyuki Yamada ... Testing LinuxPPC.
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/bfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/bfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2841e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/bfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+BFS FILESYSTEM FOR LINUX
+========================
+
+The BFS filesystem is used by SCO UnixWare OS for the /stand slice, which
+usually contains the kernel image and a few other files required for the
+boot process.
+
+In order to access /stand partition under Linux you obviously need to
+know the partition number and the kernel must support UnixWare disk slices
+(CONFIG_UNIXWARE_DISKLABEL config option). However BFS support does not
+depend on having UnixWare disklabel support because one can also mount
+BFS filesystem via loopback:
+
+# losetup /dev/loop0 stand.img
+# mount -t bfs /dev/loop0 /mnt/stand
+
+where stand.img is a file containing the image of BFS filesystem.
+When you have finished using it and umounted you need to also deallocate
+/dev/loop0 device by:
+
+# losetup -d /dev/loop0
+
+You can simplify mounting by just typing:
+
+# mount -t bfs -o loop stand.img /mnt/stand
+
+this will allocate the first available loopback device (and load loop.o
+kernel module if necessary) automatically. If the loopback driver is not
+loaded automatically, make sure that your kernel is compiled with kmod
+support (CONFIG_KMOD) enabled. Beware that umount will not
+deallocate /dev/loopN device if /etc/mtab file on your system is a
+symbolic link to /proc/mounts. You will need to do it manually using
+"-d" switch of losetup(8). Read losetup(8) manpage for more info.
+
+To create the BFS image under UnixWare you need to find out first which
+slice contains it. The command prtvtoc(1M) is your friend:
+
+# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0
+
+(assuming your root disk is on target=0, lun=0, bus=0, controller=0). Then you
+look for the slice with tag "STAND", which is usually slice 10. With this
+information you can use dd(1) to create the BFS image:
+
+# umount /stand
+# dd if=/dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0sa of=stand.img bs=512
+
+Just in case, you can verify that you have done the right thing by checking
+the magic number:
+
+# od -Ad -tx4 stand.img | more
+
+The first 4 bytes should be 0x1badface.
+
+If you have any patches, questions or suggestions regarding this BFS
+implementation please contact the author:
+
+Tigran A. Aivazian <tigran@veritas.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/cifs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/cifs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49cc923
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/cifs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+ This is the client VFS module for the Common Internet File System
+ (CIFS) protocol which is the successor to the Server Message Block
+ (SMB) protocol, the native file sharing mechanism for most early
+ PC operating systems. CIFS is fully supported by current network
+ file servers such as Windows 2000, Windows 2003 (including
+ Windows XP) as well by Samba (which provides excellent CIFS
+ server support for Linux and many other operating systems), so
+ this network filesystem client can mount to a wide variety of
+ servers. The smbfs module should be used instead of this cifs module
+ for mounting to older SMB servers such as OS/2. The smbfs and cifs
+ modules can coexist and do not conflict. The CIFS VFS filesystem
+ module is designed to work well with servers that implement the
+ newer versions (dialects) of the SMB/CIFS protocol such as Samba,
+ the program written by Andrew Tridgell that turns any Unix host
+ into a SMB/CIFS file server.
+
+ The intent of this module is to provide the most advanced network
+ file system function for CIFS compliant servers, including better
+ POSIX compliance, secure per-user session establishment, high
+ performance safe distributed caching (oplock), optional packet
+ signing, large files, Unicode support and other internationalization
+ improvements. Since both Samba server and this filesystem client support
+ the CIFS Unix extensions, the combination can provide a reasonable
+ alternative to NFSv4 for fileserving in some Linux to Linux environments,
+ not just in Linux to Windows environments.
+
+ This filesystem has an optional mount utility (mount.cifs) that can
+ be obtained from the project page and installed in the path in the same
+ directory with the other mount helpers (such as mount.smbfs).
+ Mounting using the cifs filesystem without installing the mount helper
+ requires specifying the server's ip address.
+
+ For Linux 2.4:
+ mount //anything/here /mnt_target -o
+ user=username,pass=password,unc=//ip_address_of_server/sharename
+
+ For Linux 2.5:
+ mount //ip_address_of_server/sharename /mnt_target -o user=username, pass=password
+
+
+ For more information on the module see the project page at
+
+ http://us1.samba.org/samba/Linux_CIFS_client.html
+
+ For more information on CIFS see:
+
+ http://www.snia.org/tech_activities/CIFS
+
+ or the Samba site:
+
+ http://www.samba.org
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/coda.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/coda.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6131135
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/coda.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1673 @@
+NOTE:
+This is one of the technical documents describing a component of
+Coda -- this document describes the client kernel-Venus interface.
+
+For more information:
+ http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu
+For user level software needed to run Coda:
+ ftp://ftp.coda.cs.cmu.edu
+
+To run Coda you need to get a user level cache manager for the client,
+named Venus, as well as tools to manipulate ACLs, to log in, etc. The
+client needs to have the Coda filesystem selected in the kernel
+configuration.
+
+The server needs a user level server and at present does not depend on
+kernel support.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ The Venus kernel interface
+ Peter J. Braam
+ v1.0, Nov 9, 1997
+
+ This document describes the communication between Venus and kernel
+ level filesystem code needed for the operation of the Coda file sys-
+ tem. This document version is meant to describe the current interface
+ (version 1.0) as well as improvements we envisage.
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ Table of Contents
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1. Introduction
+
+ 2. Servicing Coda filesystem calls
+
+ 3. The message layer
+
+ 3.1 Implementation details
+
+ 4. The interface at the call level
+
+ 4.1 Data structures shared by the kernel and Venus
+ 4.2 The pioctl interface
+ 4.3 root
+ 4.4 lookup
+ 4.5 getattr
+ 4.6 setattr
+ 4.7 access
+ 4.8 create
+ 4.9 mkdir
+ 4.10 link
+ 4.11 symlink
+ 4.12 remove
+ 4.13 rmdir
+ 4.14 readlink
+ 4.15 open
+ 4.16 close
+ 4.17 ioctl
+ 4.18 rename
+ 4.19 readdir
+ 4.20 vget
+ 4.21 fsync
+ 4.22 inactive
+ 4.23 rdwr
+ 4.24 odymount
+ 4.25 ody_lookup
+ 4.26 ody_expand
+ 4.27 prefetch
+ 4.28 signal
+
+ 5. The minicache and downcalls
+
+ 5.1 INVALIDATE
+ 5.2 FLUSH
+ 5.3 PURGEUSER
+ 5.4 ZAPFILE
+ 5.5 ZAPDIR
+ 5.6 ZAPVNODE
+ 5.7 PURGEFID
+ 5.8 REPLACE
+
+ 6. Initialization and cleanup
+
+ 6.1 Requirements
+
+
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+ 0wpage
+
+ 11.. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
+
+
+
+ A key component in the Coda Distributed File System is the cache
+ manager, _V_e_n_u_s.
+
+
+ When processes on a Coda enabled system access files in the Coda
+ filesystem, requests are directed at the filesystem layer in the
+ operating system. The operating system will communicate with Venus to
+ service the request for the process. Venus manages a persistent
+ client cache and makes remote procedure calls to Coda file servers and
+ related servers (such as authentication servers) to service these
+ requests it receives from the operating system. When Venus has
+ serviced a request it replies to the operating system with appropriate
+ return codes, and other data related to the request. Optionally the
+ kernel support for Coda may maintain a minicache of recently processed
+ requests to limit the number of interactions with Venus. Venus
+ possesses the facility to inform the kernel when elements from its
+ minicache are no longer valid.
+
+ This document describes precisely this communication between the
+ kernel and Venus. The definitions of so called upcalls and downcalls
+ will be given with the format of the data they handle. We shall also
+ describe the semantic invariants resulting from the calls.
+
+ Historically Coda was implemented in a BSD file system in Mach 2.6.
+ The interface between the kernel and Venus is very similar to the BSD
+ VFS interface. Similar functionality is provided, and the format of
+ the parameters and returned data is very similar to the BSD VFS. This
+ leads to an almost natural environment for implementing a kernel-level
+ filesystem driver for Coda in a BSD system. However, other operating
+ systems such as Linux and Windows 95 and NT have virtual filesystem
+ with different interfaces.
+
+ To implement Coda on these systems some reverse engineering of the
+ Venus/Kernel protocol is necessary. Also it came to light that other
+ systems could profit significantly from certain small optimizations
+ and modifications to the protocol. To facilitate this work as well as
+ to make future ports easier, communication between Venus and the
+ kernel should be documented in great detail. This is the aim of this
+ document.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 22.. SSeerrvviicciinngg CCooddaa ffiilleessyysstteemm ccaallllss
+
+ The service of a request for a Coda file system service originates in
+ a process PP which accessing a Coda file. It makes a system call which
+ traps to the OS kernel. Examples of such calls trapping to the kernel
+ are _r_e_a_d_, _w_r_i_t_e_, _o_p_e_n_, _c_l_o_s_e_, _c_r_e_a_t_e_, _m_k_d_i_r_, _r_m_d_i_r_, _c_h_m_o_d in a Unix
+ context. Similar calls exist in the Win32 environment, and are named
+ _C_r_e_a_t_e_F_i_l_e_, .
+
+ Generally the operating system handles the request in a virtual
+ filesystem (VFS) layer, which is named I/O Manager in NT and IFS
+ manager in Windows 95. The VFS is responsible for partial processing
+ of the request and for locating the specific filesystem(s) which will
+ service parts of the request. Usually the information in the path
+ assists in locating the correct FS drivers. Sometimes after extensive
+ pre-processing, the VFS starts invoking exported routines in the FS
+ driver. This is the point where the FS specific processing of the
+ request starts, and here the Coda specific kernel code comes into
+ play.
+
+ The FS layer for Coda must expose and implement several interfaces.
+ First and foremost the VFS must be able to make all necessary calls to
+ the Coda FS layer, so the Coda FS driver must expose the VFS interface
+ as applicable in the operating system. These differ very significantly
+ among operating systems, but share features such as facilities to
+ read/write and create and remove objects. The Coda FS layer services
+ such VFS requests by invoking one or more well defined services
+ offered by the cache manager Venus. When the replies from Venus have
+ come back to the FS driver, servicing of the VFS call continues and
+ finishes with a reply to the kernel's VFS. Finally the VFS layer
+ returns to the process.
+
+ As a result of this design a basic interface exposed by the FS driver
+ must allow Venus to manage message traffic. In particular Venus must
+ be able to retrieve and place messages and to be notified of the
+ arrival of a new message. The notification must be through a mechanism
+ which does not block Venus since Venus must attend to other tasks even
+ when no messages are waiting or being processed.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Interfaces of the Coda FS Driver
+
+ Furthermore the FS layer provides for a special path of communication
+ between a user process and Venus, called the pioctl interface. The
+ pioctl interface is used for Coda specific services, such as
+ requesting detailed information about the persistent cache managed by
+ Venus. Here the involvement of the kernel is minimal. It identifies
+ the calling process and passes the information on to Venus. When
+ Venus replies the response is passed back to the caller in unmodified
+ form.
+
+ Finally Venus allows the kernel FS driver to cache the results from
+ certain services. This is done to avoid excessive context switches
+ and results in an efficient system. However, Venus may acquire
+ information, for example from the network which implies that cached
+ information must be flushed or replaced. Venus then makes a downcall
+ to the Coda FS layer to request flushes or updates in the cache. The
+ kernel FS driver handles such requests synchronously.
+
+ Among these interfaces the VFS interface and the facility to place,
+ receive and be notified of messages are platform specific. We will
+ not go into the calls exported to the VFS layer but we will state the
+ requirements of the message exchange mechanism.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 33.. TThhee mmeessssaaggee llaayyeerr
+
+
+
+ At the lowest level the communication between Venus and the FS driver
+ proceeds through messages. The synchronization between processes
+ requesting Coda file service and Venus relies on blocking and waking
+ up processes. The Coda FS driver processes VFS- and pioctl-requests
+ on behalf of a process P, creates messages for Venus, awaits replies
+ and finally returns to the caller. The implementation of the exchange
+ of messages is platform specific, but the semantics have (so far)
+ appeared to be generally applicable. Data buffers are created by the
+ FS Driver in kernel memory on behalf of P and copied to user memory in
+ Venus.
+
+ The FS Driver while servicing P makes upcalls to Venus. Such an
+ upcall is dispatched to Venus by creating a message structure. The
+ structure contains the identification of P, the message sequence
+ number, the size of the request and a pointer to the data in kernel
+ memory for the request. Since the data buffer is re-used to hold the
+ reply from Venus, there is a field for the size of the reply. A flags
+ field is used in the message to precisely record the status of the
+ message. Additional platform dependent structures involve pointers to
+ determine the position of the message on queues and pointers to
+ synchronization objects. In the upcall routine the message structure
+ is filled in, flags are set to 0, and it is placed on the _p_e_n_d_i_n_g
+ queue. The routine calling upcall is responsible for allocating the
+ data buffer; its structure will be described in the next section.
+
+ A facility must exist to notify Venus that the message has been
+ created, and implemented using available synchronization objects in
+ the OS. This notification is done in the upcall context of the process
+ P. When the message is on the pending queue, process P cannot proceed
+ in upcall. The (kernel mode) processing of P in the filesystem
+ request routine must be suspended until Venus has replied. Therefore
+ the calling thread in P is blocked in upcall. A pointer in the
+ message structure will locate the synchronization object on which P is
+ sleeping.
+
+ Venus detects the notification that a message has arrived, and the FS
+ driver allow Venus to retrieve the message with a getmsg_from_kernel
+ call. This action finishes in the kernel by putting the message on the
+ queue of processing messages and setting flags to READ. Venus is
+ passed the contents of the data buffer. The getmsg_from_kernel call
+ now returns and Venus processes the request.
+
+ At some later point the FS driver receives a message from Venus,
+ namely when Venus calls sendmsg_to_kernel. At this moment the Coda FS
+ driver looks at the contents of the message and decides if:
+
+
+ +o the message is a reply for a suspended thread P. If so it removes
+ the message from the processing queue and marks the message as
+ WRITTEN. Finally, the FS driver unblocks P (still in the kernel
+ mode context of Venus) and the sendmsg_to_kernel call returns to
+ Venus. The process P will be scheduled at some point and continues
+ processing its upcall with the data buffer replaced with the reply
+ from Venus.
+
+ +o The message is a _d_o_w_n_c_a_l_l. A downcall is a request from Venus to
+ the FS Driver. The FS driver processes the request immediately
+ (usually a cache eviction or replacement) and when it finishes
+ sendmsg_to_kernel returns.
+
+ Now P awakes and continues processing upcall. There are some
+ subtleties to take account of. First P will determine if it was woken
+ up in upcall by a signal from some other source (for example an
+ attempt to terminate P) or as is normally the case by Venus in its
+ sendmsg_to_kernel call. In the normal case, the upcall routine will
+ deallocate the message structure and return. The FS routine can proceed
+ with its processing.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Sleeping and IPC arrangements
+
+ In case P is woken up by a signal and not by Venus, it will first look
+ at the flags field. If the message is not yet READ, the process P can
+ handle its signal without notifying Venus. If Venus has READ, and
+ the request should not be processed, P can send Venus a signal message
+ to indicate that it should disregard the previous message. Such
+ signals are put in the queue at the head, and read first by Venus. If
+ the message is already marked as WRITTEN it is too late to stop the
+ processing. The VFS routine will now continue. (-- If a VFS request
+ involves more than one upcall, this can lead to complicated state, an
+ extra field "handle_signals" could be added in the message structure
+ to indicate points of no return have been passed.--)
+
+
+
+ 33..11.. IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn ddeettaaiillss
+
+ The Unix implementation of this mechanism has been through the
+ implementation of a character device associated with Coda. Venus
+ retrieves messages by doing a read on the device, replies are sent
+ with a write and notification is through the select system call on the
+ file descriptor for the device. The process P is kept waiting on an
+ interruptible wait queue object.
+
+ In Windows NT and the DPMI Windows 95 implementation a DeviceIoControl
+ call is used. The DeviceIoControl call is designed to copy buffers
+ from user memory to kernel memory with OPCODES. The sendmsg_to_kernel
+ is issued as a synchronous call, while the getmsg_from_kernel call is
+ asynchronous. Windows EventObjects are used for notification of
+ message arrival. The process P is kept waiting on a KernelEvent
+ object in NT and a semaphore in Windows 95.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44.. TThhee iinntteerrffaaccee aatt tthhee ccaallll lleevveell
+
+
+ This section describes the upcalls a Coda FS driver can make to Venus.
+ Each of these upcalls make use of two structures: inputArgs and
+ outputArgs. In pseudo BNF form the structures take the following
+ form:
+
+
+ struct inputArgs {
+ u_long opcode;
+ u_long unique; /* Keep multiple outstanding msgs distinct */
+ u_short pid; /* Common to all */
+ u_short pgid; /* Common to all */
+ struct CodaCred cred; /* Common to all */
+
+ <union "in" of call dependent parts of inputArgs>
+ };
+
+ struct outputArgs {
+ u_long opcode;
+ u_long unique; /* Keep multiple outstanding msgs distinct */
+ u_long result;
+
+ <union "out" of call dependent parts of inputArgs>
+ };
+
+
+
+ Before going on let us elucidate the role of the various fields. The
+ inputArgs start with the opcode which defines the type of service
+ requested from Venus. There are approximately 30 upcalls at present
+ which we will discuss. The unique field labels the inputArg with a
+ unique number which will identify the message uniquely. A process and
+ process group id are passed. Finally the credentials of the caller
+ are included.
+
+ Before delving into the specific calls we need to discuss a variety of
+ data structures shared by the kernel and Venus.
+
+
+
+
+ 44..11.. DDaattaa ssttrruuccttuurreess sshhaarreedd bbyy tthhee kkeerrnneell aanndd VVeennuuss
+
+
+ The CodaCred structure defines a variety of user and group ids as
+ they are set for the calling process. The vuid_t and guid_t are 32 bit
+ unsigned integers. It also defines group membership in an array. On
+ Unix the CodaCred has proven sufficient to implement good security
+ semantics for Coda but the structure may have to undergo modification
+ for the Windows environment when these mature.
+
+ struct CodaCred {
+ vuid_t cr_uid, cr_euid, cr_suid, cr_fsuid; /* Real, effective, set, fs uid*/
+ vgid_t cr_gid, cr_egid, cr_sgid, cr_fsgid; /* same for groups */
+ vgid_t cr_groups[NGROUPS]; /* Group membership for caller */
+ };
+
+
+
+ NNOOTTEE It is questionable if we need CodaCreds in Venus. Finally Venus
+ doesn't know about groups, although it does create files with the
+ default uid/gid. Perhaps the list of group membership is superfluous.
+
+
+ The next item is the fundamental identifier used to identify Coda
+ files, the ViceFid. A fid of a file uniquely defines a file or
+ directory in the Coda filesystem within a _c_e_l_l. (-- A _c_e_l_l is a
+ group of Coda servers acting under the aegis of a single system
+ control machine or SCM. See the Coda Administration manual for a
+ detailed description of the role of the SCM.--)
+
+
+ typedef struct ViceFid {
+ VolumeId Volume;
+ VnodeId Vnode;
+ Unique_t Unique;
+ } ViceFid;
+
+
+
+ Each of the constituent fields: VolumeId, VnodeId and Unique_t are
+ unsigned 32 bit integers. We envisage that a further field will need
+ to be prefixed to identify the Coda cell; this will probably take the
+ form of a Ipv6 size IP address naming the Coda cell through DNS.
+
+ The next important structure shared between Venus and the kernel is
+ the attributes of the file. The following structure is used to
+ exchange information. It has room for future extensions such as
+ support for device files (currently not present in Coda).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ struct coda_vattr {
+ enum coda_vtype va_type; /* vnode type (for create) */
+ u_short va_mode; /* files access mode and type */
+ short va_nlink; /* number of references to file */
+ vuid_t va_uid; /* owner user id */
+ vgid_t va_gid; /* owner group id */
+ long va_fsid; /* file system id (dev for now) */
+ long va_fileid; /* file id */
+ u_quad_t va_size; /* file size in bytes */
+ long va_blocksize; /* blocksize preferred for i/o */
+ struct timespec va_atime; /* time of last access */
+ struct timespec va_mtime; /* time of last modification */
+ struct timespec va_ctime; /* time file changed */
+ u_long va_gen; /* generation number of file */
+ u_long va_flags; /* flags defined for file */
+ dev_t va_rdev; /* device special file represents */
+ u_quad_t va_bytes; /* bytes of disk space held by file */
+ u_quad_t va_filerev; /* file modification number */
+ u_int va_vaflags; /* operations flags, see below */
+ long va_spare; /* remain quad aligned */
+ };
+
+
+
+
+ 44..22.. TThhee ppiiooccttll iinntteerrffaaccee
+
+
+ Coda specific requests can be made by application through the pioctl
+ interface. The pioctl is implemented as an ordinary ioctl on a
+ fictitious file /coda/.CONTROL. The pioctl call opens this file, gets
+ a file handle and makes the ioctl call. Finally it closes the file.
+
+ The kernel involvement in this is limited to providing the facility to
+ open and close and pass the ioctl message _a_n_d to verify that a path in
+ the pioctl data buffers is a file in a Coda filesystem.
+
+ The kernel is handed a data packet of the form:
+
+ struct {
+ const char *path;
+ struct ViceIoctl vidata;
+ int follow;
+ } data;
+
+
+
+ where
+
+
+ struct ViceIoctl {
+ caddr_t in, out; /* Data to be transferred in, or out */
+ short in_size; /* Size of input buffer <= 2K */
+ short out_size; /* Maximum size of output buffer, <= 2K */
+ };
+
+
+
+ The path must be a Coda file, otherwise the ioctl upcall will not be
+ made.
+
+ NNOOTTEE The data structures and code are a mess. We need to clean this
+ up.
+
+ We now proceed to document the individual calls:
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..33.. rroooott
+
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn empty
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_root_out {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ } cfs_root;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call is made to Venus during the initialization of
+ the Coda filesystem. If the result is zero, the cfs_root structure
+ contains the ViceFid of the root of the Coda filesystem. If a non-zero
+ result is generated, its value is a platform dependent error code
+ indicating the difficulty Venus encountered in locating the root of
+ the Coda filesystem.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..44.. llooookkuupp
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Find the ViceFid and type of an object in a directory if it
+ exists.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_lookup_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ char *name; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_lookup;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_lookup_out {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ int vtype;
+ } cfs_lookup;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call is made to determine the ViceFid and filetype of
+ a directory entry. The directory entry requested carries name name
+ and Venus will search the directory identified by cfs_lookup_in.VFid.
+ The result may indicate that the name does not exist, or that
+ difficulty was encountered in finding it (e.g. due to disconnection).
+ If the result is zero, the field cfs_lookup_out.VFid contains the
+ targets ViceFid and cfs_lookup_out.vtype the coda_vtype giving the
+ type of object the name designates.
+
+ The name of the object is an 8 bit character string of maximum length
+ CFS_MAXNAMLEN, currently set to 256 (including a 0 terminator.)
+
+ It is extremely important to realize that Venus bitwise ors the field
+ cfs_lookup.vtype with CFS_NOCACHE to indicate that the object should
+ not be put in the kernel name cache.
+
+ NNOOTTEE The type of the vtype is currently wrong. It should be
+ coda_vtype. Linux does not take note of CFS_NOCACHE. It should.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..55.. ggeettaattttrr
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Get the attributes of a file.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_getattr_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ struct coda_vattr attr; /* XXXXX */
+ } cfs_getattr;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_getattr_out {
+ struct coda_vattr attr;
+ } cfs_getattr;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call returns the attributes of the file identified by
+ fid.
+
+ EErrrroorrss Errors can occur if the object with fid does not exist, is
+ unaccessible or if the caller does not have permission to fetch
+ attributes.
+
+ NNoottee Many kernel FS drivers (Linux, NT and Windows 95) need to acquire
+ the attributes as well as the Fid for the instantiation of an internal
+ "inode" or "FileHandle". A significant improvement in performance on
+ such systems could be made by combining the _l_o_o_k_u_p and _g_e_t_a_t_t_r calls
+ both at the Venus/kernel interaction level and at the RPC level.
+
+ The vattr structure included in the input arguments is superfluous and
+ should be removed.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..66.. sseettaattttrr
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Set the attributes of a file.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_setattr_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ struct coda_vattr attr;
+ } cfs_setattr;
+
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ empty
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn The structure attr is filled with attributes to be changed
+ in BSD style. Attributes not to be changed are set to -1, apart from
+ vtype which is set to VNON. Other are set to the value to be assigned.
+ The only attributes which the FS driver may request to change are the
+ mode, owner, groupid, atime, mtime and ctime. The return value
+ indicates success or failure.
+
+ EErrrroorrss A variety of errors can occur. The object may not exist, may
+ be inaccessible, or permission may not be granted by Venus.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..77.. aacccceessss
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_access_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ int flags;
+ } cfs_access;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ empty
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Verify if access to the object identified by VFid for
+ operations described by flags is permitted. The result indicates if
+ access will be granted. It is important to remember that Coda uses
+ ACLs to enforce protection and that ultimately the servers, not the
+ clients enforce the security of the system. The result of this call
+ will depend on whether a _t_o_k_e_n is held by the user.
+
+ EErrrroorrss The object may not exist, or the ACL describing the protection
+ may not be accessible.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..88.. ccrreeaattee
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Invoked to create a file
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_create_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ struct coda_vattr attr;
+ int excl;
+ int mode;
+ char *name; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_create;
+
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_create_out {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ struct coda_vattr attr;
+ } cfs_create;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This upcall is invoked to request creation of a file.
+ The file will be created in the directory identified by VFid, its name
+ will be name, and the mode will be mode. If excl is set an error will
+ be returned if the file already exists. If the size field in attr is
+ set to zero the file will be truncated. The uid and gid of the file
+ are set by converting the CodaCred to a uid using a macro CRTOUID
+ (this macro is platform dependent). Upon success the VFid and
+ attributes of the file are returned. The Coda FS Driver will normally
+ instantiate a vnode, inode or file handle at kernel level for the new
+ object.
+
+
+ EErrrroorrss A variety of errors can occur. Permissions may be insufficient.
+ If the object exists and is not a file the error EISDIR is returned
+ under Unix.
+
+ NNOOTTEE The packing of parameters is very inefficient and appears to
+ indicate confusion between the system call creat and the VFS operation
+ create. The VFS operation create is only called to create new objects.
+ This create call differs from the Unix one in that it is not invoked
+ to return a file descriptor. The truncate and exclusive options,
+ together with the mode, could simply be part of the mode as it is
+ under Unix. There should be no flags argument; this is used in open
+ (2) to return a file descriptor for READ or WRITE mode.
+
+ The attributes of the directory should be returned too, since the size
+ and mtime changed.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..99.. mmkkddiirr
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Create a new directory.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_mkdir_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ struct coda_vattr attr;
+ char *name; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_mkdir;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_mkdir_out {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ struct coda_vattr attr;
+ } cfs_mkdir;
+
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call is similar to create but creates a directory.
+ Only the mode field in the input parameters is used for creation.
+ Upon successful creation, the attr returned contains the attributes of
+ the new directory.
+
+ EErrrroorrss As for create.
+
+ NNOOTTEE The input parameter should be changed to mode instead of
+ attributes.
+
+ The attributes of the parent should be returned since the size and
+ mtime changes.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..1100.. lliinnkk
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Create a link to an existing file.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_link_in {
+ ViceFid sourceFid; /* cnode to link *to* */
+ ViceFid destFid; /* Directory in which to place link */
+ char *tname; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_link;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ empty
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call creates a link to the sourceFid in the directory
+ identified by destFid with name tname. The source must reside in the
+ target's parent, i.e. the source must be have parent destFid, i.e. Coda
+ does not support cross directory hard links. Only the return value is
+ relevant. It indicates success or the type of failure.
+
+ EErrrroorrss The usual errors can occur.0wpage
+
+ 44..1111.. ssyymmlliinnkk
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy create a symbolic link
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_symlink_in {
+ ViceFid VFid; /* Directory to put symlink in */
+ char *srcname;
+ struct coda_vattr attr;
+ char *tname;
+ } cfs_symlink;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ none
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Create a symbolic link. The link is to be placed in the
+ directory identified by VFid and named tname. It should point to the
+ pathname srcname. The attributes of the newly created object are to
+ be set to attr.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE The attributes of the target directory should be returned since
+ its size changed.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..1122.. rreemmoovvee
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Remove a file
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_remove_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ char *name; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_remove;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ none
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove file named cfs_remove_in.name in directory
+ identified by VFid.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE The attributes of the directory should be returned since its
+ mtime and size may change.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..1133.. rrmmddiirr
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Remove a directory
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_rmdir_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ char *name; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_rmdir;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ none
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove the directory with name name from the directory
+ identified by VFid.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE The attributes of the parent directory should be returned since
+ its mtime and size may change.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..1144.. rreeaaddlliinnkk
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Read the value of a symbolic link.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_readlink_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ } cfs_readlink;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_readlink_out {
+ int count;
+ caddr_t data; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_readlink;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This routine reads the contents of symbolic link
+ identified by VFid into the buffer data. The buffer data must be able
+ to hold any name up to CFS_MAXNAMLEN (PATH or NAM??).
+
+ EErrrroorrss No unusual errors.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..1155.. ooppeenn
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Open a file.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_open_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ int flags;
+ } cfs_open;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_open_out {
+ dev_t dev;
+ ino_t inode;
+ } cfs_open;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This request asks Venus to place the file identified by
+ VFid in its cache and to note that the calling process wishes to open
+ it with flags as in open(2). The return value to the kernel differs
+ for Unix and Windows systems. For Unix systems the Coda FS Driver is
+ informed of the device and inode number of the container file in the
+ fields dev and inode. For Windows the path of the container file is
+ returned to the kernel.
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE Currently the cfs_open_out structure is not properly adapted to
+ deal with the Windows case. It might be best to implement two
+ upcalls, one to open aiming at a container file name, the other at a
+ container file inode.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..1166.. cclloossee
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Close a file, update it on the servers.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_close_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ int flags;
+ } cfs_close;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ none
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Close the file identified by VFid.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE The flags argument is bogus and not used. However, Venus' code
+ has room to deal with an execp input field, probably this field should
+ be used to inform Venus that the file was closed but is still memory
+ mapped for execution. There are comments about fetching versus not
+ fetching the data in Venus vproc_vfscalls. This seems silly. If a
+ file is being closed, the data in the container file is to be the new
+ data. Here again the execp flag might be in play to create confusion:
+ currently Venus might think a file can be flushed from the cache when
+ it is still memory mapped. This needs to be understood.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..1177.. iiooccttll
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Do an ioctl on a file. This includes the pioctl interface.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_ioctl_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ int cmd;
+ int len;
+ int rwflag;
+ char *data; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_ioctl;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+
+ struct cfs_ioctl_out {
+ int len;
+ caddr_t data; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_ioctl;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Do an ioctl operation on a file. The command, len and
+ data arguments are filled as usual. flags is not used by Venus.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE Another bogus parameter. flags is not used. What is the
+ business about PREFETCHING in the Venus code?
+
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..1188.. rreennaammee
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Rename a fid.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_rename_in {
+ ViceFid sourceFid;
+ char *srcname;
+ ViceFid destFid;
+ char *destname;
+ } cfs_rename;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ none
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Rename the object with name srcname in directory
+ sourceFid to destname in destFid. It is important that the names
+ srcname and destname are 0 terminated strings. Strings in Unix
+ kernels are not always null terminated.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..1199.. rreeaaddddiirr
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Read directory entries.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_readdir_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ int count;
+ int offset;
+ } cfs_readdir;
+
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_readdir_out {
+ int size;
+ caddr_t data; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_readdir;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Read directory entries from VFid starting at offset and
+ read at most count bytes. Returns the data in data and returns
+ the size in size.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE This call is not used. Readdir operations exploit container
+ files. We will re-evaluate this during the directory revamp which is
+ about to take place.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..2200.. vvggeett
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy instructs Venus to do an FSDB->Get.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_vget_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ } cfs_vget;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_vget_out {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ int vtype;
+ } cfs_vget;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This upcall asks Venus to do a get operation on an fsobj
+ labelled by VFid.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE This operation is not used. However, it is extremely useful
+ since it can be used to deal with read/write memory mapped files.
+ These can be "pinned" in the Venus cache using vget and released with
+ inactive.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..2211.. ffssyynncc
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Tell Venus to update the RVM attributes of a file.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_fsync_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ } cfs_fsync;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ none
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Ask Venus to update RVM attributes of object VFid. This
+ should be called as part of kernel level fsync type calls. The
+ result indicates if the syncing was successful.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE Linux does not implement this call. It should.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..2222.. iinnaaccttiivvee
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Tell Venus a vnode is no longer in use.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_inactive_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ } cfs_inactive;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+ none
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This operation returns EOPNOTSUPP.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE This should perhaps be removed.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..2233.. rrddwwrr
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Read or write from a file
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct cfs_rdwr_in {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ int rwflag;
+ int count;
+ int offset;
+ int ioflag;
+ caddr_t data; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_rdwr;
+
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct cfs_rdwr_out {
+ int rwflag;
+ int count;
+ caddr_t data; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } cfs_rdwr;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This upcall asks Venus to read or write from a file.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE It should be removed since it is against the Coda philosophy that
+ read/write operations never reach Venus. I have been told the
+ operation does not work. It is not currently used.
+
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..2244.. ooddyymmoouunntt
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Allows mounting multiple Coda "filesystems" on one Unix mount
+ point.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn
+
+ struct ody_mount_in {
+ char *name; /* Place holder for data. */
+ } ody_mount;
+
+
+
+ oouutt
+
+ struct ody_mount_out {
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ } ody_mount;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Asks Venus to return the rootfid of a Coda system named
+ name. The fid is returned in VFid.
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE This call was used by David for dynamic sets. It should be
+ removed since it causes a jungle of pointers in the VFS mounting area.
+ It is not used by Coda proper. Call is not implemented by Venus.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..2255.. ooddyy__llooookkuupp
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Looks up something.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn irrelevant
+
+
+ oouutt
+ irrelevant
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE Gut it. Call is not implemented by Venus.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..2266.. ooddyy__eexxppaanndd
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy expands something in a dynamic set.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn irrelevant
+
+ oouutt
+ irrelevant
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE Gut it. Call is not implemented by Venus.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..2277.. pprreeffeettcchh
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Prefetch a dynamic set.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn Not documented.
+
+ oouutt
+ Not documented.
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Venus worker.cc has support for this call, although it is
+ noted that it doesn't work. Not surprising, since the kernel does not
+ have support for it. (ODY_PREFETCH is not a defined operation).
+
+ EErrrroorrss
+
+ NNOOTTEE Gut it. It isn't working and isn't used by Coda.
+
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 44..2288.. ssiiggnnaall
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Send Venus a signal about an upcall.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ iinn none
+
+ oouutt
+ not applicable.
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This is an out-of-band upcall to Venus to inform Venus
+ that the calling process received a signal after Venus read the
+ message from the input queue. Venus is supposed to clean up the
+ operation.
+
+ EErrrroorrss No reply is given.
+
+ NNOOTTEE We need to better understand what Venus needs to clean up and if
+ it is doing this correctly. Also we need to handle multiple upcall
+ per system call situations correctly. It would be important to know
+ what state changes in Venus take place after an upcall for which the
+ kernel is responsible for notifying Venus to clean up (e.g. open
+ definitely is such a state change, but many others are maybe not).
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 55.. TThhee mmiinniiccaacchhee aanndd ddoowwnnccaallllss
+
+
+ The Coda FS Driver can cache results of lookup and access upcalls, to
+ limit the frequency of upcalls. Upcalls carry a price since a process
+ context switch needs to take place. The counterpart of caching the
+ information is that Venus will notify the FS Driver that cached
+ entries must be flushed or renamed.
+
+ The kernel code generally has to maintain a structure which links the
+ internal file handles (called vnodes in BSD, inodes in Linux and
+ FileHandles in Windows) with the ViceFid's which Venus maintains. The
+ reason is that frequent translations back and forth are needed in
+ order to make upcalls and use the results of upcalls. Such linking
+ objects are called ccnnooddeess.
+
+ The current minicache implementations have cache entries which record
+ the following:
+
+ 1. the name of the file
+
+ 2. the cnode of the directory containing the object
+
+ 3. a list of CodaCred's for which the lookup is permitted.
+
+ 4. the cnode of the object
+
+ The lookup call in the Coda FS Driver may request the cnode of the
+ desired object from the cache, by passing its name, directory and the
+ CodaCred's of the caller. The cache will return the cnode or indicate
+ that it cannot be found. The Coda FS Driver must be careful to
+ invalidate cache entries when it modifies or removes objects.
+
+ When Venus obtains information that indicates that cache entries are
+ no longer valid, it will make a downcall to the kernel. Downcalls are
+ intercepted by the Coda FS Driver and lead to cache invalidations of
+ the kind described below. The Coda FS Driver does not return an error
+ unless the downcall data could not be read into kernel memory.
+
+
+ 55..11.. IINNVVAALLIIDDAATTEE
+
+
+ No information is available on this call.
+
+
+ 55..22.. FFLLUUSSHH
+
+
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss None
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Flush the name cache entirely.
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Venus issues this call upon startup and when it dies. This
+ is to prevent stale cache information being held. Some operating
+ systems allow the kernel name cache to be switched off dynamically.
+ When this is done, this downcall is made.
+
+
+ 55..33.. PPUURRGGEEUUSSEERR
+
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ struct cfs_purgeuser_out {/* CFS_PURGEUSER is a venus->kernel call */
+ struct CodaCred cred;
+ } cfs_purgeuser;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove all entries in the cache carrying the Cred. This
+ call is issued when tokens for a user expire or are flushed.
+
+
+ 55..44.. ZZAAPPFFIILLEE
+
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ struct cfs_zapfile_out { /* CFS_ZAPFILE is a venus->kernel call */
+ ViceFid CodaFid;
+ } cfs_zapfile;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove all entries which have the (dir vnode, name) pair.
+ This is issued as a result of an invalidation of cached attributes of
+ a vnode.
+
+ NNOOTTEE Call is not named correctly in NetBSD and Mach. The minicache
+ zapfile routine takes different arguments. Linux does not implement
+ the invalidation of attributes correctly.
+
+
+
+ 55..55.. ZZAAPPDDIIRR
+
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ struct cfs_zapdir_out { /* CFS_ZAPDIR is a venus->kernel call */
+ ViceFid CodaFid;
+ } cfs_zapdir;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove all entries in the cache lying in a directory
+ CodaFid, and all children of this directory. This call is issued when
+ Venus receives a callback on the directory.
+
+
+ 55..66.. ZZAAPPVVNNOODDEE
+
+
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ struct cfs_zapvnode_out { /* CFS_ZAPVNODE is a venus->kernel call */
+ struct CodaCred cred;
+ ViceFid VFid;
+ } cfs_zapvnode;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove all entries in the cache carrying the cred and VFid
+ as in the arguments. This downcall is probably never issued.
+
+
+ 55..77.. PPUURRGGEEFFIIDD
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ struct cfs_purgefid_out { /* CFS_PURGEFID is a venus->kernel call */
+ ViceFid CodaFid;
+ } cfs_purgefid;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn Flush the attribute for the file. If it is a dir (odd
+ vnode), purge its children from the namecache and remove the file from the
+ namecache.
+
+
+
+ 55..88.. RREEPPLLAACCEE
+
+
+ SSuummmmaarryy Replace the Fid's for a collection of names.
+
+ AArrgguummeennttss
+
+ struct cfs_replace_out { /* cfs_replace is a venus->kernel call */
+ ViceFid NewFid;
+ ViceFid OldFid;
+ } cfs_replace;
+
+
+
+ DDeessccrriippttiioonn This routine replaces a ViceFid in the name cache with
+ another. It is added to allow Venus during reintegration to replace
+ locally allocated temp fids while disconnected with global fids even
+ when the reference counts on those fids are not zero.
+
+ 0wpage
+
+ 66.. IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn aanndd cclleeaannuupp
+
+
+ This section gives brief hints as to desirable features for the Coda
+ FS Driver at startup and upon shutdown or Venus failures. Before
+ entering the discussion it is useful to repeat that the Coda FS Driver
+ maintains the following data:
+
+
+ 1. message queues
+
+ 2. cnodes
+
+ 3. name cache entries
+
+ The name cache entries are entirely private to the driver, so they
+ can easily be manipulated. The message queues will generally have
+ clear points of initialization and destruction. The cnodes are
+ much more delicate. User processes hold reference counts in Coda
+ filesystems and it can be difficult to clean up the cnodes.
+
+ It can expect requests through:
+
+ 1. the message subsystem
+
+ 2. the VFS layer
+
+ 3. pioctl interface
+
+ Currently the _p_i_o_c_t_l passes through the VFS for Coda so we can
+ treat these similarly.
+
+
+ 66..11.. RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss
+
+
+ The following requirements should be accommodated:
+
+ 1. The message queues should have open and close routines. On Unix
+ the opening of the character devices are such routines.
+
+ +o Before opening, no messages can be placed.
+
+ +o Opening will remove any old messages still pending.
+
+ +o Close will notify any sleeping processes that their upcall cannot
+ be completed.
+
+ +o Close will free all memory allocated by the message queues.
+
+
+ 2. At open the namecache shall be initialized to empty state.
+
+ 3. Before the message queues are open, all VFS operations will fail.
+ Fortunately this can be achieved by making sure than mounting the
+ Coda filesystem cannot succeed before opening.
+
+ 4. After closing of the queues, no VFS operations can succeed. Here
+ one needs to be careful, since a few operations (lookup,
+ read/write, readdir) can proceed without upcalls. These must be
+ explicitly blocked.
+
+ 5. Upon closing the namecache shall be flushed and disabled.
+
+ 6. All memory held by cnodes can be freed without relying on upcalls.
+
+ 7. Unmounting the file system can be done without relying on upcalls.
+
+ 8. Mounting the Coda filesystem should fail gracefully if Venus cannot
+ get the rootfid or the attributes of the rootfid. The latter is
+ best implemented by Venus fetching these objects before attempting
+ to mount.
+
+ NNOOTTEE NetBSD in particular but also Linux have not implemented the
+ above requirements fully. For smooth operation this needs to be
+ corrected.
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/cramfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/cramfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31f53f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/cramfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+
+ Cramfs - cram a filesystem onto a small ROM
+
+cramfs is designed to be simple and small, and to compress things well.
+
+It uses the zlib routines to compress a file one page at a time, and
+allows random page access. The meta-data is not compressed, but is
+expressed in a very terse representation to make it use much less
+diskspace than traditional filesystems.
+
+You can't write to a cramfs filesystem (making it compressible and
+compact also makes it _very_ hard to update on-the-fly), so you have to
+create the disk image with the "mkcramfs" utility.
+
+
+Usage Notes
+-----------
+
+File sizes are limited to less than 16MB.
+
+Maximum filesystem size is a little over 256MB. (The last file on the
+filesystem is allowed to extend past 256MB.)
+
+Only the low 8 bits of gid are stored. The current version of
+mkcramfs simply truncates to 8 bits, which is a potential security
+issue.
+
+Hard links are supported, but hard linked files
+will still have a link count of 1 in the cramfs image.
+
+Cramfs directories have no `.' or `..' entries. Directories (like
+every other file on cramfs) always have a link count of 1. (There's
+no need to use -noleaf in `find', btw.)
+
+No timestamps are stored in a cramfs, so these default to the epoch
+(1970 GMT). Recently-accessed files may have updated timestamps, but
+the update lasts only as long as the inode is cached in memory, after
+which the timestamp reverts to 1970, i.e. moves backwards in time.
+
+Currently, cramfs must be written and read with architectures of the
+same endianness, and can be read only by kernels with PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
+== 4096. At least the latter of these is a bug, but it hasn't been
+decided what the best fix is. For the moment if you have larger pages
+you can just change the #define in mkcramfs.c, so long as you don't
+mind the filesystem becoming unreadable to future kernels.
+
+
+For /usr/share/magic
+--------------------
+
+0 ulelong 0x28cd3d45 Linux cramfs offset 0
+>4 ulelong x size %d
+>8 ulelong x flags 0x%x
+>12 ulelong x future 0x%x
+>16 string >\0 signature "%.16s"
+>32 ulelong x fsid.crc 0x%x
+>36 ulelong x fsid.edition %d
+>40 ulelong x fsid.blocks %d
+>44 ulelong x fsid.files %d
+>48 string >\0 name "%.16s"
+512 ulelong 0x28cd3d45 Linux cramfs offset 512
+>516 ulelong x size %d
+>520 ulelong x flags 0x%x
+>524 ulelong x future 0x%x
+>528 string >\0 signature "%.16s"
+>544 ulelong x fsid.crc 0x%x
+>548 ulelong x fsid.edition %d
+>552 ulelong x fsid.blocks %d
+>556 ulelong x fsid.files %d
+>560 string >\0 name "%.16s"
+
+
+Hacker Notes
+------------
+
+See fs/cramfs/README for filesystem layout and implementation notes.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/ChangeLog b/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/ChangeLog
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5aba52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/ChangeLog
@@ -0,0 +1,1977 @@
+/* -*- auto-fill -*- */
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v1
+
+- creation of devfs
+
+- modified miscellaneous character devices to support devfs
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v2
+
+- bug fix with manual inode creation
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v3
+
+- bugfixes
+
+- documentation improvements
+
+- created a couple of scripts (one to save&restore a devfs and the
+ other to set up compatibility symlinks)
+
+- devfs support for SCSI discs. New name format is: sd_hHcCiIlL
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v4
+
+- bugfix for the directory reading code
+
+- bugfix for compilation with kerneld
+
+- devfs support for generic hard discs
+
+- rationalisation of the various watchdog drivers
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v5
+
+- support for mounting directly from entries in the devfs (it doesn't
+ need to be mounted to do this), including the root filesystem.
+ Mounting of swap partitions also works. Hence, now if you set
+ CONFIG_DEVFS_ONLY to 'Y' then you won't be able to access your discs
+ via ordinary device nodes. Naturally, the default is 'N' so that you
+ can still use your old device nodes. If you want to mount from devfs
+ entries, make sure you use: append = "root=/dev/sd_..." in your
+ lilo.conf. It seems LILO looks for the device number (major&minor)
+ and writes that into the kernel image :-(
+
+- support for character memory devices (/dev/null, /dev/zero, /dev/full
+ and so on). Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v6
+
+- support for subdirectories
+
+- support for symbolic links (created by devfs_mk_symlink(), no
+ support yet for creation via symlink(2))
+
+- SCSI disc naming now cast in stone, with the format:
+ /dev/sd/c0b1t2u3 controller=0, bus=1, ID=2, LUN=3, whole disc
+ /dev/sd/c0b1t2u3p4 controller=0, bus=1, ID=2, LUN=3, 4th partition
+
+- loop devices now appear in devfs
+
+- tty devices, console, serial ports, etc. now appear in devfs
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- bugs with mounting devfs-only devices now fixed
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v7
+
+- SCSI CD-ROMS, tapes and generic devices now appear in devfs
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v8
+
+- bugfix with no-rewind SCSI tapes
+
+- RAMDISCs now appear in devfs
+
+- better cleaning up of devfs entries created by various modules
+
+- interface change to <devfs_register>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v9
+
+- the v8 patch was corrupted somehow, which would affect the patch for
+ linux/fs/filesystems.c
+ I've also fixed the v8 patch file on the WWW
+
+- MetaDevices (/dev/md*) should now appear in devfs
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v10
+
+- bugfix in meta device support for devfs
+
+- created this ChangeLog file
+
+- added devfs support to the floppy driver
+
+- added support for creating sockets in a devfs
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v11
+
+- added DEVFS_FL_HIDE_UNREG flag
+
+- incorporated better patch for ttyname() in libc 5.4.43 from H.J. Lu.
+
+- interface change to <devfs_mk_symlink>
+
+- support for creating symlinks with symlink(2)
+
+- parallel port printer (/dev/lp*) now appears in devfs
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v12
+
+- added inode check to <devfs_fill_file> function
+
+- improved devfs support when mounting from devfs
+
+- added call to <<release>> operation when removing swap areas on
+ devfs devices
+
+- increased NR_SUPER to 128 to support large numbers of devfs mounts
+ (for chroot(2) gaols)
+
+- fixed bug in SCSI disc support: was generating incorrect minors if
+ SCSI ID's did not start at 0 and increase by 1
+
+- support symlink traversal when mounting root
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v13
+
+- added devfs support to soundcard driver
+ Thanks to Eric Dumas <dumas@linux.eu.org> and
+ C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- added devfs support to the joystick driver
+
+- loop driver now has it's own subdirectory "/dev/loop/"
+
+- created <devfs_get_flags> and <devfs_set_flags> functions
+
+- fix problem with SCSI disc compatibility names (sd{a,b,c,d,e,f})
+ which assumes ID's start at 0 and increase by 1. Also only create
+ devfs entries for SCSI disc partitions which actually exist
+ Show new names in partition check
+ Thanks to Jakub Jelinek <jj@sunsite.ms.mff.cuni.cz>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v14
+
+- bug fix in floppy driver: would not compile without
+ CONFIG_DEVFS_FS='Y'
+ Thanks to Jurgen Botz <jbotz@nova.botz.org>
+
+- bug fix in loop driver
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- do not create devfs entries for printers not configured
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- do not create devfs entries for serial ports not present
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- ensure <tty_register_devfs> is exported from tty_io.c
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- allow unregistering of devfs symlink entries
+
+- fixed bug in SCSI disc naming introduced in last patch version
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v15
+
+- ported to kernel 2.1.81
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v16
+
+- created <devfs_set_symlink_destination> function
+
+- moved DEVFS_SUPER_MAGIC into header file
+
+- added DEVFS_FL_HIDE flag
+
+- created <devfs_get_maj_min>
+
+- created <devfs_get_handle_from_inode>
+
+- fixed bugs in searching by major&minor
+
+- changed interface to <devfs_unregister>, <devfs_fill_file> and
+ <devfs_find_handle>
+
+- fixed inode times when symlink created with symlink(2)
+
+- change tty driver to do auto-creation of devfs entries
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- fixed bug in genhd.c: whole disc (non-SCSI) was not registered to
+ devfs
+
+- updated libc 5.4.43 patch for ttyname()
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v17
+
+- added CONFIG_DEVFS_TTY_COMPAT
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- bugfix in devfs support for drivers/char/lp.c
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- clean up serial driver so that PCMCIA devices unregister correctly
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- fixed bug in genhd.c: whole disc (non-SCSI) was not registered to
+ devfs [was missing in patch v16]
+
+- updated libc 5.4.43 patch for ttyname() [was missing in patch v16]
+
+- all SCSI devices now registered in /dev/sg
+
+- support removal of devfs entries via unlink(2)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v18
+
+- added floppy/?u720 floppy entry
+
+- fixed kerneld support for entries in devfs subdirectories
+
+- incorporated latest patch for ttyname() in libc 5.4.43 from H.J. Lu.
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v19
+
+- bug fix when looking up unregistered entries: kerneld was not called
+
+- fixes for kernel 2.1.86 (now requires 2.1.86)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v20
+
+- only create available floppy entries
+ Thanks to Andrzej Krzysztofowicz <ankry@green.mif.pg.gda.pl>
+
+- new IDE naming scheme following SCSI format (i.e. /dev/id/c0b0t0u0p1
+ instead of /dev/hda1)
+ Thanks to Andrzej Krzysztofowicz <ankry@green.mif.pg.gda.pl>
+
+- new XT disc naming scheme following SCSI format (i.e. /dev/xd/c0t0p1
+ instead of /dev/xda1)
+ Thanks to Andrzej Krzysztofowicz <ankry@green.mif.pg.gda.pl>
+
+- new non-standard CD-ROM names (i.e. /dev/sbp/c#t#)
+ Thanks to Andrzej Krzysztofowicz <ankry@green.mif.pg.gda.pl>
+
+- allow symlink traversal when mounting the root filesystem
+
+- Create entries for MD devices at MD init
+ Thanks to Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy5@capway.com>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v21
+
+- ported to kernel 2.1.91
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v22
+
+- SCSI host number patch ("scsihosts=" kernel option)
+ Thanks to Andrzej Krzysztofowicz <ankry@green.mif.pg.gda.pl>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v23
+
+- Fixed persistence bug with device numbers for manually created
+ device files
+
+- Fixed problem with recreating symlinks with different content
+
+- Added CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT (mount devfs on /dev at boot time)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v24
+
+- Switched from CONFIG_KERNELD to CONFIG_KMOD: module autoloading
+ should now work again
+
+- Hide entries which are manually unlinked
+
+- Always invalidate devfs dentry cache when registering entries
+
+- Support removal of devfs directories via rmdir(2)
+
+- Ensure directories created by <devfs_mk_dir> are visible
+
+- Default no access for "other" for floppy device
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v25
+
+- Updates to CREDITS file and minor IDE numbering change
+ Thanks to Andrzej Krzysztofowicz <ankry@green.mif.pg.gda.pl>
+
+- Invalidate devfs dentry cache when making directories
+
+- Invalidate devfs dentry cache when removing entries
+
+- More informative message if root FS mount fails when devfs
+ configured
+
+- Fixed persistence bug with fifos
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v26
+
+- ported to kernel 2.1.97
+
+- Changed serial directory from "/dev/serial" to "/dev/tts" and
+ "/dev/consoles" to "/dev/vc" to be more friendly to new procps
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v27
+
+- Added support for IDE4 and IDE5
+ Thanks to Andrzej Krzysztofowicz <ankry@green.mif.pg.gda.pl>
+
+- Documented "scsihosts=" boot parameter
+
+- Print process command when debugging kerneld/kmod
+
+- Added debugging for register/unregister/change operations
+
+- Added "devfs=" boot options
+
+- Hide unregistered entries by default
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v28
+
+- No longer lock/unlock superblock in <devfs_put_super> (cope with
+ recent VFS interface change)
+
+- Do not automatically change ownership/protection of /dev/tty
+
+- Drop negative dentries when they are released
+
+- Manage dcache more efficiently
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v29
+
+- Added DEVFS_FL_AUTO_DEVNUM flag
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v30
+
+- No longer set unnecessary methods
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.99-pre3
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v31
+
+- Added PID display to <call_kerneld> debugging message
+
+- Added "diread" and "diwrite" options
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.102
+
+- Fixed persistence problem with permissions
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v32
+
+- Fixed devfs support in drivers/block/md.c
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v33
+
+- Support legacy device nodes
+
+- Fixed bug where recreated inodes were hidden
+
+- New IDE naming scheme: everything is under /dev/ide
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v34
+
+- Improved debugging in <get_vfs_inode>
+
+- Prevent duplicate calls to <devfs_mk_dir> in SCSI layer
+
+- No longer free old dentries in <devfs_mk_dir>
+
+- Free all dentries for a given entry when deleting inodes
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v35
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.105 (sound driver changes)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v36
+
+- Fixed sound driver port
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v37
+
+- Minor documentation tweaks
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v38
+
+- More documentation tweaks
+
+- Fix for sound driver port
+
+- Removed ttyname-patch (grab libc 5.4.44 instead)
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.107-pre2 (loop driver fix)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v39
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.107 (hd.c hunk broke due to spelling "fixes"). Sigh
+
+- Removed many #ifdef's, replaced with trickery in include/devfs_fs.h
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v40
+
+- Fix for sound driver port
+
+- Limit auto-device numbering to majors 128 to 239
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v41
+
+- Fixed inode times persistence problem
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v42
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.108 (drivers/scsi/hosts.c hunk broke)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v43
+
+- Fixed spelling in <devfs_readlink> debug
+
+- Fixed bug in <devfs_setup> parsing "dilookup"
+
+- More #ifdef's removed
+
+- Supported Sparc keyboard (/dev/kbd)
+
+- Supported DSP56001 digital signal processor (/dev/dsp56k)
+
+- Supported Apple Desktop Bus (/dev/adb)
+
+- Supported Coda network file system (/dev/cfs*)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v44
+
+- Fixed devfs inode leak when manually recreating inodes
+
+- Fixed permission persistence problem when recreating inodes
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v45
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.110
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v46
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.112-pre1
+
+- Removed harmless "unused variable" compiler warning
+
+- Fixed modes for manually recreated device nodes
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v47
+
+- Added NULL devfs inode warning in <devfs_read_inode>
+
+- Force all inode nlink values to 1
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v48
+
+- Added "dimknod" option
+
+- Set inode nlink to 0 when freeing dentries
+
+- Added support for virtual console capture devices (/dev/vcs*)
+ Thanks to Dennis Hou <smilax@mindmeld.yi.org>
+
+- Fixed modes for manually recreated symlinks
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v49
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.113
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v50
+
+- Fixed bugs in recreated directories and symlinks
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v51
+
+- Improved robustness of rc.devfs script
+ Thanks to Roderich Schupp <rsch@experteam.de>
+
+- Fixed bugs in recreated device nodes
+
+- Fixed bug in currently unused <devfs_get_handle_from_inode>
+
+- Defined new <devfs_handle_t> type
+
+- Improved debugging when getting entries
+
+- Fixed bug where directories could be emptied
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.115
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v52
+
+- Replaced dummy .epoch inode with .devfsd character device
+
+- Modified rc.devfs to take account of above change
+
+- Removed spurious driver warning messages when CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=n
+
+- Implemented devfsd protocol revision 0
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v53
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.116 (kmod change broke hunk)
+
+- Updated Documentation/Configure.help
+
+- Test and tty pattern patch for rc.devfs script
+ Thanks to Roderich Schupp <rsch@experteam.de>
+
+- Added soothing message to warning in <devfs_d_iput>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v54
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.117
+
+- Fixed default permissions in sound driver
+
+- Added support for frame buffer devices (/dev/fb*)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v55
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.119
+
+- Use GCC extensions for structure initialisations
+
+- Implemented async open notification
+
+- Incremented devfsd protocol revision to 1
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v56
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.120-pre3
+
+- Moved async open notification to end of <devfs_open>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v57
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.121
+
+- Prepended "/dev/" to module load request
+
+- Renamed <call_kerneld> to <call_kmod>
+
+- Created sample modules.conf file
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v58
+
+- Fixed typo "AYSNC" -> "ASYNC"
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v59
+
+- Added open flag for files
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v60
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.123-pre2
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v61
+
+- Set i_blocks=0 and i_blksize=1024 in <devfs_read_inode>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v62
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.123
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v63
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.124-pre2
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v64
+
+- Fixed Unix98 pty support
+
+- Increased buffer size in <get_partition_list> to avoid crash and
+ burn
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v65
+
+- More Unix98 pty support fixes
+
+- Added test for empty <<name>> in <devfs_find_handle>
+
+- Renamed <generate_path> to <devfs_generate_path> and published
+
+- Created /dev/root symlink
+ Thanks to Roderich Schupp <rsch@ExperTeam.de>
+ with further modifications by me
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v66
+
+- Yet more Unix98 pty support fixes (now tested)
+
+- Created <devfs_get_fops>
+
+- Support media change checks when CONFIG_DEVFS_ONLY=y
+
+- Abolished Unix98-style PTY names for old PTY devices
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v67
+
+- Added inline declaration for dummy <devfs_generate_path>
+
+- Removed spurious "unable to register... in devfs" messages when
+ CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=n
+
+- Fixed misc. devices when CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=n
+
+- Limit auto-device numbering to majors 144 to 239
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v68
+
+- Hide unopened virtual consoles from directory listings
+
+- Added support for video capture devices
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.125
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v69
+
+- Fix for CONFIG_VT=n
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v70
+
+- Added support for non-OSS/Free sound cards
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v71
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.126-pre2
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v72
+
+- #ifdef's for CONFIG_DEVFS_DISABLE_OLD_NAMES removed
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v73
+
+- CONFIG_DEVFS_DISABLE_OLD_NAMES replaced with "nocompat" boot option
+
+- CONFIG_DEVFS_BOOT_OPTIONS removed: boot options always available
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v74
+
+- Removed CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT and "mount" boot option and replaced with
+ "nomount" boot option
+
+- Documentation updates
+
+- Updated sample modules.conf
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v75
+
+- Updated sample modules.conf
+
+- Remount devfs after initrd finishes
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.127
+
+- Added support for ISDN
+ Thanks to Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy5@capway.com>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v76
+
+- Updated an email address in ChangeLog
+
+- CONFIG_DEVFS_ONLY replaced with "only" boot option
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v77
+
+- Added DEVFS_FL_REMOVABLE flag
+
+- Check for disc change when listing directories with removable media
+ devices
+
+- Use DEVFS_FL_REMOVABLE in sd.c
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.128
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v78
+
+- Only call <scan_dir_for_removable> on first call to <devfs_readdir>
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.129-pre5
+
+- ISDN support improvements
+ Thanks to Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy5@capway.com>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v79
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.130
+
+- Renamed miscdevice "apm" to "apm_bios" to be consistent with
+ devices.txt
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v80
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.131
+
+- Updated <devfs_rmdir> for VFS change in 2.1.131
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v81
+
+- Fixed permissions on /dev/ptmx
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v82
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.1.132-pre4
+
+- Changed initial permissions on /dev/pts/*
+
+- Created <devfs_mk_compat>
+
+- Added "symlinks" boot option
+
+- Changed devfs_register_blkdev() back to register_blkdev() for IDE
+
+- Check for partitions on removable media in <devfs_lookup>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v83
+
+- Fixed support for ramdisc when using string-based root FS name
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.2.0-pre1
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v84
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.2.0-pre7
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v85
+
+- Compile fixes for driver/sound/sound_common.c (non-module) and
+ drivers/isdn/isdn_common.c
+ Thanks to Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy5@capway.com>
+
+- Added support for registering regular files
+
+- Created <devfs_set_file_size>
+
+- Added /dev/cpu/mtrr as an alternative interface to /proc/mtrr
+
+- Update devfs inodes from entries if not changed through FS
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v86
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.2.0-pre9
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v87
+
+- Fixed bug when mounting non-devfs devices in a devfs
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v88
+
+- Fixed <devfs_fill_file> to only initialise temporary inodes
+
+- Trap for NULL fops in <devfs_register>
+
+- Return -ENODEV in <devfs_fill_file> for non-driver inodes
+
+- Fixed bug when unswapping non-devfs devices in a devfs
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v89
+
+- Switched to C data types in include/linux/devfs_fs.h
+
+- Switched from PATH_MAX to DEVFS_PATHLEN
+
+- Updated Documentation/filesystems/devfs/modules.conf to take account
+ of reverse scanning (!) by modprobe
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.2.0
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v90
+
+- CONFIG_DEVFS_DISABLE_OLD_TTY_NAMES replaced with "nottycompat" boot
+ option
+
+- CONFIG_DEVFS_TTY_COMPAT removed: existing "symlinks" boot option now
+ controls this. This means you must have libc 5.4.44 or later, or a
+ recent version of libc 6 if you use the "symlinks" option
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v91
+
+- Switch from <devfs_mk_symlink> to <devfs_mk_compat> in
+ drivers/char/vc_screen.c to fix problems with Midnight Commander
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v92
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.2.2-pre5
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v93
+
+- Modified <sd_name> in drivers/scsi/sd.c to cope with devices that
+ don't exist (which happens with new RAID autostart code printk()s)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v94
+
+- Fixed bug in joystick driver: only first joystick was registered
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v95
+
+- Fixed another bug in joystick driver
+
+- Fixed <devfsd_read> to not overrun event buffer
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v96
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.2.5-2
+
+- Created <devfs_auto_unregister>
+
+- Fixed bugs: compatibility entries were not unregistered for:
+ loop driver
+ floppy driver
+ RAMDISC driver
+ IDE tape driver
+ SCSI CD-ROM driver
+ SCSI HDD driver
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v97
+
+- Fixed bugs: compatibility entries were not unregistered for:
+ ALSA sound driver
+ partitions in generic disc driver
+
+- Don't return unregistred entries in <devfs_find_handle>
+
+- Panic in <devfs_unregister> if entry unregistered
+
+- Don't panic in <devfs_auto_unregister> for duplicates
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v98
+
+- Don't unregister already unregistered entries in <unregister>
+
+- Register entry in <sd_detect>
+
+- Unregister entry in <sd_detach>
+
+- Changed to <devfs_*register_chrdev> in drivers/char/tty_io.c
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.2.7
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v99
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.2.8
+
+- Fixed bug in drivers/scsi/sd.c when >16 SCSI discs
+
+- Disable warning messages when unable to read partition table for
+ removable media
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v100
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.1-pre5
+
+- Added "oops-on-panic" boot option
+
+- Improved debugging in <devfs_register> and <devfs_unregister>
+
+- Register entry in <sr_detect>
+
+- Unregister entry in <sr_detach>
+
+- Register entry in <sg_detect>
+
+- Unregister entry in <sg_detach>
+
+- Added support for ALSA drivers
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v101
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.2
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v102
+
+- Update serial driver to register PCMCIA entries
+ Thanks to Roch-Alexandre Nomine-Beguin <roch@samarkand.infini.fr>
+
+- Updated an email address in ChangeLog
+
+- Hide virtual console capture entries from directory listings when
+ corresponding console device is not open
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v103
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.3
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v104
+
+- Added documentation for some functions
+
+- Added "doc" target to fs/devfs/Makefile
+
+- Added "v4l" directory for video4linux devices
+
+- Replaced call to <devfs_unregister> in <sd_detach> with call to
+ <devfs_register_partitions>
+
+- Moved registration for sr and sg drivers from detect() to attach()
+ methods
+
+- Register entries in <st_attach> and unregister in <st_detach>
+
+- Work around IDE driver treating CD-ROM as gendisk
+
+- Use <sed> instead of <tr> in rc.devfs
+
+- Updated ToDo list
+
+- Removed "oops-on-panic" boot option: now always Oops
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v105
+
+- Unregister SCSI host from <scsi_host_no_list> in <scsi_unregister>
+ Thanks to Zoltán Böszörményi <zboszor@mail.externet.hu>
+
+- Don't save /dev/log in rc.devfs
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.4-pre1
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v106
+
+- Fixed silly typo in drivers/scsi/st.c
+
+- Improved debugging in <devfs_register>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v107
+
+- Added "diunlink" and "nokmod" boot options
+
+- Removed superfluous warning message in <devfs_d_iput>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v108
+
+- Remove entries when unloading sound module
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v109
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.6-pre2
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v110
+
+- Took account of change to <d_alloc_root>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v111
+
+- Created separate event queue for each mounted devfs
+
+- Removed <devfs_invalidate_dcache>
+
+- Created new ioctl()s for devfsd
+
+- Incremented devfsd protocol revision to 3
+
+- Fixed bug when re-creating directories: contents were lost
+
+- Block access to inodes until devfsd updates permissions
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v112
+
+- Modified patch so it applies against 2.3.5 and 2.3.6
+
+- Updated an email address in ChangeLog
+
+- Do not automatically change ownership/protection of /dev/tty<n>
+
+- Updated sample modules.conf
+
+- Switched to sending process uid/gid to devfsd
+
+- Renamed <call_kmod> to <try_modload>
+
+- Added DEVFSD_NOTIFY_LOOKUP event
+
+- Added DEVFSD_NOTIFY_CHANGE event
+
+- Added DEVFSD_NOTIFY_CREATE event
+
+- Incremented devfsd protocol revision to 4
+
+- Moved kernel-specific stuff to include/linux/devfs_fs_kernel.h
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v113
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.9
+
+- Restricted permissions on some block devices
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v114
+
+- Added support for /dev/netlink
+ Thanks to Dennis Hou <smilax@mindmeld.yi.org>
+
+- Return EISDIR rather than EINVAL for read(2) on directories
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.10
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v115
+
+- Added support for all remaining character devices
+ Thanks to Dennis Hou <smilax@mindmeld.yi.org>
+
+- Cleaned up netlink support
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v116
+
+- Added support for /dev/parport%d
+ Thanks to Tim Waugh <tim@cyberelk.demon.co.uk>
+
+- Fixed parallel port ATAPI tape driver
+
+- Fixed Atari SLM laser printer driver
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v117
+
+- Added support for COSA card
+ Thanks to Dennis Hou <smilax@mindmeld.yi.org>
+
+- Fixed drivers/char/ppdev.c: missing #include <linux/init.h>
+
+- Fixed drivers/char/ftape/zftape/zftape-init.c
+ Thanks to Vladimir Popov <mashgrad@usa.net>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v118
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.15-pre3
+
+- Fixed bug in loop driver
+
+- Unregister /dev/lp%d entries in drivers/char/lp.c
+ Thanks to Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@ds2.pg.gda.pl>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v119
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.16
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v120
+
+- Fixed bug in drivers/scsi/scsi.c
+
+- Added /dev/ppp
+ Thanks to Dennis Hou <smilax@mindmeld.yi.org>
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.17
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v121
+
+- Fixed bug in drivers/block/loop.c
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.18
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v122
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.19
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v123
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.20
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v124
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.21
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v125
+
+- Created <devfs_get_info>, <devfs_set_info>,
+ <devfs_get_first_child> and <devfs_get_next_sibling>
+ Added <<dir>> parameter to <devfs_register>, <devfs_mk_compat>,
+ <devfs_mk_dir> and <devfs_find_handle>
+ Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Fixed apparent bug in COSA driver
+
+- Re-instated "scsihosts=" boot option
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v126
+
+- Always create /dev/pts if CONFIG_UNIX98_PTYS=y
+
+- Fixed call to <devfs_mk_dir> in drivers/block/ide-disk.c
+ Thanks to Dennis Hou <smilax@mindmeld.yi.org>
+
+- Allow multiple unregistrations
+
+- Created /dev/scsi hierarchy
+ Work sponsored by SGI
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v127
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- No longer disable devpts if devfs enabled (caveat emptor)
+
+- Added flags array to struct gendisk and removed code from
+ drivers/scsi/sd.c
+
+- Created /dev/discs hierarchy
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v128
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Created /dev/cdroms hierarchy
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v129
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for sound devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for printer devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for video4linux devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for parallel port devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for frame buffer devices
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v130
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Added major and minor number to devfsd protocol
+
+- Incremented devfsd protocol revision to 5
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for SoundBlaster CD-ROMs
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for netlink devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for SCSI generic devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for SCSI tape devices
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v131
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Support info pointer for all devfs entry types
+
+- Added <<info>> parameter to <devfs_mk_dir> and <devfs_mk_symlink>
+
+- Removed /dev/st hierarchy
+
+- Removed /dev/sg hierarchy
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for loop devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for IDE tape devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for SCSI CD-ROMs
+
+- Removed /dev/sr hierarchy
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v132
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for floppy devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for RAMDISCs
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for meta-devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for SCSI discs
+
+- Created <devfs_make_root>
+
+- Removed /dev/sd hierarchy
+
+- Support "../" when searching devfs namespace
+
+- Created /dev/ide/host* hierarchy
+
+- Supported IDE hard discs in /dev/ide/host* hierarchy
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for IDE discs
+
+- Removed /dev/ide/hd hierarchy
+
+- Supported IDE CD-ROMs in /dev/ide/host* hierarchy
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for IDE CD-ROMs
+
+- Removed /dev/ide/cd hierarchy
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v133
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Created <devfs_get_unregister_slave>
+
+- Fixed bug in fs/partitions/check.c when rescanning
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v134
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Removed /dev/sd, /dev/sr, /dev/st and /dev/sg directories
+
+- Removed /dev/ide/hd directory
+
+- Exported <devfs_get_parent>
+
+- Created <devfs_register_tape> and /dev/tapes hierarchy
+
+- Removed /dev/ide/mt hierarchy
+
+- Removed /dev/ide/fd hierarchy
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.25
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v135
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for virtual console capture devices
+
+- Removed unused <devfs_set_symlink_destination>
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for serial devices
+
+- Removed compatibility entries for console devices
+
+- Do not hide entries from devfsd or children
+
+- Removed DEVFS_FL_TTY_COMPAT flag
+
+- Removed "nottycompat" boot option
+
+- Removed <devfs_mk_compat>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v136
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Moved BSD pty devices to /dev/pty
+
+- Added DEVFS_FL_WAIT flag
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v137
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Really fixed bug in fs/partitions/check.c when rescanning
+
+- Support new "disc" naming scheme in <get_removable_partition>
+
+- Allow NULL fops in <devfs_register>
+
+- Removed redundant name functions in SCSI disc and IDE drivers
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v138
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Fixed old bugs in drivers/block/paride/pt.c, drivers/char/tpqic02.c,
+ drivers/net/wan/cosa.c and drivers/scsi/scsi.c
+ Thanks to Sergey Kubushin <ksi@ksi-linux.com>
+
+- Fall back to major table if NULL fops given to <devfs_register>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v139
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Corrected and moved <get_blkfops> and <get_chrfops> declarations
+ from arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c to include/linux/fs.h
+
+- Removed name function from struct gendisk
+
+- Updated devfs FAQ
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v140
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.27
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v141
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Bug fix in arch/m68k/atari/joystick.c
+
+- Moved ISDN and capi devices to /dev/isdn
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v142
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Bug fix in drivers/block/ide-probe.c (patch confusion)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v143
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Bug fix in drivers/block/blkpg.c:partition_name()
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v144
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.29
+
+- Removed calls to <devfs_register> from cdu31a, cm206, mcd and mcdx
+ CD-ROM drivers: generic driver handles this now
+
+- Moved joystick devices to /dev/joysticks
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v145
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.30-pre3
+
+- Register whole-disc entry even for invalid partition tables
+
+- Fixed bug in mounting root FS when initrd enabled
+
+- Fixed device entry leak with IDE CD-ROMs
+
+- Fixed compile problem with drivers/isdn/isdn_common.c
+
+- Moved COSA devices to /dev/cosa
+
+- Support fifos when unregistering
+
+- Created <devfs_register_series> and used in many drivers
+
+- Moved Coda devices to /dev/coda
+
+- Moved parallel port IDE tapes to /dev/pt
+
+- Moved parallel port IDE generic devices to /dev/pg
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v146
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Removed obsolete DEVFS_FL_COMPAT and DEVFS_FL_TOLERANT flags
+
+- Fixed compile problem with fs/coda/psdev.c
+
+- Reinstate change to <devfs_register_blkdev> in
+ drivers/block/ide-probe.c now that fs/isofs/inode.c is fixed
+
+- Switched to <devfs_register_blkdev> in drivers/block/floppy.c,
+ drivers/scsi/sr.c and drivers/block/md.c
+
+- Moved DAC960 devices to /dev/dac960
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v147
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.32-pre4
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v148
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Removed kmod support: use devfsd instead
+
+- Moved miscellaneous character devices to /dev/misc
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v149
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ensure include/linux/joystick.h is OK for user-space
+
+- Improved debugging in <get_vfs_inode>
+
+- Ensure dentries created by devfsd will be cleaned up
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v150
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.34
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v151
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.35-pre1
+
+- Created <devfs_get_name>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v152
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Updated sample modules.conf
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.36-pre1
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v153
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.42
+
+- Removed <devfs_fill_file>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v154
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Took account of device number changes for /dev/fb*
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v155
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.43-pre8
+
+- Moved /dev/tty0 to /dev/vc/0
+
+- Moved sequence number formatting from <_tty_make_name> to drivers
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v156
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Fixed breakage in drivers/scsi/sd.c due to recent SCSI changes
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v157
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.45
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v158
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.46-pre2
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v159
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Fixed drivers/block/md.c
+ Thanks to Mike Galbraith <mikeg@weiden.de>
+
+- Documentation fixes
+
+- Moved device registration from <lp_init> to <lp_register>
+ Thanks to Tim Waugh <twaugh@redhat.com>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v160
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Fixed drivers/char/joystick/joystick.c
+ Thanks to Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>
+
+- Documentation updates
+
+- Fixed arch/i386/kernel/mtrr.c if procfs and devfs not enabled
+
+- Fixed drivers/char/stallion.c
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v161
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Remove /dev/ide when ide-mod is unloaded
+
+- Fixed bug in drivers/block/ide-probe.c when secondary but no primary
+
+- Added DEVFS_FL_NO_PERSISTENCE flag
+
+- Used new DEVFS_FL_NO_PERSISTENCE flag for Unix98 pty slaves
+
+- Removed unnecessary call to <update_devfs_inode_from_entry> in
+ <devfs_readdir>
+
+- Only set auto-ownership for /dev/pty/s*
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v162
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Set inode->i_size to correct size for symlinks
+ Thanks to Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
+
+- Only give lookup() method to directories to comply with new VFS
+ assumptions
+
+- Remove unnecessary tests in symlink methods
+
+- Don't kill existing block ops in <devfs_read_inode>
+
+- Restore auto-ownership for /dev/pty/m*
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v163
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Don't create missing directories in <devfs_find_handle>
+
+- Removed Documentation/filesystems/devfs/mk-devlinks
+
+- Updated Documentation/filesystems/devfs/README
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v164
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Fixed CONFIG_DEVFS breakage in drivers/char/serial.c introduced in
+ linux-2.3.99-pre6-7
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v165
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.3.99-pre6
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v166
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Added CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v167
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Updated Documentation/filesystems/devfs/README
+
+- Updated sample modules.conf
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v168
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Disabled multi-mount capability (use VFS bindings instead)
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v169
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Removed multi-mount code
+
+- Removed compatibility macros: VFS has changed too much
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v170
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Merged devfs inode into devfs entry
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v171
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Updated sample modules.conf
+
+- Removed dead code in <devfs_register> which used to call
+ <free_dentries>
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.4.0-test2-pre3
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v172
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Changed interface to <devfs_register>
+
+- Changed interface to <devfs_register_series>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v173
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Simplified interface to <devfs_mk_symlink>
+
+- Simplified interface to <devfs_mk_dir>
+
+- Simplified interface to <devfs_find_handle>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v174
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v175
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- DocBook update for fs/devfs/base.c
+ Thanks to Tim Waugh <twaugh@redhat.com>
+
+- Removed stale fs/tunnel.c (was never used or completed)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v176
+
+Work sponsored by SGI
+
+- Updated ToDo list
+
+- Removed sample modules.conf: now distributed with devfsd
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.4.0-test3-pre4 (which had devfs-patch-v174)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v177
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Documentation cleanups
+
+- Ensure <devfs_generate_path> terminates string for root entry
+ Thanks to Tim Jansen <tim@tjansen.de>
+
+- Exported <devfs_get_name> to modules
+
+- Make <devfs_mk_symlink> send events to devfsd
+
+- Cleaned up option processing in <devfs_setup>
+
+- Fixed bugs in handling symlinks: could leak or cause Oops
+
+- Cleaned up directory handling by separating fops
+ Thanks to Alexander Viro <viro@parcelfarce.linux.theplanet.co.uk>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v178
+
+- Fixed handling of inverted options in <devfs_setup>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v179
+
+- Adjusted <try_modload> to account for <devfs_generate_path> fix
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v180
+
+- Fixed !CONFIG_DEVFS_FS stub declaration of <devfs_get_info>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v181
+
+- Answered question posed by Al Viro and removed his comments from <devfs_open>
+
+- Moved setting of registered flag after other fields are changed
+
+- Fixed race between <devfsd_close> and <devfsd_notify_one>
+
+- Global VFS changes added bogus BKL to devfsd_close(): removed
+
+- Widened locking in <devfs_readlink> and <devfs_follow_link>
+
+- Replaced <devfsd_read> stack usage with <devfsd_ioctl> kmalloc
+
+- Simplified locking in <devfsd_ioctl> and fixed memory leak
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v182
+
+- Created <devfs_*alloc_major> and <devfs_*alloc_devnum>
+
+- Removed broken devnum allocation and use <devfs_alloc_devnum>
+
+- Fixed old devnum leak by calling new <devfs_dealloc_devnum>
+
+- Created <devfs_*alloc_unique_number>
+
+- Fixed number leak for /dev/cdroms/cdrom%d
+
+- Fixed number leak for /dev/discs/disc%d
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v183
+
+- Fixed bug in <devfs_setup> which could hang boot process
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v184
+
+- Documentation typo fix for fs/devfs/util.c
+
+- Fixed drivers/char/stallion.c for devfs
+
+- Added DEVFSD_NOTIFY_DELETE event
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Removed #include <asm/segment.h> from fs/devfs/base.c
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v185
+
+- Made <block_semaphore> and <char_semaphore> in fs/devfs/util.c
+ private
+
+- Fixed inode table races by removing it and using inode->u.generic_ip
+ instead
+
+- Moved <devfs_read_inode> into <get_vfs_inode>
+
+- Moved <devfs_write_inode> into <devfs_notify_change>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v186
+
+- Fixed race in <devfs_do_symlink> for uni-processor
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v187
+
+- Fixed drivers/char/stallion.c for devfs
+
+- Fixed drivers/char/rocket.c for devfs
+
+- Fixed bug in <devfs_alloc_unique_number>: limited to 128 numbers
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v188
+
+- Updated major masks in fs/devfs/util.c up to Linus' "no new majors"
+ proclamation. Block: were 126 now 122 free, char: were 26 now 19 free
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Removed remnant of multi-mount support in <devfs_mknod>
+
+- Removed unused DEVFS_FL_SHOW_UNREG flag
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v189
+
+- Removed nlink field from struct devfs_inode
+
+- Removed auto-ownership for /dev/pty/* (BSD ptys) and used
+ DEVFS_FL_CURRENT_OWNER|DEVFS_FL_NO_PERSISTENCE for /dev/pty/s* (just
+ like Unix98 pty slaves) and made /dev/pty/m* rw-rw-rw- access
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v190
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Replaced BKL with global rwsem to protect symlink data (quick and
+ dirty hack)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v191
+
+- Replaced global rwsem for symlink with per-link refcount
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v192
+
+- Removed unnecessary #ifdef CONFIG_DEVFS_FS from arch/i386/kernel/mtrr.c
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.4.10-pre11
+
+- Set inode->i_mapping->a_ops for block nodes in <get_vfs_inode>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v193
+
+- Went back to global rwsem for symlinks (refcount scheme no good)
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v194
+
+- Fixed overrun in <devfs_link> by removing function (not needed)
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v195
+
+- Fixed buffer underrun in <try_modload>
+
+- Moved down_read() from <search_for_entry_in_dir> to <find_entry>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v196
+
+- Fixed race in <devfsd_ioctl> when setting event mask
+ Thanks to Kari Hurtta <hurtta@leija.mh.fmi.fi>
+
+- Avoid deadlock in <devfs_follow_link> by using temporary buffer
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v197
+
+- First release of new locking code for devfs core (v1.0)
+
+- Fixed bug in drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v198
+
+- Discard temporary buffer, now use "%s" for dentry names
+
+- Don't generate path in <try_modload>: use fake entry instead
+
+- Use "existing" directory in <_devfs_make_parent_for_leaf>
+
+- Use slab cache rather than fixed buffer for devfsd events
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v199
+
+- Removed obsolete usage of DEVFS_FL_NO_PERSISTENCE
+
+- Send DEVFSD_NOTIFY_REGISTERED events in <devfs_mk_dir>
+
+- Fixed locking bug in <devfs_d_revalidate_wait> due to typo
+
+- Do not send CREATE, CHANGE, ASYNC_OPEN or DELETE events from devfsd
+ or children
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v200
+
+- Ported to kernel 2.5.1-pre2
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v201
+
+- Fixed bug in <devfsd_read>: was dereferencing freed pointer
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v202
+
+- Fixed bug in <devfsd_close>: was dereferencing freed pointer
+
+- Added process group check for devfsd privileges
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v203
+
+- Use SLAB_ATOMIC in <devfsd_notify_de> from <devfs_d_delete>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v204
+
+- Removed long obsolete rc.devfs
+
+- Return old entry in <devfs_mk_dir> for 2.4.x kernels
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Increment refcount on module in <check_disc_changed>
+
+- Created <devfs_get_handle> and exported <devfs_put>
+
+- Increment refcount on module in <devfs_get_ops>
+
+- Created <devfs_put_ops> and used where needed to fix races
+
+- Added clarifying comments in response to preliminary EMC code review
+
+- Added poisoning to <devfs_put>
+
+- Improved debugging messages
+
+- Fixed unregister bugs in drivers/md/lvm-fs.c
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v205
+
+- Corrected (made useful) debugging message in <unregister>
+
+- Moved <kmem_cache_create> in <mount_devfs_fs> to <init_devfs_fs>
+
+- Fixed drivers/md/lvm-fs.c to create "lvm" entry
+
+- Added magic number to guard against scribbling drivers
+
+- Only return old entry in <devfs_mk_dir> if a directory
+
+- Defined macros for error and debug messages
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v206
+
+- Added support for multiple Compaq cpqarray controllers
+
+- Fixed (rare, old) race in <devfs_lookup>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v207
+
+- Fixed deadlock bug in <devfs_d_revalidate_wait>
+
+- Tag VFS deletable in <devfs_mk_symlink> if handle ignored
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v208
+
+- Added KERN_* to remaining messages
+
+- Cleaned up declaration of <stat_read>
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v209
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Removed silently introduced calls to lock_kernel() and
+ unlock_kernel() due to recent VFS locking changes. BKL isn't
+ required in devfs
+
+- Changed <devfs_rmdir> to allow later additions if not yet empty
+
+- Added calls to <devfs_register_partitions> in drivers/block/blkpc.c
+ <add_partition> and <del_partition>
+
+- Fixed bug in <devfs_alloc_unique_number>: was clearing beyond
+ bitfield
+
+- Fixed bitfield data type for <devfs_*alloc_devnum>
+
+- Made major bitfield type and initialiser 64 bit safe
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v210
+
+- Updated fs/devfs/util.c to fix shift warning on 64 bit machines
+ Thanks to Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v211
+
+- Do not put miscellaneous character devices in /dev/misc if they
+ specify their own directory (i.e. contain a '/' character)
+
+- Copied macro for error messages from fs/devfs/base.c to
+ fs/devfs/util.c and made use of this macro
+
+- Removed 2.4.x compatibility code from fs/devfs/base.c
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v212
+
+- Added BKL to <devfs_open> because drivers still need it
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v213
+
+- Protected <scan_dir_for_removable> and <get_removable_partition>
+ from changing directory contents
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v214
+
+- Switched to ISO C structure field initialisers
+
+- Switch to set_current_state() and move before add_wait_queue()
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Fixed devfs entry leak in <devfs_readdir> when *readdir fails
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v215
+
+- Created <devfs_find_and_unregister>
+
+- Switched many functions from <devfs_find_handle> to
+ <devfs_find_and_unregister>
+
+- Switched many functions from <devfs_find_handle> to <devfs_get_handle>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v216
+
+- Switched arch/ia64/sn/io/hcl.c from <devfs_find_handle> to
+ <devfs_get_handle>
+
+- Removed deprecated <devfs_find_handle>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v217
+
+- Exported <devfs_find_and_unregister> and <devfs_only> to modules
+
+- Updated README from master HTML file
+
+- Fixed module unload race in <devfs_open>
+===============================================================================
+Changes for patch v218
+
+- Removed DEVFS_FL_AUTO_OWNER flag
+
+- Switched lingering structure field initialiser to ISO C
+
+- Added locking when setting/clearing flags
+
+- Documentation fix in fs/devfs/util.c
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/README b/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54366ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/README
@@ -0,0 +1,1964 @@
+Devfs (Device File System) FAQ
+
+
+Linux Devfs (Device File System) FAQ
+Richard Gooch
+20-AUG-2002
+
+
+Document languages:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE: the master copy of this document is available online at:
+
+http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html
+and looks much better than the text version distributed with the
+kernel sources. A mirror site is available at:
+
+http://www.ras.ucalgary.ca/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html
+
+There is also an optional daemon that may be used with devfs. You can
+find out more about it at:
+
+http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/
+
+A mailing list is available which you may subscribe to. Send
+email
+to majordomo@oss.sgi.com with the following line in the
+body of the message:
+subscribe devfs
+To unsubscribe, send the message body:
+unsubscribe devfs
+instead. The list is archived at
+
+http://oss.sgi.com/projects/devfs/archive/.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Contents
+
+
+What is it?
+
+Why do it?
+
+Who else does it?
+
+How it works
+
+Operational issues (essential reading)
+
+Instructions for the impatient
+Permissions persistence across reboots
+Dealing with drivers without devfs support
+All the way with Devfs
+Other Issues
+Kernel Naming Scheme
+Devfsd Naming Scheme
+Old Compatibility Names
+SCSI Host Probing Issues
+
+
+
+Device drivers currently ported
+
+Allocation of Device Numbers
+
+Questions and Answers
+
+Making things work
+Alternatives to devfs
+What I don't like about devfs
+How to report bugs
+Strange kernel messages
+Compilation problems with devfsd
+
+
+Other resources
+
+Translations of this document
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+What is it?
+
+Devfs is an alternative to "real" character and block special devices
+on your root filesystem. Kernel device drivers can register devices by
+name rather than major and minor numbers. These devices will appear in
+devfs automatically, with whatever default ownership and
+protection the driver specified. A daemon (devfsd) can be used to
+override these defaults. Devfs has been in the kernel since 2.3.46.
+
+NOTE that devfs is entirely optional. If you prefer the old
+disc-based device nodes, then simply leave CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=n (the
+default). In this case, nothing will change. ALSO NOTE that if you do
+enable devfs, the defaults are such that full compatibility is
+maintained with the old devices names.
+
+There are two aspects to devfs: one is the underlying device
+namespace, which is a namespace just like any mounted filesystem. The
+other aspect is the filesystem code which provides a view of the
+device namespace. The reason I make a distinction is because devfs
+can be mounted many times, with each mount showing the same device
+namespace. Changes made are global to all mounted devfs filesystems.
+Also, because the devfs namespace exists without any devfs mounts, you
+can easily mount the root filesystem by referring to an entry in the
+devfs namespace.
+
+
+The cost of devfs is a small increase in kernel code size and memory
+usage. About 7 pages of code (some of that in __init sections) and 72
+bytes for each entry in the namespace. A modest system has only a
+couple of hundred device entries, so this costs a few more
+pages. Compare this with the suggestion to put /dev on a <a
+href="#why-faq-ramdisc">ramdisc.
+
+On a typical machine, the cost is under 0.2 percent. On a modest
+system with 64 MBytes of RAM, the cost is under 0.1 percent. The
+accusations of "bloatware" levelled at devfs are not justified.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Why do it?
+
+There are several problems that devfs addresses. Some of these
+problems are more serious than others (depending on your point of
+view), and some can be solved without devfs. However, the totality of
+these problems really calls out for devfs.
+
+The choice is a patchwork of inefficient user space solutions, which
+are complex and likely to be fragile, or to use a simple and efficient
+devfs which is robust.
+
+There have been many counter-proposals to devfs, all seeking to
+provide some of the benefits without actually implementing devfs. So
+far there has been an absence of code and no proposed alternative has
+been able to provide all the features that devfs does. Further,
+alternative proposals require far more complexity in user-space (and
+still deliver less functionality than devfs). Some people have the
+mantra of reducing "kernel bloat", but don't consider the effects on
+user-space.
+
+A good solution limits the total complexity of kernel-space and
+user-space.
+
+
+Major&minor allocation
+
+The existing scheme requires the allocation of major and minor device
+numbers for each and every device. This means that a central
+co-ordinating authority is required to issue these device numbers
+(unless you're developing a "private" device driver), in order to
+preserve uniqueness. Devfs shifts the burden to a namespace. This may
+not seem like a huge benefit, but actually it is. Since driver authors
+will naturally choose a device name which reflects the functionality
+of the device, there is far less potential for namespace conflict.
+Solving this requires a kernel change.
+
+/dev management
+
+Because you currently access devices through device nodes, these must
+be created by the system administrator. For standard devices you can
+usually find a MAKEDEV programme which creates all these (hundreds!)
+of nodes. This means that changes in the kernel must be reflected by
+changes in the MAKEDEV programme, or else the system administrator
+creates device nodes by hand.
+
+The basic problem is that there are two separate databases of
+major and minor numbers. One is in the kernel and one is in /dev (or
+in a MAKEDEV programme, if you want to look at it that way). This is
+duplication of information, which is not good practice.
+Solving this requires a kernel change.
+
+/dev growth
+
+A typical /dev has over 1200 nodes! Most of these devices simply don't
+exist because the hardware is not available. A huge /dev increases the
+time to access devices (I'm just referring to the dentry lookup times
+and the time taken to read inodes off disc: the next subsection shows
+some more horrors).
+
+An example of how big /dev can grow is if we consider SCSI devices:
+
+host 6 bits (say up to 64 hosts on a really big machine)
+channel 4 bits (say up to 16 SCSI buses per host)
+id 4 bits
+lun 3 bits
+partition 6 bits
+TOTAL 23 bits
+
+
+This requires 8 Mega (1024*1024) inodes if we want to store all
+possible device nodes. Even if we scrap everything but id,partition
+and assume a single host adapter with a single SCSI bus and only one
+logical unit per SCSI target (id), that's still 10 bits or 1024
+inodes. Each VFS inode takes around 256 bytes (kernel 2.1.78), so
+that's 256 kBytes of inode storage on disc (assuming real inodes take
+a similar amount of space as VFS inodes). This is actually not so bad,
+because disc is cheap these days. Embedded systems would care about
+256 kBytes of /dev inodes, but you could argue that embedded systems
+would have hand-tuned /dev directories. I've had to do just that on my
+embedded systems, but I would rather just leave it to devfs.
+
+Another issue is the time taken to lookup an inode when first
+referenced. Not only does this take time in scanning through a list in
+memory, but also the seek times to read the inodes off disc.
+This could be solved in user-space using a clever programme which
+scanned the kernel logs and deleted /dev entries which are not
+available and created them when they were available. This programme
+would need to be run every time a new module was loaded, which would
+slow things down a lot.
+
+There is an existing programme called scsidev which will automatically
+create device nodes for SCSI devices. It can do this by scanning files
+in /proc/scsi. Unfortunately, to extend this idea to other device
+nodes would require significant modifications to existing drivers (so
+they too would provide information in /proc). This is a non-trivial
+change (I should know: devfs has had to do something similar). Once
+you go to this much effort, you may as well use devfs itself (which
+also provides this information). Furthermore, such a system would
+likely be implemented in an ad-hoc fashion, as different drivers will
+provide their information in different ways.
+
+Devfs is much cleaner, because it (naturally) has a uniform mechanism
+to provide this information: the device nodes themselves!
+
+
+Node to driver file_operations translation
+
+There is an important difference between the way disc-based character
+and block nodes and devfs entries make the connection between an entry
+in /dev and the actual device driver.
+
+With the current 8 bit major and minor numbers the connection between
+disc-based c&b nodes and per-major drivers is done through a
+fixed-length table of 128 entries. The various filesystem types set
+the inode operations for c&b nodes to {chr,blk}dev_inode_operations,
+so when a device is opened a few quick levels of indirection bring us
+to the driver file_operations.
+
+For miscellaneous character devices a second step is required: there
+is a scan for the driver entry with the same minor number as the file
+that was opened, and the appropriate minor open method is called. This
+scanning is done *every time* you open a device node. Potentially, you
+may be searching through dozens of misc. entries before you find your
+open method. While not an enormous performance overhead, this does
+seem pointless.
+
+Linux *must* move beyond the 8 bit major and minor barrier,
+somehow. If we simply increase each to 16 bits, then the indexing
+scheme used for major driver lookup becomes untenable, because the
+major tables (one each for character and block devices) would need to
+be 64 k entries long (512 kBytes on x86, 1 MByte for 64 bit
+systems). So we would have to use a scheme like that used for
+miscellaneous character devices, which means the search time goes up
+linearly with the average number of major device drivers on your
+system. Not all "devices" are hardware, some are higher-level drivers
+like KGI, so you can get more "devices" without adding hardware
+You can improve this by creating an ordered (balanced:-)
+binary tree, in which case your search time becomes log(N).
+Alternatively, you can use hashing to speed up the search.
+But why do that search at all if you don't have to? Once again, it
+seems pointless.
+
+Note that devfs doesn't use the major&minor system. For devfs
+entries, the connection is done when you lookup the /dev entry. When
+devfs_register() is called, an internal table is appended which has
+the entry name and the file_operations. If the dentry cache doesn't
+have the /dev entry already, this internal table is scanned to get the
+file_operations, and an inode is created. If the dentry cache already
+has the entry, there is *no lookup time* (other than the dentry scan
+itself, but we can't avoid that anyway, and besides Linux dentries
+cream other OS's which don't have them:-). Furthermore, the number of
+node entries in a devfs is only the number of available device
+entries, not the number of *conceivable* entries. Even if you remove
+unnecessary entries in a disc-based /dev, the number of conceivable
+entries remains the same: you just limit yourself in order to save
+space.
+
+Devfs provides a fast connection between a VFS node and the device
+driver, in a scalable way.
+
+/dev as a system administration tool
+
+Right now /dev contains a list of conceivable devices, most of which I
+don't have. Devfs only shows those devices available on my
+system. This means that listing /dev is a handy way of checking what
+devices are available.
+
+Major&minor size
+
+Existing major and minor numbers are limited to 8 bits each. This is
+now a limiting factor for some drivers, particularly the SCSI disc
+driver, which consumes a single major number. Only 16 discs are
+supported, and each disc may have only 15 partitions. Maybe this isn't
+a problem for you, but some of us are building huge Linux systems with
+disc arrays. With devfs an arbitrary pointer can be associated with
+each device entry, which can be used to give an effective 32 bit
+device identifier (i.e. that's like having a 32 bit minor
+number). Since this is private to the kernel, there are no C library
+compatibility issues which you would have with increasing major and
+minor number sizes. See the section on "Allocation of Device Numbers"
+for details on maintaining compatibility with userspace.
+
+Solving this requires a kernel change.
+
+Since writing this, the kernel has been modified so that the SCSI disc
+driver has more major numbers allocated to it and now supports up to
+128 discs. Since these major numbers are non-contiguous (a result of
+unplanned expansion), the implementation is a little more cumbersome
+than originally.
+
+Just like the changes to IPv4 to fix impending limitations in the
+address space, people find ways around the limitations. In the long
+run, however, solutions like IPv6 or devfs can't be put off forever.
+
+Read-only root filesystem
+
+Having your device nodes on the root filesystem means that you can't
+operate properly with a read-only root filesystem. This is because you
+want to change ownerships and protections of tty devices. Existing
+practice prevents you using a CD-ROM as your root filesystem for a
+*real* system. Sure, you can boot off a CD-ROM, but you can't change
+tty ownerships, so it's only good for installing.
+
+Also, you can't use a shared NFS root filesystem for a cluster of
+discless Linux machines (having tty ownerships changed on a common
+/dev is not good). Nor can you embed your root filesystem in a
+ROM-FS.
+
+You can get around this by creating a RAMDISC at boot time, making
+an ext2 filesystem in it, mounting it somewhere and copying the
+contents of /dev into it, then unmounting it and mounting it over
+/dev.
+
+A devfs is a cleaner way of solving this.
+
+Non-Unix root filesystem
+
+Non-Unix filesystems (such as NTFS) can't be used for a root
+filesystem because they variously don't support character and block
+special files or symbolic links. You can't have a separate disc-based
+or RAMDISC-based filesystem mounted on /dev because you need device
+nodes before you can mount these. Devfs can be mounted without any
+device nodes. Devlinks won't work because symlinks aren't supported.
+An alternative solution is to use initrd to mount a RAMDISC initial
+root filesystem (which is populated with a minimal set of device
+nodes), and then construct a new /dev in another RAMDISC, and finally
+switch to your non-Unix root filesystem. This requires clever boot
+scripts and a fragile and conceptually complex boot procedure.
+
+Devfs solves this in a robust and conceptually simple way.
+
+PTY security
+
+Current pseudo-tty (pty) devices are owned by root and read-writable
+by everyone. The user of a pty-pair cannot change
+ownership/protections without being suid-root.
+
+This could be solved with a secure user-space daemon which runs as
+root and does the actual creation of pty-pairs. Such a daemon would
+require modification to *every* programme that wants to use this new
+mechanism. It also slows down creation of pty-pairs.
+
+An alternative is to create a new open_pty() syscall which does much
+the same thing as the user-space daemon. Once again, this requires
+modifications to pty-handling programmes.
+
+The devfs solution allows a device driver to "tag" certain device
+files so that when an unopened device is opened, the ownerships are
+changed to the current euid and egid of the opening process, and the
+protections are changed to the default registered by the driver. When
+the device is closed ownership is set back to root and protections are
+set back to read-write for everybody. No programme need be changed.
+The devpts filesystem provides this auto-ownership feature for Unix98
+ptys. It doesn't support old-style pty devices, nor does it have all
+the other features of devfs.
+
+Intelligent device management
+
+Devfs implements a simple yet powerful protocol for communication with
+a device management daemon (devfsd) which runs in user space. It is
+possible to send a message (either synchronously or asynchronously) to
+devfsd on any event, such as registration/unregistration of device
+entries, opening and closing devices, looking up inodes, scanning
+directories and more. This has many possibilities. Some of these are
+already implemented. See:
+
+
+http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/
+
+Device entry registration events can be used by devfsd to change
+permissions of newly-created device nodes. This is one mechanism to
+control device permissions.
+
+Device entry registration/unregistration events can be used to run
+programmes or scripts. This can be used to provide automatic mounting
+of filesystems when a new block device media is inserted into the
+drive.
+
+Asynchronous device open and close events can be used to implement
+clever permissions management. For example, the default permissions on
+/dev/dsp do not allow everybody to read from the device. This is
+sensible, as you don't want some remote user recording what you say at
+your console. However, the console user is also prevented from
+recording. This behaviour is not desirable. With asynchronous device
+open and close events, you can have devfsd run a programme or script
+when console devices are opened to change the ownerships for *other*
+device nodes (such as /dev/dsp). On closure, you can run a different
+script to restore permissions. An advantage of this scheme over
+modifying the C library tty handling is that this works even if your
+programme crashes (how many times have you seen the utmp database with
+lingering entries for non-existent logins?).
+
+Synchronous device open events can be used to perform intelligent
+device access protections. Before the device driver open() method is
+called, the daemon must first validate the open attempt, by running an
+external programme or script. This is far more flexible than access
+control lists, as access can be determined on the basis of other
+system conditions instead of just the UID and GID.
+
+Inode lookup events can be used to authenticate module autoload
+requests. Instead of using kmod directly, the event is sent to
+devfsd which can implement an arbitrary authentication before loading
+the module itself.
+
+Inode lookup events can also be used to construct arbitrary
+namespaces, without having to resort to populating devfs with symlinks
+to devices that don't exist.
+
+Speculative Device Scanning
+
+Consider an application (like cdparanoia) that wants to find all
+CD-ROM devices on the system (SCSI, IDE and other types), whether or
+not their respective modules are loaded. The application must
+speculatively open certain device nodes (such as /dev/sr0 for the SCSI
+CD-ROMs) in order to make sure the module is loaded. This requires
+that all Linux distributions follow the standard device naming scheme
+(last time I looked RedHat did things differently). Devfs solves the
+naming problem.
+
+The same application also wants to see which devices are actually
+available on the system. With the existing system it needs to read the
+/dev directory and speculatively open each /dev/sr* device to
+determine if the device exists or not. With a large /dev this is an
+inefficient operation, especially if there are many /dev/sr* nodes. A
+solution like scsidev could reduce the number of /dev/sr* entries (but
+of course that also requires all that inefficient directory scanning).
+
+With devfs, the application can open the /dev/sr directory
+(which triggers the module autoloading if required), and proceed to
+read /dev/sr. Since only the available devices will have
+entries, there are no inefficencies in directory scanning or device
+openings.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Who else does it?
+
+FreeBSD has a devfs implementation. Solaris and AIX each have a
+pseudo-devfs (something akin to scsidev but for all devices, with some
+unspecified kernel support). BeOS, Plan9 and QNX also have it. SGI's
+IRIX 6.4 and above also have a device filesystem.
+
+While we shouldn't just automatically do something because others do
+it, we should not ignore the work of others either. FreeBSD has a lot
+of competent people working on it, so their opinion should not be
+blithely ignored.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+How it works
+
+Registering device entries
+
+For every entry (device node) in a devfs-based /dev a driver must call
+devfs_register(). This adds the name of the device entry, the
+file_operations structure pointer and a few other things to an
+internal table. Device entries may be added and removed at any
+time. When a device entry is registered, it automagically appears in
+any mounted devfs'.
+
+Inode lookup
+
+When a lookup operation on an entry is performed and if there is no
+driver information for that entry devfs will attempt to call
+devfsd. If still no driver information can be found then a negative
+dentry is yielded and the next stage operation will be called by the
+VFS (such as create() or mknod() inode methods). If driver information
+can be found, an inode is created (if one does not exist already) and
+all is well.
+
+Manually creating device nodes
+
+The mknod() method allows you to create an ordinary named pipe in the
+devfs, or you can create a character or block special inode if one
+does not already exist. You may wish to create a character or block
+special inode so that you can set permissions and ownership. Later, if
+a device driver registers an entry with the same name, the
+permissions, ownership and times are retained. This is how you can set
+the protections on a device even before the driver is loaded. Once you
+create an inode it appears in the directory listing.
+
+Unregistering device entries
+
+A device driver calls devfs_unregister() to unregister an entry.
+
+Chroot() gaols
+
+2.2.x kernels
+
+The semantics of inode creation are different when devfs is mounted
+with the "explicit" option. Now, when a device entry is registered, it
+will not appear until you use mknod() to create the device. It doesn't
+matter if you mknod() before or after the device is registered with
+devfs_register(). The purpose of this behaviour is to support
+chroot(2) gaols, where you want to mount a minimal devfs inside the
+gaol. Only the devices you specifically want to be available (through
+your mknod() setup) will be accessible.
+
+2.4.x kernels
+
+As of kernel 2.3.99, the VFS has had the ability to rebind parts of
+the global filesystem namespace into another part of the namespace.
+This now works even at the leaf-node level, which means that
+individual files and device nodes may be bound into other parts of the
+namespace. This is like making links, but better, because it works
+across filesystems (unlike hard links) and works through chroot()
+gaols (unlike symbolic links).
+
+Because of these improvements to the VFS, the multi-mount capability
+in devfs is no longer needed. The administrator may create a minimal
+device tree inside a chroot(2) gaol by using VFS bindings. As this
+provides most of the features of the devfs multi-mount capability, I
+removed the multi-mount support code (after issuing an RFC). This
+yielded code size reductions and simplifications.
+
+If you want to construct a minimal chroot() gaol, the following
+command should suffice:
+
+mount --bind /dev/null /gaol/dev/null
+
+
+Repeat for other device nodes you want to expose. Simple!
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Operational issues
+
+
+Instructions for the impatient
+
+Nobody likes reading documentation. People just want to get in there
+and play. So this section tells you quickly the steps you need to take
+to run with devfs mounted over /dev. Skip these steps and you will end
+up with a nearly unbootable system. Subsequent sections describe the
+issues in more detail, and discuss non-essential configuration
+options.
+
+Devfsd
+OK, if you're reading this, I assume you want to play with
+devfs. First you should ensure that /usr/src/linux contains a
+recent kernel source tree. Then you need to compile devfsd, the device
+management daemon, available at
+
+http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/.
+Because the kernel has a naming scheme
+which is quite different from the old naming scheme, you need to
+install devfsd so that software and configuration files that use the
+old naming scheme will not break.
+
+Compile and install devfsd. You will be provided with a default
+configuration file /etc/devfsd.conf which will provide
+compatibility symlinks for the old naming scheme. Don't change this
+config file unless you know what you're doing. Even if you think you
+do know what you're doing, don't change it until you've followed all
+the steps below and booted a devfs-enabled system and verified that it
+works.
+
+Now edit your main system boot script so that devfsd is started at the
+very beginning (before any filesystem
+checks). /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit is often the main boot script
+on systems with SysV-style boot scripts. On systems with BSD-style
+boot scripts it is often /etc/rc. Also check
+/sbin/rc.
+
+NOTE that the line you put into the boot
+script should be exactly:
+
+/sbin/devfsd /dev
+
+DO NOT use some special daemon-launching
+programme, otherwise the boot script may not wait for devfsd to finish
+initialising.
+
+System Libraries
+There may still be some problems because of broken software making
+assumptions about device names. In particular, some software does not
+handle devices which are symbolic links. If you are running a libc 5
+based system, install libc 5.4.44 (if you have libc 5.4.46, go back to
+libc 5.4.44, which is actually correct). If you are running a glibc
+based system, make sure you have glibc 2.1.3 or later.
+
+/etc/securetty
+PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) is supposed to be a flexible
+mechanism for providing better user authentication and access to
+services. Unfortunately, it's also fragile, complex and undocumented
+(check out RedHat 6.1, and probably other distributions as well). PAM
+has problems with symbolic links. Append the following lines to your
+/etc/securetty file:
+
+vc/1
+vc/2
+vc/3
+vc/4
+vc/5
+vc/6
+vc/7
+vc/8
+
+This will not weaken security. If you have a version of util-linux
+earlier than 2.10.h, please upgrade to 2.10.h or later. If you
+absolutely cannot upgrade, then also append the following lines to
+your /etc/securetty file:
+
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+
+This may potentially weaken security by allowing root logins over the
+network (a password is still required, though). However, since there
+are problems with dealing with symlinks, I'm suspicious of the level
+of security offered in any case.
+
+XFree86
+While not essential, it's probably a good idea to upgrade to XFree86
+4.0, as patches went in to make it more devfs-friendly. If you don't,
+you'll probably need to apply the following patch to
+/etc/security/console.perms so that ordinary users can run
+startx. Note that not all distributions have this file (e.g. Debian),
+so if it's not present, don't worry about it.
+
+--- /etc/security/console.perms.orig Sat Apr 17 16:26:47 1999
++++ /etc/security/console.perms Fri Feb 25 23:53:55 2000
+@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
+ # man 5 console.perms
+
+ # file classes -- these are regular expressions
+-<console>=tty[0-9][0-9]* :[0-9]\.[0-9] :[0-9]
++<console>=tty[0-9][0-9]* vc/[0-9][0-9]* :[0-9]\.[0-9] :[0-9]
+
+ # device classes -- these are shell-style globs
+ <floppy>=/dev/fd[0-1]*
+
+If the patch does not apply, then change the line:
+
+<console>=tty[0-9][0-9]* :[0-9]\.[0-9] :[0-9]
+
+with:
+
+<console>=tty[0-9][0-9]* vc/[0-9][0-9]* :[0-9]\.[0-9] :[0-9]
+
+
+Disable devpts
+I've had a report of devpts mounted on /dev/pts not working
+correctly. Since devfs will also manage /dev/pts, there is no
+need to mount devpts as well. You should either edit your
+/etc/fstab so devpts is not mounted, or disable devpts from
+your kernel configuration.
+
+Unsupported drivers
+Not all drivers have devfs support. If you depend on one of these
+drivers, you will need to create a script or tarfile that you can use
+at boot time to create device nodes as appropriate. There is a
+section which describes this. Another
+section lists the drivers which have
+devfs support.
+
+/dev/mouse
+
+Many disributions configure /dev/mouse to be the mouse device
+for XFree86 and GPM. I actually think this is a bad idea, because it
+adds another level of indirection. When looking at a config file, if
+you see /dev/mouse you're left wondering which mouse
+is being referred to. Hence I recommend putting the actual mouse
+device (for example /dev/psaux) into your
+/etc/X11/XF86Config file (and similarly for the GPM
+configuration file).
+
+Alternatively, use the same technique used for unsupported drivers
+described above.
+
+The Kernel
+Finally, you need to make sure devfs is compiled into your kernel. Set
+CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL=y, CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y and CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT=y by
+using favourite configuration tool (i.e. make config or
+make xconfig) and then make clean and then recompile your kernel and
+modules. At boot, devfs will be mounted onto /dev.
+
+If you encounter problems booting (for example if you forgot a
+configuration step), you can pass devfs=nomount at the kernel
+boot command line. This will prevent the kernel from mounting devfs at
+boot time onto /dev.
+
+In general, a kernel built with CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y but without mounting
+devfs onto /dev is completely safe, and requires no
+configuration changes. One exception to take note of is when
+LABEL= directives are used in /etc/fstab. In this
+case you will be unable to boot properly. This is because the
+mount(8) programme uses /proc/partitions as part of
+the volume label search process, and the device names it finds are not
+available, because setting CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y changes the names in
+/proc/partitions, irrespective of whether devfs is mounted.
+
+Now you've finished all the steps required. You're now ready to boot
+your shiny new kernel. Enjoy.
+
+Changing the configuration
+
+OK, you've now booted a devfs-enabled system, and everything works.
+Now you may feel like changing the configuration (common targets are
+/etc/fstab and /etc/devfsd.conf). Since you have a
+system that works, if you make any changes and it doesn't work, you
+now know that you only have to restore your configuration files to the
+default and it will work again.
+
+
+Permissions persistence across reboots
+
+If you don't use mknod(2) to create a device file, nor use chmod(2) or
+chown(2) to change the ownerships/permissions, the inode ctime will
+remain at 0 (the epoch, 12 am, 1-JAN-1970, GMT). Anything with a ctime
+later than this has had it's ownership/permissions changed. Hence, a
+simple script or programme may be used to tar up all changed inodes,
+prior to shutdown. Although effective, many consider this approach a
+kludge.
+
+A much better approach is to use devfsd to save and restore
+permissions. It may be configured to record changes in permissions and
+will save them in a database (in fact a directory tree), and restore
+these upon boot. This is an efficient method and results in immediate
+saving of current permissions (unlike the tar approach, which saves
+permissions at some unspecified future time).
+
+The default configuration file supplied with devfsd has config entries
+which you may uncomment to enable persistence management.
+
+If you decide to use the tar approach anyway, be aware that tar will
+first unlink(2) an inode before creating a new device node. The
+unlink(2) has the effect of breaking the connection between a devfs
+entry and the device driver. If you use the "devfs=only" boot option,
+you lose access to the device driver, requiring you to reload the
+module. I consider this a bug in tar (there is no real need to
+unlink(2) the inode first).
+
+Alternatively, you can use devfsd to provide more sophisticated
+management of device permissions. You can use devfsd to store
+permissions for whole groups of devices with a single configuration
+entry, rather than the conventional single entry per device entry.
+
+Permissions database stored in mounted-over /dev
+
+If you wish to save and restore your device permissions into the
+disc-based /dev while still mounting devfs onto /dev
+you may do so. This requires a 2.4.x kernel (in fact, 2.3.99 or
+later), which has the VFS binding facility. You need to do the
+following to set this up:
+
+
+
+make sure the kernel does not mount devfs at boot time
+
+
+make sure you have a correct /dev/console entry in your
+root file-system (where your disc-based /dev lives)
+
+create the /dev-state directory
+
+
+add the following lines near the very beginning of your boot
+scripts:
+
+mount --bind /dev /dev-state
+mount -t devfs none /dev
+devfsd /dev
+
+
+
+
+add the following lines to your /etc/devfsd.conf file:
+
+REGISTER ^pt[sy] IGNORE
+CREATE ^pt[sy] IGNORE
+CHANGE ^pt[sy] IGNORE
+DELETE ^pt[sy] IGNORE
+REGISTER .* COPY /dev-state/$devname $devpath
+CREATE .* COPY $devpath /dev-state/$devname
+CHANGE .* COPY $devpath /dev-state/$devname
+DELETE .* CFUNCTION GLOBAL unlink /dev-state/$devname
+RESTORE /dev-state
+
+Note that the sample devfsd.conf file contains these lines,
+as well as other sample configurations you may find useful. See the
+devfsd distribution
+
+
+reboot.
+
+
+
+
+Permissions database stored in normal directory
+
+If you are using an older kernel which doesn't support VFS binding,
+then you won't be able to have the permissions database in a
+mounted-over /dev. However, you can still use a regular
+directory to store the database. The sample /etc/devfsd.conf
+file above may still be used. You will need to create the
+/dev-state directory prior to installing devfsd. If you have
+old permissions in /dev, then just copy (or move) the device
+nodes over to the new directory.
+
+Which method is better?
+
+The best method is to have the permissions database stored in the
+mounted-over /dev. This is because you will not need to copy
+device nodes over to /dev-state, and because it allows you to
+switch between devfs and non-devfs kernels, without requiring you to
+copy permissions between /dev-state (for devfs) and
+/dev (for non-devfs).
+
+
+Dealing with drivers without devfs support
+
+Currently, not all device drivers in the kernel have been modified to
+use devfs. Device drivers which do not yet have devfs support will not
+automagically appear in devfs. The simplest way to create device nodes
+for these drivers is to unpack a tarfile containing the required
+device nodes. You can do this in your boot scripts. All your drivers
+will now work as before.
+
+Hopefully for most people devfs will have enough support so that they
+can mount devfs directly over /dev without losing most functionality
+(i.e. losing access to various devices). As of 22-JAN-1998 (devfs
+patch version 10) I am now running this way. All the devices I have
+are available in devfs, so I don't lose anything.
+
+WARNING: if your configuration requires the old-style device names
+(i.e. /dev/hda1 or /dev/sda1), you must install devfsd and configure
+it to maintain compatibility entries. It is almost certain that you
+will require this. Note that the kernel creates a compatibility entry
+for the root device, so you don't need initrd.
+
+Note that you no longer need to mount devpts if you use Unix98 PTYs,
+as devfs can manage /dev/pts itself. This saves you some RAM, as you
+don't need to compile and install devpts. Note that some versions of
+glibc have a bug with Unix98 pty handling on devfs systems. Contact
+the glibc maintainers for a fix. Glibc 2.1.3 has the fix.
+
+Note also that apart from editing /etc/fstab, other things will need
+to be changed if you *don't* install devfsd. Some software (like the X
+server) hard-wire device names in their source. It really is much
+easier to install devfsd so that compatibility entries are created.
+You can then slowly migrate your system to using the new device names
+(for example, by starting with /etc/fstab), and then limiting the
+compatibility entries that devfsd creates.
+
+IF YOU CONFIGURE TO MOUNT DEVFS AT BOOT, MAKE SURE YOU INSTALL DEVFSD
+BEFORE YOU BOOT A DEVFS-ENABLED KERNEL!
+
+Now that devfs has gone into the 2.3.46 kernel, I'm getting a lot of
+reports back. Many of these are because people are trying to run
+without devfsd, and hence some things break. Please just run devfsd if
+things break. I want to concentrate on real bugs rather than
+misconfiguration problems at the moment. If people are willing to fix
+bugs/false assumptions in other code (i.e. glibc, X server) and submit
+that to the respective maintainers, that would be great.
+
+
+All the way with Devfs
+
+The devfs kernel patch creates a rationalised device tree. As stated
+above, if you want to keep using the old /dev naming scheme,
+you just need to configure devfsd appopriately (see the man
+page). People who prefer the old names can ignore this section. For
+those of us who like the rationalised names and an uncluttered
+/dev, read on.
+
+If you don't run devfsd, or don't enable compatibility entry
+management, then you will have to configure your system to use the new
+names. For example, you will then need to edit your
+/etc/fstab to use the new disc naming scheme. If you want to
+be able to boot non-devfs kernels, you will need compatibility
+symlinks in the underlying disc-based /dev pointing back to
+the old-style names for when you boot a kernel without devfs.
+
+You can selectively decide which devices you want compatibility
+entries for. For example, you may only want compatibility entries for
+BSD pseudo-terminal devices (otherwise you'll have to patch you C
+library or use Unix98 ptys instead). It's just a matter of putting in
+the correct regular expression into /dev/devfsd.conf.
+
+There are other choices of naming schemes that you may prefer. For
+example, I don't use the kernel-supplied
+names, because they are too verbose. A common misconception is
+that the kernel-supplied names are meant to be used directly in
+configuration files. This is not the case. They are designed to
+reflect the layout of the devices attached and to provide easy
+classification.
+
+If you like the kernel-supplied names, that's fine. If you don't then
+you should be using devfsd to construct a namespace more to your
+liking. Devfsd has built-in code to construct a
+namespace that is both logical and easy to
+manage. In essence, it creates a convenient abbreviation of the
+kernel-supplied namespace.
+
+You are of course free to build your own namespace. Devfsd has all the
+infrastructure required to make this easy for you. All you need do is
+write a script. You can even write some C code and devfsd can load the
+shared object as a callable extension.
+
+
+Other Issues
+
+The init programme
+Another thing to take note of is whether your init programme
+creates a Unix socket /dev/telinit. Some versions of init
+create /dev/telinit so that the telinit programme can
+communicate with the init process. If you have such a system you need
+to make sure that devfs is mounted over /dev *before* init
+starts. In other words, you can't leave the mounting of devfs to
+/etc/rc, since this is executed after init. Other
+versions of init require a named pipe /dev/initctl
+which must exist *before* init starts. Once again, you need to
+mount devfs and then create the named pipe *before* init
+starts.
+
+The default behaviour now is not to mount devfs onto /dev at
+boot time for 2.3.x and later kernels. You can correct this with the
+"devfs=mount" boot option. This solves any problems with init,
+and also prevents the dreaded:
+
+Cannot open initial console
+
+message. For 2.2.x kernels where you need to apply the devfs patch,
+the default is to mount.
+
+If you have automatic mounting of devfs onto /dev then you
+may need to create /dev/initctl in your boot scripts. The
+following lines should suffice:
+
+mknod /dev/initctl p
+kill -SIGUSR1 1 # tell init that /dev/initctl now exists
+
+Alternatively, if you don't want the kernel to mount devfs onto
+/dev then you could use the following procedure is a
+guideline for how to get around /dev/initctl problems:
+
+# cd /sbin
+# mv init init.real
+# cat > init
+#! /bin/sh
+mount -n -t devfs none /dev
+mknod /dev/initctl p
+exec /sbin/init.real $*
+[control-D]
+# chmod a+x init
+
+Note that newer versions of init create /dev/initctl
+automatically, so you don't have to worry about this.
+
+Module autoloading
+You will need to configure devfsd to enable module
+autoloading. The following lines should be placed in your
+/etc/devfsd.conf file:
+
+LOOKUP .* MODLOAD
+
+
+As of devfsd-v1.3.10, a generic /etc/modules.devfs
+configuration file is installed, which is used by the MODLOAD
+action. This should be sufficient for most configurations. If you
+require further configuration, edit your /etc/modules.conf
+file. The way module autoloading work with devfs is:
+
+
+a process attempts to lookup a device node (e.g. /dev/fred)
+
+
+if that device node does not exist, the full pathname is passed to
+devfsd as a string
+
+
+devfsd will pass the string to the modprobe programme (provided the
+configuration line shown above is present), and specifies that
+/etc/modules.devfs is the configuration file
+
+
+/etc/modules.devfs includes /etc/modules.conf to
+access local configurations
+
+modprobe will search it's configuration files, looking for an alias
+that translates the pathname into a module name
+
+
+the translated pathname is then used to load the module.
+
+
+If you wanted a lookup of /dev/fred to load the
+mymod module, you would require the following configuration
+line in /etc/modules.conf:
+
+alias /dev/fred mymod
+
+The /etc/modules.devfs configuration file provides many such
+aliases for standard device names. If you look closely at this file,
+you will note that some modules require multiple alias configuration
+lines. This is required to support module autoloading for old and new
+device names.
+
+Mounting root off a devfs device
+If you wish to mount root off a devfs device when you pass the
+"devfs=only" boot option, then you need to pass in the
+"root=<device>" option to the kernel when booting. If you use
+LILO, then you must have this in lilo.conf:
+
+append = "root=<device>"
+
+Surprised? Yep, so was I. It turns out if you have (as most people
+do):
+
+root = <device>
+
+
+then LILO will determine the device number of <device> and will
+write that device number into a special place in the kernel image
+before starting the kernel, and the kernel will use that device number
+to mount the root filesystem. So, using the "append" variety ensures
+that LILO passes the root filesystem device as a string, which devfs
+can then use.
+
+Note that this isn't an issue if you don't pass "devfs=only".
+
+TTY issues
+The ttyname(3) function in some versions of the C library makes
+false assumptions about device entries which are symbolic links. The
+tty(1) programme is one that depends on this function. I've
+written a patch to libc 5.4.43 which fixes this. This has been
+included in libc 5.4.44 and a similar fix is in glibc 2.1.3.
+
+
+Kernel Naming Scheme
+
+The kernel provides a default naming scheme. This scheme is designed
+to make it easy to search for specific devices or device types, and to
+view the available devices. Some device types (such as hard discs),
+have a directory of entries, making it easy to see what devices of
+that class are available. Often, the entries are symbolic links into a
+directory tree that reflects the topology of available devices. The
+topological tree is useful for finding how your devices are arranged.
+
+Below is a list of the naming schemes for the most common drivers. A
+list of reserved device names is
+available for reference. Please send email to
+rgooch@atnf.csiro.au to obtain an allocation. Please be
+patient (the maintainer is busy). An alternative name may be allocated
+instead of the requested name, at the discretion of the maintainer.
+
+Disc Devices
+
+All discs, whether SCSI, IDE or whatever, are placed under the
+/dev/discs hierarchy:
+
+ /dev/discs/disc0 first disc
+ /dev/discs/disc1 second disc
+
+
+Each of these entries is a symbolic link to the directory for that
+device. The device directory contains:
+
+ disc for the whole disc
+ part* for individual partitions
+
+
+CD-ROM Devices
+
+All CD-ROMs, whether SCSI, IDE or whatever, are placed under the
+/dev/cdroms hierarchy:
+
+ /dev/cdroms/cdrom0 first CD-ROM
+ /dev/cdroms/cdrom1 second CD-ROM
+
+
+Each of these entries is a symbolic link to the real device entry for
+that device.
+
+Tape Devices
+
+All tapes, whether SCSI, IDE or whatever, are placed under the
+/dev/tapes hierarchy:
+
+ /dev/tapes/tape0 first tape
+ /dev/tapes/tape1 second tape
+
+
+Each of these entries is a symbolic link to the directory for that
+device. The device directory contains:
+
+ mt for mode 0
+ mtl for mode 1
+ mtm for mode 2
+ mta for mode 3
+ mtn for mode 0, no rewind
+ mtln for mode 1, no rewind
+ mtmn for mode 2, no rewind
+ mtan for mode 3, no rewind
+
+
+SCSI Devices
+
+To uniquely identify any SCSI device requires the following
+information:
+
+ controller (host adapter)
+ bus (SCSI channel)
+ target (SCSI ID)
+ unit (Logical Unit Number)
+
+
+All SCSI devices are placed under /dev/scsi (assuming devfs
+is mounted on /dev). Hence, a SCSI device with the following
+parameters: c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear as:
+
+ /dev/scsi/host1/bus2/target3/lun4 device directory
+
+
+Inside this directory, a number of device entries may be created,
+depending on which SCSI device-type drivers were installed.
+
+See the section on the disc naming scheme to see what entries the SCSI
+disc driver creates.
+
+See the section on the tape naming scheme to see what entries the SCSI
+tape driver creates.
+
+The SCSI CD-ROM driver creates:
+
+ cd
+
+
+The SCSI generic driver creates:
+
+ generic
+
+
+IDE Devices
+
+To uniquely identify any IDE device requires the following
+information:
+
+ controller
+ bus (aka. primary/secondary)
+ target (aka. master/slave)
+ unit
+
+
+All IDE devices are placed under /dev/ide, and uses a similar
+naming scheme to the SCSI subsystem.
+
+XT Hard Discs
+
+All XT discs are placed under /dev/xd. The first XT disc has
+the directory /dev/xd/disc0.
+
+TTY devices
+
+The tty devices now appear as:
+
+ New name Old-name Device Type
+ -------- -------- -----------
+ /dev/tts/{0,1,...} /dev/ttyS{0,1,...} Serial ports
+ /dev/cua/{0,1,...} /dev/cua{0,1,...} Call out devices
+ /dev/vc/0 /dev/tty Current virtual console
+ /dev/vc/{1,2,...} /dev/tty{1...63} Virtual consoles
+ /dev/vcc/{0,1,...} /dev/vcs{1...63} Virtual consoles
+ /dev/pty/m{0,1,...} /dev/ptyp?? PTY masters
+ /dev/pty/s{0,1,...} /dev/ttyp?? PTY slaves
+
+
+RAMDISCS
+
+The RAMDISCS are placed in their own directory, and are named thus:
+
+ /dev/rd/{0,1,2,...}
+
+
+Meta Devices
+
+The meta devices are placed in their own directory, and are named
+thus:
+
+ /dev/md/{0,1,2,...}
+
+
+Floppy discs
+
+Floppy discs are placed in the /dev/floppy directory.
+
+Loop devices
+
+Loop devices are placed in the /dev/loop directory.
+
+Sound devices
+
+Sound devices are placed in the /dev/sound directory
+(audio, sequencer, ...).
+
+
+Devfsd Naming Scheme
+
+Devfsd provides a naming scheme which is a convenient abbreviation of
+the kernel-supplied namespace. In some
+cases, the kernel-supplied naming scheme is quite convenient, so
+devfsd does not provide another naming scheme. The convenience names
+that devfsd creates are in fact the same names as the original devfs
+kernel patch created (before Linus mandated the Big Name
+Change). These are referred to as "new compatibility entries".
+
+In order to configure devfsd to create these convenience names, the
+following lines should be placed in your /etc/devfsd.conf:
+
+REGISTER .* MKNEWCOMPAT
+UNREGISTER .* RMNEWCOMPAT
+
+This will cause devfsd to create (and destroy) symbolic links which
+point to the kernel-supplied names.
+
+SCSI Hard Discs
+
+All SCSI discs are placed under /dev/sd (assuming devfs is
+mounted on /dev). Hence, a SCSI disc with the following
+parameters: c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear as:
+
+ /dev/sd/c1b2t3u4 for the whole disc
+ /dev/sd/c1b2t3u4p5 for the 5th partition
+ /dev/sd/c1b2t3u4p5s6 for the 6th slice in the 5th partition
+
+
+SCSI Tapes
+
+All SCSI tapes are placed under /dev/st. A similar naming
+scheme is used as for SCSI discs. A SCSI tape with the
+parameters:c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear as:
+
+ /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m0 for mode 0
+ /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m1 for mode 1
+ /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m2 for mode 2
+ /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m3 for mode 3
+ /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m0n for mode 0, no rewind
+ /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m1n for mode 1, no rewind
+ /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m2n for mode 2, no rewind
+ /dev/st/c1b2t3u4m3n for mode 3, no rewind
+
+
+SCSI CD-ROMs
+
+All SCSI CD-ROMs are placed under /dev/sr. A similar naming
+scheme is used as for SCSI discs. A SCSI CD-ROM with the
+parameters:c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear as:
+
+ /dev/sr/c1b2t3u4
+
+
+SCSI Generic Devices
+
+The generic (aka. raw) interface for all SCSI devices are placed under
+/dev/sg. A similar naming scheme is used as for SCSI discs. A
+SCSI generic device with the parameters:c=1,b=2,t=3,u=4 would appear
+as:
+
+ /dev/sg/c1b2t3u4
+
+
+IDE Hard Discs
+
+All IDE discs are placed under /dev/ide/hd, using a similar
+convention to SCSI discs. The following mappings exist between the new
+and the old names:
+
+ /dev/hda /dev/ide/hd/c0b0t0u0
+ /dev/hdb /dev/ide/hd/c0b0t1u0
+ /dev/hdc /dev/ide/hd/c0b1t0u0
+ /dev/hdd /dev/ide/hd/c0b1t1u0
+
+
+IDE Tapes
+
+A similar naming scheme is used as for IDE discs. The entries will
+appear in the /dev/ide/mt directory.
+
+IDE CD-ROM
+
+A similar naming scheme is used as for IDE discs. The entries will
+appear in the /dev/ide/cd directory.
+
+IDE Floppies
+
+A similar naming scheme is used as for IDE discs. The entries will
+appear in the /dev/ide/fd directory.
+
+XT Hard Discs
+
+All XT discs are placed under /dev/xd. The first XT disc
+would appear as /dev/xd/c0t0.
+
+
+Old Compatibility Names
+
+The old compatibility names are the legacy device names, such as
+/dev/hda, /dev/sda, /dev/rtc and so on.
+Devfsd can be configured to create compatibility symlinks so that you
+may continue to use the old names in your configuration files and so
+that old applications will continue to function correctly.
+
+In order to configure devfsd to create these legacy names, the
+following lines should be placed in your /etc/devfsd.conf:
+
+REGISTER .* MKOLDCOMPAT
+UNREGISTER .* RMOLDCOMPAT
+
+This will cause devfsd to create (and destroy) symbolic links which
+point to the kernel-supplied names.
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Device drivers currently ported
+
+- All miscellaneous character devices support devfs (this is done
+ transparently through misc_register())
+
+- SCSI discs and generic hard discs
+
+- Character memory devices (null, zero, full and so on)
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- Loop devices (/dev/loop?)
+
+- TTY devices (console, serial ports, terminals and pseudo-terminals)
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- SCSI tapes (/dev/scsi and /dev/tapes)
+
+- SCSI CD-ROMs (/dev/scsi and /dev/cdroms)
+
+- SCSI generic devices (/dev/scsi)
+
+- RAMDISCS (/dev/ram?)
+
+- Meta Devices (/dev/md*)
+
+- Floppy discs (/dev/floppy)
+
+- Parallel port printers (/dev/printers)
+
+- Sound devices (/dev/sound)
+ Thanks to Eric Dumas <dumas@linux.eu.org> and
+ C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- Joysticks (/dev/joysticks)
+
+- Sparc keyboard (/dev/kbd)
+
+- DSP56001 digital signal processor (/dev/dsp56k)
+
+- Apple Desktop Bus (/dev/adb)
+
+- Coda network file system (/dev/cfs*)
+
+- Virtual console capture devices (/dev/vcc)
+ Thanks to Dennis Hou <smilax@mindmeld.yi.org>
+
+- Frame buffer devices (/dev/fb)
+
+- Video capture devices (/dev/v4l)
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Allocation of Device Numbers
+
+Devfs allows you to write a driver which doesn't need to allocate a
+device number (major&minor numbers) for the internal operation of the
+kernel. However, there are a number of userspace programmes that use
+the device number as a unique handle for a device. An example is the
+find programme, which uses device numbers to determine whether
+an inode is on a different filesystem than another inode. The device
+number used is the one for the block device which a filesystem is
+using. To preserve compatibility with userspace programmes, block
+devices using devfs need to have unique device numbers allocated to
+them. Furthermore, POSIX specifies device numbers, so some kind of
+device number needs to be presented to userspace.
+
+The simplest option (especially when porting drivers to devfs) is to
+keep using the old major and minor numbers. Devfs will take whatever
+values are given for major&minor and pass them onto userspace.
+
+This device number is a 16 bit number, so this leaves plenty of space
+for large numbers of discs and partitions. This scheme can also be
+used for character devices, in particular the tty devices, which are
+currently limited to 256 pseudo-ttys (this limits the total number of
+simultaneous xterms and remote logins). Note that the device number
+is limited to the range 36864-61439 (majors 144-239), in order to
+avoid any possible conflicts with existing official allocations.
+
+Please note that using dynamically allocated block device numbers may
+break the NFS daemons (both user and kernel mode), which expect dev_t
+for a given device to be constant over the lifetime of remote mounts.
+
+A final note on this scheme: since it doesn't increase the size of
+device numbers, there are no compatibility issues with userspace.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Questions and Answers
+
+
+Making things work
+Alternatives to devfs
+What I don't like about devfs
+How to report bugs
+Strange kernel messages
+Compilation problems with devfsd
+
+
+
+Making things work
+
+Here are some common questions and answers.
+
+
+
+Devfsd doesn't start
+
+Make sure you have compiled and installed devfsd
+Make sure devfsd is being started from your boot
+scripts
+Make sure you have configured your kernel to enable devfs (see
+below)
+Make sure devfs is mounted (see below)
+
+
+Devfsd is not managing all my permissions
+
+Make sure you are capturing the appropriate events. For example,
+device entries created by the kernel generate REGISTER events,
+but those created by devfsd generate CREATE events.
+
+
+Devfsd is not capturing all REGISTER events
+
+See the previous entry: you may need to capture CREATE events.
+
+
+X will not start
+
+Make sure you followed the steps
+outlined above.
+
+
+Why don't my network devices appear in devfs?
+
+This is not a bug. Network devices have their own, completely separate
+namespace. They are accessed via socket(2) and
+setsockopt(2) calls, and thus require no device nodes. I have
+raised the possibilty of moving network devices into the device
+namespace, but have had no response.
+
+
+How can I test if I have devfs compiled into my kernel?
+
+All filesystems built-in or currently loaded are listed in
+/proc/filesystems. If you see a devfs entry, then
+you know that devfs was compiled into your kernel. If you have
+correctly configured and rebuilt your kernel, then devfs will be
+built-in. If you think you've configured it in, but
+/proc/filesystems doesn't show it, you've made a mistake.
+Common mistakes include:
+
+Using a 2.2.x kernel without applying the devfs patch (if you
+don't know how to patch your kernel, use 2.4.x instead, don't bother
+asking me how to patch)
+Forgetting to set CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL=y
+Forgetting to set CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y
+Forgetting to set CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT=y (if you want devfs
+to be automatically mounted at boot)
+Editing your .config manually, instead of using make
+config or make xconfig
+Forgetting to run make dep; make clean after changing the
+configuration and before compiling
+Forgetting to compile your kernel and modules
+Forgetting to install your kernel
+Forgetting to install your modules
+
+Please check twice that you've done all these steps before sending in
+a bug report.
+
+
+
+How can I test if devfs is mounted on /dev?
+
+The device filesystem will always create an entry called
+".devfsd", which is used to communicate with the daemon. Even
+if the daemon is not running, this entry will exist. Testing for the
+existence of this entry is the approved method of determining if devfs
+is mounted or not. Note that the type of entry (i.e. regular file,
+character device, named pipe, etc.) may change without notice. Only
+the existence of the entry should be relied upon.
+
+
+When I start devfsd, I see the error:
+Error opening file: ".devfsd" No such file or directory?
+
+This means that devfs is not mounted. Make sure you have devfs mounted.
+
+
+How do I mount devfs?
+
+First make sure you have devfs compiled into your kernel (see
+above). Then you will either need to:
+
+set CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT=y in your kernel config
+pass devfs=mount to your boot loader
+mount devfs manually in your boot scripts with:
+mount -t none devfs /dev
+
+
+
+Mount by volume LABEL=<label> doesn't work with
+devfs
+
+Most probably you are not mounting devfs onto /dev. What
+happens is that if your kernel config has CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y
+then the contents of /proc/partitions will have the devfs
+names (such as scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1). The
+contents of /proc/partitions are used by mount(8) when
+mounting by volume label. If devfs is not mounted on /dev,
+then mount(8) will fail to find devices. The solution is to
+make sure that devfs is mounted on /dev. See above for how to
+do that.
+
+
+I have extra or incorrect entries in /dev
+
+You may have stale entries in your dev-state area. Check for a
+RESTORE configuration line in your devfsd configuration
+(typically /etc/devfsd.conf). If you have this line, check
+the contents of the specified directory for stale entries. Remove
+any entries which are incorrect, then reboot.
+
+
+I get "Unable to open initial console" messages at boot
+
+This usually happens when you don't have devfs automounted onto
+/dev at boot time, and there is no valid
+/dev/console entry on your root file-system. Create a valid
+/dev/console device node.
+
+
+
+
+
+Alternatives to devfs
+
+I've attempted to collate all the anti-devfs proposals and explain
+their limitations. Under construction.
+
+
+Why not just pass device create/remove events to a daemon?
+
+Here the suggestion is to develop an API in the kernel so that devices
+can register create and remove events, and a daemon listens for those
+events. The daemon would then populate/depopulate /dev (which
+resides on disc).
+
+This has several limitations:
+
+
+it only works for modules loaded and unloaded (or devices inserted
+and removed) after the kernel has finished booting. Without a database
+of events, there is no way the daemon could fully populate
+/dev
+
+
+if you add a database to this scheme, the question is then how to
+present that database to user-space. If you make it a list of strings
+with embedded event codes which are passed through a pipe to the
+daemon, then this is only of use to the daemon. I would argue that the
+natural way to present this data is via a filesystem (since many of
+the events will be of a hierarchical nature), such as devfs.
+Presenting the data as a filesystem makes it easy for the user to see
+what is available and also makes it easy to write scripts to scan the
+"database"
+
+
+the tight binding between device nodes and drivers is no longer
+possible (requiring the otherwise perfectly avoidable
+table lookups)
+
+
+you cannot catch inode lookup events on /dev which means
+that module autoloading requires device nodes to be created. This is a
+problem, particularly for drivers where only a few inodes are created
+from a potentially large set
+
+
+this technique can't be used when the root FS is mounted
+read-only
+
+
+
+
+Just implement a better scsidev
+
+This suggestion involves taking the scsidev programme and
+extending it to scan for all devices, not just SCSI devices. The
+scsidev programme works by scanning /proc/scsi
+
+Problems:
+
+
+the kernel does not currently provide a list of all devices
+available. Not all drivers register entries in /proc or
+generate kernel messages
+
+
+there is no uniform mechanism to register devices other than the
+devfs API
+
+
+implementing such an API is then the same as the
+proposal above
+
+
+
+
+Put /dev on a ramdisc
+
+This suggestion involves creating a ramdisc and populating it with
+device nodes and then mounting it over /dev.
+
+Problems:
+
+
+
+this doesn't help when mounting the root filesystem, since you
+still need a device node to do that
+
+
+if you want to use this technique for the root device node as
+well, you need to use initrd. This complicates the booting sequence
+and makes it significantly harder to administer and configure. The
+initrd is essentially opaque, robbing the system administrator of easy
+configuration
+
+
+insufficient information is available to correctly populate the
+ramdisc. So we come back to the
+proposal above to "solve" this
+
+
+a ramdisc-based solution would take more kernel memory, since the
+backing store would be (at best) normal VFS inodes and dentries, which
+take 284 bytes and 112 bytes, respectively, for each entry. Compare
+that to 72 bytes for devfs
+
+
+
+
+Do nothing: there's no problem
+
+Sometimes people can be heard to claim that the existing scheme is
+fine. This is what they're ignoring:
+
+
+device number size (8 bits each for major and minor) is a real
+limitation, and must be fixed somehow. Systems with large numbers of
+SCSI devices, for example, will continue to consume the remaining
+unallocated major numbers. USB will also need to push beyond the 8 bit
+minor limitation
+
+
+simply increasing the device number size is insufficient. Apart
+from causing a lot of pain, it doesn't solve the management issues
+of a /dev with thousands or more device nodes
+
+
+ignoring the problem of a huge /dev will not make it go
+away, and dismisses the legitimacy of a large number of people who
+want a dynamic /dev
+
+
+the standard response then becomes: "write a device management
+daemon", which brings us back to the
+proposal above
+
+
+
+
+What I don't like about devfs
+
+Here are some common complaints about devfs, and some suggestions and
+solutions that may make it more palatable for you. I can't please
+everybody, but I do try :-)
+
+I hate the naming scheme
+
+First, remember that no naming scheme will please everybody. You hate
+the scheme, others love it. Who's to say who's right and who's wrong?
+Ultimately, the person who writes the code gets to choose, and what
+exists now is a combination of the choices made by the
+devfs author and the
+kernel maintainer (Linus).
+
+However, not all is lost. If you want to create your own naming
+scheme, it is a simple matter to write a standalone script, hack
+devfsd, or write a script called by devfsd. You can create whatever
+naming scheme you like.
+
+Further, if you want to remove all traces of the devfs naming scheme
+from /dev, you can mount devfs elsewhere (say
+/devfs) and populate /dev with links into
+/devfs. This population can be automated using devfsd if you
+wish.
+
+You can even use the VFS binding facility to make the links, rather
+than using symbolic links. This way, you don't even have to see the
+"destination" of these symbolic links.
+
+Devfs puts policy into the kernel
+
+There's already policy in the kernel. Device numbers are in fact
+policy (why should the kernel dictate what device numbers I use?).
+Face it, some policy has to be in the kernel. The real difference
+between device names as policy and device numbers as policy is that
+no one will use device numbers directly, because device
+numbers are devoid of meaning to humans and are ugly. At least with
+the devfs device names, (even though you can add your own naming
+scheme) some people will use the devfs-supplied names directly. This
+offends some people :-)
+
+Devfs is bloatware
+
+This is not even remotely true. As shown above,
+both code and data size are quite modest.
+
+
+How to report bugs
+
+If you have (or think you have) a bug with devfs, please follow the
+steps below:
+
+
+
+make sure you have enabled debugging output when configuring your
+kernel. You will need to set (at least) the following config options:
+
+CONFIG_DEVFS_DEBUG=y
+CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL=y
+CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y
+
+
+
+please make sure you have the latest devfs patches applied. The
+latest kernel version might not have the latest devfs patches applied
+yet (Linus is very busy)
+
+
+save a copy of your complete kernel logs (preferably by
+using the dmesg programme) for later inclusion in your bug
+report. You may need to use the -s switch to increase the
+internal buffer size so you can capture all the boot messages.
+Don't edit or trim the dmesg output
+
+
+
+
+try booting with devfs=dall passed to the kernel boot
+command line (read the documentation on your bootloader on how to do
+this), and save the result to a file. This may be quite verbose, and
+it may overflow the messages buffer, but try to get as much of it as
+you can
+
+
+if you get an Oops, run ksymoops to decode it so that the
+names of the offending functions are provided. A non-decoded Oops is
+pretty useless
+
+
+send a copy of your devfsd configuration file(s)
+
+send the bug report to me first.
+Don't expect that I will see it if you post it to the linux-kernel
+mailing list. Include all the information listed above, plus
+anything else that you think might be relevant. Put the string
+devfs somewhere in the subject line, so my mail filters mark
+it as urgent
+
+
+
+
+Here is a general guide on how to ask questions in a way that greatly
+improves your chances of getting a reply:
+
+http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html. If you have
+a bug to report, you should also read
+
+http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html.
+
+
+Strange kernel messages
+
+You may see devfs-related messages in your kernel logs. Below are some
+messages and what they mean (and what you should do about them, if
+anything).
+
+
+
+devfs_register(fred): could not append to parent, err: -17
+
+You need to check what the error code means, but usually 17 means
+EEXIST. This means that a driver attempted to create an entry
+fred in a directory, but there already was an entry with that
+name. This is often caused by flawed boot scripts which untar a bunch
+of inodes into /dev, as a way to restore permissions. This
+message is harmless, as the device nodes will still
+provide access to the driver (unless you use the devfs=only
+boot option, which is only for dedicated souls:-). If you want to get
+rid of these annoying messages, upgrade to devfsd-v1.3.20 and use the
+recommended RESTORE directive to restore permissions.
+
+
+devfs_mk_dir(bill): using old entry in dir: c1808724 ""
+
+This is similar to the message above, except that a driver attempted
+to create a directory named bill, and the parent directory
+has an entry with the same name. In this case, to ensure that drivers
+continue to work properly, the old entry is re-used and given to the
+driver. In 2.5 kernels, the driver is given a NULL entry, and thus,
+under rare circumstances, may not create the require device nodes.
+The solution is the same as above.
+
+
+
+
+
+Compilation problems with devfsd
+
+Usually, you can compile devfsd just by typing in
+make in the source directory, followed by a make
+install (as root). Sometimes, you may have problems, particularly
+on broken configurations.
+
+
+
+error messages relating to DEVFSD_NOTIFY_DELETE
+
+This happened because you have an ancient set of kernel headers
+installed in /usr/include/linux or /usr/src/linux.
+Install kernel 2.4.10 or later. You may need to pass the
+KERNEL_DIR variable to make (if you did not install
+the new kernel sources as /usr/src/linux), or you may copy
+the devfs_fs.h file in the kernel source tree into
+/usr/include/linux.
+
+
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Other resources
+
+
+
+Douglas Gilbert has written a useful document at
+
+http://www.torque.net/sg/devfs_scsi.html which
+explores the SCSI subsystem and how it interacts with devfs
+
+
+Douglas Gilbert has written another useful document at
+
+http://www.torque.net/scsi/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/ which
+discusses the Linux SCSI subsystem in 2.4.
+
+
+Johannes Erdfelt has started a discussion paper on Linux and
+hot-swap devices, describing what the requirements are for a scalable
+solution and how and why he's used devfs+devfsd. Note that this is an
+early draft only, available in plain text form at:
+
+http://johannes.erdfelt.com/hotswap.txt.
+Johannes has promised a HTML version will follow.
+
+
+I presented an invited
+paper
+at the
+
+2nd Annual Storage Management Workshop held in Miamia, Florida,
+U.S.A. in October 2000.
+
+
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Translations of this document
+
+This document has been translated into other languages.
+
+
+
+
+The document master (in English) by rgooch@atnf.csiro.au is
+available at
+
+http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html
+
+
+
+A Korean translation by viatoris@nownuri.net is available at
+
+http://your.destiny.pe.kr/devfs/devfs.html
+
+
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Most flags courtesy of ITA's
+Flags of All Countries
+used with permission.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/ToDo b/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/ToDo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afd5a8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/ToDo
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+ Device File System (devfs) ToDo List
+
+ Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csiro.au>
+
+ 3-JUL-2000
+
+This is a list of things to be done for better devfs support in the
+Linux kernel. If you'd like to contribute to the devfs, please have a
+look at this list for anything that is unallocated. Also, if there are
+items missing (surely), please contact me so I can add them to the
+list (preferably with your name attached to them:-).
+
+
+- >256 ptys
+ Thanks to C. Scott Ananian <cananian@alumni.princeton.edu>
+
+- Amiga floppy driver (drivers/block/amiflop.c)
+
+- Atari floppy driver (drivers/block/ataflop.c)
+
+- SWIM3 (Super Woz Integrated Machine 3) floppy driver (drivers/block/swim3.c)
+
+- Amiga ZorroII ramdisc driver (drivers/block/z2ram.c)
+
+- Parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM (drivers/block/paride/pcd.c)
+
+- Parallel port ATAPI floppy (drivers/block/paride/pf.c)
+
+- AP1000 block driver (drivers/ap1000/ap.c, drivers/ap1000/ddv.c)
+
+- Archimedes floppy (drivers/acorn/block/fd1772.c)
+
+- MFM hard drive (drivers/acorn/block/mfmhd.c)
+
+- I2O block device (drivers/message/i2o/i2o_block.c)
+
+- ST-RAM device (arch/m68k/atari/stram.c)
+
+- Raw devices
+
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/boot-options b/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/boot-options
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df3d33b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/devfs/boot-options
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/* -*- auto-fill -*- */
+
+ Device File System (devfs) Boot Options
+
+ Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csiro.au>
+
+ 18-AUG-2001
+
+
+When CONFIG_DEVFS_DEBUG is enabled, you can pass several boot options
+to the kernel to debug devfs. The boot options are prefixed by
+"devfs=", and are separated by commas. Spaces are not allowed. The
+syntax looks like this:
+
+devfs=<option1>,<option2>,<option3>
+
+and so on. For example, if you wanted to turn on debugging for module
+load requests and device registration, you would do:
+
+devfs=dmod,dreg
+
+You may prefix "no" to any option. This will invert the option.
+
+
+Debugging Options
+=================
+
+These requires CONFIG_DEVFS_DEBUG to be enabled.
+Note that all debugging options have 'd' as the first character. By
+default all options are off. All debugging output is sent to the
+kernel logs. The debugging options do not take effect until the devfs
+version message appears (just prior to the root filesystem being
+mounted).
+
+These are the options:
+
+dmod print module load requests to <request_module>
+
+dreg print device register requests to <devfs_register>
+
+dunreg print device unregister requests to <devfs_unregister>
+
+dchange print device change requests to <devfs_set_flags>
+
+dilookup print inode lookup requests
+
+diget print VFS inode allocations
+
+diunlink print inode unlinks
+
+dichange print inode changes
+
+dimknod print calls to mknod(2)
+
+dall some debugging turned on
+
+
+Other Options
+=============
+
+These control the default behaviour of devfs. The options are:
+
+mount mount devfs onto /dev at boot time
+
+only disable non-devfs device nodes for devfs-capable drivers
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/directory-locking b/Documentation/filesystems/directory-locking
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34380d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/directory-locking
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+ Locking scheme used for directory operations is based on two
+kinds of locks - per-inode (->i_sem) and per-filesystem (->s_vfs_rename_sem).
+
+ For our purposes all operations fall in 5 classes:
+
+1) read access. Locking rules: caller locks directory we are accessing.
+
+2) object creation. Locking rules: same as above.
+
+3) object removal. Locking rules: caller locks parent, finds victim,
+locks victim and calls the method.
+
+4) rename() that is _not_ cross-directory. Locking rules: caller locks
+the parent, finds source and target, if target already exists - locks it
+and then calls the method.
+
+5) link creation. Locking rules:
+ * lock parent
+ * check that source is not a directory
+ * lock source
+ * call the method.
+
+6) cross-directory rename. The trickiest in the whole bunch. Locking
+rules:
+ * lock the filesystem
+ * lock parents in "ancestors first" order.
+ * find source and target.
+ * if old parent is equal to or is a descendent of target
+ fail with -ENOTEMPTY
+ * if new parent is equal to or is a descendent of source
+ fail with -ELOOP
+ * if target exists - lock it.
+ * call the method.
+
+
+The rules above obviously guarantee that all directories that are going to be
+read, modified or removed by method will be locked by caller.
+
+
+If no directory is its own ancestor, the scheme above is deadlock-free.
+Proof:
+
+ First of all, at any moment we have a partial ordering of the
+objects - A < B iff A is an ancestor of B.
+
+ That ordering can change. However, the following is true:
+
+(1) if object removal or non-cross-directory rename holds lock on A and
+ attempts to acquire lock on B, A will remain the parent of B until we
+ acquire the lock on B. (Proof: only cross-directory rename can change
+ the parent of object and it would have to lock the parent).
+
+(2) if cross-directory rename holds the lock on filesystem, order will not
+ change until rename acquires all locks. (Proof: other cross-directory
+ renames will be blocked on filesystem lock and we don't start changing
+ the order until we had acquired all locks).
+
+(3) any operation holds at most one lock on non-directory object and
+ that lock is acquired after all other locks. (Proof: see descriptions
+ of operations).
+
+ Now consider the minimal deadlock. Each process is blocked on
+attempt to acquire some lock and already holds at least one lock. Let's
+consider the set of contended locks. First of all, filesystem lock is
+not contended, since any process blocked on it is not holding any locks.
+Thus all processes are blocked on ->i_sem.
+
+ Non-directory objects are not contended due to (3). Thus link
+creation can't be a part of deadlock - it can't be blocked on source
+and it means that it doesn't hold any locks.
+
+ Any contended object is either held by cross-directory rename or
+has a child that is also contended. Indeed, suppose that it is held by
+operation other than cross-directory rename. Then the lock this operation
+is blocked on belongs to child of that object due to (1).
+
+ It means that one of the operations is cross-directory rename.
+Otherwise the set of contended objects would be infinite - each of them
+would have a contended child and we had assumed that no object is its
+own descendent. Moreover, there is exactly one cross-directory rename
+(see above).
+
+ Consider the object blocking the cross-directory rename. One
+of its descendents is locked by cross-directory rename (otherwise we
+would again have an infinite set of of contended objects). But that
+means that cross-directory rename is taking locks out of order. Due
+to (2) the order hadn't changed since we had acquired filesystem lock.
+But locking rules for cross-directory rename guarantee that we do not
+try to acquire lock on descendent before the lock on ancestor.
+Contradiction. I.e. deadlock is impossible. Q.E.D.
+
+
+ These operations are guaranteed to avoid loop creation. Indeed,
+the only operation that could introduce loops is cross-directory rename.
+Since the only new (parent, child) pair added by rename() is (new parent,
+source), such loop would have to contain these objects and the rest of it
+would have to exist before rename(). I.e. at the moment of loop creation
+rename() responsible for that would be holding filesystem lock and new parent
+would have to be equal to or a descendent of source. But that means that
+new parent had been equal to or a descendent of source since the moment when
+we had acquired filesystem lock and rename() would fail with -ELOOP in that
+case.
+
+ While this locking scheme works for arbitrary DAGs, it relies on
+ability to check that directory is a descendent of another object. Current
+implementation assumes that directory graph is a tree. This assumption is
+also preserved by all operations (cross-directory rename on a tree that would
+not introduce a cycle will leave it a tree and link() fails for directories).
+
+ Notice that "directory" in the above == "anything that might have
+children", so if we are going to introduce hybrid objects we will need
+either to make sure that link(2) doesn't work for them or to make changes
+in is_subdir() that would make it work even in presence of such beasts.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5cb911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+
+The Second Extended Filesystem
+==============================
+
+ext2 was originally released in January 1993. Written by R\'emy Card,
+Theodore Ts'o and Stephen Tweedie, it was a major rewrite of the
+Extended Filesystem. It is currently still (April 2001) the predominant
+filesystem in use by Linux. There are also implementations available
+for NetBSD, FreeBSD, the GNU HURD, Windows 95/98/NT, OS/2 and RISC OS.
+
+Options
+=======
+
+Most defaults are determined by the filesystem superblock, and can be
+set using tune2fs(8). Kernel-determined defaults are indicated by (*).
+
+bsddf (*) Makes `df' act like BSD.
+minixdf Makes `df' act like Minix.
+
+check Check block and inode bitmaps at mount time
+ (requires CONFIG_EXT2_CHECK).
+check=none, nocheck (*) Don't do extra checking of bitmaps on mount
+ (check=normal and check=strict options removed)
+
+debug Extra debugging information is sent to the
+ kernel syslog. Useful for developers.
+
+errors=continue Keep going on a filesystem error.
+errors=remount-ro Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
+errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
+
+grpid, bsdgroups Give objects the same group ID as their parent.
+nogrpid, sysvgroups New objects have the group ID of their creator.
+
+nouid32 Use 16-bit UIDs and GIDs.
+
+oldalloc Enable the old block allocator. Orlov should
+ have better performance, we'd like to get some
+ feedback if it's the contrary for you.
+orlov (*) Use the Orlov block allocator.
+ (See http://lwn.net/Articles/14633/ and
+ http://lwn.net/Articles/14446/.)
+
+resuid=n The user ID which may use the reserved blocks.
+resgid=n The group ID which may use the reserved blocks.
+
+sb=n Use alternate superblock at this location.
+
+user_xattr Enable "user." POSIX Extended Attributes
+ (requires CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR).
+ See also http://acl.bestbits.at
+nouser_xattr Don't support "user." extended attributes.
+
+acl Enable POSIX Access Control Lists support
+ (requires CONFIG_EXT2_FS_POSIX_ACL).
+ See also http://acl.bestbits.at
+noacl Don't support POSIX ACLs.
+
+nobh Do not attach buffer_heads to file pagecache.
+
+grpquota,noquota,quota,usrquota Quota options are silently ignored by ext2.
+
+
+Specification
+=============
+
+ext2 shares many properties with traditional Unix filesystems. It has
+the concepts of blocks, inodes and directories. It has space in the
+specification for Access Control Lists (ACLs), fragments, undeletion and
+compression though these are not yet implemented (some are available as
+separate patches). There is also a versioning mechanism to allow new
+features (such as journalling) to be added in a maximally compatible
+manner.
+
+Blocks
+------
+
+The space in the device or file is split up into blocks. These are
+a fixed size, of 1024, 2048 or 4096 bytes (8192 bytes on Alpha systems),
+which is decided when the filesystem is created. Smaller blocks mean
+less wasted space per file, but require slightly more accounting overhead,
+and also impose other limits on the size of files and the filesystem.
+
+Block Groups
+------------
+
+Blocks are clustered into block groups in order to reduce fragmentation
+and minimise the amount of head seeking when reading a large amount
+of consecutive data. Information about each block group is kept in a
+descriptor table stored in the block(s) immediately after the superblock.
+Two blocks near the start of each group are reserved for the block usage
+bitmap and the inode usage bitmap which show which blocks and inodes
+are in use. Since each bitmap is limited to a single block, this means
+that the maximum size of a block group is 8 times the size of a block.
+
+The block(s) following the bitmaps in each block group are designated
+as the inode table for that block group and the remainder are the data
+blocks. The block allocation algorithm attempts to allocate data blocks
+in the same block group as the inode which contains them.
+
+The Superblock
+--------------
+
+The superblock contains all the information about the configuration of
+the filing system. The primary copy of the superblock is stored at an
+offset of 1024 bytes from the start of the device, and it is essential
+to mounting the filesystem. Since it is so important, backup copies of
+the superblock are stored in block groups throughout the filesystem.
+The first version of ext2 (revision 0) stores a copy at the start of
+every block group, along with backups of the group descriptor block(s).
+Because this can consume a considerable amount of space for large
+filesystems, later revisions can optionally reduce the number of backup
+copies by only putting backups in specific groups (this is the sparse
+superblock feature). The groups chosen are 0, 1 and powers of 3, 5 and 7.
+
+The information in the superblock contains fields such as the total
+number of inodes and blocks in the filesystem and how many are free,
+how many inodes and blocks are in each block group, when the filesystem
+was mounted (and if it was cleanly unmounted), when it was modified,
+what version of the filesystem it is (see the Revisions section below)
+and which OS created it.
+
+If the filesystem is revision 1 or higher, then there are extra fields,
+such as a volume name, a unique identification number, the inode size,
+and space for optional filesystem features to store configuration info.
+
+All fields in the superblock (as in all other ext2 structures) are stored
+on the disc in little endian format, so a filesystem is portable between
+machines without having to know what machine it was created on.
+
+Inodes
+------
+
+The inode (index node) is a fundamental concept in the ext2 filesystem.
+Each object in the filesystem is represented by an inode. The inode
+structure contains pointers to the filesystem blocks which contain the
+data held in the object and all of the metadata about an object except
+its name. The metadata about an object includes the permissions, owner,
+group, flags, size, number of blocks used, access time, change time,
+modification time, deletion time, number of links, fragments, version
+(for NFS) and extended attributes (EAs) and/or Access Control Lists (ACLs).
+
+There are some reserved fields which are currently unused in the inode
+structure and several which are overloaded. One field is reserved for the
+directory ACL if the inode is a directory and alternately for the top 32
+bits of the file size if the inode is a regular file (allowing file sizes
+larger than 2GB). The translator field is unused under Linux, but is used
+by the HURD to reference the inode of a program which will be used to
+interpret this object. Most of the remaining reserved fields have been
+used up for both Linux and the HURD for larger owner and group fields,
+The HURD also has a larger mode field so it uses another of the remaining
+fields to store the extra more bits.
+
+There are pointers to the first 12 blocks which contain the file's data
+in the inode. There is a pointer to an indirect block (which contains
+pointers to the next set of blocks), a pointer to a doubly-indirect
+block (which contains pointers to indirect blocks) and a pointer to a
+trebly-indirect block (which contains pointers to doubly-indirect blocks).
+
+The flags field contains some ext2-specific flags which aren't catered
+for by the standard chmod flags. These flags can be listed with lsattr
+and changed with the chattr command, and allow specific filesystem
+behaviour on a per-file basis. There are flags for secure deletion,
+undeletable, compression, synchronous updates, immutability, append-only,
+dumpable, no-atime, indexed directories, and data-journaling. Not all
+of these are supported yet.
+
+Directories
+-----------
+
+A directory is a filesystem object and has an inode just like a file.
+It is a specially formatted file containing records which associate
+each name with an inode number. Later revisions of the filesystem also
+encode the type of the object (file, directory, symlink, device, fifo,
+socket) to avoid the need to check the inode itself for this information
+(support for taking advantage of this feature does not yet exist in
+Glibc 2.2).
+
+The inode allocation code tries to assign inodes which are in the same
+block group as the directory in which they are first created.
+
+The current implementation of ext2 uses a singly-linked list to store
+the filenames in the directory; a pending enhancement uses hashing of the
+filenames to allow lookup without the need to scan the entire directory.
+
+The current implementation never removes empty directory blocks once they
+have been allocated to hold more files.
+
+Special files
+-------------
+
+Symbolic links are also filesystem objects with inodes. They deserve
+special mention because the data for them is stored within the inode
+itself if the symlink is less than 60 bytes long. It uses the fields
+which would normally be used to store the pointers to data blocks.
+This is a worthwhile optimisation as it we avoid allocating a full
+block for the symlink, and most symlinks are less than 60 characters long.
+
+Character and block special devices never have data blocks assigned to
+them. Instead, their device number is stored in the inode, again reusing
+the fields which would be used to point to the data blocks.
+
+Reserved Space
+--------------
+
+In ext2, there is a mechanism for reserving a certain number of blocks
+for a particular user (normally the super-user). This is intended to
+allow for the system to continue functioning even if non-priveleged users
+fill up all the space available to them (this is independent of filesystem
+quotas). It also keeps the filesystem from filling up entirely which
+helps combat fragmentation.
+
+Filesystem check
+----------------
+
+At boot time, most systems run a consistency check (e2fsck) on their
+filesystems. The superblock of the ext2 filesystem contains several
+fields which indicate whether fsck should actually run (since checking
+the filesystem at boot can take a long time if it is large). fsck will
+run if the filesystem was not cleanly unmounted, if the maximum mount
+count has been exceeded or if the maximum time between checks has been
+exceeded.
+
+Feature Compatibility
+---------------------
+
+The compatibility feature mechanism used in ext2 is sophisticated.
+It safely allows features to be added to the filesystem, without
+unnecessarily sacrificing compatibility with older versions of the
+filesystem code. The feature compatibility mechanism is not supported by
+the original revision 0 (EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) of ext2, but was introduced in
+revision 1. There are three 32-bit fields, one for compatible features
+(COMPAT), one for read-only compatible (RO_COMPAT) features and one for
+incompatible (INCOMPAT) features.
+
+These feature flags have specific meanings for the kernel as follows:
+
+A COMPAT flag indicates that a feature is present in the filesystem,
+but the on-disk format is 100% compatible with older on-disk formats, so
+a kernel which didn't know anything about this feature could read/write
+the filesystem without any chance of corrupting the filesystem (or even
+making it inconsistent). This is essentially just a flag which says
+"this filesystem has a (hidden) feature" that the kernel or e2fsck may
+want to be aware of (more on e2fsck and feature flags later). The ext3
+HAS_JOURNAL feature is a COMPAT flag because the ext3 journal is simply
+a regular file with data blocks in it so the kernel does not need to
+take any special notice of it if it doesn't understand ext3 journaling.
+
+An RO_COMPAT flag indicates that the on-disk format is 100% compatible
+with older on-disk formats for reading (i.e. the feature does not change
+the visible on-disk format). However, an old kernel writing to such a
+filesystem would/could corrupt the filesystem, so this is prevented. The
+most common such feature, SPARSE_SUPER, is an RO_COMPAT feature because
+sparse groups allow file data blocks where superblock/group descriptor
+backups used to live, and ext2_free_blocks() refuses to free these blocks,
+which would leading to inconsistent bitmaps. An old kernel would also
+get an error if it tried to free a series of blocks which crossed a group
+boundary, but this is a legitimate layout in a SPARSE_SUPER filesystem.
+
+An INCOMPAT flag indicates the on-disk format has changed in some
+way that makes it unreadable by older kernels, or would otherwise
+cause a problem if an old kernel tried to mount it. FILETYPE is an
+INCOMPAT flag because older kernels would think a filename was longer
+than 256 characters, which would lead to corrupt directory listings.
+The COMPRESSION flag is an obvious INCOMPAT flag - if the kernel
+doesn't understand compression, you would just get garbage back from
+read() instead of it automatically decompressing your data. The ext3
+RECOVER flag is needed to prevent a kernel which does not understand the
+ext3 journal from mounting the filesystem without replaying the journal.
+
+For e2fsck, it needs to be more strict with the handling of these
+flags than the kernel. If it doesn't understand ANY of the COMPAT,
+RO_COMPAT, or INCOMPAT flags it will refuse to check the filesystem,
+because it has no way of verifying whether a given feature is valid
+or not. Allowing e2fsck to succeed on a filesystem with an unknown
+feature is a false sense of security for the user. Refusing to check
+a filesystem with unknown features is a good incentive for the user to
+update to the latest e2fsck. This also means that anyone adding feature
+flags to ext2 also needs to update e2fsck to verify these features.
+
+Metadata
+--------
+
+It is frequently claimed that the ext2 implementation of writing
+asynchronous metadata is faster than the ffs synchronous metadata
+scheme but less reliable. Both methods are equally resolvable by their
+respective fsck programs.
+
+If you're exceptionally paranoid, there are 3 ways of making metadata
+writes synchronous on ext2:
+
+per-file if you have the program source: use the O_SYNC flag to open()
+per-file if you don't have the source: use "chattr +S" on the file
+per-filesystem: add the "sync" option to mount (or in /etc/fstab)
+
+the first and last are not ext2 specific but do force the metadata to
+be written synchronously. See also Journaling below.
+
+Limitations
+-----------
+
+There are various limits imposed by the on-disk layout of ext2. Other
+limits are imposed by the current implementation of the kernel code.
+Many of the limits are determined at the time the filesystem is first
+created, and depend upon the block size chosen. The ratio of inodes to
+data blocks is fixed at filesystem creation time, so the only way to
+increase the number of inodes is to increase the size of the filesystem.
+No tools currently exist which can change the ratio of inodes to blocks.
+
+Most of these limits could be overcome with slight changes in the on-disk
+format and using a compatibility flag to signal the format change (at
+the expense of some compatibility).
+
+Filesystem block size: 1kB 2kB 4kB 8kB
+
+File size limit: 16GB 256GB 2048GB 2048GB
+Filesystem size limit: 2047GB 8192GB 16384GB 32768GB
+
+There is a 2.4 kernel limit of 2048GB for a single block device, so no
+filesystem larger than that can be created at this time. There is also
+an upper limit on the block size imposed by the page size of the kernel,
+so 8kB blocks are only allowed on Alpha systems (and other architectures
+which support larger pages).
+
+There is an upper limit of 32768 subdirectories in a single directory.
+
+There is a "soft" upper limit of about 10-15k files in a single directory
+with the current linear linked-list directory implementation. This limit
+stems from performance problems when creating and deleting (and also
+finding) files in such large directories. Using a hashed directory index
+(under development) allows 100k-1M+ files in a single directory without
+performance problems (although RAM size becomes an issue at this point).
+
+The (meaningless) absolute upper limit of files in a single directory
+(imposed by the file size, the realistic limit is obviously much less)
+is over 130 trillion files. It would be higher except there are not
+enough 4-character names to make up unique directory entries, so they
+have to be 8 character filenames, even then we are fairly close to
+running out of unique filenames.
+
+Journaling
+----------
+
+A journaling extension to the ext2 code has been developed by Stephen
+Tweedie. It avoids the risks of metadata corruption and the need to
+wait for e2fsck to complete after a crash, without requiring a change
+to the on-disk ext2 layout. In a nutshell, the journal is a regular
+file which stores whole metadata (and optionally data) blocks that have
+been modified, prior to writing them into the filesystem. This means
+it is possible to add a journal to an existing ext2 filesystem without
+the need for data conversion.
+
+When changes to the filesystem (e.g. a file is renamed) they are stored in
+a transaction in the journal and can either be complete or incomplete at
+the time of a crash. If a transaction is complete at the time of a crash
+(or in the normal case where the system does not crash), then any blocks
+in that transaction are guaranteed to represent a valid filesystem state,
+and are copied into the filesystem. If a transaction is incomplete at
+the time of the crash, then there is no guarantee of consistency for
+the blocks in that transaction so they are discarded (which means any
+filesystem changes they represent are also lost).
+Check Documentation/filesystems/ext3.txt if you want to read more about
+ext3 and journaling.
+
+References
+==========
+
+The kernel source file:/usr/src/linux/fs/ext2/
+e2fsprogs (e2fsck) http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/
+Design & Implementation http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/ext2intro.html
+Journaling (ext3) ftp://ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/sct/fs/jfs/
+Hashed Directories http://kernelnewbies.org/~phillips/htree/
+Filesystem Resizing http://ext2resize.sourceforge.net/
+Compression (*) http://www.netspace.net.au/~reiter/e2compr/
+
+Implementations for:
+Windows 95/98/NT/2000 http://uranus.it.swin.edu.au/~jn/linux/Explore2fs.htm
+Windows 95 (*) http://www.yipton.demon.co.uk/content.html#FSDEXT2
+DOS client (*) ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/ext2/
+OS/2 http://perso.wanadoo.fr/matthieu.willm/ext2-os2/
+RISC OS client ftp://ftp.barnet.ac.uk/pub/acorn/armlinux/iscafs/
+
+(*) no longer actively developed/supported (as of Apr 2001)
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ext3.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/ext3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ab7f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/ext3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+
+Ext3 Filesystem
+===============
+
+ext3 was originally released in September 1999. Written by Stephen Tweedie
+for 2.2 branch, and ported to 2.4 kernels by Peter Braam, Andreas Dilger,
+Andrew Morton, Alexander Viro, Ted Ts'o and Stephen Tweedie.
+
+ext3 is ext2 filesystem enhanced with journalling capabilities.
+
+Options
+=======
+
+When mounting an ext3 filesystem, the following option are accepted:
+(*) == default
+
+jounal=update Update the ext3 file system's journal to the
+ current format.
+
+journal=inum When a journal already exists, this option is
+ ignored. Otherwise, it specifies the number of
+ the inode which will represent the ext3 file
+ system's journal file.
+
+noload Don't load the journal on mounting.
+
+data=journal All data are committed into the journal prior
+ to being written into the main file system.
+
+data=ordered (*) All data are forced directly out to the main file
+ system prior to its metadata being committed to
+ the journal.
+
+data=writeback Data ordering is not preserved, data may be
+ written into the main file system after its
+ metadata has been committed to the journal.
+
+commit=nrsec (*) Ext3 can be told to sync all its data and metadata
+ every 'nrsec' seconds. The default value is 5 seconds.
+ This means that if you lose your power, you will lose,
+ as much, the latest 5 seconds of work (your filesystem
+ will not be damaged though, thanks to journaling). This
+ default value (or any low value) will hurt performance,
+ but it's good for data-safety. Setting it to 0 will
+ have the same effect than leaving the default 5 sec.
+ Setting it to very large values will improve
+ performance.
+
+barrier=1 This enables/disables barriers. barrier=0 disables it,
+ barrier=1 enables it.
+
+orlov (*) This enables the new Orlov block allocator. It's enabled
+ by default.
+
+oldalloc This disables the Orlov block allocator and enables the
+ old block allocator. Orlov should have better performance,
+ we'd like to get some feedback if it's the contrary for
+ you.
+
+user_xattr (*) Enables POSIX Extended Attributes. It's enabled by
+ default, however you need to confifure its support
+ (CONFIG_EXT3_FS_XATTR). This is neccesary if you want
+ to use POSIX Acces Control Lists support. You can visit
+ http://acl.bestbits.at to know more about POSIX Extended
+ attributes.
+
+nouser_xattr Disables POSIX Extended Attributes.
+
+acl (*) Enables POSIX Access Control Lists support. This is
+ enabled by default, however you need to configure
+ its support (CONFIG_EXT3_FS_POSIX_ACL). If you want
+ to know more about ACLs visit http://acl.bestbits.at
+
+noacl This option disables POSIX Access Control List support.
+
+reservation
+
+noreservation
+
+resize=
+
+bsddf (*) Make 'df' act like BSD.
+minixdf Make 'df' act like Minix.
+
+check=none Don't do extra checking of bitmaps on mount.
+nocheck
+
+debug Extra debugging information is sent to syslog.
+
+errors=remount-ro(*) Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
+errors=continue Keep going on a filesystem error.
+errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
+
+grpid Give objects the same group ID as their creator.
+bsdgroups
+
+nogrpid (*) New objects have the group ID of their creator.
+sysvgroups
+
+resgid=n The group ID which may use the reserved blocks.
+
+resuid=n The user ID which may use the reserved blocks.
+
+sb=n Use alternate superblock at this location.
+
+quota Quota options are currently silently ignored.
+noquota (see fs/ext3/super.c, line 594)
+grpquota
+usrquota
+
+
+Specification
+=============
+ext3 shares all disk implementation with ext2 filesystem, and add
+transactions capabilities to ext2. Journaling is done by the
+Journaling block device layer.
+
+Journaling Block Device layer
+-----------------------------
+The Journaling Block Device layer (JBD) isn't ext3 specific. It was
+design to add journaling capabilities on a block device. The ext3
+filesystem code will inform the JBD of modifications it is performing
+(Call a transaction). the journal support the transactions start and
+stop, and in case of crash, the journal can replayed the transactions
+to put the partition on a consistent state fastly.
+
+handles represent a single atomic update to a filesystem. JBD can
+handle external journal on a block device.
+
+Data Mode
+---------
+There's 3 different data modes:
+
+* writeback mode
+In data=writeback mode, ext3 does not journal data at all. This mode
+provides a similar level of journaling as XFS, JFS, and ReiserFS in its
+default mode - metadata journaling. A crash+recovery can cause
+incorrect data to appear in files which were written shortly before the
+crash. This mode will typically provide the best ext3 performance.
+
+* ordered mode
+In data=ordered mode, ext3 only officially journals metadata, but it
+logically groups metadata and data blocks into a single unit called a
+transaction. When it's time to write the new metadata out to disk, the
+associated data blocks are written first. In general, this mode
+perform slightly slower than writeback but significantly faster than
+journal mode.
+
+* journal mode
+data=journal mode provides full data and metadata journaling. All new
+data is written to the journal first, and then to its final location.
+In the event of a crash, the journal can be replayed, bringing both
+data and metadata into a consistent state. This mode is the slowest
+except when data needs to be read from and written to disk at the same
+time where it outperform all others mode.
+
+Compatibility
+-------------
+
+Ext2 partitions can be easily convert to ext3, with `tune2fs -j <dev>`.
+Ext3 is fully compatible with Ext2. Ext3 partitions can easily be
+mounted as Ext2.
+
+External Tools
+==============
+see manual pages to know more.
+
+tune2fs: create a ext3 journal on a ext2 partition with the -j flags
+mke2fs: create a ext3 partition with the -j flags
+debugfs: ext2 and ext3 file system debugger
+
+References
+==========
+
+kernel source: file:/usr/src/linux/fs/ext3
+ file:/usr/src/linux/fs/jbd
+
+programs: http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net
+
+useful link:
+ http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/ext3/ext3-usage.html
+ http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs7/
+ http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs8/
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/hfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/hfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd0fa770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/hfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+
+Macintosh HFS Filesystem for Linux
+==================================
+
+HFS stands for ``Hierarchical File System'' and is the filesystem used
+by the Mac Plus and all later Macintosh models. Earlier Macintosh
+models used MFS (``Macintosh File System''), which is not supported,
+MacOS 8.1 and newer support a filesystem called HFS+ that's similar to
+HFS but is extended in various areas. Use the hfsplus filesystem driver
+to access such filesystems from Linux.
+
+
+Mount options
+=============
+
+When mounting an HFS filesystem, the following options are accepted:
+
+ creator=cccc, type=cccc
+ Specifies the creator/type values as shown by the MacOS finder
+ used for creating new files. Default values: '????'.
+
+ uid=n, gid=n
+ Specifies the user/group that owns all files on the filesystems.
+ Default: user/group id of the mounting process.
+
+ dir_umask=n, file_umask=n, umask=n
+ Specifies the umask used for all files , all directories or all
+ files and directories. Defaults to the umask of the mounting process.
+
+ session=n
+ Select the CDROM session to mount as HFS filesystem. Defaults to
+ leaving that decision to the CDROM driver. This option will fail
+ with anything but a CDROM as underlying devices.
+
+ part=n
+ Select partition number n from the devices. Does only makes
+ sense for CDROMS because they can't be partitioned under Linux.
+ For disk devices the generic partition parsing code does this
+ for us. Defaults to not parsing the partition table at all.
+
+ quiet
+ Ignore invalid mount options instead of complaining.
+
+
+Writing to HFS Filesystems
+==========================
+
+HFS is not a UNIX filesystem, thus it does not have the usual features you'd
+expect:
+
+ o You can't modify the set-uid, set-gid, sticky or executable bits or the uid
+ and gid of files.
+ o You can't create hard- or symlinks, device files, sockets or FIFOs.
+
+HFS does on the other have the concepts of multiple forks per file. These
+non-standard forks are represented as hidden additional files in the normal
+filesystems namespace which is kind of a cludge and makes the semantics for
+the a little strange:
+
+ o You can't create, delete or rename resource forks of files or the
+ Finder's metadata.
+ o They are however created (with default values), deleted and renamed
+ along with the corresponding data fork or directory.
+ o Copying files to a different filesystem will loose those attributes
+ that are essential for MacOS to work.
+
+
+Creating HFS filesystems
+===================================
+
+The hfsutils package from Robert Leslie contains a program called
+hformat that can be used to create HFS filesystem. See
+<http://www.mars.org/home/rob/proj/hfs/> for details.
+
+
+Credits
+=======
+
+The HFS drivers was written by Paul H. Hargrovea (hargrove@sccm.Stanford.EDU)
+and is now maintained by Roman Zippel (roman@ardistech.com) at Ardis
+Technologies.
+Roman rewrote large parts of the code and brought in btree routines derived
+from Brad Boyer's hfsplus driver (also maintained by Roman now).
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/hpfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/hpfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33dc360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/hpfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+Read/Write HPFS 2.09
+1998-2004, Mikulas Patocka
+
+email: mikulas@artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz
+homepage: http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/vyplody/hpfs/index-e.cgi
+
+CREDITS:
+Chris Smith, 1993, original read-only HPFS, some code and hpfs structures file
+ is taken from it
+Jacques Gelinas, MSDos mmap, Inspired by fs/nfs/mmap.c (Jon Tombs 15 Aug 1993)
+Werner Almesberger, 1992, 1993, MSDos option parser & CR/LF conversion
+
+Mount options
+
+uid=xxx,gid=xxx,umask=xxx (default uid=gid=0 umask=default_system_umask)
+ Set owner/group/mode for files that do not have it specified in extended
+ attributes. Mode is inverted umask - for example umask 027 gives owner
+ all permission, group read permission and anybody else no access. Note
+ that for files mode is anded with 0666. If you want files to have 'x'
+ rights, you must use extended attributes.
+case=lower,asis (default asis)
+ File name lowercasing in readdir.
+conv=binary,text,auto (default binary)
+ CR/LF -> LF conversion, if auto, decision is made according to extension
+ - there is a list of text extensions (I thing it's better to not convert
+ text file than to damage binary file). If you want to change that list,
+ change it in the source. Original readonly HPFS contained some strange
+ heuristic algorithm that I removed. I thing it's danger to let the
+ computer decide whether file is text or binary. For example, DJGPP
+ binaries contain small text message at the beginning and they could be
+ misidentified and damaged under some circumstances.
+check=none,normal,strict (default normal)
+ Check level. Selecting none will cause only little speedup and big
+ danger. I tried to write it so that it won't crash if check=normal on
+ corrupted filesystems. check=strict means many superfluous checks -
+ used for debugging (for example it checks if file is allocated in
+ bitmaps when accessing it).
+errors=continue,remount-ro,panic (default remount-ro)
+ Behaviour when filesystem errors found.
+chkdsk=no,errors,always (default errors)
+ When to mark filesystem dirty so that OS/2 checks it.
+eas=no,ro,rw (default rw)
+ What to do with extended attributes. 'no' - ignore them and use always
+ values specified in uid/gid/mode options. 'ro' - read extended
+ attributes but do not create them. 'rw' - create extended attributes
+ when you use chmod/chown/chgrp/mknod/ln -s on the filesystem.
+timeshift=(-)nnn (default 0)
+ Shifts the time by nnn seconds. For example, if you see under linux
+ one hour more, than under os/2, use timeshift=-3600.
+
+
+File names
+
+As in OS/2, filenames are case insensitive. However, shell thinks that names
+are case sensitive, so for example when you create a file FOO, you can use
+'cat FOO', 'cat Foo', 'cat foo' or 'cat F*' but not 'cat f*'. Note, that you
+also won't be able to compile linux kernel (and maybe other things) on HPFS
+because kernel creates different files with names like bootsect.S and
+bootsect.s. When searching for file thats name has characters >= 128, codepages
+are used - see below.
+OS/2 ignores dots and spaces at the end of file name, so this driver does as
+well. If you create 'a. ...', the file 'a' will be created, but you can still
+access it under names 'a.', 'a..', 'a . . . ' etc.
+
+
+Extended attributes
+
+On HPFS partitions, OS/2 can associate to each file a special information called
+extended attributes. Extended attributes are pairs of (key,value) where key is
+an ascii string identifying that attribute and value is any string of bytes of
+variable length. OS/2 stores window and icon positions and file types there. So
+why not use it for unix-specific info like file owner or access rights? This
+driver can do it. If you chown/chgrp/chmod on a hpfs partition, extended
+attributes with keys "UID", "GID" or "MODE" and 2-byte values are created. Only
+that extended attributes those value differs from defaults specified in mount
+options are created. Once created, the extended attributes are never deleted,
+they're just changed. It means that when your default uid=0 and you type
+something like 'chown luser file; chown root file' the file will contain
+extended attribute UID=0. And when you umount the fs and mount it again with
+uid=luser_uid, the file will be still owned by root! If you chmod file to 444,
+extended attribute "MODE" will not be set, this special case is done by setting
+read-only flag. When you mknod a block or char device, besides "MODE", the
+special 4-byte extended attribute "DEV" will be created containing the device
+number. Currently this driver cannot resize extended attributes - it means
+that if somebody (I don't know who?) has set "UID", "GID", "MODE" or "DEV"
+attributes with different sizes, they won't be rewritten and changing these
+values doesn't work.
+
+
+Symlinks
+
+You can do symlinks on HPFS partition, symlinks are achieved by setting extended
+attribute named "SYMLINK" with symlink value. Like on ext2, you can chown and
+chgrp symlinks but I don't know what is it good for. chmoding symlink results
+in chmoding file where symlink points. These symlinks are just for Linux use and
+incompatible with OS/2. OS/2 PmShell symlinks are not supported because they are
+stored in very crazy way. They tried to do it so that link changes when file is
+moved ... sometimes it works. But the link is partly stored in directory
+extended attributes and partly in OS2SYS.INI. I don't want (and don't know how)
+to analyze or change OS2SYS.INI.
+
+
+Codepages
+
+HPFS can contain several uppercasing tables for several codepages and each
+file has a pointer to codepage it's name is in. However OS/2 was created in
+America where people don't care much about codepages and so multiple codepages
+support is quite buggy. I have Czech OS/2 working in codepage 852 on my disk.
+Once I booted English OS/2 working in cp 850 and I created a file on my 852
+partition. It marked file name codepage as 850 - good. But when I again booted
+Czech OS/2, the file was completely inaccessible under any name. It seems that
+OS/2 uppercases the search pattern with its system code page (852) and file
+name it's comparing to with its code page (850). These could never match. Is it
+really what IBM developers wanted? But problems continued. When I created in
+Czech OS/2 another file in that directory, that file was inaccessible too. OS/2
+probably uses different uppercasing method when searching where to place a file
+(note, that files in HPFS directory must be sorted) and when searching for
+a file. Finally when I opened this directory in PmShell, PmShell crashed (the
+funny thing was that, when rebooted, PmShell tried to reopen this directory
+again :-). chkdsk happily ignores these errors and only low-level disk
+modification saved me. Never mix different language versions of OS/2 on one
+system although HPFS was designed to allow that.
+OK, I could implement complex codepage support to this driver but I think it
+would cause more problems than benefit with such buggy implementation in OS/2.
+So this driver simply uses first codepage it finds for uppercasing and
+lowercasing no matter what's file codepage index. Usually all file names are in
+this codepage - if you don't try to do what I described above :-)
+
+
+Known bugs
+
+HPFS386 on OS/2 server is not supported. HPFS386 installed on normal OS/2 client
+should work. If you have OS/2 server, use only read-only mode. I don't know how
+to handle some HPFS386 structures like access control list or extended perm
+list, I don't know how to delete them when file is deleted and how to not
+overwrite them with extended attributes. Send me some info on these structures
+and I'll make it. However, this driver should detect presence of HPFS386
+structures, remount read-only and not destroy them (I hope).
+
+When there's not enough space for extended attributes, they will be truncated
+and no error is returned.
+
+OS/2 can't access files if the path is longer than about 256 chars but this
+driver allows you to do it. chkdsk ignores such errors.
+
+Sometimes you won't be able to delete some files on a very full filesystem
+(returning error ENOSPC). That's because file in non-leaf node in directory tree
+(one directory, if it's large, has dirents in tree on HPFS) must be replaced
+with another node when deleted. And that new file might have larger name than
+the old one so the new name doesn't fit in directory node (dnode). And that
+would result in directory tree splitting, that takes disk space. Workaround is
+to delete other files that are leaf (probability that the file is non-leaf is
+about 1/50) or to truncate file first to make some space.
+You encounter this problem only if you have many directories so that
+preallocated directory band is full i.e.
+ number_of_directories / size_of_filesystem_in_mb > 4.
+
+You can't delete open directories.
+
+You can't rename over directories (what is it good for?).
+
+Renaming files so that only case changes doesn't work. This driver supports it
+but vfs doesn't. Something like 'mv file FILE' won't work.
+
+All atimes and directory mtimes are not updated. That's because of performance
+reasons. If you extremely wish to update them, let me know, I'll write it (but
+it will be slow).
+
+When the system is out of memory and swap, it may slightly corrupt filesystem
+(lost files, unbalanced directories). (I guess all filesystem may do it).
+
+When compiled, you get warning: function declaration isn't a prototype. Does
+anybody know what does it mean?
+
+
+What does "unbalanced tree" message mean?
+
+Old versions of this driver created sometimes unbalanced dnode trees. OS/2
+chkdsk doesn't scream if the tree is unbalanced (and sometimes creates
+unbalanced trees too :-) but both HPFS and HPFS386 contain bug that it rarely
+crashes when the tree is not balanced. This driver handles unbalanced trees
+correctly and writes warning if it finds them. If you see this message, this is
+probably because of directories created with old version of this driver.
+Workaround is to move all files from that directory to another and then back
+again. Do it in Linux, not OS/2! If you see this message in directory that is
+whole created by this driver, it is BUG - let me know about it.
+
+
+Bugs in OS/2
+
+When you have two (or more) lost directories pointing each to other, chkdsk
+locks up when repairing filesystem.
+
+Sometimes (I think it's random) when you create a file with one-char name under
+OS/2, OS/2 marks it as 'long'. chkdsk then removes this flag saying "Minor fs
+error corrected".
+
+File names like "a .b" are marked as 'long' by OS/2 but chkdsk "corrects" it and
+marks them as short (and writes "minor fs error corrected"). This bug is not in
+HPFS386.
+
+Codepage bugs described above.
+
+If you don't install fixpacks, there are many, many more...
+
+
+History
+
+0.90 First public release
+0.91 Fixed bug that caused shooting to memory when write_inode was called on
+ open inode (rarely happened)
+0.92 Fixed a little memory leak in freeing directory inodes
+0.93 Fixed bug that locked up the machine when there were too many filenames
+ with first 15 characters same
+ Fixed write_file to zero file when writing behind file end
+0.94 Fixed a little memory leak when trying to delete busy file or directory
+0.95 Fixed a bug that i_hpfs_parent_dir was not updated when moving files
+1.90 First version for 2.1.1xx kernels
+1.91 Fixed a bug that chk_sectors failed when sectors were at the end of disk
+ Fixed a race-condition when write_inode is called while deleting file
+ Fixed a bug that could possibly happen (with very low probability) when
+ using 0xff in filenames
+ Rewritten locking to avoid race-conditions
+ Mount option 'eas' now works
+ Fsync no longer returns error
+ Files beginning with '.' are marked hidden
+ Remount support added
+ Alloc is not so slow when filesystem becomes full
+ Atimes are no more updated because it slows down operation
+ Code cleanup (removed all commented debug prints)
+1.92 Corrected a bug when sync was called just before closing file
+1.93 Modified, so that it works with kernels >= 2.1.131, I don't know if it
+ works with previous versions
+ Fixed a possible problem with disks > 64G (but I don't have one, so I can't
+ test it)
+ Fixed a file overflow at 2G
+ Added new option 'timeshift'
+ Changed behaviour on HPFS386: It is now possible to operate on HPFS386 in
+ read-only mode
+ Fixed a bug that slowed down alloc and prevented allocating 100% space
+ (this bug was not destructive)
+1.94 Added workaround for one bug in Linux
+ Fixed one buffer leak
+ Fixed some incompatibilities with large extended attributes (but it's still
+ not 100% ok, I have no info on it and OS/2 doesn't want to create them)
+ Rewritten allocation
+ Fixed a bug with i_blocks (du sometimes didn't display correct values)
+ Directories have no longer archive attribute set (some programs don't like
+ it)
+ Fixed a bug that it set badly one flag in large anode tree (it was not
+ destructive)
+1.95 Fixed one buffer leak, that could happen on corrupted filesystem
+ Fixed one bug in allocation in 1.94
+1.96 Added workaround for one bug in OS/2 (HPFS locked up, HPFS386 reported
+ error sometimes when opening directories in PMSHELL)
+ Fixed a possible bitmap race
+ Fixed possible problem on large disks
+ You can now delete open files
+ Fixed a nondestructive race in rename
+1.97 Support for HPFS v3 (on large partitions)
+ Fixed a bug that it didn't allow creation of files > 128M (it should be 2G)
+1.97.1 Changed names of global symbols
+ Fixed a bug when chmoding or chowning root directory
+1.98 Fixed a deadlock when using old_readdir
+ Better directory handling; workaround for "unbalanced tree" bug in OS/2
+1.99 Corrected a possible problem when there's not enough space while deleting
+ file
+ Now it tries to truncate the file if there's not enough space when deleting
+ Removed a lot of redundant code
+2.00 Fixed a bug in rename (it was there since 1.96)
+ Better anti-fragmentation strategy
+2.01 Fixed problem with directory listing over NFS
+ Directory lseek now checks for proper parameters
+ Fixed race-condition in buffer code - it is in all filesystems in Linux;
+ when reading device (cat /dev/hda) while creating files on it, files
+ could be damaged
+2.02 Woraround for bug in breada in Linux. breada could cause accesses beyond
+ end of partition
+2.03 Char, block devices and pipes are correctly created
+ Fixed non-crashing race in unlink (Alexander Viro)
+ Now it works with Japanese version of OS/2
+2.04 Fixed error when ftruncate used to extend file
+2.05 Fixed crash when got mount parameters without =
+ Fixed crash when allocation of anode failed due to full disk
+ Fixed some crashes when block io or inode allocation failed
+2.06 Fixed some crash on corrupted disk structures
+ Better allocation strategy
+ Reschedule points added so that it doesn't lock CPU long time
+ It should work in read-only mode on Warp Server
+2.07 More fixes for Warp Server. Now it really works
+2.08 Creating new files is not so slow on large disks
+ An attempt to sync deleted file does not generate filesystem error
+2.09 Fixed error on extremly fragmented files
+
+
+ vim: set textwidth=80:
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/isofs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/isofs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f64a105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/isofs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Mount options that are the same as for msdos and vfat partitions.
+
+ gid=nnn All files in the partition will be in group nnn.
+ uid=nnn All files in the partition will be owned by user id nnn.
+ umask=nnn The permission mask (see umask(1)) for the partition.
+
+Mount options that are the same as vfat partitions. These are only useful
+when using discs encoded using Microsoft's Joliet extensions.
+ iocharset=name Character set to use for converting from Unicode to
+ ASCII. Joliet filenames are stored in Unicode format, but
+ Unix for the most part doesn't know how to deal with Unicode.
+ There is also an option of doing UTF8 translations with the
+ utf8 option.
+ utf8 Encode Unicode names in UTF8 format. Default is no.
+
+Mount options unique to the isofs filesystem.
+ block=512 Set the block size for the disk to 512 bytes
+ block=1024 Set the block size for the disk to 1024 bytes
+ block=2048 Set the block size for the disk to 2048 bytes
+ check=relaxed Matches filenames with different cases
+ check=strict Matches only filenames with the exact same case
+ cruft Try to handle badly formatted CDs.
+ map=off Do not map non-Rock Ridge filenames to lower case
+ map=normal Map non-Rock Ridge filenames to lower case
+ map=acorn As map=normal but also apply Acorn extensions if present
+ mode=xxx Sets the permissions on files to xxx
+ nojoliet Ignore Joliet extensions if they are present.
+ norock Ignore Rock Ridge extensions if they are present.
+ unhide Show hidden files.
+ session=x Select number of session on multisession CD
+ sbsector=xxx Session begins from sector xxx
+
+Recommended documents about ISO 9660 standard are located at:
+http://www.y-adagio.com/public/standards/iso_cdromr/tocont.htm
+ftp://ftp.ecma.ch/ecma-st/Ecma-119.pdf
+Quoting from the PDF "This 2nd Edition of Standard ECMA-119 is technically
+identical with ISO 9660.", so it is a valid and gratis substitute of the
+official ISO specification.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/jfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/jfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e992da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/jfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+IBM's Journaled File System (JFS) for Linux
+
+JFS Homepage: http://jfs.sourceforge.net/
+
+The following mount options are supported:
+
+iocharset=name Character set to use for converting from Unicode to
+ ASCII. The default is to do no conversion. Use
+ iocharset=utf8 for UTF8 translations. This requires
+ CONFIG_NLS_UTF8 to be set in the kernel .config file.
+ iocharset=none specifies the default behavior explicitly.
+
+resize=value Resize the volume to <value> blocks. JFS only supports
+ growing a volume, not shrinking it. This option is only
+ valid during a remount, when the volume is mounted
+ read-write. The resize keyword with no value will grow
+ the volume to the full size of the partition.
+
+nointegrity Do not write to the journal. The primary use of this option
+ is to allow for higher performance when restoring a volume
+ from backup media. The integrity of the volume is not
+ guaranteed if the system abnormally abends.
+
+integrity Default. Commit metadata changes to the journal. Use this
+ option to remount a volume where the nointegrity option was
+ previously specified in order to restore normal behavior.
+
+errors=continue Keep going on a filesystem error.
+errors=remount-ro Default. Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
+errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
+
+Please send bugs, comments, cards and letters to shaggy@austin.ibm.com.
+
+The JFS mailing list can be subscribed to by using the link labeled
+"Mail list Subscribe" at our web page http://jfs.sourceforge.net/
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ncpfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/ncpfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f12c30c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/ncpfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+The ncpfs filesystem understands the NCP protocol, designed by the
+Novell Corporation for their NetWare(tm) product. NCP is functionally
+similar to the NFS used in the TCP/IP community.
+To mount a NetWare filesystem, you need a special mount program, which
+can be found in the ncpfs package. The home site for ncpfs is
+ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/misc/ncpfs, but sunsite and its many mirrors
+will have it as well.
+
+Related products are linware and mars_nwe, which will give Linux partial
+NetWare server functionality. Linware's home site is
+klokan.sh.cvut.cz/pub/linux/linware; mars_nwe can be found on
+ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/misc/ncpfs.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ntfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/ntfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f89b440
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/ntfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+The Linux NTFS filesystem driver
+================================
+
+
+Table of contents
+=================
+
+- Overview
+- Web site
+- Features
+- Supported mount options
+- Known bugs and (mis-)features
+- Using NTFS volume and stripe sets
+ - The Device-Mapper driver
+ - The Software RAID / MD driver
+ - Limitiations when using the MD driver
+- ChangeLog
+
+
+Overview
+========
+
+Linux-NTFS comes with a number of user-space programs known as ntfsprogs.
+These include mkntfs, a full-featured ntfs file system format utility,
+ntfsundelete used for recovering files that were unintentionally deleted
+from an NTFS volume and ntfsresize which is used to resize an NTFS partition.
+See the web site for more information.
+
+To mount an NTFS 1.2/3.x (Windows NT4/2000/XP/2003) volume, use the file
+system type 'ntfs'. The driver currently supports read-only mode (with no
+fault-tolerance, encryption or journalling) and very limited, but safe, write
+support.
+
+For fault tolerance and raid support (i.e. volume and stripe sets), you can
+use the kernel's Software RAID / MD driver. See section "Using Software RAID
+with NTFS" for details.
+
+
+Web site
+========
+
+There is plenty of additional information on the linux-ntfs web site
+at http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/
+
+The web site has a lot of additional information, such as a comprehensive
+FAQ, documentation on the NTFS on-disk format, informaiton on the Linux-NTFS
+userspace utilities, etc.
+
+
+Features
+========
+
+- This is a complete rewrite of the NTFS driver that used to be in the kernel.
+ This new driver implements NTFS read support and is functionally equivalent
+ to the old ntfs driver.
+- The new driver has full support for sparse files on NTFS 3.x volumes which
+ the old driver isn't happy with.
+- The new driver supports execution of binaries due to mmap() now being
+ supported.
+- The new driver supports loopback mounting of files on NTFS which is used by
+ some Linux distributions to enable the user to run Linux from an NTFS
+ partition by creating a large file while in Windows and then loopback
+ mounting the file while in Linux and creating a Linux filesystem on it that
+ is used to install Linux on it.
+- A comparison of the two drivers using:
+ time find . -type f -exec md5sum "{}" \;
+ run three times in sequence with each driver (after a reboot) on a 1.4GiB
+ NTFS partition, showed the new driver to be 20% faster in total time elapsed
+ (from 9:43 minutes on average down to 7:53). The time spent in user space
+ was unchanged but the time spent in the kernel was decreased by a factor of
+ 2.5 (from 85 CPU seconds down to 33).
+- The driver does not support short file names in general. For backwards
+ compatibility, we implement access to files using their short file names if
+ they exist. The driver will not create short file names however, and a
+ rename will discard any existing short file name.
+- The new driver supports exporting of mounted NTFS volumes via NFS.
+- The new driver supports async io (aio).
+- The new driver supports fsync(2), fdatasync(2), and msync(2).
+- The new driver supports readv(2) and writev(2).
+- The new driver supports access time updates (including mtime and ctime).
+
+
+Supported mount options
+=======================
+
+In addition to the generic mount options described by the manual page for the
+mount command (man 8 mount, also see man 5 fstab), the NTFS driver supports the
+following mount options:
+
+iocharset=name Deprecated option. Still supported but please use
+ nls=name in the future. See description for nls=name.
+
+nls=name Character set to use when returning file names.
+ Unlike VFAT, NTFS suppresses names that contain
+ unconvertible characters. Note that most character
+ sets contain insufficient characters to represent all
+ possible Unicode characters that can exist on NTFS.
+ To be sure you are not missing any files, you are
+ advised to use nls=utf8 which is capable of
+ representing all Unicode characters.
+
+utf8=<bool> Option no longer supported. Currently mapped to
+ nls=utf8 but please use nls=utf8 in the future and
+ make sure utf8 is compiled either as module or into
+ the kernel. See description for nls=name.
+
+uid=
+gid=
+umask= Provide default owner, group, and access mode mask.
+ These options work as documented in mount(8). By
+ default, the files/directories are owned by root and
+ he/she has read and write permissions, as well as
+ browse permission for directories. No one else has any
+ access permissions. I.e. the mode on all files is by
+ default rw------- and for directories rwx------, a
+ consequence of the default fmask=0177 and dmask=0077.
+ Using a umask of zero will grant all permissions to
+ everyone, i.e. all files and directories will have mode
+ rwxrwxrwx.
+
+fmask=
+dmask= Instead of specifying umask which applies both to
+ files and directories, fmask applies only to files and
+ dmask only to directories.
+
+sloppy=<BOOL> If sloppy is specified, ignore unknown mount options.
+ Otherwise the default behaviour is to abort mount if
+ any unknown options are found.
+
+show_sys_files=<BOOL> If show_sys_files is specified, show the system files
+ in directory listings. Otherwise the default behaviour
+ is to hide the system files.
+ Note that even when show_sys_files is specified, "$MFT"
+ will not be visible due to bugs/mis-features in glibc.
+ Further, note that irrespective of show_sys_files, all
+ files are accessible by name, i.e. you can always do
+ "ls -l \$UpCase" for example to specifically show the
+ system file containing the Unicode upcase table.
+
+case_sensitive=<BOOL> If case_sensitive is specified, treat all file names as
+ case sensitive and create file names in the POSIX
+ namespace. Otherwise the default behaviour is to treat
+ file names as case insensitive and to create file names
+ in the WIN32/LONG name space. Note, the Linux NTFS
+ driver will never create short file names and will
+ remove them on rename/delete of the corresponding long
+ file name.
+ Note that files remain accessible via their short file
+ name, if it exists. If case_sensitive, you will need
+ to provide the correct case of the short file name.
+
+errors=opt What to do when critical file system errors are found.
+ Following values can be used for "opt":
+ continue: DEFAULT, try to clean-up as much as
+ possible, e.g. marking a corrupt inode as
+ bad so it is no longer accessed, and then
+ continue.
+ recover: At present only supported is recovery of
+ the boot sector from the backup copy.
+ If read-only mount, the recovery is done
+ in memory only and not written to disk.
+ Note that the options are additive, i.e. specifying:
+ errors=continue,errors=recover
+ means the driver will attempt to recover and if that
+ fails it will clean-up as much as possible and
+ continue.
+
+mft_zone_multiplier= Set the MFT zone multiplier for the volume (this
+ setting is not persistent across mounts and can be
+ changed from mount to mount but cannot be changed on
+ remount). Values of 1 to 4 are allowed, 1 being the
+ default. The MFT zone multiplier determines how much
+ space is reserved for the MFT on the volume. If all
+ other space is used up, then the MFT zone will be
+ shrunk dynamically, so this has no impact on the
+ amount of free space. However, it can have an impact
+ on performance by affecting fragmentation of the MFT.
+ In general use the default. If you have a lot of small
+ files then use a higher value. The values have the
+ following meaning:
+ Value MFT zone size (% of volume size)
+ 1 12.5%
+ 2 25%
+ 3 37.5%
+ 4 50%
+ Note this option is irrelevant for read-only mounts.
+
+
+Known bugs and (mis-)features
+=============================
+
+- The link count on each directory inode entry is set to 1, due to Linux not
+ supporting directory hard links. This may well confuse some user space
+ applications, since the directory names will have the same inode numbers.
+ This also speeds up ntfs_read_inode() immensely. And we haven't found any
+ problems with this approach so far. If you find a problem with this, please
+ let us know.
+
+
+Please send bug reports/comments/feedback/abuse to the Linux-NTFS development
+list at sourceforge: linux-ntfs-dev@lists.sourceforge.net
+
+
+Using NTFS volume and stripe sets
+=================================
+
+For support of volume and stripe sets, you can either use the kernel's
+Device-Mapper driver or the kernel's Software RAID / MD driver. The former is
+the recommended one to use for linear raid. But the latter is required for
+raid level 5. For striping and mirroring, either driver should work fine.
+
+
+The Device-Mapper driver
+------------------------
+
+You will need to create a table of the components of the volume/stripe set and
+how they fit together and load this into the kernel using the dmsetup utility
+(see man 8 dmsetup).
+
+Linear volume sets, i.e. linear raid, has been tested and works fine. Even
+though untested, there is no reason why stripe sets, i.e. raid level 0, and
+mirrors, i.e. raid level 1 should not work, too. Stripes with parity, i.e.
+raid level 5, unfortunately cannot work yet because the current version of the
+Device-Mapper driver does not support raid level 5. You may be able to use the
+Software RAID / MD driver for raid level 5, see the next section for details.
+
+To create the table describing your volume you will need to know each of its
+components and their sizes in sectors, i.e. multiples of 512-byte blocks.
+
+For NT4 fault tolerant volumes you can obtain the sizes using fdisk. So for
+example if one of your partitions is /dev/hda2 you would do:
+
+$ fdisk -ul /dev/hda
+
+Disk /dev/hda: 81.9 GB, 81964302336 bytes
+255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9964 cylinders, total 160086528 sectors
+Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
+
+ Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
+ /dev/hda1 * 63 4209029 2104483+ 83 Linux
+ /dev/hda2 4209030 37768814 16779892+ 86 NTFS
+ /dev/hda3 37768815 46170809 4200997+ 83 Linux
+
+And you would know that /dev/hda2 has a size of 37768814 - 4209030 + 1 =
+33559785 sectors.
+
+For Win2k and later dynamic disks, you can for example use the ldminfo utility
+which is part of the Linux LDM tools (the latest version at the time of
+writing is linux-ldm-0.0.8.tar.bz2). You can download it from:
+ http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/downloads.html
+Simply extract the downloaded archive (tar xvjf linux-ldm-0.0.8.tar.bz2), go
+into it (cd linux-ldm-0.0.8) and change to the test directory (cd test). You
+will find the precompiled (i386) ldminfo utility there. NOTE: You will not be
+able to compile this yourself easily so use the binary version!
+
+Then you would use ldminfo in dump mode to obtain the necessary information:
+
+$ ./ldminfo --dump /dev/hda
+
+This would dump the LDM database found on /dev/hda which describes all of your
+dynamic disks and all the volumes on them. At the bottom you will see the
+VOLUME DEFINITIONS section which is all you really need. You may need to look
+further above to determine which of the disks in the volume definitions is
+which device in Linux. Hint: Run ldminfo on each of your dynamic disks and
+look at the Disk Id close to the top of the output for each (the PRIVATE HEADER
+section). You can then find these Disk Ids in the VBLK DATABASE section in the
+<Disk> components where you will get the LDM Name for the disk that is found in
+the VOLUME DEFINITIONS section.
+
+Note you will also need to enable the LDM driver in the Linux kernel. If your
+distribution did not enable it, you will need to recompile the kernel with it
+enabled. This will create the LDM partitions on each device at boot time. You
+would then use those devices (for /dev/hda they would be /dev/hda1, 2, 3, etc)
+in the Device-Mapper table.
+
+You can also bypass using the LDM driver by using the main device (e.g.
+/dev/hda) and then using the offsets of the LDM partitions into this device as
+the "Start sector of device" when creating the table. Once again ldminfo would
+give you the correct information to do this.
+
+Assuming you know all your devices and their sizes things are easy.
+
+For a linear raid the table would look like this (note all values are in
+512-byte sectors):
+
+--- cut here ---
+# Offset into Size of this Raid type Device Start sector
+# volume device of device
+0 1028161 linear /dev/hda1 0
+1028161 3903762 linear /dev/hdb2 0
+4931923 2103211 linear /dev/hdc1 0
+--- cut here ---
+
+For a striped volume, i.e. raid level 0, you will need to know the chunk size
+you used when creating the volume. Windows uses 64kiB as the default, so it
+will probably be this unless you changes the defaults when creating the array.
+
+For a raid level 0 the table would look like this (note all values are in
+512-byte sectors):
+
+--- cut here ---
+# Offset Size Raid Number Chunk 1st Start 2nd Start
+# into of the type of size Device in Device in
+# volume volume stripes device device
+0 2056320 striped 2 128 /dev/hda1 0 /dev/hdb1 0
+--- cut here ---
+
+If there are more than two devices, just add each of them to the end of the
+line.
+
+Finally, for a mirrored volume, i.e. raid level 1, the table would look like
+this (note all values are in 512-byte sectors):
+
+--- cut here ---
+# Ofs Size Raid Log Number Region Should Number Source Start Taget Start
+# in of the type type of log size sync? of Device in Device in
+# vol volume params mirrors Device Device
+0 2056320 mirror core 2 16 nosync 2 /dev/hda1 0 /dev/hdb1 0
+--- cut here ---
+
+If you are mirroring to multiple devices you can specify further targets at the
+end of the line.
+
+Note the "Should sync?" parameter "nosync" means that the two mirrors are
+already in sync which will be the case on a clean shutdown of Windows. If the
+mirrors are not clean, you can specify the "sync" option instead of "nosync"
+and the Device-Mapper driver will then copy the entirey of the "Source Device"
+to the "Target Device" or if you specified multipled target devices to all of
+them.
+
+Once you have your table, save it in a file somewhere (e.g. /etc/ntfsvolume1),
+and hand it over to dmsetup to work with, like so:
+
+$ dmsetup create myvolume1 /etc/ntfsvolume1
+
+You can obviously replace "myvolume1" with whatever name you like.
+
+If it all worked, you will now have the device /dev/device-mapper/myvolume1
+which you can then just use as an argument to the mount command as usual to
+mount the ntfs volume. For example:
+
+$ mount -t ntfs -o ro /dev/device-mapper/myvolume1 /mnt/myvol1
+
+(You need to create the directory /mnt/myvol1 first and of course you can use
+anything you like instead of /mnt/myvol1 as long as it is an existing
+directory.)
+
+It is advisable to do the mount read-only to see if the volume has been setup
+correctly to avoid the possibility of causing damage to the data on the ntfs
+volume.
+
+
+The Software RAID / MD driver
+-----------------------------
+
+An alternative to using the Device-Mapper driver is to use the kernel's
+Software RAID / MD driver. For which you need to set up your /etc/raidtab
+appropriately (see man 5 raidtab).
+
+Linear volume sets, i.e. linear raid, as well as stripe sets, i.e. raid level
+0, have been tested and work fine (though see section "Limitiations when using
+the MD driver with NTFS volumes" especially if you want to use linear raid).
+Even though untested, there is no reason why mirrors, i.e. raid level 1, and
+stripes with parity, i.e. raid level 5, should not work, too.
+
+You have to use the "persistent-superblock 0" option for each raid-disk in the
+NTFS volume/stripe you are configuring in /etc/raidtab as the persistent
+superblock used by the MD driver would damange the NTFS volume.
+
+Windows by default uses a stripe chunk size of 64k, so you probably want the
+"chunk-size 64k" option for each raid-disk, too.
+
+For example, if you have a stripe set consisting of two partitions /dev/hda5
+and /dev/hdb1 your /etc/raidtab would look like this:
+
+raiddev /dev/md0
+ raid-level 0
+ nr-raid-disks 2
+ nr-spare-disks 0
+ persistent-superblock 0
+ chunk-size 64k
+ device /dev/hda5
+ raid-disk 0
+ device /dev/hdb1
+ raid-disl 1
+
+For linear raid, just change the raid-level above to "raid-level linear", for
+mirrors, change it to "raid-level 1", and for stripe sets with parity, change
+it to "raid-level 5".
+
+Note for stripe sets with parity you will also need to tell the MD driver
+which parity algorithm to use by specifying the option "parity-algorithm
+which", where you need to replace "which" with the name of the algorithm to
+use (see man 5 raidtab for available algorithms) and you will have to try the
+different available algorithms until you find one that works. Make sure you
+are working read-only when playing with this as you may damage your data
+otherwise. If you find which algorithm works please let us know (email the
+linux-ntfs developers list linux-ntfs-dev@lists.sourceforge.net or drop in on
+IRC in channel #ntfs on the irc.freenode.net network) so we can update this
+documentation.
+
+Once the raidtab is setup, run for example raid0run -a to start all devices or
+raid0run /dev/md0 to start a particular md device, in this case /dev/md0.
+
+Then just use the mount command as usual to mount the ntfs volume using for
+example: mount -t ntfs -o ro /dev/md0 /mnt/myntfsvolume
+
+It is advisable to do the mount read-only to see if the md volume has been
+setup correctly to avoid the possibility of causing damage to the data on the
+ntfs volume.
+
+
+Limitiations when using the Software RAID / MD driver
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+Using the md driver will not work properly if any of your NTFS partitions have
+an odd number of sectors. This is especially important for linear raid as all
+data after the first partition with an odd number of sectors will be offset by
+one or more sectors so if you mount such a partition with write support you
+will cause massive damage to the data on the volume which will only become
+apparent when you try to use the volume again under Windows.
+
+So when using linear raid, make sure that all your partitions have an even
+number of sectors BEFORE attempting to use it. You have been warned!
+
+Even better is to simply use the Device-Mapper for linear raid and then you do
+not have this problem with odd numbers of sectors.
+
+
+ChangeLog
+=========
+
+Note, a technical ChangeLog aimed at kernel hackers is in fs/ntfs/ChangeLog.
+
+2.1.22:
+ - Improve handling of ntfs volumes with errors.
+ - Fix various bugs and race conditions.
+2.1.21:
+ - Fix several race conditions and various other bugs.
+ - Many internal cleanups, code reorganization, optimizations, and mft
+ and index record writing code rewritten to fit in with the changes.
+ - Update Documentation/filesystems/ntfs.txt with instructions on how to
+ use the Device-Mapper driver with NTFS ftdisk/LDM raid.
+2.1.20:
+ - Fix two stupid bugs introduced in 2.1.18 release.
+2.1.19:
+ - Minor bugfix in handling of the default upcase table.
+ - Many internal cleanups and improvements. Many thanks to Linus
+ Torvalds and Al Viro for the help and advice with the sparse
+ annotations and cleanups.
+2.1.18:
+ - Fix scheduling latencies at mount time. (Ingo Molnar)
+ - Fix endianness bug in a little traversed portion of the attribute
+ lookup code.
+2.1.17:
+ - Fix bugs in mount time error code paths.
+2.1.16:
+ - Implement access time updates (including mtime and ctime).
+ - Implement fsync(2), fdatasync(2), and msync(2) system calls.
+ - Enable the readv(2) and writev(2) system calls.
+ - Enable access via the asynchronous io (aio) API by adding support for
+ the aio_read(3) and aio_write(3) functions.
+2.1.15:
+ - Invalidate quotas when (re)mounting read-write.
+ NOTE: This now only leave user space journalling on the side. (See
+ note for version 2.1.13, below.)
+2.1.14:
+ - Fix an NFSd caused deadlock reported by several users.
+2.1.13:
+ - Implement writing of inodes (access time updates are not implemented
+ yet so mounting with -o noatime,nodiratime is enforced).
+ - Enable writing out of resident files so you can now overwrite any
+ uncompressed, unencrypted, nonsparse file as long as you do not
+ change the file size.
+ - Add housekeeping of ntfs system files so that ntfsfix no longer needs
+ to be run after writing to an NTFS volume.
+ NOTE: This still leaves quota tracking and user space journalling on
+ the side but they should not cause data corruption. In the worst
+ case the charged quotas will be out of date ($Quota) and some
+ userspace applications might get confused due to the out of date
+ userspace journal ($UsnJrnl).
+2.1.12:
+ - Fix the second fix to the decompression engine from the 2.1.9 release
+ and some further internals cleanups.
+2.1.11:
+ - Driver internal cleanups.
+2.1.10:
+ - Force read-only (re)mounting of volumes with unsupported volume
+ flags and various cleanups.
+2.1.9:
+ - Fix two bugs in handling of corner cases in the decompression engine.
+2.1.8:
+ - Read the $MFT mirror and compare it to the $MFT and if the two do not
+ match, force a read-only mount and do not allow read-write remounts.
+ - Read and parse the $LogFile journal and if it indicates that the
+ volume was not shutdown cleanly, force a read-only mount and do not
+ allow read-write remounts. If the $LogFile indicates a clean
+ shutdown and a read-write (re)mount is requested, empty $LogFile to
+ ensure that Windows cannot cause data corruption by replaying a stale
+ journal after Linux has written to the volume.
+ - Improve time handling so that the NTFS time is fully preserved when
+ converted to kernel time and only up to 99 nano-seconds are lost when
+ kernel time is converted to NTFS time.
+2.1.7:
+ - Enable NFS exporting of mounted NTFS volumes.
+2.1.6:
+ - Fix minor bug in handling of compressed directories that fixes the
+ erroneous "du" and "stat" output people reported.
+2.1.5:
+ - Minor bug fix in attribute list attribute handling that fixes the
+ I/O errors on "ls" of certain fragmented files found by at least two
+ people running Windows XP.
+2.1.4:
+ - Minor update allowing compilation with all gcc versions (well, the
+ ones the kernel can be compiled with anyway).
+2.1.3:
+ - Major bug fixes for reading files and volumes in corner cases which
+ were being hit by Windows 2k/XP users.
+2.1.2:
+ - Major bug fixes aleviating the hangs in statfs experienced by some
+ users.
+2.1.1:
+ - Update handling of compressed files so people no longer get the
+ frequently reported warning messages about initialized_size !=
+ data_size.
+2.1.0:
+ - Add configuration option for developmental write support.
+ - Initial implementation of file overwriting. (Writes to resident files
+ are not written out to disk yet, so avoid writing to files smaller
+ than about 1kiB.)
+ - Intercept/abort changes in file size as they are not implemented yet.
+2.0.25:
+ - Minor bugfixes in error code paths and small cleanups.
+2.0.24:
+ - Small internal cleanups.
+ - Support for sendfile system call. (Christoph Hellwig)
+2.0.23:
+ - Massive internal locking changes to mft record locking. Fixes
+ various race conditions and deadlocks.
+ - Fix ntfs over loopback for compressed files by adding an
+ optimization barrier. (gcc was screwing up otherwise ?)
+ Thanks go to Christoph Hellwig for pointing these two out:
+ - Remove now unused function fs/ntfs/malloc.h::vmalloc_nofs().
+ - Fix ntfs_free() for ia64 and parisc.
+2.0.22:
+ - Small internal cleanups.
+2.0.21:
+ These only affect 32-bit architectures:
+ - Check for, and refuse to mount too large volumes (maximum is 2TiB).
+ - Check for, and refuse to open too large files and directories
+ (maximum is 16TiB).
+2.0.20:
+ - Support non-resident directory index bitmaps. This means we now cope
+ with huge directories without problems.
+ - Fix a page leak that manifested itself in some cases when reading
+ directory contents.
+ - Internal cleanups.
+2.0.19:
+ - Fix race condition and improvements in block i/o interface.
+ - Optimization when reading compressed files.
+2.0.18:
+ - Fix race condition in reading of compressed files.
+2.0.17:
+ - Cleanups and optimizations.
+2.0.16:
+ - Fix stupid bug introduced in 2.0.15 in new attribute inode API.
+ - Big internal cleanup replacing the mftbmp access hacks by using the
+ new attribute inode API instead.
+2.0.15:
+ - Bug fix in parsing of remount options.
+ - Internal changes implementing attribute (fake) inodes allowing all
+ attribute i/o to go via the page cache and to use all the normal
+ vfs/mm functionality.
+2.0.14:
+ - Internal changes improving run list merging code and minor locking
+ change to not rely on BKL in ntfs_statfs().
+2.0.13:
+ - Internal changes towards using iget5_locked() in preparation for
+ fake inodes and small cleanups to ntfs_volume structure.
+2.0.12:
+ - Internal cleanups in address space operations made possible by the
+ changes introduced in the previous release.
+2.0.11:
+ - Internal updates and cleanups introducing the first step towards
+ fake inode based attribute i/o.
+2.0.10:
+ - Microsoft says that the maximum number of inodes is 2^32 - 1. Update
+ the driver accordingly to only use 32-bits to store inode numbers on
+ 32-bit architectures. This improves the speed of the driver a little.
+2.0.9:
+ - Change decompression engine to use a single buffer. This should not
+ affect performance except perhaps on the most heavy i/o on SMP
+ systems when accessing multiple compressed files from multiple
+ devices simultaneously.
+ - Minor updates and cleanups.
+2.0.8:
+ - Remove now obsolete show_inodes and posix mount option(s).
+ - Restore show_sys_files mount option.
+ - Add new mount option case_sensitive, to determine if the driver
+ treats file names as case sensitive or not.
+ - Mostly drop support for short file names (for backwards compatibility
+ we only support accessing files via their short file name if one
+ exists).
+ - Fix dcache aliasing issues wrt short/long file names.
+ - Cleanups and minor fixes.
+2.0.7:
+ - Just cleanups.
+2.0.6:
+ - Major bugfix to make compatible with other kernel changes. This fixes
+ the hangs/oopses on umount.
+ - Locking cleanup in directory operations (remove BKL usage).
+2.0.5:
+ - Major buffer overflow bug fix.
+ - Minor cleanups and updates for kernel 2.5.12.
+2.0.4:
+ - Cleanups and updates for kernel 2.5.11.
+2.0.3:
+ - Small bug fixes, cleanups, and performance improvements.
+2.0.2:
+ - Use default fmask of 0177 so that files are no executable by default.
+ If you want owner executable files, just use fmask=0077.
+ - Update for kernel 2.5.9 but preserve backwards compatibility with
+ kernel 2.5.7.
+ - Minor bug fixes, cleanups, and updates.
+2.0.1:
+ - Minor updates, primarily set the executable bit by default on files
+ so they can be executed.
+2.0.0:
+ - Started ChangeLog.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/porting b/Documentation/filesystems/porting
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f38846
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/porting
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+Changes since 2.5.0:
+
+---
+[recommended]
+
+New helpers: sb_bread(), sb_getblk(), sb_find_get_block(), set_bh(),
+ sb_set_blocksize() and sb_min_blocksize().
+
+Use them.
+
+(sb_find_get_block() replaces 2.4's get_hash_table())
+
+---
+[recommended]
+
+New methods: ->alloc_inode() and ->destroy_inode().
+
+Remove inode->u.foo_inode_i
+Declare
+ struct foo_inode_info {
+ /* fs-private stuff */
+ struct inode vfs_inode;
+ };
+ static inline struct foo_inode_info *FOO_I(struct inode *inode)
+ {
+ return list_entry(inode, struct foo_inode_info, vfs_inode);
+ }
+
+Use FOO_I(inode) instead of &inode->u.foo_inode_i;
+
+Add foo_alloc_inode() and foo_destory_inode() - the former should allocate
+foo_inode_info and return the address of ->vfs_inode, the latter should free
+FOO_I(inode) (see in-tree filesystems for examples).
+
+Make them ->alloc_inode and ->destroy_inode in your super_operations.
+
+Keep in mind that now you need explicit initialization of private data -
+typically in ->read_inode() and after getting an inode from new_inode().
+
+At some point that will become mandatory.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+Change of file_system_type method (->read_super to ->get_sb)
+
+->read_super() is no more. Ditto for DECLARE_FSTYPE and DECLARE_FSTYPE_DEV.
+
+Turn your foo_read_super() into a function that would return 0 in case of
+success and negative number in case of error (-EINVAL unless you have more
+informative error value to report). Call it foo_fill_super(). Now declare
+
+struct super_block foo_get_sb(struct file_system_type *fs_type,
+ int flags, const char *dev_name, void *data)
+{
+ return get_sb_bdev(fs_type, flags, dev_name, data, ext2_fill_super);
+}
+
+(or similar with s/bdev/nodev/ or s/bdev/single/, depending on the kind of
+filesystem).
+
+Replace DECLARE_FSTYPE... with explicit initializer and have ->get_sb set as
+foo_get_sb.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+Locking change: ->s_vfs_rename_sem is taken only by cross-directory renames.
+Most likely there is no need to change anything, but if you relied on
+global exclusion between renames for some internal purpose - you need to
+change your internal locking. Otherwise exclusion warranties remain the
+same (i.e. parents and victim are locked, etc.).
+
+---
+[informational]
+
+Now we have the exclusion between ->lookup() and directory removal (by
+->rmdir() and ->rename()). If you used to need that exclusion and do
+it by internal locking (most of filesystems couldn't care less) - you
+can relax your locking.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+->lookup(), ->truncate(), ->create(), ->unlink(), ->mknod(), ->mkdir(),
+->rmdir(), ->link(), ->lseek(), ->symlink(), ->rename()
+and ->readdir() are called without BKL now. Grab it on entry, drop upon return
+- that will guarantee the same locking you used to have. If your method or its
+parts do not need BKL - better yet, now you can shift lock_kernel() and
+unlock_kernel() so that they would protect exactly what needs to be
+protected.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+BKL is also moved from around sb operations. ->write_super() Is now called
+without BKL held. BKL should have been shifted into individual fs sb_op
+functions. If you don't need it, remove it.
+
+---
+[informational]
+
+check for ->link() target not being a directory is done by callers. Feel
+free to drop it...
+
+---
+[informational]
+
+->link() callers hold ->i_sem on the object we are linking to. Some of your
+problems might be over...
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+new file_system_type method - kill_sb(superblock). If you are converting
+an existing filesystem, set it according to ->fs_flags:
+ FS_REQUIRES_DEV - kill_block_super
+ FS_LITTER - kill_litter_super
+ neither - kill_anon_super
+FS_LITTER is gone - just remove it from fs_flags.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+ FS_SINGLE is gone (actually, that had happened back when ->get_sb()
+went in - and hadn't been documented ;-/). Just remove it from fs_flags
+(and see ->get_sb() entry for other actions).
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+->setattr() is called without BKL now. Caller _always_ holds ->i_sem, so
+watch for ->i_sem-grabbing code that might be used by your ->setattr().
+Callers of notify_change() need ->i_sem now.
+
+---
+[recommended]
+
+New super_block field "struct export_operations *s_export_op" for
+explicit support for exporting, e.g. via NFS. The structure is fully
+documented at its declaration in include/linux/fs.h, and in
+Documentation/filesystems/Exporting.
+
+Briefly it allows for the definition of decode_fh and encode_fh operations
+to encode and decode filehandles, and allows the filesystem to use
+a standard helper function for decode_fh, and provide file-system specific
+support for this helper, particularly get_parent.
+
+It is planned that this will be required for exporting once the code
+settles down a bit.
+
+[mandatory]
+
+s_export_op is now required for exporting a filesystem.
+isofs, ext2, ext3, resierfs, fat
+can be used as examples of very different filesystems.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+iget4() and the read_inode2 callback have been superseded by iget5_locked()
+which has the following prototype,
+
+ struct inode *iget5_locked(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino,
+ int (*test)(struct inode *, void *),
+ int (*set)(struct inode *, void *),
+ void *data);
+
+'test' is an additional function that can be used when the inode
+number is not sufficient to identify the actual file object. 'set'
+should be a non-blocking function that initializes those parts of a
+newly created inode to allow the test function to succeed. 'data' is
+passed as an opaque value to both test and set functions.
+
+When the inode has been created by iget5_locked(), it will be returned with
+the I_NEW flag set and will still be locked. read_inode has not been
+called so the file system still has to finalize the initialization. Once
+the inode is initialized it must be unlocked by calling unlock_new_inode().
+
+The filesystem is responsible for setting (and possibly testing) i_ino
+when appropriate. There is also a simpler iget_locked function that
+just takes the superblock and inode number as arguments and does the
+test and set for you.
+
+e.g.
+ inode = iget_locked(sb, ino);
+ if (inode->i_state & I_NEW) {
+ read_inode_from_disk(inode);
+ unlock_new_inode(inode);
+ }
+
+---
+[recommended]
+
+->getattr() finally getting used. See instances in nfs, minix, etc.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+->revalidate() is gone. If your filesystem had it - provide ->getattr()
+and let it call whatever you had as ->revlidate() + (for symlinks that
+had ->revalidate()) add calls in ->follow_link()/->readlink().
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+->d_parent changes are not protected by BKL anymore. Read access is safe
+if at least one of the following is true:
+ * filesystem has no cross-directory rename()
+ * dcache_lock is held
+ * we know that parent had been locked (e.g. we are looking at
+->d_parent of ->lookup() argument).
+ * we are called from ->rename().
+ * the child's ->d_lock is held
+Audit your code and add locking if needed. Notice that any place that is
+not protected by the conditions above is risky even in the old tree - you
+had been relying on BKL and that's prone to screwups. Old tree had quite
+a few holes of that kind - unprotected access to ->d_parent leading to
+anything from oops to silent memory corruption.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+ FS_NOMOUNT is gone. If you use it - just set MS_NOUSER in flags
+(see rootfs for one kind of solution and bdev/socket/pipe for another).
+
+---
+[recommended]
+
+ Use bdev_read_only(bdev) instead of is_read_only(kdev). The latter
+is still alive, but only because of the mess in drivers/s390/block/dasd.c.
+As soon as it gets fixed is_read_only() will die.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+->permission() is called without BKL now. Grab it on entry, drop upon
+return - that will guarantee the same locking you used to have. If
+your method or its parts do not need BKL - better yet, now you can
+shift lock_kernel() and unlock_kernel() so that they would protect
+exactly what needs to be protected.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+->statfs() is now called without BKL held. BKL should have been
+shifted into individual fs sb_op functions where it's not clear that
+it's safe to remove it. If you don't need it, remove it.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+ is_read_only() is gone; use bdev_read_only() instead.
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+ destroy_buffers() is gone; use invalidate_bdev().
+
+---
+[mandatory]
+
+ fsync_dev() is gone; use fsync_bdev(). NOTE: lvm breakage is
+deliberate; as soon as struct block_device * is propagated in a reasonable
+way by that code fixing will become trivial; until then nothing can be
+done.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbe85c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1940 @@
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ T H E /proc F I L E S Y S T E M
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/proc/sys Terrehon Bowden <terrehon@pacbell.net> October 7 1999
+ Bodo Bauer <bb@ricochet.net>
+
+2.4.x update Jorge Nerin <comandante@zaralinux.com> November 14 2000
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Version 1.3 Kernel version 2.2.12
+ Kernel version 2.4.0-test11-pre4
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Table of Contents
+-----------------
+
+ 0 Preface
+ 0.1 Introduction/Credits
+ 0.2 Legal Stuff
+
+ 1 Collecting System Information
+ 1.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
+ 1.2 Kernel data
+ 1.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
+ 1.4 Networking info in /proc/net
+ 1.5 SCSI info
+ 1.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
+ 1.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
+ 1.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
+
+ 2 Modifying System Parameters
+ 2.1 /proc/sys/fs - File system data
+ 2.2 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc - Miscellaneous binary formats
+ 2.3 /proc/sys/kernel - general kernel parameters
+ 2.4 /proc/sys/vm - The virtual memory subsystem
+ 2.5 /proc/sys/dev - Device specific parameters
+ 2.6 /proc/sys/sunrpc - Remote procedure calls
+ 2.7 /proc/sys/net - Networking stuff
+ 2.8 /proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings
+ 2.9 Appletalk
+ 2.10 IPX
+ 2.11 /proc/sys/fs/mqueue - POSIX message queues filesystem
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Preface
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+0.1 Introduction/Credits
+------------------------
+
+This documentation is part of a soon (or so we hope) to be released book on
+the SuSE Linux distribution. As there is no complete documentation for the
+/proc file system and we've used many freely available sources to write these
+chapters, it seems only fair to give the work back to the Linux community.
+This work is based on the 2.2.* kernel version and the upcoming 2.4.*. I'm
+afraid it's still far from complete, but we hope it will be useful. As far as
+we know, it is the first 'all-in-one' document about the /proc file system. It
+is focused on the Intel x86 hardware, so if you are looking for PPC, ARM,
+SPARC, AXP, etc., features, you probably won't find what you are looking for.
+It also only covers IPv4 networking, not IPv6 nor other protocols - sorry. But
+additions and patches are welcome and will be added to this document if you
+mail them to Bodo.
+
+We'd like to thank Alan Cox, Rik van Riel, and Alexey Kuznetsov and a lot of
+other people for help compiling this documentation. We'd also like to extend a
+special thank you to Andi Kleen for documentation, which we relied on heavily
+to create this document, as well as the additional information he provided.
+Thanks to everybody else who contributed source or docs to the Linux kernel
+and helped create a great piece of software... :)
+
+If you have any comments, corrections or additions, please don't hesitate to
+contact Bodo Bauer at bb@ricochet.net. We'll be happy to add them to this
+document.
+
+The latest version of this document is available online at
+http://skaro.nightcrawler.com/~bb/Docs/Proc as HTML version.
+
+If the above direction does not works for you, ypu could try the kernel
+mailing list at linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org and/or try to reach me at
+comandante@zaralinux.com.
+
+0.2 Legal Stuff
+---------------
+
+We don't guarantee the correctness of this document, and if you come to us
+complaining about how you screwed up your system because of incorrect
+documentation, we won't feel responsible...
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+CHAPTER 1: COLLECTING SYSTEM INFORMATION
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+In This Chapter
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+* Investigating the properties of the pseudo file system /proc and its
+ ability to provide information on the running Linux system
+* Examining /proc's structure
+* Uncovering various information about the kernel and the processes running
+ on the system
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the
+kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change
+certain kernel parameters at runtime (sysctl).
+
+First, we'll take a look at the read-only parts of /proc. In Chapter 2, we
+show you how you can use /proc/sys to change settings.
+
+1.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
+-----------------------------------
+
+The directory /proc contains (among other things) one subdirectory for each
+process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID).
+
+The link self points to the process reading the file system. Each process
+subdirectory has the entries listed in Table 1-1.
+
+
+Table 1-1: Process specific entries in /proc
+..............................................................................
+ File Content
+ cmdline Command line arguments
+ cpu Current and last cpu in wich it was executed (2.4)(smp)
+ cwd Link to the current working directory
+ environ Values of environment variables
+ exe Link to the executable of this process
+ fd Directory, which contains all file descriptors
+ maps Memory maps to executables and library files (2.4)
+ mem Memory held by this process
+ root Link to the root directory of this process
+ stat Process status
+ statm Process memory status information
+ status Process status in human readable form
+ wchan If CONFIG_KALLSYMS is set, a pre-decoded wchan
+..............................................................................
+
+For example, to get the status information of a process, all you have to do is
+read the file /proc/PID/status:
+
+ >cat /proc/self/status
+ Name: cat
+ State: R (running)
+ Pid: 5452
+ PPid: 743
+ TracerPid: 0 (2.4)
+ Uid: 501 501 501 501
+ Gid: 100 100 100 100
+ Groups: 100 14 16
+ VmSize: 1112 kB
+ VmLck: 0 kB
+ VmRSS: 348 kB
+ VmData: 24 kB
+ VmStk: 12 kB
+ VmExe: 8 kB
+ VmLib: 1044 kB
+ SigPnd: 0000000000000000
+ SigBlk: 0000000000000000
+ SigIgn: 0000000000000000
+ SigCgt: 0000000000000000
+ CapInh: 00000000fffffeff
+ CapPrm: 0000000000000000
+ CapEff: 0000000000000000
+
+
+This shows you nearly the same information you would get if you viewed it with
+the ps command. In fact, ps uses the proc file system to obtain its
+information. The statm file contains more detailed information about the
+process memory usage. Its seven fields are explained in Table 1-2.
+
+
+Table 1-2: Contents of the statm files (as of 2.6.8-rc3)
+..............................................................................
+ Field Content
+ size total program size (pages) (same as VmSize in status)
+ resident size of memory portions (pages) (same as VmRSS in status)
+ shared number of pages that are shared (i.e. backed by a file)
+ trs number of pages that are 'code' (not including libs; broken,
+ includes data segment)
+ lrs number of pages of library (always 0 on 2.6)
+ drs number of pages of data/stack (including libs; broken,
+ includes library text)
+ dt number of dirty pages (always 0 on 2.6)
+..............................................................................
+
+1.2 Kernel data
+---------------
+
+Similar to the process entries, the kernel data files give information about
+the running kernel. The files used to obtain this information are contained in
+/proc and are listed in Table 1-3. Not all of these will be present in your
+system. It depends on the kernel configuration and the loaded modules, which
+files are there, and which are missing.
+
+Table 1-3: Kernel info in /proc
+..............................................................................
+ File Content
+ apm Advanced power management info
+ buddyinfo Kernel memory allocator information (see text) (2.5)
+ bus Directory containing bus specific information
+ cmdline Kernel command line
+ cpuinfo Info about the CPU
+ devices Available devices (block and character)
+ dma Used DMS channels
+ filesystems Supported filesystems
+ driver Various drivers grouped here, currently rtc (2.4)
+ execdomains Execdomains, related to security (2.4)
+ fb Frame Buffer devices (2.4)
+ fs File system parameters, currently nfs/exports (2.4)
+ ide Directory containing info about the IDE subsystem
+ interrupts Interrupt usage
+ iomem Memory map (2.4)
+ ioports I/O port usage
+ irq Masks for irq to cpu affinity (2.4)(smp?)
+ isapnp ISA PnP (Plug&Play) Info (2.4)
+ kcore Kernel core image (can be ELF or A.OUT(deprecated in 2.4))
+ kmsg Kernel messages
+ ksyms Kernel symbol table
+ loadavg Load average of last 1, 5 & 15 minutes
+ locks Kernel locks
+ meminfo Memory info
+ misc Miscellaneous
+ modules List of loaded modules
+ mounts Mounted filesystems
+ net Networking info (see text)
+ partitions Table of partitions known to the system
+ pci Depreciated info of PCI bus (new way -> /proc/bus/pci/,
+ decoupled by lspci (2.4)
+ rtc Real time clock
+ scsi SCSI info (see text)
+ slabinfo Slab pool info
+ stat Overall statistics
+ swaps Swap space utilization
+ sys See chapter 2
+ sysvipc Info of SysVIPC Resources (msg, sem, shm) (2.4)
+ tty Info of tty drivers
+ uptime System uptime
+ version Kernel version
+ video bttv info of video resources (2.4)
+..............................................................................
+
+You can, for example, check which interrupts are currently in use and what
+they are used for by looking in the file /proc/interrupts:
+
+ > cat /proc/interrupts
+ CPU0
+ 0: 8728810 XT-PIC timer
+ 1: 895 XT-PIC keyboard
+ 2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
+ 3: 531695 XT-PIC aha152x
+ 4: 2014133 XT-PIC serial
+ 5: 44401 XT-PIC pcnet_cs
+ 8: 2 XT-PIC rtc
+ 11: 8 XT-PIC i82365
+ 12: 182918 XT-PIC PS/2 Mouse
+ 13: 1 XT-PIC fpu
+ 14: 1232265 XT-PIC ide0
+ 15: 7 XT-PIC ide1
+ NMI: 0
+
+In 2.4.* a couple of lines where added to this file LOC & ERR (this time is the
+output of a SMP machine):
+
+ > cat /proc/interrupts
+
+ CPU0 CPU1
+ 0: 1243498 1214548 IO-APIC-edge timer
+ 1: 8949 8958 IO-APIC-edge keyboard
+ 2: 0 0 XT-PIC cascade
+ 5: 11286 10161 IO-APIC-edge soundblaster
+ 8: 1 0 IO-APIC-edge rtc
+ 9: 27422 27407 IO-APIC-edge 3c503
+ 12: 113645 113873 IO-APIC-edge PS/2 Mouse
+ 13: 0 0 XT-PIC fpu
+ 14: 22491 24012 IO-APIC-edge ide0
+ 15: 2183 2415 IO-APIC-edge ide1
+ 17: 30564 30414 IO-APIC-level eth0
+ 18: 177 164 IO-APIC-level bttv
+ NMI: 2457961 2457959
+ LOC: 2457882 2457881
+ ERR: 2155
+
+NMI is incremented in this case because every timer interrupt generates a NMI
+(Non Maskable Interrupt) which is used by the NMI Watchdog to detect lockups.
+
+LOC is the local interrupt counter of the internal APIC of every CPU.
+
+ERR is incremented in the case of errors in the IO-APIC bus (the bus that
+connects the CPUs in a SMP system. This means that an error has been detected,
+the IO-APIC automatically retry the transmission, so it should not be a big
+problem, but you should read the SMP-FAQ.
+
+In this context it could be interesting to note the new irq directory in 2.4.
+It could be used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, this means that you can "hook" an
+IRQ to only one CPU, or to exclude a CPU of handling IRQs. The contents of the
+irq subdir is one subdir for each IRQ, and one file; prof_cpu_mask
+
+For example
+ > ls /proc/irq/
+ 0 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 prof_cpu_mask
+ 1 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9
+ > ls /proc/irq/0/
+ smp_affinity
+
+The contents of the prof_cpu_mask file and each smp_affinity file for each IRQ
+is the same by default:
+
+ > cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity
+ ffffffff
+
+It's a bitmask, in wich you can specify wich CPUs can handle the IRQ, you can
+set it by doing:
+
+ > echo 1 > /proc/irq/prof_cpu_mask
+
+This means that only the first CPU will handle the IRQ, but you can also echo 5
+wich means that only the first and fourth CPU can handle the IRQ.
+
+The way IRQs are routed is handled by the IO-APIC, and it's Round Robin
+between all the CPUs which are allowed to handle it. As usual the kernel has
+more info than you and does a better job than you, so the defaults are the
+best choice for almost everyone.
+
+There are three more important subdirectories in /proc: net, scsi, and sys.
+The general rule is that the contents, or even the existence of these
+directories, depend on your kernel configuration. If SCSI is not enabled, the
+directory scsi may not exist. The same is true with the net, which is there
+only when networking support is present in the running kernel.
+
+The slabinfo file gives information about memory usage at the slab level.
+Linux uses slab pools for memory management above page level in version 2.2.
+Commonly used objects have their own slab pool (such as network buffers,
+directory cache, and so on).
+
+..............................................................................
+
+> cat /proc/buddyinfo
+
+Node 0, zone DMA 0 4 5 4 4 3 ...
+Node 0, zone Normal 1 0 0 1 101 8 ...
+Node 0, zone HighMem 2 0 0 1 1 0 ...
+
+Memory fragmentation is a problem under some workloads, and buddyinfo is a
+useful tool for helping diagnose these problems. Buddyinfo will give you a
+clue as to how big an area you can safely allocate, or why a previous
+allocation failed.
+
+Each column represents the number of pages of a certain order which are
+available. In this case, there are 0 chunks of 2^0*PAGE_SIZE available in
+ZONE_DMA, 4 chunks of 2^1*PAGE_SIZE in ZONE_DMA, 101 chunks of 2^4*PAGE_SIZE
+available in ZONE_NORMAL, etc...
+
+..............................................................................
+
+meminfo:
+
+Provides information about distribution and utilization of memory. This
+varies by architecture and compile options. The following is from a
+16GB PIII, which has highmem enabled. You may not have all of these fields.
+
+> cat /proc/meminfo
+
+
+MemTotal: 16344972 kB
+MemFree: 13634064 kB
+Buffers: 3656 kB
+Cached: 1195708 kB
+SwapCached: 0 kB
+Active: 891636 kB
+Inactive: 1077224 kB
+HighTotal: 15597528 kB
+HighFree: 13629632 kB
+LowTotal: 747444 kB
+LowFree: 4432 kB
+SwapTotal: 0 kB
+SwapFree: 0 kB
+Dirty: 968 kB
+Writeback: 0 kB
+Mapped: 280372 kB
+Slab: 684068 kB
+CommitLimit: 7669796 kB
+Committed_AS: 100056 kB
+PageTables: 24448 kB
+VmallocTotal: 112216 kB
+VmallocUsed: 428 kB
+VmallocChunk: 111088 kB
+
+ MemTotal: Total usable ram (i.e. physical ram minus a few reserved
+ bits and the kernel binary code)
+ MemFree: The sum of LowFree+HighFree
+ Buffers: Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks
+ shouldn't get tremendously large (20MB or so)
+ Cached: in-memory cache for files read from the disk (the
+ pagecache). Doesn't include SwapCached
+ SwapCached: Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but
+ still also is in the swapfile (if memory is needed it
+ doesn't need to be swapped out AGAIN because it is already
+ in the swapfile. This saves I/O)
+ Active: Memory that has been used more recently and usually not
+ reclaimed unless absolutely necessary.
+ Inactive: Memory which has been less recently used. It is more
+ eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes
+ HighTotal:
+ HighFree: Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of physical memory
+ Highmem areas are for use by userspace programs, or
+ for the pagecache. The kernel must use tricks to access
+ this memory, making it slower to access than lowmem.
+ LowTotal:
+ LowFree: Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that
+ highmem can be used for, but it is also availble for the
+ kernel's use for its own data structures. Among many
+ other things, it is where everything from the Slab is
+ allocated. Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.
+ SwapTotal: total amount of swap space available
+ SwapFree: Memory which has been evicted from RAM, and is temporarily
+ on the disk
+ Dirty: Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk
+ Writeback: Memory which is actively being written back to the disk
+ Mapped: files which have been mmaped, such as libraries
+ Slab: in-kernel data structures cache
+ CommitLimit: Based on the overcommit ratio ('vm.overcommit_ratio'),
+ this is the total amount of memory currently available to
+ be allocated on the system. This limit is only adhered to
+ if strict overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2 in
+ 'vm.overcommit_memory').
+ The CommitLimit is calculated with the following formula:
+ CommitLimit = ('vm.overcommit_ratio' * Physical RAM) + Swap
+ For example, on a system with 1G of physical RAM and 7G
+ of swap with a `vm.overcommit_ratio` of 30 it would
+ yield a CommitLimit of 7.3G.
+ For more details, see the memory overcommit documentation
+ in vm/overcommit-accounting.
+Committed_AS: The amount of memory presently allocated on the system.
+ The committed memory is a sum of all of the memory which
+ has been allocated by processes, even if it has not been
+ "used" by them as of yet. A process which malloc()'s 1G
+ of memory, but only touches 300M of it will only show up
+ as using 300M of memory even if it has the address space
+ allocated for the entire 1G. This 1G is memory which has
+ been "committed" to by the VM and can be used at any time
+ by the allocating application. With strict overcommit
+ enabled on the system (mode 2 in 'vm.overcommit_memory'),
+ allocations which would exceed the CommitLimit (detailed
+ above) will not be permitted. This is useful if one needs
+ to guarantee that processes will not fail due to lack of
+ memory once that memory has been successfully allocated.
+ PageTables: amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page
+ tables.
+VmallocTotal: total size of vmalloc memory area
+ VmallocUsed: amount of vmalloc area which is used
+VmallocChunk: largest contigious block of vmalloc area which is free
+
+
+1.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
+----------------------------
+
+The subdirectory /proc/ide contains information about all IDE devices of which
+the kernel is aware. There is one subdirectory for each IDE controller, the
+file drivers and a link for each IDE device, pointing to the device directory
+in the controller specific subtree.
+
+The file drivers contains general information about the drivers used for the
+IDE devices:
+
+ > cat /proc/ide/drivers
+ ide-cdrom version 4.53
+ ide-disk version 1.08
+
+More detailed information can be found in the controller specific
+subdirectories. These are named ide0, ide1 and so on. Each of these
+directories contains the files shown in table 1-4.
+
+
+Table 1-4: IDE controller info in /proc/ide/ide?
+..............................................................................
+ File Content
+ channel IDE channel (0 or 1)
+ config Configuration (only for PCI/IDE bridge)
+ mate Mate name
+ model Type/Chipset of IDE controller
+..............................................................................
+
+Each device connected to a controller has a separate subdirectory in the
+controllers directory. The files listed in table 1-5 are contained in these
+directories.
+
+
+Table 1-5: IDE device information
+..............................................................................
+ File Content
+ cache The cache
+ capacity Capacity of the medium (in 512Byte blocks)
+ driver driver and version
+ geometry physical and logical geometry
+ identify device identify block
+ media media type
+ model device identifier
+ settings device setup
+ smart_thresholds IDE disk management thresholds
+ smart_values IDE disk management values
+..............................................................................
+
+The most interesting file is settings. This file contains a nice overview of
+the drive parameters:
+
+ # cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/settings
+ name value min max mode
+ ---- ----- --- --- ----
+ bios_cyl 526 0 65535 rw
+ bios_head 255 0 255 rw
+ bios_sect 63 0 63 rw
+ breada_readahead 4 0 127 rw
+ bswap 0 0 1 r
+ file_readahead 72 0 2097151 rw
+ io_32bit 0 0 3 rw
+ keepsettings 0 0 1 rw
+ max_kb_per_request 122 1 127 rw
+ multcount 0 0 8 rw
+ nice1 1 0 1 rw
+ nowerr 0 0 1 rw
+ pio_mode write-only 0 255 w
+ slow 0 0 1 rw
+ unmaskirq 0 0 1 rw
+ using_dma 0 0 1 rw
+
+
+1.4 Networking info in /proc/net
+--------------------------------
+
+The subdirectory /proc/net follows the usual pattern. Table 1-6 shows the
+additional values you get for IP version 6 if you configure the kernel to
+support this. Table 1-7 lists the files and their meaning.
+
+
+Table 1-6: IPv6 info in /proc/net
+..............................................................................
+ File Content
+ udp6 UDP sockets (IPv6)
+ tcp6 TCP sockets (IPv6)
+ raw6 Raw device statistics (IPv6)
+ igmp6 IP multicast addresses, which this host joined (IPv6)
+ if_inet6 List of IPv6 interface addresses
+ ipv6_route Kernel routing table for IPv6
+ rt6_stats Global IPv6 routing tables statistics
+ sockstat6 Socket statistics (IPv6)
+ snmp6 Snmp data (IPv6)
+..............................................................................
+
+
+Table 1-7: Network info in /proc/net
+..............................................................................
+ File Content
+ arp Kernel ARP table
+ dev network devices with statistics
+ dev_mcast the Layer2 multicast groups a device is listening too
+ (interface index, label, number of references, number of bound
+ addresses).
+ dev_stat network device status
+ ip_fwchains Firewall chain linkage
+ ip_fwnames Firewall chain names
+ ip_masq Directory containing the masquerading tables
+ ip_masquerade Major masquerading table
+ netstat Network statistics
+ raw raw device statistics
+ route Kernel routing table
+ rpc Directory containing rpc info
+ rt_cache Routing cache
+ snmp SNMP data
+ sockstat Socket statistics
+ tcp TCP sockets
+ tr_rif Token ring RIF routing table
+ udp UDP sockets
+ unix UNIX domain sockets
+ wireless Wireless interface data (Wavelan etc)
+ igmp IP multicast addresses, which this host joined
+ psched Global packet scheduler parameters.
+ netlink List of PF_NETLINK sockets
+ ip_mr_vifs List of multicast virtual interfaces
+ ip_mr_cache List of multicast routing cache
+..............................................................................
+
+You can use this information to see which network devices are available in
+your system and how much traffic was routed over those devices:
+
+ > cat /proc/net/dev
+ Inter-|Receive |[...
+ face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|[...
+ lo: 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0 [...
+ ppp0:15475140 20721 410 0 0 410 0 0 [...
+ eth0: 614530 7085 0 0 0 0 0 1 [...
+
+ ...] Transmit
+ ...] bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
+ ...] 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ ...] 1375103 17405 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ ...] 1703981 5535 0 0 0 3 0 0
+
+In addition, each Channel Bond interface has it's own directory. For
+example, the bond0 device will have a directory called /proc/net/bond0/.
+It will contain information that is specific to that bond, such as the
+current slaves of the bond, the link status of the slaves, and how
+many times the slaves link has failed.
+
+1.5 SCSI info
+-------------
+
+If you have a SCSI host adapter in your system, you'll find a subdirectory
+named after the driver for this adapter in /proc/scsi. You'll also see a list
+of all recognized SCSI devices in /proc/scsi:
+
+ >cat /proc/scsi/scsi
+ Attached devices:
+ Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
+ Vendor: IBM Model: DGHS09U Rev: 03E0
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
+ Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00
+ Vendor: PIONEER Model: CD-ROM DR-U06S Rev: 1.04
+ Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+
+
+The directory named after the driver has one file for each adapter found in
+the system. These files contain information about the controller, including
+the used IRQ and the IO address range. The amount of information shown is
+dependent on the adapter you use. The example shows the output for an Adaptec
+AHA-2940 SCSI adapter:
+
+ > cat /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/0
+
+ Adaptec AIC7xxx driver version: 5.1.19/3.2.4
+ Compile Options:
+ TCQ Enabled By Default : Disabled
+ AIC7XXX_PROC_STATS : Disabled
+ AIC7XXX_RESET_DELAY : 5
+ Adapter Configuration:
+ SCSI Adapter: Adaptec AHA-294X Ultra SCSI host adapter
+ Ultra Wide Controller
+ PCI MMAPed I/O Base: 0xeb001000
+ Adapter SEEPROM Config: SEEPROM found and used.
+ Adaptec SCSI BIOS: Enabled
+ IRQ: 10
+ SCBs: Active 0, Max Active 2,
+ Allocated 15, HW 16, Page 255
+ Interrupts: 160328
+ BIOS Control Word: 0x18b6
+ Adapter Control Word: 0x005b
+ Extended Translation: Enabled
+ Disconnect Enable Flags: 0xffff
+ Ultra Enable Flags: 0x0001
+ Tag Queue Enable Flags: 0x0000
+ Ordered Queue Tag Flags: 0x0000
+ Default Tag Queue Depth: 8
+ Tagged Queue By Device array for aic7xxx host instance 0:
+ {255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255}
+ Actual queue depth per device for aic7xxx host instance 0:
+ {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
+ Statistics:
+ (scsi0:0:0:0)
+ Device using Wide/Sync transfers at 40.0 MByte/sec, offset 8
+ Transinfo settings: current(12/8/1/0), goal(12/8/1/0), user(12/15/1/0)
+ Total transfers 160151 (74577 reads and 85574 writes)
+ (scsi0:0:6:0)
+ Device using Narrow/Sync transfers at 5.0 MByte/sec, offset 15
+ Transinfo settings: current(50/15/0/0), goal(50/15/0/0), user(50/15/0/0)
+ Total transfers 0 (0 reads and 0 writes)
+
+
+1.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
+---------------------------------------
+
+The directory /proc/parport contains information about the parallel ports of
+your system. It has one subdirectory for each port, named after the port
+number (0,1,2,...).
+
+These directories contain the four files shown in Table 1-8.
+
+
+Table 1-8: Files in /proc/parport
+..............................................................................
+ File Content
+ autoprobe Any IEEE-1284 device ID information that has been acquired.
+ devices list of the device drivers using that port. A + will appear by the
+ name of the device currently using the port (it might not appear
+ against any).
+ hardware Parallel port's base address, IRQ line and DMA channel.
+ irq IRQ that parport is using for that port. This is in a separate
+ file to allow you to alter it by writing a new value in (IRQ
+ number or none).
+..............................................................................
+
+1.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
+-------------------------
+
+Information about the available and actually used tty's can be found in the
+directory /proc/tty.You'll find entries for drivers and line disciplines in
+this directory, as shown in Table 1-9.
+
+
+Table 1-9: Files in /proc/tty
+..............................................................................
+ File Content
+ drivers list of drivers and their usage
+ ldiscs registered line disciplines
+ driver/serial usage statistic and status of single tty lines
+..............................................................................
+
+To see which tty's are currently in use, you can simply look into the file
+/proc/tty/drivers:
+
+ > cat /proc/tty/drivers
+ pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-255 pty:master
+ pty_slave /dev/ttyp 3 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/pty 2 0-255 pty:master
+ serial /dev/cua 5 64-67 serial:callout
+ serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-67 serial
+ /dev/tty0 /dev/tty0 4 0 system:vtmaster
+ /dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system
+ /dev/console /dev/console 5 1 system:console
+ /dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty
+ unknown /dev/tty 4 1-63 console
+
+
+1.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+Various pieces of information about kernel activity are available in the
+/proc/stat file. All of the numbers reported in this file are aggregates
+since the system first booted. For a quick look, simply cat the file:
+
+ > cat /proc/stat
+ cpu 2255 34 2290 22625563 6290 127 456
+ cpu0 1132 34 1441 11311718 3675 127 438
+ cpu1 1123 0 849 11313845 2614 0 18
+ intr 114930548 113199788 3 0 5 263 0 4 [... lots more numbers ...]
+ ctxt 1990473
+ btime 1062191376
+ processes 2915
+ procs_running 1
+ procs_blocked 0
+
+The very first "cpu" line aggregates the numbers in all of the other "cpuN"
+lines. These numbers identify the amount of time the CPU has spent performing
+different kinds of work. Time units are in USER_HZ (typically hundredths of a
+second). The meanings of the columns are as follows, from left to right:
+
+- user: normal processes executing in user mode
+- nice: niced processes executing in user mode
+- system: processes executing in kernel mode
+- idle: twiddling thumbs
+- iowait: waiting for I/O to complete
+- irq: servicing interrupts
+- softirq: servicing softirqs
+
+The "intr" line gives counts of interrupts serviced since boot time, for each
+of the possible system interrupts. The first column is the total of all
+interrupts serviced; each subsequent column is the total for that particular
+interrupt.
+
+The "ctxt" line gives the total number of context switches across all CPUs.
+
+The "btime" line gives the time at which the system booted, in seconds since
+the Unix epoch.
+
+The "processes" line gives the number of processes and threads created, which
+includes (but is not limited to) those created by calls to the fork() and
+clone() system calls.
+
+The "procs_running" line gives the number of processes currently running on
+CPUs.
+
+The "procs_blocked" line gives the number of processes currently blocked,
+waiting for I/O to complete.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Summary
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+The /proc file system serves information about the running system. It not only
+allows access to process data but also allows you to request the kernel status
+by reading files in the hierarchy.
+
+The directory structure of /proc reflects the types of information and makes
+it easy, if not obvious, where to look for specific data.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+CHAPTER 2: MODIFYING SYSTEM PARAMETERS
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+In This Chapter
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+* Modifying kernel parameters by writing into files found in /proc/sys
+* Exploring the files which modify certain parameters
+* Review of the /proc/sys file tree
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+A very interesting part of /proc is the directory /proc/sys. This is not only
+a source of information, it also allows you to change parameters within the
+kernel. Be very careful when attempting this. You can optimize your system,
+but you can also cause it to crash. Never alter kernel parameters on a
+production system. Set up a development machine and test to make sure that
+everything works the way you want it to. You may have no alternative but to
+reboot the machine once an error has been made.
+
+To change a value, simply echo the new value into the file. An example is
+given below in the section on the file system data. You need to be root to do
+this. You can create your own boot script to perform this every time your
+system boots.
+
+The files in /proc/sys can be used to fine tune and monitor miscellaneous and
+general things in the operation of the Linux kernel. Since some of the files
+can inadvertently disrupt your system, it is advisable to read both
+documentation and source before actually making adjustments. In any case, be
+very careful when writing to any of these files. The entries in /proc may
+change slightly between the 2.1.* and the 2.2 kernel, so if there is any doubt
+review the kernel documentation in the directory /usr/src/linux/Documentation.
+This chapter is heavily based on the documentation included in the pre 2.2
+kernels, and became part of it in version 2.2.1 of the Linux kernel.
+
+2.1 /proc/sys/fs - File system data
+-----------------------------------
+
+This subdirectory contains specific file system, file handle, inode, dentry
+and quota information.
+
+Currently, these files are in /proc/sys/fs:
+
+dentry-state
+------------
+
+Status of the directory cache. Since directory entries are dynamically
+allocated and deallocated, this file indicates the current status. It holds
+six values, in which the last two are not used and are always zero. The others
+are listed in table 2-1.
+
+
+Table 2-1: Status files of the directory cache
+..............................................................................
+ File Content
+ nr_dentry Almost always zero
+ nr_unused Number of unused cache entries
+ age_limit
+ in seconds after the entry may be reclaimed, when memory is short
+ want_pages internally
+..............................................................................
+
+dquot-nr and dquot-max
+----------------------
+
+The file dquot-max shows the maximum number of cached disk quota entries.
+
+The file dquot-nr shows the number of allocated disk quota entries and the
+number of free disk quota entries.
+
+If the number of available cached disk quotas is very low and you have a large
+number of simultaneous system users, you might want to raise the limit.
+
+file-nr and file-max
+--------------------
+
+The kernel allocates file handles dynamically, but doesn't free them again at
+this time.
+
+The value in file-max denotes the maximum number of file handles that the
+Linux kernel will allocate. When you get a lot of error messages about running
+out of file handles, you might want to raise this limit. The default value is
+10% of RAM in kilobytes. To change it, just write the new number into the
+file:
+
+ # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
+ 4096
+ # echo 8192 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
+ # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
+ 8192
+
+
+This method of revision is useful for all customizable parameters of the
+kernel - simply echo the new value to the corresponding file.
+
+Historically, the three values in file-nr denoted the number of allocated file
+handles, the number of allocated but unused file handles, and the maximum
+number of file handles. Linux 2.6 always reports 0 as the number of free file
+handles -- this is not an error, it just means that the number of allocated
+file handles exactly matches the number of used file handles.
+
+Attempts to allocate more file descriptors than file-max are reported with
+printk, look for "VFS: file-max limit <number> reached".
+
+inode-state and inode-nr
+------------------------
+
+The file inode-nr contains the first two items from inode-state, so we'll skip
+to that file...
+
+inode-state contains two actual numbers and five dummy values. The numbers
+are nr_inodes and nr_free_inodes (in order of appearance).
+
+nr_inodes
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+Denotes the number of inodes the system has allocated. This number will
+grow and shrink dynamically.
+
+nr_free_inodes
+--------------
+
+Represents the number of free inodes. Ie. The number of inuse inodes is
+(nr_inodes - nr_free_inodes).
+
+super-nr and super-max
+----------------------
+
+Again, super block structures are allocated by the kernel, but not freed. The
+file super-max contains the maximum number of super block handlers, where
+super-nr shows the number of currently allocated ones.
+
+Every mounted file system needs a super block, so if you plan to mount lots of
+file systems, you may want to increase these numbers.
+
+aio-nr and aio-max-nr
+---------------------
+
+aio-nr is the running total of the number of events specified on the
+io_setup system call for all currently active aio contexts. If aio-nr
+reaches aio-max-nr then io_setup will fail with EAGAIN. Note that
+raising aio-max-nr does not result in the pre-allocation or re-sizing
+of any kernel data structures.
+
+2.2 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc - Miscellaneous binary formats
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+Besides these files, there is the subdirectory /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc. This
+handles the kernel support for miscellaneous binary formats.
+
+Binfmt_misc provides the ability to register additional binary formats to the
+Kernel without compiling an additional module/kernel. Therefore, binfmt_misc
+needs to know magic numbers at the beginning or the filename extension of the
+binary.
+
+It works by maintaining a linked list of structs that contain a description of
+a binary format, including a magic with size (or the filename extension),
+offset and mask, and the interpreter name. On request it invokes the given
+interpreter with the original program as argument, as binfmt_java and
+binfmt_em86 and binfmt_mz do. Since binfmt_misc does not define any default
+binary-formats, you have to register an additional binary-format.
+
+There are two general files in binfmt_misc and one file per registered format.
+The two general files are register and status.
+
+Registering a new binary format
+-------------------------------
+
+To register a new binary format you have to issue the command
+
+ echo :name:type:offset:magic:mask:interpreter: > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register
+
+
+
+with appropriate name (the name for the /proc-dir entry), offset (defaults to
+0, if omitted), magic, mask (which can be omitted, defaults to all 0xff) and
+last but not least, the interpreter that is to be invoked (for example and
+testing /bin/echo). Type can be M for usual magic matching or E for filename
+extension matching (give extension in place of magic).
+
+Check or reset the status of the binary format handler
+------------------------------------------------------
+
+If you do a cat on the file /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status, you will get the
+current status (enabled/disabled) of binfmt_misc. Change the status by echoing
+0 (disables) or 1 (enables) or -1 (caution: this clears all previously
+registered binary formats) to status. For example echo 0 > status to disable
+binfmt_misc (temporarily).
+
+Status of a single handler
+--------------------------
+
+Each registered handler has an entry in /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc. These files
+perform the same function as status, but their scope is limited to the actual
+binary format. By cating this file, you also receive all related information
+about the interpreter/magic of the binfmt.
+
+Example usage of binfmt_misc (emulate binfmt_java)
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+ cd /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
+ echo ':Java:M::\xca\xfe\xba\xbe::/usr/local/java/bin/javawrapper:' > register
+ echo ':HTML:E::html::/usr/local/java/bin/appletviewer:' > register
+ echo ':Applet:M::<!--applet::/usr/local/java/bin/appletviewer:' > register
+ echo ':DEXE:M::\x0eDEX::/usr/bin/dosexec:' > register
+
+
+These four lines add support for Java executables and Java applets (like
+binfmt_java, additionally recognizing the .html extension with no need to put
+<!--applet> to every applet file). You have to install the JDK and the
+shell-script /usr/local/java/bin/javawrapper too. It works around the
+brokenness of the Java filename handling. To add a Java binary, just create a
+link to the class-file somewhere in the path.
+
+2.3 /proc/sys/kernel - general kernel parameters
+------------------------------------------------
+
+This directory reflects general kernel behaviors. As I've said before, the
+contents depend on your configuration. Here you'll find the most important
+files, along with descriptions of what they mean and how to use them.
+
+acct
+----
+
+The file contains three values; highwater, lowwater, and frequency.
+
+It exists only when BSD-style process accounting is enabled. These values
+control its behavior. If the free space on the file system where the log lives
+goes below lowwater percentage, accounting suspends. If it goes above
+highwater percentage, accounting resumes. Frequency determines how often you
+check the amount of free space (value is in seconds). Default settings are: 4,
+2, and 30. That is, suspend accounting if there is less than 2 percent free;
+resume it if we have a value of 3 or more percent; consider information about
+the amount of free space valid for 30 seconds
+
+ctrl-alt-del
+------------
+
+When the value in this file is 0, ctrl-alt-del is trapped and sent to the init
+program to handle a graceful restart. However, when the value is greater that
+zero, Linux's reaction to this key combination will be an immediate reboot,
+without syncing its dirty buffers.
+
+[NOTE]
+ When a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in raw mode, the
+ ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it ever reaches the
+ kernel tty layer, and it is up to the program to decide what to do with
+ it.
+
+domainname and hostname
+-----------------------
+
+These files can be controlled to set the NIS domainname and hostname of your
+box. For the classic darkstar.frop.org a simple:
+
+ # echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
+ # echo "frop.org" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname
+
+
+would suffice to set your hostname and NIS domainname.
+
+osrelease, ostype and version
+-----------------------------
+
+The names make it pretty obvious what these fields contain:
+
+ > cat /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
+ 2.2.12
+
+ > cat /proc/sys/kernel/ostype
+ Linux
+
+ > cat /proc/sys/kernel/version
+ #4 Fri Oct 1 12:41:14 PDT 1999
+
+
+The files osrelease and ostype should be clear enough. Version needs a little
+more clarification. The #4 means that this is the 4th kernel built from this
+source base and the date after it indicates the time the kernel was built. The
+only way to tune these values is to rebuild the kernel.
+
+panic
+-----
+
+The value in this file represents the number of seconds the kernel waits
+before rebooting on a panic. When you use the software watchdog, the
+recommended setting is 60. If set to 0, the auto reboot after a kernel panic
+is disabled, which is the default setting.
+
+printk
+------
+
+The four values in printk denote
+* console_loglevel,
+* default_message_loglevel,
+* minimum_console_loglevel and
+* default_console_loglevel
+respectively.
+
+These values influence printk() behavior when printing or logging error
+messages, which come from inside the kernel. See syslog(2) for more
+information on the different log levels.
+
+console_loglevel
+----------------
+
+Messages with a higher priority than this will be printed to the console.
+
+default_message_level
+---------------------
+
+Messages without an explicit priority will be printed with this priority.
+
+minimum_console_loglevel
+------------------------
+
+Minimum (highest) value to which the console_loglevel can be set.
+
+default_console_loglevel
+------------------------
+
+Default value for console_loglevel.
+
+sg-big-buff
+-----------
+
+This file shows the size of the generic SCSI (sg) buffer. At this point, you
+can't tune it yet, but you can change it at compile time by editing
+include/scsi/sg.h and changing the value of SG_BIG_BUFF.
+
+If you use a scanner with SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy) you might want to set
+this to a higher value. Refer to the SANE documentation on this issue.
+
+modprobe
+--------
+
+The location where the modprobe binary is located. The kernel uses this
+program to load modules on demand.
+
+unknown_nmi_panic
+-----------------
+
+The value in this file affects behavior of handling NMI. When the value is
+non-zero, unknown NMI is trapped and then panic occurs. At that time, kernel
+debugging information is displayed on console.
+
+NMI switch that most IA32 servers have fires unknown NMI up, for example.
+If a system hangs up, try pressing the NMI switch.
+
+[NOTE]
+ This function and oprofile share a NMI callback. Therefore this function
+ cannot be enabled when oprofile is activated.
+ And NMI watchdog will be disabled when the value in this file is set to
+ non-zero.
+
+
+2.4 /proc/sys/vm - The virtual memory subsystem
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+The files in this directory can be used to tune the operation of the virtual
+memory (VM) subsystem of the Linux kernel.
+
+vfs_cache_pressure
+------------------
+
+Controls the tendency of the kernel to reclaim the memory which is used for
+caching of directory and inode objects.
+
+At the default value of vfs_cache_pressure=100 the kernel will attempt to
+reclaim dentries and inodes at a "fair" rate with respect to pagecache and
+swapcache reclaim. Decreasing vfs_cache_pressure causes the kernel to prefer
+to retain dentry and inode caches. Increasing vfs_cache_pressure beyond 100
+causes the kernel to prefer to reclaim dentries and inodes.
+
+dirty_background_ratio
+----------------------
+
+Contains, as a percentage of total system memory, the number of pages at which
+the pdflush background writeback daemon will start writing out dirty data.
+
+dirty_ratio
+-----------------
+
+Contains, as a percentage of total system memory, the number of pages at which
+a process which is generating disk writes will itself start writing out dirty
+data.
+
+dirty_writeback_centisecs
+-------------------------
+
+The pdflush writeback daemons will periodically wake up and write `old' data
+out to disk. This tunable expresses the interval between those wakeups, in
+100'ths of a second.
+
+Setting this to zero disables periodic writeback altogether.
+
+dirty_expire_centisecs
+----------------------
+
+This tunable is used to define when dirty data is old enough to be eligible
+for writeout by the pdflush daemons. It is expressed in 100'ths of a second.
+Data which has been dirty in-memory for longer than this interval will be
+written out next time a pdflush daemon wakes up.
+
+legacy_va_layout
+----------------
+
+If non-zero, this sysctl disables the new 32-bit mmap mmap layout - the kernel
+will use the legacy (2.4) layout for all processes.
+
+lower_zone_protection
+---------------------
+
+For some specialised workloads on highmem machines it is dangerous for
+the kernel to allow process memory to be allocated from the "lowmem"
+zone. This is because that memory could then be pinned via the mlock()
+system call, or by unavailability of swapspace.
+
+And on large highmem machines this lack of reclaimable lowmem memory
+can be fatal.
+
+So the Linux page allocator has a mechanism which prevents allocations
+which _could_ use highmem from using too much lowmem. This means that
+a certain amount of lowmem is defended from the possibility of being
+captured into pinned user memory.
+
+(The same argument applies to the old 16 megabyte ISA DMA region. This
+mechanism will also defend that region from allocations which could use
+highmem or lowmem).
+
+The `lower_zone_protection' tunable determines how aggressive the kernel is
+in defending these lower zones. The default value is zero - no
+protection at all.
+
+If you have a machine which uses highmem or ISA DMA and your
+applications are using mlock(), or if you are running with no swap then
+you probably should increase the lower_zone_protection setting.
+
+The units of this tunable are fairly vague. It is approximately equal
+to "megabytes". So setting lower_zone_protection=100 will protect around 100
+megabytes of the lowmem zone from user allocations. It will also make
+those 100 megabytes unavaliable for use by applications and by
+pagecache, so there is a cost.
+
+The effects of this tunable may be observed by monitoring
+/proc/meminfo:LowFree. Write a single huge file and observe the point
+at which LowFree ceases to fall.
+
+A reasonable value for lower_zone_protection is 100.
+
+page-cluster
+------------
+
+page-cluster controls the number of pages which are written to swap in
+a single attempt. The swap I/O size.
+
+It is a logarithmic value - setting it to zero means "1 page", setting
+it to 1 means "2 pages", setting it to 2 means "4 pages", etc.
+
+The default value is three (eight pages at a time). There may be some
+small benefits in tuning this to a different value if your workload is
+swap-intensive.
+
+overcommit_memory
+-----------------
+
+This file contains one value. The following algorithm is used to decide if
+there's enough memory: if the value of overcommit_memory is positive, then
+there's always enough memory. This is a useful feature, since programs often
+malloc() huge amounts of memory 'just in case', while they only use a small
+part of it. Leaving this value at 0 will lead to the failure of such a huge
+malloc(), when in fact the system has enough memory for the program to run.
+
+On the other hand, enabling this feature can cause you to run out of memory
+and thrash the system to death, so large and/or important servers will want to
+set this value to 0.
+
+nr_hugepages and hugetlb_shm_group
+----------------------------------
+
+nr_hugepages configures number of hugetlb page reserved for the system.
+
+hugetlb_shm_group contains group id that is allowed to create SysV shared
+memory segment using hugetlb page.
+
+laptop_mode
+-----------
+
+laptop_mode is a knob that controls "laptop mode". All the things that are
+controlled by this knob are discussed in Documentation/laptop-mode.txt.
+
+block_dump
+----------
+
+block_dump enables block I/O debugging when set to a nonzero value. More
+information on block I/O debugging is in Documentation/laptop-mode.txt.
+
+swap_token_timeout
+------------------
+
+This file contains valid hold time of swap out protection token. The Linux
+VM has token based thrashing control mechanism and uses the token to prevent
+unnecessary page faults in thrashing situation. The unit of the value is
+second. The value would be useful to tune thrashing behavior.
+
+2.5 /proc/sys/dev - Device specific parameters
+----------------------------------------------
+
+Currently there is only support for CDROM drives, and for those, there is only
+one read-only file containing information about the CD-ROM drives attached to
+the system:
+
+ >cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info
+ CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 2.55 1999/04/25
+
+ drive name: sr0 hdb
+ drive speed: 32 40
+ drive # of slots: 1 0
+ Can close tray: 1 1
+ Can open tray: 1 1
+ Can lock tray: 1 1
+ Can change speed: 1 1
+ Can select disk: 0 1
+ Can read multisession: 1 1
+ Can read MCN: 1 1
+ Reports media changed: 1 1
+ Can play audio: 1 1
+
+
+You see two drives, sr0 and hdb, along with a list of their features.
+
+2.6 /proc/sys/sunrpc - Remote procedure calls
+---------------------------------------------
+
+This directory contains four files, which enable or disable debugging for the
+RPC functions NFS, NFS-daemon, RPC and NLM. The default values are 0. They can
+be set to one to turn debugging on. (The default value is 0 for each)
+
+2.7 /proc/sys/net - Networking stuff
+------------------------------------
+
+The interface to the networking parts of the kernel is located in
+/proc/sys/net. Table 2-3 shows all possible subdirectories. You may see only
+some of them, depending on your kernel's configuration.
+
+
+Table 2-3: Subdirectories in /proc/sys/net
+..............................................................................
+ Directory Content Directory Content
+ core General parameter appletalk Appletalk protocol
+ unix Unix domain sockets netrom NET/ROM
+ 802 E802 protocol ax25 AX25
+ ethernet Ethernet protocol rose X.25 PLP layer
+ ipv4 IP version 4 x25 X.25 protocol
+ ipx IPX token-ring IBM token ring
+ bridge Bridging decnet DEC net
+ ipv6 IP version 6
+..............................................................................
+
+We will concentrate on IP networking here. Since AX15, X.25, and DEC Net are
+only minor players in the Linux world, we'll skip them in this chapter. You'll
+find some short info on Appletalk and IPX further on in this chapter. Review
+the online documentation and the kernel source to get a detailed view of the
+parameters for those protocols. In this section we'll discuss the
+subdirectories printed in bold letters in the table above. As default values
+are suitable for most needs, there is no need to change these values.
+
+/proc/sys/net/core - Network core options
+-----------------------------------------
+
+rmem_default
+------------
+
+The default setting of the socket receive buffer in bytes.
+
+rmem_max
+--------
+
+The maximum receive socket buffer size in bytes.
+
+wmem_default
+------------
+
+The default setting (in bytes) of the socket send buffer.
+
+wmem_max
+--------
+
+The maximum send socket buffer size in bytes.
+
+message_burst and message_cost
+------------------------------
+
+These parameters are used to limit the warning messages written to the kernel
+log from the networking code. They enforce a rate limit to make a
+denial-of-service attack impossible. A higher message_cost factor, results in
+fewer messages that will be written. Message_burst controls when messages will
+be dropped. The default settings limit warning messages to one every five
+seconds.
+
+netdev_max_backlog
+------------------
+
+Maximum number of packets, queued on the INPUT side, when the interface
+receives packets faster than kernel can process them.
+
+optmem_max
+----------
+
+Maximum ancillary buffer size allowed per socket. Ancillary data is a sequence
+of struct cmsghdr structures with appended data.
+
+/proc/sys/net/unix - Parameters for Unix domain sockets
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+There are only two files in this subdirectory. They control the delays for
+deleting and destroying socket descriptors.
+
+2.8 /proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings
+--------------------------------------
+
+IP version 4 is still the most used protocol in Unix networking. It will be
+replaced by IP version 6 in the next couple of years, but for the moment it's
+the de facto standard for the internet and is used in most networking
+environments around the world. Because of the importance of this protocol,
+we'll have a deeper look into the subtree controlling the behavior of the IPv4
+subsystem of the Linux kernel.
+
+Let's start with the entries in /proc/sys/net/ipv4.
+
+ICMP settings
+-------------
+
+icmp_echo_ignore_all and icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+Turn on (1) or off (0), if the kernel should ignore all ICMP ECHO requests, or
+just those to broadcast and multicast addresses.
+
+Please note that if you accept ICMP echo requests with a broadcast/multi\-cast
+destination address your network may be used as an exploder for denial of
+service packet flooding attacks to other hosts.
+
+icmp_destunreach_rate, icmp_echoreply_rate, icmp_paramprob_rate and icmp_timeexeed_rate
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Sets limits for sending ICMP packets to specific targets. A value of zero
+disables all limiting. Any positive value sets the maximum package rate in
+hundredth of a second (on Intel systems).
+
+IP settings
+-----------
+
+ip_autoconfig
+-------------
+
+This file contains the number one if the host received its IP configuration by
+RARP, BOOTP, DHCP or a similar mechanism. Otherwise it is zero.
+
+ip_default_ttl
+--------------
+
+TTL (Time To Live) for IPv4 interfaces. This is simply the maximum number of
+hops a packet may travel.
+
+ip_dynaddr
+----------
+
+Enable dynamic socket address rewriting on interface address change. This is
+useful for dialup interface with changing IP addresses.
+
+ip_forward
+----------
+
+Enable or disable forwarding of IP packages between interfaces. Changing this
+value resets all other parameters to their default values. They differ if the
+kernel is configured as host or router.
+
+ip_local_port_range
+-------------------
+
+Range of ports used by TCP and UDP to choose the local port. Contains two
+numbers, the first number is the lowest port, the second number the highest
+local port. Default is 1024-4999. Should be changed to 32768-61000 for
+high-usage systems.
+
+ip_no_pmtu_disc
+---------------
+
+Global switch to turn path MTU discovery off. It can also be set on a per
+socket basis by the applications or on a per route basis.
+
+ip_masq_debug
+-------------
+
+Enable/disable debugging of IP masquerading.
+
+IP fragmentation settings
+-------------------------
+
+ipfrag_high_trash and ipfrag_low_trash
+--------------------------------------
+
+Maximum memory used to reassemble IP fragments. When ipfrag_high_thresh bytes
+of memory is allocated for this purpose, the fragment handler will toss
+packets until ipfrag_low_thresh is reached.
+
+ipfrag_time
+-----------
+
+Time in seconds to keep an IP fragment in memory.
+
+TCP settings
+------------
+
+tcp_ecn
+-------
+
+This file controls the use of the ECN bit in the IPv4 headers, this is a new
+feature about Explicit Congestion Notification, but some routers and firewalls
+block trafic that has this bit set, so it could be necessary to echo 0 to
+/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_ecn, if you want to talk to this sites. For more info
+you could read RFC2481.
+
+tcp_retrans_collapse
+--------------------
+
+Bug-to-bug compatibility with some broken printers. On retransmit, try to send
+larger packets to work around bugs in certain TCP stacks. Can be turned off by
+setting it to zero.
+
+tcp_keepalive_probes
+--------------------
+
+Number of keep alive probes TCP sends out, until it decides that the
+connection is broken.
+
+tcp_keepalive_time
+------------------
+
+How often TCP sends out keep alive messages, when keep alive is enabled. The
+default is 2 hours.
+
+tcp_syn_retries
+---------------
+
+Number of times initial SYNs for a TCP connection attempt will be
+retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. This is only the timeout for
+outgoing connections, for incoming connections the number of retransmits is
+defined by tcp_retries1.
+
+tcp_sack
+--------
+
+Enable select acknowledgments after RFC2018.
+
+tcp_timestamps
+--------------
+
+Enable timestamps as defined in RFC1323.
+
+tcp_stdurg
+----------
+
+Enable the strict RFC793 interpretation of the TCP urgent pointer field. The
+default is to use the BSD compatible interpretation of the urgent pointer
+pointing to the first byte after the urgent data. The RFC793 interpretation is
+to have it point to the last byte of urgent data. Enabling this option may
+lead to interoperatibility problems. Disabled by default.
+
+tcp_syncookies
+--------------
+
+Only valid when the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_SYNCOOKIES. Send out
+syncookies when the syn backlog queue of a socket overflows. This is to ward
+off the common 'syn flood attack'. Disabled by default.
+
+Note that the concept of a socket backlog is abandoned. This means the peer
+may not receive reliable error messages from an over loaded server with
+syncookies enabled.
+
+tcp_window_scaling
+------------------
+
+Enable window scaling as defined in RFC1323.
+
+tcp_fin_timeout
+---------------
+
+The length of time in seconds it takes to receive a final FIN before the
+socket is always closed. This is strictly a violation of the TCP
+specification, but required to prevent denial-of-service attacks.
+
+tcp_max_ka_probes
+-----------------
+
+Indicates how many keep alive probes are sent per slow timer run. Should not
+be set too high to prevent bursts.
+
+tcp_max_syn_backlog
+-------------------
+
+Length of the per socket backlog queue. Since Linux 2.2 the backlog specified
+in listen(2) only specifies the length of the backlog queue of already
+established sockets. When more connection requests arrive Linux starts to drop
+packets. When syncookies are enabled the packets are still answered and the
+maximum queue is effectively ignored.
+
+tcp_retries1
+------------
+
+Defines how often an answer to a TCP connection request is retransmitted
+before giving up.
+
+tcp_retries2
+------------
+
+Defines how often a TCP packet is retransmitted before giving up.
+
+Interface specific settings
+---------------------------
+
+In the directory /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf you'll find one subdirectory for each
+interface the system knows about and one directory calls all. Changes in the
+all subdirectory affect all interfaces, whereas changes in the other
+subdirectories affect only one interface. All directories have the same
+entries:
+
+accept_redirects
+----------------
+
+This switch decides if the kernel accepts ICMP redirect messages or not. The
+default is 'yes' if the kernel is configured for a regular host and 'no' for a
+router configuration.
+
+accept_source_route
+-------------------
+
+Should source routed packages be accepted or declined. The default is
+dependent on the kernel configuration. It's 'yes' for routers and 'no' for
+hosts.
+
+bootp_relay
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Accept packets with source address 0.b.c.d with destinations not to this host
+as local ones. It is supposed that a BOOTP relay daemon will catch and forward
+such packets.
+
+The default is 0, since this feature is not implemented yet (kernel version
+2.2.12).
+
+forwarding
+----------
+
+Enable or disable IP forwarding on this interface.
+
+log_martians
+------------
+
+Log packets with source addresses with no known route to kernel log.
+
+mc_forwarding
+-------------
+
+Do multicast routing. The kernel needs to be compiled with CONFIG_MROUTE and a
+multicast routing daemon is required.
+
+proxy_arp
+---------
+
+Does (1) or does not (0) perform proxy ARP.
+
+rp_filter
+---------
+
+Integer value determines if a source validation should be made. 1 means yes, 0
+means no. Disabled by default, but local/broadcast address spoofing is always
+on.
+
+If you set this to 1 on a router that is the only connection for a network to
+the net, it will prevent spoofing attacks against your internal networks
+(external addresses can still be spoofed), without the need for additional
+firewall rules.
+
+secure_redirects
+----------------
+
+Accept ICMP redirect messages only for gateways, listed in default gateway
+list. Enabled by default.
+
+shared_media
+------------
+
+If it is not set the kernel does not assume that different subnets on this
+device can communicate directly. Default setting is 'yes'.
+
+send_redirects
+--------------
+
+Determines whether to send ICMP redirects to other hosts.
+
+Routing settings
+----------------
+
+The directory /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route contains several file to control
+routing issues.
+
+error_burst and error_cost
+--------------------------
+
+These parameters are used to limit how many ICMP destination unreachable to
+send from the host in question. ICMP destination unreachable messages are
+sent when we can not reach the next hop, while trying to transmit a packet.
+It will also print some error messages to kernel logs if someone is ignoring
+our ICMP redirects. The higher the error_cost factor is, the fewer
+destination unreachable and error messages will be let through. Error_burst
+controls when destination unreachable messages and error messages will be
+dropped. The default settings limit warning messages to five every second.
+
+flush
+-----
+
+Writing to this file results in a flush of the routing cache.
+
+gc_elasticity, gc_interval, gc_min_interval_ms, gc_timeout, gc_thresh
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Values to control the frequency and behavior of the garbage collection
+algorithm for the routing cache. gc_min_interval is deprecated and replaced
+by gc_min_interval_ms.
+
+
+max_size
+--------
+
+Maximum size of the routing cache. Old entries will be purged once the cache
+reached has this size.
+
+max_delay, min_delay
+--------------------
+
+Delays for flushing the routing cache.
+
+redirect_load, redirect_number
+------------------------------
+
+Factors which determine if more ICPM redirects should be sent to a specific
+host. No redirects will be sent once the load limit or the maximum number of
+redirects has been reached.
+
+redirect_silence
+----------------
+
+Timeout for redirects. After this period redirects will be sent again, even if
+this has been stopped, because the load or number limit has been reached.
+
+Network Neighbor handling
+-------------------------
+
+Settings about how to handle connections with direct neighbors (nodes attached
+to the same link) can be found in the directory /proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh.
+
+As we saw it in the conf directory, there is a default subdirectory which
+holds the default values, and one directory for each interface. The contents
+of the directories are identical, with the single exception that the default
+settings contain additional options to set garbage collection parameters.
+
+In the interface directories you'll find the following entries:
+
+base_reachable_time, base_reachable_time_ms
+-------------------------------------------
+
+A base value used for computing the random reachable time value as specified
+in RFC2461.
+
+Expression of base_reachable_time, which is deprecated, is in seconds.
+Expression of base_reachable_time_ms is in milliseconds.
+
+retrans_time, retrans_time_ms
+-----------------------------
+
+The time between retransmitted Neighbor Solicitation messages.
+Used for address resolution and to determine if a neighbor is
+unreachable.
+
+Expression of retrans_time, which is deprecated, is in 1/100 seconds (for
+IPv4) or in jiffies (for IPv6).
+Expression of retrans_time_ms is in milliseconds.
+
+unres_qlen
+----------
+
+Maximum queue length for a pending arp request - the number of packets which
+are accepted from other layers while the ARP address is still resolved.
+
+anycast_delay
+-------------
+
+Maximum for random delay of answers to neighbor solicitation messages in
+jiffies (1/100 sec). Not yet implemented (Linux does not have anycast support
+yet).
+
+ucast_solicit
+-------------
+
+Maximum number of retries for unicast solicitation.
+
+mcast_solicit
+-------------
+
+Maximum number of retries for multicast solicitation.
+
+delay_first_probe_time
+----------------------
+
+Delay for the first time probe if the neighbor is reachable. (see
+gc_stale_time)
+
+locktime
+--------
+
+An ARP/neighbor entry is only replaced with a new one if the old is at least
+locktime old. This prevents ARP cache thrashing.
+
+proxy_delay
+-----------
+
+Maximum time (real time is random [0..proxytime]) before answering to an ARP
+request for which we have an proxy ARP entry. In some cases, this is used to
+prevent network flooding.
+
+proxy_qlen
+----------
+
+Maximum queue length of the delayed proxy arp timer. (see proxy_delay).
+
+app_solcit
+----------
+
+Determines the number of requests to send to the user level ARP daemon. Use 0
+to turn off.
+
+gc_stale_time
+-------------
+
+Determines how often to check for stale ARP entries. After an ARP entry is
+stale it will be resolved again (which is useful when an IP address migrates
+to another machine). When ucast_solicit is greater than 0 it first tries to
+send an ARP packet directly to the known host When that fails and
+mcast_solicit is greater than 0, an ARP request is broadcasted.
+
+2.9 Appletalk
+-------------
+
+The /proc/sys/net/appletalk directory holds the Appletalk configuration data
+when Appletalk is loaded. The configurable parameters are:
+
+aarp-expiry-time
+----------------
+
+The amount of time we keep an ARP entry before expiring it. Used to age out
+old hosts.
+
+aarp-resolve-time
+-----------------
+
+The amount of time we will spend trying to resolve an Appletalk address.
+
+aarp-retransmit-limit
+---------------------
+
+The number of times we will retransmit a query before giving up.
+
+aarp-tick-time
+--------------
+
+Controls the rate at which expires are checked.
+
+The directory /proc/net/appletalk holds the list of active Appletalk sockets
+on a machine.
+
+The fields indicate the DDP type, the local address (in network:node format)
+the remote address, the size of the transmit pending queue, the size of the
+received queue (bytes waiting for applications to read) the state and the uid
+owning the socket.
+
+/proc/net/atalk_iface lists all the interfaces configured for appletalk.It
+shows the name of the interface, its Appletalk address, the network range on
+that address (or network number for phase 1 networks), and the status of the
+interface.
+
+/proc/net/atalk_route lists each known network route. It lists the target
+(network) that the route leads to, the router (may be directly connected), the
+route flags, and the device the route is using.
+
+2.10 IPX
+--------
+
+The IPX protocol has no tunable values in proc/sys/net.
+
+The IPX protocol does, however, provide proc/net/ipx. This lists each IPX
+socket giving the local and remote addresses in Novell format (that is
+network:node:port). In accordance with the strange Novell tradition,
+everything but the port is in hex. Not_Connected is displayed for sockets that
+are not tied to a specific remote address. The Tx and Rx queue sizes indicate
+the number of bytes pending for transmission and reception. The state
+indicates the state the socket is in and the uid is the owning uid of the
+socket.
+
+The /proc/net/ipx_interface file lists all IPX interfaces. For each interface
+it gives the network number, the node number, and indicates if the network is
+the primary network. It also indicates which device it is bound to (or
+Internal for internal networks) and the Frame Type if appropriate. Linux
+supports 802.3, 802.2, 802.2 SNAP and DIX (Blue Book) ethernet framing for
+IPX.
+
+The /proc/net/ipx_route table holds a list of IPX routes. For each route it
+gives the destination network, the router node (or Directly) and the network
+address of the router (or Connected) for internal networks.
+
+2.11 /proc/sys/fs/mqueue - POSIX message queues filesystem
+----------------------------------------------------------
+
+The "mqueue" filesystem provides the necessary kernel features to enable the
+creation of a user space library that implements the POSIX message queues
+API (as noted by the MSG tag in the POSIX 1003.1-2001 version of the System
+Interfaces specification.)
+
+The "mqueue" filesystem contains values for determining/setting the amount of
+resources used by the file system.
+
+/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max is a read/write file for setting/getting the
+maximum number of message queues allowed on the system.
+
+/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_max is a read/write file for setting/getting the
+maximum number of messages in a queue value. In fact it is the limiting value
+for another (user) limit which is set in mq_open invocation. This attribute of
+a queue must be less or equal then msg_max.
+
+/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_max is a read/write file for setting/getting the
+maximum message size value (it is every message queue's attribute set during
+its creation).
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Summary
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Certain aspects of kernel behavior can be modified at runtime, without the
+need to recompile the kernel, or even to reboot the system. The files in the
+/proc/sys tree can not only be read, but also modified. You can use the echo
+command to write value into these files, thereby changing the default settings
+of the kernel.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d2a7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+ROMFS - ROM FILE SYSTEM
+
+This is a quite dumb, read only filesystem, mainly for initial RAM
+disks of installation disks. It has grown up by the need of having
+modules linked at boot time. Using this filesystem, you get a very
+similar feature, and even the possibility of a small kernel, with a
+file system which doesn't take up useful memory from the router
+functions in the basement of your office.
+
+For comparison, both the older minix and xiafs (the latter is now
+defunct) filesystems, compiled as module need more than 20000 bytes,
+while romfs is less than a page, about 4000 bytes (assuming i586
+code). Under the same conditions, the msdos filesystem would need
+about 30K (and does not support device nodes or symlinks), while the
+nfs module with nfsroot is about 57K. Furthermore, as a bit unfair
+comparison, an actual rescue disk used up 3202 blocks with ext2, while
+with romfs, it needed 3079 blocks.
+
+To create such a file system, you'll need a user program named
+genromfs. It is available via anonymous ftp on sunsite.unc.edu and
+its mirrors, in the /pub/Linux/system/recovery/ directory.
+
+As the name suggests, romfs could be also used (space-efficiently) on
+various read-only media, like (E)EPROM disks if someone will have the
+motivation.. :)
+
+However, the main purpose of romfs is to have a very small kernel,
+which has only this filesystem linked in, and then can load any module
+later, with the current module utilities. It can also be used to run
+some program to decide if you need SCSI devices, and even IDE or
+floppy drives can be loaded later if you use the "initrd"--initial
+RAM disk--feature of the kernel. This would not be really news
+flash, but with romfs, you can even spare off your ext2 or minix or
+maybe even affs filesystem until you really know that you need it.
+
+For example, a distribution boot disk can contain only the cd disk
+drivers (and possibly the SCSI drivers), and the ISO 9660 filesystem
+module. The kernel can be small enough, since it doesn't have other
+filesystems, like the quite large ext2fs module, which can then be
+loaded off the CD at a later stage of the installation. Another use
+would be for a recovery disk, when you are reinstalling a workstation
+from the network, and you will have all the tools/modules available
+from a nearby server, so you don't want to carry two disks for this
+purpose, just because it won't fit into ext2.
+
+romfs operates on block devices as you can expect, and the underlying
+structure is very simple. Every accessible structure begins on 16
+byte boundaries for fast access. The minimum space a file will take
+is 32 bytes (this is an empty file, with a less than 16 character
+name). The maximum overhead for any non-empty file is the header, and
+the 16 byte padding for the name and the contents, also 16+14+15 = 45
+bytes. This is quite rare however, since most file names are longer
+than 3 bytes, and shorter than 15 bytes.
+
+The layout of the filesystem is the following:
+
+offset content
+
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ 0 | - | r | o | m | \
+ +---+---+---+---+ The ASCII representation of those bytes
+ 4 | 1 | f | s | - | / (i.e. "-rom1fs-")
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ 8 | full size | The number of accessible bytes in this fs.
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ 12 | checksum | The checksum of the FIRST 512 BYTES.
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ 16 | volume name | The zero terminated name of the volume,
+ : : padded to 16 byte boundary.
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ xx | file |
+ : headers :
+
+Every multi byte value (32 bit words, I'll use the longwords term from
+now on) must be in big endian order.
+
+The first eight bytes identify the filesystem, even for the casual
+inspector. After that, in the 3rd longword, it contains the number of
+bytes accessible from the start of this filesystem. The 4th longword
+is the checksum of the first 512 bytes (or the number of bytes
+accessible, whichever is smaller). The applied algorithm is the same
+as in the AFFS filesystem, namely a simple sum of the longwords
+(assuming bigendian quantities again). For details, please consult
+the source. This algorithm was chosen because although it's not quite
+reliable, it does not require any tables, and it is very simple.
+
+The following bytes are now part of the file system; each file header
+must begin on a 16 byte boundary.
+
+offset content
+
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ 0 | next filehdr|X| The offset of the next file header
+ +---+---+---+---+ (zero if no more files)
+ 4 | spec.info | Info for directories/hard links/devices
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ 8 | size | The size of this file in bytes
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ 12 | checksum | Covering the meta data, including the file
+ +---+---+---+---+ name, and padding
+ 16 | file name | The zero terminated name of the file,
+ : : padded to 16 byte boundary
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ xx | file data |
+ : :
+
+Since the file headers begin always at a 16 byte boundary, the lowest
+4 bits would be always zero in the next filehdr pointer. These four
+bits are used for the mode information. Bits 0..2 specify the type of
+the file; while bit 4 shows if the file is executable or not. The
+permissions are assumed to be world readable, if this bit is not set,
+and world executable if it is; except the character and block devices,
+they are never accessible for other than owner. The owner of every
+file is user and group 0, this should never be a problem for the
+intended use. The mapping of the 8 possible values to file types is
+the following:
+
+ mapping spec.info means
+ 0 hard link link destination [file header]
+ 1 directory first file's header
+ 2 regular file unused, must be zero [MBZ]
+ 3 symbolic link unused, MBZ (file data is the link content)
+ 4 block device 16/16 bits major/minor number
+ 5 char device - " -
+ 6 socket unused, MBZ
+ 7 fifo unused, MBZ
+
+Note that hard links are specifically marked in this filesystem, but
+they will behave as you can expect (i.e. share the inode number).
+Note also that it is your responsibility to not create hard link
+loops, and creating all the . and .. links for directories. This is
+normally done correctly by the genromfs program. Please refrain from
+using the executable bits for special purposes on the socket and fifo
+special files, they may have other uses in the future. Additionally,
+please remember that only regular files, and symlinks are supposed to
+have a nonzero size field; they contain the number of bytes available
+directly after the (padded) file name.
+
+Another thing to note is that romfs works on file headers and data
+aligned to 16 byte boundaries, but most hardware devices and the block
+device drivers are unable to cope with smaller than block-sized data.
+To overcome this limitation, the whole size of the file system must be
+padded to an 1024 byte boundary.
+
+If you have any problems or suggestions concerning this file system,
+please contact me. However, think twice before wanting me to add
+features and code, because the primary and most important advantage of
+this file system is the small code. On the other hand, don't be
+alarmed, I'm not getting that much romfs related mail. Now I can
+understand why Avery wrote poems in the ARCnet docs to get some more
+feedback. :)
+
+romfs has also a mailing list, and to date, it hasn't received any
+traffic, so you are welcome to join it to discuss your ideas. :)
+
+It's run by ezmlm, so you can subscribe to it by sending a message
+to romfs-subscribe@shadow.banki.hu, the content is irrelevant.
+
+Pending issues:
+
+- Permissions and owner information are pretty essential features of a
+Un*x like system, but romfs does not provide the full possibilities.
+I have never found this limiting, but others might.
+
+- The file system is read only, so it can be very small, but in case
+one would want to write _anything_ to a file system, he still needs
+a writable file system, thus negating the size advantages. Possible
+solutions: implement write access as a compile-time option, or a new,
+similarly small writable filesystem for RAM disks.
+
+- Since the files are only required to have alignment on a 16 byte
+boundary, it is currently possibly suboptimal to read or execute files
+from the filesystem. It might be resolved by reordering file data to
+have most of it (i.e. except the start and the end) laying at "natural"
+boundaries, thus it would be possible to directly map a big portion of
+the file contents to the mm subsystem.
+
+- Compression might be an useful feature, but memory is quite a
+limiting factor in my eyes.
+
+- Where it is used?
+
+- Does it work on other architectures than intel and motorola?
+
+
+Have fun,
+Janos Farkas <chexum@shadow.banki.hu>
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/smbfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/smbfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f673ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/smbfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Smbfs is a filesystem that implements the SMB protocol, which is the
+protocol used by Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95 and Windows NT.
+Smbfs was inspired by Samba, the program written by Andrew Tridgell
+that turns any Unix host into a file server for DOS or Windows clients.
+
+Smbfs is a SMB client, but uses parts of samba for it's operation. For
+more info on samba, including documentation, please go to
+http://www.samba.org/ and then on to your nearest mirror.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs-pci.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs-pci.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e97d024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs-pci.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+Accessing PCI device resources through sysfs
+
+sysfs, usually mounted at /sys, provides access to PCI resources on platforms
+that support it. For example, a given bus might look like this:
+
+ /sys/devices/pci0000:17
+ |-- 0000:17:00.0
+ | |-- class
+ | |-- config
+ | |-- detach_state
+ | |-- device
+ | |-- irq
+ | |-- local_cpus
+ | |-- resource
+ | |-- resource0
+ | |-- resource1
+ | |-- resource2
+ | |-- rom
+ | |-- subsystem_device
+ | |-- subsystem_vendor
+ | `-- vendor
+ `-- detach_state
+
+The topmost element describes the PCI domain and bus number. In this case,
+the domain number is 0000 and the bus number is 17 (both values are in hex).
+This bus contains a single function device in slot 0. The domain and bus
+numbers are reproduced for convenience. Under the device directory are several
+files, each with their own function.
+
+ file function
+ ---- --------
+ class PCI class (ascii, ro)
+ config PCI config space (binary, rw)
+ detach_state connection status (bool, rw)
+ device PCI device (ascii, ro)
+ irq IRQ number (ascii, ro)
+ local_cpus nearby CPU mask (cpumask, ro)
+ resource PCI resource host addresses (ascii, ro)
+ resource0..N PCI resource N, if present (binary, mmap)
+ rom PCI ROM resource, if present (binary, ro)
+ subsystem_device PCI subsystem device (ascii, ro)
+ subsystem_vendor PCI subsystem vendor (ascii, ro)
+ vendor PCI vendor (ascii, ro)
+
+ ro - read only file
+ rw - file is readable and writable
+ mmap - file is mmapable
+ ascii - file contains ascii text
+ binary - file contains binary data
+ cpumask - file contains a cpumask type
+
+The read only files are informational, writes to them will be ignored.
+Writable files can be used to perform actions on the device (e.g. changing
+config space, detaching a device). mmapable files are available via an
+mmap of the file at offset 0 and can be used to do actual device programming
+from userspace. Note that some platforms don't support mmapping of certain
+resources, so be sure to check the return value from any attempted mmap.
+
+Accessing legacy resources through sysfs
+
+Legacy I/O port and ISA memory resources are also provided in sysfs if the
+underlying platform supports them. They're located in the PCI class heirarchy,
+e.g.
+
+ /sys/class/pci_bus/0000:17/
+ |-- bridge -> ../../../devices/pci0000:17
+ |-- cpuaffinity
+ |-- legacy_io
+ `-- legacy_mem
+
+The legacy_io file is a read/write file that can be used by applications to
+do legacy port I/O. The application should open the file, seek to the desired
+port (e.g. 0x3e8) and do a read or a write of 1, 2 or 4 bytes. The legacy_mem
+file should be mmapped with an offset corresponding to the memory offset
+desired, e.g. 0xa0000 for the VGA frame buffer. The application can then
+simply dereference the returned pointer (after checking for errors of course)
+to access legacy memory space.
+
+Supporting PCI access on new platforms
+
+In order to support PCI resource mapping as described above, Linux platform
+code must define HAVE_PCI_MMAP and provide a pci_mmap_page_range function.
+Platforms are free to only support subsets of the mmap functionality, but
+useful return codes should be provided.
+
+Legacy resources are protected by the HAVE_PCI_LEGACY define. Platforms
+wishing to support legacy functionality should define it and provide
+pci_legacy_read, pci_legacy_write and pci_mmap_legacy_page_range functions.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60f6c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+
+sysfs - _The_ filesystem for exporting kernel objects.
+
+Patrick Mochel <mochel@osdl.org>
+
+10 January 2003
+
+
+What it is:
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+sysfs is a ram-based filesystem initially based on ramfs. It provides
+a means to export kernel data structures, their attributes, and the
+linkages between them to userspace.
+
+sysfs is tied inherently to the kobject infrastructure. Please read
+Documentation/kobject.txt for more information concerning the kobject
+interface.
+
+
+Using sysfs
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+sysfs is always compiled in. You can access it by doing:
+
+ mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
+
+
+Directory Creation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For every kobject that is registered with the system, a directory is
+created for it in sysfs. That directory is created as a subdirectory
+of the kobject's parent, expressing internal object hierarchies to
+userspace. Top-level directories in sysfs represent the common
+ancestors of object hierarchies; i.e. the subsystems the objects
+belong to.
+
+Sysfs internally stores the kobject that owns the directory in the
+->d_fsdata pointer of the directory's dentry. This allows sysfs to do
+reference counting directly on the kobject when the file is opened and
+closed.
+
+
+Attributes
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Attributes can be exported for kobjects in the form of regular files in
+the filesystem. Sysfs forwards file I/O operations to methods defined
+for the attributes, providing a means to read and write kernel
+attributes.
+
+Attributes should be ASCII text files, preferably with only one value
+per file. It is noted that it may not be efficient to contain only
+value per file, so it is socially acceptable to express an array of
+values of the same type.
+
+Mixing types, expressing multiple lines of data, and doing fancy
+formatting of data is heavily frowned upon. Doing these things may get
+you publically humiliated and your code rewritten without notice.
+
+
+An attribute definition is simply:
+
+struct attribute {
+ char * name;
+ mode_t mode;
+};
+
+
+int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, struct attribute * attr);
+void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, struct attribute * attr);
+
+
+A bare attribute contains no means to read or write the value of the
+attribute. Subsystems are encouraged to define their own attribute
+structure and wrapper functions for adding and removing attributes for
+a specific object type.
+
+For example, the driver model defines struct device_attribute like:
+
+struct device_attribute {
+ struct attribute attr;
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct device * dev, char * buf);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct device * dev, const char * buf);
+};
+
+int device_create_file(struct device *, struct device_attribute *);
+void device_remove_file(struct device *, struct device_attribute *);
+
+It also defines this helper for defining device attributes:
+
+#define DEVICE_ATTR(_name,_mode,_show,_store) \
+struct device_attribute dev_attr_##_name = { \
+ .attr = {.name = __stringify(_name) , .mode = _mode }, \
+ .show = _show, \
+ .store = _store, \
+};
+
+For example, declaring
+
+static DEVICE_ATTR(foo,0644,show_foo,store_foo);
+
+is equivalent to doing:
+
+static struct device_attribute dev_attr_foo = {
+ .attr = {
+ .name = "foo",
+ .mode = 0644,
+ },
+ .show = show_foo,
+ .store = store_foo,
+};
+
+
+Subsystem-Specific Callbacks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When a subsystem defines a new attribute type, it must implement a
+set of sysfs operations for forwarding read and write calls to the
+show and store methods of the attribute owners.
+
+struct sysfs_ops {
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct kobject *, struct attribute *,char *);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct kobject *,struct attribute *,const char *);
+};
+
+[ Subsystems should have already defined a struct kobj_type as a
+descriptor for this type, which is where the sysfs_ops pointer is
+stored. See the kobject documentation for more information. ]
+
+When a file is read or written, sysfs calls the appropriate method
+for the type. The method then translates the generic struct kobject
+and struct attribute pointers to the appropriate pointer types, and
+calls the associated methods.
+
+
+To illustrate:
+
+#define to_dev_attr(_attr) container_of(_attr,struct device_attribute,attr)
+#define to_dev(d) container_of(d, struct device, kobj)
+
+static ssize_t
+dev_attr_show(struct kobject * kobj, struct attribute * attr, char * buf)
+{
+ struct device_attribute * dev_attr = to_dev_attr(attr);
+ struct device * dev = to_dev(kobj);
+ ssize_t ret = 0;
+
+ if (dev_attr->show)
+ ret = dev_attr->show(dev,buf);
+ return ret;
+}
+
+
+
+Reading/Writing Attribute Data
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+To read or write attributes, show() or store() methods must be
+specified when declaring the attribute. The method types should be as
+simple as those defined for device attributes:
+
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct device * dev, char * buf);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct device * dev, const char * buf);
+
+IOW, they should take only an object and a buffer as parameters.
+
+
+sysfs allocates a buffer of size (PAGE_SIZE) and passes it to the
+method. Sysfs will call the method exactly once for each read or
+write. This forces the following behavior on the method
+implementations:
+
+- On read(2), the show() method should fill the entire buffer.
+ Recall that an attribute should only be exporting one value, or an
+ array of similar values, so this shouldn't be that expensive.
+
+ This allows userspace to do partial reads and seeks arbitrarily over
+ the entire file at will.
+
+- On write(2), sysfs expects the entire buffer to be passed during the
+ first write. Sysfs then passes the entire buffer to the store()
+ method.
+
+ When writing sysfs files, userspace processes should first read the
+ entire file, modify the values it wishes to change, then write the
+ entire buffer back.
+
+ Attribute method implementations should operate on an identical
+ buffer when reading and writing values.
+
+Other notes:
+
+- The buffer will always be PAGE_SIZE bytes in length. On i386, this
+ is 4096.
+
+- show() methods should return the number of bytes printed into the
+ buffer. This is the return value of snprintf().
+
+- show() should always use snprintf().
+
+- store() should return the number of bytes used from the buffer. This
+ can be done using strlen().
+
+- show() or store() can always return errors. If a bad value comes
+ through, be sure to return an error.
+
+- The object passed to the methods will be pinned in memory via sysfs
+ referencing counting its embedded object. However, the physical
+ entity (e.g. device) the object represents may not be present. Be
+ sure to have a way to check this, if necessary.
+
+
+A very simple (and naive) implementation of a device attribute is:
+
+static ssize_t show_name(struct device * dev, char * buf)
+{
+ return sprintf(buf,"%s\n",dev->name);
+}
+
+static ssize_t store_name(struct device * dev, const char * buf)
+{
+ sscanf(buf,"%20s",dev->name);
+ return strlen(buf);
+}
+
+static DEVICE_ATTR(name,S_IRUGO,show_name,store_name);
+
+
+(Note that the real implementation doesn't allow userspace to set the
+name for a device.)
+
+
+Top Level Directory Layout
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The sysfs directory arrangement exposes the relationship of kernel
+data structures.
+
+The top level sysfs diretory looks like:
+
+block/
+bus/
+class/
+devices/
+firmware/
+net/
+
+devices/ contains a filesystem representation of the device tree. It maps
+directly to the internal kernel device tree, which is a hierarchy of
+struct device.
+
+bus/ contains flat directory layout of the various bus types in the
+kernel. Each bus's directory contains two subdirectories:
+
+ devices/
+ drivers/
+
+devices/ contains symlinks for each device discovered in the system
+that point to the device's directory under root/.
+
+drivers/ contains a directory for each device driver that is loaded
+for devices on that particular bus (this assumes that drivers do not
+span multiple bus types).
+
+
+More information can driver-model specific features can be found in
+Documentation/driver-model/.
+
+
+TODO: Finish this section.
+
+
+Current Interfaces
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The following interface layers currently exist in sysfs:
+
+
+- devices (include/linux/device.h)
+----------------------------------
+Structure:
+
+struct device_attribute {
+ struct attribute attr;
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct device * dev, char * buf);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct device * dev, const char * buf);
+};
+
+Declaring:
+
+DEVICE_ATTR(_name,_str,_mode,_show,_store);
+
+Creation/Removal:
+
+int device_create_file(struct device *device, struct device_attribute * attr);
+void device_remove_file(struct device * dev, struct device_attribute * attr);
+
+
+- bus drivers (include/linux/device.h)
+--------------------------------------
+Structure:
+
+struct bus_attribute {
+ struct attribute attr;
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct bus_type *, char * buf);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct bus_type *, const char * buf);
+};
+
+Declaring:
+
+BUS_ATTR(_name,_mode,_show,_store)
+
+Creation/Removal:
+
+int bus_create_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *);
+void bus_remove_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *);
+
+
+- device drivers (include/linux/device.h)
+-----------------------------------------
+
+Structure:
+
+struct driver_attribute {
+ struct attribute attr;
+ ssize_t (*show)(struct device_driver *, char * buf);
+ ssize_t (*store)(struct device_driver *, const char * buf);
+};
+
+Declaring:
+
+DRIVER_ATTR(_name,_mode,_show,_store)
+
+Creation/Removal:
+
+int driver_create_file(struct device_driver *, struct driver_attribute *);
+void driver_remove_file(struct device_driver *, struct driver_attribute *);
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/sysv-fs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/sysv-fs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d817224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/sysv-fs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+This is the implementation of the SystemV/Coherent filesystem for Linux.
+It implements all of
+ - Xenix FS,
+ - SystemV/386 FS,
+ - Coherent FS.
+
+This is version beta 4.
+
+To install:
+* Answer the 'System V and Coherent filesystem support' question with 'y'
+ when configuring the kernel.
+* To mount a disk or a partition, use
+ mount [-r] -t sysv device mountpoint
+ The file system type names
+ -t sysv
+ -t xenix
+ -t coherent
+ may be used interchangeably, but the last two will eventually disappear.
+
+Bugs in the present implementation:
+- Coherent FS:
+ - The "free list interleave" n:m is currently ignored.
+ - Only file systems with no filesystem name and no pack name are recognized.
+ (See Coherent "man mkfs" for a description of these features.)
+- SystemV Release 2 FS:
+ The superblock is only searched in the blocks 9, 15, 18, which
+ corresponds to the beginning of track 1 on floppy disks. No support
+ for this FS on hard disk yet.
+
+
+Please report any bugs and suggestions to
+ Bruno Haible <haible@ma2s2.mathematik.uni-karlsruhe.de>
+ Pascal Haible <haible@izfm.uni-stuttgart.de>
+ Krzysztof G. Baranowski <kgb@manjak.knm.org.pl>
+
+Bruno Haible
+<haible@ma2s2.mathematik.uni-karlsruhe.de>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..417e309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+Tmpfs is a file system which keeps all files in virtual memory.
+
+
+Everything in tmpfs is temporary in the sense that no files will be
+created on your hard drive. If you unmount a tmpfs instance,
+everything stored therein is lost.
+
+tmpfs puts everything into the kernel internal caches and grows and
+shrinks to accommodate the files it contains and is able to swap
+unneeded pages out to swap space. It has maximum size limits which can
+be adjusted on the fly via 'mount -o remount ...'
+
+If you compare it to ramfs (which was the template to create tmpfs)
+you gain swapping and limit checking. Another similar thing is the RAM
+disk (/dev/ram*), which simulates a fixed size hard disk in physical
+RAM, where you have to create an ordinary filesystem on top. Ramdisks
+cannot swap and you do not have the possibility to resize them.
+
+Since tmpfs lives completely in the page cache and on swap, all tmpfs
+pages currently in memory will show up as cached. It will not show up
+as shared or something like that. Further on you can check the actual
+RAM+swap use of a tmpfs instance with df(1) and du(1).
+
+
+tmpfs has the following uses:
+
+1) There is always a kernel internal mount which you will not see at
+ all. This is used for shared anonymous mappings and SYSV shared
+ memory.
+
+ This mount does not depend on CONFIG_TMPFS. If CONFIG_TMPFS is not
+ set, the user visible part of tmpfs is not build. But the internal
+ mechanisms are always present.
+
+2) glibc 2.2 and above expects tmpfs to be mounted at /dev/shm for
+ POSIX shared memory (shm_open, shm_unlink). Adding the following
+ line to /etc/fstab should take care of this:
+
+ tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
+
+ Remember to create the directory that you intend to mount tmpfs on
+ if necessary (/dev/shm is automagically created if you use devfs).
+
+ This mount is _not_ needed for SYSV shared memory. The internal
+ mount is used for that. (In the 2.3 kernel versions it was
+ necessary to mount the predecessor of tmpfs (shm fs) to use SYSV
+ shared memory)
+
+3) Some people (including me) find it very convenient to mount it
+ e.g. on /tmp and /var/tmp and have a big swap partition. And now
+ loop mounts of tmpfs files do work, so mkinitrd shipped by most
+ distributions should succeed with a tmpfs /tmp.
+
+4) And probably a lot more I do not know about :-)
+
+
+tmpfs has three mount options for sizing:
+
+size: The limit of allocated bytes for this tmpfs instance. The
+ default is half of your physical RAM without swap. If you
+ oversize your tmpfs instances the machine will deadlock
+ since the OOM handler will not be able to free that memory.
+nr_blocks: The same as size, but in blocks of PAGE_CACHE_SIZE.
+nr_inodes: The maximum number of inodes for this instance. The default
+ is half of the number of your physical RAM pages, or (on a
+ a machine with highmem) the number of lowmem RAM pages,
+ whichever is the lower.
+
+These parameters accept a suffix k, m or g for kilo, mega and giga and
+can be changed on remount. The size parameter also accepts a suffix %
+to limit this tmpfs instance to that percentage of your physical RAM:
+the default, when neither size nor nr_blocks is specified, is size=50%
+
+If both nr_blocks (or size) and nr_inodes are set to 0, neither blocks
+nor inodes will be limited in that instance. It is generally unwise to
+mount with such options, since it allows any user with write access to
+use up all the memory on the machine; but enhances the scalability of
+that instance in a system with many cpus making intensive use of it.
+
+
+To specify the initial root directory you can use the following mount
+options:
+
+mode: The permissions as an octal number
+uid: The user id
+gid: The group id
+
+These options do not have any effect on remount. You can change these
+parameters with chmod(1), chown(1) and chgrp(1) on a mounted filesystem.
+
+
+So 'mount -t tmpfs -o size=10G,nr_inodes=10k,mode=700 tmpfs /mytmpfs'
+will give you tmpfs instance on /mytmpfs which can allocate 10GB
+RAM/SWAP in 10240 inodes and it is only accessible by root.
+
+
+Author:
+ Christoph Rohland <cr@sap.com>, 1.12.01
+Updated:
+ Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>, 01 September 2004
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/udf.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/udf.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5213bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/udf.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+*
+* Documentation/filesystems/udf.txt
+*
+UDF Filesystem version 0.9.8.1
+
+If you encounter problems with reading UDF discs using this driver,
+please report them to linux_udf@hpesjro.fc.hp.com, which is the
+developer's list.
+
+Write support requires a block driver which supports writing. The current
+scsi and ide cdrom drivers do not support writing.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+The following mount options are supported:
+
+ gid= Set the default group.
+ umask= Set the default umask.
+ uid= Set the default user.
+ bs= Set the block size.
+ unhide Show otherwise hidden files.
+ undelete Show deleted files in lists.
+ adinicb Embed data in the inode (default)
+ noadinicb Don't embed data in the inode
+ shortad Use short ad's
+ longad Use long ad's (default)
+ nostrict Unset strict conformance
+ iocharset= Set the NLS character set
+
+The remaining are for debugging and disaster recovery:
+
+ novrs Skip volume sequence recognition
+
+The following expect a offset from 0.
+
+ session= Set the CDROM session (default= last session)
+ anchor= Override standard anchor location. (default= 256)
+ volume= Override the VolumeDesc location. (unused)
+ partition= Override the PartitionDesc location. (unused)
+ lastblock= Set the last block of the filesystem/
+
+The following expect a offset from the partition root.
+
+ fileset= Override the fileset block location. (unused)
+ rootdir= Override the root directory location. (unused)
+ WARNING: overriding the rootdir to a non-directory may
+ yield highly unpredictable results.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+For the latest version and toolset see:
+ http://linux-udf.sourceforge.net/
+
+Documentation on UDF and ECMA 167 is available FREE from:
+ http://www.osta.org/
+ http://www.ecma-international.org/
+
+Ben Fennema <bfennema@falcon.csc.calpoly.edu>
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ufs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/ufs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b5a56a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/ufs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+USING UFS
+=========
+
+mount -t ufs -o ufstype=type_of_ufs device dir
+
+
+UFS OPTIONS
+===========
+
+ufstype=type_of_ufs
+ UFS is a file system widely used in different operating systems.
+ The problem are differences among implementations. Features of
+ some implementations are undocumented, so its hard to recognize
+ type of ufs automatically. That's why user must specify type of
+ ufs manually by mount option ufstype. Possible values are:
+
+ old old format of ufs
+ default value, supported as read-only
+
+ 44bsd used in FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD
+ supported as read-write
+
+ ufs2 used in FreeBSD 5.x
+ supported as read-only
+
+ 5xbsd synonym for ufs2
+
+ sun used in SunOS (Solaris)
+ supported as read-write
+
+ sunx86 used in SunOS for Intel (Solarisx86)
+ supported as read-write
+
+ hp used in HP-UX
+ supported as read-only
+
+ nextstep
+ used in NextStep
+ supported as read-only
+
+ nextstep-cd
+ used for NextStep CDROMs (block_size == 2048)
+ supported as read-only
+
+ openstep
+ used in OpenStep
+ supported as read-only
+
+
+POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
+=================
+
+There is still bug in reallocation of fragment, in file fs/ufs/balloc.c,
+line 364. But it seems working on current buffer cache configuration.
+
+
+BUG REPORTS
+===========
+
+Any ufs bug report you can send to daniel.pirkl@email.cz (do not send
+partition tables bug reports.)
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ead20c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+USING VFAT
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+To use the vfat filesystem, use the filesystem type 'vfat'. i.e.
+ mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt
+
+No special partition formatter is required. mkdosfs will work fine
+if you want to format from within Linux.
+
+VFAT MOUNT OPTIONS
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+umask=### -- The permission mask (for files and directories, see umask(1)).
+ The default is the umask of current process.
+
+dmask=### -- The permission mask for the directory.
+ The default is the umask of current process.
+
+fmask=### -- The permission mask for files.
+ The default is the umask of current process.
+
+codepage=### -- Sets the codepage number for converting to shortname
+ characters on FAT filesystem.
+ By default, FAT_DEFAULT_CODEPAGE setting is used.
+
+iocharset=name -- Character set to use for converting between the
+ encoding is used for user visible filename and 16 bit
+ Unicode characters. Long filenames are stored on disk
+ in Unicode format, but Unix for the most part doesn't
+ know how to deal with Unicode.
+ By default, FAT_DEFAULT_IOCHARSET setting is used.
+
+ There is also an option of doing UTF8 translations
+ with the utf8 option.
+
+ NOTE: "iocharset=utf8" is not recommended. If unsure,
+ you should consider the following option instead.
+
+utf8=<bool> -- UTF8 is the filesystem safe version of Unicode that
+ is used by the console. It can be be enabled for the
+ filesystem with this option. If 'uni_xlate' gets set,
+ UTF8 gets disabled.
+
+uni_xlate=<bool> -- Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special
+ escaped sequences. This would let you backup and
+ restore filenames that are created with any Unicode
+ characters. Until Linux supports Unicode for real,
+ this gives you an alternative. Without this option,
+ a '?' is used when no translation is possible. The
+ escape character is ':' because it is otherwise
+ illegal on the vfat filesystem. The escape sequence
+ that gets used is ':' and the four digits of hexadecimal
+ unicode.
+
+nonumtail=<bool> -- When creating 8.3 aliases, normally the alias will
+ end in '~1' or tilde followed by some number. If this
+ option is set, then if the filename is
+ "longfilename.txt" and "longfile.txt" does not
+ currently exist in the directory, 'longfile.txt' will
+ be the short alias instead of 'longfi~1.txt'.
+
+quiet -- Stops printing certain warning messages.
+
+check=s|r|n -- Case sensitivity checking setting.
+ s: strict, case sensitive
+ r: relaxed, case insensitive
+ n: normal, default setting, currently case insensitive
+
+shortname=lower|win95|winnt|mixed
+ -- Shortname display/create setting.
+ lower: convert to lowercase for display,
+ emulate the Windows 95 rule for create.
+ win95: emulate the Windows 95 rule for display/create.
+ winnt: emulate the Windows NT rule for display/create.
+ mixed: emulate the Windows NT rule for display,
+ emulate the Windows 95 rule for create.
+ Default setting is `lower'.
+
+<bool>: 0,1,yes,no,true,false
+
+TODO
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+* Need to get rid of the raw scanning stuff. Instead, always use
+ a get next directory entry approach. The only thing left that uses
+ raw scanning is the directory renaming code.
+
+
+POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+* vfat_valid_longname does not properly checked reserved names.
+* When a volume name is the same as a directory name in the root
+ directory of the filesystem, the directory name sometimes shows
+ up as an empty file.
+* autoconv option does not work correctly.
+
+BUG REPORTS
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+If you have trouble with the VFAT filesystem, mail bug reports to
+chaffee@bmrc.cs.berkeley.edu. Please specify the filename
+and the operation that gave you trouble.
+
+TEST SUITE
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+If you plan to make any modifications to the vfat filesystem, please
+get the test suite that comes with the vfat distribution at
+
+ http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/vfat.html
+
+This tests quite a few parts of the vfat filesystem and additional
+tests for new features or untested features would be appreciated.
+
+NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE VFAT FILESYSTEM
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+(This documentation was provided by Galen C. Hunt <gchunt@cs.rochester.edu>
+ and lightly annotated by Gordon Chaffee).
+
+This document presents a very rough, technical overview of my
+knowledge of the extended FAT file system used in Windows NT 3.5 and
+Windows 95. I don't guarantee that any of the following is correct,
+but it appears to be so.
+
+The extended FAT file system is almost identical to the FAT
+file system used in DOS versions up to and including 6.223410239847
+:-). The significant change has been the addition of long file names.
+These names support up to 255 characters including spaces and lower
+case characters as opposed to the traditional 8.3 short names.
+
+Here is the description of the traditional FAT entry in the current
+Windows 95 filesystem:
+
+ struct directory { // Short 8.3 names
+ unsigned char name[8]; // file name
+ unsigned char ext[3]; // file extension
+ unsigned char attr; // attribute byte
+ unsigned char lcase; // Case for base and extension
+ unsigned char ctime_ms; // Creation time, milliseconds
+ unsigned char ctime[2]; // Creation time
+ unsigned char cdate[2]; // Creation date
+ unsigned char adate[2]; // Last access date
+ unsigned char reserved[2]; // reserved values (ignored)
+ unsigned char time[2]; // time stamp
+ unsigned char date[2]; // date stamp
+ unsigned char start[2]; // starting cluster number
+ unsigned char size[4]; // size of the file
+ };
+
+The lcase field specifies if the base and/or the extension of an 8.3
+name should be capitalized. This field does not seem to be used by
+Windows 95 but it is used by Windows NT. The case of filenames is not
+completely compatible from Windows NT to Windows 95. It is not completely
+compatible in the reverse direction, however. Filenames that fit in
+the 8.3 namespace and are written on Windows NT to be lowercase will
+show up as uppercase on Windows 95.
+
+Note that the "start" and "size" values are actually little
+endian integer values. The descriptions of the fields in this
+structure are public knowledge and can be found elsewhere.
+
+With the extended FAT system, Microsoft has inserted extra
+directory entries for any files with extended names. (Any name which
+legally fits within the old 8.3 encoding scheme does not have extra
+entries.) I call these extra entries slots. Basically, a slot is a
+specially formatted directory entry which holds up to 13 characters of
+a file's extended name. Think of slots as additional labeling for the
+directory entry of the file to which they correspond. Microsoft
+prefers to refer to the 8.3 entry for a file as its alias and the
+extended slot directory entries as the file name.
+
+The C structure for a slot directory entry follows:
+
+ struct slot { // Up to 13 characters of a long name
+ unsigned char id; // sequence number for slot
+ unsigned char name0_4[10]; // first 5 characters in name
+ unsigned char attr; // attribute byte
+ unsigned char reserved; // always 0
+ unsigned char alias_checksum; // checksum for 8.3 alias
+ unsigned char name5_10[12]; // 6 more characters in name
+ unsigned char start[2]; // starting cluster number
+ unsigned char name11_12[4]; // last 2 characters in name
+ };
+
+If the layout of the slots looks a little odd, it's only
+because of Microsoft's efforts to maintain compatibility with old
+software. The slots must be disguised to prevent old software from
+panicking. To this end, a number of measures are taken:
+
+ 1) The attribute byte for a slot directory entry is always set
+ to 0x0f. This corresponds to an old directory entry with
+ attributes of "hidden", "system", "read-only", and "volume
+ label". Most old software will ignore any directory
+ entries with the "volume label" bit set. Real volume label
+ entries don't have the other three bits set.
+
+ 2) The starting cluster is always set to 0, an impossible
+ value for a DOS file.
+
+Because the extended FAT system is backward compatible, it is
+possible for old software to modify directory entries. Measures must
+be taken to ensure the validity of slots. An extended FAT system can
+verify that a slot does in fact belong to an 8.3 directory entry by
+the following:
+
+ 1) Positioning. Slots for a file always immediately proceed
+ their corresponding 8.3 directory entry. In addition, each
+ slot has an id which marks its order in the extended file
+ name. Here is a very abbreviated view of an 8.3 directory
+ entry and its corresponding long name slots for the file
+ "My Big File.Extension which is long":
+
+ <proceeding files...>
+ <slot #3, id = 0x43, characters = "h is long">
+ <slot #2, id = 0x02, characters = "xtension whic">
+ <slot #1, id = 0x01, characters = "My Big File.E">
+ <directory entry, name = "MYBIGFIL.EXT">
+
+ Note that the slots are stored from last to first. Slots
+ are numbered from 1 to N. The Nth slot is or'ed with 0x40
+ to mark it as the last one.
+
+ 2) Checksum. Each slot has an "alias_checksum" value. The
+ checksum is calculated from the 8.3 name using the
+ following algorithm:
+
+ for (sum = i = 0; i < 11; i++) {
+ sum = (((sum&1)<<7)|((sum&0xfe)>>1)) + name[i]
+ }
+
+ 3) If there is free space in the final slot, a Unicode NULL (0x0000)
+ is stored after the final character. After that, all unused
+ characters in the final slot are set to Unicode 0xFFFF.
+
+Finally, note that the extended name is stored in Unicode. Each Unicode
+character takes two bytes.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f318dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,671 @@
+/* -*- auto-fill -*- */
+
+ Overview of the Virtual File System
+
+ Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csiro.au>
+
+ 5-JUL-1999
+
+
+Conventions used in this document <section>
+=================================
+
+Each section in this document will have the string "<section>" at the
+right-hand side of the section title. Each subsection will have
+"<subsection>" at the right-hand side. These strings are meant to make
+it easier to search through the document.
+
+NOTE that the master copy of this document is available online at:
+http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/vfs.txt
+
+
+What is it? <section>
+===========
+
+The Virtual File System (otherwise known as the Virtual Filesystem
+Switch) is the software layer in the kernel that provides the
+filesystem interface to userspace programs. It also provides an
+abstraction within the kernel which allows different filesystem
+implementations to co-exist.
+
+
+A Quick Look At How It Works <section>
+============================
+
+In this section I'll briefly describe how things work, before
+launching into the details. I'll start with describing what happens
+when user programs open and manipulate files, and then look from the
+other view which is how a filesystem is supported and subsequently
+mounted.
+
+Opening a File <subsection>
+--------------
+
+The VFS implements the open(2), stat(2), chmod(2) and similar system
+calls. The pathname argument is used by the VFS to search through the
+directory entry cache (dentry cache or "dcache"). This provides a very
+fast look-up mechanism to translate a pathname (filename) into a
+specific dentry.
+
+An individual dentry usually has a pointer to an inode. Inodes are the
+things that live on disc drives, and can be regular files (you know:
+those things that you write data into), directories, FIFOs and other
+beasts. Dentries live in RAM and are never saved to disc: they exist
+only for performance. Inodes live on disc and are copied into memory
+when required. Later any changes are written back to disc. The inode
+that lives in RAM is a VFS inode, and it is this which the dentry
+points to. A single inode can be pointed to by multiple dentries
+(think about hardlinks).
+
+The dcache is meant to be a view into your entire filespace. Unlike
+Linus, most of us losers can't fit enough dentries into RAM to cover
+all of our filespace, so the dcache has bits missing. In order to
+resolve your pathname into a dentry, the VFS may have to resort to
+creating dentries along the way, and then loading the inode. This is
+done by looking up the inode.
+
+To look up an inode (usually read from disc) requires that the VFS
+calls the lookup() method of the parent directory inode. This method
+is installed by the specific filesystem implementation that the inode
+lives in. There will be more on this later.
+
+Once the VFS has the required dentry (and hence the inode), we can do
+all those boring things like open(2) the file, or stat(2) it to peek
+at the inode data. The stat(2) operation is fairly simple: once the
+VFS has the dentry, it peeks at the inode data and passes some of it
+back to userspace.
+
+Opening a file requires another operation: allocation of a file
+structure (this is the kernel-side implementation of file
+descriptors). The freshly allocated file structure is initialised with
+a pointer to the dentry and a set of file operation member functions.
+These are taken from the inode data. The open() file method is then
+called so the specific filesystem implementation can do it's work. You
+can see that this is another switch performed by the VFS.
+
+The file structure is placed into the file descriptor table for the
+process.
+
+Reading, writing and closing files (and other assorted VFS operations)
+is done by using the userspace file descriptor to grab the appropriate
+file structure, and then calling the required file structure method
+function to do whatever is required.
+
+For as long as the file is open, it keeps the dentry "open" (in use),
+which in turn means that the VFS inode is still in use.
+
+All VFS system calls (i.e. open(2), stat(2), read(2), write(2),
+chmod(2) and so on) are called from a process context. You should
+assume that these calls are made without any kernel locks being
+held. This means that the processes may be executing the same piece of
+filesystem or driver code at the same time, on different
+processors. You should ensure that access to shared resources is
+protected by appropriate locks.
+
+Registering and Mounting a Filesystem <subsection>
+-------------------------------------
+
+If you want to support a new kind of filesystem in the kernel, all you
+need to do is call register_filesystem(). You pass a structure
+describing the filesystem implementation (struct file_system_type)
+which is then added to an internal table of supported filesystems. You
+can do:
+
+% cat /proc/filesystems
+
+to see what filesystems are currently available on your system.
+
+When a request is made to mount a block device onto a directory in
+your filespace the VFS will call the appropriate method for the
+specific filesystem. The dentry for the mount point will then be
+updated to point to the root inode for the new filesystem.
+
+It's now time to look at things in more detail.
+
+
+struct file_system_type <section>
+=======================
+
+This describes the filesystem. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following
+members are defined:
+
+struct file_system_type {
+ const char *name;
+ int fs_flags;
+ struct super_block *(*read_super) (struct super_block *, void *, int);
+ struct file_system_type * next;
+};
+
+ name: the name of the filesystem type, such as "ext2", "iso9660",
+ "msdos" and so on
+
+ fs_flags: various flags (i.e. FS_REQUIRES_DEV, FS_NO_DCACHE, etc.)
+
+ read_super: the method to call when a new instance of this
+ filesystem should be mounted
+
+ next: for internal VFS use: you should initialise this to NULL
+
+The read_super() method has the following arguments:
+
+ struct super_block *sb: the superblock structure. This is partially
+ initialised by the VFS and the rest must be initialised by the
+ read_super() method
+
+ void *data: arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII
+ string
+
+ int silent: whether or not to be silent on error
+
+The read_super() method must determine if the block device specified
+in the superblock contains a filesystem of the type the method
+supports. On success the method returns the superblock pointer, on
+failure it returns NULL.
+
+The most interesting member of the superblock structure that the
+read_super() method fills in is the "s_op" field. This is a pointer to
+a "struct super_operations" which describes the next level of the
+filesystem implementation.
+
+
+struct super_operations <section>
+=======================
+
+This describes how the VFS can manipulate the superblock of your
+filesystem. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following members are defined:
+
+struct super_operations {
+ void (*read_inode) (struct inode *);
+ int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, int);
+ void (*put_inode) (struct inode *);
+ void (*drop_inode) (struct inode *);
+ void (*delete_inode) (struct inode *);
+ int (*notify_change) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
+ void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
+ void (*write_super) (struct super_block *);
+ int (*statfs) (struct super_block *, struct statfs *, int);
+ int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
+ void (*clear_inode) (struct inode *);
+};
+
+All methods are called without any locks being held, unless otherwise
+noted. This means that most methods can block safely. All methods are
+only called from a process context (i.e. not from an interrupt handler
+or bottom half).
+
+ read_inode: this method is called to read a specific inode from the
+ mounted filesystem. The "i_ino" member in the "struct inode"
+ will be initialised by the VFS to indicate which inode to
+ read. Other members are filled in by this method
+
+ write_inode: this method is called when the VFS needs to write an
+ inode to disc. The second parameter indicates whether the write
+ should be synchronous or not, not all filesystems check this flag.
+
+ put_inode: called when the VFS inode is removed from the inode
+ cache. This method is optional
+
+ drop_inode: called when the last access to the inode is dropped,
+ with the inode_lock spinlock held.
+
+ This method should be either NULL (normal unix filesystem
+ semantics) or "generic_delete_inode" (for filesystems that do not
+ want to cache inodes - causing "delete_inode" to always be
+ called regardless of the value of i_nlink)
+
+ The "generic_delete_inode()" behaviour is equivalent to the
+ old practice of using "force_delete" in the put_inode() case,
+ but does not have the races that the "force_delete()" approach
+ had.
+
+ delete_inode: called when the VFS wants to delete an inode
+
+ notify_change: called when VFS inode attributes are changed. If this
+ is NULL the VFS falls back to the write_inode() method. This
+ is called with the kernel lock held
+
+ put_super: called when the VFS wishes to free the superblock
+ (i.e. unmount). This is called with the superblock lock held
+
+ write_super: called when the VFS superblock needs to be written to
+ disc. This method is optional
+
+ statfs: called when the VFS needs to get filesystem statistics. This
+ is called with the kernel lock held
+
+ remount_fs: called when the filesystem is remounted. This is called
+ with the kernel lock held
+
+ clear_inode: called then the VFS clears the inode. Optional
+
+The read_inode() method is responsible for filling in the "i_op"
+field. This is a pointer to a "struct inode_operations" which
+describes the methods that can be performed on individual inodes.
+
+
+struct inode_operations <section>
+=======================
+
+This describes how the VFS can manipulate an inode in your
+filesystem. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following members are defined:
+
+struct inode_operations {
+ struct file_operations * default_file_ops;
+ int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int);
+ int (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
+ int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
+ int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
+ int (*symlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
+ int (*mkdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int);
+ int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
+ int (*mknod) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int,dev_t);
+ int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,
+ struct inode *, struct dentry *);
+ int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char *,int);
+ struct dentry * (*follow_link) (struct dentry *, struct dentry *);
+ int (*readpage) (struct file *, struct page *);
+ int (*writepage) (struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc);
+ int (*bmap) (struct inode *,int);
+ void (*truncate) (struct inode *);
+ int (*permission) (struct inode *, int);
+ int (*smap) (struct inode *,int);
+ int (*updatepage) (struct file *, struct page *, const char *,
+ unsigned long, unsigned int, int);
+ int (*revalidate) (struct dentry *);
+};
+
+Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
+otherwise noted.
+
+ default_file_ops: this is a pointer to a "struct file_operations"
+ which describes how to open and then manipulate open files
+
+ create: called by the open(2) and creat(2) system calls. Only
+ required if you want to support regular files. The dentry you
+ get should not have an inode (i.e. it should be a negative
+ dentry). Here you will probably call d_instantiate() with the
+ dentry and the newly created inode
+
+ lookup: called when the VFS needs to look up an inode in a parent
+ directory. The name to look for is found in the dentry. This
+ method must call d_add() to insert the found inode into the
+ dentry. The "i_count" field in the inode structure should be
+ incremented. If the named inode does not exist a NULL inode
+ should be inserted into the dentry (this is called a negative
+ dentry). Returning an error code from this routine must only
+ be done on a real error, otherwise creating inodes with system
+ calls like create(2), mknod(2), mkdir(2) and so on will fail.
+ If you wish to overload the dentry methods then you should
+ initialise the "d_dop" field in the dentry; this is a pointer
+ to a struct "dentry_operations".
+ This method is called with the directory inode semaphore held
+
+ link: called by the link(2) system call. Only required if you want
+ to support hard links. You will probably need to call
+ d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
+
+ unlink: called by the unlink(2) system call. Only required if you
+ want to support deleting inodes
+
+ symlink: called by the symlink(2) system call. Only required if you
+ want to support symlinks. You will probably need to call
+ d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
+
+ mkdir: called by the mkdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
+ to support creating subdirectories. You will probably need to
+ call d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
+
+ rmdir: called by the rmdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
+ to support deleting subdirectories
+
+ mknod: called by the mknod(2) system call to create a device (char,
+ block) inode or a named pipe (FIFO) or socket. Only required
+ if you want to support creating these types of inodes. You
+ will probably need to call d_instantiate() just as you would
+ in the create() method
+
+ readlink: called by the readlink(2) system call. Only required if
+ you want to support reading symbolic links
+
+ follow_link: called by the VFS to follow a symbolic link to the
+ inode it points to. Only required if you want to support
+ symbolic links
+
+
+struct file_operations <section>
+======================
+
+This describes how the VFS can manipulate an open file. As of kernel
+2.1.99, the following members are defined:
+
+struct file_operations {
+ loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
+ ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
+ ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *);
+ int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
+ unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
+ int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
+ int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
+ int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+ int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+ int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *);
+ int (*fasync) (struct file *, int);
+ int (*check_media_change) (kdev_t dev);
+ int (*revalidate) (kdev_t dev);
+ int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
+};
+
+Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
+otherwise noted.
+
+ llseek: called when the VFS needs to move the file position index
+
+ read: called by read(2) and related system calls
+
+ write: called by write(2) and related system calls
+
+ readdir: called when the VFS needs to read the directory contents
+
+ poll: called by the VFS when a process wants to check if there is
+ activity on this file and (optionally) go to sleep until there
+ is activity. Called by the select(2) and poll(2) system calls
+
+ ioctl: called by the ioctl(2) system call
+
+ mmap: called by the mmap(2) system call
+
+ open: called by the VFS when an inode should be opened. When the VFS
+ opens a file, it creates a new "struct file" and initialises
+ the "f_op" file operations member with the "default_file_ops"
+ field in the inode structure. It then calls the open method
+ for the newly allocated file structure. You might think that
+ the open method really belongs in "struct inode_operations",
+ and you may be right. I think it's done the way it is because
+ it makes filesystems simpler to implement. The open() method
+ is a good place to initialise the "private_data" member in the
+ file structure if you want to point to a device structure
+
+ release: called when the last reference to an open file is closed
+
+ fsync: called by the fsync(2) system call
+
+ fasync: called by the fcntl(2) system call when asynchronous
+ (non-blocking) mode is enabled for a file
+
+Note that the file operations are implemented by the specific
+filesystem in which the inode resides. When opening a device node
+(character or block special) most filesystems will call special
+support routines in the VFS which will locate the required device
+driver information. These support routines replace the filesystem file
+operations with those for the device driver, and then proceed to call
+the new open() method for the file. This is how opening a device file
+in the filesystem eventually ends up calling the device driver open()
+method. Note the devfs (the Device FileSystem) has a more direct path
+from device node to device driver (this is an unofficial kernel
+patch).
+
+
+Directory Entry Cache (dcache) <section>
+------------------------------
+
+struct dentry_operations
+========================
+
+This describes how a filesystem can overload the standard dentry
+operations. Dentries and the dcache are the domain of the VFS and the
+individual filesystem implementations. Device drivers have no business
+here. These methods may be set to NULL, as they are either optional or
+the VFS uses a default. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following members are
+defined:
+
+struct dentry_operations {
+ int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *);
+ int (*d_hash) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
+ int (*d_compare) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *, struct qstr *);
+ void (*d_delete)(struct dentry *);
+ void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
+ void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
+};
+
+ d_revalidate: called when the VFS needs to revalidate a dentry. This
+ is called whenever a name look-up finds a dentry in the
+ dcache. Most filesystems leave this as NULL, because all their
+ dentries in the dcache are valid
+
+ d_hash: called when the VFS adds a dentry to the hash table
+
+ d_compare: called when a dentry should be compared with another
+
+ d_delete: called when the last reference to a dentry is
+ deleted. This means no-one is using the dentry, however it is
+ still valid and in the dcache
+
+ d_release: called when a dentry is really deallocated
+
+ d_iput: called when a dentry loses its inode (just prior to its
+ being deallocated). The default when this is NULL is that the
+ VFS calls iput(). If you define this method, you must call
+ iput() yourself
+
+Each dentry has a pointer to its parent dentry, as well as a hash list
+of child dentries. Child dentries are basically like files in a
+directory.
+
+Directory Entry Cache APIs
+--------------------------
+
+There are a number of functions defined which permit a filesystem to
+manipulate dentries:
+
+ dget: open a new handle for an existing dentry (this just increments
+ the usage count)
+
+ dput: close a handle for a dentry (decrements the usage count). If
+ the usage count drops to 0, the "d_delete" method is called
+ and the dentry is placed on the unused list if the dentry is
+ still in its parents hash list. Putting the dentry on the
+ unused list just means that if the system needs some RAM, it
+ goes through the unused list of dentries and deallocates them.
+ If the dentry has already been unhashed and the usage count
+ drops to 0, in this case the dentry is deallocated after the
+ "d_delete" method is called
+
+ d_drop: this unhashes a dentry from its parents hash list. A
+ subsequent call to dput() will dellocate the dentry if its
+ usage count drops to 0
+
+ d_delete: delete a dentry. If there are no other open references to
+ the dentry then the dentry is turned into a negative dentry
+ (the d_iput() method is called). If there are other
+ references, then d_drop() is called instead
+
+ d_add: add a dentry to its parents hash list and then calls
+ d_instantiate()
+
+ d_instantiate: add a dentry to the alias hash list for the inode and
+ updates the "d_inode" member. The "i_count" member in the
+ inode structure should be set/incremented. If the inode
+ pointer is NULL, the dentry is called a "negative
+ dentry". This function is commonly called when an inode is
+ created for an existing negative dentry
+
+ d_lookup: look up a dentry given its parent and path name component
+ It looks up the child of that given name from the dcache
+ hash table. If it is found, the reference count is incremented
+ and the dentry is returned. The caller must use d_put()
+ to free the dentry when it finishes using it.
+
+
+RCU-based dcache locking model
+------------------------------
+
+On many workloads, the most common operation on dcache is
+to look up a dentry, given a parent dentry and the name
+of the child. Typically, for every open(), stat() etc.,
+the dentry corresponding to the pathname will be looked
+up by walking the tree starting with the first component
+of the pathname and using that dentry along with the next
+component to look up the next level and so on. Since it
+is a frequent operation for workloads like multiuser
+environments and webservers, it is important to optimize
+this path.
+
+Prior to 2.5.10, dcache_lock was acquired in d_lookup and thus
+in every component during path look-up. Since 2.5.10 onwards,
+fastwalk algorithm changed this by holding the dcache_lock
+at the beginning and walking as many cached path component
+dentries as possible. This signficantly decreases the number
+of acquisition of dcache_lock. However it also increases the
+lock hold time signficantly and affects performance in large
+SMP machines. Since 2.5.62 kernel, dcache has been using
+a new locking model that uses RCU to make dcache look-up
+lock-free.
+
+The current dcache locking model is not very different from the existing
+dcache locking model. Prior to 2.5.62 kernel, dcache_lock
+protected the hash chain, d_child, d_alias, d_lru lists as well
+as d_inode and several other things like mount look-up. RCU-based
+changes affect only the way the hash chain is protected. For everything
+else the dcache_lock must be taken for both traversing as well as
+updating. The hash chain updations too take the dcache_lock.
+The significant change is the way d_lookup traverses the hash chain,
+it doesn't acquire the dcache_lock for this and rely on RCU to
+ensure that the dentry has not been *freed*.
+
+
+Dcache locking details
+----------------------
+For many multi-user workloads, open() and stat() on files are
+very frequently occurring operations. Both involve walking
+of path names to find the dentry corresponding to the
+concerned file. In 2.4 kernel, dcache_lock was held
+during look-up of each path component. Contention and
+cacheline bouncing of this global lock caused significant
+scalability problems. With the introduction of RCU
+in linux kernel, this was worked around by making
+the look-up of path components during path walking lock-free.
+
+
+Safe lock-free look-up of dcache hash table
+===========================================
+
+Dcache is a complex data structure with the hash table entries
+also linked together in other lists. In 2.4 kernel, dcache_lock
+protected all the lists. We applied RCU only on hash chain
+walking. The rest of the lists are still protected by dcache_lock.
+Some of the important changes are :
+
+1. The deletion from hash chain is done using hlist_del_rcu() macro which
+ doesn't initialize next pointer of the deleted dentry and this
+ allows us to walk safely lock-free while a deletion is happening.
+
+2. Insertion of a dentry into the hash table is done using
+ hlist_add_head_rcu() which take care of ordering the writes -
+ the writes to the dentry must be visible before the dentry
+ is inserted. This works in conjuction with hlist_for_each_rcu()
+ while walking the hash chain. The only requirement is that
+ all initialization to the dentry must be done before hlist_add_head_rcu()
+ since we don't have dcache_lock protection while traversing
+ the hash chain. This isn't different from the existing code.
+
+3. The dentry looked up without holding dcache_lock by cannot be
+ returned for walking if it is unhashed. It then may have a NULL
+ d_inode or other bogosity since RCU doesn't protect the other
+ fields in the dentry. We therefore use a flag DCACHE_UNHASHED to
+ indicate unhashed dentries and use this in conjunction with a
+ per-dentry lock (d_lock). Once looked up without the dcache_lock,
+ we acquire the per-dentry lock (d_lock) and check if the
+ dentry is unhashed. If so, the look-up is failed. If not, the
+ reference count of the dentry is increased and the dentry is returned.
+
+4. Once a dentry is looked up, it must be ensured during the path
+ walk for that component it doesn't go away. In pre-2.5.10 code,
+ this was done holding a reference to the dentry. dcache_rcu does
+ the same. In some sense, dcache_rcu path walking looks like
+ the pre-2.5.10 version.
+
+5. All dentry hash chain updations must take the dcache_lock as well as
+ the per-dentry lock in that order. dput() does this to ensure
+ that a dentry that has just been looked up in another CPU
+ doesn't get deleted before dget() can be done on it.
+
+6. There are several ways to do reference counting of RCU protected
+ objects. One such example is in ipv4 route cache where
+ deferred freeing (using call_rcu()) is done as soon as
+ the reference count goes to zero. This cannot be done in
+ the case of dentries because tearing down of dentries
+ require blocking (dentry_iput()) which isn't supported from
+ RCU callbacks. Instead, tearing down of dentries happen
+ synchronously in dput(), but actual freeing happens later
+ when RCU grace period is over. This allows safe lock-free
+ walking of the hash chains, but a matched dentry may have
+ been partially torn down. The checking of DCACHE_UNHASHED
+ flag with d_lock held detects such dentries and prevents
+ them from being returned from look-up.
+
+
+Maintaining POSIX rename semantics
+==================================
+
+Since look-up of dentries is lock-free, it can race against
+a concurrent rename operation. For example, during rename
+of file A to B, look-up of either A or B must succeed.
+So, if look-up of B happens after A has been removed from the
+hash chain but not added to the new hash chain, it may fail.
+Also, a comparison while the name is being written concurrently
+by a rename may result in false positive matches violating
+rename semantics. Issues related to race with rename are
+handled as described below :
+
+1. Look-up can be done in two ways - d_lookup() which is safe
+ from simultaneous renames and __d_lookup() which is not.
+ If __d_lookup() fails, it must be followed up by a d_lookup()
+ to correctly determine whether a dentry is in the hash table
+ or not. d_lookup() protects look-ups using a sequence
+ lock (rename_lock).
+
+2. The name associated with a dentry (d_name) may be changed if
+ a rename is allowed to happen simultaneously. To avoid memcmp()
+ in __d_lookup() go out of bounds due to a rename and false
+ positive comparison, the name comparison is done while holding the
+ per-dentry lock. This prevents concurrent renames during this
+ operation.
+
+3. Hash table walking during look-up may move to a different bucket as
+ the current dentry is moved to a different bucket due to rename.
+ But we use hlists in dcache hash table and they are null-terminated.
+ So, even if a dentry moves to a different bucket, hash chain
+ walk will terminate. [with a list_head list, it may not since
+ termination is when the list_head in the original bucket is reached].
+ Since we redo the d_parent check and compare name while holding
+ d_lock, lock-free look-up will not race against d_move().
+
+4. There can be a theoritical race when a dentry keeps coming back
+ to original bucket due to double moves. Due to this look-up may
+ consider that it has never moved and can end up in a infinite loop.
+ But this is not any worse that theoritical livelocks we already
+ have in the kernel.
+
+
+Important guidelines for filesystem developers related to dcache_rcu
+====================================================================
+
+1. Existing dcache interfaces (pre-2.5.62) exported to filesystem
+ don't change. Only dcache internal implementation changes. However
+ filesystems *must not* delete from the dentry hash chains directly
+ using the list macros like allowed earlier. They must use dcache
+ APIs like d_drop() or __d_drop() depending on the situation.
+
+2. d_flags is now protected by a per-dentry lock (d_lock). All
+ access to d_flags must be protected by it.
+
+3. For a hashed dentry, checking of d_count needs to be protected
+ by d_lock.
+
+
+Papers and other documentation on dcache locking
+================================================
+
+1. Scaling dcache with RCU (http://linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=7124).
+
+2. http://lse.sourceforge.net/locking/dcache/dcache.html
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/xfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/xfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7d5d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/xfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+
+The SGI XFS Filesystem
+======================
+
+XFS is a high performance journaling filesystem which originated
+on the SGI IRIX platform. It is completely multi-threaded, can
+support large files and large filesystems, extended attributes,
+variable block sizes, is extent based, and makes extensive use of
+Btrees (directories, extents, free space) to aid both performance
+and scalability.
+
+Refer to the documentation at http://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/
+for further details. This implementation is on-disk compatible
+with the IRIX version of XFS.
+
+
+Mount Options
+=============
+
+When mounting an XFS filesystem, the following options are accepted.
+
+ biosize=size
+ Sets the preferred buffered I/O size (default size is 64K).
+ "size" must be expressed as the logarithm (base2) of the
+ desired I/O size.
+ Valid values for this option are 14 through 16, inclusive
+ (i.e. 16K, 32K, and 64K bytes). On machines with a 4K
+ pagesize, 13 (8K bytes) is also a valid size.
+ The preferred buffered I/O size can also be altered on an
+ individual file basis using the ioctl(2) system call.
+
+ ikeep/noikeep
+ When inode clusters are emptied of inodes, keep them around
+ on the disk (ikeep) - this is the traditional XFS behaviour
+ and is still the default for now. Using the noikeep option,
+ inode clusters are returned to the free space pool.
+
+ logbufs=value
+ Set the number of in-memory log buffers. Valid numbers range
+ from 2-8 inclusive.
+ The default value is 8 buffers for filesystems with a
+ blocksize of 64K, 4 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize
+ of 32K, 3 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 16K
+ and 2 buffers for all other configurations. Increasing the
+ number of buffers may increase performance on some workloads
+ at the cost of the memory used for the additional log buffers
+ and their associated control structures.
+
+ logbsize=value
+ Set the size of each in-memory log buffer.
+ Size may be specified in bytes, or in kilobytes with a "k" suffix.
+ Valid sizes for version 1 and version 2 logs are 16384 (16k) and
+ 32768 (32k). Valid sizes for version 2 logs also include
+ 65536 (64k), 131072 (128k) and 262144 (256k).
+ The default value for machines with more than 32MB of memory
+ is 32768, machines with less memory use 16384 by default.
+
+ logdev=device and rtdev=device
+ Use an external log (metadata journal) and/or real-time device.
+ An XFS filesystem has up to three parts: a data section, a log
+ section, and a real-time section. The real-time section is
+ optional, and the log section can be separate from the data
+ section or contained within it.
+
+ noalign
+ Data allocations will not be aligned at stripe unit boundaries.
+
+ noatime
+ Access timestamps are not updated when a file is read.
+
+ norecovery
+ The filesystem will be mounted without running log recovery.
+ If the filesystem was not cleanly unmounted, it is likely to
+ be inconsistent when mounted in "norecovery" mode.
+ Some files or directories may not be accessible because of this.
+ Filesystems mounted "norecovery" must be mounted read-only or
+ the mount will fail.
+
+ nouuid
+ Don't check for double mounted file systems using the file system uuid.
+ This is useful to mount LVM snapshot volumes.
+
+ osyncisosync
+ Make O_SYNC writes implement true O_SYNC. WITHOUT this option,
+ Linux XFS behaves as if an "osyncisdsync" option is used,
+ which will make writes to files opened with the O_SYNC flag set
+ behave as if the O_DSYNC flag had been used instead.
+ This can result in better performance without compromising
+ data safety.
+ However if this option is not in effect, timestamp updates from
+ O_SYNC writes can be lost if the system crashes.
+ If timestamp updates are critical, use the osyncisosync option.
+
+ quota/usrquota/uqnoenforce
+ User disk quota accounting enabled, and limits (optionally)
+ enforced.
+
+ grpquota/gqnoenforce
+ Group disk quota accounting enabled and limits (optionally)
+ enforced.
+
+ sunit=value and swidth=value
+ Used to specify the stripe unit and width for a RAID device or
+ a stripe volume. "value" must be specified in 512-byte block
+ units.
+ If this option is not specified and the filesystem was made on
+ a stripe volume or the stripe width or unit were specified for
+ the RAID device at mkfs time, then the mount system call will
+ restore the value from the superblock. For filesystems that
+ are made directly on RAID devices, these options can be used
+ to override the information in the superblock if the underlying
+ disk layout changes after the filesystem has been created.
+ The "swidth" option is required if the "sunit" option has been
+ specified, and must be a multiple of the "sunit" value.
+
+sysctls
+=======
+
+The following sysctls are available for the XFS filesystem:
+
+ fs.xfs.stats_clear (Min: 0 Default: 0 Max: 1)
+ Setting this to "1" clears accumulated XFS statistics
+ in /proc/fs/xfs/stat. It then immediately resets to "0".
+
+ fs.xfs.xfssyncd_centisecs (Min: 100 Default: 3000 Max: 720000)
+ The interval at which the xfssyncd thread flushes metadata
+ out to disk. This thread will flush log activity out, and
+ do some processing on unlinked inodes.
+
+ fs.xfs.xfsbufd_centisecs (Min: 50 Default: 100 Max: 3000)
+ The interval at which xfsbufd scans the dirty metadata buffers list.
+
+ fs.xfs.age_buffer_centisecs (Min: 100 Default: 1500 Max: 720000)
+ The age at which xfsbufd flushes dirty metadata buffers to disk.
+
+ fs.xfs.error_level (Min: 0 Default: 3 Max: 11)
+ A volume knob for error reporting when internal errors occur.
+ This will generate detailed messages & backtraces for filesystem
+ shutdowns, for example. Current threshold values are:
+
+ XFS_ERRLEVEL_OFF: 0
+ XFS_ERRLEVEL_LOW: 1
+ XFS_ERRLEVEL_HIGH: 5
+
+ fs.xfs.panic_mask (Min: 0 Default: 0 Max: 127)
+ Causes certain error conditions to call BUG(). Value is a bitmask;
+ AND together the tags which represent errors which should cause panics:
+
+ XFS_NO_PTAG 0
+ XFS_PTAG_IFLUSH 0x00000001
+ XFS_PTAG_LOGRES 0x00000002
+ XFS_PTAG_AILDELETE 0x00000004
+ XFS_PTAG_ERROR_REPORT 0x00000008
+ XFS_PTAG_SHUTDOWN_CORRUPT 0x00000010
+ XFS_PTAG_SHUTDOWN_IOERROR 0x00000020
+ XFS_PTAG_SHUTDOWN_LOGERROR 0x00000040
+
+ This option is intended for debugging only.
+
+ fs.xfs.irix_symlink_mode (Min: 0 Default: 0 Max: 1)
+ Controls whether symlinks are created with mode 0777 (default)
+ or whether their mode is affected by the umask (irix mode).
+
+ fs.xfs.irix_sgid_inherit (Min: 0 Default: 0 Max: 1)
+ Controls files created in SGID directories.
+ If the group ID of the new file does not match the effective group
+ ID or one of the supplementary group IDs of the parent dir, the
+ ISGID bit is cleared if the irix_sgid_inherit compatibility sysctl
+ is set.
+
+ fs.xfs.restrict_chown (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max: 1)
+ Controls whether unprivileged users can use chown to "give away"
+ a file to another user.
+
+ fs.xfs.inherit_sync (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max 1)
+ Setting this to "1" will cause the "sync" flag set
+ by the chattr(1) command on a directory to be
+ inherited by files in that directory.
+
+ fs.xfs.inherit_nodump (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max 1)
+ Setting this to "1" will cause the "nodump" flag set
+ by the chattr(1) command on a directory to be
+ inherited by files in that directory.
+
+ fs.xfs.inherit_noatime (Min: 0 Default: 1 Max 1)
+ Setting this to "1" will cause the "noatime" flag set
+ by the chattr(1) command on a directory to be
+ inherited by files in that directory.
diff --git a/Documentation/firmware_class/README b/Documentation/firmware_class/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43e836c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/firmware_class/README
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+
+ request_firmware() hotplug interface:
+ ------------------------------------
+ Copyright (C) 2003 Manuel Estrada Sainz <ranty@debian.org>
+
+ Why:
+ ---
+
+ Today, the most extended way to use firmware in the Linux kernel is linking
+ it statically in a header file. Which has political and technical issues:
+
+ 1) Some firmware is not legal to redistribute.
+ 2) The firmware occupies memory permanently, even though it often is just
+ used once.
+ 3) Some people, like the Debian crowd, don't consider some firmware free
+ enough and remove entire drivers (e.g.: keyspan).
+
+ High level behavior (mixed):
+ ============================
+
+ kernel(driver): calls request_firmware(&fw_entry, $FIRMWARE, device)
+
+ userspace:
+ - /sys/class/firmware/xxx/{loading,data} appear.
+ - hotplug gets called with a firmware identifier in $FIRMWARE
+ and the usual hotplug environment.
+ - hotplug: echo 1 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading
+
+ kernel: Discard any previous partial load.
+
+ userspace:
+ - hotplug: cat appropriate_firmware_image > \
+ /sys/class/firmware/xxx/data
+
+ kernel: grows a buffer in PAGE_SIZE increments to hold the image as it
+ comes in.
+
+ userspace:
+ - hotplug: echo 0 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading
+
+ kernel: request_firmware() returns and the driver has the firmware
+ image in fw_entry->{data,size}. If something went wrong
+ request_firmware() returns non-zero and fw_entry is set to
+ NULL.
+
+ kernel(driver): Driver code calls release_firmware(fw_entry) releasing
+ the firmware image and any related resource.
+
+ High level behavior (driver code):
+ ==================================
+
+ if(request_firmware(&fw_entry, $FIRMWARE, device) == 0)
+ copy_fw_to_device(fw_entry->data, fw_entry->size);
+ release(fw_entry);
+
+ Sample/simple hotplug script:
+ ============================
+
+ # Both $DEVPATH and $FIRMWARE are already provided in the environment.
+
+ HOTPLUG_FW_DIR=/usr/lib/hotplug/firmware/
+
+ echo 1 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
+ cat $HOTPLUG_FW_DIR/$FIRMWARE > /sysfs/$DEVPATH/data
+ echo 0 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
+
+ Random notes:
+ ============
+
+ - "echo -1 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading" will cancel the load at
+ once and make request_firmware() return with error.
+
+ - firmware_data_read() and firmware_loading_show() are just provided
+ for testing and completeness, they are not called in normal use.
+
+ - There is also /sys/class/firmware/timeout which holds a timeout in
+ seconds for the whole load operation.
+
+ - request_firmware_nowait() is also provided for convenience in
+ non-user contexts.
+
+
+ about in-kernel persistence:
+ ---------------------------
+ Under some circumstances, as explained below, it would be interesting to keep
+ firmware images in non-swappable kernel memory or even in the kernel image
+ (probably within initramfs).
+
+ Note that this functionality has not been implemented.
+
+ - Why OPTIONAL in-kernel persistence may be a good idea sometimes:
+
+ - If the device that needs the firmware is needed to access the
+ filesystem. When upon some error the device has to be reset and the
+ firmware reloaded, it won't be possible to get it from userspace.
+ e.g.:
+ - A diskless client with a network card that needs firmware.
+ - The filesystem is stored in a disk behind an scsi device
+ that needs firmware.
+ - Replacing buggy DSDT/SSDT ACPI tables on boot.
+ Note: this would require the persistent objects to be included
+ within the kernel image, probably within initramfs.
+
+ And the same device can be needed to access the filesystem or not depending
+ on the setup, so I think that the choice on what firmware to make
+ persistent should be left to userspace.
+
+ - Why register_firmware()+__init can be useful:
+ - For boot devices needing firmware.
+ - To make the transition easier:
+ The firmware can be declared __init and register_firmware()
+ called on module_init. Then the firmware is warranted to be
+ there even if "firmware hotplug userspace" is not there yet or
+ it doesn't yet provide the needed firmware.
+ Once the firmware is widely available in userspace, it can be
+ removed from the kernel. Or made optional (CONFIG_.*_FIRMWARE).
+
+ In either case, if firmware hotplug support is there, it can move the
+ firmware out of kernel memory into the real filesystem for later
+ usage.
+
+ Note: If persistence is implemented on top of initramfs,
+ register_firmware() may not be appropriate.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_driver.c b/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_driver.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1c56a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_driver.c
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * firmware_sample_driver.c -
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2003 Manuel Estrada Sainz <ranty@debian.org>
+ *
+ * Sample code on how to use request_firmware() from drivers.
+ *
+ * Note that register_firmware() is currently useless.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/device.h>
+
+#include "linux/firmware.h"
+
+#define WE_CAN_NEED_FIRMWARE_BEFORE_USERSPACE_IS_AVAILABLE
+#ifdef WE_CAN_NEED_FIRMWARE_BEFORE_USERSPACE_IS_AVAILABLE
+char __init inkernel_firmware[] = "let's say that this is firmware\n";
+#endif
+
+static struct device ghost_device = {
+ .name = "Ghost Device",
+ .bus_id = "ghost0",
+};
+
+
+static void sample_firmware_load(char *firmware, int size)
+{
+ u8 buf[size+1];
+ memcpy(buf, firmware, size);
+ buf[size] = '\0';
+ printk("firmware_sample_driver: firmware: %s\n", buf);
+}
+
+static void sample_probe_default(void)
+{
+ /* uses the default method to get the firmware */
+ const struct firmware *fw_entry;
+ printk("firmware_sample_driver: a ghost device got inserted :)\n");
+
+ if(request_firmware(&fw_entry, "sample_driver_fw", &ghost_device)!=0)
+ {
+ printk(KERN_ERR
+ "firmware_sample_driver: Firmware not available\n");
+ return;
+ }
+
+ sample_firmware_load(fw_entry->data, fw_entry->size);
+
+ release_firmware(fw_entry);
+
+ /* finish setting up the device */
+}
+static void sample_probe_specific(void)
+{
+ /* Uses some specific hotplug support to get the firmware from
+ * userspace directly into the hardware, or via some sysfs file */
+
+ /* NOTE: This currently doesn't work */
+
+ printk("firmware_sample_driver: a ghost device got inserted :)\n");
+
+ if(request_firmware(NULL, "sample_driver_fw", &ghost_device)!=0)
+ {
+ printk(KERN_ERR
+ "firmware_sample_driver: Firmware load failed\n");
+ return;
+ }
+
+ /* request_firmware blocks until userspace finished, so at
+ * this point the firmware should be already in the device */
+
+ /* finish setting up the device */
+}
+static void sample_probe_async_cont(const struct firmware *fw, void *context)
+{
+ if(!fw){
+ printk(KERN_ERR
+ "firmware_sample_driver: firmware load failed\n");
+ return;
+ }
+
+ printk("firmware_sample_driver: device pointer \"%s\"\n",
+ (char *)context);
+ sample_firmware_load(fw->data, fw->size);
+}
+static void sample_probe_async(void)
+{
+ /* Let's say that I can't sleep */
+ int error;
+ error = request_firmware_nowait (THIS_MODULE,
+ "sample_driver_fw", &ghost_device,
+ "my device pointer",
+ sample_probe_async_cont);
+ if(error){
+ printk(KERN_ERR
+ "firmware_sample_driver:"
+ " request_firmware_nowait failed\n");
+ }
+}
+
+static int sample_init(void)
+{
+#ifdef WE_CAN_NEED_FIRMWARE_BEFORE_USERSPACE_IS_AVAILABLE
+ register_firmware("sample_driver_fw", inkernel_firmware,
+ sizeof(inkernel_firmware));
+#endif
+ device_initialize(&ghost_device);
+ /* since there is no real hardware insertion I just call the
+ * sample probe functions here */
+ sample_probe_specific();
+ sample_probe_default();
+ sample_probe_async();
+ return 0;
+}
+static void __exit sample_exit(void)
+{
+}
+
+module_init (sample_init);
+module_exit (sample_exit);
+
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
diff --git a/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_firmware_class.c b/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_firmware_class.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09eab2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_firmware_class.c
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+/*
+ * firmware_sample_firmware_class.c -
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2003 Manuel Estrada Sainz <ranty@debian.org>
+ *
+ * NOTE: This is just a probe of concept, if you think that your driver would
+ * be well served by this mechanism please contact me first.
+ *
+ * DON'T USE THIS CODE AS IS
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <linux/device.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/timer.h>
+#include <linux/firmware.h>
+
+
+MODULE_AUTHOR("Manuel Estrada Sainz <ranty@debian.org>");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Hackish sample for using firmware class directly");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+
+static inline struct class_device *to_class_dev(struct kobject *obj)
+{
+ return container_of(obj,struct class_device,kobj);
+}
+static inline
+struct class_device_attribute *to_class_dev_attr(struct attribute *_attr)
+{
+ return container_of(_attr,struct class_device_attribute,attr);
+}
+
+int sysfs_create_bin_file(struct kobject * kobj, struct bin_attribute * attr);
+int sysfs_remove_bin_file(struct kobject * kobj, struct bin_attribute * attr);
+
+struct firmware_priv {
+ char fw_id[FIRMWARE_NAME_MAX];
+ s32 loading:2;
+ u32 abort:1;
+};
+
+extern struct class firmware_class;
+
+static ssize_t firmware_loading_show(struct class_device *class_dev, char *buf)
+{
+ struct firmware_priv *fw_priv = class_get_devdata(class_dev);
+ return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", fw_priv->loading);
+}
+static ssize_t firmware_loading_store(struct class_device *class_dev,
+ const char *buf, size_t count)
+{
+ struct firmware_priv *fw_priv = class_get_devdata(class_dev);
+ int prev_loading = fw_priv->loading;
+
+ fw_priv->loading = simple_strtol(buf, NULL, 10);
+
+ switch(fw_priv->loading){
+ case -1:
+ /* abort load an panic */
+ break;
+ case 1:
+ /* setup load */
+ break;
+ case 0:
+ if(prev_loading==1){
+ /* finish load and get the device back to working
+ * state */
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+
+ return count;
+}
+static CLASS_DEVICE_ATTR(loading, 0644,
+ firmware_loading_show, firmware_loading_store);
+
+static ssize_t firmware_data_read(struct kobject *kobj,
+ char *buffer, loff_t offset, size_t count)
+{
+ struct class_device *class_dev = to_class_dev(kobj);
+ struct firmware_priv *fw_priv = class_get_devdata(class_dev);
+
+ /* read from the devices firmware memory */
+
+ return count;
+}
+static ssize_t firmware_data_write(struct kobject *kobj,
+ char *buffer, loff_t offset, size_t count)
+{
+ struct class_device *class_dev = to_class_dev(kobj);
+ struct firmware_priv *fw_priv = class_get_devdata(class_dev);
+
+ /* write to the devices firmware memory */
+
+ return count;
+}
+static struct bin_attribute firmware_attr_data = {
+ .attr = {.name = "data", .mode = 0644},
+ .size = 0,
+ .read = firmware_data_read,
+ .write = firmware_data_write,
+};
+static int fw_setup_class_device(struct class_device *class_dev,
+ const char *fw_name,
+ struct device *device)
+{
+ int retval = 0;
+ struct firmware_priv *fw_priv = kmalloc(sizeof(struct firmware_priv),
+ GFP_KERNEL);
+
+ if(!fw_priv){
+ retval = -ENOMEM;
+ goto out;
+ }
+ memset(fw_priv, 0, sizeof(*fw_priv));
+ memset(class_dev, 0, sizeof(*class_dev));
+
+ strncpy(fw_priv->fw_id, fw_name, FIRMWARE_NAME_MAX);
+ fw_priv->fw_id[FIRMWARE_NAME_MAX-1] = '\0';
+
+ strncpy(class_dev->class_id, device->bus_id, BUS_ID_SIZE);
+ class_dev->class_id[BUS_ID_SIZE-1] = '\0';
+ class_dev->dev = device;
+
+ class_dev->class = &firmware_class,
+ class_set_devdata(class_dev, fw_priv);
+ retval = class_device_register(class_dev);
+ if (retval){
+ printk(KERN_ERR "%s: class_device_register failed\n",
+ __FUNCTION__);
+ goto error_free_fw_priv;
+ }
+
+ retval = sysfs_create_bin_file(&class_dev->kobj, &firmware_attr_data);
+ if (retval){
+ printk(KERN_ERR "%s: sysfs_create_bin_file failed\n",
+ __FUNCTION__);
+ goto error_unreg_class_dev;
+ }
+
+ retval = class_device_create_file(class_dev,
+ &class_device_attr_loading);
+ if (retval){
+ printk(KERN_ERR "%s: class_device_create_file failed\n",
+ __FUNCTION__);
+ goto error_remove_data;
+ }
+
+ goto out;
+
+error_remove_data:
+ sysfs_remove_bin_file(&class_dev->kobj, &firmware_attr_data);
+error_unreg_class_dev:
+ class_device_unregister(class_dev);
+error_free_fw_priv:
+ kfree(fw_priv);
+out:
+ return retval;
+}
+static void fw_remove_class_device(struct class_device *class_dev)
+{
+ struct firmware_priv *fw_priv = class_get_devdata(class_dev);
+
+ class_device_remove_file(class_dev, &class_device_attr_loading);
+ sysfs_remove_bin_file(&class_dev->kobj, &firmware_attr_data);
+ class_device_unregister(class_dev);
+}
+
+static struct class_device *class_dev;
+
+static struct device my_device = {
+ .name = "Sample Device",
+ .bus_id = "my_dev0",
+};
+
+static int __init firmware_sample_init(void)
+{
+ int error;
+
+ device_initialize(&my_device);
+ class_dev = kmalloc(sizeof(struct class_device), GFP_KERNEL);
+ if(!class_dev)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ error = fw_setup_class_device(class_dev, "my_firmware_image",
+ &my_device);
+ if(error){
+ kfree(class_dev);
+ return error;
+ }
+ return 0;
+
+}
+static void __exit firmware_sample_exit(void)
+{
+ struct firmware_priv *fw_priv = class_get_devdata(class_dev);
+ fw_remove_class_device(class_dev);
+ kfree(fw_priv);
+ kfree(class_dev);
+}
+module_init(firmware_sample_init);
+module_exit(firmware_sample_exit);
+
diff --git a/Documentation/firmware_class/hotplug-script b/Documentation/firmware_class/hotplug-script
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1990130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/firmware_class/hotplug-script
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Simple hotplug script sample:
+#
+# Both $DEVPATH and $FIRMWARE are already provided in the environment.
+
+HOTPLUG_FW_DIR=/usr/lib/hotplug/firmware/
+
+echo 1 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
+cat $HOTPLUG_FW_DIR/$FIRMWARE > /sys/$DEVPATH/data
+echo 0 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
+
+# To cancel the load in case of error:
+#
+# echo -1 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
+#
diff --git a/Documentation/floppy.txt b/Documentation/floppy.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fb10fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/floppy.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+This file describes the floppy driver.
+
+FAQ list:
+=========
+
+ A FAQ list may be found in the fdutils package (see below), and also
+at http://fdutils.linux.lu/FAQ.html
+
+
+LILO configuration options (Thinkpad users, read this)
+======================================================
+
+ The floppy driver is configured using the 'floppy=' option in
+lilo. This option can be typed at the boot prompt, or entered in the
+lilo configuration file.
+
+ Example: If your kernel is called linux-2.6.9, type the following line
+at the lilo boot prompt (if you have a thinkpad):
+
+ linux-2.6.9 floppy=thinkpad
+
+You may also enter the following line in /etc/lilo.conf, in the description
+of linux-2.6.9:
+
+ append = "floppy=thinkpad"
+
+ Several floppy related options may be given, example:
+
+ linux-2.6.9 floppy=daring floppy=two_fdc
+ append = "floppy=daring floppy=two_fdc"
+
+ If you give options both in the lilo config file and on the boot
+prompt, the option strings of both places are concatenated, the boot
+prompt options coming last. That's why there are also options to
+restore the default behavior.
+
+
+Module configuration options
+============================
+
+ If you use the floppy driver as a module, use the following syntax:
+modprobe floppy <options>
+
+Example:
+ modprobe floppy omnibook messages
+
+ If you need certain options enabled every time you load the floppy driver,
+you can put:
+
+ options floppy omnibook messages
+
+in /etc/modprobe.conf.
+
+
+ The floppy driver related options are:
+
+ floppy=asus_pci
+ Sets the bit mask to allow only units 0 and 1. (default)
+
+ floppy=daring
+ Tells the floppy driver that you have a well behaved floppy controller.
+ This allows more efficient and smoother operation, but may fail on
+ certain controllers. This may speed up certain operations.
+
+ floppy=0,daring
+ Tells the floppy driver that your floppy controller should be used
+ with caution.
+
+ floppy=one_fdc
+ Tells the floppy driver that you have only one floppy controller.
+ (default)
+
+ floppy=two_fdc
+ floppy=<address>,two_fdc
+ Tells the floppy driver that you have two floppy controllers.
+ The second floppy controller is assumed to be at <address>.
+ This option is not needed if the second controller is at address
+ 0x370, and if you use the 'cmos' option.
+
+ floppy=thinkpad
+ Tells the floppy driver that you have a Thinkpad. Thinkpads use an
+ inverted convention for the disk change line.
+
+ floppy=0,thinkpad
+ Tells the floppy driver that you don't have a Thinkpad.
+
+ floppy=omnibook
+ floppy=nodma
+ Tells the floppy driver not to use Dma for data transfers.
+ This is needed on HP Omnibooks, which don't have a workable
+ DMA channel for the floppy driver. This option is also useful
+ if you frequently get "Unable to allocate DMA memory" messages.
+ Indeed, dma memory needs to be continuous in physical memory,
+ and is thus harder to find, whereas non-dma buffers may be
+ allocated in virtual memory. However, I advise against this if
+ you have an FDC without a FIFO (8272A or 82072). 82072A and
+ later are OK. You also need at least a 486 to use nodma.
+ If you use nodma mode, I suggest you also set the FIFO
+ threshold to 10 or lower, in order to limit the number of data
+ transfer interrupts.
+
+ If you have a FIFO-able FDC, the floppy driver automatically
+ falls back on non DMA mode if no DMA-able memory can be found.
+ If you want to avoid this, explicitly ask for 'yesdma'.
+
+ floppy=yesdma
+ Tells the floppy driver that a workable DMA channel is available.
+ (default)
+
+ floppy=nofifo
+ Disables the FIFO entirely. This is needed if you get "Bus
+ master arbitration error" messages from your Ethernet card (or
+ from other devices) while accessing the floppy.
+
+ floppy=usefifo
+ Enables the FIFO. (default)
+
+ floppy=<threshold>,fifo_depth
+ Sets the FIFO threshold. This is mostly relevant in DMA
+ mode. If this is higher, the floppy driver tolerates more
+ interrupt latency, but it triggers more interrupts (i.e. it
+ imposes more load on the rest of the system). If this is
+ lower, the interrupt latency should be lower too (faster
+ processor). The benefit of a lower threshold is less
+ interrupts.
+
+ To tune the fifo threshold, switch on over/underrun messages
+ using 'floppycontrol --messages'. Then access a floppy
+ disk. If you get a huge amount of "Over/Underrun - retrying"
+ messages, then the fifo threshold is too low. Try with a
+ higher value, until you only get an occasional Over/Underrun.
+ It is a good idea to compile the floppy driver as a module
+ when doing this tuning. Indeed, it allows to try different
+ fifo values without rebooting the machine for each test. Note
+ that you need to do 'floppycontrol --messages' every time you
+ re-insert the module.
+
+ Usually, tuning the fifo threshold should not be needed, as
+ the default (0xa) is reasonable.
+
+ floppy=<drive>,<type>,cmos
+ Sets the CMOS type of <drive> to <type>. This is mandatory if
+ you have more than two floppy drives (only two can be
+ described in the physical CMOS), or if your BIOS uses
+ non-standard CMOS types. The CMOS types are:
+
+ 0 - Use the value of the physical CMOS
+ 1 - 5 1/4 DD
+ 2 - 5 1/4 HD
+ 3 - 3 1/2 DD
+ 4 - 3 1/2 HD
+ 5 - 3 1/2 ED
+ 6 - 3 1/2 ED
+ 16 - unknown or not installed
+
+ (Note: there are two valid types for ED drives. This is because 5 was
+ initially chosen to represent floppy *tapes*, and 6 for ED drives.
+ AMI ignored this, and used 5 for ED drives. That's why the floppy
+ driver handles both.)
+
+ floppy=unexpected_interrupts
+ Print a warning message when an unexpected interrupt is received.
+ (default)
+
+ floppy=no_unexpected_interrupts
+ floppy=L40SX
+ Don't print a message when an unexpected interrupt is received. This
+ is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes. (There seems
+ to be an interaction between video and floppy. The unexpected
+ interrupts affect only performance, and can be safely ignored.)
+
+ floppy=broken_dcl
+ Don't use the disk change line, but assume that the disk was
+ changed whenever the device node is reopened. Needed on some
+ boxes where the disk change line is broken or unsupported.
+ This should be regarded as a stopgap measure, indeed it makes
+ floppy operation less efficient due to unneeded cache
+ flushings, and slightly more unreliable. Please verify your
+ cable, connection and jumper settings if you have any DCL
+ problems. However, some older drives, and also some laptops
+ are known not to have a DCL.
+
+ floppy=debug
+ Print debugging messages.
+
+ floppy=messages
+ Print informational messages for some operations (disk change
+ notifications, warnings about over and underruns, and about
+ autodetection).
+
+ floppy=silent_dcl_clear
+ Uses a less noisy way to clear the disk change line (which
+ doesn't involve seeks). Implied by 'daring' option.
+
+ floppy=<nr>,irq
+ Sets the floppy IRQ to <nr> instead of 6.
+
+ floppy=<nr>,dma
+ Sets the floppy DMA channel to <nr> instead of 2.
+
+ floppy=slow
+ Use PS/2 stepping rate:
+ " PS/2 floppies have much slower step rates than regular floppies.
+ It's been recommended that take about 1/4 of the default speed
+ in some more extreme cases."
+
+
+Supporting utilities and additional documentation:
+==================================================
+
+ Additional parameters of the floppy driver can be configured at
+runtime. Utilities which do this can be found in the fdutils package.
+This package also contains a new version of mtools which allows to
+access high capacity disks (up to 1992K on a high density 3 1/2 disk!).
+It also contains additional documentation about the floppy driver.
+
+The latest version can be found at fdutils homepage:
+ http://fdutils.linux.lu
+
+The fdutils-5.4 release can be found at:
+ http://fdutils.linux.lu/fdutils-5.4.src.tar.gz
+ http://www.tux.org/pub/knaff/fdutils/fdutils-5.4.src.tar.gz
+ ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/fdutils-5.4.src.tar.gz
+
+Reporting problems about the floppy driver
+==========================================
+
+ If you have a question or a bug report about the floppy driver, mail
+me at Alain.Knaff@poboxes.com . If you post to Usenet, preferably use
+comp.os.linux.hardware. As the volume in these groups is rather high,
+be sure to include the word "floppy" (or "FLOPPY") in the subject
+line. If the reported problem happens when mounting floppy disks, be
+sure to mention also the type of the filesystem in the subject line.
+
+ Be sure to read the FAQ before mailing/posting any bug reports!
+
+ Alain
+
+Changelog
+=========
+
+10-30-2004 : Cleanup, updating, add reference to module configuration.
+ James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com>
+
+6-3-2000 : Original Document
diff --git a/Documentation/ftape.txt b/Documentation/ftape.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d8bb33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ftape.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+Intro
+=====
+
+This file describes some issues involved when using the "ftape"
+floppy tape device driver that comes with the Linux kernel.
+
+ftape has a home page at
+
+http://ftape.dot-heine.de/
+
+which contains further information about ftape. Please cross check
+this WWW address against the address given (if any) in the MAINTAINERS
+file located in the top level directory of the Linux kernel source
+tree.
+
+NOTE: This is an unmaintained set of drivers, and it is not guaranteed to work.
+If you are interested in taking over maintenance, contact Claus-Justus Heine
+<ch@dot-heine.de>, the former maintainer.
+
+Contents
+========
+
+A minus 1: Ftape documentation
+
+A. Changes
+ 1. Goal
+ 2. I/O Block Size
+ 3. Write Access when not at EOD (End Of Data) or BOT (Begin Of Tape)
+ 4. Formatting
+ 5. Interchanging cartridges with other operating systems
+
+B. Debugging Output
+ 1. Introduction
+ 2. Tuning the debugging output
+
+C. Boot and load time configuration
+ 1. Setting boot time parameters
+ 2. Module load time parameters
+ 3. Ftape boot- and load time options
+ 4. Example kernel parameter setting
+ 5. Example module parameter setting
+
+D. Support and contacts
+
+*******************************************************************************
+
+A minus 1. Ftape documentation
+==============================
+
+Unluckily, the ftape-HOWTO is out of date. This really needs to be
+changed. Up to date documentation as well as recent development
+versions of ftape and useful links to related topics can be found at
+the ftape home page at
+
+http://ftape.dot-heine.de/
+
+*******************************************************************************
+
+A. Changes
+==========
+
+1. Goal
+ ~~~~
+ The goal of all that incompatibilities was to give ftape an interface
+ that resembles the interface provided by SCSI tape drives as close
+ as possible. Thus any Unix backup program that is known to work
+ with SCSI tape drives should also work.
+
+ The concept of a fixed block size for read/write transfers is
+ rather unrelated to this SCSI tape compatibility at the file system
+ interface level. It developed out of a feature of zftape, a
+ block wise user transparent on-the-fly compression. That compression
+ support will not be dropped in future releases for compatibility
+ reasons with previous releases of zftape.
+
+2. I/O Block Size
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The block size defaults to 10k which is the default block size of
+ GNU tar.
+
+ The block size can be tuned either during kernel configuration or
+ at runtime with the MTIOCTOP ioctl using the MTSETBLK operation
+ (i.e. do "mt -f /dev/qft0" setblk #BLKSZ). A block size of 0
+ switches to variable block size mode i.e. "mt setblk 0" switches
+ off the block size restriction. However, this disables zftape's
+ built in on-the-fly compression which doesn't work with variable
+ block size mode.
+
+ The BLKSZ parameter must be given as a byte count and must be a
+ multiple of 32k or 0, i.e. use "mt setblk 32768" to switch to a
+ block size of 32k.
+
+ The typical symptom of a block size mismatch is an "invalid
+ argument" error message.
+
+3. Write Access when not at EOD (End Of Data) or BOT (Begin Of Tape)
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ zftape (the file system interface of ftape-3.x) denies write access
+ to the tape cartridge when it isn't positioned either at BOT or
+ EOD.
+
+4. Formatting
+ ~~~~~~~~~~
+ ftape DOES support formatting of floppy tape cartridges. You need the
+ `ftformat' program that is shipped with the modules version of ftape.
+ Please get the latest version of ftape from
+
+ ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/tapes
+
+ or from the ftape home page at
+
+ http://ftape.dot-heine.de/
+
+ `ftformat' is contained in the `./contrib/' subdirectory of that
+ separate ftape package.
+
+5. Interchanging cartridges with other operating systems
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+ The internal emulation of Unix tape device file marks has changed
+ completely. ftape now uses the volume table segment as specified
+ by the QIC-40/80/3010/3020/113 standards to emulate file marks. As
+ a consequence there is limited support to interchange cartridges
+ with other operating systems.
+
+ To be more precise: ftape will detect volumes written by other OS's
+ programs and other OS's programs will detect volumes written by
+ ftape.
+
+ However, it isn't possible to extract the data dumped to the tape
+ by some MSDOS program with ftape. This exceeds the scope of a
+ kernel device driver. If you need such functionality, then go ahead
+ and write a user space utility that is able to do that. ftape already
+ provides all kernel level support necessary to do that.
+
+*******************************************************************************
+
+B. Debugging Output
+ ================
+
+1. Introduction
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The ftape driver can be very noisy in that is can print lots of
+ debugging messages to the kernel log files and the system console.
+ While this is useful for debugging it might be annoying during
+ normal use and enlarges the size of the driver by several kilobytes.
+
+ To reduce the size of the driver you can trim the maximal amount of
+ debugging information available during kernel configuration. Please
+ refer to the kernel configuration script and its on-line help
+ functionality.
+
+ The amount of debugging output maps to the "tracing" boot time
+ option and the "ft_tracing" modules option as follows:
+
+ 0 bugs
+ 1 + errors (with call-stack dump)
+ 2 + warnings
+ 3 + information
+ 4 + more information
+ 5 + program flow
+ 6 + fdc/dma info
+ 7 + data flow
+ 8 + everything else
+
+2. Tuning the debugging output
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ To reduce the amount of debugging output printed to the system
+ console you can
+
+ i) trim the debugging output at run-time with
+
+ mt -f /dev/nqft0 setdensity #DBGLVL
+
+ where "#DBGLVL" is a number between 0 and 9
+
+ ii) trim the debugging output at module load time with
+
+ modprobe ftape ft_tracing=#DBGLVL
+
+ Of course, this applies only if you have configured ftape to be
+ compiled as a module.
+
+ iii) trim the debugging output during system boot time. Add the
+ following to the kernel command line:
+
+ ftape=#DBGLVL,tracing
+
+ Please refer also to the next section if you don't know how to
+ set boot time parameters.
+
+*******************************************************************************
+
+C. Boot and load time configuration
+ ================================
+
+1. Setting boot time parameters
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Assuming that you use lilo, the LI)nux LO)ader, boot time kernel
+ parameters can be set by adding a line
+
+ append some_kernel_boot_time_parameter
+
+ to `/etc/lilo.conf' or at real boot time by typing in the options
+ at the prompt provided by LILO. I can't give you advice on how to
+ specify those parameters with other loaders as I don't use them.
+
+ For ftape, each "some_kernel_boot_time_parameter" looks like
+ "ftape=value,option". As an example, the debugging output can be
+ increased with
+
+ ftape=4,tracing
+
+ NOTE: the value precedes the option name.
+
+2. Module load time parameters
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Module parameters can be specified either directly when invoking
+ the program 'modprobe' at the shell prompt:
+
+ modprobe ftape ft_tracing=4
+
+ or by editing the file `/etc/modprobe.conf' in which case they take
+ effect each time when the module is loaded with `modprobe' (please
+ refer to the respective manual pages). Thus, you should add a line
+
+ options ftape ft_tracing=4
+
+ to `/etc/modprobe.conf` if you intend to increase the debugging
+ output of the driver.
+
+
+3. Ftape boot- and load time options
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+ i. Controlling the amount of debugging output
+ DBGLVL has to be replaced by a number between 0 and 8.
+
+ module | kernel command line
+ -----------------------|----------------------
+ ft_tracing=DBGLVL | ftape=DBGLVL,tracing
+
+ ii. Hardware setup
+ BASE is the base address of your floppy disk controller,
+ IRQ and DMA give its interrupt and DMA channel, respectively.
+ BOOL is an integer, "0" means "no"; any other value means
+ "yes". You don't need to specify anything if connecting your tape
+ drive to the standard floppy disk controller. All of these
+ values have reasonable defaults. The defaults can be modified
+ during kernel configuration, i.e. while running "make config",
+ "make menuconfig" or "make xconfig" in the top level directory
+ of the Linux kernel source tree. Please refer also to the on
+ line documentation provided during that kernel configuration
+ process.
+
+ ft_probe_fc10 is set to a non-zero value if you wish for ftape to
+ probe for a Colorado FC-10 or FC-20 controller.
+
+ ft_mach2 is set to a non-zero value if you wish for ftape to probe
+ for a Mountain MACH-2 controller.
+
+ module | kernel command line
+ -----------------------|----------------------
+ ft_fdc_base=BASE | ftape=BASE,ioport
+ ft_fdc_irq=IRQ | ftape=IRQ,irq
+ ft_fdc_dma=DMA | ftape=DMA,dma
+ ft_probe_fc10=BOOL | ftape=BOOL,fc10
+ ft_mach2=BOOL | ftape=BOOL,mach2
+ ft_fdc_threshold=THR | ftape=THR,threshold
+ ft_fdc_rate_limit=RATE | ftape=RATE,datarate
+
+4. Example kernel parameter setting
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ To configure ftape to probe for a Colorado FC-10/FC-20 controller
+ and to increase the amount of debugging output a little bit, add
+ the following line to `/etc/lilo.conf':
+
+ append ftape=1,fc10 ftape=4,tracing
+
+5. Example module parameter setting
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ To do the same, but with ftape compiled as a loadable kernel
+ module, add the following line to `/etc/modprobe.conf':
+
+ options ftape ft_probe_fc10=1 ft_tracing=4
+
+*******************************************************************************
+
+D. Support and contacts
+ ====================
+
+ Ftape is distributed under the GNU General Public License. There is
+ absolutely no warranty for this software. However, you can reach
+ the current maintainer of the ftape package under the email address
+ given in the MAINTAINERS file which is located in the top level
+ directory of the Linux kernel source tree. There you'll find also
+ the relevant mailing list to use as a discussion forum and the web
+ page to query for the most recent documentation, related work and
+ development versions of ftape.
+
+ Changelog:
+ ==========
+
+~1996: Original Document
+
+10-24-2004: General cleanup and updating, noting additional module options.
+ James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/README.txt b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a984faa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+ ================================
+ Fujitsu FR-V LINUX DOCUMENTATION
+ ================================
+
+This directory contains documentation for the Fujitsu FR-V CPU architecture
+port of Linux.
+
+The following documents are available:
+
+ (*) features.txt
+
+ A description of the basic features inherent in this architecture port.
+
+
+ (*) configuring.txt
+
+ A summary of the configuration options particular to this architecture.
+
+
+ (*) booting.txt
+
+ A description of how to boot the kernel image and a summary of the kernel
+ command line options.
+
+
+ (*) gdbstub.txt
+
+ A description of how to debug the kernel using GDB attached by serial
+ port, and a summary of the services available.
+
+
+ (*) mmu-layout.txt
+
+ A description of the virtual and physical memory layout used in the
+ MMU linux kernel, and the registers used to support it.
+
+
+ (*) gdbinit
+
+ An example .gdbinit file for use with GDB. It includes macros for viewing
+ MMU state on the FR451. See mmu-layout.txt for more information.
+
+
+ (*) clock.txt
+
+ A description of the CPU clock scaling interface.
+
+
+ (*) atomic-ops.txt
+
+ A description of how the FR-V kernel's atomic operations work.
diff --git a/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/atomic-ops.txt b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/atomic-ops.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96638e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/atomic-ops.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+ =====================================
+ FUJITSU FR-V KERNEL ATOMIC OPERATIONS
+ =====================================
+
+On the FR-V CPUs, there is only one atomic Read-Modify-Write operation: the SWAP/SWAPI
+instruction. Unfortunately, this alone can't be used to implement the following operations:
+
+ (*) Atomic add to memory
+
+ (*) Atomic subtract from memory
+
+ (*) Atomic bit modification (set, clear or invert)
+
+ (*) Atomic compare and exchange
+
+On such CPUs, the standard way of emulating such operations in uniprocessor mode is to disable
+interrupts, but on the FR-V CPUs, modifying the PSR takes a lot of clock cycles, and it has to be
+done twice. This means the CPU runs for a relatively long time with interrupts disabled,
+potentially having a great effect on interrupt latency.
+
+
+=============
+NEW ALGORITHM
+=============
+
+To get around this, the following algorithm has been implemented. It operates in a way similar to
+the LL/SC instruction pairs supported on a number of platforms.
+
+ (*) The CCCR.CC3 register is reserved within the kernel to act as an atomic modify abort flag.
+
+ (*) In the exception prologues run on kernel->kernel entry, CCCR.CC3 is set to 0 (Undefined
+ state).
+
+ (*) All atomic operations can then be broken down into the following algorithm:
+
+ (1) Set ICC3.Z to true and set CC3 to True (ORCC/CKEQ/ORCR).
+
+ (2) Load the value currently in the memory to be modified into a register.
+
+ (3) Make changes to the value.
+
+ (4) If CC3 is still True, simultaneously and atomically (by VLIW packing):
+
+ (a) Store the modified value back to memory.
+
+ (b) Set ICC3.Z to false (CORCC on GR29 is sufficient for this - GR29 holds the current
+ task pointer in the kernel, and so is guaranteed to be non-zero).
+
+ (5) If ICC3.Z is still true, go back to step (1).
+
+This works in a non-SMP environment because any interrupt or other exception that happens between
+steps (1) and (4) will set CC3 to the Undefined, thus aborting the store in (4a), and causing the
+condition in ICC3 to remain with the Z flag set, thus causing step (5) to loop back to step (1).
+
+
+This algorithm suffers from two problems:
+
+ (1) The condition CCCR.CC3 is cleared unconditionally by an exception, irrespective of whether or
+ not any changes were made to the target memory location during that exception.
+
+ (2) The branch from step (5) back to step (1) may have to happen more than once until the store
+ manages to take place. In theory, this loop could cycle forever because there are too many
+ interrupts coming in, but it's unlikely.
+
+
+=======
+EXAMPLE
+=======
+
+Taking an example from include/asm-frv/atomic.h:
+
+ static inline int atomic_add_return(int i, atomic_t *v)
+ {
+ unsigned long val;
+
+ asm("0: \n"
+
+It starts by setting ICC3.Z to true for later use, and also transforming that into CC3 being in the
+True state.
+
+ " orcc gr0,gr0,gr0,icc3 \n" <-- (1)
+ " ckeq icc3,cc7 \n" <-- (1)
+
+Then it does the load. Note that the final phase of step (1) is done at the same time as the
+load. The VLIW packing ensures they are done simultaneously. The ".p" on the load must not be
+removed without swapping the order of these two instructions.
+
+ " ld.p %M0,%1 \n" <-- (2)
+ " orcr cc7,cc7,cc3 \n" <-- (1)
+
+Then the proposed modification is generated. Note that the old value can be retained if required
+(such as in test_and_set_bit()).
+
+ " add%I2 %1,%2,%1 \n" <-- (3)
+
+Then it attempts to store the value back, contingent on no exception having cleared CC3 since it
+was set to True.
+
+ " cst.p %1,%M0 ,cc3,#1 \n" <-- (4a)
+
+It simultaneously records the success or failure of the store in ICC3.Z.
+
+ " corcc gr29,gr29,gr0 ,cc3,#1 \n" <-- (4b)
+
+Such that the branch can then be taken if the operation was aborted.
+
+ " beq icc3,#0,0b \n" <-- (5)
+ : "+U"(v->counter), "=&r"(val)
+ : "NPr"(i)
+ : "memory", "cc7", "cc3", "icc3"
+ );
+
+ return val;
+ }
+
+
+=============
+CONFIGURATION
+=============
+
+The atomic ops implementation can be made inline or out-of-line by changing the
+CONFIG_FRV_OUTOFLINE_ATOMIC_OPS configuration variable. Making it out-of-line has a number of
+advantages:
+
+ - The resulting kernel image may be smaller
+ - Debugging is easier as atomic ops can just be stepped over and they can be breakpointed
+
+Keeping it inline also has a number of advantages:
+
+ - The resulting kernel may be Faster
+ - no out-of-line function calls need to be made
+ - the compiler doesn't have half its registers clobbered by making a call
+
+The out-of-line implementations live in arch/frv/lib/atomic-ops.S.
diff --git a/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/booting.txt b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/booting.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e22905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/booting.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+ =========================
+ BOOTING FR-V LINUX KERNEL
+ =========================
+
+======================
+PROVIDING A FILESYSTEM
+======================
+
+First of all, a root filesystem must be made available. This can be done in
+one of two ways:
+
+ (1) NFS Export
+
+ A filesystem should be constructed in a directory on an NFS server that
+ the target board can reach. This directory should then be NFS exported
+ such that the target board can read and write into it as root.
+
+ (2) Flash Filesystem (JFFS2 Recommended)
+
+ In this case, the image must be stored or built up on flash before it
+ can be used. A complete image can be built using the mkfs.jffs2 or
+ similar program and then downloaded and stored into flash by RedBoot.
+
+
+========================
+LOADING THE KERNEL IMAGE
+========================
+
+The kernel will need to be loaded into RAM by RedBoot (or by some alternative
+boot loader) before it can be run. The kernel image (arch/frv/boot/Image) may
+be loaded in one of three ways:
+
+ (1) Load from Flash
+
+ This is the simplest. RedBoot can store an image in the flash (see the
+ RedBoot documentation) and then load it back into RAM. RedBoot keeps
+ track of the load address, entry point and size, so the command to do
+ this is simply:
+
+ fis load linux
+
+ The image is then ready to be executed.
+
+ (2) Load by TFTP
+
+ The following command will download a raw binary kernel image from the
+ default server (as negotiated by BOOTP) and store it into RAM:
+
+ load -b 0x00100000 -r /tftpboot/image.bin
+
+ The image is then ready to be executed.
+
+ (3) Load by Y-Modem
+
+ The following command will download a raw binary kernel image across the
+ serial port that RedBoot is currently using:
+
+ load -m ymodem -b 0x00100000 -r zImage
+
+ The serial client (such as minicom) must then be told to transmit the
+ program by Y-Modem.
+
+ When finished, the image will then be ready to be executed.
+
+
+==================
+BOOTING THE KERNEL
+==================
+
+Boot the image with the following RedBoot command:
+
+ exec -c "<CMDLINE>" 0x00100000
+
+For example:
+
+ exec -c "console=ttySM0,115200 ip=:::::dhcp root=/dev/mtdblock2 rw"
+
+This will start the kernel running. Note that if the GDB-stub is compiled in,
+then the kernel will immediately wait for GDB to connect over serial before
+doing anything else. See the section on kernel debugging with GDB.
+
+The kernel command line <CMDLINE> tells the kernel where its console is and
+how to find its root filesystem. This is made up of the following components,
+separated by spaces:
+
+ (*) console=ttyS<x>[,<baud>[<parity>[<bits>[<flow>]]]]
+
+ This specifies that the system console should output through on-chip
+ serial port <x> (which can be "0" or "1").
+
+ <baud> is a standard baud rate between 1200 and 115200 (default 9600).
+
+ <parity> is a parity setting of "N", "O", "E", "M" or "S" for None, Odd,
+ Even, Mark or Space. "None" is the default.
+
+ <stop> is "7" or "8" for the number of bits per character. "8" is the
+ default.
+
+ <flow> is "r" to use flow control (XCTS on serial port 2 only). The
+ default is to not use flow control.
+
+ For example:
+
+ console=ttyS0,115200
+
+ To use the first on-chip serial port at baud rate 115200, no parity, 8
+ bits, and no flow control.
+
+ (*) root=/dev/<xxxx>
+
+ This specifies the device upon which the root filesystem resides. For
+ example:
+
+ /dev/nfs NFS root filesystem
+ /dev/mtdblock3 Fourth RedBoot partition on the System Flash
+
+ (*) rw
+
+ Start with the root filesystem mounted Read/Write.
+
+ The remaining components are all optional:
+
+ (*) ip=<ip>::::<host>:<iface>:<cfg>
+
+ Configure the network interface. If <cfg> is "off" then <ip> should
+ specify the IP address for the network device <iface>. <host> provide
+ the hostname for the device.
+
+ If <cfg> is "bootp" or "dhcp", then all of these parameters will be
+ discovered by consulting a BOOTP or DHCP server.
+
+ For example, the following might be used:
+
+ ip=192.168.73.12::::frv:eth0:off
+
+ This sets the IP address on the VDK motherboard RTL8029 ethernet chipset
+ (eth0) to be 192.168.73.12, and sets the board's hostname to be "frv".
+
+ (*) nfsroot=<server>:<dir>[,v<vers>]
+
+ This is mandatory if "root=/dev/nfs" is given as an option. It tells the
+ kernel the IP address of the NFS server providing its root filesystem,
+ and the pathname on that server of the filesystem.
+
+ The NFS version to use can also be specified. v2 and v3 are supported by
+ Linux.
+
+ For example:
+
+ nfsroot=192.168.73.1:/nfsroot-frv
+
+ (*) profile=1
+
+ Turns on the kernel profiler (accessible through /proc/profile).
+
+ (*) console=gdb0
+
+ This can be used as an alternative to the "console=ttyS..." listed
+ above. I tells the kernel to pass the console output to GDB if the
+ gdbstub is compiled in to the kernel.
+
+ If this is used, then the gdbstub passes the text to GDB, which then
+ simply dumps it to its standard output.
+
+ (*) mem=<xxx>M
+
+ Normally the kernel will work out how much SDRAM it has by reading the
+ SDRAM controller registers. That can be overridden with this
+ option. This allows the kernel to be told that it has <xxx> megabytes of
+ memory available.
+
+ (*) init=<prog> [<arg> [<arg> [<arg> ...]]]
+
+ This tells the kernel what program to run initially. By default this is
+ /sbin/init, but /sbin/sash or /bin/sh are common alternatives.
+
+ (*) vdc=...
+
+ This option configures the MB93493 companion chip visual display
+ driver. Please see Documentation/fujitsu/mb93493/vdc.txt for more
+ information.
diff --git a/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/clock.txt b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/clock.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c72d350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/clock.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+Clock scaling
+-------------
+
+The kernel supports scaling of CLCK.CMODE, CLCK.CM and CLKC.P0 clock
+registers. If built with CONFIG_PM and CONFIG_SYSCTL options enabled, four
+extra files will appear in the directory /proc/sys/pm/. Reading these files
+will show:
+
+ p0 -- current value of the P0 bit in CLKC register.
+ cm -- current value of the CM bits in CLKC register.
+ cmode -- current value of the CMODE bits in CLKC register.
+
+On all boards, the 'p0' file should also be writable, and either '1' or '0'
+can be rewritten, to set or clear the CLKC_P0 bit respectively, hence
+controlling whether the resource bus rate clock is halved.
+
+The 'cm' file should also be available on all boards. '0' can be written to it
+to shift the board into High-Speed mode (normal), and '1' can be written to
+shift the board into Medium-Speed mode. Selecting Low-Speed mode is not
+supported by this interface, even though some CPUs do support it.
+
+On the boards with FR405 CPU (i.e. CB60 and CB70), the 'cmode' file is also
+writable, allowing the CPU core speed (and other clock speeds) to be
+controlled from userspace.
+
+
+Determining current and possible settings
+-----------------------------------------
+
+The current state and the available masks can be found in /proc/cpuinfo. For
+example, on the CB70:
+
+ # cat /proc/cpuinfo
+ CPU-Series: fr400
+ CPU-Core: fr405, gr0-31, BE, CCCR
+ CPU: mb93405
+ MMU: Prot
+ FP-Media: fr0-31, Media
+ System: mb93091-cb70, mb93090-mb00
+ PM-Controls: cmode=0xd31f, cm=0x3, p0=0x3, suspend=0x9
+ PM-Status: cmode=3, cm=0, p0=0
+ Clock-In: 50.00 MHz
+ Clock-Core: 300.00 MHz
+ Clock-SDRAM: 100.00 MHz
+ Clock-CBus: 100.00 MHz
+ Clock-Res: 50.00 MHz
+ Clock-Ext: 50.00 MHz
+ Clock-DSU: 25.00 MHz
+ BogoMips: 300.00
+
+And on the PDK, the PM lines look like the following:
+
+ PM-Controls: cm=0x3, p0=0x3, suspend=0x9
+ PM-Status: cmode=9, cm=0, p0=0
+
+The PM-Controls line, if present, will indicate which /proc/sys/pm files can
+be set to what values. The specification values are bitmasks; so, for example,
+"suspend=0x9" indicates that 0 and 3 can be written validly to
+/proc/sys/pm/suspend.
+
+The PM-Controls line will only be present if CONFIG_PM is configured to Y.
+
+The PM-Status line indicates which clock controls are set to which value. If
+the file can be read, then the suspend value must be 0, and so that's not
+included.
diff --git a/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/configuring.txt b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/configuring.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36e76a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/configuring.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+ =======================================
+ FUJITSU FR-V LINUX KERNEL CONFIGURATION
+ =======================================
+
+=====================
+CONFIGURATION OPTIONS
+=====================
+
+The most important setting is in the "MMU support options" tab (the first
+presented in the configuration tools available):
+
+ (*) "Kernel Type"
+
+ This options allows selection of normal, MMU-requiring linux, and uClinux
+ (which doesn't require an MMU and doesn't have inter-process protection).
+
+There are a number of settings in the "Processor type and features" section of
+the kernel configuration that need to be considered.
+
+ (*) "CPU"
+
+ The register and instruction sets at the core of the processor. This can
+ only be set to "FR40x/45x/55x" at the moment - but this permits usage of
+ the kernel with MB93091 CB10, CB11, CB30, CB41, CB60, CB70 and CB451
+ CPU boards, and with the MB93093 PDK board.
+
+ (*) "System"
+
+ This option allows a choice of basic system. This governs the peripherals
+ that are expected to be available.
+
+ (*) "Motherboard"
+
+ This specifies the type of motherboard being used, and the peripherals
+ upon it. Currently only "MB93090-MB00" can be set here.
+
+ (*) "Default cache-write mode"
+
+ This controls the initial data cache write management mode. By default
+ Write-Through is selected, but Write-Back (Copy-Back) can also be
+ selected. This can be changed dynamically once the kernel is running (see
+ features.txt).
+
+There are some architecture specific configuration options in the "General
+Setup" section of the kernel configuration too:
+
+ (*) "Reserve memory uncached for (PCI) DMA"
+
+ This requests that a uClinux kernel set aside some memory in an uncached
+ window for the use as consistent DMA memory (mainly for PCI). At least a
+ megabyte will be allocated in this way, possibly more. Any memory so
+ reserved will not be available for normal allocations.
+
+ (*) "Kernel support for ELF-FDPIC binaries"
+
+ This enables the binary-format driver for the new FDPIC ELF binaries that
+ this platform normally uses. These binaries are totally relocatable -
+ their separate sections can relocated independently, allowing them to be
+ shared on uClinux where possible. This should normally be enabled.
+
+ (*) "Kernel image protection"
+
+ This makes the protection register governing access to the core kernel
+ image prohibit access by userspace programs. This option is available on
+ uClinux only.
+
+There are also a number of settings in the "Kernel Hacking" section of the
+kernel configuration especially for debugging a kernel on this
+architecture. See the "gdbstub.txt" file for information about those.
+
+
+======================
+DEFAULT CONFIGURATIONS
+======================
+
+The kernel sources include a number of example default configurations:
+
+ (*) defconfig-mb93091
+
+ Default configuration for the MB93091-VDK with both CPU board and
+ MB93090-MB00 motherboard running uClinux.
+
+
+ (*) defconfig-mb93091-fb
+
+ Default configuration for the MB93091-VDK with CPU board,
+ MB93090-MB00 motherboard, and DAV board running uClinux.
+ Includes framebuffer driver.
+
+
+ (*) defconfig-mb93093
+
+ Default configuration for the MB93093-PDK board running uClinux.
+
+
+ (*) defconfig-cb70-standalone
+
+ Default configuration for the MB93091-VDK with only CB70 CPU board
+ running uClinux. This will use the CB70's DM9000 for network access.
+
+
+ (*) defconfig-mmu
+
+ Default configuration for the MB93091-VDK with both CB451 CPU board and
+ MB93090-MB00 motherboard running MMU linux.
+
+ (*) defconfig-mmu-audio
+
+ Default configuration for the MB93091-VDK with CB451 CPU board, DAV
+ board, and MB93090-MB00 motherboard running MMU linux. Includes
+ audio driver.
+
+ (*) defconfig-mmu-fb
+
+ Default configuration for the MB93091-VDK with CB451 CPU board, DAV
+ board, and MB93090-MB00 motherboard running MMU linux. Includes
+ framebuffer driver.
+
+ (*) defconfig-mmu-standalone
+
+ Default configuration for the MB93091-VDK with only CB451 CPU board
+ running MMU linux.
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/features.txt b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/features.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa20c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/features.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+ ===========================
+ FUJITSU FR-V LINUX FEATURES
+ ===========================
+
+This kernel port has a number of features of which the user should be aware:
+
+ (*) Linux and uClinux
+
+ The FR-V architecture port supports both normal MMU linux and uClinux out
+ of the same sources.
+
+
+ (*) CPU support
+
+ Support for the FR401, FR403, FR405, FR451 and FR555 CPUs should work with
+ the same uClinux kernel configuration.
+
+ In normal (MMU) Linux mode, only the FR451 CPU will work as that is the
+ only one with a suitably featured CPU.
+
+ The kernel is written and compiled with the assumption that only the
+ bottom 32 GR registers and no FR registers will be used by the kernel
+ itself, however all extra userspace registers will be saved on context
+ switch. Note that since most CPUs can't support lazy switching, no attempt
+ is made to do lazy register saving where that would be possible (FR555
+ only currently).
+
+
+ (*) Board support
+
+ The board on which the kernel will run can be configured on the "Processor
+ type and features" configuration tab.
+
+ Set the System to "MB93093-PDK" to boot from the MB93093 (FR403) PDK.
+
+ Set the System to "MB93091-VDK" to boot from the CB11, CB30, CB41, CB60,
+ CB70 or CB451 VDK boards. Set the Motherboard setting to "MB93090-MB00" to
+ boot with the standard ATA90590B VDK motherboard, and set it to "None" to
+ boot without any motherboard.
+
+
+ (*) Binary Formats
+
+ The only userspace binary format supported is FDPIC ELF. Normal ELF, FLAT
+ and AOUT binaries are not supported for this architecture.
+
+ FDPIC ELF supports shared library and program interpreter facilities.
+
+
+ (*) Scheduler Speed
+
+ The kernel scheduler runs at 100Hz irrespective of the clock speed on this
+ architecture. This value is set in asm/param.h (see the HZ macro defined
+ there).
+
+
+ (*) Normal (MMU) Linux Memory Layout.
+
+ See mmu-layout.txt in this directory for a description of the normal linux
+ memory layout
+
+ See include/asm-frv/mem-layout.h for constants pertaining to the memory
+ layout.
+
+ See include/asm-frv/mb-regs.h for the constants pertaining to the I/O bus
+ controller configuration.
+
+
+ (*) uClinux Memory Layout
+
+ The memory layout used by the uClinux kernel is as follows:
+
+ 0x00000000 - 0x00000FFF Null pointer catch page
+ 0x20000000 - 0x200FFFFF CS2# [PDK] FPGA
+ 0xC0000000 - 0xCFFFFFFF SDRAM
+ 0xC0000000 Base of Linux kernel image
+ 0xE0000000 - 0xEFFFFFFF CS2# [VDK] SLBUS/PCI window
+ 0xF0000000 - 0xF0FFFFFF CS5# MB93493 CSC area (DAV daughter board)
+ 0xF1000000 - 0xF1FFFFFF CS7# [CB70/CB451] CPU-card PCMCIA port space
+ 0xFC000000 - 0xFC0FFFFF CS1# [VDK] MB86943 config space
+ 0xFC100000 - 0xFC1FFFFF CS6# [CB70/CB451] CPU-card DM9000 NIC space
+ 0xFC100000 - 0xFC1FFFFF CS6# [PDK] AX88796 NIC space
+ 0xFC200000 - 0xFC2FFFFF CS3# MB93493 CSR area (DAV daughter board)
+ 0xFD000000 - 0xFDFFFFFF CS4# [CB70/CB451] CPU-card extra flash space
+ 0xFE000000 - 0xFEFFFFFF Internal CPU peripherals
+ 0xFF000000 - 0xFF1FFFFF CS0# Flash 1
+ 0xFF200000 - 0xFF3FFFFF CS0# Flash 2
+ 0xFFC00000 - 0xFFC0001F CS0# [VDK] FPGA
+
+ The kernel reads the size of the SDRAM from the memory bus controller
+ registers by default.
+
+ The kernel initialisation code (1) adjusts the SDRAM base addresses to
+ move the SDRAM to desired address, (2) moves the kernel image down to the
+ bottom of SDRAM, (3) adjusts the bus controller registers to move I/O
+ windows, and (4) rearranges the protection registers to protect all of
+ this.
+
+ The reasons for doing this are: (1) the page at address 0 should be
+ inaccessible so that NULL pointer errors can be caught; and (2) the bottom
+ three quarters are left unoccupied so that an FR-V CPU with an MMU can use
+ it for virtual userspace mappings.
+
+ See include/asm-frv/mem-layout.h for constants pertaining to the memory
+ layout.
+
+ See include/asm-frv/mb-regs.h for the constants pertaining to the I/O bus
+ controller configuration.
+
+
+ (*) uClinux Memory Protection
+
+ A DAMPR register is used to cover the entire region used for I/O
+ (0xE0000000 - 0xFFFFFFFF). This permits the kernel to make uncached
+ accesses to this region. Userspace is not permitted to access it.
+
+ The DAMPR/IAMPR protection registers not in use for any other purpose are
+ tiled over the top of the SDRAM such that:
+
+ (1) The core kernel image is covered by as small a tile as possible
+ granting only the kernel access to the underlying data, whilst
+ making sure no SDRAM is actually made unavailable by this approach.
+
+ (2) All other tiles are arranged to permit userspace access to the rest
+ of the SDRAM.
+
+ Barring point (1), there is nothing to protect kernel data against
+ userspace damage - but this is uClinux.
+
+
+ (*) Exceptions and Fixups
+
+ Since the FR40x and FR55x CPUs that do not have full MMUs generate
+ imprecise data error exceptions, there are currently no automatic fixup
+ services available in uClinux. This includes misaligned memory access
+ fixups.
+
+ Userspace EFAULT errors can be trapped by issuing a MEMBAR instruction and
+ forcing the fault to happen there.
+
+ On the FR451, however, data exceptions are mostly precise, and so
+ exception fixup handling is implemented as normal.
+
+
+ (*) Userspace Breakpoints
+
+ The ptrace() system call supports the following userspace debugging
+ features:
+
+ (1) Hardware assisted single step.
+
+ (2) Breakpoint via the FR-V "BREAK" instruction.
+
+ (3) Breakpoint via the FR-V "TIRA GR0, #1" instruction.
+
+ (4) Syscall entry/exit trap.
+
+ Each of the above generates a SIGTRAP.
+
+
+ (*) On-Chip Serial Ports
+
+ The FR-V on-chip serial ports are made available as ttyS0 and ttyS1. Note
+ that if the GDB stub is compiled in, ttyS1 will not actually be available
+ as it will be being used for the GDB stub.
+
+ These ports can be made by:
+
+ mknod /dev/ttyS0 c 4 64
+ mknod /dev/ttyS1 c 4 65
+
+
+ (*) Maskable Interrupts
+
+ Level 15 (Non-maskable) interrupts are dealt with by the GDB stub if
+ present, and cause a panic if not. If the GDB stub is present, ttyS1's
+ interrupts are rated at level 15.
+
+ All other interrupts are distributed over the set of available priorities
+ so that no IRQs are shared where possible. The arch interrupt handling
+ routines attempt to disentangle the various sources available through the
+ CPU's own multiplexor, and those on off-CPU peripherals.
+
+
+ (*) Accessing PCI Devices
+
+ Where PCI is available, care must be taken when dealing with drivers that
+ access PCI devices. PCI devices present their data in little-endian form,
+ but the CPU sees it in big-endian form. The macros in asm/io.h try to get
+ this right, but may not under all circumstances...
+
+
+ (*) Ax88796 Ethernet Driver
+
+ The MB93093 PDK board has an Ax88796 ethernet chipset (an NE2000 clone). A
+ driver has been written to deal specifically with this. The driver
+ provides MII services for the card.
+
+ The driver can be configured by running make xconfig, and going to:
+
+ (*) Network device support
+ - turn on "Network device support"
+ (*) Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit)
+ - turn on "Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit)"
+ - turn on "AX88796 NE2000 compatible chipset"
+
+ The driver can be found in:
+
+ drivers/net/ax88796.c
+ include/asm/ax88796.h
+
+
+ (*) WorkRAM Driver
+
+ This driver provides a character device that permits access to the WorkRAM
+ that can be found on the FR451 CPU. Each page is accessible through a
+ separate minor number, thereby permitting each page to have its own
+ filesystem permissions set on the device file.
+
+ The device files should be:
+
+ mknod /dev/frv/workram0 c 240 0
+ mknod /dev/frv/workram1 c 240 1
+ mknod /dev/frv/workram2 c 240 2
+ ...
+
+ The driver will not permit the opening of any device file that does not
+ correspond to at least a partial page of WorkRAM. So the first device file
+ is the only one available on the FR451. If any other CPU is detected, none
+ of the devices will be openable.
+
+ The devices can be accessed with read, write and llseek, and can also be
+ mmapped. If they're mmapped, they will only map at the appropriate
+ 0x7e8nnnnn address on linux and at the 0xfe8nnnnn address on uClinux. If
+ MAP_FIXED is not specified, the appropriate address will be chosen anyway.
+
+ The mappings must be MAP_SHARED not MAP_PRIVATE, and must not be
+ PROT_EXEC. They must also start at file offset 0, and must not be longer
+ than one page in size.
+
+ This driver can be configured by running make xconfig, and going to:
+
+ (*) Character devices
+ - turn on "Fujitsu FR-V CPU WorkRAM support"
+
+
+ (*) Dynamic data cache write mode changing
+
+ It is possible to view and to change the data cache's write mode through
+ the /proc/sys/frv/cache-mode file while the kernel is running. There are
+ two modes available:
+
+ NAME MEANING
+ ===== ==========================================
+ wthru Data cache is in Write-Through mode
+ wback Data cache is in Write-Back/Copy-Back mode
+
+ To read the cache mode:
+
+ # cat /proc/sys/frv/cache-mode
+ wthru
+
+ To change the cache mode:
+
+ # echo wback >/proc/sys/frv/cache-mode
+ # cat /proc/sys/frv/cache-mode
+ wback
+
+
+ (*) MMU Context IDs and Pinning
+
+ On MMU Linux the CPU supports the concept of a context ID in its MMU to
+ make it more efficient (TLB entries are labelled with a context ID to link
+ them to specific tasks).
+
+ Normally once a context ID is allocated, it will remain affixed to a task
+ or CLONE_VM'd group of tasks for as long as it exists. However, since the
+ kernel is capable of supporting more tasks than there are possible ID
+ numbers, the kernel will pass context IDs from one task to another if
+ there are insufficient available.
+
+ The context ID currently in use by a task can be viewed in /proc:
+
+ # grep CXNR /proc/1/status
+ CXNR: 1
+
+ Note that kernel threads do not have a userspace context, and so will not
+ show a CXNR entry in that file.
+
+ Under some circumstances, however, it is desirable to pin a context ID on
+ a process such that the kernel won't pass it on. This can be done by
+ writing the process ID of the target process to a special file:
+
+ # echo 17 >/proc/sys/frv/pin-cxnr
+
+ Reading from the file will then show the context ID pinned.
+
+ # cat /proc/sys/frv/pin-cxnr
+ 4
+
+ The context ID will remain pinned as long as any process is using that
+ context, i.e.: when the all the subscribing processes have exited or
+ exec'd; or when an unpinning request happens:
+
+ # echo 0 >/proc/sys/frv/pin-cxnr
+
+ When there isn't a pinned context, the file shows -1:
+
+ # cat /proc/sys/frv/pin-cxnr
+ -1
diff --git a/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/gdbinit b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/gdbinit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51517b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/gdbinit
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+set remotebreak 1
+
+define _amr
+
+printf "AMRx DAMR IAMR \n"
+printf "==== ===================== =====================\n"
+printf "amr0 : L:%08lx P:%08lx : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x0].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x0].P,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x0].L,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x0].P
+printf "amr1 : L:%08lx P:%08lx : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x1].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x1].P,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x1].L,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x1].P
+printf "amr2 : L:%08lx P:%08lx : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x2].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x2].P,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x2].L,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x2].P
+printf "amr3 : L:%08lx P:%08lx : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x3].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x3].P,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x3].L,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x3].P
+printf "amr4 : L:%08lx P:%08lx : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x4].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x4].P,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x4].L,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x4].P
+printf "amr5 : L:%08lx P:%08lx : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x5].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x5].P,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x5].L,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x5].P
+printf "amr6 : L:%08lx P:%08lx : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x6].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x6].P,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x6].L,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x6].P
+printf "amr7 : L:%08lx P:%08lx : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x7].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x7].P,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x7].L,__debug_mmu.iamr[0x7].P
+
+printf "amr8 : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x8].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x8].P
+printf "amr9 : L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0x9].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0x9].P
+printf "amr10: L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0xa].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0xa].P
+printf "amr11: L:%08lx P:%08lx\n",__debug_mmu.damr[0xb].L,__debug_mmu.damr[0xb].P
+
+end
+
+
+define _tlb
+printf "tlb[0x00]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x0].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x0].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x0].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x0].P
+printf "tlb[0x01]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1].P
+printf "tlb[0x02]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2].P
+printf "tlb[0x03]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3].P
+printf "tlb[0x04]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x4].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x4].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x4].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x4].P
+printf "tlb[0x05]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x5].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x5].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x5].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x5].P
+printf "tlb[0x06]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x6].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x6].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x6].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x6].P
+printf "tlb[0x07]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x7].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x7].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x7].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x7].P
+printf "tlb[0x08]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x8].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x8].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x8].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x8].P
+printf "tlb[0x09]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x9].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x9].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x9].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x9].P
+printf "tlb[0x0a]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0xa].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0xa].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xa].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xa].P
+printf "tlb[0x0b]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0xb].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0xb].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xb].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xb].P
+printf "tlb[0x0c]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0xc].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0xc].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xc].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xc].P
+printf "tlb[0x0d]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0xd].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0xd].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xd].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xd].P
+printf "tlb[0x0e]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0xe].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0xe].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xe].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xe].P
+printf "tlb[0x0f]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0xf].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0xf].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xf].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0xf].P
+printf "tlb[0x10]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x10].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x10].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x10].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x10].P
+printf "tlb[0x11]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x11].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x11].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x11].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x11].P
+printf "tlb[0x12]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x12].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x12].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x12].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x12].P
+printf "tlb[0x13]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x13].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x13].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x13].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x13].P
+printf "tlb[0x14]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x14].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x14].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x14].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x14].P
+printf "tlb[0x15]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x15].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x15].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x15].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x15].P
+printf "tlb[0x16]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x16].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x16].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x16].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x16].P
+printf "tlb[0x17]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x17].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x17].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x17].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x17].P
+printf "tlb[0x18]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x18].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x18].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x18].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x18].P
+printf "tlb[0x19]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x19].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x19].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x19].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x19].P
+printf "tlb[0x1a]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1a].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1a].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1a].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1a].P
+printf "tlb[0x1b]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1b].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1b].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1b].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1b].P
+printf "tlb[0x1c]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1c].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1c].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1c].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1c].P
+printf "tlb[0x1d]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1d].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1d].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1d].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1d].P
+printf "tlb[0x1e]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1e].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1e].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1e].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1e].P
+printf "tlb[0x1f]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1f].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x1f].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1f].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x1f].P
+printf "tlb[0x20]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x20].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x20].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x20].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x20].P
+printf "tlb[0x21]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x21].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x21].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x21].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x21].P
+printf "tlb[0x22]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x22].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x22].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x22].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x22].P
+printf "tlb[0x23]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x23].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x23].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x23].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x23].P
+printf "tlb[0x24]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x24].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x24].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x24].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x24].P
+printf "tlb[0x25]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x25].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x25].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x25].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x25].P
+printf "tlb[0x26]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x26].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x26].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x26].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x26].P
+printf "tlb[0x27]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x27].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x27].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x27].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x27].P
+printf "tlb[0x28]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x28].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x28].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x28].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x28].P
+printf "tlb[0x29]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x29].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x29].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x29].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x29].P
+printf "tlb[0x2a]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2a].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2a].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2a].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2a].P
+printf "tlb[0x2b]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2b].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2b].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2b].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2b].P
+printf "tlb[0x2c]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2c].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2c].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2c].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2c].P
+printf "tlb[0x2d]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2d].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2d].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2d].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2d].P
+printf "tlb[0x2e]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2e].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2e].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2e].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2e].P
+printf "tlb[0x2f]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2f].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x2f].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2f].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x2f].P
+printf "tlb[0x30]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x30].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x30].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x30].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x30].P
+printf "tlb[0x31]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x31].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x31].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x31].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x31].P
+printf "tlb[0x32]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x32].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x32].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x32].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x32].P
+printf "tlb[0x33]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x33].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x33].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x33].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x33].P
+printf "tlb[0x34]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x34].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x34].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x34].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x34].P
+printf "tlb[0x35]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x35].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x35].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x35].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x35].P
+printf "tlb[0x36]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x36].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x36].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x36].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x36].P
+printf "tlb[0x37]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x37].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x37].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x37].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x37].P
+printf "tlb[0x38]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x38].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x38].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x38].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x38].P
+printf "tlb[0x39]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x39].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x39].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x39].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x39].P
+printf "tlb[0x3a]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3a].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3a].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3a].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3a].P
+printf "tlb[0x3b]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3b].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3b].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3b].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3b].P
+printf "tlb[0x3c]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3c].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3c].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3c].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3c].P
+printf "tlb[0x3d]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3d].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3d].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3d].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3d].P
+printf "tlb[0x3e]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3e].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3e].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3e].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3e].P
+printf "tlb[0x3f]: %08lx %08lx %08lx %08lx\n",__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3f].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x3f].P,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3f].L,__debug_mmu.tlb[0x40+0x3f].P
+end
+
+
+define _pgd
+p (pgd_t[0x40])*(pgd_t*)(__debug_mmu.damr[0x3].L)
+end
+
+define _ptd_i
+p (pte_t[0x1000])*(pte_t*)(__debug_mmu.damr[0x4].L)
+end
+
+define _ptd_d
+p (pte_t[0x1000])*(pte_t*)(__debug_mmu.damr[0x5].L)
+end
diff --git a/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/gdbstub.txt b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/gdbstub.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ce5aa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/gdbstub.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+ ====================
+ DEBUGGING FR-V LINUX
+ ====================
+
+
+The kernel contains a GDB stub that talks GDB remote protocol across a serial
+port. This permits GDB to single step through the kernel, set breakpoints and
+trap exceptions that happen in kernel space and interrupt execution. It also
+permits the NMI interrupt button or serial port events to jump the kernel into
+the debugger.
+
+On the CPUs that have on-chip UARTs (FR400, FR403, FR405, FR555), the
+GDB stub hijacks a serial port for its own purposes, and makes it
+generate level 15 interrupts (NMI). The kernel proper cannot see the serial
+port in question under these conditions.
+
+On the MB93091-VDK CPU boards, the GDB stub uses UART1, which would otherwise
+be /dev/ttyS1. On the MB93093-PDK, the GDB stub uses UART0. Therefore, on the
+PDK there is no externally accessible serial port and the serial port to
+which the touch screen is attached becomes /dev/ttyS0.
+
+Note that the GDB stub runs entirely within CPU debug mode, and so should not
+incur any exceptions or interrupts whilst it is active. In particular, note
+that the clock will lose time since it is implemented in software.
+
+
+==================
+KERNEL PREPARATION
+==================
+
+Firstly, a debuggable kernel must be built. To do this, unpack the kernel tree
+and copy the configuration that you wish to use to .config. Then reconfigure
+the following things on the "Kernel Hacking" tab:
+
+ (*) "Include debugging information"
+
+ Set this to "Y". This causes all C and Assembly files to be compiled
+ to include debugging information.
+
+ (*) "In-kernel GDB stub"
+
+ Set this to "Y". This causes the GDB stub to be compiled into the
+ kernel.
+
+ (*) "Immediate activation"
+
+ Set this to "Y" if you want the GDB stub to activate as soon as possible
+ and wait for GDB to connect. This allows you to start tracing right from
+ the beginning of start_kernel() in init/main.c.
+
+ (*) "Console through GDB stub"
+
+ Set this to "Y" if you wish to be able to use "console=gdb0" on the
+ command line. That tells the kernel to pass system console messages to
+ GDB (which then prints them on its standard output). This is useful when
+ debugging the serial drivers that'd otherwise be used to pass console
+ messages to the outside world.
+
+Then build as usual, download to the board and execute. Note that if
+"Immediate activation" was selected, then the kernel will wait for GDB to
+attach. If not, then the kernel will boot immediately and GDB will have to
+interupt it or wait for an exception to occur if before doing anything with
+the kernel.
+
+
+=========================
+KERNEL DEBUGGING WITH GDB
+=========================
+
+Set the serial port on the computer that's going to run GDB to the appropriate
+baud rate. Assuming the board's debug port is connected to ttyS0/COM1 on the
+computer doing the debugging:
+
+ stty -F /dev/ttyS0 115200
+
+Then start GDB in the base of the kernel tree:
+
+ frv-uclinux-gdb linux [uClinux]
+
+Or:
+
+ frv-uclinux-gdb vmlinux [MMU linux]
+
+When the prompt appears:
+
+ GNU gdb frv-031024
+ Copyright 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
+ welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
+ Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
+ There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
+ This GDB was configured as "--host=i686-pc-linux-gnu --target=frv-uclinux"...
+ (gdb)
+
+Attach to the board like this:
+
+ (gdb) target remote /dev/ttyS0
+ Remote debugging using /dev/ttyS0
+ start_kernel () at init/main.c:395
+ (gdb)
+
+This should show the appropriate lines from the source too. The kernel can
+then be debugged almost as if it's any other program.
+
+
+===============================
+INTERRUPTING THE RUNNING KERNEL
+===============================
+
+The kernel can be interrupted whilst it is running, causing a jump back to the
+GDB stub and the debugger:
+
+ (*) Pressing Ctrl-C in GDB. This will cause GDB to try and interrupt the
+ kernel by sending an RS232 BREAK over the serial line to the GDB
+ stub. This will (mostly) immediately interrupt the kernel and return it
+ to the debugger.
+
+ (*) Pressing the NMI button on the board will also cause a jump into the
+ debugger.
+
+ (*) Setting a software breakpoint. This sets a break instruction at the
+ desired location which the GDB stub then traps the exception for.
+
+ (*) Setting a hardware breakpoint. The GDB stub is capable of using the IBAR
+ and DBAR registers to assist debugging.
+
+Furthermore, the GDB stub will intercept a number of exceptions automatically
+if they are caused by kernel execution. It will also intercept BUG() macro
+invokation.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/mmu-layout.txt b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/mmu-layout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11dcc56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fujitsu/frv/mmu-layout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+ =================================
+ FR451 MMU LINUX MEMORY MANAGEMENT
+ =================================
+
+============
+MMU HARDWARE
+============
+
+FR451 MMU Linux puts the MMU into EDAT mode whilst running. This means that it uses both the SAT
+registers and the DAT TLB to perform address translation.
+
+There are 8 IAMLR/IAMPR register pairs and 16 DAMLR/DAMPR register pairs for SAT mode.
+
+In DAT mode, there is also a TLB organised in cache format as 64 lines x 2 ways. Each line spans a
+16KB range of addresses, but can match a larger region.
+
+
+===========================
+MEMORY MANAGEMENT REGISTERS
+===========================
+
+Certain control registers are used by the kernel memory management routines:
+
+ REGISTERS USAGE
+ ====================== ==================================================
+ IAMR0, DAMR0 Kernel image and data mappings
+ IAMR1, DAMR1 First-chance TLB lookup mapping
+ DAMR2 Page attachment for cache flush by page
+ DAMR3 Current PGD mapping
+ SCR0, DAMR4 Instruction TLB PGE/PTD cache
+ SCR1, DAMR5 Data TLB PGE/PTD cache
+ DAMR6-10 kmap_atomic() mappings
+ DAMR11 I/O mapping
+ CXNR mm_struct context ID
+ TTBR Page directory (PGD) pointer (physical address)
+
+
+=====================
+GENERAL MEMORY LAYOUT
+=====================
+
+The physical memory layout is as follows:
+
+ PHYSICAL ADDRESS CONTROLLER DEVICE
+ =================== ============== =======================================
+ 00000000 - BFFFFFFF SDRAM SDRAM area
+ E0000000 - EFFFFFFF L-BUS CS2# VDK SLBUS/PCI window
+ F0000000 - F0FFFFFF L-BUS CS5# MB93493 CSC area (DAV daughter board)
+ F1000000 - F1FFFFFF L-BUS CS7# (CB70 CPU-card PCMCIA port I/O space)
+ FC000000 - FC0FFFFF L-BUS CS1# VDK MB86943 config space
+ FC100000 - FC1FFFFF L-BUS CS6# DM9000 NIC I/O space
+ FC200000 - FC2FFFFF L-BUS CS3# MB93493 CSR area (DAV daughter board)
+ FD000000 - FDFFFFFF L-BUS CS4# (CB70 CPU-card extra flash space)
+ FE000000 - FEFFFFFF Internal CPU peripherals
+ FF000000 - FF1FFFFF L-BUS CS0# Flash 1
+ FF200000 - FF3FFFFF L-BUS CS0# Flash 2
+ FFC00000 - FFC0001F L-BUS CS0# FPGA
+
+The virtual memory layout is:
+
+ VIRTUAL ADDRESS PHYSICAL TRANSLATOR FLAGS SIZE OCCUPATION
+ ================= ======== ============== ======= ======= ===================================
+ 00004000-BFFFFFFF various TLB,xAMR1 D-N-??V 3GB Userspace
+ C0000000-CFFFFFFF 00000000 xAMPR0 -L-S--V 256MB Kernel image and data
+ D0000000-D7FFFFFF various TLB,xAMR1 D-NS??V 128MB vmalloc area
+ D8000000-DBFFFFFF various TLB,xAMR1 D-NS??V 64MB kmap() area
+ DC000000-DCFFFFFF various TLB 1MB Secondary kmap_atomic() frame
+ DD000000-DD27FFFF various DAMR 160KB Primary kmap_atomic() frame
+ DD040000 DAMR2/IAMR2 -L-S--V page Page cache flush attachment point
+ DD080000 DAMR3 -L-SC-V page Page Directory (PGD)
+ DD0C0000 DAMR4 -L-SC-V page Cached insn TLB Page Table lookup
+ DD100000 DAMR5 -L-SC-V page Cached data TLB Page Table lookup
+ DD140000 DAMR6 -L-S--V page kmap_atomic(KM_BOUNCE_READ)
+ DD180000 DAMR7 -L-S--V page kmap_atomic(KM_SKB_SUNRPC_DATA)
+ DD1C0000 DAMR8 -L-S--V page kmap_atomic(KM_SKB_DATA_SOFTIRQ)
+ DD200000 DAMR9 -L-S--V page kmap_atomic(KM_USER0)
+ DD240000 DAMR10 -L-S--V page kmap_atomic(KM_USER1)
+ E0000000-FFFFFFFF E0000000 DAMR11 -L-SC-V 512MB I/O region
+
+IAMPR1 and DAMPR1 are used as an extension to the TLB.
+
+
+====================
+KMAP AND KMAP_ATOMIC
+====================
+
+To access pages in the page cache (which may not be directly accessible if highmem is available),
+the kernel calls kmap(), does the access and then calls kunmap(); or it calls kmap_atomic(), does
+the access and then calls kunmap_atomic().
+
+kmap() creates an attachment between an arbitrary inaccessible page and a range of virtual
+addresses by installing a PTE in a special page table. The kernel can then access this page as it
+wills. When it's finished, the kernel calls kunmap() to clear the PTE.
+
+kmap_atomic() does something slightly different. In the interests of speed, it chooses one of two
+strategies:
+
+ (1) If possible, kmap_atomic() attaches the requested page to one of DAMPR5 through DAMPR10
+ register pairs; and the matching kunmap_atomic() clears the DAMPR. This makes high memory
+ support really fast as there's no need to flush the TLB or modify the page tables. The DAMLR
+ registers being used for this are preset during boot and don't change over the lifetime of the
+ process. There's a direct mapping between the first few kmap_atomic() types, DAMR number and
+ virtual address slot.
+
+ However, there are more kmap_atomic() types defined than there are DAMR registers available,
+ so we fall back to:
+
+ (2) kmap_atomic() uses a slot in the secondary frame (determined by the type parameter), and then
+ locks an entry in the TLB to translate that slot to the specified page. The number of slots is
+ obviously limited, and their positions are controlled such that each slot is matched by a
+ different line in the TLB. kunmap() ejects the entry from the TLB.
+
+Note that the first three kmap atomic types are really just declared as placeholders. The DAMPR
+registers involved are actually modified directly.
+
+Also note that kmap() itself may sleep, kmap_atomic() may never sleep and both always succeed;
+furthermore, a driver using kmap() may sleep before calling kunmap(), but may not sleep before
+calling kunmap_atomic() if it had previously called kmap_atomic().
+
+
+===============================
+USING MORE THAN 256MB OF MEMORY
+===============================
+
+The kernel cannot access more than 256MB of memory directly. The physical layout, however, permits
+up to 3GB of SDRAM (possibly 3.25GB) to be made available. By using CONFIG_HIGHMEM, the kernel can
+allow userspace (by way of page tables) and itself (by way of kmap) to deal with the memory
+allocation.
+
+External devices can, of course, still DMA to and from all of the SDRAM, even if the kernel can't
+see it directly. The kernel translates page references into real addresses for communicating to the
+devices.
+
+
+===================
+PAGE TABLE TOPOLOGY
+===================
+
+The page tables are arranged in 2-layer format. There is a middle layer (PMD) that would be used in
+3-layer format tables but that is folded into the top layer (PGD) and so consumes no extra memory
+or processing power.
+
+ +------+ PGD PMD
+ | TTBR |--->+-------------------+
+ +------+ | | : STE |
+ | PGE0 | PME0 : STE |
+ | | : STE |
+ +-------------------+ Page Table
+ | | : STE -------------->+--------+ +0x0000
+ | PGE1 | PME0 : STE -----------+ | PTE0 |
+ | | : STE -------+ | +--------+
+ +-------------------+ | | | PTE63 |
+ | | : STE | | +-->+--------+ +0x0100
+ | PGE2 | PME0 : STE | | | PTE64 |
+ | | : STE | | +--------+
+ +-------------------+ | | PTE127 |
+ | | : STE | +------>+--------+ +0x0200
+ | PGE3 | PME0 : STE | | PTE128 |
+ | | : STE | +--------+
+ +-------------------+ | PTE191 |
+ +--------+ +0x0300
+
+Each Page Directory (PGD) is 16KB (page size) in size and is divided into 64 entries (PGEs). Each
+PGE contains one Page Mid Directory (PMD).
+
+Each PMD is 256 bytes in size and contains a single entry (PME). Each PME holds 64 FR451 MMU
+segment table entries of 4 bytes apiece. Each PME "points to" a page table. In practice, each STE
+points to a subset of the page table, the first to PT+0x0000, the second to PT+0x0100, the third to
+PT+0x200, and so on.
+
+Each PGE and PME covers 64MB of the total virtual address space.
+
+Each Page Table (PTD) is 16KB (page size) in size, and is divided into 4096 entries (PTEs). Each
+entry can point to one 16KB page. In practice, each Linux page table is subdivided into 64 FR451
+MMU page tables. But they are all grouped together to make management easier, in particular rmap
+support is then trivial.
+
+Grouping page tables in this fashion makes PGE caching in SCR0/SCR1 more efficient because the
+coverage of the cached item is greater.
+
+Page tables for the vmalloc area are allocated at boot time and shared between all mm_structs.
+
+
+=================
+USER SPACE LAYOUT
+=================
+
+For MMU capable Linux, the regions userspace code are allowed to access are kept entirely separate
+from those dedicated to the kernel:
+
+ VIRTUAL ADDRESS SIZE PURPOSE
+ ================= ===== ===================================
+ 00000000-00003fff 4KB NULL pointer access trap
+ 00004000-01ffffff ~32MB lower mmap space (grows up)
+ 02000000-021fffff 2MB Stack space (grows down from top)
+ 02200000-nnnnnnnn Executable mapping
+ nnnnnnnn- brk space (grows up)
+ -bfffffff upper mmap space (grows down)
+
+This is so arranged so as to make best use of the 16KB page tables and the way in which PGEs/PMEs
+are cached by the TLB handler. The lower mmap space is filled first, and then the upper mmap space
+is filled.
+
+
+===============================
+GDB-STUB MMU DEBUGGING SERVICES
+===============================
+
+The gdb-stub included in this kernel provides a number of services to aid in the debugging of MMU
+related kernel services:
+
+ (*) Every time the kernel stops, certain state information is dumped into __debug_mmu. This
+ variable is defined in arch/frv/kernel/gdb-stub.c. Note that the gdbinit file in this
+ directory has some useful macros for dealing with this.
+
+ (*) __debug_mmu.tlb[]
+
+ This receives the current TLB contents. This can be viewed with the _tlb GDB macro:
+
+ (gdb) _tlb
+ tlb[0x00]: 01000005 00718203 01000002 00718203
+ tlb[0x01]: 01004002 006d4201 01004005 006d4203
+ tlb[0x02]: 01008002 006d0201 01008006 00004200
+ tlb[0x03]: 0100c006 007f4202 0100c002 0064c202
+ tlb[0x04]: 01110005 00774201 01110002 00774201
+ tlb[0x05]: 01114005 00770201 01114002 00770201
+ tlb[0x06]: 01118002 0076c201 01118005 0076c201
+ ...
+ tlb[0x3d]: 010f4002 00790200 001f4002 0054ca02
+ tlb[0x3e]: 010f8005 0078c201 010f8002 0078c201
+ tlb[0x3f]: 001fc002 0056ca01 001fc005 00538a01
+
+ (*) __debug_mmu.iamr[]
+ (*) __debug_mmu.damr[]
+
+ These receive the current IAMR and DAMR contents. These can be viewed with with the _amr
+ GDB macro:
+
+ (gdb) _amr
+ AMRx DAMR IAMR
+ ==== ===================== =====================
+ amr0 : L:c0000000 P:00000cb9 : L:c0000000 P:000004b9
+ amr1 : L:01070005 P:006f9203 : L:0102c005 P:006a1201
+ amr2 : L:d8d00000 P:00000000 : L:d8d00000 P:00000000
+ amr3 : L:d8d04000 P:00534c0d : L:00000000 P:00000000
+ amr4 : L:d8d08000 P:00554c0d : L:00000000 P:00000000
+ amr5 : L:d8d0c000 P:00554c0d : L:00000000 P:00000000
+ amr6 : L:d8d10000 P:00000000 : L:00000000 P:00000000
+ amr7 : L:d8d14000 P:00000000 : L:00000000 P:00000000
+ amr8 : L:d8d18000 P:00000000
+ amr9 : L:d8d1c000 P:00000000
+ amr10: L:d8d20000 P:00000000
+ amr11: L:e0000000 P:e0000ccd
+
+ (*) The current task's page directory is bound to DAMR3.
+
+ This can be viewed with the _pgd GDB macro:
+
+ (gdb) _pgd
+ $3 = {{pge = {{ste = {0x554001, 0x554101, 0x554201, 0x554301, 0x554401,
+ 0x554501, 0x554601, 0x554701, 0x554801, 0x554901, 0x554a01,
+ 0x554b01, 0x554c01, 0x554d01, 0x554e01, 0x554f01, 0x555001,
+ 0x555101, 0x555201, 0x555301, 0x555401, 0x555501, 0x555601,
+ 0x555701, 0x555801, 0x555901, 0x555a01, 0x555b01, 0x555c01,
+ 0x555d01, 0x555e01, 0x555f01, 0x556001, 0x556101, 0x556201,
+ 0x556301, 0x556401, 0x556501, 0x556601, 0x556701, 0x556801,
+ 0x556901, 0x556a01, 0x556b01, 0x556c01, 0x556d01, 0x556e01,
+ 0x556f01, 0x557001, 0x557101, 0x557201, 0x557301, 0x557401,
+ 0x557501, 0x557601, 0x557701, 0x557801, 0x557901, 0x557a01,
+ 0x557b01, 0x557c01, 0x557d01, 0x557e01, 0x557f01}}}}, {pge = {{
+ ste = {0x0 <repeats 64 times>}}}} <repeats 51 times>, {pge = {{ste = {
+ 0x248001, 0x248101, 0x248201, 0x248301, 0x248401, 0x248501,
+ 0x248601, 0x248701, 0x248801, 0x248901, 0x248a01, 0x248b01,
+ 0x248c01, 0x248d01, 0x248e01, 0x248f01, 0x249001, 0x249101,
+ 0x249201, 0x249301, 0x249401, 0x249501, 0x249601, 0x249701,
+ 0x249801, 0x249901, 0x249a01, 0x249b01, 0x249c01, 0x249d01,
+ 0x249e01, 0x249f01, 0x24a001, 0x24a101, 0x24a201, 0x24a301,
+ 0x24a401, 0x24a501, 0x24a601, 0x24a701, 0x24a801, 0x24a901,
+ 0x24aa01, 0x24ab01, 0x24ac01, 0x24ad01, 0x24ae01, 0x24af01,
+ 0x24b001, 0x24b101, 0x24b201, 0x24b301, 0x24b401, 0x24b501,
+ 0x24b601, 0x24b701, 0x24b801, 0x24b901, 0x24ba01, 0x24bb01,
+ 0x24bc01, 0x24bd01, 0x24be01, 0x24bf01}}}}, {pge = {{ste = {
+ 0x0 <repeats 64 times>}}}} <repeats 11 times>}
+
+ (*) The PTD last used by the instruction TLB miss handler is attached to DAMR4.
+ (*) The PTD last used by the data TLB miss handler is attached to DAMR5.
+
+ These can be viewed with the _ptd_i and _ptd_d GDB macros:
+
+ (gdb) _ptd_d
+ $5 = {{pte = 0x0} <repeats 127 times>, {pte = 0x539b01}, {
+ pte = 0x0} <repeats 896 times>, {pte = 0x719303}, {pte = 0x6d5303}, {
+ pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {
+ pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x6a1303}, {
+ pte = 0x0} <repeats 12 times>, {pte = 0x709303}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0},
+ {pte = 0x6fd303}, {pte = 0x6f9303}, {pte = 0x6f5303}, {pte = 0x0}, {
+ pte = 0x6ed303}, {pte = 0x531b01}, {pte = 0x50db01}, {
+ pte = 0x0} <repeats 13 times>, {pte = 0x5303}, {pte = 0x7f5303}, {
+ pte = 0x509b01}, {pte = 0x505b01}, {pte = 0x7c9303}, {pte = 0x7b9303}, {
+ pte = 0x7b5303}, {pte = 0x7b1303}, {pte = 0x7ad303}, {pte = 0x0}, {
+ pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x7a1303}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x795303}, {pte = 0x0}, {
+ pte = 0x78d303}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x0}, {
+ pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x775303}, {pte = 0x771303}, {pte = 0x76d303}, {
+ pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x765303}, {pte = 0x7c5303}, {pte = 0x501b01}, {
+ pte = 0x4f1b01}, {pte = 0x4edb01}, {pte = 0x0}, {pte = 0x4f9b01}, {
+ pte = 0x4fdb01}, {pte = 0x0} <repeats 2992 times>}
diff --git a/Documentation/hayes-esp.txt b/Documentation/hayes-esp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09b5d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/hayes-esp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+HAYES ESP DRIVER VERSION 2.1
+
+A big thanks to the people at Hayes, especially Alan Adamson. Their support
+has enabled me to provide enhancements to the driver.
+
+Please report your experiences with this driver to me (arobinso@nyx.net). I
+am looking for both positive and negative feedback.
+
+*** IMPORTANT CHANGES FOR 2.1 ***
+Support for PIO mode. Five situations will cause PIO mode to be used:
+1) A multiport card is detected. PIO mode will always be used. (8 port cards
+do not support DMA).
+2) The DMA channel is set to an invalid value (anything other than 1 or 3).
+3) The DMA buffer/channel could not be allocated. The port will revert to PIO
+mode until it is reopened.
+4) Less than a specified number of bytes need to be transferred to/from the
+FIFOs. PIO mode will be used for that transfer only.
+5) A port needs to do a DMA transfer and another port is already using the
+DMA channel. PIO mode will be used for that transfer only.
+
+Since the Hayes ESP seems to conflict with other cards (notably sound cards)
+when using DMA, DMA is turned off by default. To use DMA, it must be turned
+on explicitly, either with the "dma=" option described below or with
+setserial. A multiport card can be forced into DMA mode by using setserial;
+however, most multiport cards don't support DMA.
+
+The latest version of setserial allows the enhanced configuration of the ESP
+card to be viewed and modified.
+***
+
+This package contains the files needed to compile a module to support the Hayes
+ESP card. The drivers are basically a modified version of the serial drivers.
+
+Features:
+
+- Uses the enhanced mode of the ESP card, allowing a wider range of
+ interrupts and features than compatibility mode
+- Uses DMA and 16 bit PIO mode to transfer data to and from the ESP's FIFOs,
+ reducing CPU load
+- Supports primary and secondary ports
+
+
+If the driver is compiled as a module, the IRQs to use can be specified by
+using the irq= option. The format is:
+
+irq=[0x100],[0x140],[0x180],[0x200],[0x240],[0x280],[0x300],[0x380]
+
+The address in brackets is the base address of the card. The IRQ of
+nonexistent cards can be set to 0. If an IRQ of a card that does exist is set
+to 0, the driver will attempt to guess at the correct IRQ. For example, to set
+the IRQ of the card at address 0x300 to 12, the insmod command would be:
+
+insmod esp irq=0,0,0,0,0,0,12,0
+
+The custom divisor can be set by using the divisor= option. The format is the
+same as for the irq= option. Each divisor value is a series of hex digits,
+with each digit representing the divisor to use for a corresponding port. The
+divisor value is constructed RIGHT TO LEFT. Specifying a nonzero divisor value
+will automatically set the spd_cust flag. To calculate the divisor to use for
+a certain baud rate, divide the port's base baud (generally 921600) by the
+desired rate. For example, to set the divisor of the primary port at 0x300 to
+4 and the divisor of the secondary port at 0x308 to 8, the insmod command would
+be:
+
+insmod esp divisor=0,0,0,0,0,0,0x84,0
+
+The dma= option can be used to set the DMA channel. The channel can be either
+1 or 3. Specifying any other value will force the driver to use PIO mode.
+For example, to set the DMA channel to 3, the insmod command would be:
+
+insmod esp dma=3
+
+The rx_trigger= and tx_trigger= options can be used to set the FIFO trigger
+levels. They specify when the ESP card should send an interrupt. Larger
+values will decrease the number of interrupts; however, a value too high may
+result in data loss. Valid values are 1 through 1023, with 768 being the
+default. For example, to set the receive trigger level to 512 bytes and the
+transmit trigger level to 700 bytes, the insmod command would be:
+
+insmod esp rx_trigger=512 tx_trigger=700
+
+The flow_off= and flow_on= options can be used to set the hardware flow off/
+flow on levels. The flow on level must be lower than the flow off level, and
+the flow off level should be higher than rx_trigger. Valid values are 1
+through 1023, with 1016 being the default flow off level and 944 being the
+default flow on level. For example, to set the flow off level to 1000 bytes
+and the flow on level to 935 bytes, the insmod command would be:
+
+insmod esp flow_off=1000 flow_on=935
+
+The rx_timeout= option can be used to set the receive timeout value. This
+value indicates how long after receiving the last character that the ESP card
+should wait before signalling an interrupt. Valid values are 0 though 255,
+with 128 being the default. A value too high will increase latency, and a
+value too low will cause unnecessary interrupts. For example, to set the
+receive timeout to 255, the insmod command would be:
+
+insmod esp rx_timeout=255
+
+The pio_threshold= option sets the threshold (in number of characters) for
+using PIO mode instead of DMA mode. For example, if this value is 32,
+transfers of 32 bytes or less will always use PIO mode.
+
+insmod esp pio_threshold=32
+
+Multiple options can be listed on the insmod command line by separating each
+option with a space. For example:
+
+insmod esp dma=3 trigger=512
+
+The esp module can be automatically loaded when needed. To cause this to
+happen, add the following lines to /etc/modprobe.conf (replacing the last line
+with options for your configuration):
+
+alias char-major-57 esp
+alias char-major-58 esp
+options esp irq=0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0 divisor=0,0,0,0,0,0,0x4,0
+
+You may also need to run 'depmod -a'.
+
+Devices must be created manually. To create the devices, note the output from
+the module after it is inserted. The output will appear in the location where
+kernel messages usually appear (usually /var/adm/messages). Create two devices
+for each 'tty' mentioned, one with major of 57 and the other with major of 58.
+The minor number should be the same as the tty number reported. The commands
+would be (replace ? with the tty number):
+
+mknod /dev/ttyP? c 57 ?
+mknod /dev/cup? c 58 ?
+
+For example, if the following line appears:
+
+Oct 24 18:17:23 techno kernel: ttyP8 at 0x0140 (irq = 3) is an ESP primary port
+
+...two devices should be created:
+
+mknod /dev/ttyP8 c 57 8
+mknod /dev/cup8 c 58 8
+
+You may need to set the permissions on the devices:
+
+chmod 666 /dev/ttyP*
+chmod 666 /dev/cup*
+
+The ESP module and the serial module should not conflict (they can be used at
+the same time). After the ESP module has been loaded the ports on the ESP card
+will no longer be accessible by the serial driver.
+
+If I/O errors are experienced when accessing the port, check for IRQ and DMA
+conflicts ('cat /proc/interrupts' and 'cat /proc/dma' for a list of IRQs and
+DMAs currently in use).
+
+Enjoy!
+Andrew J. Robinson <arobinso@nyx.net>
diff --git a/Documentation/highuid.txt b/Documentation/highuid.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c33926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/highuid.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+Notes on the change from 16-bit UIDs to 32-bit UIDs:
+
+- kernel code MUST take into account __kernel_uid_t and __kernel_uid32_t
+ when communicating between user and kernel space in an ioctl or data
+ structure.
+
+- kernel code should use uid_t and gid_t in kernel-private structures and
+ code.
+
+What's left to be done for 32-bit UIDs on all Linux architectures:
+
+- Disk quotas have an interesting limitation that is not related to the
+ maximum UID/GID. They are limited by the maximum file size on the
+ underlying filesystem, because quota records are written at offsets
+ corresponding to the UID in question.
+ Further investigation is needed to see if the quota system can cope
+ properly with huge UIDs. If it can deal with 64-bit file offsets on all
+ architectures, this should not be a problem.
+
+- Decide whether or not to keep backwards compatibility with the system
+ accounting file, or if we should break it as the comments suggest
+ (currently, the old 16-bit UID and GID are still written to disk, and
+ part of the former pad space is used to store separate 32-bit UID and
+ GID)
+
+- Need to validate that OS emulation calls the 16-bit UID
+ compatibility syscalls, if the OS being emulated used 16-bit UIDs, or
+ uses the 32-bit UID system calls properly otherwise.
+
+ This affects at least:
+ SunOS emulation
+ Solaris emulation
+ iBCS on Intel
+
+ sparc32 emulation on sparc64
+ (need to support whatever new 32-bit UID system calls are added to
+ sparc32)
+
+- Validate that all filesystems behave properly.
+
+ At present, 32-bit UIDs _should_ work for:
+ ext2
+ ufs
+ isofs
+ nfs
+ coda
+ udf
+
+ Ioctl() fixups have been made for:
+ ncpfs
+ smbfs
+
+ Filesystems with simple fixups to prevent 16-bit UID wraparound:
+ minix
+ sysv
+ qnx4
+
+ Other filesystems have not been checked yet.
+
+- The ncpfs and smpfs filesystems can not presently use 32-bit UIDs in
+ all ioctl()s. Some new ioctl()s have been added with 32-bit UIDs, but
+ more are needed. (as well as new user<->kernel data structures)
+
+- The ELF core dump format only supports 16-bit UIDs on arm, i386, m68k,
+ sh, and sparc32. Fixing this is probably not that important, but would
+ require adding a new ELF section.
+
+- The ioctl()s used to control the in-kernel NFS server only support
+ 16-bit UIDs on arm, i386, m68k, sh, and sparc32.
+
+- make sure that the UID mapping feature of AX25 networking works properly
+ (it should be safe because it's always used a 32-bit integer to
+ communicate between user and kernel)
+
+
+Chris Wing
+wingc@umich.edu
+
+last updated: January 11, 2000
diff --git a/Documentation/hpet.txt b/Documentation/hpet.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e7cc8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/hpet.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+ High Precision Event Timer Driver for Linux
+
+The High Precision Event Timer (HPET) hardware is the future replacement for the 8254 and Real
+Time Clock (RTC) periodic timer functionality. Each HPET can have up two 32 timers. It is possible
+to configure the first two timers as legacy replacements for 8254 and RTC periodic. A specification
+done by INTEL and Microsoft can be found at http://www.intel.com/labs/platcomp/hpet/hpetspec.htm.
+
+The driver supports detection of HPET driver allocation and initialization of the HPET before the
+driver module_init routine is called. This enables platform code which uses timer 0 or 1 as the
+main timer to intercept HPET initialization. An example of this initialization can be found in
+arch/i386/kernel/time_hpet.c.
+
+The driver provides two APIs which are very similar to the API found in the rtc.c driver.
+There is a user space API and a kernel space API. An example user space program is provided
+below.
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <memory.h>
+#include <malloc.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <linux/hpet.h>
+
+
+extern void hpet_open_close(int, const char **);
+extern void hpet_info(int, const char **);
+extern void hpet_poll(int, const char **);
+extern void hpet_fasync(int, const char **);
+extern void hpet_read(int, const char **);
+
+#include <sys/poll.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+struct hpet_command {
+ char *command;
+ void (*func)(int argc, const char ** argv);
+} hpet_command[] = {
+ {
+ "open-close",
+ hpet_open_close
+ },
+ {
+ "info",
+ hpet_info
+ },
+ {
+ "poll",
+ hpet_poll
+ },
+ {
+ "fasync",
+ hpet_fasync
+ },
+};
+
+int
+main(int argc, const char ** argv)
+{
+ int i;
+
+ argc--;
+ argv++;
+
+ if (!argc) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "-hpet: requires command\n");
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+
+ for (i = 0; i < (sizeof (hpet_command) / sizeof (hpet_command[0])); i++)
+ if (!strcmp(argv[0], hpet_command[i].command)) {
+ argc--;
+ argv++;
+ fprintf(stderr, "-hpet: executing %s\n",
+ hpet_command[i].command);
+ hpet_command[i].func(argc, argv);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "do_hpet: command %s not implemented\n", argv[0]);
+
+ return -1;
+}
+
+void
+hpet_open_close(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+ int fd;
+
+ if (argc != 1) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_open_close: device-name\n");
+ return;
+ }
+
+ fd = open(argv[0], O_RDONLY);
+ if (fd < 0)
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_open_close: open failed\n");
+ else
+ close(fd);
+
+ return;
+}
+
+void
+hpet_info(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+}
+
+void
+hpet_poll(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+ unsigned long freq;
+ int iterations, i, fd;
+ struct pollfd pfd;
+ struct hpet_info info;
+ struct timeval stv, etv;
+ struct timezone tz;
+ long usec;
+
+ if (argc != 3) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: device-name freq iterations\n");
+ return;
+ }
+
+ freq = atoi(argv[1]);
+ iterations = atoi(argv[2]);
+
+ fd = open(argv[0], O_RDONLY);
+
+ if (fd < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: open of %s failed\n", argv[0]);
+ return;
+ }
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, HPET_IRQFREQ, freq) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: HPET_IRQFREQ failed\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, HPET_INFO, &info) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: failed to get info\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: info.hi_flags 0x%lx\n", info.hi_flags);
+
+ if (info.hi_flags && (ioctl(fd, HPET_EPI, 0) < 0)) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: HPET_EPI failed\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, HPET_IE_ON, 0) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll, HPET_IE_ON failed\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ pfd.fd = fd;
+ pfd.events = POLLIN;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+ pfd.revents = 0;
+ gettimeofday(&stv, &tz);
+ if (poll(&pfd, 1, -1) < 0)
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: poll failed\n");
+ else {
+ long data;
+
+ gettimeofday(&etv, &tz);
+ usec = stv.tv_sec * 1000000 + stv.tv_usec;
+ usec = (etv.tv_sec * 1000000 + etv.tv_usec) - usec;
+
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "hpet_poll: expired time = 0x%lx\n", usec);
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: revents = 0x%x\n",
+ pfd.revents);
+
+ if (read(fd, &data, sizeof(data)) != sizeof(data)) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: read failed\n");
+ }
+ else
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_poll: data 0x%lx\n",
+ data);
+ }
+ }
+
+out:
+ close(fd);
+ return;
+}
+
+static int hpet_sigio_count;
+
+static void
+hpet_sigio(int val)
+{
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_sigio: called\n");
+ hpet_sigio_count++;
+}
+
+void
+hpet_fasync(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+ unsigned long freq;
+ int iterations, i, fd, value;
+ sig_t oldsig;
+ struct hpet_info info;
+
+ hpet_sigio_count = 0;
+ fd = -1;
+
+ if ((oldsig = signal(SIGIO, hpet_sigio)) == SIG_ERR) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync: failed to set signal handler\n");
+ return;
+ }
+
+ if (argc != 3) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync: device-name freq iterations\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ fd = open(argv[0], O_RDONLY);
+
+ if (fd < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync: failed to open %s\n", argv[0]);
+ return;
+ }
+
+
+ if ((fcntl(fd, F_SETOWN, getpid()) == 1) ||
+ ((value = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL)) == 1) ||
+ (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, value | O_ASYNC) == 1)) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync: fcntl failed\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ freq = atoi(argv[1]);
+ iterations = atoi(argv[2]);
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, HPET_IRQFREQ, freq) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync: HPET_IRQFREQ failed\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, HPET_INFO, &info) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync: failed to get info\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync: info.hi_flags 0x%lx\n", info.hi_flags);
+
+ if (info.hi_flags && (ioctl(fd, HPET_EPI, 0) < 0)) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync: HPET_EPI failed\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, HPET_IE_ON, 0) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync, HPET_IE_ON failed\n");
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ for (i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+ (void) pause();
+ fprintf(stderr, "hpet_fasync: count = %d\n", hpet_sigio_count);
+ }
+
+out:
+ signal(SIGIO, oldsig);
+
+ if (fd >= 0)
+ close(fd);
+
+ return;
+}
+
+The kernel API has three interfaces exported from the driver:
+
+ hpet_register(struct hpet_task *tp, int periodic)
+ hpet_unregister(struct hpet_task *tp)
+ hpet_control(struct hpet_task *tp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
+
+The kernel module using this interface fills in the ht_func and ht_data members of the
+hpet_task structure before calling hpet_register. hpet_control simply vectors to the hpet_ioctl
+routine and has the same commands and respective arguments as the user API. hpet_unregister
+is used to terminate usage of the HPET timer reserved by hpet_register.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/hw_random.txt b/Documentation/hw_random.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb58c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/hw_random.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+ Hardware driver for Intel/AMD/VIA Random Number Generators (RNG)
+ Copyright 2000,2001 Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
+ Copyright 2000,2001 Philipp Rumpf <prumpf@mandrakesoft.com>
+
+Introduction:
+
+ The hw_random device driver is software that makes use of a
+ special hardware feature on your CPU or motherboard,
+ a Random Number Generator (RNG).
+
+ In order to make effective use of this device driver, you
+ should download the support software as well. Download the
+ latest version of the "rng-tools" package from the
+ hw_random driver's official Web site:
+
+ http://sourceforge.net/projects/gkernel/
+
+About the Intel RNG hardware, from the firmware hub datasheet:
+
+ The Firmware Hub integrates a Random Number Generator (RNG)
+ using thermal noise generated from inherently random quantum
+ mechanical properties of silicon. When not generating new random
+ bits the RNG circuitry will enter a low power state. Intel will
+ provide a binary software driver to give third party software
+ access to our RNG for use as a security feature. At this time,
+ the RNG is only to be used with a system in an OS-present state.
+
+Theory of operation:
+
+ Character driver. Using the standard open()
+ and read() system calls, you can read random data from
+ the hardware RNG device. This data is NOT CHECKED by any
+ fitness tests, and could potentially be bogus (if the
+ hardware is faulty or has been tampered with). Data is only
+ output if the hardware "has-data" flag is set, but nevertheless
+ a security-conscious person would run fitness tests on the
+ data before assuming it is truly random.
+
+ /dev/hwrandom is char device major 10, minor 183.
+
+Driver notes:
+
+ * FIXME: support poll(2)
+
+ NOTE: request_mem_region was removed, for two reasons:
+ 1) Only one RNG is supported by this driver, 2) The location
+ used by the RNG is a fixed location in MMIO-addressable memory,
+ 3) users with properly working BIOS e820 handling will always
+ have the region in which the RNG is located reserved, so
+ request_mem_region calls always fail for proper setups.
+ However, for people who use mem=XX, BIOS e820 information is
+ -not- in /proc/iomem, and request_mem_region(RNG_ADDR) can
+ succeed.
+
+Driver details:
+
+ Based on:
+ Intel 82802AB/82802AC Firmware Hub (FWH) Datasheet
+ May 1999 Order Number: 290658-002 R
+
+ Intel 82802 Firmware Hub: Random Number Generator
+ Programmer's Reference Manual
+ December 1999 Order Number: 298029-001 R
+
+ Intel 82802 Firmware HUB Random Number Generator Driver
+ Copyright (c) 2000 Matt Sottek <msottek@quiknet.com>
+
+ Special thanks to Matt Sottek. I did the "guts", he
+ did the "brains" and all the testing.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-ali1535 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-ali1535
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0db3b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-ali1535
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-ali1535
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Acer Labs, Inc. ALI 1535 (south bridge)
+ Datasheet: Now under NDA
+ http://www.ali.com.tw/eng/support/datasheet_request.php
+
+Authors:
+ Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
+ Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>,
+ Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>,
+ Dan Eaton <dan.eaton@rocketlogix.com>,
+ Stephen Rousset<stephen.rousset@rocketlogix.com>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+This is the driver for the SMB Host controller on Acer Labs Inc. (ALI)
+M1535 South Bridge.
+
+The M1535 is a South bridge for portable systems. It is very similar to the
+M15x3 South bridges also produced by Acer Labs Inc. Some of the registers
+within the part have moved and some have been redefined slightly.
+Additionally, the sequencing of the SMBus transactions has been modified to
+be more consistent with the sequencing recommended by the manufacturer and
+observed through testing. These changes are reflected in this driver and
+can be identified by comparing this driver to the i2c-ali15x3 driver. For
+an overview of these chips see http://www.acerlabs.com
+
+The SMB controller is part of the M7101 device, which is an ACPI-compliant
+Power Management Unit (PMU).
+
+The whole M7101 device has to be enabled for the SMB to work. You can't
+just enable the SMB alone. The SMB and the ACPI have separate I/O spaces.
+We make sure that the SMB is enabled. We leave the ACPI alone.
+
+
+Features
+--------
+
+This driver controls the SMB Host only. This driver does not use
+interrupts.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-ali1563 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-ali1563
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99ad4b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-ali1563
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-ali1563
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Acer Labs, Inc. ALI 1563 (south bridge)
+ Datasheet: Now under NDA
+ http://www.ali.com.tw/eng/support/datasheet_request.php
+
+Author: Patrick Mochel <mochel@digitalimplant.org>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+This is the driver for the SMB Host controller on Acer Labs Inc. (ALI)
+M1563 South Bridge.
+
+For an overview of these chips see http://www.acerlabs.com
+
+The M1563 southbridge is deceptively similar to the M1533, with a few
+notable exceptions. One of those happens to be the fact they upgraded the
+i2c core to be SMBus 2.0 compliant, and happens to be almost identical to
+the i2c controller found in the Intel 801 south bridges.
+
+Features
+--------
+
+This driver controls the SMB Host only. This driver does not use
+interrupts.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-ali15x3 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-ali15x3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff28d38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-ali15x3
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-ali15x3
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Acer Labs, Inc. ALI 1533 and 1543C (south bridge)
+ Datasheet: Now under NDA
+ http://www.ali.com.tw/eng/support/datasheet_request.php
+
+Authors:
+ Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
+ Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>,
+ Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
+
+Module Parameters
+-----------------
+
+* force_addr: int
+ Initialize the base address of the i2c controller
+
+
+Notes
+-----
+
+The force_addr parameter is useful for boards that don't set the address in
+the BIOS. Does not do a PCI force; the device must still be present in
+lspci. Don't use this unless the driver complains that the base address is
+not set.
+
+Example: 'modprobe i2c-ali15x3 force_addr=0xe800'
+
+SMBus periodically hangs on ASUS P5A motherboards and can only be cleared
+by a power cycle. Cause unknown (see Issues below).
+
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+This is the driver for the SMB Host controller on Acer Labs Inc. (ALI)
+M1541 and M1543C South Bridges.
+
+The M1543C is a South bridge for desktop systems.
+The M1541 is a South bridge for portable systems.
+They are part of the following ALI chipsets:
+
+ * "Aladdin Pro 2" includes the M1621 Slot 1 North bridge with AGP and
+ 100MHz CPU Front Side bus
+ * "Aladdin V" includes the M1541 Socket 7 North bridge with AGP and 100MHz
+ CPU Front Side bus
+ Some Aladdin V motherboards:
+ Asus P5A
+ Atrend ATC-5220
+ BCM/GVC VP1541
+ Biostar M5ALA
+ Gigabyte GA-5AX (** Generally doesn't work because the BIOS doesn't
+ enable the 7101 device! **)
+ Iwill XA100 Plus
+ Micronics C200
+ Microstar (MSI) MS-5169
+
+ * "Aladdin IV" includes the M1541 Socket 7 North bridge
+ with host bus up to 83.3 MHz.
+
+For an overview of these chips see http://www.acerlabs.com. At this time the
+full data sheets on the web site are password protected, however if you
+contact the ALI office in San Jose they may give you the password.
+
+The M1533/M1543C devices appear as FOUR separate devices on the PCI bus. An
+output of lspci will show something similar to the following:
+
+ 00:02.0 USB Controller: Acer Laboratories Inc. M5237 (rev 03)
+ 00:03.0 Bridge: Acer Laboratories Inc. M7101 <= THIS IS THE ONE WE NEED
+ 00:07.0 ISA bridge: Acer Laboratories Inc. M1533 (rev c3)
+ 00:0f.0 IDE interface: Acer Laboratories Inc. M5229 (rev c1)
+
+** IMPORTANT **
+** If you have a M1533 or M1543C on the board and you get
+** "ali15x3: Error: Can't detect ali15x3!"
+** then run lspci.
+** If you see the 1533 and 5229 devices but NOT the 7101 device,
+** then you must enable ACPI, the PMU, SMB, or something similar
+** in the BIOS.
+** The driver won't work if it can't find the M7101 device.
+
+The SMB controller is part of the M7101 device, which is an ACPI-compliant
+Power Management Unit (PMU).
+
+The whole M7101 device has to be enabled for the SMB to work. You can't
+just enable the SMB alone. The SMB and the ACPI have separate I/O spaces.
+We make sure that the SMB is enabled. We leave the ACPI alone.
+
+Features
+--------
+
+This driver controls the SMB Host only. The SMB Slave
+controller on the M15X3 is not enabled. This driver does not use
+interrupts.
+
+
+Issues
+------
+
+This driver requests the I/O space for only the SMB
+registers. It doesn't use the ACPI region.
+
+On the ASUS P5A motherboard, there are several reports that
+the SMBus will hang and this can only be resolved by
+powering off the computer. It appears to be worse when the board
+gets hot, for example under heavy CPU load, or in the summer.
+There may be electrical problems on this board.
+On the P5A, the W83781D sensor chip is on both the ISA and
+SMBus. Therefore the SMBus hangs can generally be avoided
+by accessing the W83781D on the ISA bus only.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-amd756 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-amd756
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67f3087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-amd756
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-amd756
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * AMD 756
+ * AMD 766
+ * AMD 768
+ * AMD 8111
+ Datasheets: Publicly available on AMD website
+
+ * nVidia nForce
+ Datasheet: Unavailable
+
+Authors:
+ Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
+ Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+This driver supports the AMD 756, 766, 768 and 8111 Peripheral Bus
+Controllers, and the nVidia nForce.
+
+Note that for the 8111, there are two SMBus adapters. The SMBus 1.0 adapter
+is supported by this driver, and the SMBus 2.0 adapter is supported by the
+i2c-amd8111 driver.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-amd8111 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-amd8111
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db294ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-amd8111
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-adm8111
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * AMD-8111 SMBus 2.0 PCI interface
+
+Datasheets:
+ AMD datasheet not yet available, but almost everything can be found
+ in publically available ACPI 2.0 specification, which the adapter
+ follows.
+
+Author: Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+If you see something like this:
+
+00:07.2 SMBus: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] AMD-8111 SMBus 2.0 (rev 02)
+ Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] AMD-8111 SMBus 2.0
+ Flags: medium devsel, IRQ 19
+ I/O ports at d400 [size=32]
+
+in your 'lspci -v', then this driver is for your chipset.
+
+Process Call Support
+--------------------
+
+Supported.
+
+SMBus 2.0 Support
+-----------------
+
+Supported. Both PEC and block process call support is implemented. Slave
+mode or host notification are not yet implemented.
+
+Notes
+-----
+
+Note that for the 8111, there are two SMBus adapters. The SMBus 2.0 adapter
+is supported by this driver, and the SMBus 1.0 adapter is supported by the
+i2c-amd756 driver.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-i801 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-i801
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd4b271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-i801
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-i801
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Intel 82801AA and 82801AB (ICH and ICH0 - part of the
+ '810' and '810E' chipsets)
+ * Intel 82801BA (ICH2 - part of the '815E' chipset)
+ * Intel 82801CA/CAM (ICH3)
+ * Intel 82801DB (ICH4) (HW PEC supported, 32 byte buffer not supported)
+ * Intel 82801EB/ER (ICH5) (HW PEC supported, 32 byte buffer not supported)
+ * Intel 6300ESB
+ * Intel 82801FB/FR/FW/FRW (ICH6)
+ * Intel ICH7
+ Datasheets: Publicly available at the Intel website
+
+Authors:
+ Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
+ Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>,
+ Mark Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
+
+
+Module Parameters
+-----------------
+
+* force_addr: int
+ Forcibly enable the ICH at the given address. EXTREMELY DANGEROUS!
+
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+The ICH (properly known as the 82801AA), ICH0 (82801AB), ICH2 (82801BA),
+ICH3 (82801CA/CAM) and later devices are Intel chips that are a part of
+Intel's '810' chipset for Celeron-based PCs, '810E' chipset for
+Pentium-based PCs, '815E' chipset, and others.
+
+The ICH chips contain at least SEVEN separate PCI functions in TWO logical
+PCI devices. An output of lspci will show something similar to the
+following:
+
+ 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation: Unknown device 2418 (rev 01)
+ 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation: Unknown device 2410 (rev 01)
+ 00:1f.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation: Unknown device 2411 (rev 01)
+ 00:1f.2 USB Controller: Intel Corporation: Unknown device 2412 (rev 01)
+ 00:1f.3 Unknown class [0c05]: Intel Corporation: Unknown device 2413 (rev 01)
+
+The SMBus controller is function 3 in device 1f. Class 0c05 is SMBus Serial
+Controller.
+
+If you do NOT see the 24x3 device at function 3, and you can't figure out
+any way in the BIOS to enable it,
+
+The ICH chips are quite similar to Intel's PIIX4 chip, at least in the
+SMBus controller.
+
+See the file i2c-piix4 for some additional information.
+
+
+Process Call Support
+--------------------
+
+Not supported.
+
+
+I2C Block Read Support
+----------------------
+
+Not supported at the moment.
+
+
+SMBus 2.0 Support
+-----------------
+
+The 82801DB (ICH4) and later chips support several SMBus 2.0 features.
+
+**********************
+The lm_sensors project gratefully acknowledges the support of Texas
+Instruments in the initial development of this driver.
+
+The lm_sensors project gratefully acknowledges the support of Intel in the
+development of SMBus 2.0 / ICH4 features of this driver.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-i810 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-i810
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0544eb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-i810
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-i810
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Intel 82810, 82810-DC100, 82810E, and 82815 (GMCH)
+
+Authors:
+ Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
+ Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>,
+ Kyösti Mälkki <kmalkki@cc.hut.fi>,
+ Ralph Metzler <rjkm@thp.uni-koeln.de>,
+ Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
+
+Main contact: Mark Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+WARNING: If you have an '810' or '815' motherboard, your standard I2C
+temperature sensors are most likely on the 801's I2C bus. You want the
+i2c-i801 driver for those, not this driver.
+
+Now for the i2c-i810...
+
+The GMCH chip contains two I2C interfaces.
+
+The first interface is used for DDC (Data Display Channel) which is a
+serial channel through the VGA monitor connector to a DDC-compliant
+monitor. This interface is defined by the Video Electronics Standards
+Association (VESA). The standards are available for purchase at
+http://www.vesa.org .
+
+The second interface is a general-purpose I2C bus. It may be connected to a
+TV-out chip such as the BT869 or possibly to a digital flat-panel display.
+
+Features
+--------
+
+Both busses use the i2c-algo-bit driver for 'bit banging'
+and support for specific transactions is provided by i2c-algo-bit.
+
+Issues
+------
+
+If you enable bus testing in i2c-algo-bit (insmod i2c-algo-bit bit_test=1),
+the test may fail; if so, the i2c-i810 driver won't be inserted. However,
+we think this has been fixed.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-nforce2 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-nforce2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e379e18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-nforce2
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-nforce2
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * nForce2 MCP 10de:0064
+ * nForce2 Ultra 400 MCP 10de:0084
+ * nForce3 Pro150 MCP 10de:00D4
+ * nForce3 250Gb MCP 10de:00E4
+ * nForce4 MCP 10de:0052
+
+Datasheet: not publically available, but seems to be similar to the
+ AMD-8111 SMBus 2.0 adapter.
+
+Authors:
+ Hans-Frieder Vogt <hfvogt@arcor.de>,
+ Thomas Leibold <thomas@plx.com>,
+ Patrick Dreker <patrick@dreker.de>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+i2c-nforce2 is a driver for the SMBuses included in the nVidia nForce2 MCP.
+
+If your 'lspci -v' listing shows something like the following,
+
+00:01.1 SMBus: nVidia Corporation: Unknown device 0064 (rev a2)
+ Subsystem: Asustek Computer, Inc.: Unknown device 0c11
+ Flags: 66Mhz, fast devsel, IRQ 5
+ I/O ports at c000 [size=32]
+ Capabilities: <available only to root>
+
+then this driver should support the SMBuses of your motherboard.
+
+
+Notes
+-----
+
+The SMBus adapter in the nForce2 chipset seems to be very similar to the
+SMBus 2.0 adapter in the AMD-8111 southbridge. However, I could only get
+the driver to work with direct I/O access, which is different to the EC
+interface of the AMD-8111. Tested on Asus A7N8X. The ACPI DSDT table of the
+Asus A7N8X lists two SMBuses, both of which are supported by this driver.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-parport b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-parport
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f1d008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-parport
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-parport
+
+Author: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
+
+This is a unified driver for several i2c-over-parallel-port adapters,
+such as the ones made by Philips, Velleman or ELV. This driver is
+meant as a replacement for the older, individual drivers:
+ * i2c-philips-par
+ * i2c-elv
+ * i2c-velleman
+ * video/i2c-parport (NOT the same as this one, dedicated to home brew
+ teletext adapters)
+
+It currently supports the following devices:
+ * Philips adapter
+ * home brew teletext adapter
+ * Velleman K8000 adapter
+ * ELV adapter
+ * Analog Devices evaluation boards (ADM1025, ADM1030, ADM1031, ADM1032)
+
+These devices use different pinout configurations, so you have to tell
+the driver what you have, using the type module parameter. There is no
+way to autodetect the devices. Support for different pinout configurations
+can be easily added when needed.
+
+
+Building your own adapter
+-------------------------
+
+If you want to build you own i2c-over-parallel-port adapter, here is
+a sample electronics schema (credits go to Sylvain Munaut):
+
+Device PC
+Side ___________________Vdd (+) Side
+ | | |
+ --- --- ---
+ | | | | | |
+ |R| |R| |R|
+ | | | | | |
+ --- --- ---
+ | | |
+ | | /| |
+SCL ----------x--------o |-----------x------------------- pin 2
+ | \| | |
+ | | |
+ | |\ | |
+SDA ----------x----x---| o---x--------------------------- pin 13
+ | |/ |
+ | |
+ | /| |
+ ---------o |----------------x-------------- pin 3
+ \| | |
+ | |
+ --- ---
+ | | | |
+ |R| |R|
+ | | | |
+ --- ---
+ | |
+ ### ###
+ GND GND
+
+Remarks:
+ - This is the exact pinout and electronics used on the Analog Devices
+ evaluation boards.
+ /|
+ - All inverters -o |- must be 74HC05, they must be open collector output.
+ \|
+ - All resitors are 10k.
+ - Pins 18-25 of the parallel port connected to GND.
+ - Pins 4-9 (D2-D7) could be used as VDD is the driver drives them high.
+ The ADM1032 evaluation board uses D4-D7. Beware that the amount of
+ current you can draw from the parallel port is limited. Also note that
+ all connected lines MUST BE driven at the same state, else you'll short
+ circuit the output buffers! So plugging the I2C adapter after loading
+ the i2c-parport module might be a good safety since data line state
+ prior to init may be unknown.
+ - This is 5V!
+ - Obviously you cannot read SCL (so it's not really standard-compliant).
+ Pretty easy to add, just copy the SDA part and use another input pin.
+ That would give (ELV compatible pinout):
+
+
+Device PC
+Side ______________________________Vdd (+) Side
+ | | | |
+ --- --- --- ---
+ | | | | | | | |
+ |R| |R| |R| |R|
+ | | | | | | | |
+ --- --- --- ---
+ | | | |
+ | | |\ | |
+SCL ----------x--------x--| o---x------------------------ pin 15
+ | | |/ |
+ | | |
+ | | /| |
+ | ---o |-------------x-------------- pin 2
+ | \| | |
+ | | |
+ | | |
+ | |\ | |
+SDA ---------------x---x--| o--------x------------------- pin 10
+ | |/ |
+ | |
+ | /| |
+ ---o |------------------x--------- pin 3
+ \| | |
+ | |
+ --- ---
+ | | | |
+ |R| |R|
+ | | | |
+ --- ---
+ | |
+ ### ###
+ GND GND
+
+
+If possible, you should use the same pinout configuration as existing
+adapters do, so you won't even have to change the code.
+
+
+Similar (but different) drivers
+-------------------------------
+
+This driver is NOT the same as the i2c-pport driver found in the i2c
+package. The i2c-pport driver makes use of modern parallel port features so
+that you don't need additional electronics. It has other restrictions
+however, and was not ported to Linux 2.6 (yet).
+
+This driver is also NOT the same as the i2c-pcf-epp driver found in the
+lm_sensors package. The i2c-pcf-epp driver doesn't use the parallel port as
+an I2C bus directly. Instead, it uses it to control an external I2C bus
+master. That driver was not ported to Linux 2.6 (yet) either.
+
+
+Legacy documentation for Velleman adapter
+-----------------------------------------
+
+Useful links:
+Velleman http://www.velleman.be/
+Velleman K8000 Howto http://howto.htlw16.ac.at/k8000-howto.html
+
+The project has lead to new libs for the Velleman K8000 and K8005:
+ LIBK8000 v1.99.1 and LIBK8005 v0.21
+With these libs, you can control the K8000 interface card and the K8005
+stepper motor card with the simple commands which are in the original
+Velleman software, like SetIOchannel, ReadADchannel, SendStepCCWFull and
+many more, using /dev/velleman.
+ http://home.wanadoo.nl/hihihi/libk8000.htm
+ http://home.wanadoo.nl/hihihi/libk8005.htm
+ http://struyve.mine.nu:8080/index.php?block=k8000
+ http://sourceforge.net/projects/libk8005/
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-parport-light b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-parport-light
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2874364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-parport-light
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-parport-light
+
+Author: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
+
+This driver is a light version of i2c-parport. It doesn't depend
+on the parport driver, and uses direct I/O access instead. This might be
+prefered on embedded systems where wasting memory for the clean but heavy
+parport handling is not an option. The drawback is a reduced portability
+and the impossibility to daisy-chain other parallel port devices.
+
+Please see i2c-parport for documentation.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-pca-isa b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-pca-isa
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fc8f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-pca-isa
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-pca-isa
+
+Supported adapters:
+This driver supports ISA boards using the Philips PCA 9564
+Parallel bus to I2C bus controller
+
+Author: Ian Campbell <icampbell@arcom.com>, Arcom Control Systems
+
+Module Parameters
+-----------------
+
+* base int
+ I/O base address
+* irq int
+ IRQ interrupt
+* clock int
+ Clock rate as described in table 1 of PCA9564 datasheet
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+This driver supports ISA boards using the Philips PCA 9564
+Parallel bus to I2C bus controller
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-piix4 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-piix4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..856b4b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-piix4
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-piix4
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Intel 82371AB PIIX4 and PIIX4E
+ * Intel 82443MX (440MX)
+ Datasheet: Publicly available at the Intel website
+ * ServerWorks OSB4, CSB5 and CSB6 southbridges
+ Datasheet: Only available via NDA from ServerWorks
+ * Standard Microsystems (SMSC) SLC90E66 (Victory66) southbridge
+ Datasheet: Publicly available at the SMSC website http://www.smsc.com
+
+Authors:
+ Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>
+ Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>
+
+
+Module Parameters
+-----------------
+
+* force: int
+ Forcibly enable the PIIX4. DANGEROUS!
+* force_addr: int
+ Forcibly enable the PIIX4 at the given address. EXTREMELY DANGEROUS!
+* fix_hstcfg: int
+ Fix config register. Needed on some boards (Force CPCI735).
+
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+The PIIX4 (properly known as the 82371AB) is an Intel chip with a lot of
+functionality. Among other things, it implements the PCI bus. One of its
+minor functions is implementing a System Management Bus. This is a true
+SMBus - you can not access it on I2C levels. The good news is that it
+natively understands SMBus commands and you do not have to worry about
+timing problems. The bad news is that non-SMBus devices connected to it can
+confuse it mightily. Yes, this is known to happen...
+
+Do 'lspci -v' and see whether it contains an entry like this:
+
+0000:00:02.3 Bridge: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev 02)
+ Flags: medium devsel, IRQ 9
+
+Bus and device numbers may differ, but the function number must be
+identical (like many PCI devices, the PIIX4 incorporates a number of
+different 'functions', which can be considered as separate devices). If you
+find such an entry, you have a PIIX4 SMBus controller.
+
+On some computers (most notably, some Dells), the SMBus is disabled by
+default. If you use the insmod parameter 'force=1', the kernel module will
+try to enable it. THIS IS VERY DANGEROUS! If the BIOS did not set up a
+correct address for this module, you could get in big trouble (read:
+crashes, data corruption, etc.). Try this only as a last resort (try BIOS
+updates first, for example), and backup first! An even more dangerous
+option is 'force_addr=<IOPORT>'. This will not only enable the PIIX4 like
+'force' foes, but it will also set a new base I/O port address. The SMBus
+parts of the PIIX4 needs a range of 8 of these addresses to function
+correctly. If these addresses are already reserved by some other device,
+you will get into big trouble! DON'T USE THIS IF YOU ARE NOT VERY SURE
+ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE DOING!
+
+The PIIX4E is just an new version of the PIIX4; it is supported as well.
+The PIIX/PIIX3 does not implement an SMBus or I2C bus, so you can't use
+this driver on those mainboards.
+
+The ServerWorks Southbridges, the Intel 440MX, and the Victory766 are
+identical to the PIIX4 in I2C/SMBus support.
+
+A few OSB4 southbridges are known to be misconfigured by the BIOS. In this
+case, you have you use the fix_hstcfg module parameter. Do not use it
+unless you know you have to, because in some cases it also breaks
+configuration on southbridges that don't need it.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-prosavage b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-prosavage
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7036879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-prosavage
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-prosavage
+
+Supported adapters:
+
+ S3/VIA KM266/VT8375 aka ProSavage8
+ S3/VIA KM133/VT8365 aka Savage4
+
+Author: Henk Vergonet <henk@god.dyndns.org>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+The Savage4 chips contain two I2C interfaces (aka a I2C 'master' or
+'host').
+
+The first interface is used for DDC (Data Display Channel) which is a
+serial channel through the VGA monitor connector to a DDC-compliant
+monitor. This interface is defined by the Video Electronics Standards
+Association (VESA). The standards are available for purchase at
+http://www.vesa.org . The second interface is a general-purpose I2C bus.
+
+Usefull for gaining access to the TV Encoder chips.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-savage4 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-savage4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ecceab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-savage4
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-savage4
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Savage4
+ * Savage2000
+
+Authors:
+ Alexander Wold <awold@bigfoot.com>,
+ Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+The Savage4 chips contain two I2C interfaces (aka a I2C 'master'
+or 'host').
+
+The first interface is used for DDC (Data Display Channel) which is a
+serial channel through the VGA monitor connector to a DDC-compliant
+monitor. This interface is defined by the Video Electronics Standards
+Association (VESA). The standards are available for purchase at
+http://www.vesa.org . The DDC bus is not yet supported because its register
+is not directly memory-mapped.
+
+The second interface is a general-purpose I2C bus. This is the only
+interface supported by the driver at the moment.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-sis5595 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-sis5595
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc47db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-sis5595
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-sis5595
+
+Authors:
+ Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
+ Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>,
+ Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Silicon Integrated Systems Corp. SiS5595 Southbridge
+ Datasheet: Publicly available at the Silicon Integrated Systems Corp. site.
+
+Note: all have mfr. ID 0x1039.
+
+ SUPPORTED PCI ID
+ 5595 0008
+
+ Note: these chips contain a 0008 device which is incompatible with the
+ 5595. We recognize these by the presence of the listed
+ "blacklist" PCI ID and refuse to load.
+
+ NOT SUPPORTED PCI ID BLACKLIST PCI ID
+ 540 0008 0540
+ 550 0008 0550
+ 5513 0008 5511
+ 5581 0008 5597
+ 5582 0008 5597
+ 5597 0008 5597
+ 5598 0008 5597/5598
+ 630 0008 0630
+ 645 0008 0645
+ 646 0008 0646
+ 648 0008 0648
+ 650 0008 0650
+ 651 0008 0651
+ 730 0008 0730
+ 735 0008 0735
+ 745 0008 0745
+ 746 0008 0746
+
+Module Parameters
+-----------------
+
+* force_addr=0xaddr Set the I/O base address. Useful for boards
+ that don't set the address in the BIOS. Does not do a
+ PCI force; the device must still be present in lspci.
+ Don't use this unless the driver complains that the
+ base address is not set.
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+i2c-sis5595 is a true SMBus host driver for motherboards with the SiS5595
+southbridges.
+
+WARNING: If you are trying to access the integrated sensors on the SiS5595
+chip, you want the sis5595 driver for those, not this driver. This driver
+is a BUS driver, not a CHIP driver. A BUS driver is used by other CHIP
+drivers to access chips on the bus.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-sis630 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-sis630
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9aca688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-sis630
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-sis630
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Silicon Integrated Systems Corp (SiS)
+ 630 chipset (Datasheet: available at http://amalysh.bei.t-online.de/docs/SIS/)
+ 730 chipset
+ * Possible other SiS chipsets ?
+
+Author: Alexander Malysh <amalysh@web.de>
+
+Module Parameters
+-----------------
+
+* force = [1|0] Forcibly enable the SIS630. DANGEROUS!
+ This can be interesting for chipsets not named
+ above to check if it works for you chipset, but DANGEROUS!
+
+* high_clock = [1|0] Forcibly set Host Master Clock to 56KHz (default,
+ what your BIOS use). DANGEROUS! This should be a bit
+ faster, but freeze some systems (i.e. my Laptop).
+
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+This SMBus only driver is known to work on motherboards with the above
+named chipsets.
+
+If you see something like this:
+
+00:00.0 Host bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 630 Host (rev 31)
+00:01.0 ISA bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 85C503/5513
+
+or like this:
+
+00:00.0 Host bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 730 Host (rev 02)
+00:01.0 ISA bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 85C503/5513
+
+in your 'lspci' output , then this driver is for your chipset.
+
+Thank You
+---------
+Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>
+- testing SiS730 support
+Mark M. Hoffman <mhoffman@lightlink.com>
+- bug fixes
+
+To anyone else which I forgot here ;), thanks!
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-sis69x b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-sis69x
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5be4876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-sis69x
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-sis96x
+
+Replaces 2.4.x i2c-sis645
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * Silicon Integrated Systems Corp (SiS)
+ Any combination of these host bridges:
+ 645, 645DX (aka 646), 648, 650, 651, 655, 735, 745, 746
+ and these south bridges:
+ 961, 962, 963(L)
+
+Author: Mark M. Hoffman <mhoffman@lightlink.com>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+This SMBus only driver is known to work on motherboards with the above
+named chipset combinations. The driver was developed without benefit of a
+proper datasheet from SiS. The SMBus registers are assumed compatible with
+those of the SiS630, although they are located in a completely different
+place. Thanks to Alexander Malysh <amalysh@web.de> for providing the
+SiS630 datasheet (and driver).
+
+The command "lspci" as root should produce something like these lines:
+
+00:00.0 Host bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS]: Unknown device 0645
+00:02.0 ISA bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 85C503/5513
+00:02.1 SMBus: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS]: Unknown device 0016
+
+or perhaps this...
+
+00:00.0 Host bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS]: Unknown device 0645
+00:02.0 ISA bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS]: Unknown device 0961
+00:02.1 SMBus: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS]: Unknown device 0016
+
+(kernel versions later than 2.4.18 may fill in the "Unknown"s)
+
+If you cant see it please look on quirk_sis_96x_smbus
+(drivers/pci/quirks.c) (also if southbridge detection fails)
+
+I suspect that this driver could be made to work for the following SiS
+chipsets as well: 635, and 635T. If anyone owns a board with those chips
+AND is willing to risk crashing & burning an otherwise well-behaved kernel
+in the name of progress... please contact me at <mhoffman@lightlink.com> or
+via the project's mailing list: <sensors@stimpy.netroedge.com>. Please
+send bug reports and/or success stories as well.
+
+
+TO DOs
+------
+
+* The driver does not support SMBus block reads/writes; I may add them if a
+scenario is found where they're needed.
+
+
+Thank You
+---------
+
+Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
+ - design hints and bug fixes
+Alexander Maylsh <amalysh@web.de>
+ - ditto, plus an important datasheet... almost the one I really wanted
+Hans-Günter Lütke Uphues <hg_lu@t-online.de>
+ - patch for SiS735
+Robert Zwerus <arzie@dds.nl>
+ - testing for SiS645DX
+Kianusch Sayah Karadji <kianusch@sk-tech.net>
+ - patch for SiS645DX/962
+Ken Healy
+ - patch for SiS655
+
+To anyone else who has written w/ feedback, thanks!
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-via b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-via
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55edfe1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-via
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-via
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * VIA Technologies, InC. VT82C586B
+ Datasheet: Publicly available at the VIA website
+
+Author: Kyösti Mälkki <kmalkki@cc.hut.fi>
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+i2c-via is an i2c bus driver for motherboards with VIA chipset.
+
+The following VIA pci chipsets are supported:
+ - MVP3, VP3, VP2/97, VPX/97
+ - others with South bridge VT82C586B
+
+Your lspci listing must show this :
+
+ Bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C586B ACPI (rev 10)
+
+ Problems?
+
+ Q: You have VT82C586B on the motherboard, but not in the listing.
+
+ A: Go to your BIOS setup, section PCI devices or similar.
+ Turn USB support on, and try again.
+
+ Q: No error messages, but still i2c doesn't seem to work.
+
+ A: This can happen. This driver uses the pins VIA recommends in their
+ datasheets, but there are several ways the motherboard manufacturer
+ can actually wire the lines.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-viapro b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-viapro
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..702f5ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-viapro
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-viapro
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C596A/B
+ Datasheet: Sometimes available at the VIA website
+
+ * VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C686A/B
+ Datasheet: Sometimes available at the VIA website
+
+ * VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8231, VT8233, VT8233A, VT8235, VT8237
+ Datasheet: available on request from Via
+
+Authors:
+ Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
+ Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>,
+ Kyösti Mälkki <kmalkki@cc.hut.fi>,
+ Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
+
+Module Parameters
+-----------------
+
+* force: int
+ Forcibly enable the SMBus controller. DANGEROUS!
+* force_addr: int
+ Forcibly enable the SMBus at the given address. EXTREMELY DANGEROUS!
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+i2c-viapro is a true SMBus host driver for motherboards with one of the
+supported VIA southbridges.
+
+Your lspci -n listing must show one of these :
+
+ device 1106:3050 (VT82C596 function 3)
+ device 1106:3051 (VT82C596 function 3)
+ device 1106:3057 (VT82C686 function 4)
+ device 1106:3074 (VT8233)
+ device 1106:3147 (VT8233A)
+ device 1106:8235 (VT8231)
+ devide 1106:3177 (VT8235)
+ devide 1106:3227 (VT8237)
+
+If none of these show up, you should look in the BIOS for settings like
+enable ACPI / SMBus or even USB.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-voodoo3 b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-voodoo3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62d90a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-voodoo3
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+Kernel driver i2c-voodoo3
+
+Supported adapters:
+ * 3dfx Voodoo3 based cards
+ * Voodoo Banshee based cards
+
+Authors:
+ Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
+ Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>,
+ Ralph Metzler <rjkm@thp.uni-koeln.de>,
+ Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
+
+Main contact: Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>
+
+The code is based upon Ralph's test code (he did the hard stuff ;')
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+The 3dfx Voodoo3 chip contains two I2C interfaces (aka a I2C 'master' or
+'host').
+
+The first interface is used for DDC (Data Display Channel) which is a
+serial channel through the VGA monitor connector to a DDC-compliant
+monitor. This interface is defined by the Video Electronics Standards
+Association (VESA). The standards are available for purchase at
+http://www.vesa.org .
+
+The second interface is a general-purpose I2C bus. The intent by 3dfx was
+to allow manufacturers to add extra chips to the video card such as a
+TV-out chip such as the BT869 or possibly even I2C based temperature
+sensors like the ADM1021 or LM75.
+
+Stability
+---------
+
+Seems to be stable on the test machine, but needs more testing on other
+machines. Simultaneous accesses of the DDC and I2C busses may cause errors.
+
+Supported Devices
+-----------------
+
+Specifically, this driver was written and tested on the '3dfx Voodoo3 AGP
+3000' which has a tv-out feature (s-video or composite). According to the
+docs and discussions, this code should work for any Voodoo3 based cards as
+well as Voodoo Banshee based cards. The DDC interface has been tested on a
+Voodoo Banshee card.
+
+Issues
+------
+
+Probably many, but it seems to work OK on my system. :')
+
+
+External Device Connection
+--------------------------
+
+The digital video input jumpers give availability to the I2C bus.
+Specifically, pins 13 and 25 (bottom row middle, and bottom right-end) are
+the I2C clock and I2C data lines, respectively. +5V and GND are probably
+also easily available making the addition of extra I2C/SMBus devices easy
+to implement.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/scx200_acb b/Documentation/i2c/busses/scx200_acb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08c8cd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/scx200_acb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Kernel driver scx200_acb
+
+Author: Christer Weinigel <wingel@nano-system.com>
+
+Module Parameters
+-----------------
+
+* base: int
+ Base addresses for the ACCESS.bus controllers
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+Enable the use of the ACCESS.bus controllers of a SCx200 processor.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/chips/smsc47b397.txt b/Documentation/i2c/chips/smsc47b397.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..389edae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/chips/smsc47b397.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+November 23, 2004
+
+The following specification describes the SMSC LPC47B397-NC sensor chip
+(for which there is no public datasheet available). This document was
+provided by Craig Kelly (In-Store Broadcast Network) and edited/corrected
+by Mark M. Hoffman <mhoffman@lightlink.com>.
+
+* * * * *
+
+Methods for detecting the HP SIO and reading the thermal data on a dc7100.
+
+The thermal information on the dc7100 is contained in the SIO Hardware Monitor
+(HWM). The information is accessed through an index/data pair. The index/data
+pair is located at the HWM Base Address + 0 and the HWM Base Address + 1. The
+HWM Base address can be obtained from Logical Device 8, registers 0x60 (MSB)
+and 0x61 (LSB). Currently we are using 0x480 for the HWM Base Address and
+0x480 and 0x481 for the index/data pair.
+
+Reading temperature information.
+The temperature information is located in the following registers:
+Temp1 0x25 (Currently, this reflects the CPU temp on all systems).
+Temp2 0x26
+Temp3 0x27
+Temp4 0x80
+
+Programming Example
+The following is an example of how to read the HWM temperature registers:
+MOV DX,480H
+MOV AX,25H
+OUT DX,AL
+MOV DX,481H
+IN AL,DX
+
+AL contains the data in hex, the temperature in Celsius is the decimal
+equivalent.
+
+Ex: If AL contains 0x2A, the temperature is 42 degrees C.
+
+Reading tach information.
+The fan speed information is located in the following registers:
+ LSB MSB
+Tach1 0x28 0x29 (Currently, this reflects the CPU
+ fan speed on all systems).
+Tach2 0x2A 0x2B
+Tach3 0x2C 0x2D
+Tach4 0x2E 0x2F
+
+Important!!!
+Reading the tach LSB locks the tach MSB.
+The LSB Must be read first.
+
+How to convert the tach reading to RPM.
+The tach reading (TCount) is given by: (Tach MSB * 256) + (Tach LSB)
+The SIO counts the number of 90kHz (11.111us) pulses per revolution.
+RPM = 60/(TCount * 11.111us)
+
+Example:
+Reg 0x28 = 0x9B
+Reg 0x29 = 0x08
+
+TCount = 0x89B = 2203
+
+RPM = 60 / (2203 * 11.11111 E-6) = 2451 RPM
+
+Obtaining the SIO version.
+
+CONFIGURATION SEQUENCE
+To program the configuration registers, the following sequence must be followed:
+1. Enter Configuration Mode
+2. Configure the Configuration Registers
+3. Exit Configuration Mode.
+
+Enter Configuration Mode
+To place the chip into the Configuration State The config key (0x55) is written
+to the CONFIG PORT (0x2E).
+
+Configuration Mode
+In configuration mode, the INDEX PORT is located at the CONFIG PORT address and
+the DATA PORT is at INDEX PORT address + 1.
+
+The desired configuration registers are accessed in two steps:
+a. Write the index of the Logical Device Number Configuration Register
+ (i.e., 0x07) to the INDEX PORT and then write the number of the
+ desired logical device to the DATA PORT.
+
+b. Write the address of the desired configuration register within the
+ logical device to the INDEX PORT and then write or read the config-
+ uration register through the DATA PORT.
+
+Note: If accessing the Global Configuration Registers, step (a) is not required.
+
+Exit Configuration Mode
+To exit the Configuration State the write 0xAA to the CONFIG PORT (0x2E).
+The chip returns to the RUN State. (This is important).
+
+Programming Example
+The following is an example of how to read the SIO Device ID located at 0x20
+
+; ENTER CONFIGURATION MODE
+MOV DX,02EH
+MOV AX,055H
+OUT DX,AL
+; GLOBAL CONFIGURATION REGISTER
+MOV DX,02EH
+MOV AL,20H
+OUT DX,AL
+; READ THE DATA
+MOV DX,02FH
+IN AL,DX
+; EXIT CONFIGURATION MODE
+MOV DX,02EH
+MOV AX,0AAH
+OUT DX,AL
+
+The registers of interest for identifying the SIO on the dc7100 are Device ID
+(0x20) and Device Rev (0x21).
+
+The Device ID will read 0X6F
+The Device Rev currently reads 0x01
+
+Obtaining the HWM Base Address.
+The following is an example of how to read the HWM Base Address located in
+Logical Device 8.
+
+; ENTER CONFIGURATION MODE
+MOV DX,02EH
+MOV AX,055H
+OUT DX,AL
+; CONFIGURE REGISTER CRE0,
+; LOGICAL DEVICE 8
+MOV DX,02EH
+MOV AL,07H
+OUT DX,AL ;Point to LD# Config Reg
+MOV DX,02FH
+MOV AL, 08H
+OUT DX,AL;Point to Logical Device 8
+;
+MOV DX,02EH
+MOV AL,60H
+OUT DX,AL ; Point to HWM Base Addr MSB
+MOV DX,02FH
+IN AL,DX ; Get MSB of HWM Base Addr
+; EXIT CONFIGURATION MODE
+MOV DX,02EH
+MOV AX,0AAH
+OUT DX,AL
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/dev-interface b/Documentation/i2c/dev-interface
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09d6cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/dev-interface
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+Usually, i2c devices are controlled by a kernel driver. But it is also
+possible to access all devices on an adapter from userspace, through
+the /dev interface. You need to load module i2c-dev for this.
+
+Each registered i2c adapter gets a number, counting from 0. You can
+examine /sys/class/i2c-dev/ to see what number corresponds to which adapter.
+I2C device files are character device files with major device number 89
+and a minor device number corresponding to the number assigned as
+explained above. They should be called "i2c-%d" (i2c-0, i2c-1, ...,
+i2c-10, ...). All 256 minor device numbers are reserved for i2c.
+
+
+C example
+=========
+
+So let's say you want to access an i2c adapter from a C program. The
+first thing to do is `#include <linux/i2c.h>" and "#include <linux/i2c-dev.h>.
+Yes, I know, you should never include kernel header files, but until glibc
+knows about i2c, there is not much choice.
+
+Now, you have to decide which adapter you want to access. You should
+inspect /sys/class/i2c-dev/ to decide this. Adapter numbers are assigned
+somewhat dynamically, so you can not even assume /dev/i2c-0 is the
+first adapter.
+
+Next thing, open the device file, as follows:
+ int file;
+ int adapter_nr = 2; /* probably dynamically determined */
+ char filename[20];
+
+ sprintf(filename,"/dev/i2c-%d",adapter_nr);
+ if ((file = open(filename,O_RDWR)) < 0) {
+ /* ERROR HANDLING; you can check errno to see what went wrong */
+ exit(1);
+ }
+
+When you have opened the device, you must specify with what device
+address you want to communicate:
+ int addr = 0x40; /* The I2C address */
+ if (ioctl(file,I2C_SLAVE,addr) < 0) {
+ /* ERROR HANDLING; you can check errno to see what went wrong */
+ exit(1);
+ }
+
+Well, you are all set up now. You can now use SMBus commands or plain
+I2C to communicate with your device. SMBus commands are preferred if
+the device supports them. Both are illustrated below.
+ __u8 register = 0x10; /* Device register to access */
+ __s32 res;
+ char buf[10];
+ /* Using SMBus commands */
+ res = i2c_smbus_read_word_data(file,register);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ /* ERROR HANDLING: i2c transaction failed */
+ } else {
+ /* res contains the read word */
+ }
+ /* Using I2C Write, equivalent of
+ i2c_smbus_write_word_data(file,register,0x6543) */
+ buf[0] = register;
+ buf[1] = 0x43;
+ buf[2] = 0x65;
+ if ( write(file,buf,3) != 3) {
+ /* ERROR HANDLING: i2c transaction failed */
+ }
+ /* Using I2C Read, equivalent of i2c_smbus_read_byte(file) */
+ if (read(file,buf,1) != 1) {
+ /* ERROR HANDLING: i2c transaction failed */
+ } else {
+ /* buf[0] contains the read byte */
+ }
+
+IMPORTANT: because of the use of inline functions, you *have* to use
+'-O' or some variation when you compile your program!
+
+
+Full interface description
+==========================
+
+The following IOCTLs are defined and fully supported
+(see also i2c-dev.h and i2c.h):
+
+ioctl(file,I2C_SLAVE,long addr)
+ Change slave address. The address is passed in the 7 lower bits of the
+ argument (except for 10 bit addresses, passed in the 10 lower bits in this
+ case).
+
+ioctl(file,I2C_TENBIT,long select)
+ Selects ten bit addresses if select not equals 0, selects normal 7 bit
+ addresses if select equals 0. Default 0.
+
+ioctl(file,I2C_PEC,long select)
+ Selects SMBus PEC (packet error checking) generation and verification
+ if select not equals 0, disables if select equals 0. Default 0.
+ Used only for SMBus transactions.
+
+ioctl(file,I2C_FUNCS,unsigned long *funcs)
+ Gets the adapter functionality and puts it in *funcs.
+
+ioctl(file,I2C_RDWR,struct i2c_ioctl_rdwr_data *msgset)
+
+ Do combined read/write transaction without stop in between.
+ The argument is a pointer to a struct i2c_ioctl_rdwr_data {
+
+ struct i2c_msg *msgs; /* ptr to array of simple messages */
+ int nmsgs; /* number of messages to exchange */
+ }
+
+ The msgs[] themselves contain further pointers into data buffers.
+ The function will write or read data to or from that buffers depending
+ on whether the I2C_M_RD flag is set in a particular message or not.
+ The slave address and whether to use ten bit address mode has to be
+ set in each message, overriding the values set with the above ioctl's.
+
+
+Other values are NOT supported at this moment, except for I2C_SMBUS,
+which you should never directly call; instead, use the access functions
+below.
+
+You can do plain i2c transactions by using read(2) and write(2) calls.
+You do not need to pass the address byte; instead, set it through
+ioctl I2C_SLAVE before you try to access the device.
+
+You can do SMBus level transactions (see documentation file smbus-protocol
+for details) through the following functions:
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(int file, __u8 value);
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(int file);
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(int file, __u8 value);
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(int file, __u8 command);
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(int file, __u8 command, __u8 value);
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(int file, __u8 command);
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(int file, __u8 command, __u16 value);
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(int file, __u8 command, __u16 value);
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(int file, __u8 command, __u8 *values);
+ __s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(int file, __u8 command, __u8 length,
+ __u8 *values);
+All these transactions return -1 on failure; you can read errno to see
+what happened. The 'write' transactions return 0 on success; the
+'read' transactions return the read value, except for read_block, which
+returns the number of values read. The block buffers need not be longer
+than 32 bytes.
+
+The above functions are all macros, that resolve to calls to the
+i2c_smbus_access function, that on its turn calls a specific ioctl
+with the data in a specific format. Read the source code if you
+want to know what happens behind the screens.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/functionality b/Documentation/i2c/functionality
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a78a95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/functionality
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+INTRODUCTION
+------------
+
+Because not every I2C or SMBus adapter implements everything in the
+I2C specifications, a client can not trust that everything it needs
+is implemented when it is given the option to attach to an adapter:
+the client needs some way to check whether an adapter has the needed
+functionality.
+
+
+FUNCTIONALITY CONSTANTS
+-----------------------
+
+For the most up-to-date list of functionality constants, please check
+<linux/i2c.h>!
+
+ I2C_FUNC_I2C Plain i2c-level commands (Pure SMBus
+ adapters typically can not do these)
+ I2C_FUNC_10BIT_ADDR Handles the 10-bit address extensions
+ I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING Knows about the I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR,
+ I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR and I2C_M_REV_DIR_NOSTART
+ flags (which modify the i2c protocol!)
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_QUICK Handles the SMBus write_quick command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE Handles the SMBus read_byte command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE Handles the SMBus write_byte command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE_DATA Handles the SMBus read_byte_data command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE_DATA Handles the SMBus write_byte_data command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_WORD_DATA Handles the SMBus read_word_data command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_WORD_DATA Handles the SMBus write_byte_data command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_PROC_CALL Handles the SMBus process_call command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BLOCK_DATA Handles the SMBus read_block_data command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BLOCK_DATA Handles the SMBus write_block_data command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_I2C_BLOCK Handles the SMBus read_i2c_block_data command
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_I2C_BLOCK Handles the SMBus write_i2c_block_data command
+
+A few combinations of the above flags are also defined for your convenience:
+
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BYTE Handles the SMBus read_byte
+ and write_byte commands
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA Handles the SMBus read_byte_data
+ and write_byte_data commands
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WORD_DATA Handles the SMBus read_word_data
+ and write_word_data commands
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA Handles the SMBus read_block_data
+ and write_block_data commands
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK Handles the SMBus read_i2c_block_data
+ and write_i2c_block_data commands
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_EMUL Handles all SMBus commands than can be
+ emulated by a real I2C adapter (using
+ the transparent emulation layer)
+
+
+ALGORITHM/ADAPTER IMPLEMENTATION
+--------------------------------
+
+When you write a new algorithm driver, you will have to implement a
+function callback `functionality', that gets an i2c_adapter structure
+pointer as its only parameter:
+
+ struct i2c_algorithm {
+ /* Many other things of course; check <linux/i2c.h>! */
+ u32 (*functionality) (struct i2c_adapter *);
+ }
+
+A typically implementation is given below, from i2c-algo-bit.c:
+
+ static u32 bit_func(struct i2c_adapter *adap)
+ {
+ return I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_EMUL | I2C_FUNC_10BIT_ADDR |
+ I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING;
+ }
+
+
+
+CLIENT CHECKING
+---------------
+
+Before a client tries to attach to an adapter, or even do tests to check
+whether one of the devices it supports is present on an adapter, it should
+check whether the needed functionality is present. There are two functions
+defined which should be used instead of calling the functionality hook
+in the algorithm structure directly:
+
+ /* Return the functionality mask */
+ extern u32 i2c_get_functionality (struct i2c_adapter *adap);
+
+ /* Return 1 if adapter supports everything we need, 0 if not. */
+ extern int i2c_check_functionality (struct i2c_adapter *adap, u32 func);
+
+This is a typical way to use these functions (from the writing-clients
+document):
+ int foo_detect_client(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, int address,
+ unsigned short flags, int kind)
+ {
+ /* Define needed variables */
+
+ /* As the very first action, we check whether the adapter has the
+ needed functionality: we need the SMBus read_word_data,
+ write_word_data and write_byte functions in this example. */
+ if (!i2c_check_functionality(adapter,I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WORD_DATA |
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE))
+ goto ERROR0;
+
+ /* Now we can do the real detection */
+
+ ERROR0:
+ /* Return an error */
+ }
+
+
+
+CHECKING THROUGH /DEV
+---------------------
+
+If you try to access an adapter from a userspace program, you will have
+to use the /dev interface. You will still have to check whether the
+functionality you need is supported, of course. This is done using
+the I2C_FUNCS ioctl. An example, adapted from the lm_sensors i2c_detect
+program, is below:
+
+ int file;
+ if (file = open("/dev/i2c-0",O_RDWR) < 0) {
+ /* Some kind of error handling */
+ exit(1);
+ }
+ if (ioctl(file,I2C_FUNCS,&funcs) < 0) {
+ /* Some kind of error handling */
+ exit(1);
+ }
+ if (! (funcs & I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_QUICK)) {
+ /* Oops, the needed functionality (SMBus write_quick function) is
+ not available! */
+ exit(1);
+ }
+ /* Now it is safe to use the SMBus write_quick command */
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/i2c-protocol b/Documentation/i2c/i2c-protocol
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4022c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/i2c-protocol
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+This document describes the i2c protocol. Or will, when it is finished :-)
+
+Key to symbols
+==============
+
+S (1 bit) : Start bit
+P (1 bit) : Stop bit
+Rd/Wr (1 bit) : Read/Write bit. Rd equals 1, Wr equals 0.
+A, NA (1 bit) : Accept and reverse accept bit.
+Addr (7 bits): I2C 7 bit address. Note that this can be expanded as usual to
+ get a 10 bit I2C address.
+Comm (8 bits): Command byte, a data byte which often selects a register on
+ the device.
+Data (8 bits): A plain data byte. Sometimes, I write DataLow, DataHigh
+ for 16 bit data.
+Count (8 bits): A data byte containing the length of a block operation.
+
+[..]: Data sent by I2C device, as opposed to data sent by the host adapter.
+
+
+Simple send transaction
+======================
+
+This corresponds to i2c_master_send.
+
+ S Addr Wr [A] Data [A] Data [A] ... [A] Data [A] P
+
+
+Simple receive transaction
+===========================
+
+This corresponds to i2c_master_recv
+
+ S Addr Rd [A] [Data] A [Data] A ... A [Data] NA P
+
+
+Combined transactions
+====================
+
+This corresponds to i2c_transfer
+
+They are just like the above transactions, but instead of a stop bit P
+a start bit S is sent and the transaction continues. An example of
+a byte read, followed by a byte write:
+
+ S Addr Rd [A] [Data] NA S Addr Wr [A] Data [A] P
+
+
+Modified transactions
+=====================
+
+We have found some I2C devices that needs the following modifications:
+
+ Flag I2C_M_NOSTART:
+ In a combined transaction, no 'S Addr Wr/Rd [A]' is generated at some
+ point. For example, setting I2C_M_NOSTART on the second partial message
+ generates something like:
+ S Addr Rd [A] [Data] NA Data [A] P
+ If you set the I2C_M_NOSTART variable for the first partial message,
+ we do not generate Addr, but we do generate the startbit S. This will
+ probably confuse all other clients on your bus, so don't try this.
+
+ Flags I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR
+ This toggles the Rd/Wr flag. That is, if you want to do a write, but
+ need to emit an Rd instead of a Wr, or vice versa, you set this
+ flag. For example:
+ S Addr Rd [A] Data [A] Data [A] ... [A] Data [A] P
+
+ Flags I2C_M_IGNORE_NAK
+ Normally message is interrupted immediately if there is [NA] from the
+ client. Setting this flag treats any [NA] as [A], and all of
+ message is sent.
+ These messages may still fail to SCL lo->hi timeout.
+
+ Flags I2C_M_NO_RD_ACK
+ In a read message, master A/NA bit is skipped.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/i2c-stub b/Documentation/i2c/i2c-stub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6dcb13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/i2c-stub
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+MODULE: i2c-stub
+
+DESCRIPTION:
+
+This module is a very simple fake I2C/SMBus driver. It implements four
+types of SMBus commands: write quick, (r/w) byte, (r/w) byte data, and
+(r/w) word data.
+
+No hardware is needed nor associated with this module. It will accept write
+quick commands to all addresses; it will respond to the other commands (also
+to all addresses) by reading from or writing to an array in memory. It will
+also spam the kernel logs for every command it handles.
+
+A pointer register with auto-increment is implemented for all byte
+operations. This allows for continuous byte reads like those supported by
+EEPROMs, among others.
+
+The typical use-case is like this:
+ 1. load this module
+ 2. use i2cset (from lm_sensors project) to pre-load some data
+ 3. load the target sensors chip driver module
+ 4. observe its behavior in the kernel log
+
+CAVEATS:
+
+There are independent arrays for byte/data and word/data commands. Depending
+on if/how a target driver mixes them, you'll need to be careful.
+
+If your target driver polls some byte or word waiting for it to change, the
+stub could lock it up. Use i2cset to unlock it.
+
+If the hardware for your driver has banked registers (e.g. Winbond sensors
+chips) this module will not work well - although it could be extended to
+support that pretty easily.
+
+If you spam it hard enough, printk can be lossy. This module really wants
+something like relayfs.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/porting-clients b/Documentation/i2c/porting-clients
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5640491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/porting-clients
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+Revision 4, 2004-03-30
+Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
+Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
+
+This is a guide on how to convert I2C chip drivers from Linux 2.4 to
+Linux 2.6. I have been using existing drivers (lm75, lm78) as examples.
+Then I converted a driver myself (lm83) and updated this document.
+
+There are two sets of points below. The first set concerns technical
+changes. The second set concerns coding policy. Both are mandatory.
+
+Although reading this guide will help you porting drivers, I suggest
+you keep an eye on an already ported driver while porting your own
+driver. This will help you a lot understanding what this guide
+exactly means. Choose the chip driver that is the more similar to
+yours for best results.
+
+Technical changes:
+
+* [Includes] Get rid of "version.h". Replace <linux/i2c-proc.h> with
+ <linux/i2c-sensor.h>. Includes typically look like that:
+ #include <linux/module.h>
+ #include <linux/init.h>
+ #include <linux/slab.h>
+ #include <linux/i2c.h>
+ #include <linux/i2c-sensor.h>
+ #include <linux/i2c-vid.h> /* if you need VRM support */
+ #include <asm/io.h> /* if you have I/O operations */
+ Please respect this inclusion order. Some extra headers may be
+ required for a given driver (e.g. "lm75.h").
+
+* [Addresses] SENSORS_I2C_END becomes I2C_CLIENT_END, SENSORS_ISA_END
+ becomes I2C_CLIENT_ISA_END.
+
+* [Client data] Get rid of sysctl_id. Try using standard names for
+ register values (for example, temp_os becomes temp_max). You're
+ still relatively free here, but you *have* to follow the standard
+ names for sysfs files (see the Sysctl section below).
+
+* [Function prototypes] The detect functions loses its flags
+ parameter. Sysctl (e.g. lm75_temp) and miscellaneous functions
+ are off the list of prototypes. This usually leaves five
+ prototypes:
+ static int lm75_attach_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adapter);
+ static int lm75_detect(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, int address,
+ int kind);
+ static void lm75_init_client(struct i2c_client *client);
+ static int lm75_detach_client(struct i2c_client *client);
+ static void lm75_update_client(struct i2c_client *client);
+
+* [Sysctl] All sysctl stuff is of course gone (defines, ctl_table
+ and functions). Instead, you have to define show and set functions for
+ each sysfs file. Only define set for writable values. Take a look at an
+ existing 2.6 driver for details (lm78 for example). Don't forget
+ to define the attributes for each file (this is that step that
+ links callback functions). Use the file names specified in
+ Documentation/i2c/sysfs-interface for the individual files. Also
+ convert the units these files read and write to the specified ones.
+ If you need to add a new type of file, please discuss it on the
+ sensors mailing list <sensors@stimpy.netroedge.com> by providing a
+ patch to the Documentation/i2c/sysfs-interface file.
+
+* [Attach] For I2C drivers, the attach function should make sure
+ that the adapter's class has I2C_CLASS_HWMON, using the
+ following construct:
+ if (!(adapter->class & I2C_CLASS_HWMON))
+ return 0;
+ ISA-only drivers of course don't need this.
+
+* [Detect] As mentioned earlier, the flags parameter is gone.
+ The type_name and client_name strings are replaced by a single
+ name string, which will be filled with a lowercase, short string
+ (typically the driver name, e.g. "lm75").
+ In i2c-only drivers, drop the i2c_is_isa_adapter check, it's
+ useless.
+ The errorN labels are reduced to the number needed. If that number
+ is 2 (i2c-only drivers), it is advised that the labels are named
+ exit and exit_free. For i2c+isa drivers, labels should be named
+ ERROR0, ERROR1 and ERROR2. Don't forget to properly set err before
+ jumping to error labels. By the way, labels should be left-aligned.
+ Use memset to fill the client and data area with 0x00.
+ Use i2c_set_clientdata to set the client data (as opposed to
+ a direct access to client->data).
+ Use strlcpy instead of strcpy to copy the client name.
+ Replace the sysctl directory registration by calls to
+ device_create_file. Move the driver initialization before any
+ sysfs file creation.
+ Drop client->id.
+
+* [Init] Limits must not be set by the driver (can be done later in
+ user-space). Chip should not be reset default (although a module
+ parameter may be used to force is), and initialization should be
+ limited to the strictly necessary steps.
+
+* [Detach] Get rid of data, remove the call to
+ i2c_deregister_entry.
+
+* [Update] Don't access client->data directly, use
+ i2c_get_clientdata(client) instead.
+
+* [Interface] Init function should not print anything. Make sure
+ there is a MODULE_LICENSE() line, at the bottom of the file
+ (after MODULE_AUTHOR() and MODULE_DESCRIPTION(), in this order).
+
+Coding policy:
+
+* [Copyright] Use (C), not (c), for copyright.
+
+* [Debug/log] Get rid of #ifdef DEBUG/#endif constructs whenever you
+ can. Calls to printk/pr_debug for debugging purposes are replaced
+ by calls to dev_dbg. Here is an example on how to call it (taken
+ from lm75_detect):
+ dev_dbg(&client->dev, "Starting lm75 update\n");
+ Replace other printk calls with the dev_info, dev_err or dev_warn
+ function, as appropriate.
+
+* [Constants] Constants defines (registers, conversions, initial
+ values) should be aligned. This greatly improves readability.
+ Same goes for variables declarations. Alignments are achieved by the
+ means of tabs, not spaces. Remember that tabs are set to 8 in the
+ Linux kernel code.
+
+* [Structure definition] The name field should be standardized. All
+ lowercase and as simple as the driver name itself (e.g. "lm75").
+
+* [Layout] Avoid extra empty lines between comments and what they
+ comment. Respect the coding style (see Documentation/CodingStyle),
+ in particular when it comes to placing curly braces.
+
+* [Comments] Make sure that no comment refers to a file that isn't
+ part of the Linux source tree (typically doc/chips/<chip name>),
+ and that remaining comments still match the code. Merging comment
+ lines when possible is encouraged.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/smbus-protocol b/Documentation/i2c/smbus-protocol
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09f5e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/smbus-protocol
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+SMBus Protocol Summary
+======================
+The following is a summary of the SMBus protocol. It applies to
+all revisions of the protocol (1.0, 1.1, and 2.0).
+Certain protocol features which are not supported by
+this package are briefly described at the end of this document.
+
+Some adapters understand only the SMBus (System Management Bus) protocol,
+which is a subset from the I2C protocol. Fortunately, many devices use
+only the same subset, which makes it possible to put them on an SMBus.
+If you write a driver for some I2C device, please try to use the SMBus
+commands if at all possible (if the device uses only that subset of the
+I2C protocol). This makes it possible to use the device driver on both
+SMBus adapters and I2C adapters (the SMBus command set is automatically
+translated to I2C on I2C adapters, but plain I2C commands can not be
+handled at all on most pure SMBus adapters).
+
+Below is a list of SMBus commands.
+
+Key to symbols
+==============
+
+S (1 bit) : Start bit
+P (1 bit) : Stop bit
+Rd/Wr (1 bit) : Read/Write bit. Rd equals 1, Wr equals 0.
+A, NA (1 bit) : Accept and reverse accept bit.
+Addr (7 bits): I2C 7 bit address. Note that this can be expanded as usual to
+ get a 10 bit I2C address.
+Comm (8 bits): Command byte, a data byte which often selects a register on
+ the device.
+Data (8 bits): A plain data byte. Sometimes, I write DataLow, DataHigh
+ for 16 bit data.
+Count (8 bits): A data byte containing the length of a block operation.
+
+[..]: Data sent by I2C device, as opposed to data sent by the host adapter.
+
+
+SMBus Write Quick
+=================
+
+This sends a single bit to the device, at the place of the Rd/Wr bit.
+There is no equivalent Read Quick command.
+
+A Addr Rd/Wr [A] P
+
+
+SMBus Read Byte
+===============
+
+This reads a single byte from a device, without specifying a device
+register. Some devices are so simple that this interface is enough; for
+others, it is a shorthand if you want to read the same register as in
+the previous SMBus command.
+
+S Addr Rd [A] [Data] NA P
+
+
+SMBus Write Byte
+================
+
+This is the reverse of Read Byte: it sends a single byte to a device.
+See Read Byte for more information.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Data [A] P
+
+
+SMBus Read Byte Data
+====================
+
+This reads a single byte from a device, from a designated register.
+The register is specified through the Comm byte.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A] S Addr Rd [A] [Data] NA P
+
+
+SMBus Read Word Data
+====================
+
+This command is very like Read Byte Data; again, data is read from a
+device, from a designated register that is specified through the Comm
+byte. But this time, the data is a complete word (16 bits).
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A] S Addr Rd [A] [DataLow] A [DataHigh] NA P
+
+
+SMBus Write Byte Data
+=====================
+
+This writes a single byte to a device, to a designated register. The
+register is specified through the Comm byte. This is the opposite of
+the Read Byte Data command.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A] Data [A] P
+
+
+SMBus Write Word Data
+=====================
+
+This is the opposite operation of the Read Word Data command. 16 bits
+of data is read from a device, from a designated register that is
+specified through the Comm byte.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A] DataLow [A] DataHigh [A] P
+
+
+SMBus Process Call
+==================
+
+This command selects a device register (through the Comm byte), sends
+16 bits of data to it, and reads 16 bits of data in return.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A] DataLow [A] DataHigh [A]
+ S Addr Rd [A] [DataLow] A [DataHigh] NA P
+
+
+SMBus Block Read
+================
+
+This command reads a block of up to 32 bytes from a device, from a
+designated register that is specified through the Comm byte. The amount
+of data is specified by the device in the Count byte.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A]
+ S Addr Rd [A] [Count] A [Data] A [Data] A ... A [Data] NA P
+
+
+SMBus Block Write
+=================
+
+The opposite of the Block Read command, this writes up to 32 bytes to
+a device, to a designated register that is specified through the
+Comm byte. The amount of data is specified in the Count byte.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A] Count [A] Data [A] Data [A] ... [A] Data [A] P
+
+
+SMBus Block Process Call
+========================
+
+SMBus Block Process Call was introduced in Revision 2.0 of the specification.
+
+This command selects a device register (through the Comm byte), sends
+1 to 31 bytes of data to it, and reads 1 to 31 bytes of data in return.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A] Count [A] Data [A] ...
+ S Addr Rd [A] [Count] A [Data] ... A P
+
+
+SMBus Host Notify
+=================
+
+This command is sent from a SMBus device acting as a master to the
+SMBus host acting as a slave.
+It is the same form as Write Word, with the command code replaced by the
+alerting device's address.
+
+[S] [HostAddr] [Wr] A [DevAddr] A [DataLow] A [DataHigh] A [P]
+
+
+Packet Error Checking (PEC)
+===========================
+Packet Error Checking was introduced in Revision 1.1 of the specification.
+
+PEC adds a CRC-8 error-checking byte to all transfers.
+
+
+Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
+=================================
+The Address Resolution Protocol was introduced in Revision 2.0 of
+the specification. It is a higher-layer protocol which uses the
+messages above.
+
+ARP adds device enumeration and dynamic address assignment to
+the protocol. All ARP communications use slave address 0x61 and
+require PEC checksums.
+
+
+I2C Block Transactions
+======================
+The following I2C block transactions are supported by the
+SMBus layer and are described here for completeness.
+I2C block transactions do not limit the number of bytes transferred
+but the SMBus layer places a limit of 32 bytes.
+
+
+I2C Block Read
+==============
+
+This command reads a block of bytes from a device, from a
+designated register that is specified through the Comm byte.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A]
+ S Addr Rd [A] [Data] A [Data] A ... A [Data] NA P
+
+
+I2C Block Read (2 Comm bytes)
+=============================
+
+This command reads a block of bytes from a device, from a
+designated register that is specified through the two Comm bytes.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm1 [A] Comm2 [A]
+ S Addr Rd [A] [Data] A [Data] A ... A [Data] NA P
+
+
+I2C Block Write
+===============
+
+The opposite of the Block Read command, this writes bytes to
+a device, to a designated register that is specified through the
+Comm byte. Note that command lengths of 0, 2, or more bytes are
+supported as they are indistinguishable from data.
+
+S Addr Wr [A] Comm [A] Data [A] Data [A] ... [A] Data [A] P
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/summary b/Documentation/i2c/summary
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41dde87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/summary
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+This is an explanation of what i2c is, and what is supported in this package.
+
+I2C and SMBus
+=============
+
+I2C (pronounce: I squared C) is a protocol developed by Philips. It is a
+slow two-wire protocol (10-400 kHz), but it suffices for many types of
+devices.
+
+SMBus (System Management Bus) is a subset of the I2C protocol. Many
+modern mainboards have a System Management Bus. There are a lot of
+devices which can be connected to a SMBus; the most notable are modern
+memory chips with EEPROM memories and chips for hardware monitoring.
+
+Because the SMBus is just a special case of the generalized I2C bus, we
+can simulate the SMBus protocol on plain I2C busses. The reverse is
+regretfully impossible.
+
+
+Terminology
+===========
+
+When we talk about I2C, we use the following terms:
+ Bus -> Algorithm
+ Adapter
+ Device -> Driver
+ Client
+
+An Algorithm driver contains general code that can be used for a whole class
+of I2C adapters. Each specific adapter driver depends on one algorithm
+driver.
+A Driver driver (yes, this sounds ridiculous, sorry) contains the general
+code to access some type of device. Each detected device gets its own
+data in the Client structure. Usually, Driver and Client are more closely
+integrated than Algorithm and Adapter.
+
+For a given configuration, you will need a driver for your I2C bus (usually
+a separate Adapter and Algorithm driver), and drivers for your I2C devices
+(usually one driver for each device). There are no I2C device drivers
+in this package. See the lm_sensors project http://www.lm-sensors.nu
+for device drivers.
+
+
+Included Bus Drivers
+====================
+Note that only stable drivers are patched into the kernel by 'mkpatch'.
+
+
+Base modules
+------------
+
+i2c-core: The basic I2C code, including the /proc/bus/i2c* interface
+i2c-dev: The /dev/i2c-* interface
+i2c-proc: The /proc/sys/dev/sensors interface for device (client) drivers
+
+Algorithm drivers
+-----------------
+
+i2c-algo-8xx: An algorithm for CPM's I2C device in Motorola 8xx processors (NOT BUILT BY DEFAULT)
+i2c-algo-bit: A bit-banging algorithm
+i2c-algo-pcf: A PCF 8584 style algorithm
+i2c-algo-ibm_ocp: An algorithm for the I2C device in IBM 4xx processors (NOT BUILT BY DEFAULT)
+
+Adapter drivers
+---------------
+
+i2c-elektor: Elektor ISA card (uses i2c-algo-pcf)
+i2c-elv: ELV parallel port adapter (uses i2c-algo-bit)
+i2c-pcf-epp: PCF8584 on a EPP parallel port (uses i2c-algo-pcf) (NOT mkpatched)
+i2c-philips-par: Philips style parallel port adapter (uses i2c-algo-bit)
+i2c-adap-ibm_ocp: IBM 4xx processor I2C device (uses i2c-algo-ibm_ocp) (NOT BUILT BY DEFAULT)
+i2c-pport: Primitive parallel port adapter (uses i2c-algo-bit)
+i2c-rpx: RPX board Motorola 8xx I2C device (uses i2c-algo-8xx) (NOT BUILT BY DEFAULT)
+i2c-velleman: Velleman K8000 parallel port adapter (uses i2c-algo-bit)
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/sysfs-interface b/Documentation/i2c/sysfs-interface
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3464005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/sysfs-interface
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+Naming and data format standards for sysfs files
+------------------------------------------------
+
+The libsensors library offers an interface to the raw sensors data
+through the sysfs interface. See libsensors documentation and source for
+more further information. As of writing this document, libsensors
+(from lm_sensors 2.8.3) is heavily chip-dependant. Adding or updating
+support for any given chip requires modifying the library's code.
+This is because libsensors was written for the procfs interface
+older kernel modules were using, which wasn't standardized enough.
+Recent versions of libsensors (from lm_sensors 2.8.2 and later) have
+support for the sysfs interface, though.
+
+The new sysfs interface was designed to be as chip-independant as
+possible.
+
+Note that motherboards vary widely in the connections to sensor chips.
+There is no standard that ensures, for example, that the second
+temperature sensor is connected to the CPU, or that the second fan is on
+the CPU. Also, some values reported by the chips need some computation
+before they make full sense. For example, most chips can only measure
+voltages between 0 and +4V. Other voltages are scaled back into that
+range using external resistors. Since the values of these resistors
+can change from motherboard to motherboard, the conversions cannot be
+hard coded into the driver and have to be done in user space.
+
+For this reason, even if we aim at a chip-independant libsensors, it will
+still require a configuration file (e.g. /etc/sensors.conf) for proper
+values conversion, labeling of inputs and hiding of unused inputs.
+
+An alternative method that some programs use is to access the sysfs
+files directly. This document briefly describes the standards that the
+drivers follow, so that an application program can scan for entries and
+access this data in a simple and consistent way. That said, such programs
+will have to implement conversion, labeling and hiding of inputs. For
+this reason, it is still not recommended to bypass the library.
+
+If you are developing a userspace application please send us feedback on
+this standard.
+
+Note that this standard isn't completely established yet, so it is subject
+to changes, even important ones. One more reason to use the library instead
+of accessing sysfs files directly.
+
+Each chip gets its own directory in the sysfs /sys/devices tree. To
+find all sensor chips, it is easier to follow the symlinks from
+/sys/i2c/devices/
+
+All sysfs values are fixed point numbers. To get the true value of some
+of the values, you should divide by the specified value.
+
+There is only one value per file, unlike the older /proc specification.
+The common scheme for files naming is: <type><number>_<item>. Usual
+types for sensor chips are "in" (voltage), "temp" (temperature) and
+"fan" (fan). Usual items are "input" (measured value), "max" (high
+threshold, "min" (low threshold). Numbering usually starts from 1,
+except for voltages which start from 0 (because most data sheets use
+this). A number is always used for elements that can be present more
+than once, even if there is a single element of the given type on the
+specific chip. Other files do not refer to a specific element, so
+they have a simple name, and no number.
+
+Alarms are direct indications read from the chips. The drivers do NOT
+make comparisons of readings to thresholds. This allows violations
+between readings to be caught and alarmed. The exact definition of an
+alarm (for example, whether a threshold must be met or must be exceeded
+to cause an alarm) is chip-dependent.
+
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+************
+* Voltages *
+************
+
+in[0-8]_min Voltage min value.
+ Unit: millivolt
+ Read/Write
+
+in[0-8]_max Voltage max value.
+ Unit: millivolt
+ Read/Write
+
+in[0-8]_input Voltage input value.
+ Unit: millivolt
+ Read only
+ Actual voltage depends on the scaling resistors on the
+ motherboard, as recommended in the chip datasheet.
+ This varies by chip and by motherboard.
+ Because of this variation, values are generally NOT scaled
+ by the chip driver, and must be done by the application.
+ However, some drivers (notably lm87 and via686a)
+ do scale, with various degrees of success.
+ These drivers will output the actual voltage.
+
+ Typical usage:
+ in0_* CPU #1 voltage (not scaled)
+ in1_* CPU #2 voltage (not scaled)
+ in2_* 3.3V nominal (not scaled)
+ in3_* 5.0V nominal (scaled)
+ in4_* 12.0V nominal (scaled)
+ in5_* -12.0V nominal (scaled)
+ in6_* -5.0V nominal (scaled)
+ in7_* varies
+ in8_* varies
+
+cpu[0-1]_vid CPU core reference voltage.
+ Unit: millivolt
+ Read only.
+ Not always correct.
+
+vrm Voltage Regulator Module version number.
+ Read only.
+ Two digit number, first is major version, second is
+ minor version.
+ Affects the way the driver calculates the CPU core reference
+ voltage from the vid pins.
+
+
+********
+* Fans *
+********
+
+fan[1-3]_min Fan minimum value
+ Unit: revolution/min (RPM)
+ Read/Write.
+
+fan[1-3]_input Fan input value.
+ Unit: revolution/min (RPM)
+ Read only.
+
+fan[1-3]_div Fan divisor.
+ Integer value in powers of two (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128).
+ Some chips only support values 1, 2, 4 and 8.
+ Note that this is actually an internal clock divisor, which
+ affects the measurable speed range, not the read value.
+
+*******
+* PWM *
+*******
+
+pwm[1-3] Pulse width modulation fan control.
+ Integer value in the range 0 to 255
+ Read/Write
+ 255 is max or 100%.
+
+pwm[1-3]_enable
+ Switch PWM on and off.
+ Not always present even if fan*_pwm is.
+ 0 to turn off
+ 1 to turn on in manual mode
+ 2 to turn on in automatic mode
+ Read/Write
+
+pwm[1-*]_auto_channels_temp
+ Select which temperature channels affect this PWM output in
+ auto mode. Bitfield, 1 is temp1, 2 is temp2, 4 is temp3 etc...
+ Which values are possible depend on the chip used.
+
+pwm[1-*]_auto_point[1-*]_pwm
+pwm[1-*]_auto_point[1-*]_temp
+pwm[1-*]_auto_point[1-*]_temp_hyst
+ Define the PWM vs temperature curve. Number of trip points is
+ chip-dependent. Use this for chips which associate trip points
+ to PWM output channels.
+
+OR
+
+temp[1-*]_auto_point[1-*]_pwm
+temp[1-*]_auto_point[1-*]_temp
+temp[1-*]_auto_point[1-*]_temp_hyst
+ Define the PWM vs temperature curve. Number of trip points is
+ chip-dependent. Use this for chips which associate trip points
+ to temperature channels.
+
+
+****************
+* Temperatures *
+****************
+
+temp[1-3]_type Sensor type selection.
+ Integers 1, 2, 3 or thermistor Beta value (3435)
+ Read/Write.
+ 1: PII/Celeron Diode
+ 2: 3904 transistor
+ 3: thermal diode
+ Not all types are supported by all chips
+
+temp[1-4]_max Temperature max value.
+ Unit: millidegree Celcius
+ Read/Write value.
+
+temp[1-3]_min Temperature min value.
+ Unit: millidegree Celcius
+ Read/Write value.
+
+temp[1-3]_max_hyst
+ Temperature hysteresis value for max limit.
+ Unit: millidegree Celcius
+ Must be reported as an absolute temperature, NOT a delta
+ from the max value.
+ Read/Write value.
+
+temp[1-4]_input Temperature input value.
+ Unit: millidegree Celcius
+ Read only value.
+
+temp[1-4]_crit Temperature critical value, typically greater than
+ corresponding temp_max values.
+ Unit: millidegree Celcius
+ Read/Write value.
+
+temp[1-2]_crit_hyst
+ Temperature hysteresis value for critical limit.
+ Unit: millidegree Celcius
+ Must be reported as an absolute temperature, NOT a delta
+ from the critical value.
+ Read/Write value.
+
+ If there are multiple temperature sensors, temp1_* is
+ generally the sensor inside the chip itself,
+ reported as "motherboard temperature". temp2_* to
+ temp4_* are generally sensors external to the chip
+ itself, for example the thermal diode inside the CPU or
+ a thermistor nearby.
+
+
+************
+* Currents *
+************
+
+Note that no known chip provides current measurements as of writing,
+so this part is theoretical, so to say.
+
+curr[1-n]_max Current max value
+ Unit: milliampere
+ Read/Write.
+
+curr[1-n]_min Current min value.
+ Unit: milliampere
+ Read/Write.
+
+curr[1-n]_input Current input value
+ Unit: milliampere
+ Read only.
+
+
+*********
+* Other *
+*********
+
+alarms Alarm bitmask.
+ Read only.
+ Integer representation of one to four bytes.
+ A '1' bit means an alarm.
+ Chips should be programmed for 'comparator' mode so that
+ the alarm will 'come back' after you read the register
+ if it is still valid.
+ Generally a direct representation of a chip's internal
+ alarm registers; there is no standard for the position
+ of individual bits.
+ Bits are defined in kernel/include/sensors.h.
+
+beep_enable Beep/interrupt enable
+ 0 to disable.
+ 1 to enable.
+ Read/Write
+
+beep_mask Bitmask for beep.
+ Same format as 'alarms' with the same bit locations.
+ Read/Write
+
+eeprom Raw EEPROM data in binary form.
+ Read only.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/ten-bit-addresses b/Documentation/i2c/ten-bit-addresses
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..200074f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/ten-bit-addresses
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+The I2C protocol knows about two kinds of device addresses: normal 7 bit
+addresses, and an extended set of 10 bit addresses. The sets of addresses
+do not intersect: the 7 bit address 0x10 is not the same as the 10 bit
+address 0x10 (though a single device could respond to both of them). You
+select a 10 bit address by adding an extra byte after the address
+byte:
+ S Addr7 Rd/Wr ....
+becomes
+ S 11110 Addr10 Rd/Wr
+S is the start bit, Rd/Wr the read/write bit, and if you count the number
+of bits, you will see the there are 8 after the S bit for 7 bit addresses,
+and 16 after the S bit for 10 bit addresses.
+
+WARNING! The current 10 bit address support is EXPERIMENTAL. There are
+several places in the code that will cause SEVERE PROBLEMS with 10 bit
+addresses, even though there is some basic handling and hooks. Also,
+almost no supported adapter handles the 10 bit addresses correctly.
+
+As soon as a real 10 bit address device is spotted 'in the wild', we
+can and will add proper support. Right now, 10 bit address devices
+are defined by the I2C protocol, but we have never seen a single device
+which supports them.
diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/writing-clients b/Documentation/i2c/writing-clients
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad27511
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2c/writing-clients
@@ -0,0 +1,816 @@
+This is a small guide for those who want to write kernel drivers for I2C
+or SMBus devices.
+
+To set up a driver, you need to do several things. Some are optional, and
+some things can be done slightly or completely different. Use this as a
+guide, not as a rule book!
+
+
+General remarks
+===============
+
+Try to keep the kernel namespace as clean as possible. The best way to
+do this is to use a unique prefix for all global symbols. This is
+especially important for exported symbols, but it is a good idea to do
+it for non-exported symbols too. We will use the prefix `foo_' in this
+tutorial, and `FOO_' for preprocessor variables.
+
+
+The driver structure
+====================
+
+Usually, you will implement a single driver structure, and instantiate
+all clients from it. Remember, a driver structure contains general access
+routines, a client structure specific information like the actual I2C
+address.
+
+static struct i2c_driver foo_driver = {
+ .owner = THIS_MODULE,
+ .name = "Foo version 2.3 driver",
+ .id = I2C_DRIVERID_FOO, /* from i2c-id.h, optional */
+ .flags = I2C_DF_NOTIFY,
+ .attach_adapter = &foo_attach_adapter,
+ .detach_client = &foo_detach_client,
+ .command = &foo_command /* may be NULL */
+}
+
+The name can be chosen freely, and may be upto 40 characters long. Please
+use something descriptive here.
+
+If used, the id should be a unique ID. The range 0xf000 to 0xffff is
+reserved for local use, and you can use one of those until you start
+distributing the driver, at which time you should contact the i2c authors
+to get your own ID(s). Note that most of the time you don't need an ID
+at all so you can just omit it.
+
+Don't worry about the flags field; just put I2C_DF_NOTIFY into it. This
+means that your driver will be notified when new adapters are found.
+This is almost always what you want.
+
+All other fields are for call-back functions which will be explained
+below.
+
+There use to be two additional fields in this structure, inc_use et dec_use,
+for module usage count, but these fields were obsoleted and removed.
+
+
+Extra client data
+=================
+
+The client structure has a special `data' field that can point to any
+structure at all. You can use this to keep client-specific data. You
+do not always need this, but especially for `sensors' drivers, it can
+be very useful.
+
+An example structure is below.
+
+ struct foo_data {
+ struct semaphore lock; /* For ISA access in `sensors' drivers. */
+ int sysctl_id; /* To keep the /proc directory entry for
+ `sensors' drivers. */
+ enum chips type; /* To keep the chips type for `sensors' drivers. */
+
+ /* Because the i2c bus is slow, it is often useful to cache the read
+ information of a chip for some time (for example, 1 or 2 seconds).
+ It depends of course on the device whether this is really worthwhile
+ or even sensible. */
+ struct semaphore update_lock; /* When we are reading lots of information,
+ another process should not update the
+ below information */
+ char valid; /* != 0 if the following fields are valid. */
+ unsigned long last_updated; /* In jiffies */
+ /* Add the read information here too */
+ };
+
+
+Accessing the client
+====================
+
+Let's say we have a valid client structure. At some time, we will need
+to gather information from the client, or write new information to the
+client. How we will export this information to user-space is less
+important at this moment (perhaps we do not need to do this at all for
+some obscure clients). But we need generic reading and writing routines.
+
+I have found it useful to define foo_read and foo_write function for this.
+For some cases, it will be easier to call the i2c functions directly,
+but many chips have some kind of register-value idea that can easily
+be encapsulated. Also, some chips have both ISA and I2C interfaces, and
+it useful to abstract from this (only for `sensors' drivers).
+
+The below functions are simple examples, and should not be copied
+literally.
+
+ int foo_read_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg)
+ {
+ if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
+ return i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(client,reg);
+ else /* word-sized register */
+ return i2c_smbus_read_word_data(client,reg);
+ }
+
+ int foo_write_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg, u16 value)
+ {
+ if (reg == 0x10) /* Impossible to write - driver error! */ {
+ return -1;
+ else if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
+ return i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(client,reg,value);
+ else /* word-sized register */
+ return i2c_smbus_write_word_data(client,reg,value);
+ }
+
+For sensors code, you may have to cope with ISA registers too. Something
+like the below often works. Note the locking!
+
+ int foo_read_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg)
+ {
+ int res;
+ if (i2c_is_isa_client(client)) {
+ down(&(((struct foo_data *) (client->data)) -> lock));
+ outb_p(reg,client->addr + FOO_ADDR_REG_OFFSET);
+ res = inb_p(client->addr + FOO_DATA_REG_OFFSET);
+ up(&(((struct foo_data *) (client->data)) -> lock));
+ return res;
+ } else
+ return i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(client,reg);
+ }
+
+Writing is done the same way.
+
+
+Probing and attaching
+=====================
+
+Most i2c devices can be present on several i2c addresses; for some this
+is determined in hardware (by soldering some chip pins to Vcc or Ground),
+for others this can be changed in software (by writing to specific client
+registers). Some devices are usually on a specific address, but not always;
+and some are even more tricky. So you will probably need to scan several
+i2c addresses for your clients, and do some sort of detection to see
+whether it is actually a device supported by your driver.
+
+To give the user a maximum of possibilities, some default module parameters
+are defined to help determine what addresses are scanned. Several macros
+are defined in i2c.h to help you support them, as well as a generic
+detection algorithm.
+
+You do not have to use this parameter interface; but don't try to use
+function i2c_probe() (or i2c_detect()) if you don't.
+
+NOTE: If you want to write a `sensors' driver, the interface is slightly
+ different! See below.
+
+
+
+Probing classes (i2c)
+---------------------
+
+All parameters are given as lists of unsigned 16-bit integers. Lists are
+terminated by I2C_CLIENT_END.
+The following lists are used internally:
+
+ normal_i2c: filled in by the module writer.
+ A list of I2C addresses which should normally be examined.
+ normal_i2c_range: filled in by the module writer.
+ A list of pairs of I2C addresses, each pair being an inclusive range of
+ addresses which should normally be examined.
+ probe: insmod parameter.
+ A list of pairs. The first value is a bus number (-1 for any I2C bus),
+ the second is the address. These addresses are also probed, as if they
+ were in the 'normal' list.
+ probe_range: insmod parameter.
+ A list of triples. The first value is a bus number (-1 for any I2C bus),
+ the second and third are addresses. These form an inclusive range of
+ addresses that are also probed, as if they were in the 'normal' list.
+ ignore: insmod parameter.
+ A list of pairs. The first value is a bus number (-1 for any I2C bus),
+ the second is the I2C address. These addresses are never probed.
+ This parameter overrules 'normal' and 'probe', but not the 'force' lists.
+ ignore_range: insmod parameter.
+ A list of triples. The first value is a bus number (-1 for any I2C bus),
+ the second and third are addresses. These form an inclusive range of
+ I2C addresses that are never probed.
+ This parameter overrules 'normal' and 'probe', but not the 'force' lists.
+ force: insmod parameter.
+ A list of pairs. The first value is a bus number (-1 for any I2C bus),
+ the second is the I2C address. A device is blindly assumed to be on
+ the given address, no probing is done.
+
+Fortunately, as a module writer, you just have to define the `normal'
+and/or `normal_range' parameters. The complete declaration could look
+like this:
+
+ /* Scan 0x20 to 0x2f, 0x37, and 0x40 to 0x4f */
+ static unsigned short normal_i2c[] = { 0x37,I2C_CLIENT_END };
+ static unsigned short normal_i2c_range[] = { 0x20, 0x2f, 0x40, 0x4f,
+ I2C_CLIENT_END };
+
+ /* Magic definition of all other variables and things */
+ I2C_CLIENT_INSMOD;
+
+Note that you *have* to call the two defined variables `normal_i2c' and
+`normal_i2c_range', without any prefix!
+
+
+Probing classes (sensors)
+-------------------------
+
+If you write a `sensors' driver, you use a slightly different interface.
+As well as I2C addresses, we have to cope with ISA addresses. Also, we
+use a enum of chip types. Don't forget to include `sensors.h'.
+
+The following lists are used internally. They are all lists of integers.
+
+ normal_i2c: filled in by the module writer. Terminated by SENSORS_I2C_END.
+ A list of I2C addresses which should normally be examined.
+ normal_i2c_range: filled in by the module writer. Terminated by
+ SENSORS_I2C_END
+ A list of pairs of I2C addresses, each pair being an inclusive range of
+ addresses which should normally be examined.
+ normal_isa: filled in by the module writer. Terminated by SENSORS_ISA_END.
+ A list of ISA addresses which should normally be examined.
+ normal_isa_range: filled in by the module writer. Terminated by
+ SENSORS_ISA_END
+ A list of triples. The first two elements are ISA addresses, being an
+ range of addresses which should normally be examined. The third is the
+ modulo parameter: only addresses which are 0 module this value relative
+ to the first address of the range are actually considered.
+ probe: insmod parameter. Initialize this list with SENSORS_I2C_END values.
+ A list of pairs. The first value is a bus number (SENSORS_ISA_BUS for
+ the ISA bus, -1 for any I2C bus), the second is the address. These
+ addresses are also probed, as if they were in the 'normal' list.
+ probe_range: insmod parameter. Initialize this list with SENSORS_I2C_END
+ values.
+ A list of triples. The first value is a bus number (SENSORS_ISA_BUS for
+ the ISA bus, -1 for any I2C bus), the second and third are addresses.
+ These form an inclusive range of addresses that are also probed, as
+ if they were in the 'normal' list.
+ ignore: insmod parameter. Initialize this list with SENSORS_I2C_END values.
+ A list of pairs. The first value is a bus number (SENSORS_ISA_BUS for
+ the ISA bus, -1 for any I2C bus), the second is the I2C address. These
+ addresses are never probed. This parameter overrules 'normal' and
+ 'probe', but not the 'force' lists.
+ ignore_range: insmod parameter. Initialize this list with SENSORS_I2C_END
+ values.
+ A list of triples. The first value is a bus number (SENSORS_ISA_BUS for
+ the ISA bus, -1 for any I2C bus), the second and third are addresses.
+ These form an inclusive range of I2C addresses that are never probed.
+ This parameter overrules 'normal' and 'probe', but not the 'force' lists.
+
+Also used is a list of pointers to sensors_force_data structures:
+ force_data: insmod parameters. A list, ending with an element of which
+ the force field is NULL.
+ Each element contains the type of chip and a list of pairs.
+ The first value is a bus number (SENSORS_ISA_BUS for the ISA bus,
+ -1 for any I2C bus), the second is the address.
+ These are automatically translated to insmod variables of the form
+ force_foo.
+
+So we have a generic insmod variabled `force', and chip-specific variables
+`force_CHIPNAME'.
+
+Fortunately, as a module writer, you just have to define the `normal'
+and/or `normal_range' parameters, and define what chip names are used.
+The complete declaration could look like this:
+ /* Scan i2c addresses 0x20 to 0x2f, 0x37, and 0x40 to 0x4f
+ static unsigned short normal_i2c[] = {0x37,SENSORS_I2C_END};
+ static unsigned short normal_i2c_range[] = {0x20,0x2f,0x40,0x4f,
+ SENSORS_I2C_END};
+ /* Scan ISA address 0x290 */
+ static unsigned int normal_isa[] = {0x0290,SENSORS_ISA_END};
+ static unsigned int normal_isa_range[] = {SENSORS_ISA_END};
+
+ /* Define chips foo and bar, as well as all module parameters and things */
+ SENSORS_INSMOD_2(foo,bar);
+
+If you have one chip, you use macro SENSORS_INSMOD_1(chip), if you have 2
+you use macro SENSORS_INSMOD_2(chip1,chip2), etc. If you do not want to
+bother with chip types, you can use SENSORS_INSMOD_0.
+
+A enum is automatically defined as follows:
+ enum chips { any_chip, chip1, chip2, ... }
+
+
+Attaching to an adapter
+-----------------------
+
+Whenever a new adapter is inserted, or for all adapters if the driver is
+being registered, the callback attach_adapter() is called. Now is the
+time to determine what devices are present on the adapter, and to register
+a client for each of them.
+
+The attach_adapter callback is really easy: we just call the generic
+detection function. This function will scan the bus for us, using the
+information as defined in the lists explained above. If a device is
+detected at a specific address, another callback is called.
+
+ int foo_attach_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adapter)
+ {
+ return i2c_probe(adapter,&addr_data,&foo_detect_client);
+ }
+
+For `sensors' drivers, use the i2c_detect function instead:
+
+ int foo_attach_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adapter)
+ {
+ return i2c_detect(adapter,&addr_data,&foo_detect_client);
+ }
+
+Remember, structure `addr_data' is defined by the macros explained above,
+so you do not have to define it yourself.
+
+The i2c_probe or i2c_detect function will call the foo_detect_client
+function only for those i2c addresses that actually have a device on
+them (unless a `force' parameter was used). In addition, addresses that
+are already in use (by some other registered client) are skipped.
+
+
+The detect client function
+--------------------------
+
+The detect client function is called by i2c_probe or i2c_detect.
+The `kind' parameter contains 0 if this call is due to a `force'
+parameter, and -1 otherwise (for i2c_detect, it contains 0 if
+this call is due to the generic `force' parameter, and the chip type
+number if it is due to a specific `force' parameter).
+
+Below, some things are only needed if this is a `sensors' driver. Those
+parts are between /* SENSORS ONLY START */ and /* SENSORS ONLY END */
+markers.
+
+This function should only return an error (any value != 0) if there is
+some reason why no more detection should be done anymore. If the
+detection just fails for this address, return 0.
+
+For now, you can ignore the `flags' parameter. It is there for future use.
+
+ int foo_detect_client(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, int address,
+ unsigned short flags, int kind)
+ {
+ int err = 0;
+ int i;
+ struct i2c_client *new_client;
+ struct foo_data *data;
+ const char *client_name = ""; /* For non-`sensors' drivers, put the real
+ name here! */
+
+ /* Let's see whether this adapter can support what we need.
+ Please substitute the things you need here!
+ For `sensors' drivers, add `! is_isa &&' to the if statement */
+ if (!i2c_check_functionality(adapter,I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WORD_DATA |
+ I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE))
+ goto ERROR0;
+
+ /* SENSORS ONLY START */
+ const char *type_name = "";
+ int is_isa = i2c_is_isa_adapter(adapter);
+
+ if (is_isa) {
+
+ /* If this client can't be on the ISA bus at all, we can stop now
+ (call `goto ERROR0'). But for kicks, we will assume it is all
+ right. */
+
+ /* Discard immediately if this ISA range is already used */
+ if (check_region(address,FOO_EXTENT))
+ goto ERROR0;
+
+ /* Probe whether there is anything on this address.
+ Some example code is below, but you will have to adapt this
+ for your own driver */
+
+ if (kind < 0) /* Only if no force parameter was used */ {
+ /* We may need long timeouts at least for some chips. */
+ #define REALLY_SLOW_IO
+ i = inb_p(address + 1);
+ if (inb_p(address + 2) != i)
+ goto ERROR0;
+ if (inb_p(address + 3) != i)
+ goto ERROR0;
+ if (inb_p(address + 7) != i)
+ goto ERROR0;
+ #undef REALLY_SLOW_IO
+
+ /* Let's just hope nothing breaks here */
+ i = inb_p(address + 5) & 0x7f;
+ outb_p(~i & 0x7f,address+5);
+ if ((inb_p(address + 5) & 0x7f) != (~i & 0x7f)) {
+ outb_p(i,address+5);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* SENSORS ONLY END */
+
+ /* OK. For now, we presume we have a valid client. We now create the
+ client structure, even though we cannot fill it completely yet.
+ But it allows us to access several i2c functions safely */
+
+ /* Note that we reserve some space for foo_data too. If you don't
+ need it, remove it. We do it here to help to lessen memory
+ fragmentation. */
+ if (! (new_client = kmalloc(sizeof(struct i2c_client) +
+ sizeof(struct foo_data),
+ GFP_KERNEL))) {
+ err = -ENOMEM;
+ goto ERROR0;
+ }
+
+ /* This is tricky, but it will set the data to the right value. */
+ client->data = new_client + 1;
+ data = (struct foo_data *) (client->data);
+
+ new_client->addr = address;
+ new_client->data = data;
+ new_client->adapter = adapter;
+ new_client->driver = &foo_driver;
+ new_client->flags = 0;
+
+ /* Now, we do the remaining detection. If no `force' parameter is used. */
+
+ /* First, the generic detection (if any), that is skipped if any force
+ parameter was used. */
+ if (kind < 0) {
+ /* The below is of course bogus */
+ if (foo_read(new_client,FOO_REG_GENERIC) != FOO_GENERIC_VALUE)
+ goto ERROR1;
+ }
+
+ /* SENSORS ONLY START */
+
+ /* Next, specific detection. This is especially important for `sensors'
+ devices. */
+
+ /* Determine the chip type. Not needed if a `force_CHIPTYPE' parameter
+ was used. */
+ if (kind <= 0) {
+ i = foo_read(new_client,FOO_REG_CHIPTYPE);
+ if (i == FOO_TYPE_1)
+ kind = chip1; /* As defined in the enum */
+ else if (i == FOO_TYPE_2)
+ kind = chip2;
+ else {
+ printk("foo: Ignoring 'force' parameter for unknown chip at "
+ "adapter %d, address 0x%02x\n",i2c_adapter_id(adapter),address);
+ goto ERROR1;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* Now set the type and chip names */
+ if (kind == chip1) {
+ type_name = "chip1"; /* For /proc entry */
+ client_name = "CHIP 1";
+ } else if (kind == chip2) {
+ type_name = "chip2"; /* For /proc entry */
+ client_name = "CHIP 2";
+ }
+
+ /* Reserve the ISA region */
+ if (is_isa)
+ request_region(address,FOO_EXTENT,type_name);
+
+ /* SENSORS ONLY END */
+
+ /* Fill in the remaining client fields. */
+ strcpy(new_client->name,client_name);
+
+ /* SENSORS ONLY BEGIN */
+ data->type = kind;
+ /* SENSORS ONLY END */
+
+ data->valid = 0; /* Only if you use this field */
+ init_MUTEX(&data->update_lock); /* Only if you use this field */
+
+ /* Any other initializations in data must be done here too. */
+
+ /* Tell the i2c layer a new client has arrived */
+ if ((err = i2c_attach_client(new_client)))
+ goto ERROR3;
+
+ /* SENSORS ONLY BEGIN */
+ /* Register a new directory entry with module sensors. See below for
+ the `template' structure. */
+ if ((i = i2c_register_entry(new_client, type_name,
+ foo_dir_table_template,THIS_MODULE)) < 0) {
+ err = i;
+ goto ERROR4;
+ }
+ data->sysctl_id = i;
+
+ /* SENSORS ONLY END */
+
+ /* This function can write default values to the client registers, if
+ needed. */
+ foo_init_client(new_client);
+ return 0;
+
+ /* OK, this is not exactly good programming practice, usually. But it is
+ very code-efficient in this case. */
+
+ ERROR4:
+ i2c_detach_client(new_client);
+ ERROR3:
+ ERROR2:
+ /* SENSORS ONLY START */
+ if (is_isa)
+ release_region(address,FOO_EXTENT);
+ /* SENSORS ONLY END */
+ ERROR1:
+ kfree(new_client);
+ ERROR0:
+ return err;
+ }
+
+
+Removing the client
+===================
+
+The detach_client call back function is called when a client should be
+removed. It may actually fail, but only when panicking. This code is
+much simpler than the attachment code, fortunately!
+
+ int foo_detach_client(struct i2c_client *client)
+ {
+ int err,i;
+
+ /* SENSORS ONLY START */
+ /* Deregister with the `i2c-proc' module. */
+ i2c_deregister_entry(((struct lm78_data *)(client->data))->sysctl_id);
+ /* SENSORS ONLY END */
+
+ /* Try to detach the client from i2c space */
+ if ((err = i2c_detach_client(client))) {
+ printk("foo.o: Client deregistration failed, client not detached.\n");
+ return err;
+ }
+
+ /* SENSORS ONLY START */
+ if i2c_is_isa_client(client)
+ release_region(client->addr,LM78_EXTENT);
+ /* SENSORS ONLY END */
+
+ kfree(client); /* Frees client data too, if allocated at the same time */
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+Initializing the module or kernel
+=================================
+
+When the kernel is booted, or when your foo driver module is inserted,
+you have to do some initializing. Fortunately, just attaching (registering)
+the driver module is usually enough.
+
+ /* Keep track of how far we got in the initialization process. If several
+ things have to initialized, and we fail halfway, only those things
+ have to be cleaned up! */
+ static int __initdata foo_initialized = 0;
+
+ static int __init foo_init(void)
+ {
+ int res;
+ printk("foo version %s (%s)\n",FOO_VERSION,FOO_DATE);
+
+ if ((res = i2c_add_driver(&foo_driver))) {
+ printk("foo: Driver registration failed, module not inserted.\n");
+ foo_cleanup();
+ return res;
+ }
+ foo_initialized ++;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ void foo_cleanup(void)
+ {
+ if (foo_initialized == 1) {
+ if ((res = i2c_del_driver(&foo_driver))) {
+ printk("foo: Driver registration failed, module not removed.\n");
+ return;
+ }
+ foo_initialized --;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* Substitute your own name and email address */
+ MODULE_AUTHOR("Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>"
+ MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Driver for Barf Inc. Foo I2C devices");
+
+ module_init(foo_init);
+ module_exit(foo_cleanup);
+
+Note that some functions are marked by `__init', and some data structures
+by `__init_data'. Hose functions and structures can be removed after
+kernel booting (or module loading) is completed.
+
+Command function
+================
+
+A generic ioctl-like function call back is supported. You will seldom
+need this. You may even set it to NULL.
+
+ /* No commands defined */
+ int foo_command(struct i2c_client *client, unsigned int cmd, void *arg)
+ {
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+
+Sending and receiving
+=====================
+
+If you want to communicate with your device, there are several functions
+to do this. You can find all of them in i2c.h.
+
+If you can choose between plain i2c communication and SMBus level
+communication, please use the last. All adapters understand SMBus level
+commands, but only some of them understand plain i2c!
+
+
+Plain i2c communication
+-----------------------
+
+ extern int i2c_master_send(struct i2c_client *,const char* ,int);
+ extern int i2c_master_recv(struct i2c_client *,char* ,int);
+
+These routines read and write some bytes from/to a client. The client
+contains the i2c address, so you do not have to include it. The second
+parameter contains the bytes the read/write, the third the length of the
+buffer. Returned is the actual number of bytes read/written.
+
+ extern int i2c_transfer(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_msg *msg,
+ int num);
+
+This sends a series of messages. Each message can be a read or write,
+and they can be mixed in any way. The transactions are combined: no
+stop bit is sent between transaction. The i2c_msg structure contains
+for each message the client address, the number of bytes of the message
+and the message data itself.
+
+You can read the file `i2c-protocol' for more information about the
+actual i2c protocol.
+
+
+SMBus communication
+-------------------
+
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_xfer (struct i2c_adapter * adapter, u16 addr,
+ unsigned short flags,
+ char read_write, u8 command, int size,
+ union i2c_smbus_data * data);
+
+ This is the generic SMBus function. All functions below are implemented
+ in terms of it. Never use this function directly!
+
+
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(struct i2c_client * client, u8 value);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(struct i2c_client * client);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(struct i2c_client * client, u8 value);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(struct i2c_client * client, u8 command);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(struct i2c_client * client,
+ u8 command, u8 value);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(struct i2c_client * client, u8 command);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(struct i2c_client * client,
+ u8 command, u16 value);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
+ u8 command, u8 length,
+ u8 *values);
+
+These ones were removed in Linux 2.6.10 because they had no users, but could
+be added back later if needed:
+
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
+ u8 command, u8 *values);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
+ u8 command, u8 *values);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
+ u8 command, u8 length,
+ u8 *values);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(struct i2c_client * client,
+ u8 command, u16 value);
+ extern s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
+ u8 command, u8 length,
+ u8 *values)
+
+All these transactions return -1 on failure. The 'write' transactions
+return 0 on success; the 'read' transactions return the read value, except
+for read_block, which returns the number of values read. The block buffers
+need not be longer than 32 bytes.
+
+You can read the file `smbus-protocol' for more information about the
+actual SMBus protocol.
+
+
+General purpose routines
+========================
+
+Below all general purpose routines are listed, that were not mentioned
+before.
+
+ /* This call returns a unique low identifier for each registered adapter,
+ * or -1 if the adapter was not registered.
+ */
+ extern int i2c_adapter_id(struct i2c_adapter *adap);
+
+
+The sensors sysctl/proc interface
+=================================
+
+This section only applies if you write `sensors' drivers.
+
+Each sensors driver creates a directory in /proc/sys/dev/sensors for each
+registered client. The directory is called something like foo-i2c-4-65.
+The sensors module helps you to do this as easily as possible.
+
+The template
+------------
+
+You will need to define a ctl_table template. This template will automatically
+be copied to a newly allocated structure and filled in where necessary when
+you call sensors_register_entry.
+
+First, I will give an example definition.
+ static ctl_table foo_dir_table_template[] = {
+ { FOO_SYSCTL_FUNC1, "func1", NULL, 0, 0644, NULL, &i2c_proc_real,
+ &i2c_sysctl_real,NULL,&foo_func },
+ { FOO_SYSCTL_FUNC2, "func2", NULL, 0, 0644, NULL, &i2c_proc_real,
+ &i2c_sysctl_real,NULL,&foo_func },
+ { FOO_SYSCTL_DATA, "data", NULL, 0, 0644, NULL, &i2c_proc_real,
+ &i2c_sysctl_real,NULL,&foo_data },
+ { 0 }
+ };
+
+In the above example, three entries are defined. They can either be
+accessed through the /proc interface, in the /proc/sys/dev/sensors/*
+directories, as files named func1, func2 and data, or alternatively
+through the sysctl interface, in the appropriate table, with identifiers
+FOO_SYSCTL_FUNC1, FOO_SYSCTL_FUNC2 and FOO_SYSCTL_DATA.
+
+The third, sixth and ninth parameters should always be NULL, and the
+fourth should always be 0. The fifth is the mode of the /proc file;
+0644 is safe, as the file will be owned by root:root.
+
+The seventh and eighth parameters should be &i2c_proc_real and
+&i2c_sysctl_real if you want to export lists of reals (scaled
+integers). You can also use your own function for them, as usual.
+Finally, the last parameter is the call-back to gather the data
+(see below) if you use the *_proc_real functions.
+
+
+Gathering the data
+------------------
+
+The call back functions (foo_func and foo_data in the above example)
+can be called in several ways; the operation parameter determines
+what should be done:
+
+ * If operation == SENSORS_PROC_REAL_INFO, you must return the
+ magnitude (scaling) in nrels_mag;
+ * If operation == SENSORS_PROC_REAL_READ, you must read information
+ from the chip and return it in results. The number of integers
+ to display should be put in nrels_mag;
+ * If operation == SENSORS_PROC_REAL_WRITE, you must write the
+ supplied information to the chip. nrels_mag will contain the number
+ of integers, results the integers themselves.
+
+The *_proc_real functions will display the elements as reals for the
+/proc interface. If you set the magnitude to 2, and supply 345 for
+SENSORS_PROC_REAL_READ, it would display 3.45; and if the user would
+write 45.6 to the /proc file, it would be returned as 4560 for
+SENSORS_PROC_REAL_WRITE. A magnitude may even be negative!
+
+An example function:
+
+ /* FOO_FROM_REG and FOO_TO_REG translate between scaled values and
+ register values. Note the use of the read cache. */
+ void foo_in(struct i2c_client *client, int operation, int ctl_name,
+ int *nrels_mag, long *results)
+ {
+ struct foo_data *data = client->data;
+ int nr = ctl_name - FOO_SYSCTL_FUNC1; /* reduce to 0 upwards */
+
+ if (operation == SENSORS_PROC_REAL_INFO)
+ *nrels_mag = 2;
+ else if (operation == SENSORS_PROC_REAL_READ) {
+ /* Update the readings cache (if necessary) */
+ foo_update_client(client);
+ /* Get the readings from the cache */
+ results[0] = FOO_FROM_REG(data->foo_func_base[nr]);
+ results[1] = FOO_FROM_REG(data->foo_func_more[nr]);
+ results[2] = FOO_FROM_REG(data->foo_func_readonly[nr]);
+ *nrels_mag = 2;
+ } else if (operation == SENSORS_PROC_REAL_WRITE) {
+ if (*nrels_mag >= 1) {
+ /* Update the cache */
+ data->foo_base[nr] = FOO_TO_REG(results[0]);
+ /* Update the chip */
+ foo_write_value(client,FOO_REG_FUNC_BASE(nr),data->foo_base[nr]);
+ }
+ if (*nrels_mag >= 2) {
+ /* Update the cache */
+ data->foo_more[nr] = FOO_TO_REG(results[1]);
+ /* Update the chip */
+ foo_write_value(client,FOO_REG_FUNC_MORE(nr),data->foo_more[nr]);
+ }
+ }
+ }
diff --git a/Documentation/i2o/README b/Documentation/i2o/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9aa6ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2o/README
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+
+ Linux I2O Support (c) Copyright 1999 Red Hat Software
+ and others.
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
+ 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+AUTHORS (so far)
+
+Alan Cox, Building Number Three Ltd.
+ Core code, SCSI and Block OSMs
+
+Steve Ralston, LSI Logic Corp.
+ Debugging SCSI and Block OSM
+
+Deepak Saxena, Intel Corp.
+ Various core/block extensions
+ /proc interface, bug fixes
+ Ioctl interfaces for control
+ Debugging LAN OSM
+
+Philip Rumpf
+ Fixed assorted dumb SMP locking bugs
+
+Juha Sievanen, University of Helsinki Finland
+ LAN OSM code
+ /proc interface to LAN class
+ Bug fixes
+ Core code extensions
+
+Auvo Häkkinen, University of Helsinki Finland
+ LAN OSM code
+ /Proc interface to LAN class
+ Bug fixes
+ Core code extensions
+
+Taneli Vähäkangas, University of Helsinki Finland
+ Fixes to i2o_config
+
+CREDITS
+
+ This work was made possible by
+
+Red Hat Software
+ Funding for the Building #3 part of the project
+
+Symbios Logic (Now LSI)
+ Host adapters, hints, known to work platforms when I hit
+ compatibility problems
+
+BoxHill Corporation
+ Loan of initial FibreChannel disk array used for development work.
+
+European Comission
+ Funding the work done by the University of Helsinki
+
+SysKonnect
+ Loan of FDDI and Gigabit Ethernet cards
+
+ASUSTeK
+ Loan of I2O motherboard
diff --git a/Documentation/i2o/ioctl b/Documentation/i2o/ioctl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e17497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i2o/ioctl
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+
+Linux I2O User Space Interface
+rev 0.3 - 04/20/99
+
+=============================================================================
+Originally written by Deepak Saxena(deepak@plexity.net)
+Currently maintained by Deepak Saxena(deepak@plexity.net)
+=============================================================================
+
+I. Introduction
+
+The Linux I2O subsystem provides a set of ioctl() commands that can be
+utilized by user space applications to communicate with IOPs and devices
+on individual IOPs. This document defines the specific ioctl() commands
+that are available to the user and provides examples of their uses.
+
+This document assumes the reader is familiar with or has access to the
+I2O specification as no I2O message parameters are outlined. For information
+on the specification, see http://www.i2osig.org
+
+This document and the I2O user space interface are currently maintained
+by Deepak Saxena. Please send all comments, errata, and bug fixes to
+deepak@csociety.purdue.edu
+
+II. IOP Access
+
+Access to the I2O subsystem is provided through the device file named
+/dev/i2o/ctl. This file is a character file with major number 10 and minor
+number 166. It can be created through the following command:
+
+ mknod /dev/i2o/ctl c 10 166
+
+III. Determining the IOP Count
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OGETIOPS, int *count);
+
+ u8 count[MAX_I2O_CONTROLLERS];
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function returns the system's active IOP table. count should
+ point to a buffer containing MAX_I2O_CONTROLLERS entries. Upon
+ returning, each entry will contain a non-zero value if the given
+ IOP unit is active, and NULL if it is inactive or non-existent.
+
+ RETURN VALUE.
+
+ Returns 0 if no errors occur, and -1 otherwise. If an error occurs,
+ errno is set appropriately:
+
+ EFAULT Invalid user space pointer was passed
+
+IV. Getting Hardware Resource Table
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OHRTGET, struct i2o_cmd_hrt *hrt);
+
+ struct i2o_cmd_hrtlct
+ {
+ u32 iop; /* IOP unit number */
+ void *resbuf; /* Buffer for result */
+ u32 *reslen; /* Buffer length in bytes */
+ };
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function returns the Hardware Resource Table of the IOP specified
+ by hrt->iop in the buffer pointed to by hrt->resbuf. The actual size of
+ the data is written into *(hrt->reslen).
+
+ RETURNS
+
+ This function returns 0 if no errors occur. If an error occurs, -1
+ is returned and errno is set appropriately:
+
+ EFAULT Invalid user space pointer was passed
+ ENXIO Invalid IOP number
+ ENOBUFS Buffer not large enough. If this occurs, the required
+ buffer length is written into *(hrt->reslen)
+
+V. Getting Logical Configuration Table
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OLCTGET, struct i2o_cmd_lct *lct);
+
+ struct i2o_cmd_hrtlct
+ {
+ u32 iop; /* IOP unit number */
+ void *resbuf; /* Buffer for result */
+ u32 *reslen; /* Buffer length in bytes */
+ };
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function returns the Logical Configuration Table of the IOP specified
+ by lct->iop in the buffer pointed to by lct->resbuf. The actual size of
+ the data is written into *(lct->reslen).
+
+ RETURNS
+
+ This function returns 0 if no errors occur. If an error occurs, -1
+ is returned and errno is set appropriately:
+
+ EFAULT Invalid user space pointer was passed
+ ENXIO Invalid IOP number
+ ENOBUFS Buffer not large enough. If this occurs, the required
+ buffer length is written into *(lct->reslen)
+
+VI. Settting Parameters
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OPARMSET, struct i2o_parm_setget *ops);
+
+ struct i2o_cmd_psetget
+ {
+ u32 iop; /* IOP unit number */
+ u32 tid; /* Target device TID */
+ void *opbuf; /* Operation List buffer */
+ u32 oplen; /* Operation List buffer length in bytes */
+ void *resbuf; /* Result List buffer */
+ u32 *reslen; /* Result List buffer length in bytes */
+ };
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function posts a UtilParamsSet message to the device identified
+ by ops->iop and ops->tid. The operation list for the message is
+ sent through the ops->opbuf buffer, and the result list is written
+ into the buffer pointed to by ops->resbuf. The number of bytes
+ written is placed into *(ops->reslen).
+
+ RETURNS
+
+ The return value is the size in bytes of the data written into
+ ops->resbuf if no errors occur. If an error occurs, -1 is returned
+ and errno is set appropriatly:
+
+ EFAULT Invalid user space pointer was passed
+ ENXIO Invalid IOP number
+ ENOBUFS Buffer not large enough. If this occurs, the required
+ buffer length is written into *(ops->reslen)
+ ETIMEDOUT Timeout waiting for reply message
+ ENOMEM Kernel memory allocation error
+
+ A return value of 0 does not mean that the value was actually
+ changed properly on the IOP. The user should check the result
+ list to determine the specific status of the transaction.
+
+VII. Getting Parameters
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OPARMGET, struct i2o_parm_setget *ops);
+
+ struct i2o_parm_setget
+ {
+ u32 iop; /* IOP unit number */
+ u32 tid; /* Target device TID */
+ void *opbuf; /* Operation List buffer */
+ u32 oplen; /* Operation List buffer length in bytes */
+ void *resbuf; /* Result List buffer */
+ u32 *reslen; /* Result List buffer length in bytes */
+ };
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function posts a UtilParamsGet message to the device identified
+ by ops->iop and ops->tid. The operation list for the message is
+ sent through the ops->opbuf buffer, and the result list is written
+ into the buffer pointed to by ops->resbuf. The actual size of data
+ written is placed into *(ops->reslen).
+
+ RETURNS
+
+ EFAULT Invalid user space pointer was passed
+ ENXIO Invalid IOP number
+ ENOBUFS Buffer not large enough. If this occurs, the required
+ buffer length is written into *(ops->reslen)
+ ETIMEDOUT Timeout waiting for reply message
+ ENOMEM Kernel memory allocation error
+
+ A return value of 0 does not mean that the value was actually
+ properly retreived. The user should check the result list
+ to determine the specific status of the transaction.
+
+VIII. Downloading Software
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OSWDL, struct i2o_sw_xfer *sw);
+
+ struct i2o_sw_xfer
+ {
+ u32 iop; /* IOP unit number */
+ u8 flags; /* DownloadFlags field */
+ u8 sw_type; /* Software type */
+ u32 sw_id; /* Software ID */
+ void *buf; /* Pointer to software buffer */
+ u32 *swlen; /* Length of software buffer */
+ u32 *maxfrag; /* Number of fragments */
+ u32 *curfrag; /* Current fragment number */
+ };
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function downloads a software fragment pointed by sw->buf
+ to the iop identified by sw->iop. The DownloadFlags, SwID, SwType
+ and SwSize fields of the ExecSwDownload message are filled in with
+ the values of sw->flags, sw->sw_id, sw->sw_type and *(sw->swlen).
+
+ The fragments _must_ be sent in order and be 8K in size. The last
+ fragment _may_ be shorter, however. The kernel will compute its
+ size based on information in the sw->swlen field.
+
+ Please note that SW transfers can take a long time.
+
+ RETURNS
+
+ This function returns 0 no errors occur. If an error occurs, -1
+ is returned and errno is set appropriatly:
+
+ EFAULT Invalid user space pointer was passed
+ ENXIO Invalid IOP number
+ ETIMEDOUT Timeout waiting for reply message
+ ENOMEM Kernel memory allocation error
+
+IX. Uploading Software
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OSWUL, struct i2o_sw_xfer *sw);
+
+ struct i2o_sw_xfer
+ {
+ u32 iop; /* IOP unit number */
+ u8 flags; /* UploadFlags */
+ u8 sw_type; /* Software type */
+ u32 sw_id; /* Software ID */
+ void *buf; /* Pointer to software buffer */
+ u32 *swlen; /* Length of software buffer */
+ u32 *maxfrag; /* Number of fragments */
+ u32 *curfrag; /* Current fragment number */
+ };
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function uploads a software fragment from the IOP identified
+ by sw->iop, sw->sw_type, sw->sw_id and optionally sw->swlen fields.
+ The UploadFlags, SwID, SwType and SwSize fields of the ExecSwUpload
+ message are filled in with the values of sw->flags, sw->sw_id,
+ sw->sw_type and *(sw->swlen).
+
+ The fragments _must_ be requested in order and be 8K in size. The
+ user is responsible for allocating memory pointed by sw->buf. The
+ last fragment _may_ be shorter.
+
+ Please note that SW transfers can take a long time.
+
+ RETURNS
+
+ This function returns 0 if no errors occur. If an error occurs, -1
+ is returned and errno is set appropriatly:
+
+ EFAULT Invalid user space pointer was passed
+ ENXIO Invalid IOP number
+ ETIMEDOUT Timeout waiting for reply message
+ ENOMEM Kernel memory allocation error
+
+X. Removing Software
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OSWDEL, struct i2o_sw_xfer *sw);
+
+ struct i2o_sw_xfer
+ {
+ u32 iop; /* IOP unit number */
+ u8 flags; /* RemoveFlags */
+ u8 sw_type; /* Software type */
+ u32 sw_id; /* Software ID */
+ void *buf; /* Unused */
+ u32 *swlen; /* Length of the software data */
+ u32 *maxfrag; /* Unused */
+ u32 *curfrag; /* Unused */
+ };
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function removes software from the IOP identified by sw->iop.
+ The RemoveFlags, SwID, SwType and SwSize fields of the ExecSwRemove message
+ are filled in with the values of sw->flags, sw->sw_id, sw->sw_type and
+ *(sw->swlen). Give zero in *(sw->len) if the value is unknown. IOP uses
+ *(sw->swlen) value to verify correct identication of the module to remove.
+ The actual size of the module is written into *(sw->swlen).
+
+ RETURNS
+
+ This function returns 0 if no errors occur. If an error occurs, -1
+ is returned and errno is set appropriatly:
+
+ EFAULT Invalid user space pointer was passed
+ ENXIO Invalid IOP number
+ ETIMEDOUT Timeout waiting for reply message
+ ENOMEM Kernel memory allocation error
+
+X. Validating Configuration
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OVALIDATE, int *iop);
+ u32 iop;
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function posts an ExecConfigValidate message to the controller
+ identified by iop. This message indicates that the current
+ configuration is accepted. The iop changes the status of suspect drivers
+ to valid and may delete old drivers from its store.
+
+ RETURNS
+
+ This function returns 0 if no erro occur. If an error occurs, -1 is
+ returned and errno is set appropriatly:
+
+ ETIMEDOUT Timeout waiting for reply message
+ ENXIO Invalid IOP number
+
+XI. Configuration Dialog
+
+ SYNOPSIS
+
+ ioctl(fd, I2OHTML, struct i2o_html *htquery);
+ struct i2o_html
+ {
+ u32 iop; /* IOP unit number */
+ u32 tid; /* Target device ID */
+ u32 page; /* HTML page */
+ void *resbuf; /* Buffer for reply HTML page */
+ u32 *reslen; /* Length in bytes of reply buffer */
+ void *qbuf; /* Pointer to HTTP query string */
+ u32 qlen; /* Length in bytes of query string buffer */
+ };
+
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ This function posts an UtilConfigDialog message to the device identified
+ by htquery->iop and htquery->tid. The requested HTML page number is
+ provided by the htquery->page field, and the resultant data is stored
+ in the buffer pointed to by htquery->resbuf. If there is an HTTP query
+ string that is to be sent to the device, it should be sent in the buffer
+ pointed to by htquery->qbuf. If there is no query string, this field
+ should be set to NULL. The actual size of the reply received is written
+ into *(htquery->reslen).
+
+ RETURNS
+
+ This function returns 0 if no error occur. If an error occurs, -1
+ is returned and errno is set appropriatly:
+
+ EFAULT Invalid user space pointer was passed
+ ENXIO Invalid IOP number
+ ENOBUFS Buffer not large enough. If this occurs, the required
+ buffer length is written into *(ops->reslen)
+ ETIMEDOUT Timeout waiting for reply message
+ ENOMEM Kernel memory allocation error
+
+XII. Events
+
+ In the process of determining this. Current idea is to have use
+ the select() interface to allow user apps to periodically poll
+ the /dev/i2o/ctl device for events. When select() notifies the user
+ that an event is available, the user would call read() to retrieve
+ a list of all the events that are pending for the specific device.
+
+=============================================================================
+Revision History
+=============================================================================
+
+Rev 0.1 - 04/01/99
+- Initial revision
+
+Rev 0.2 - 04/06/99
+- Changed return values to match UNIX ioctl() standard. Only return values
+ are 0 and -1. All errors are reported through errno.
+- Added summary of proposed possible event interfaces
+
+Rev 0.3 - 04/20/99
+- Changed all ioctls() to use pointers to user data instead of actual data
+- Updated error values to match the code
diff --git a/Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt b/Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..435e69e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+Most (all) Intel-MP compliant SMP boards have the so-called 'IO-APIC',
+which is an enhanced interrupt controller, it enables us to route
+hardware interrupts to multiple CPUs, or to CPU groups.
+
+Linux supports all variants of compliant SMP boards, including ones with
+multiple IO-APICs. (multiple IO-APICs are used in high-end servers to
+distribute IRQ load further).
+
+There are (a few) known breakages in certain older boards, which bugs are
+usually worked around by the kernel. If your MP-compliant SMP board does
+not boot Linux, then consult the linux-smp mailing list archives first.
+
+If your box boots fine with enabled IO-APIC IRQs, then your
+/proc/interrupts will look like this one:
+
+ ---------------------------->
+ hell:~> cat /proc/interrupts
+ CPU0
+ 0: 1360293 IO-APIC-edge timer
+ 1: 4 IO-APIC-edge keyboard
+ 2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
+ 13: 1 XT-PIC fpu
+ 14: 1448 IO-APIC-edge ide0
+ 16: 28232 IO-APIC-level Intel EtherExpress Pro 10/100 Ethernet
+ 17: 51304 IO-APIC-level eth0
+ NMI: 0
+ ERR: 0
+ hell:~>
+ <----------------------------
+
+some interrupts are still listed as 'XT PIC', but this is not a problem,
+none of those IRQ sources is performance-critical.
+
+
+in the unlikely case that your board does not create a working mp-table,
+you can use the pirq= boot parameter to 'hand-construct' IRQ entries. This
+is nontrivial though and cannot be automated. One sample /etc/lilo.conf
+entry:
+
+ append="pirq=15,11,10"
+
+the actual numbers depend on your system, on your PCI cards and on their
+PCI slot position. Usually PCI slots are 'daisy chained' before they are
+connected to the PCI chipset IRQ routing facility (the incoming PIRQ1-4
+lines):
+
+ ,-. ,-. ,-. ,-. ,-.
+ PIRQ4 ----| |-. ,-| |-. ,-| |-. ,-| |--------| |
+ |S| \ / |S| \ / |S| \ / |S| |S|
+ PIRQ3 ----|l|-. `/---|l|-. `/---|l|-. `/---|l|--------|l|
+ |o| \/ |o| \/ |o| \/ |o| |o|
+ PIRQ2 ----|t|-./`----|t|-./`----|t|-./`----|t|--------|t|
+ |1| /\ |2| /\ |3| /\ |4| |5|
+ PIRQ1 ----| |- `----| |- `----| |- `----| |--------| |
+ `-' `-' `-' `-' `-'
+
+every PCI card emits a PCI IRQ, which can be INTA,INTB,INTC,INTD:
+
+ ,-.
+ INTD--| |
+ |S|
+ INTC--|l|
+ |o|
+ INTB--|t|
+ |x|
+ INTA--| |
+ `-'
+
+These INTA-D PCI IRQs are always 'local to the card', their real meaning
+depends on which slot they are in. If you look at the daisy chaining diagram,
+a card in slot4, issuing INTA IRQ, it will end up as a signal on PIRQ2 of
+the PCI chipset. Most cards issue INTA, this creates optimal distribution
+between the PIRQ lines. (distributing IRQ sources properly is not a
+necessity, PCI IRQs can be shared at will, but it's a good for performance
+to have non shared interrupts). Slot5 should be used for videocards, they
+do not use interrupts normally, thus they are not daisy chained either.
+
+so if you have your SCSI card (IRQ11) in Slot1, Tulip card (IRQ9) in
+Slot2, then you'll have to specify this pirq= line:
+
+ append="pirq=11,9"
+
+the following script tries to figure out such a default pirq= line from
+your PCI configuration:
+
+ echo -n pirq=; echo `scanpci | grep T_L | cut -c56-` | sed 's/ /,/g'
+
+note that this script wont work if you have skipped a few slots or if your
+board does not do default daisy-chaining. (or the IO-APIC has the PIRQ pins
+connected in some strange way). E.g. if in the above case you have your SCSI
+card (IRQ11) in Slot3, and have Slot1 empty:
+
+ append="pirq=0,9,11"
+
+[value '0' is a generic 'placeholder', reserved for empty (or non-IRQ emitting)
+slots.]
+
+generally, it's always possible to find out the correct pirq= settings, just
+permute all IRQ numbers properly ... it will take some time though. An
+'incorrect' pirq line will cause the booting process to hang, or a device
+won't function properly (if it's inserted as eg. a module).
+
+If you have 2 PCI buses, then you can use up to 8 pirq values. Although such
+boards tend to have a good configuration.
+
+Be prepared that it might happen that you need some strange pirq line:
+
+ append="pirq=0,0,0,0,0,0,9,11"
+
+use smart try-and-err techniques to find out the correct pirq line ...
+
+good luck and mail to linux-smp@vger.kernel.org or
+linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org if you have any problems that are not covered
+by this document.
+
+-- mingo
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i386/boot.txt b/Documentation/i386/boot.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c48f0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i386/boot.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+ THE LINUX/I386 BOOT PROTOCOL
+ ----------------------------
+
+ H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
+ Last update 2002-01-01
+
+On the i386 platform, the Linux kernel uses a rather complicated boot
+convention. This has evolved partially due to historical aspects, as
+well as the desire in the early days to have the kernel itself be a
+bootable image, the complicated PC memory model and due to changed
+expectations in the PC industry caused by the effective demise of
+real-mode DOS as a mainstream operating system.
+
+Currently, four versions of the Linux/i386 boot protocol exist.
+
+Old kernels: zImage/Image support only. Some very early kernels
+ may not even support a command line.
+
+Protocol 2.00: (Kernel 1.3.73) Added bzImage and initrd support, as
+ well as a formalized way to communicate between the
+ boot loader and the kernel. setup.S made relocatable,
+ although the traditional setup area still assumed
+ writable.
+
+Protocol 2.01: (Kernel 1.3.76) Added a heap overrun warning.
+
+Protocol 2.02: (Kernel 2.4.0-test3-pre3) New command line protocol.
+ Lower the conventional memory ceiling. No overwrite
+ of the traditional setup area, thus making booting
+ safe for systems which use the EBDA from SMM or 32-bit
+ BIOS entry points. zImage deprecated but still
+ supported.
+
+Protocol 2.03: (Kernel 2.4.18-pre1) Explicitly makes the highest possible
+ initrd address available to the bootloader.
+
+
+**** MEMORY LAYOUT
+
+The traditional memory map for the kernel loader, used for Image or
+zImage kernels, typically looks like:
+
+ | |
+0A0000 +------------------------+
+ | Reserved for BIOS | Do not use. Reserved for BIOS EBDA.
+09A000 +------------------------+
+ | Stack/heap/cmdline | For use by the kernel real-mode code.
+098000 +------------------------+
+ | Kernel setup | The kernel real-mode code.
+090200 +------------------------+
+ | Kernel boot sector | The kernel legacy boot sector.
+090000 +------------------------+
+ | Protected-mode kernel | The bulk of the kernel image.
+010000 +------------------------+
+ | Boot loader | <- Boot sector entry point 0000:7C00
+001000 +------------------------+
+ | Reserved for MBR/BIOS |
+000800 +------------------------+
+ | Typically used by MBR |
+000600 +------------------------+
+ | BIOS use only |
+000000 +------------------------+
+
+
+When using bzImage, the protected-mode kernel was relocated to
+0x100000 ("high memory"), and the kernel real-mode block (boot sector,
+setup, and stack/heap) was made relocatable to any address between
+0x10000 and end of low memory. Unfortunately, in protocols 2.00 and
+2.01 the command line is still required to live in the 0x9XXXX memory
+range, and that memory range is still overwritten by the early kernel.
+The 2.02 protocol resolves that problem.
+
+It is desirable to keep the "memory ceiling" -- the highest point in
+low memory touched by the boot loader -- as low as possible, since
+some newer BIOSes have begun to allocate some rather large amounts of
+memory, called the Extended BIOS Data Area, near the top of low
+memory. The boot loader should use the "INT 12h" BIOS call to verify
+how much low memory is available.
+
+Unfortunately, if INT 12h reports that the amount of memory is too
+low, there is usually nothing the boot loader can do but to report an
+error to the user. The boot loader should therefore be designed to
+take up as little space in low memory as it reasonably can. For
+zImage or old bzImage kernels, which need data written into the
+0x90000 segment, the boot loader should make sure not to use memory
+above the 0x9A000 point; too many BIOSes will break above that point.
+
+
+**** THE REAL-MODE KERNEL HEADER
+
+In the following text, and anywhere in the kernel boot sequence, "a
+sector" refers to 512 bytes. It is independent of the actual sector
+size of the underlying medium.
+
+The first step in loading a Linux kernel should be to load the
+real-mode code (boot sector and setup code) and then examine the
+following header at offset 0x01f1. The real-mode code can total up to
+32K, although the boot loader may choose to load only the first two
+sectors (1K) and then examine the bootup sector size.
+
+The header looks like:
+
+Offset Proto Name Meaning
+/Size
+
+01F1/1 ALL setup_sects The size of the setup in sectors
+01F2/2 ALL root_flags If set, the root is mounted readonly
+01F4/2 ALL syssize DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
+01F6/2 ALL swap_dev DO NOT USE - obsolete
+01F8/2 ALL ram_size DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
+01FA/2 ALL vid_mode Video mode control
+01FC/2 ALL root_dev Default root device number
+01FE/2 ALL boot_flag 0xAA55 magic number
+0200/2 2.00+ jump Jump instruction
+0202/4 2.00+ header Magic signature "HdrS"
+0206/2 2.00+ version Boot protocol version supported
+0208/4 2.00+ realmode_swtch Boot loader hook (see below)
+020C/2 2.00+ start_sys The load-low segment (0x1000) (obsolete)
+020E/2 2.00+ kernel_version Pointer to kernel version string
+0210/1 2.00+ type_of_loader Boot loader identifier
+0211/1 2.00+ loadflags Boot protocol option flags
+0212/2 2.00+ setup_move_size Move to high memory size (used with hooks)
+0214/4 2.00+ code32_start Boot loader hook (see below)
+0218/4 2.00+ ramdisk_image initrd load address (set by boot loader)
+021C/4 2.00+ ramdisk_size initrd size (set by boot loader)
+0220/4 2.00+ bootsect_kludge DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
+0224/2 2.01+ heap_end_ptr Free memory after setup end
+0226/2 N/A pad1 Unused
+0228/4 2.02+ cmd_line_ptr 32-bit pointer to the kernel command line
+022C/4 2.03+ initrd_addr_max Highest legal initrd address
+
+For backwards compatibility, if the setup_sects field contains 0, the
+real value is 4.
+
+If the "HdrS" (0x53726448) magic number is not found at offset 0x202,
+the boot protocol version is "old". Loading an old kernel, the
+following parameters should be assumed:
+
+ Image type = zImage
+ initrd not supported
+ Real-mode kernel must be located at 0x90000.
+
+Otherwise, the "version" field contains the protocol version,
+e.g. protocol version 2.01 will contain 0x0201 in this field. When
+setting fields in the header, you must make sure only to set fields
+supported by the protocol version in use.
+
+The "kernel_version" field, if set to a nonzero value, contains a
+pointer to a null-terminated human-readable kernel version number
+string, less 0x200. This can be used to display the kernel version to
+the user. This value should be less than (0x200*setup_sects). For
+example, if this value is set to 0x1c00, the kernel version number
+string can be found at offset 0x1e00 in the kernel file. This is a
+valid value if and only if the "setup_sects" field contains the value
+14 or higher.
+
+Most boot loaders will simply load the kernel at its target address
+directly. Such boot loaders do not need to worry about filling in
+most of the fields in the header. The following fields should be
+filled out, however:
+
+ vid_mode:
+ Please see the section on SPECIAL COMMAND LINE OPTIONS.
+
+ type_of_loader:
+ If your boot loader has an assigned id (see table below), enter
+ 0xTV here, where T is an identifier for the boot loader and V is
+ a version number. Otherwise, enter 0xFF here.
+
+ Assigned boot loader ids:
+ 0 LILO
+ 1 Loadlin
+ 2 bootsect-loader
+ 3 SYSLINUX
+ 4 EtherBoot
+ 5 ELILO
+ 7 GRuB
+ 8 U-BOOT
+
+ Please contact <hpa@zytor.com> if you need a bootloader ID
+ value assigned.
+
+ loadflags, heap_end_ptr:
+ If the protocol version is 2.01 or higher, enter the
+ offset limit of the setup heap into heap_end_ptr and set the
+ 0x80 bit (CAN_USE_HEAP) of loadflags. heap_end_ptr appears to
+ be relative to the start of setup (offset 0x0200).
+
+ setup_move_size:
+ When using protocol 2.00 or 2.01, if the real mode
+ kernel is not loaded at 0x90000, it gets moved there later in
+ the loading sequence. Fill in this field if you want
+ additional data (such as the kernel command line) moved in
+ addition to the real-mode kernel itself.
+
+ ramdisk_image, ramdisk_size:
+ If your boot loader has loaded an initial ramdisk (initrd),
+ set ramdisk_image to the 32-bit pointer to the ramdisk data
+ and the ramdisk_size to the size of the ramdisk data.
+
+ The initrd should typically be located as high in memory as
+ possible, as it may otherwise get overwritten by the early
+ kernel initialization sequence. However, it must never be
+ located above the address specified in the initrd_addr_max
+ field. The initrd should be at least 4K page aligned.
+
+ cmd_line_ptr:
+ If the protocol version is 2.02 or higher, this is a 32-bit
+ pointer to the kernel command line. The kernel command line
+ can be located anywhere between the end of setup and 0xA0000.
+ Fill in this field even if your boot loader does not support a
+ command line, in which case you can point this to an empty
+ string (or better yet, to the string "auto".) If this field
+ is left at zero, the kernel will assume that your boot loader
+ does not support the 2.02+ protocol.
+
+ ramdisk_max:
+ The maximum address that may be occupied by the initrd
+ contents. For boot protocols 2.02 or earlier, this field is
+ not present, and the maximum address is 0x37FFFFFF. (This
+ address is defined as the address of the highest safe byte, so
+ if your ramdisk is exactly 131072 bytes long and this field is
+ 0x37FFFFFF, you can start your ramdisk at 0x37FE0000.)
+
+
+**** THE KERNEL COMMAND LINE
+
+The kernel command line has become an important way for the boot
+loader to communicate with the kernel. Some of its options are also
+relevant to the boot loader itself, see "special command line options"
+below.
+
+The kernel command line is a null-terminated string up to 255
+characters long, plus the final null.
+
+If the boot protocol version is 2.02 or later, the address of the
+kernel command line is given by the header field cmd_line_ptr (see
+above.)
+
+If the protocol version is *not* 2.02 or higher, the kernel
+command line is entered using the following protocol:
+
+ At offset 0x0020 (word), "cmd_line_magic", enter the magic
+ number 0xA33F.
+
+ At offset 0x0022 (word), "cmd_line_offset", enter the offset
+ of the kernel command line (relative to the start of the
+ real-mode kernel).
+
+ The kernel command line *must* be within the memory region
+ covered by setup_move_size, so you may need to adjust this
+ field.
+
+
+**** SAMPLE BOOT CONFIGURATION
+
+As a sample configuration, assume the following layout of the real
+mode segment:
+
+ 0x0000-0x7FFF Real mode kernel
+ 0x8000-0x8FFF Stack and heap
+ 0x9000-0x90FF Kernel command line
+
+Such a boot loader should enter the following fields in the header:
+
+ unsigned long base_ptr; /* base address for real-mode segment */
+
+ if ( setup_sects == 0 ) {
+ setup_sects = 4;
+ }
+
+ if ( protocol >= 0x0200 ) {
+ type_of_loader = <type code>;
+ if ( loading_initrd ) {
+ ramdisk_image = <initrd_address>;
+ ramdisk_size = <initrd_size>;
+ }
+ if ( protocol >= 0x0201 ) {
+ heap_end_ptr = 0x9000 - 0x200;
+ loadflags |= 0x80; /* CAN_USE_HEAP */
+ }
+ if ( protocol >= 0x0202 ) {
+ cmd_line_ptr = base_ptr + 0x9000;
+ } else {
+ cmd_line_magic = 0xA33F;
+ cmd_line_offset = 0x9000;
+ setup_move_size = 0x9100;
+ }
+ } else {
+ /* Very old kernel */
+
+ cmd_line_magic = 0xA33F;
+ cmd_line_offset = 0x9000;
+
+ /* A very old kernel MUST have its real-mode code
+ loaded at 0x90000 */
+
+ if ( base_ptr != 0x90000 ) {
+ /* Copy the real-mode kernel */
+ memcpy(0x90000, base_ptr, (setup_sects+1)*512);
+ /* Copy the command line */
+ memcpy(0x99000, base_ptr+0x9000, 256);
+
+ base_ptr = 0x90000; /* Relocated */
+ }
+
+ /* It is recommended to clear memory up to the 32K mark */
+ memset(0x90000 + (setup_sects+1)*512, 0,
+ (64-(setup_sects+1))*512);
+ }
+
+
+**** LOADING THE REST OF THE KERNEL
+
+The non-real-mode kernel starts at offset (setup_sects+1)*512 in the
+kernel file (again, if setup_sects == 0 the real value is 4.) It
+should be loaded at address 0x10000 for Image/zImage kernels and
+0x100000 for bzImage kernels.
+
+The kernel is a bzImage kernel if the protocol >= 2.00 and the 0x01
+bit (LOAD_HIGH) in the loadflags field is set:
+
+ is_bzImage = (protocol >= 0x0200) && (loadflags & 0x01);
+ load_address = is_bzImage ? 0x100000 : 0x10000;
+
+Note that Image/zImage kernels can be up to 512K in size, and thus use
+the entire 0x10000-0x90000 range of memory. This means it is pretty
+much a requirement for these kernels to load the real-mode part at
+0x90000. bzImage kernels allow much more flexibility.
+
+
+**** SPECIAL COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
+
+If the command line provided by the boot loader is entered by the
+user, the user may expect the following command line options to work.
+They should normally not be deleted from the kernel command line even
+though not all of them are actually meaningful to the kernel. Boot
+loader authors who need additional command line options for the boot
+loader itself should get them registered in
+Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt to make sure they will not
+conflict with actual kernel options now or in the future.
+
+ vga=<mode>
+ <mode> here is either an integer (in C notation, either
+ decimal, octal, or hexadecimal) or one of the strings
+ "normal" (meaning 0xFFFF), "ext" (meaning 0xFFFE) or "ask"
+ (meaning 0xFFFD). This value should be entered into the
+ vid_mode field, as it is used by the kernel before the command
+ line is parsed.
+
+ mem=<size>
+ <size> is an integer in C notation optionally followed by K, M
+ or G (meaning << 10, << 20 or << 30). This specifies the end
+ of memory to the kernel. This affects the possible placement
+ of an initrd, since an initrd should be placed near end of
+ memory. Note that this is an option to *both* the kernel and
+ the bootloader!
+
+ initrd=<file>
+ An initrd should be loaded. The meaning of <file> is
+ obviously bootloader-dependent, and some boot loaders
+ (e.g. LILO) do not have such a command.
+
+In addition, some boot loaders add the following options to the
+user-specified command line:
+
+ BOOT_IMAGE=<file>
+ The boot image which was loaded. Again, the meaning of <file>
+ is obviously bootloader-dependent.
+
+ auto
+ The kernel was booted without explicit user intervention.
+
+If these options are added by the boot loader, it is highly
+recommended that they are located *first*, before the user-specified
+or configuration-specified command line. Otherwise, "init=/bin/sh"
+gets confused by the "auto" option.
+
+
+**** RUNNING THE KERNEL
+
+The kernel is started by jumping to the kernel entry point, which is
+located at *segment* offset 0x20 from the start of the real mode
+kernel. This means that if you loaded your real-mode kernel code at
+0x90000, the kernel entry point is 9020:0000.
+
+At entry, ds = es = ss should point to the start of the real-mode
+kernel code (0x9000 if the code is loaded at 0x90000), sp should be
+set up properly, normally pointing to the top of the heap, and
+interrupts should be disabled. Furthermore, to guard against bugs in
+the kernel, it is recommended that the boot loader sets fs = gs = ds =
+es = ss.
+
+In our example from above, we would do:
+
+ /* Note: in the case of the "old" kernel protocol, base_ptr must
+ be == 0x90000 at this point; see the previous sample code */
+
+ seg = base_ptr >> 4;
+
+ cli(); /* Enter with interrupts disabled! */
+
+ /* Set up the real-mode kernel stack */
+ _SS = seg;
+ _SP = 0x9000; /* Load SP immediately after loading SS! */
+
+ _DS = _ES = _FS = _GS = seg;
+ jmp_far(seg+0x20, 0); /* Run the kernel */
+
+If your boot sector accesses a floppy drive, it is recommended to
+switch off the floppy motor before running the kernel, since the
+kernel boot leaves interrupts off and thus the motor will not be
+switched off, especially if the loaded kernel has the floppy driver as
+a demand-loaded module!
+
+
+**** ADVANCED BOOT TIME HOOKS
+
+If the boot loader runs in a particularly hostile environment (such as
+LOADLIN, which runs under DOS) it may be impossible to follow the
+standard memory location requirements. Such a boot loader may use the
+following hooks that, if set, are invoked by the kernel at the
+appropriate time. The use of these hooks should probably be
+considered an absolutely last resort!
+
+IMPORTANT: All the hooks are required to preserve %esp, %ebp, %esi and
+%edi across invocation.
+
+ realmode_swtch:
+ A 16-bit real mode far subroutine invoked immediately before
+ entering protected mode. The default routine disables NMI, so
+ your routine should probably do so, too.
+
+ code32_start:
+ A 32-bit flat-mode routine *jumped* to immediately after the
+ transition to protected mode, but before the kernel is
+ uncompressed. No segments, except CS, are set up; you should
+ set them up to KERNEL_DS (0x18) yourself.
+
+ After completing your hook, you should jump to the address
+ that was in this field before your boot loader overwrote it.
diff --git a/Documentation/i386/usb-legacy-support.txt b/Documentation/i386/usb-legacy-support.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1894cdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i386/usb-legacy-support.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+USB Legacy support
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>, January 2004
+
+
+Also known as "USB Keyboard" or "USB Mouse support" in the BIOS Setup is a
+feature that allows one to use the USB mouse and keyboard as if they were
+their classic PS/2 counterparts. This means one can use an USB keyboard to
+type in LILO for example.
+
+It has several drawbacks, though:
+
+1) On some machines, the emulated PS/2 mouse takes over even when no USB
+ mouse is present and a real PS/2 mouse is present. In that case the extra
+ features (wheel, extra buttons, touchpad mode) of the real PS/2 mouse may
+ not be available.
+
+2) If CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G is enabled, the PS/2 mouse emulation can cause
+ system crashes, because the SMM BIOS is not expecting to be in PAE mode.
+ The Intel E7505 is a typical machine where this happens.
+
+3) If AMD64 64-bit mode is enabled, again system crashes often happen,
+ because the SMM BIOS isn't expecting the CPU to be in 64-bit mode. The
+ BIOS manufacturers only test with Windows, and Windows doesn't do 64-bit
+ yet.
+
+Solutions:
+
+Problem 1) can be solved by loading the USB drivers prior to loading the
+PS/2 mouse driver. Since the PS/2 mouse driver is in 2.6 compiled into
+the kernel unconditionally, this means the USB drivers need to be
+compiled-in, too.
+
+Problem 2) can currently only be solved by either disabling HIGHMEM64G
+in the kernel config or USB Legacy support in the BIOS. A BIOS update
+could help, but so far no such update exists.
+
+Problem 3) is usually fixed by a BIOS update. Check the board
+manufacturers web site. If an update is not available, disable USB
+Legacy support in the BIOS. If this alone doesn't help, try also adding
+idle=poll on the kernel command line. The BIOS may be entering the SMM
+on the HLT instruction as well.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/i386/zero-page.txt b/Documentation/i386/zero-page.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67c053a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/i386/zero-page.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+Summary of boot_params layout (kernel point of view)
+ ( collected by Hans Lermen and Martin Mares )
+
+The contents of boot_params are used to pass parameters from the
+16-bit realmode code of the kernel to the 32-bit part. References/settings
+to it mainly are in:
+
+ arch/i386/boot/setup.S
+ arch/i386/boot/video.S
+ arch/i386/kernel/head.S
+ arch/i386/kernel/setup.c
+
+
+Offset Type Description
+------ ---- -----------
+ 0 32 bytes struct screen_info, SCREEN_INFO
+ ATTENTION, overlaps the following !!!
+ 2 unsigned short EXT_MEM_K, extended memory size in Kb (from int 0x15)
+ 0x20 unsigned short CL_MAGIC, commandline magic number (=0xA33F)
+ 0x22 unsigned short CL_OFFSET, commandline offset
+ Address of commandline is calculated:
+ 0x90000 + contents of CL_OFFSET
+ (only taken, when CL_MAGIC = 0xA33F)
+ 0x40 20 bytes struct apm_bios_info, APM_BIOS_INFO
+ 0x60 16 bytes Intel SpeedStep (IST) BIOS support information
+ 0x80 16 bytes hd0-disk-parameter from intvector 0x41
+ 0x90 16 bytes hd1-disk-parameter from intvector 0x46
+
+ 0xa0 16 bytes System description table truncated to 16 bytes.
+ ( struct sys_desc_table_struct )
+ 0xb0 - 0x13f Free. Add more parameters here if you really need them.
+ 0x140- 0x1be EDID_INFO Video mode setup
+
+0x1c4 unsigned long EFI system table pointer
+0x1c8 unsigned long EFI memory descriptor size
+0x1cc unsigned long EFI memory descriptor version
+0x1d0 unsigned long EFI memory descriptor map pointer
+0x1d4 unsigned long EFI memory descriptor map size
+0x1e0 unsigned long ALT_MEM_K, alternative mem check, in Kb
+0x1e8 char number of entries in E820MAP (below)
+0x1e9 unsigned char number of entries in EDDBUF (below)
+0x1ea unsigned char number of entries in EDD_MBR_SIG_BUFFER (below)
+0x1f1 char size of setup.S, number of sectors
+0x1f2 unsigned short MOUNT_ROOT_RDONLY (if !=0)
+0x1f4 unsigned short size of compressed kernel-part in the
+ (b)zImage-file (in 16 byte units, rounded up)
+0x1f6 unsigned short swap_dev (unused AFAIK)
+0x1f8 unsigned short RAMDISK_FLAGS
+0x1fa unsigned short VGA-Mode (old one)
+0x1fc unsigned short ORIG_ROOT_DEV (high=Major, low=minor)
+0x1ff char AUX_DEVICE_INFO
+
+0x200 short jump to start of setup code aka "reserved" field.
+0x202 4 bytes Signature for SETUP-header, ="HdrS"
+0x206 unsigned short Version number of header format
+ Current version is 0x0201...
+0x208 8 bytes (used by setup.S for communication with boot loaders,
+ look there)
+0x210 char LOADER_TYPE, = 0, old one
+ else it is set by the loader:
+ 0xTV: T=0 for LILO
+ 1 for Loadlin
+ 2 for bootsect-loader
+ 3 for SYSLINUX
+ 4 for ETHERBOOT
+ V = version
+0x211 char loadflags:
+ bit0 = 1: kernel is loaded high (bzImage)
+ bit7 = 1: Heap and pointer (see below) set by boot
+ loader.
+0x212 unsigned short (setup.S)
+0x214 unsigned long KERNEL_START, where the loader started the kernel
+0x218 unsigned long INITRD_START, address of loaded ramdisk image
+0x21c unsigned long INITRD_SIZE, size in bytes of ramdisk image
+0x220 4 bytes (setup.S)
+0x224 unsigned short setup.S heap end pointer
+0x226 unsigned short zero_pad
+0x228 unsigned long cmd_line_ptr
+0x22c unsigned long ramdisk_max
+0x230 16 bytes trampoline
+0x290 - 0x2cf EDD_MBR_SIG_BUFFER (edd.S)
+0x2d0 - 0x600 E820MAP
+0x600 - 0x7ff EDDBUF (edd.S) for disk signature read sector
+0x600 - 0x7eb EDDBUF (edd.S) for edd data
diff --git a/Documentation/ia64/IRQ-redir.txt b/Documentation/ia64/IRQ-redir.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7bd722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ia64/IRQ-redir.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+IRQ affinity on IA64 platforms
+------------------------------
+ 07.01.2002, Erich Focht <efocht@ess.nec.de>
+
+
+By writing to /proc/irq/IRQ#/smp_affinity the interrupt routing can be
+controlled. The behavior on IA64 platforms is slightly different from
+that described in Documentation/IRQ-affinity.txt for i386 systems.
+
+Because of the usage of SAPIC mode and physical destination mode the
+IRQ target is one particular CPU and cannot be a mask of several
+CPUs. Only the first non-zero bit is taken into account.
+
+
+Usage examples:
+
+The target CPU has to be specified as a hexadecimal CPU mask. The
+first non-zero bit is the selected CPU. This format has been kept for
+compatibility reasons with i386.
+
+Set the delivery mode of interrupt 41 to fixed and route the
+interrupts to CPU #3 (logical CPU number) (2^3=0x08):
+ echo "8" >/proc/irq/41/smp_affinity
+
+Set the default route for IRQ number 41 to CPU 6 in lowest priority
+delivery mode (redirectable):
+ echo "r 40" >/proc/irq/41/smp_affinity
+
+The output of the command
+ cat /proc/irq/IRQ#/smp_affinity
+gives the target CPU mask for the specified interrupt vector. If the CPU
+mask is preceded by the character "r", the interrupt is redirectable
+(i.e. lowest priority mode routing is used), otherwise its route is
+fixed.
+
+
+
+Initialization and default behavior:
+
+If the platform features IRQ redirection (info provided by SAL) all
+IO-SAPIC interrupts are initialized with CPU#0 as their default target
+and the routing is the so called "lowest priority mode" (actually
+fixed SAPIC mode with hint). The XTP chipset registers are used as hints
+for the IRQ routing. Currently in Linux XTP registers can have three
+values:
+ - minimal for an idle task,
+ - normal if any other task runs,
+ - maximal if the CPU is going to be switched off.
+The IRQ is routed to the CPU with lowest XTP register value, the
+search begins at the default CPU. Therefore most of the interrupts
+will be handled by CPU #0.
+
+If the platform doesn't feature interrupt redirection IOSAPIC fixed
+routing is used. The target CPUs are distributed in a round robin
+manner. IRQs will be routed only to the selected target CPUs. Check
+with
+ cat /proc/interrupts
+
+
+
+Comments:
+
+On large (multi-node) systems it is recommended to route the IRQs to
+the node to which the corresponding device is connected.
+For systems like the NEC AzusA we get IRQ node-affinity for free. This
+is because usually the chipsets on each node redirect the interrupts
+only to their own CPUs (as they cannot see the XTP registers on the
+other nodes).
+
diff --git a/Documentation/ia64/README b/Documentation/ia64/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa17f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ia64/README
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+ Linux kernel release 2.4.xx for the IA-64 Platform
+
+ These are the release notes for Linux version 2.4 for IA-64
+ platform. This document provides information specific to IA-64
+ ONLY, to get additional information about the Linux kernel also
+ read the original Linux README provided with the kernel.
+
+INSTALLING the kernel:
+
+ - IA-64 kernel installation is the same as the other platforms, see
+ original README for details.
+
+
+SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
+
+ Compiling and running this kernel requires an IA-64 compliant GCC
+ compiler. And various software packages also compiled with an
+ IA-64 compliant GCC compiler.
+
+
+CONFIGURING the kernel:
+
+ Configuration is the same, see original README for details.
+
+
+COMPILING the kernel:
+
+ - Compiling this kernel doesn't differ from other platform so read
+ the original README for details BUT make sure you have an IA-64
+ compliant GCC compiler.
+
+IA-64 SPECIFICS
+
+ - General issues:
+
+ o Hardly any performance tuning has been done. Obvious targets
+ include the library routines (IP checksum, etc.). Less
+ obvious targets include making sure we don't flush the TLB
+ needlessly, etc.
+
+ o SMP locks cleanup/optimization
+
+ o IA32 support. Currently experimental. It mostly works.
diff --git a/Documentation/ia64/efirtc.txt b/Documentation/ia64/efirtc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ede2c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ia64/efirtc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+EFI Real Time Clock driver
+-------------------------------
+S. Eranian <eranian@hpl.hp.com>
+March 2000
+
+I/ Introduction
+
+This document describes the efirtc.c driver has provided for
+the IA-64 platform.
+
+The purpose of this driver is to supply an API for kernel and user applications
+to get access to the Time Service offered by EFI version 0.92.
+
+EFI provides 4 calls one can make once the OS is booted: GetTime(),
+SetTime(), GetWakeupTime(), SetWakeupTime() which are all supported by this
+driver. We describe those calls as well the design of the driver in the
+following sections.
+
+II/ Design Decisions
+
+The original ideas was to provide a very simple driver to get access to,
+at first, the time of day service. This is required in order to access, in a
+portable way, the CMOS clock. A program like /sbin/hwclock uses such a clock
+to initialize the system view of the time during boot.
+
+Because we wanted to minimize the impact on existing user-level apps using
+the CMOS clock, we decided to expose an API that was very similar to the one
+used today with the legacy RTC driver (driver/char/rtc.c). However, because
+EFI provides a simpler services, not all all ioctl() are available. Also
+new ioctl()s have been introduced for things that EFI provides but not the
+legacy.
+
+EFI uses a slightly different way of representing the time, noticeably
+the reference date is different. Year is the using the full 4-digit format.
+The Epoch is January 1st 1998. For backward compatibility reasons we don't
+expose this new way of representing time. Instead we use something very
+similar to the struct tm, i.e. struct rtc_time, as used by hwclock.
+One of the reasons for doing it this way is to allow for EFI to still evolve
+without necessarily impacting any of the user applications. The decoupling
+enables flexibility and permits writing wrapper code is ncase things change.
+
+The driver exposes two interfaces, one via the device file and a set of
+ioctl()s. The other is read-only via the /proc filesystem.
+
+As of today we don't offer a /proc/sys interface.
+
+To allow for a uniform interface between the legacy RTC and EFI time service,
+we have created the include/linux/rtc.h header file to contain only the
+"public" API of the two drivers. The specifics of the legacy RTC are still
+in include/linux/mc146818rtc.h.
+
+
+III/ Time of day service
+
+The part of the driver gives access to the time of day service of EFI.
+Two ioctl()s, compatible with the legacy RTC calls:
+
+ Read the CMOS clock: ioctl(d, RTC_RD_TIME, &rtc);
+
+ Write the CMOS clock: ioctl(d, RTC_SET_TIME, &rtc);
+
+The rtc is a pointer to a data structure defined in rtc.h which is close
+to a struct tm:
+
+struct rtc_time {
+ int tm_sec;
+ int tm_min;
+ int tm_hour;
+ int tm_mday;
+ int tm_mon;
+ int tm_year;
+ int tm_wday;
+ int tm_yday;
+ int tm_isdst;
+};
+
+The driver takes care of converting back an forth between the EFI time and
+this format.
+
+Those two ioctl()s can be exercised with the hwclock command:
+
+For reading:
+# /sbin/hwclock --show
+Mon Mar 6 15:32:32 2000 -0.910248 seconds
+
+For setting:
+# /sbin/hwclock --systohc
+
+Root privileges are required to be able to set the time of day.
+
+IV/ Wakeup Alarm service
+
+EFI provides an API by which one can program when a machine should wakeup,
+i.e. reboot. This is very different from the alarm provided by the legacy
+RTC which is some kind of interval timer alarm. For this reason we don't use
+the same ioctl()s to get access to the service. Instead we have
+introduced 2 news ioctl()s to the interface of an RTC.
+
+We have added 2 new ioctl()s that are specific to the EFI driver:
+
+ Read the current state of the alarm
+ ioctl(d, RTC_WKLAM_RD, &wkt)
+
+ Set the alarm or change its status
+ ioctl(d, RTC_WKALM_SET, &wkt)
+
+The wkt structure encapsulates a struct rtc_time + 2 extra fields to get
+status information:
+
+struct rtc_wkalrm {
+
+ unsigned char enabled; /* =1 if alarm is enabled */
+ unsigned char pending; /* =1 if alarm is pending */
+
+ struct rtc_time time;
+}
+
+As of today, none of the existing user-level apps supports this feature.
+However writing such a program should be hard by simply using those two
+ioctl().
+
+Root privileges are required to be able to set the alarm.
+
+V/ References.
+
+Checkout the following Web site for more information on EFI:
+
+http://developer.intel.com/technology/efi/
diff --git a/Documentation/ia64/fsys.txt b/Documentation/ia64/fsys.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28da181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ia64/fsys.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+-*-Mode: outline-*-
+
+ Light-weight System Calls for IA-64
+ -----------------------------------
+
+ Started: 13-Jan-2003
+ Last update: 27-Sep-2003
+
+ David Mosberger-Tang
+ <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
+
+Using the "epc" instruction effectively introduces a new mode of
+execution to the ia64 linux kernel. We call this mode the
+"fsys-mode". To recap, the normal states of execution are:
+
+ - kernel mode:
+ Both the register stack and the memory stack have been
+ switched over to kernel memory. The user-level state is saved
+ in a pt-regs structure at the top of the kernel memory stack.
+
+ - user mode:
+ Both the register stack and the kernel stack are in
+ user memory. The user-level state is contained in the
+ CPU registers.
+
+ - bank 0 interruption-handling mode:
+ This is the non-interruptible state which all
+ interruption-handlers start execution in. The user-level
+ state remains in the CPU registers and some kernel state may
+ be stored in bank 0 of registers r16-r31.
+
+In contrast, fsys-mode has the following special properties:
+
+ - execution is at privilege level 0 (most-privileged)
+
+ - CPU registers may contain a mixture of user-level and kernel-level
+ state (it is the responsibility of the kernel to ensure that no
+ security-sensitive kernel-level state is leaked back to
+ user-level)
+
+ - execution is interruptible and preemptible (an fsys-mode handler
+ can disable interrupts and avoid all other interruption-sources
+ to avoid preemption)
+
+ - neither the memory-stack nor the register-stack can be trusted while
+ in fsys-mode (they point to the user-level stacks, which may
+ be invalid, or completely bogus addresses)
+
+In summary, fsys-mode is much more similar to running in user-mode
+than it is to running in kernel-mode. Of course, given that the
+privilege level is at level 0, this means that fsys-mode requires some
+care (see below).
+
+
+* How to tell fsys-mode
+
+Linux operates in fsys-mode when (a) the privilege level is 0 (most
+privileged) and (b) the stacks have NOT been switched to kernel memory
+yet. For convenience, the header file <asm-ia64/ptrace.h> provides
+three macros:
+
+ user_mode(regs)
+ user_stack(task,regs)
+ fsys_mode(task,regs)
+
+The "regs" argument is a pointer to a pt_regs structure. The "task"
+argument is a pointer to the task structure to which the "regs"
+pointer belongs to. user_mode() returns TRUE if the CPU state pointed
+to by "regs" was executing in user mode (privilege level 3).
+user_stack() returns TRUE if the state pointed to by "regs" was
+executing on the user-level stack(s). Finally, fsys_mode() returns
+TRUE if the CPU state pointed to by "regs" was executing in fsys-mode.
+The fsys_mode() macro is equivalent to the expression:
+
+ !user_mode(regs) && user_stack(task,regs)
+
+* How to write an fsyscall handler
+
+The file arch/ia64/kernel/fsys.S contains a table of fsyscall-handlers
+(fsyscall_table). This table contains one entry for each system call.
+By default, a system call is handled by fsys_fallback_syscall(). This
+routine takes care of entering (full) kernel mode and calling the
+normal Linux system call handler. For performance-critical system
+calls, it is possible to write a hand-tuned fsyscall_handler. For
+example, fsys.S contains fsys_getpid(), which is a hand-tuned version
+of the getpid() system call.
+
+The entry and exit-state of an fsyscall handler is as follows:
+
+** Machine state on entry to fsyscall handler:
+
+ - r10 = 0
+ - r11 = saved ar.pfs (a user-level value)
+ - r15 = system call number
+ - r16 = "current" task pointer (in normal kernel-mode, this is in r13)
+ - r32-r39 = system call arguments
+ - b6 = return address (a user-level value)
+ - ar.pfs = previous frame-state (a user-level value)
+ - PSR.be = cleared to zero (i.e., little-endian byte order is in effect)
+ - all other registers may contain values passed in from user-mode
+
+** Required machine state on exit to fsyscall handler:
+
+ - r11 = saved ar.pfs (as passed into the fsyscall handler)
+ - r15 = system call number (as passed into the fsyscall handler)
+ - r32-r39 = system call arguments (as passed into the fsyscall handler)
+ - b6 = return address (as passed into the fsyscall handler)
+ - ar.pfs = previous frame-state (as passed into the fsyscall handler)
+
+Fsyscall handlers can execute with very little overhead, but with that
+speed comes a set of restrictions:
+
+ o Fsyscall-handlers MUST check for any pending work in the flags
+ member of the thread-info structure and if any of the
+ TIF_ALLWORK_MASK flags are set, the handler needs to fall back on
+ doing a full system call (by calling fsys_fallback_syscall).
+
+ o Fsyscall-handlers MUST preserve incoming arguments (r32-r39, r11,
+ r15, b6, and ar.pfs) because they will be needed in case of a
+ system call restart. Of course, all "preserved" registers also
+ must be preserved, in accordance to the normal calling conventions.
+
+ o Fsyscall-handlers MUST check argument registers for containing a
+ NaT value before using them in any way that could trigger a
+ NaT-consumption fault. If a system call argument is found to
+ contain a NaT value, an fsyscall-handler may return immediately
+ with r8=EINVAL, r10=-1.
+
+ o Fsyscall-handlers MUST NOT use the "alloc" instruction or perform
+ any other operation that would trigger mandatory RSE
+ (register-stack engine) traffic.
+
+ o Fsyscall-handlers MUST NOT write to any stacked registers because
+ it is not safe to assume that user-level called a handler with the
+ proper number of arguments.
+
+ o Fsyscall-handlers need to be careful when accessing per-CPU variables:
+ unless proper safe-guards are taken (e.g., interruptions are avoided),
+ execution may be pre-empted and resumed on another CPU at any given
+ time.
+
+ o Fsyscall-handlers must be careful not to leak sensitive kernel'
+ information back to user-level. In particular, before returning to
+ user-level, care needs to be taken to clear any scratch registers
+ that could contain sensitive information (note that the current
+ task pointer is not considered sensitive: it's already exposed
+ through ar.k6).
+
+ o Fsyscall-handlers MUST NOT access user-memory without first
+ validating access-permission (this can be done typically via
+ probe.r.fault and/or probe.w.fault) and without guarding against
+ memory access exceptions (this can be done with the EX() macros
+ defined by asmmacro.h).
+
+The above restrictions may seem draconian, but remember that it's
+possible to trade off some of the restrictions by paying a slightly
+higher overhead. For example, if an fsyscall-handler could benefit
+from the shadow register bank, it could temporarily disable PSR.i and
+PSR.ic, switch to bank 0 (bsw.0) and then use the shadow registers as
+needed. In other words, following the above rules yields extremely
+fast system call execution (while fully preserving system call
+semantics), but there is also a lot of flexibility in handling more
+complicated cases.
+
+* Signal handling
+
+The delivery of (asynchronous) signals must be delayed until fsys-mode
+is exited. This is acomplished with the help of the lower-privilege
+transfer trap: arch/ia64/kernel/process.c:do_notify_resume_user()
+checks whether the interrupted task was in fsys-mode and, if so, sets
+PSR.lp and returns immediately. When fsys-mode is exited via the
+"br.ret" instruction that lowers the privilege level, a trap will
+occur. The trap handler clears PSR.lp again and returns immediately.
+The kernel exit path then checks for and delivers any pending signals.
+
+* PSR Handling
+
+The "epc" instruction doesn't change the contents of PSR at all. This
+is in contrast to a regular interruption, which clears almost all
+bits. Because of that, some care needs to be taken to ensure things
+work as expected. The following discussion describes how each PSR bit
+is handled.
+
+PSR.be Cleared when entering fsys-mode. A srlz.d instruction is used
+ to ensure the CPU is in little-endian mode before the first
+ load/store instruction is executed. PSR.be is normally NOT
+ restored upon return from an fsys-mode handler. In other
+ words, user-level code must not rely on PSR.be being preserved
+ across a system call.
+PSR.up Unchanged.
+PSR.ac Unchanged.
+PSR.mfl Unchanged. Note: fsys-mode handlers must not write-registers!
+PSR.mfh Unchanged. Note: fsys-mode handlers must not write-registers!
+PSR.ic Unchanged. Note: fsys-mode handlers can clear the bit, if needed.
+PSR.i Unchanged. Note: fsys-mode handlers can clear the bit, if needed.
+PSR.pk Unchanged.
+PSR.dt Unchanged.
+PSR.dfl Unchanged. Note: fsys-mode handlers must not write-registers!
+PSR.dfh Unchanged. Note: fsys-mode handlers must not write-registers!
+PSR.sp Unchanged.
+PSR.pp Unchanged.
+PSR.di Unchanged.
+PSR.si Unchanged.
+PSR.db Unchanged. The kernel prevents user-level from setting a hardware
+ breakpoint that triggers at any privilege level other than 3 (user-mode).
+PSR.lp Unchanged.
+PSR.tb Lazy redirect. If a taken-branch trap occurs while in
+ fsys-mode, the trap-handler modifies the saved machine state
+ such that execution resumes in the gate page at
+ syscall_via_break(), with privilege level 3. Note: the
+ taken branch would occur on the branch invoking the
+ fsyscall-handler, at which point, by definition, a syscall
+ restart is still safe. If the system call number is invalid,
+ the fsys-mode handler will return directly to user-level. This
+ return will trigger a taken-branch trap, but since the trap is
+ taken _after_ restoring the privilege level, the CPU has already
+ left fsys-mode, so no special treatment is needed.
+PSR.rt Unchanged.
+PSR.cpl Cleared to 0.
+PSR.is Unchanged (guaranteed to be 0 on entry to the gate page).
+PSR.mc Unchanged.
+PSR.it Unchanged (guaranteed to be 1).
+PSR.id Unchanged. Note: the ia64 linux kernel never sets this bit.
+PSR.da Unchanged. Note: the ia64 linux kernel never sets this bit.
+PSR.dd Unchanged. Note: the ia64 linux kernel never sets this bit.
+PSR.ss Lazy redirect. If set, "epc" will cause a Single Step Trap to
+ be taken. The trap handler then modifies the saved machine
+ state such that execution resumes in the gate page at
+ syscall_via_break(), with privilege level 3.
+PSR.ri Unchanged.
+PSR.ed Unchanged. Note: This bit could only have an effect if an fsys-mode
+ handler performed a speculative load that gets NaTted. If so, this
+ would be the normal & expected behavior, so no special treatment is
+ needed.
+PSR.bn Unchanged. Note: fsys-mode handlers may clear the bit, if needed.
+ Doing so requires clearing PSR.i and PSR.ic as well.
+PSR.ia Unchanged. Note: the ia64 linux kernel never sets this bit.
+
+* Using fast system calls
+
+To use fast system calls, userspace applications need simply call
+__kernel_syscall_via_epc(). For example
+
+-- example fgettimeofday() call --
+-- fgettimeofday.S --
+
+#include <asm/asmmacro.h>
+
+GLOBAL_ENTRY(fgettimeofday)
+.prologue
+.save ar.pfs, r11
+mov r11 = ar.pfs
+.body
+
+mov r2 = 0xa000000000020660;; // gate address
+ // found by inspection of System.map for the
+ // __kernel_syscall_via_epc() function. See
+ // below for how to do this for real.
+
+mov b7 = r2
+mov r15 = 1087 // gettimeofday syscall
+;;
+br.call.sptk.many b6 = b7
+;;
+
+.restore sp
+
+mov ar.pfs = r11
+br.ret.sptk.many rp;; // return to caller
+END(fgettimeofday)
+
+-- end fgettimeofday.S --
+
+In reality, getting the gate address is accomplished by two extra
+values passed via the ELF auxiliary vector (include/asm-ia64/elf.h)
+
+ o AT_SYSINFO : is the address of __kernel_syscall_via_epc()
+ o AT_SYSINFO_EHDR : is the address of the kernel gate ELF DSO
+
+The ELF DSO is a pre-linked library that is mapped in by the kernel at
+the gate page. It is a proper ELF shared object so, with a dynamic
+loader that recognises the library, you should be able to make calls to
+the exported functions within it as with any other shared library.
+AT_SYSINFO points into the kernel DSO at the
+__kernel_syscall_via_epc() function for historical reasons (it was
+used before the kernel DSO) and as a convenience.
diff --git a/Documentation/ia64/serial.txt b/Documentation/ia64/serial.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f51eb4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ia64/serial.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+SERIAL DEVICE NAMING
+
+ As of 2.6.10, serial devices on ia64 are named based on the
+ order of ACPI and PCI enumeration. The first device in the
+ ACPI namespace (if any) becomes /dev/ttyS0, the second becomes
+ /dev/ttyS1, etc., and PCI devices are named sequentially
+ starting after the ACPI devices.
+
+ Prior to 2.6.10, there were confusing exceptions to this:
+
+ - Firmware on some machines (mostly from HP) provides an HCDP
+ table[1] that tells the kernel about devices that can be used
+ as a serial console. If the user specified "console=ttyS0"
+ or the EFI ConOut path contained only UART devices, the
+ kernel registered the device described by the HCDP as
+ /dev/ttyS0.
+
+ - If there was no HCDP, we assumed there were UARTs at the
+ legacy COM port addresses (I/O ports 0x3f8 and 0x2f8), so
+ the kernel registered those as /dev/ttyS0 and /dev/ttyS1.
+
+ Any additional ACPI or PCI devices were registered sequentially
+ after /dev/ttyS0 as they were discovered.
+
+ With an HCDP, device names changed depending on EFI configuration
+ and "console=" arguments. Without an HCDP, device names didn't
+ change, but we registered devices that might not really exist.
+
+ For example, an HP rx1600 with a single built-in serial port
+ (described in the ACPI namespace) plus an MP[2] (a PCI device) has
+ these ports:
+
+ pre-2.6.10 pre-2.6.10
+ MMIO (EFI console (EFI console
+ address on builtin) on MP port) 2.6.10
+ ========== ========== ========== ======
+ builtin 0xff5e0000 ttyS0 ttyS1 ttyS0
+ MP UPS 0xf8031000 ttyS1 ttyS2 ttyS1
+ MP Console 0xf8030000 ttyS2 ttyS0 ttyS2
+ MP 2 0xf8030010 ttyS3 ttyS3 ttyS3
+ MP 3 0xf8030038 ttyS4 ttyS4 ttyS4
+
+CONSOLE SELECTION
+
+ EFI knows what your console devices are, but it doesn't tell the
+ kernel quite enough to actually locate them. The DIG64 HCDP
+ table[1] does tell the kernel where potential serial console
+ devices are, but not all firmware supplies it. Also, EFI supports
+ multiple simultaneous consoles and doesn't tell the kernel which
+ should be the "primary" one.
+
+ So how do you tell Linux which console device to use?
+
+ - If your firmware supplies the HCDP, it is simplest to
+ configure EFI with a single device (either a UART or a VGA
+ card) as the console. Then you don't need to tell Linux
+ anything; the kernel will automatically use the EFI console.
+
+ (This works only in 2.6.6 or later; prior to that you had
+ to specify "console=ttyS0" to get a serial console.)
+
+ - Without an HCDP, Linux defaults to a VGA console unless you
+ specify a "console=" argument.
+
+ NOTE: Don't assume that a serial console device will be /dev/ttyS0.
+ It might be ttyS1, ttyS2, etc. Make sure you have the appropriate
+ entries in /etc/inittab (for getty) and /etc/securetty (to allow
+ root login).
+
+EARLY SERIAL CONSOLE
+
+ The kernel can't start using a serial console until it knows where
+ the device lives. Normally this happens when the driver enumerates
+ all the serial devices, which can happen a minute or more after the
+ kernel starts booting.
+
+ 2.6.10 and later kernels have an "early uart" driver that works
+ very early in the boot process. The kernel will automatically use
+ this if the user supplies an argument like "console=uart,io,0x3f8",
+ or if the EFI console path contains only a UART device and the
+ firmware supplies an HCDP.
+
+TROUBLESHOOTING SERIAL CONSOLE PROBLEMS
+
+ No kernel output after elilo prints "Uncompressing Linux... done":
+
+ - You specified "console=ttyS0" but Linux changed the device
+ to which ttyS0 refers. Configure exactly one EFI console
+ device[3] and remove the "console=" option.
+
+ - The EFI console path contains both a VGA device and a UART.
+ EFI and elilo use both, but Linux defaults to VGA. Remove
+ the VGA device from the EFI console path[3].
+
+ - Multiple UARTs selected as EFI console devices. EFI and
+ elilo use all selected devices, but Linux uses only one.
+ Make sure only one UART is selected in the EFI console
+ path[3].
+
+ - You're connected to an HP MP port[2] but have a non-MP UART
+ selected as EFI console device. EFI uses the MP as a
+ console device even when it isn't explicitly selected.
+ Either move the console cable to the non-MP UART, or change
+ the EFI console path[3] to the MP UART.
+
+ Long pause (60+ seconds) between "Uncompressing Linux... done" and
+ start of kernel output:
+
+ - No early console because you used "console=ttyS<n>". Remove
+ the "console=" option if your firmware supplies an HCDP.
+
+ - If you don't have an HCDP, the kernel doesn't know where
+ your console lives until the driver discovers serial
+ devices. Use "console=uart, io,0x3f8" (or appropriate
+ address for your machine).
+
+ Kernel and init script output works fine, but no "login:" prompt:
+
+ - Add getty entry to /etc/inittab for console tty. Look for
+ the "Adding console on ttyS<n>" message that tells you which
+ device is the console.
+
+ "login:" prompt, but can't login as root:
+
+ - Add entry to /etc/securetty for console tty.
+
+
+
+[1] http://www.dig64.org/specifications/DIG64_PCDPv20.pdf
+ The table was originally defined as the "HCDP" for "Headless
+ Console/Debug Port." The current version is the "PCDP" for
+ "Primary Console and Debug Port Devices."
+
+[2] The HP MP (management processor) is a PCI device that provides
+ several UARTs. One of the UARTs is often used as a console; the
+ EFI Boot Manager identifies it as "Acpi(HWP0002,700)/Pci(...)/Uart".
+ The external connection is usually a 25-pin connector, and a
+ special dongle converts that to three 9-pin connectors, one of
+ which is labelled "Console."
+
+[3] EFI console devices are configured using the EFI Boot Manager
+ "Boot option maintenance" menu. You may have to interrupt the
+ boot sequence to use this menu, and you will have to reset the
+ box after changing console configuration.
diff --git a/Documentation/ibm-acpi.txt b/Documentation/ibm-acpi.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c437b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ibm-acpi.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+ IBM ThinkPad ACPI Extras Driver
+
+ Version 0.8
+ 8 November 2004
+
+ Borislav Deianov <borislav@users.sf.net>
+ http://ibm-acpi.sf.net/
+
+
+This is a Linux ACPI driver for the IBM ThinkPad laptops. It aims to
+support various features of these laptops which are accessible through
+the ACPI framework but not otherwise supported by the generic Linux
+ACPI drivers.
+
+
+Status
+------
+
+The features currently supported are the following (see below for
+detailed description):
+
+ - Fn key combinations
+ - Bluetooth enable and disable
+ - video output switching, expansion control
+ - ThinkLight on and off
+ - limited docking and undocking
+ - UltraBay eject
+ - Experimental: CMOS control
+ - Experimental: LED control
+ - Experimental: ACPI sounds
+
+A compatibility table by model and feature is maintained on the web
+site, http://ibm-acpi.sf.net/. I appreciate any success or failure
+reports, especially if they add to or correct the compatibility table.
+Please include the following information in your report:
+
+ - ThinkPad model name
+ - a copy of your DSDT, from /proc/acpi/dsdt
+ - which driver features work and which don't
+ - the observed behavior of non-working features
+
+Any other comments or patches are also more than welcome.
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+If you are compiling this driver as included in the Linux kernel
+sources, simply enable the CONFIG_ACPI_IBM option (Power Management /
+ACPI / IBM ThinkPad Laptop Extras). The rest of this section describes
+how to install this driver when downloaded from the web site.
+
+First, you need to get a kernel with ACPI support up and running.
+Please refer to http://acpi.sourceforge.net/ for help with this
+step. How successful you will be depends a lot on you ThinkPad model,
+the kernel you are using and any additional patches applied. The
+kernel provided with your distribution may not be good enough. I
+needed to compile a 2.6.7 kernel with the 20040715 ACPI patch to get
+ACPI working reliably on my ThinkPad X40. Old ThinkPad models may not
+be supported at all.
+
+Assuming you have the basic ACPI support working (e.g. you can see the
+/proc/acpi directory), follow the following steps to install this
+driver:
+
+ - unpack the archive:
+
+ tar xzvf ibm-acpi-x.y.tar.gz; cd ibm-acpi-x.y
+
+ - compile the driver:
+
+ make
+
+ - install the module in your kernel modules directory:
+
+ make install
+
+ - load the module:
+
+ modprobe ibm_acpi
+
+After loading the module, check the "dmesg" output for any error messages.
+
+
+Features
+--------
+
+The driver creates the /proc/acpi/ibm directory. There is a file under
+that directory for each feature described below. Note that while the
+driver is still in the alpha stage, the exact proc file format and
+commands supported by the various features is guaranteed to change
+frequently.
+
+Driver Version -- /proc/acpi/ibm/driver
+--------------------------------------
+
+The driver name and version. No commands can be written to this file.
+
+Hot Keys -- /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey
+---------------------------------
+
+Without this driver, only the Fn-F4 key (sleep button) generates an
+ACPI event. With the driver loaded, the hotkey feature enabled and the
+mask set (see below), the various hot keys generate ACPI events in the
+following format:
+
+ ibm/hotkey HKEY 00000080 0000xxxx
+
+The last four digits vary depending on the key combination pressed.
+All labeled Fn-Fx key combinations generate distinct events. In
+addition, the lid microswitch and some docking station buttons may
+also generate such events.
+
+The following commands can be written to this file:
+
+ echo enable > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- enable the hot keys feature
+ echo disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- disable the hot keys feature
+ echo 0xffff > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- enable all possible hot keys
+ echo 0x0000 > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- disable all possible hot keys
+ ... any other 4-hex-digit mask ...
+ echo reset > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey -- restore the original mask
+
+The bit mask allows some control over which hot keys generate ACPI
+events. Not all bits in the mask can be modified. Not all bits that
+can be modified do anything. Not all hot keys can be individually
+controlled by the mask. Most recent ThinkPad models honor the
+following bits (assuming the hot keys feature has been enabled):
+
+ key bit behavior when set behavior when unset
+
+ Fn-F3 always generates ACPI event
+ Fn-F4 always generates ACPI event
+ Fn-F5 0010 generate ACPI event enable/disable Bluetooth
+ Fn-F7 0040 generate ACPI event switch LCD and external display
+ Fn-F8 0080 generate ACPI event expand screen or none
+ Fn-F9 0100 generate ACPI event none
+ Fn-F12 always generates ACPI event
+
+Some models do not support all of the above. For example, the T30 does
+not support Fn-F5 and Fn-F9. Other models do not support the mask at
+all. On those models, hot keys cannot be controlled individually.
+
+Note that enabling ACPI events for some keys prevents their default
+behavior. For example, if events for Fn-F5 are enabled, that key will
+no longer enable/disable Bluetooth by itself. This can still be done
+from an acpid handler for the ibm/hotkey event.
+
+Note also that not all Fn key combinations are supported through
+ACPI. For example, on the X40, the brightness, volume and "Access IBM"
+buttons do not generate ACPI events even with this driver. They *can*
+be used through the "ThinkPad Buttons" utility, see
+http://www.nongnu.org/tpb/
+
+Bluetooth -- /proc/acpi/ibm/bluetooth
+-------------------------------------
+
+This feature shows the presence and current state of a Bluetooth
+device. If Bluetooth is installed, the following commands can be used:
+
+ echo enable > /proc/acpi/ibm/bluetooth
+ echo disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/bluetooth
+
+Video output control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+--------------------------------------------
+
+This feature allows control over the devices used for video output -
+LCD, CRT or DVI (if available). The following commands are available:
+
+ echo lcd_enable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+ echo lcd_disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+ echo crt_enable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+ echo crt_disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+ echo dvi_enable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+ echo dvi_disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+ echo auto_enable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+ echo auto_disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+ echo expand_toggle > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+ echo video_switch > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+
+Each video output device can be enabled or disabled individually.
+Reading /proc/acpi/ibm/video shows the status of each device.
+
+Automatic video switching can be enabled or disabled. When automatic
+video switching is enabled, certain events (e.g. opening the lid,
+docking or undocking) cause the video output device to change
+automatically. While this can be useful, it also causes flickering
+and, on the X40, video corruption. By disabling automatic switching,
+the flickering or video corruption can be avoided.
+
+The video_switch command cycles through the available video outputs
+(it sumulates the behavior of Fn-F7).
+
+Video expansion can be toggled through this feature. This controls
+whether the display is expanded to fill the entire LCD screen when a
+mode with less than full resolution is used. Note that the current
+video expansion status cannot be determined through this feature.
+
+Note that on many models (particularly those using Radeon graphics
+chips) the X driver configures the video card in a way which prevents
+Fn-F7 from working. This also disables the video output switching
+features of this driver, as it uses the same ACPI methods as
+Fn-F7. Video switching on the console should still work.
+
+ThinkLight control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/light
+------------------------------------------
+
+The current status of the ThinkLight can be found in this file. A few
+models which do not make the status available will show it as
+"unknown". The available commands are:
+
+ echo on > /proc/acpi/ibm/light
+ echo off > /proc/acpi/ibm/light
+
+Docking / Undocking -- /proc/acpi/ibm/dock
+------------------------------------------
+
+Docking and undocking (e.g. with the X4 UltraBase) requires some
+actions to be taken by the operating system to safely make or break
+the electrical connections with the dock.
+
+The docking feature of this driver generates the following ACPI events:
+
+ ibm/dock GDCK 00000003 00000001 -- eject request
+ ibm/dock GDCK 00000003 00000002 -- undocked
+ ibm/dock GDCK 00000000 00000003 -- docked
+
+NOTE: These events will only be generated if the laptop was docked
+when originally booted. This is due to the current lack of support for
+hot plugging of devices in the Linux ACPI framework. If the laptop was
+booted while not in the dock, the following message is shown in the
+logs: "ibm_acpi: dock device not present". No dock-related events are
+generated but the dock and undock commands described below still
+work. They can be executed manually or triggered by Fn key
+combinations (see the example acpid configuration files included in
+the driver tarball package available on the web site).
+
+When the eject request button on the dock is pressed, the first event
+above is generated. The handler for this event should issue the
+following command:
+
+ echo undock > /proc/acpi/ibm/dock
+
+After the LED on the dock goes off, it is safe to eject the laptop.
+Note: if you pressed this key by mistake, go ahead and eject the
+laptop, then dock it back in. Otherwise, the dock may not function as
+expected.
+
+When the laptop is docked, the third event above is generated. The
+handler for this event should issue the following command to fully
+enable the dock:
+
+ echo dock > /proc/acpi/ibm/dock
+
+The contents of the /proc/acpi/ibm/dock file shows the current status
+of the dock, as provided by the ACPI framework.
+
+The docking support in this driver does not take care of enabling or
+disabling any other devices you may have attached to the dock. For
+example, a CD drive plugged into the UltraBase needs to be disabled or
+enabled separately. See the provided example acpid configuration files
+for how this can be accomplished.
+
+There is no support yet for PCI devices that may be attached to a
+docking station, e.g. in the ThinkPad Dock II. The driver currently
+does not recognize, enable or disable such devices. This means that
+the only docking stations currently supported are the X-series
+UltraBase docks and "dumb" port replicators like the Mini Dock (the
+latter don't need any ACPI support, actually).
+
+UltraBay Eject -- /proc/acpi/ibm/bay
+------------------------------------
+
+Inserting or ejecting an UltraBay device requires some actions to be
+taken by the operating system to safely make or break the electrical
+connections with the device.
+
+This feature generates the following ACPI events:
+
+ ibm/bay MSTR 00000003 00000000 -- eject request
+ ibm/bay MSTR 00000001 00000000 -- eject lever inserted
+
+NOTE: These events will only be generated if the UltraBay was present
+when the laptop was originally booted (on the X series, the UltraBay
+is in the dock, so it may not be present if the laptop was undocked).
+This is due to the current lack of support for hot plugging of devices
+in the Linux ACPI framework. If the laptop was booted without the
+UltraBay, the following message is shown in the logs: "ibm_acpi: bay
+device not present". No bay-related events are generated but the eject
+command described below still works. It can be executed manually or
+triggered by a hot key combination.
+
+Sliding the eject lever generates the first event shown above. The
+handler for this event should take whatever actions are necessary to
+shut down the device in the UltraBay (e.g. call idectl), then issue
+the following command:
+
+ echo eject > /proc/acpi/ibm/bay
+
+After the LED on the UltraBay goes off, it is safe to pull out the
+device.
+
+When the eject lever is inserted, the second event above is
+generated. The handler for this event should take whatever actions are
+necessary to enable the UltraBay device (e.g. call idectl).
+
+The contents of the /proc/acpi/ibm/bay file shows the current status
+of the UltraBay, as provided by the ACPI framework.
+
+Experimental Features
+---------------------
+
+The following features are marked experimental because using them
+involves guessing the correct values of some parameters. Guessing
+incorrectly may have undesirable effects like crashing your
+ThinkPad. USE THESE WITH CAUTION! To activate them, you'll need to
+supply the experimental=1 parameter when loading the module.
+
+Experimental: CMOS control - /proc/acpi/ibm/cmos
+------------------------------------------------
+
+This feature is used internally by the ACPI firmware to control the
+ThinkLight on most newer ThinkPad models. It appears that it can also
+control LCD brightness, sounds volume and more, but only on some
+models.
+
+The commands are non-negative integer numbers:
+
+ echo 0 >/proc/acpi/ibm/cmos
+ echo 1 >/proc/acpi/ibm/cmos
+ echo 2 >/proc/acpi/ibm/cmos
+ ...
+
+The range of numbers which are used internally by various models is 0
+to 21, but it's possible that numbers outside this range have
+interesting behavior. Here is the behavior on the X40 (tpb is the
+ThinkPad Buttons utility):
+
+ 0 - no effect but tpb reports "Volume down"
+ 1 - no effect but tpb reports "Volume up"
+ 2 - no effect but tpb reports "Mute on"
+ 3 - simulate pressing the "Access IBM" button
+ 4 - LCD brightness up
+ 5 - LCD brightness down
+ 11 - toggle screen expansion
+ 12 - ThinkLight on
+ 13 - ThinkLight off
+ 14 - no effect but tpb reports ThinkLight status change
+
+If you try this feature, please send me a report similar to the
+above. On models which allow control of LCD brightness or sound
+volume, I'd like to provide this functionality in an user-friendly
+way, but first I need a way to identify the models which this is
+possible.
+
+Experimental: LED control - /proc/acpi/ibm/LED
+----------------------------------------------
+
+Some of the LED indicators can be controlled through this feature. The
+available commands are:
+
+ echo <led number> on >/proc/acpi/ibm/led
+ echo <led number> off >/proc/acpi/ibm/led
+ echo <led number> blink >/proc/acpi/ibm/led
+
+The <led number> parameter is a non-negative integer. The range of LED
+numbers used internally by various models is 0 to 7 but it's possible
+that numbers outside this range are also valid. Here is the mapping on
+the X40:
+
+ 0 - power
+ 1 - battery (orange)
+ 2 - battery (green)
+ 3 - UltraBase
+ 4 - UltraBay
+ 7 - standby
+
+All of the above can be turned on and off and can be made to blink.
+
+If you try this feature, please send me a report similar to the
+above. I'd like to provide this functionality in an user-friendly way,
+but first I need to identify the which numbers correspond to which
+LEDs on various models.
+
+Experimental: ACPI sounds - /proc/acpi/ibm/beep
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+The BEEP method is used internally by the ACPI firmware to provide
+audible alerts in various situtation. This feature allows the same
+sounds to be triggered manually.
+
+The commands are non-negative integer numbers:
+
+ echo 0 >/proc/acpi/ibm/beep
+ echo 1 >/proc/acpi/ibm/beep
+ echo 2 >/proc/acpi/ibm/beep
+ ...
+
+The range of numbers which are used internally by various models is 0
+to 17, but it's possible that numbers outside this range are also
+valid. Here is the behavior on the X40:
+
+ 2 - two beeps, pause, third beep
+ 3 - single beep
+ 4 - "unable"
+ 5 - single beep
+ 6 - "AC/DC"
+ 7 - high-pitched beep
+ 9 - three short beeps
+ 10 - very long beep
+ 12 - low-pitched beep
+
+(I've only been able to identify a couple of them).
+
+If you try this feature, please send me a report similar to the
+above. I'd like to provide this functionality in an user-friendly way,
+but first I need to identify the which numbers correspond to which
+sounds on various models.
+
+
+Multiple Command, Module Parameters
+-----------------------------------
+
+Multiple commands can be written to the proc files in one shot by
+separating them with commas, for example:
+
+ echo enable,0xffff > /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey
+ echo lcd_disable,crt_enable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
+
+Commands can also be specified when loading the ibm_acpi module, for
+example:
+
+ modprobe ibm_acpi hotkey=enable,0xffff video=auto_disable
+
+
+Example Configuration
+---------------------
+
+The ACPI support in the kernel is intended to be used in conjunction
+with a user-space daemon, acpid. The configuration files for this
+daemon control what actions are taken in response to various ACPI
+events. An example set of configuration files are included in the
+config/ directory of the tarball package available on the web
+site. Note that these are provided for illustration purposes only and
+may need to be adapted to your particular setup.
+
+The following utility scripts are used by the example action
+scripts (included with ibm-acpi for completeness):
+
+ /usr/local/sbin/idectl -- from the hdparm source distribution,
+ see http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/hardware
+ /usr/local/sbin/laptop_mode -- from the Linux kernel source
+ distribution, see Documentation/laptop-mode.txt
+ /sbin/service -- comes with Redhat/Fedora distributions
+
+Toan T Nguyen <ntt@control.uchicago.edu> has written a SuSE powersave
+script for the X20, included in config/usr/sbin/ibm_hotkeys_X20
+
+Henrik Brix Andersen <brix@gentoo.org> has written a Gentoo ACPI event
+handler script for the X31. You can get the latest version from
+http://dev.gentoo.org/~brix/files/x31.sh
+
+David Schweikert <dws@ee.eth.ch> has written an alternative blank.sh
+script which works on Debian systems, included in
+configs/etc/acpi/actions/blank-debian.sh
+
+
+TODO
+----
+
+I'd like to implement the following features but haven't yet found the
+time and/or I don't yet know how to implement them:
+
+- UltraBay floppy drive support
+
diff --git a/Documentation/ide.txt b/Documentation/ide.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29866fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ide.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+
+ Information regarding the Enhanced IDE drive in Linux 2.6
+
+==============================================================================
+
+
+ The hdparm utility can be used to control various IDE features on a
+ running system. It is packaged separately. Please Look for it on popular
+ linux FTP sites.
+
+
+
+*** IMPORTANT NOTICES: BUGGY IDE CHIPSETS CAN CORRUPT DATA!!
+*** =================
+*** PCI versions of the CMD640 and RZ1000 interfaces are now detected
+*** automatically at startup when PCI BIOS support is configured.
+***
+*** Linux disables the "prefetch" ("readahead") mode of the RZ1000
+*** to prevent data corruption possible due to hardware design flaws.
+***
+*** For the CMD640, linux disables "IRQ unmasking" (hdparm -u1) on any
+*** drive for which the "prefetch" mode of the CMD640 is turned on.
+*** If "prefetch" is disabled (hdparm -p8), then "IRQ unmasking" can be
+*** used again.
+***
+*** For the CMD640, linux disables "32bit I/O" (hdparm -c1) on any drive
+*** for which the "prefetch" mode of the CMD640 is turned off.
+*** If "prefetch" is enabled (hdparm -p9), then "32bit I/O" can be
+*** used again.
+***
+*** The CMD640 is also used on some Vesa Local Bus (VLB) cards, and is *NOT*
+*** automatically detected by Linux. For safe, reliable operation with such
+*** interfaces, one *MUST* use the "ide0=cmd640_vlb" kernel option.
+***
+*** Use of the "serialize" option is no longer necessary.
+
+================================================================================
+Common pitfalls:
+
+- 40-conductor IDE cables are capable of transferring data in DMA modes up to
+ udma2, but no faster.
+
+- If possible devices should be attached to separate channels if they are
+ available. Typically the disk on the first and CD-ROM on the second.
+
+- If you mix devices on the same cable, please consider using similar devices
+ in respect of the data transfer mode they support.
+
+- Even better try to stick to the same vendor and device type on the same
+ cable.
+
+================================================================================
+
+This is the multiple IDE interface driver, as evolved from hd.c.
+
+It supports up to 9 IDE interfaces per default, on one or more IRQs (usually
+14 & 15). There can be up to two drives per interface, as per the ATA-6 spec.
+
+Primary: ide0, port 0x1f0; major=3; hda is minor=0; hdb is minor=64
+Secondary: ide1, port 0x170; major=22; hdc is minor=0; hdd is minor=64
+Tertiary: ide2, port 0x1e8; major=33; hde is minor=0; hdf is minor=64
+Quaternary: ide3, port 0x168; major=34; hdg is minor=0; hdh is minor=64
+fifth.. ide4, usually PCI, probed
+sixth.. ide5, usually PCI, probed
+
+To access devices on interfaces > ide0, device entries please make sure that
+device files for them are present in /dev. If not, please create such
+entries, by using /dev/MAKEDEV.
+
+This driver automatically probes for most IDE interfaces (including all PCI
+ones), for the drives/geometries attached to those interfaces, and for the IRQ
+lines being used by the interfaces (normally 14, 15 for ide0/ide1).
+
+For special cases, interfaces may be specified using kernel "command line"
+options. For example,
+
+ ide3=0x168,0x36e,10 /* ioports 0x168-0x16f,0x36e, irq 10 */
+
+Normally the irq number need not be specified, as ide.c will probe for it:
+
+ ide3=0x168,0x36e /* ioports 0x168-0x16f,0x36e */
+
+The standard port, and irq values are these:
+
+ ide0=0x1f0,0x3f6,14
+ ide1=0x170,0x376,15
+ ide2=0x1e8,0x3ee,11
+ ide3=0x168,0x36e,10
+
+Note that the first parameter reserves 8 contiguous ioports, whereas the
+second value denotes a single ioport. If in doubt, do a 'cat /proc/ioports'.
+
+In all probability the device uses these ports and IRQs if it is attached
+to the appropriate ide channel. Pass the parameter for the correct ide
+channel to the kernel, as explained above.
+
+Any number of interfaces may share a single IRQ if necessary, at a slight
+performance penalty, whether on separate cards or a single VLB card.
+The IDE driver automatically detects and handles this. However, this may
+or may not be harmful to your hardware.. two or more cards driving the same IRQ
+can potentially burn each other's bus driver, though in practice this
+seldom occurs. Be careful, and if in doubt, don't do it!
+
+Drives are normally found by auto-probing and/or examining the CMOS/BIOS data.
+For really weird situations, the apparent (fdisk) geometry can also be specified
+on the kernel "command line" using LILO. The format of such lines is:
+
+ hdx=cyls,heads,sects,wpcom,irq
+or hdx=cdrom
+
+where hdx can be any of hda through hdh, Three values are required
+(cyls,heads,sects). For example:
+
+ hdc=1050,32,64 hdd=cdrom
+
+either {hda,hdb} or {hdc,hdd}. The results of successful auto-probing may
+override the physical geometry/irq specified, though the "original" geometry
+may be retained as the "logical" geometry for partitioning purposes (fdisk).
+
+If the auto-probing during boot time confuses a drive (ie. the drive works
+with hd.c but not with ide.c), then an command line option may be specified
+for each drive for which you'd like the drive to skip the hardware
+probe/identification sequence. For example:
+
+ hdb=noprobe
+or
+ hdc=768,16,32
+ hdc=noprobe
+
+Note that when only one IDE device is attached to an interface, it should be
+jumpered as "single" or "master", *not* "slave". Many folks have had
+"trouble" with cdroms because of this requirement, so the driver now probes
+for both units, though success is more likely when the drive is jumpered
+correctly.
+
+Courtesy of Scott Snyder and others, the driver supports ATAPI cdrom drives
+such as the NEC-260 and the new MITSUMI triple/quad speed drives.
+Such drives will be identified at boot time, just like a hard disk.
+
+If for some reason your cdrom drive is *not* found at boot time, you can force
+the probe to look harder by supplying a kernel command line parameter
+via LILO, such as:
+
+ hdc=cdrom /* hdc = "master" on second interface */
+or
+ hdd=cdrom /* hdd = "slave" on second interface */
+
+For example, a GW2000 system might have a hard drive on the primary
+interface (/dev/hda) and an IDE cdrom drive on the secondary interface
+(/dev/hdc). To mount a CD in the cdrom drive, one would use something like:
+
+ ln -sf /dev/hdc /dev/cdrom
+ mkdir /mnt/cdrom
+ mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom -t iso9660 -o ro
+
+If, after doing all of the above, mount doesn't work and you see
+errors from the driver (with dmesg) complaining about `status=0xff',
+this means that the hardware is not responding to the driver's attempts
+to read it. One of the following is probably the problem:
+
+ - Your hardware is broken.
+
+ - You are using the wrong address for the device, or you have the
+ drive jumpered wrong. Review the configuration instructions above.
+
+ - Your IDE controller requires some nonstandard initialization sequence
+ before it will work properly. If this is the case, there will often
+ be a separate MS-DOS driver just for the controller. IDE interfaces
+ on sound cards usually fall into this category. Such configurations
+ can often be made to work by first booting MS-DOS, loading the
+ appropriate drivers, and then warm-booting linux (without powering
+ off). This can be automated using loadlin in the MS-DOS autoexec.
+
+If you always get timeout errors, interrupts from the drive are probably
+not making it to the host. Check how you have the hardware jumpered
+and make sure it matches what the driver expects (see the configuration
+instructions above). If you have a PCI system, also check the BIOS
+setup; I've had one report of a system which was shipped with IRQ 15
+disabled by the BIOS.
+
+The kernel is able to execute binaries directly off of the cdrom,
+provided it is mounted with the default block size of 1024 (as above).
+
+Please pass on any feedback on any of this stuff to the maintainer,
+whose address can be found in linux/MAINTAINERS.
+
+Note that if BOTH hd.c and ide.c are configured into the kernel,
+hd.c will normally be allowed to control the primary IDE interface.
+This is useful for older hardware that may be incompatible with ide.c,
+and still allows newer hardware to run on the 2nd/3rd/4th IDE ports
+under control of ide.c. To have ide.c also "take over" the primary
+IDE port in this situation, use the "command line" parameter: ide0=0x1f0
+
+The IDE driver is modularized. The high level disk/CD-ROM/tape/floppy
+drivers can always be compiled as loadable modules, the chipset drivers
+can only be compiled into the kernel, and the core code (ide.c) can be
+compiled as a loadable module provided no chipset support is needed.
+
+When using ide.c as a module in combination with kmod, add:
+
+ alias block-major-3 ide-probe
+
+to /etc/modprobe.conf.
+
+When ide.c is used as a module, you can pass command line parameters to the
+driver using the "options=" keyword to insmod, while replacing any ',' with
+';'. For example:
+
+ insmod ide.o options="ide0=serialize ide1=serialize ide2=0x1e8;0x3ee;11"
+
+
+================================================================================
+
+Summary of ide driver parameters for kernel command line
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+ "hdx=" is recognized for all "x" from "a" to "h", such as "hdc".
+
+ "idex=" is recognized for all "x" from "0" to "3", such as "ide1".
+
+ "hdx=noprobe" : drive may be present, but do not probe for it
+
+ "hdx=none" : drive is NOT present, ignore cmos and do not probe
+
+ "hdx=nowerr" : ignore the WRERR_STAT bit on this drive
+
+ "hdx=cdrom" : drive is present, and is a cdrom drive
+
+ "hdx=cyl,head,sect" : disk drive is present, with specified geometry
+
+ "hdx=remap" : remap access of sector 0 to sector 1 (for EZDrive)
+
+ "hdx=remap63" : remap the drive: add 63 to all sector numbers
+ (for DM OnTrack)
+
+ "hdx=autotune" : driver will attempt to tune interface speed
+ to the fastest PIO mode supported,
+ if possible for this drive only.
+ Not fully supported by all chipset types,
+ and quite likely to cause trouble with
+ older/odd IDE drives.
+
+ "hdx=swapdata" : when the drive is a disk, byte swap all data
+
+ "hdx=bswap" : same as above..........
+
+ "hdx=scsi" : the return of the ide-scsi flag, this is useful for
+ allowing ide-floppy, ide-tape, and ide-cdrom|writers
+ to use ide-scsi emulation on a device specific option.
+
+ "idebus=xx" : inform IDE driver of VESA/PCI bus speed in MHz,
+ where "xx" is between 20 and 66 inclusive,
+ used when tuning chipset PIO modes.
+ For PCI bus, 25 is correct for a P75 system,
+ 30 is correct for P90,P120,P180 systems,
+ and 33 is used for P100,P133,P166 systems.
+ If in doubt, use idebus=33 for PCI.
+ As for VLB, it is safest to not specify it.
+ Bigger values are safer than smaller ones.
+
+ "idex=noprobe" : do not attempt to access/use this interface
+
+ "idex=base" : probe for an interface at the addr specified,
+ where "base" is usually 0x1f0 or 0x170
+ and "ctl" is assumed to be "base"+0x206
+
+ "idex=base,ctl" : specify both base and ctl
+
+ "idex=base,ctl,irq" : specify base, ctl, and irq number
+
+ "idex=autotune" : driver will attempt to tune interface speed
+ to the fastest PIO mode supported,
+ for all drives on this interface.
+ Not fully supported by all chipset types,
+ and quite likely to cause trouble with
+ older/odd IDE drives.
+
+ "idex=noautotune" : driver will NOT attempt to tune interface speed
+ This is the default for most chipsets,
+ except the cmd640.
+
+ "idex=serialize" : do not overlap operations on idex. Please note
+ that you will have to specify this option for
+ both the respecitve primary and secondary channel
+ to take effect.
+
+ "idex=four" : four drives on idex and ide(x^1) share same ports
+
+ "idex=reset" : reset interface after probe
+
+ "idex=dma" : automatically configure/use DMA if possible.
+
+ "idex=ata66" : informs the interface that it has an 80c cable
+ for chipsets that are ATA-66 capable, but the
+ ability to bit test for detection is currently
+ unknown.
+
+ "ide=reverse" : formerly called to pci sub-system, but now local.
+
+ "ide=nodma" : disable DMA globally for the IDE subsystem.
+
+The following are valid ONLY on ide0, which usually corresponds
+to the first ATA interface found on the particular host, and the defaults for
+the base,ctl ports must not be altered.
+
+ "ide0=dtc2278" : probe/support DTC2278 interface
+ "ide0=ht6560b" : probe/support HT6560B interface
+ "ide0=cmd640_vlb" : *REQUIRED* for VLB cards with the CMD640 chip
+ (not for PCI -- automatically detected)
+ "ide0=qd65xx" : probe/support qd65xx interface
+ "ide0=ali14xx" : probe/support ali14xx chipsets (ALI M1439/M1443/M1445)
+ "ide0=umc8672" : probe/support umc8672 chipsets
+
+ "ide=doubler" : probe/support IDE doublers on Amiga
+
+There may be more options than shown -- use the source, Luke!
+
+Everything else is rejected with a "BAD OPTION" message.
+
+================================================================================
+
+IDE ATAPI streaming tape driver
+-------------------------------
+
+This driver is a part of the Linux ide driver and works in co-operation
+with linux/drivers/block/ide.c.
+
+The driver, in co-operation with ide.c, basically traverses the
+request-list for the block device interface. The character device
+interface, on the other hand, creates new requests, adds them
+to the request-list of the block device, and waits for their completion.
+
+Pipelined operation mode is now supported on both reads and writes.
+
+The block device major and minor numbers are determined from the
+tape's relative position in the ide interfaces, as explained in ide.c.
+
+The character device interface consists of the following devices:
+
+ ht0 major 37, minor 0 first IDE tape, rewind on close.
+ ht1 major 37, minor 1 second IDE tape, rewind on close.
+ ...
+ nht0 major 37, minor 128 first IDE tape, no rewind on close.
+ nht1 major 37, minor 129 second IDE tape, no rewind on close.
+ ...
+
+Run /dev/MAKEDEV to create the above entries.
+
+The general magnetic tape commands compatible interface, as defined by
+include/linux/mtio.h, is accessible through the character device.
+
+General ide driver configuration options, such as the interrupt-unmask
+flag, can be configured by issuing an ioctl to the block device interface,
+as any other ide device.
+
+Our own ide-tape ioctl's can be issued to either the block device or
+the character device interface.
+
+Maximal throughput with minimal bus load will usually be achieved in the
+following scenario:
+
+ 1. ide-tape is operating in the pipelined operation mode.
+ 2. No buffering is performed by the user backup program.
+
+
+
+================================================================================
+
+Some Terminology
+----------------
+IDE = Integrated Drive Electronics, meaning that each drive has a built-in
+controller, which is why an "IDE interface card" is not a "controller card".
+
+ATA = AT (the old IBM 286 computer) Attachment Interface, a draft American
+National Standard for connecting hard drives to PCs. This is the official
+name for "IDE".
+
+The latest standards define some enhancements, known as the ATA-6 spec,
+which grew out of vendor-specific "Enhanced IDE" (EIDE) implementations.
+
+ATAPI = ATA Packet Interface, a new protocol for controlling the drives,
+similar to SCSI protocols, created at the same time as the ATA2 standard.
+ATAPI is currently used for controlling CDROM, TAPE and FLOPPY (ZIP or
+LS120/240) devices, removable R/W cartridges, and for high capacity hard disk
+drives.
+
+mlord@pobox.com
+--
+
+Wed Apr 17 22:52:44 CEST 2002 edited by Marcin Dalecki, the current
+maintainer.
+
+Wed Aug 20 22:31:29 CEST 2003 updated ide boot uptions to current ide.c
+comments at 2.6.0-test4 time. Maciej Soltysiak <solt@dns.toxicfilms.tv>
diff --git a/Documentation/infiniband/ipoib.txt b/Documentation/infiniband/ipoib.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18e184b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/infiniband/ipoib.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+IP OVER INFINIBAND
+
+ The ib_ipoib driver is an implementation of the IP over InfiniBand
+ protocol as specified by the latest Internet-Drafts issued by the
+ IETF ipoib working group. It is a "native" implementation in the
+ sense of setting the interface type to ARPHRD_INFINIBAND and the
+ hardware address length to 20 (earlier proprietary implementations
+ masqueraded to the kernel as ethernet interfaces).
+
+Partitions and P_Keys
+
+ When the IPoIB driver is loaded, it creates one interface for each
+ port using the P_Key at index 0. To create an interface with a
+ different P_Key, write the desired P_Key into the main interface's
+ /sys/class/net/<intf name>/create_child file. For example:
+
+ echo 0x8001 > /sys/class/net/ib0/create_child
+
+ This will create an interface named ib0.8001 with P_Key 0x8001. To
+ remove a subinterface, use the "delete_child" file:
+
+ echo 0x8001 > /sys/class/net/ib0/delete_child
+
+ The P_Key for any interface is given by the "pkey" file, and the
+ main interface for a subinterface is in "parent."
+
+Debugging Information
+
+ By compiling the IPoIB driver with CONFIG_INFINIBAND_IPOIB_DEBUG set
+ to 'y', tracing messages are compiled into the driver. They are
+ turned on by setting the module parameters debug_level and
+ mcast_debug_level to 1. These parameters can be controlled at
+ runtime through files in /sys/module/ib_ipoib/.
+
+ CONFIG_INFINIBAND_IPOIB_DEBUG also enables the "ipoib_debugfs"
+ virtual filesystem. By mounting this filesystem, for example with
+
+ mkdir -p /ipoib_debugfs
+ mount -t ipoib_debugfs none /ipoib_debufs
+
+ it is possible to get statistics about multicast groups from the
+ files /ipoib_debugfs/ib0_mcg and so on.
+
+ The performance impact of this option is negligible, so it
+ is safe to enable this option with debug_level set to 0 for normal
+ operation.
+
+ CONFIG_INFINIBAND_IPOIB_DEBUG_DATA enables even more debug output in
+ the data path when data_debug_level is set to 1. However, even with
+ the output disabled, enabling this configuration option will affect
+ performance, because it adds tests to the fast path.
+
+References
+
+ IETF IP over InfiniBand (ipoib) Working Group
+ http://ietf.org/html.charters/ipoib-charter.html
diff --git a/Documentation/infiniband/sysfs.txt b/Documentation/infiniband/sysfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddd519b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/infiniband/sysfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+SYSFS FILES
+
+ For each InfiniBand device, the InfiniBand drivers create the
+ following files under /sys/class/infiniband/<device name>:
+
+ node_type - Node type (CA, switch or router)
+ node_guid - Node GUID
+ sys_image_guid - System image GUID
+
+ In addition, there is a "ports" subdirectory, with one subdirectory
+ for each port. For example, if mthca0 is a 2-port HCA, there will
+ be two directories:
+
+ /sys/class/infiniband/mthca0/ports/1
+ /sys/class/infiniband/mthca0/ports/2
+
+ (A switch will only have a single "0" subdirectory for switch port
+ 0; no subdirectory is created for normal switch ports)
+
+ In each port subdirectory, the following files are created:
+
+ cap_mask - Port capability mask
+ lid - Port LID
+ lid_mask_count - Port LID mask count
+ rate - Port data rate (active width * active speed)
+ sm_lid - Subnet manager LID for port's subnet
+ sm_sl - Subnet manager SL for port's subnet
+ state - Port state (DOWN, INIT, ARMED, ACTIVE or ACTIVE_DEFER)
+ phys_state - Port physical state (Sleep, Polling, LinkUp, etc)
+
+ There is also a "counters" subdirectory, with files
+
+ VL15_dropped
+ excessive_buffer_overrun_errors
+ link_downed
+ link_error_recovery
+ local_link_integrity_errors
+ port_rcv_constraint_errors
+ port_rcv_data
+ port_rcv_errors
+ port_rcv_packets
+ port_rcv_remote_physical_errors
+ port_rcv_switch_relay_errors
+ port_xmit_constraint_errors
+ port_xmit_data
+ port_xmit_discards
+ port_xmit_packets
+ symbol_error
+
+ Each of these files contains the corresponding value from the port's
+ Performance Management PortCounters attribute, as described in
+ section 16.1.3.5 of the InfiniBand Architecture Specification.
+
+ The "pkeys" and "gids" subdirectories contain one file for each
+ entry in the port's P_Key or GID table respectively. For example,
+ ports/1/pkeys/10 contains the value at index 10 in port 1's P_Key
+ table.
+
+MTHCA
+
+ The Mellanox HCA driver also creates the files:
+
+ hw_rev - Hardware revision number
+ fw_ver - Firmware version
+ hca_type - HCA type: "MT23108", "MT25208 (MT23108 compat mode)",
+ or "MT25208"
diff --git a/Documentation/infiniband/user_mad.txt b/Documentation/infiniband/user_mad.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cae0c83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/infiniband/user_mad.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+USERSPACE MAD ACCESS
+
+Device files
+
+ Each port of each InfiniBand device has a "umad" device and an
+ "issm" device attached. For example, a two-port HCA will have two
+ umad devices and two issm devices, while a switch will have one
+ device of each type (for switch port 0).
+
+Creating MAD agents
+
+ A MAD agent can be created by filling in a struct ib_user_mad_reg_req
+ and then calling the IB_USER_MAD_REGISTER_AGENT ioctl on a file
+ descriptor for the appropriate device file. If the registration
+ request succeeds, a 32-bit id will be returned in the structure.
+ For example:
+
+ struct ib_user_mad_reg_req req = { /* ... */ };
+ ret = ioctl(fd, IB_USER_MAD_REGISTER_AGENT, (char *) &req);
+ if (!ret)
+ my_agent = req.id;
+ else
+ perror("agent register");
+
+ Agents can be unregistered with the IB_USER_MAD_UNREGISTER_AGENT
+ ioctl. Also, all agents registered through a file descriptor will
+ be unregistered when the descriptor is closed.
+
+Receiving MADs
+
+ MADs are received using read(). The buffer passed to read() must be
+ large enough to hold at least one struct ib_user_mad. For example:
+
+ struct ib_user_mad mad;
+ ret = read(fd, &mad, sizeof mad);
+ if (ret != sizeof mad)
+ perror("read");
+
+ In addition to the actual MAD contents, the other struct ib_user_mad
+ fields will be filled in with information on the received MAD. For
+ example, the remote LID will be in mad.lid.
+
+ If a send times out, a receive will be generated with mad.status set
+ to ETIMEDOUT. Otherwise when a MAD has been successfully received,
+ mad.status will be 0.
+
+ poll()/select() may be used to wait until a MAD can be read.
+
+Sending MADs
+
+ MADs are sent using write(). The agent ID for sending should be
+ filled into the id field of the MAD, the destination LID should be
+ filled into the lid field, and so on. For example:
+
+ struct ib_user_mad mad;
+
+ /* fill in mad.data */
+
+ mad.id = my_agent; /* req.id from agent registration */
+ mad.lid = my_dest; /* in network byte order... */
+ /* etc. */
+
+ ret = write(fd, &mad, sizeof mad);
+ if (ret != sizeof mad)
+ perror("write");
+
+Setting IsSM Capability Bit
+
+ To set the IsSM capability bit for a port, simply open the
+ corresponding issm device file. If the IsSM bit is already set,
+ then the open call will block until the bit is cleared (or return
+ immediately with errno set to EAGAIN if the O_NONBLOCK flag is
+ passed to open()). The IsSM bit will be cleared when the issm file
+ is closed. No read, write or other operations can be performed on
+ the issm file.
+
+/dev files
+
+ To create the appropriate character device files automatically with
+ udev, a rule like
+
+ KERNEL="umad*", NAME="infiniband/%k"
+ KERNEL="issm*", NAME="infiniband/%k"
+
+ can be used. This will create device nodes named
+
+ /dev/infiniband/umad0
+ /dev/infiniband/issm0
+
+ for the first port, and so on. The InfiniBand device and port
+ associated with these devices can be determined from the files
+
+ /sys/class/infiniband_mad/umad0/ibdev
+ /sys/class/infiniband_mad/umad0/port
+
+ and
+
+ /sys/class/infiniband_mad/issm0/ibdev
+ /sys/class/infiniband_mad/issm0/port
diff --git a/Documentation/initrd.txt b/Documentation/initrd.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7de1c80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/initrd.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+Using the initial RAM disk (initrd)
+===================================
+
+Written 1996,2000 by Werner Almesberger <werner.almesberger@epfl.ch> and
+ Hans Lermen <lermen@fgan.de>
+
+
+initrd provides the capability to load a RAM disk by the boot loader.
+This RAM disk can then be mounted as the root file system and programs
+can be run from it. Afterwards, a new root file system can be mounted
+from a different device. The previous root (from initrd) is then moved
+to a directory and can be subsequently unmounted.
+
+initrd is mainly designed to allow system startup to occur in two phases,
+where the kernel comes up with a minimum set of compiled-in drivers, and
+where additional modules are loaded from initrd.
+
+This document gives a brief overview of the use of initrd. A more detailed
+discussion of the boot process can be found in [1].
+
+
+Operation
+---------
+
+When using initrd, the system typically boots as follows:
+
+ 1) the boot loader loads the kernel and the initial RAM disk
+ 2) the kernel converts initrd into a "normal" RAM disk and
+ frees the memory used by initrd
+ 3) initrd is mounted read-write as root
+ 4) /linuxrc is executed (this can be any valid executable, including
+ shell scripts; it is run with uid 0 and can do basically everything
+ init can do)
+ 5) linuxrc mounts the "real" root file system
+ 6) linuxrc places the root file system at the root directory using the
+ pivot_root system call
+ 7) the usual boot sequence (e.g. invocation of /sbin/init) is performed
+ on the root file system
+ 8) the initrd file system is removed
+
+Note that changing the root directory does not involve unmounting it.
+It is therefore possible to leave processes running on initrd during that
+procedure. Also note that file systems mounted under initrd continue to
+be accessible.
+
+
+Boot command-line options
+-------------------------
+
+initrd adds the following new options:
+
+ initrd=<path> (e.g. LOADLIN)
+
+ Loads the specified file as the initial RAM disk. When using LILO, you
+ have to specify the RAM disk image file in /etc/lilo.conf, using the
+ INITRD configuration variable.
+
+ noinitrd
+
+ initrd data is preserved but it is not converted to a RAM disk and
+ the "normal" root file system is mounted. initrd data can be read
+ from /dev/initrd. Note that the data in initrd can have any structure
+ in this case and doesn't necessarily have to be a file system image.
+ This option is used mainly for debugging.
+
+ Note: /dev/initrd is read-only and it can only be used once. As soon
+ as the last process has closed it, all data is freed and /dev/initrd
+ can't be opened anymore.
+
+ root=/dev/ram0 (without devfs)
+ root=/dev/rd/0 (with devfs)
+
+ initrd is mounted as root, and the normal boot procedure is followed,
+ with the RAM disk still mounted as root.
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+First, a directory for the initrd file system has to be created on the
+"normal" root file system, e.g.
+
+# mkdir /initrd
+
+The name is not relevant. More details can be found on the pivot_root(2)
+man page.
+
+If the root file system is created during the boot procedure (i.e. if
+you're building an install floppy), the root file system creation
+procedure should create the /initrd directory.
+
+If initrd will not be mounted in some cases, its content is still
+accessible if the following device has been created (note that this
+does not work if using devfs):
+
+# mknod /dev/initrd b 1 250
+# chmod 400 /dev/initrd
+
+Second, the kernel has to be compiled with RAM disk support and with
+support for the initial RAM disk enabled. Also, at least all components
+needed to execute programs from initrd (e.g. executable format and file
+system) must be compiled into the kernel.
+
+Third, you have to create the RAM disk image. This is done by creating a
+file system on a block device, copying files to it as needed, and then
+copying the content of the block device to the initrd file. With recent
+kernels, at least three types of devices are suitable for that:
+
+ - a floppy disk (works everywhere but it's painfully slow)
+ - a RAM disk (fast, but allocates physical memory)
+ - a loopback device (the most elegant solution)
+
+We'll describe the loopback device method:
+
+ 1) make sure loopback block devices are configured into the kernel
+ 2) create an empty file system of the appropriate size, e.g.
+ # dd if=/dev/zero of=initrd bs=300k count=1
+ # mke2fs -F -m0 initrd
+ (if space is critical, you may want to use the Minix FS instead of Ext2)
+ 3) mount the file system, e.g.
+ # mount -t ext2 -o loop initrd /mnt
+ 4) create the console device (not necessary if using devfs, but it can't
+ hurt to do it anyway):
+ # mkdir /mnt/dev
+ # mknod /mnt/dev/console c 5 1
+ 5) copy all the files that are needed to properly use the initrd
+ environment. Don't forget the most important file, /linuxrc
+ Note that /linuxrc's permissions must include "x" (execute).
+ 6) correct operation the initrd environment can frequently be tested
+ even without rebooting with the command
+ # chroot /mnt /linuxrc
+ This is of course limited to initrds that do not interfere with the
+ general system state (e.g. by reconfiguring network interfaces,
+ overwriting mounted devices, trying to start already running demons,
+ etc. Note however that it is usually possible to use pivot_root in
+ such a chroot'ed initrd environment.)
+ 7) unmount the file system
+ # umount /mnt
+ 8) the initrd is now in the file "initrd". Optionally, it can now be
+ compressed
+ # gzip -9 initrd
+
+For experimenting with initrd, you may want to take a rescue floppy and
+only add a symbolic link from /linuxrc to /bin/sh. Alternatively, you
+can try the experimental newlib environment [2] to create a small
+initrd.
+
+Finally, you have to boot the kernel and load initrd. Almost all Linux
+boot loaders support initrd. Since the boot process is still compatible
+with an older mechanism, the following boot command line parameters
+have to be given:
+
+ root=/dev/ram0 init=/linuxrc rw
+
+if not using devfs, or
+
+ root=/dev/rd/0 init=/linuxrc rw
+
+if using devfs. (rw is only necessary if writing to the initrd file
+system.)
+
+With LOADLIN, you simply execute
+
+ LOADLIN <kernel> initrd=<disk_image>
+e.g. LOADLIN C:\LINUX\BZIMAGE initrd=C:\LINUX\INITRD.GZ root=/dev/ram0
+ init=/linuxrc rw
+
+With LILO, you add the option INITRD=<path> to either the global section
+or to the section of the respective kernel in /etc/lilo.conf, and pass
+the options using APPEND, e.g.
+
+ image = /bzImage
+ initrd = /boot/initrd.gz
+ append = "root=/dev/ram0 init=/linuxrc rw"
+
+and run /sbin/lilo
+
+For other boot loaders, please refer to the respective documentation.
+
+Now you can boot and enjoy using initrd.
+
+
+Changing the root device
+------------------------
+
+When finished with its duties, linuxrc typically changes the root device
+and proceeds with starting the Linux system on the "real" root device.
+
+The procedure involves the following steps:
+ - mounting the new root file system
+ - turning it into the root file system
+ - removing all accesses to the old (initrd) root file system
+ - unmounting the initrd file system and de-allocating the RAM disk
+
+Mounting the new root file system is easy: it just needs to be mounted on
+a directory under the current root. Example:
+
+# mkdir /new-root
+# mount -o ro /dev/hda1 /new-root
+
+The root change is accomplished with the pivot_root system call, which
+is also available via the pivot_root utility (see pivot_root(8) man
+page; pivot_root is distributed with util-linux version 2.10h or higher
+[3]). pivot_root moves the current root to a directory under the new
+root, and puts the new root at its place. The directory for the old root
+must exist before calling pivot_root. Example:
+
+# cd /new-root
+# mkdir initrd
+# pivot_root . initrd
+
+Now, the linuxrc process may still access the old root via its
+executable, shared libraries, standard input/output/error, and its
+current root directory. All these references are dropped by the
+following command:
+
+# exec chroot . what-follows <dev/console >dev/console 2>&1
+
+Where what-follows is a program under the new root, e.g. /sbin/init
+If the new root file system will be used with devfs and has no valid
+/dev directory, devfs must be mounted before invoking chroot in order to
+provide /dev/console.
+
+Note: implementation details of pivot_root may change with time. In order
+to ensure compatibility, the following points should be observed:
+
+ - before calling pivot_root, the current directory of the invoking
+ process should point to the new root directory
+ - use . as the first argument, and the _relative_ path of the directory
+ for the old root as the second argument
+ - a chroot program must be available under the old and the new root
+ - chroot to the new root afterwards
+ - use relative paths for dev/console in the exec command
+
+Now, the initrd can be unmounted and the memory allocated by the RAM
+disk can be freed:
+
+# umount /initrd
+# blockdev --flushbufs /dev/ram0 # /dev/rd/0 if using devfs
+
+It is also possible to use initrd with an NFS-mounted root, see the
+pivot_root(8) man page for details.
+
+Note: if linuxrc or any program exec'ed from it terminates for some
+reason, the old change_root mechanism is invoked (see section "Obsolete
+root change mechanism").
+
+
+Usage scenarios
+---------------
+
+The main motivation for implementing initrd was to allow for modular
+kernel configuration at system installation. The procedure would work
+as follows:
+
+ 1) system boots from floppy or other media with a minimal kernel
+ (e.g. support for RAM disks, initrd, a.out, and the Ext2 FS) and
+ loads initrd
+ 2) /linuxrc determines what is needed to (1) mount the "real" root FS
+ (i.e. device type, device drivers, file system) and (2) the
+ distribution media (e.g. CD-ROM, network, tape, ...). This can be
+ done by asking the user, by auto-probing, or by using a hybrid
+ approach.
+ 3) /linuxrc loads the necessary kernel modules
+ 4) /linuxrc creates and populates the root file system (this doesn't
+ have to be a very usable system yet)
+ 5) /linuxrc invokes pivot_root to change the root file system and
+ execs - via chroot - a program that continues the installation
+ 6) the boot loader is installed
+ 7) the boot loader is configured to load an initrd with the set of
+ modules that was used to bring up the system (e.g. /initrd can be
+ modified, then unmounted, and finally, the image is written from
+ /dev/ram0 or /dev/rd/0 to a file)
+ 8) now the system is bootable and additional installation tasks can be
+ performed
+
+The key role of initrd here is to re-use the configuration data during
+normal system operation without requiring the use of a bloated "generic"
+kernel or re-compiling or re-linking the kernel.
+
+A second scenario is for installations where Linux runs on systems with
+different hardware configurations in a single administrative domain. In
+such cases, it is desirable to generate only a small set of kernels
+(ideally only one) and to keep the system-specific part of configuration
+information as small as possible. In this case, a common initrd could be
+generated with all the necessary modules. Then, only /linuxrc or a file
+read by it would have to be different.
+
+A third scenario are more convenient recovery disks, because information
+like the location of the root FS partition doesn't have to be provided at
+boot time, but the system loaded from initrd can invoke a user-friendly
+dialog and it can also perform some sanity checks (or even some form of
+auto-detection).
+
+Last not least, CD-ROM distributors may use it for better installation
+from CD, e.g. by using a boot floppy and bootstrapping a bigger RAM disk
+via initrd from CD; or by booting via a loader like LOADLIN or directly
+from the CD-ROM, and loading the RAM disk from CD without need of
+floppies.
+
+
+Obsolete root change mechanism
+------------------------------
+
+The following mechanism was used before the introduction of pivot_root.
+Current kernels still support it, but you should _not_ rely on its
+continued availability.
+
+It works by mounting the "real" root device (i.e. the one set with rdev
+in the kernel image or with root=... at the boot command line) as the
+root file system when linuxrc exits. The initrd file system is then
+unmounted, or, if it is still busy, moved to a directory /initrd, if
+such a directory exists on the new root file system.
+
+In order to use this mechanism, you do not have to specify the boot
+command options root, init, or rw. (If specified, they will affect
+the real root file system, not the initrd environment.)
+
+If /proc is mounted, the "real" root device can be changed from within
+linuxrc by writing the number of the new root FS device to the special
+file /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev, e.g.
+
+ # echo 0x301 >/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
+
+Note that the mechanism is incompatible with NFS and similar file
+systems.
+
+This old, deprecated mechanism is commonly called "change_root", while
+the new, supported mechanism is called "pivot_root".
+
+
+Resources
+---------
+
+[1] Almesberger, Werner; "Booting Linux: The History and the Future"
+ http://www.almesberger.net/cv/papers/ols2k-9.ps.gz
+[2] newlib package (experimental), with initrd example
+ http://sources.redhat.com/newlib/
+[3] Brouwer, Andries; "util-linux: Miscellaneous utilities for Linux"
+ ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux-local/utils/util-linux/
diff --git a/Documentation/input/amijoy.txt b/Documentation/input/amijoy.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b8b2d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/amijoy.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+Amiga 4-joystick parport extension
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Parallel port pins:
+
+ (2) - Up1 (6) - Up2
+ (3) - Down1 (7) - Down2
+ (4) - Left1 (8) - Left2
+ (5) - Right1 (9) - Right2
+(13) - Fire1 (11) - Fire2
+(18) - Gnd1 (18) - Gnd2
+
+Amiga digital joystick pinout
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+(1) - Up
+(2) - Down
+(3) - Left
+(4) - Right
+(5) - n/c
+(6) - Fire button
+(7) - +5V (50mA)
+(8) - Gnd
+(9) - Thumb button
+
+Amiga mouse pinout
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+(1) - V-pulse
+(2) - H-pulse
+(3) - VQ-pulse
+(4) - HQ-pulse
+(5) - Middle button
+(6) - Left button
+(7) - +5V (50mA)
+(8) - Gnd
+(9) - Right button
+
+Amiga analog joystick pinout
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+(1) - Top button
+(2) - Top2 button
+(3) - Trigger button
+(4) - Thumb button
+(5) - Analog X
+(6) - n/c
+(7) - +5V (50mA)
+(8) - Gnd
+(9) - Analog Y
+
+Amiga lightpen pinout
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+(1) - n/c
+(2) - n/c
+(3) - n/c
+(4) - n/c
+(5) - Touch button
+(6) - /Beamtrigger
+(7) - +5V (50mA)
+(8) - Gnd
+(9) - Stylus button
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NAME rev ADDR type chip Description
+JOY0DAT 00A R Denise Joystick-mouse 0 data (left vert, horiz)
+JOY1DAT 00C R Denise Joystick-mouse 1 data (right vert,horiz)
+
+ These addresses each read a 16 bit register. These in turn
+ are loaded from the MDAT serial stream and are clocked in on
+ the rising edge of SCLK. MLD output is used to parallel load
+ the external parallel-to-serial converter.This in turn is
+ loaded with the 4 quadrature inputs from each of two game
+ controller ports (8 total) plus 8 miscellaneous control bits
+ which are new for LISA and can be read in upper 8 bits of
+ LISAID.
+ Register bits are as follows:
+ Mouse counter usage (pins 1,3 =Yclock, pins 2,4 =Xclock)
+
+ BIT# 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
+JOY0DAT Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
+JOY1DAT Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
+
+ 0=LEFT CONTROLLER PAIR, 1=RIGHT CONTROLLER PAIR.
+ (4 counters total).The bit usage for both left and right
+ addresses is shown below. Each 6 bit counter (Y7-Y2,X7-X2) is
+ clocked by 2 of the signals input from the mouse serial
+ stream. Starting with first bit recived:
+
+ +-------------------+-----------------------------------------+
+ | Serial | Bit Name | Description |
+ +--------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
+ | 0 | M0H | JOY0DAT Horizontal Clock |
+ | 1 | M0HQ | JOY0DAT Horizontal Clock (quadrature) |
+ | 2 | M0V | JOY0DAT Vertical Clock |
+ | 3 | M0VQ | JOY0DAT Vertical Clock (quadrature) |
+ | 4 | M1V | JOY1DAT Horizontall Clock |
+ | 5 | M1VQ | JOY1DAT Horizontall Clock (quadrature) |
+ | 6 | M1V | JOY1DAT Vertical Clock |
+ | 7 | M1VQ | JOY1DAT Vertical Clock (quadrature) |
+ +--------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
+
+ Bits 1 and 0 of each counter (Y1-Y0,X1-X0) may be
+ read to determine the state of the related input signal pair.
+ This allows these pins to double as joystick switch inputs.
+ Joystick switch closures can be deciphered as follows:
+
+ +------------+------+---------------------------------+
+ | Directions | Pin# | Counter bits |
+ +------------+------+---------------------------------+
+ | Forward | 1 | Y1 xor Y0 (BIT#09 xor BIT#08) |
+ | Left | 3 | Y1 |
+ | Back | 2 | X1 xor X0 (BIT#01 xor BIT#00) |
+ | Right | 4 | X1 |
+ +------------+------+---------------------------------+
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NAME rev ADDR type chip Description
+JOYTEST 036 W Denise Write to all 4 joystick-mouse counters at once.
+
+ Mouse counter write test data:
+ BIT# 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
+ JOYxDAT Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 xx xx X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 xx xx
+ JOYxDAT Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 xx xx X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 xx xx
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NAME rev ADDR type chip Description
+POT0DAT h 012 R Paula Pot counter data left pair (vert, horiz)
+POT1DAT h 014 R Paula Pot counter data right pair (vert,horiz)
+
+ These addresses each read a pair of 8 bit pot counters.
+ (4 counters total). The bit assignment for both
+ addresses is shown below. The counters are stopped by signals
+ from 2 controller connectors (left-right) with 2 pins each.
+
+ BIT# 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
+ RIGHT Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
+ LEFT Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
+
+ +--------------------------+-------+
+ | CONNECTORS | PAULA |
+ +-------+------+-----+-----+-------+
+ | Loc. | Dir. | Sym | pin | pin |
+ +-------+------+-----+-----+-------+
+ | RIGHT | Y | RX | 9 | 33 |
+ | RIGHT | X | RX | 5 | 32 |
+ | LEFT | Y | LY | 9 | 36 |
+ | LEFT | X | LX | 5 | 35 |
+ +-------+------+-----+-----+-------+
+
+ With normal (NTSC or PAL) horiz. line rate, the pots will
+ give a full scale (FF) reading with about 500kohms in one
+ frame time. With proportionally faster horiz line times,
+ the counters will count proportionally faster.
+ This should be noted when doing variable beam displays.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NAME rev ADDR type chip Description
+POTGO 034 W Paula Pot port (4 bit) bi-direction and data, and pot counter start.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NAME rev ADDR type chip Description
+POTINP 016 R Paula Pot pin data read
+
+ This register controls a 4 bit bi-direction I/O port
+ that shares the same 4 pins as the 4 pot counters above.
+
+ +-------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | BIT# | FUNCTION | DESCRIPTION |
+ +-------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | 15 | OUTRY | Output enable for Paula pin 33 |
+ | 14 | DATRY | I/O data Paula pin 33 |
+ | 13 | OUTRX | Output enable for Paula pin 32 |
+ | 12 | DATRX | I/O data Paula pin 32 |
+ | 11 | OUTLY | Out put enable for Paula pin 36 |
+ | 10 | DATLY | I/O data Paula pin 36 |
+ | 09 | OUTLX | Output enable for Paula pin 35 |
+ | 08 | DATLX | I/O data Paula pin 35 |
+ | 07-01 | X | Not used |
+ | 00 | START | Start pots (dump capacitors,start counters) |
+ +-------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/input/atarikbd.txt b/Documentation/input/atarikbd.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fb896c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/atarikbd.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,709 @@
+Intelligent Keyboard (ikbd) Protocol
+
+
+1. Introduction
+
+The Atari Corp. Intelligent Keyboard (ikbd) is a general purpose keyboard
+controller that is flexible enough that it can be used in a variety of
+products without modification. The keyboard, with its microcontroller,
+provides a convenient connection point for a mouse and switch-type joysticks.
+The ikbd processor also maintains a time-of-day clock with one second
+resolution.
+The ikbd has been designed to be general enough that it can be used with a
+ariety of new computer products. Product variations in a number of
+keyswitches, mouse resolution, etc. can be accommodated.
+The ikbd communicates with the main processor over a high speed bi-directional
+serial interface. It can function in a variety of modes to facilitate
+different applications of the keyboard, joysticks, or mouse. Limited use of
+the controller is possible in applications in which only a unidirectional
+communications medium is available by carefully designing the default modes.
+
+3. Keyboard
+
+The keyboard always returns key make/break scan codes. The ikbd generates
+keyboard scan codes for each key press and release. The key scan make (key
+closure) codes start at 1, and are defined in Appendix A. For example, the
+ISO key position in the scan code table should exist even if no keyswitch
+exists in that position on a particular keyboard. The break code for each key
+is obtained by ORing 0x80 with the make code.
+
+The special codes 0xF6 through 0xFF are reserved for use as follows:
+ 0xF6 status report
+ 0xF7 absolute mouse position record
+ 0xF8-0xFB relative mouse position records(lsbs determind by
+ mouse button states)
+ 0xFC time-of-day
+ 0xFD joystick report (both sticks)
+ 0xFE joystick 0 event
+ 0xFF joystick 1 event
+
+The two shift keys return different scan codes in this mode. The ENTER key
+and the RETurn key are also distinct.
+
+4. Mouse
+
+The mouse port should be capable of supporting a mouse with resolution of
+approximately 200 counts (phase changes or 'clicks') per inch of travel. The
+mouse should be scanned at a rate that will permit accurate tracking at
+velocities up to 10 inches per second.
+The ikbd can report mouse motion in three distinctly different ways. It can
+report relative motion, absolute motion in a coordinate system maintained
+within the ikbd, or by converting mouse motion into keyboard cursor control
+key equivalents.
+The mouse buttons can be treated as part of the mouse or as additional
+keyboard keys.
+
+4.1 Relative Position Reporting
+
+In relative position mode, the ikbd will return relative mouse position
+records whenever a mouse event occurs. A mouse event consists of a mouse
+button being pressed or released, or motion in either axis exceeding a
+settable threshold of motion. Regardless of the threshold, all bits of
+resolution are returned to the host computer.
+Note that the ikbd may return mouse relative position reports with
+significantly more than the threshold delta x or y. This may happen since no
+relative mouse motion events will be generated: (a) while the keyboard has
+been 'paused' ( the event will be stored until keyboard communications is
+resumed) (b) while any event is being transmitted.
+
+The relative mouse position record is a three byte record of the form
+(regardless of keyboard mode):
+ %111110xy ; mouse position record flag
+ ; where y is the right button state
+ ; and x is the left button state
+ X ; delta x as twos complement integer
+ Y ; delta y as twos complement integer
+
+Note that the value of the button state bits should be valid even if the
+MOUSE BUTTON ACTION has set the buttons to act like part of the keyboard.
+If the accumulated motion before the report packet is generated exceeds the
++127...-128 range, the motion is broken into multiple packets.
+Note that the sign of the delta y reported is a function of the Y origin
+selected.
+
+4.2 Absolute Position reporting
+
+The ikbd can also maintain absolute mouse position. Commands exist for
+reseting the mouse position, setting X/Y scaling, and interrogating the
+current mouse position.
+
+4.3 Mouse Cursor Key Mode
+
+The ikbd can translate mouse motion into the equivalent cursor keystrokes.
+The number of mouse clicks per keystroke is independently programmable in
+each axis. The ikbd internally maintains mouse motion information to the
+highest resolution available, and merely generates a pair of cursor key events
+for each multiple of the scale factor.
+Mouse motion produces the cursor key make code immediately followed by the
+break code for the appropriate cursor key. The mouse buttons produce scan
+codes above those normally assigned for the largest envisioned keyboard (i.e.
+LEFT=0x74 & RIGHT=0x75).
+
+5. Joystick
+
+5.1 Joystick Event Reporting
+
+In this mode, the ikbd generates a record whever the joystick position is
+changed (i.e. for each opening or closing of a joystick switch or trigger).
+
+The joystick event record is two bytes of the form:
+ %1111111x ; Joystick event marker
+ ; where x is Joystick 0 or 1
+ %x000yyyy ; where yyyy is the stick position
+ ; and x is the trigger
+
+5.2 Joystick Interrogation
+
+The current state of the joystick ports may be interrogated at any time in
+this mode by sending an 'Interrogate Joystick' command to the ikbd.
+
+The ikbd response to joystick interrogation is a three byte report of the form
+ 0xFD ; joystick report header
+ %x000yyyy ; Joystick 0
+ %x000yyyy ; Joystick 1
+ ; where x is the trigger
+ ; and yyy is the stick position
+
+5.3 Joystick Monitoring
+
+A mode is available that devotes nearly all of the keyboard communications
+time to reporting the state of the joystick ports at a user specifiable rate.
+It remains in this mode until reset or commanded into another mode. The PAUSE
+command in this mode not only stop the output but also temporarily stops
+scanning the joysticks (samples are not queued).
+
+5.4 Fire Button Monitoring
+
+A mode is provided to permit monitoring a single input bit at a high rate. In
+this mode the ikbd monitors the state of the Joystick 1 fire button at the
+maximum rate permitted by the serial communication channel. The data is packed
+8 bits per byte for transmission to the host. The ikbd remains in this mode
+until reset or commanded into another mode. The PAUSE command in this mode not
+only stops the output but also temporarily stops scanning the button (samples
+are not queued).
+
+5.5 Joystick Key Code Mode
+
+The ikbd may be commanded to translate the use of either joystick into the
+equivalent cursor control keystroke(s). The ikbd provides a single breakpoint
+velocity joystick cursor.
+Joystick events produce the make code, immediately followed by the break code
+for the appropriate cursor motion keys. The trigger or fire buttons of the
+joysticks produce pseudo key scan codes above those used by the largest key
+matrix envisioned (i.e. JOYSTICK0=0x74, JOYSTICK1=0x75).
+
+6. Time-of-Day Clock
+
+The ikbd also maintains a time-of-day clock for the system. Commands are
+available to set and interrogate the timer-of-day clock. Time-keeping is
+maintained down to a resolution of one second.
+
+7. Status Inquiries
+
+The current state of ikbd modes and parameters may be found by sending status
+inquiry commands that correspond to the ikbd set commands.
+
+8. Power-Up Mode
+
+The keyboard controller will perform a simple self-test on power-up to detect
+major controller faults (ROM checksum and RAM test) and such things as stuck
+keys. Any keys down at power-up are presumed to be stuck, and their BREAK
+(sic) code is returned (which without the preceding MAKE code is a flag for a
+keyboard error). If the controller self-test completes without error, the code
+0xF0 is returned. (This code will be used to indicate the version/rlease of
+the ikbd controller. The first release of the ikbd is version 0xF0, should
+there be a second release it will be 0xF1, and so on.)
+The ikbd defaults to a mouse position reporting with threshold of 1 unit in
+either axis and the Y=0 origin at the top of the screen, and joystick event
+reporting mode for joystick 1, with both buttons being logically assigned to
+the mouse. After any joystick command, the ikbd assumes that joysticks are
+connected to both Joystick0 and Joystick1. Any mouse command (except MOUSE
+DISABLE) then causes port 0 to again be scanned as if it were a mouse, and
+both buttons are logically connected to it. If a mouse diable command is
+received while port 0 is presumed to be a mouse, the button is logically
+assigned to Joystick1 ( until the mouse is reenabled by another mouse command).
+
+9. ikbd Command Set
+
+This section contains a list of commands that can be sent to the ikbd. Command
+codes (such as 0x00) which are not specified should perform no operation
+(NOPs).
+
+9.1 RESET
+
+ 0x80
+ 0x01
+
+N.B. The RESET command is the only two byte command understood by the ikbd.
+Any byte following an 0x80 command byte other than 0x01 is ignored (and causes
+the 0x80 to be ignored).
+A reset may also be caused by sending a break lasting at least 200mS to the
+ikbd.
+Executing the RESET command returns the keyboard to its default (power-up)
+mode and parameter settings. It does not affect the time-of-day clock.
+The RESET command or function causes the ikbd to perform a simple self-test.
+If the test is successful, the ikbd will send the code of 0xF0 within 300mS
+of receipt of the RESET command (or the end of the break, or power-up). The
+ikbd will then scan the key matrix for any stuck (closed) keys. Any keys found
+closed will cause the break scan code to be generated (the break code arriving
+without being preceded by the make code is a flag for a key matrix error).
+
+9.2. SET MOUSE BUTTON ACTION
+
+ 0x07
+ %00000mss ; mouse button action
+ ; (m is presumed = 1 when in MOUSE KEYCODE mode)
+ ; mss=0xy, mouse button press or release causes mouse
+ ; position report
+ ; where y=1, mouse key press causes absolute report
+ ; and x=1, mouse key release causes absolute report
+ ; mss=100, mouse buttons act like keys
+
+This command sets how the ikbd should treat the buttons on the mouse. The
+default mouse button action mode is %00000000, the buttons are treated as part
+of the mouse logically.
+When buttons act like keys, LEFT=0x74 & RIGHT=0x75.
+
+9.3 SET RELATIVE MOUSE POSITION REPORTING
+
+ 0x08
+
+Set relative mouse position reporting. (DEFAULT) Mouse position packets are
+generated asynchronously by the ikbd whenever motion exceeds the setable
+threshold in either axis (see SET MOUSE THRESHOLD). Depending upon the mouse
+key mode, mouse position reports may also be generated when either mouse
+button is pressed or released. Otherwise the mouse buttons behave as if they
+were keyboard keys.
+
+9.4 SET ABSOLUTE MOUSE POSITIONING
+
+ 0x09
+ XMSB ; X maximum (in scaled mouse clicks)
+ XLSB
+ YMSB ; Y maximum (in scaled mouse clicks)
+ YLSB
+
+Set absolute mouse position maintenance. Resets the ikbd maintained X and Y
+coordinates.
+In this mode, the value of the internally maintained coordinates does NOT wrap
+between 0 and large positive numbers. Excess motion below 0 is ignored. The
+command sets the maximum positive value that can be attained in the scaled
+coordinate system. Motion beyond that value is also ignored.
+
+9.5 SET MOUSE KEYCODE MOSE
+
+ 0x0A
+ deltax ; distance in X clicks to return (LEFT) or (RIGHT)
+ deltay ; distance in Y clicks to return (UP) or (DOWN)
+
+Set mouse monitoring routines to return cursor motion keycodes instead of
+either RELATIVE or ABSOLUTE motion records. The ikbd returns the appropriate
+cursor keycode after mouse travel exceeding the user specified deltas in
+either axis. When the keyboard is in key scan code mode, mouse motion will
+cause the make code immediately followed by the break code. Note that this
+command is not affected by the mouse motion origin.
+
+9..6 SET MOUSE THRESHOLD
+
+ 0x0B
+ X ; x threshold in mouse ticks (positive integers)
+ Y ; y threshold in mouse ticks (positive integers)
+
+This command sets the threshold before a mouse event is generated. Note that
+it does NOT affect the resolution of the data returned to the host. This
+command is valid only in RELATIVE MOUSE POSITIONING mode. The thresholds
+default to 1 at RESET (or power-up).
+
+9.7 SET MOUSE SCALE
+
+ 0x0C
+ X ; horizontal mouse ticks per internel X
+ Y ; vertical mouse ticks per internel Y
+
+This command sets the scale factor for the ABSOLUTE MOUSE POSITIONING mode.
+In this mode, the specified number of mouse phase changes ('clicks') must
+occur before the internally maintained coordinate is changed by one
+(independently scaled for each axis). Remember that the mouse position
+information is available only by interrogating the ikbd in the ABSOLUTE MOUSE
+POSITIONING mode unless the ikbd has been commanded to report on button press
+or release (see SET MOSE BUTTON ACTION).
+
+9.8 INTERROGATE MOUSE POSITION
+
+ 0x0D
+ Returns:
+ 0xF7 ; absolute mouse position header
+ BUTTONS
+ 0000dcba ; where a is right button down since last interrogation
+ ; b is right button up since last
+ ; c is left button down since last
+ ; d is left button up since last
+ XMSB ; X coordinate
+ XLSB
+ YMSB ; Y coordinate
+ YLSB
+
+The INTERROGATE MOUSE POSITION command is valid when in the ABSOLUTE MOUSE
+POSITIONING mode, regardless of the setting of the MOUSE BUTTON ACTION.
+
+9.9 LOAD MOUSE POSITION
+
+ 0x0E
+ 0x00 ; filler
+ XMSB ; X coordinate
+ XLSB ; (in scaled coordinate system)
+ YMSB ; Y coordinate
+ YLSB
+
+This command allows the user to preset the internally maintained absolute
+mouse position.
+
+9.10 SET Y=0 AT BOTTOM
+
+ 0x0F
+
+This command makes the origin of the Y axis to be at the bottom of the
+logical coordinate system internel to the ikbd for all relative or absolute
+mouse motion. This causes mouse motion toward the user to be negative in sign
+and away from the user to be positive.
+
+9.11 SET Y=0 AT TOP
+
+ 0x10
+
+Makes the origin of the Y axis to be at the top of the logical coordinate
+system within the ikbd for all relative or absolute mouse motion. (DEFAULT)
+This causes mouse motion toward the user to be positive in sign and away from
+the user to be negative.
+
+9.12 RESUME
+
+ 0x11
+
+Resume sending data to the host. Since any command received by the ikbd after
+its output has been paused also causes an implicit RESUME this command can be
+thought of as a NO OPERATION command. If this command is received by the ikbd
+and it is not PAUSED, it is simply ignored.
+
+9.13 DISABLE MOUSE
+
+ 0x12
+
+All mouse event reporting is disabled (and scanning may be internally
+disabled). Any valid mouse mode command resumes mouse motion monitoring. (The
+valid mouse mode commands are SET RELATIVE MOUSE POSITION REPORTING, SET
+ABSOLUTE MOUSE POSITIONING, and SET MOUSE KEYCODE MODE. )
+N.B. If the mouse buttons have been commanded to act like keyboard keys, this
+command DOES affect their actions.
+
+9.14 PAUSE OUTPUT
+
+ 0x13
+
+Stop sending data to the host until another valid command is received. Key
+matrix activity is still monitored and scan codes or ASCII characters enqueued
+(up to the maximum supported by the microcontroller) to be sent when the host
+allows the output to be resumed. If in the JOYSTICK EVENT REPORTING mode,
+joystick events are also queued.
+Mouse motion should be accumulated while the output is paused. If the ikbd is
+in RELATIVE MOUSE POSITIONING REPORTING mode, motion is accumulated beyond the
+normal threshold limits to produce the minimum number of packets necessary for
+transmission when output is resumed. Pressing or releasing either mouse button
+causes any accumulated motion to be immediately queued as packets, if the
+mouse is in RELATIVE MOUSE POSITION REPORTING mode.
+Because of the limitations of the microcontroller memory this command should
+be used sparingly, and the output should not be shut of for more than <tbd>
+milliseconds at a time.
+The output is stopped only at the end of the current 'even'. If the PAUSE
+OUTPUT command is received in the middle of a multiple byte report, the packet
+will still be transmitted to conclusion and then the PAUSE will take effect.
+When the ikbd is in either the JOYSTICK MONITORING mode or the FIRE BUTTON
+MONITORING mode, the PAUSE OUTPUT command also temporarily stops the
+monitoring process (i.e. the samples are not enqueued for transmission).
+
+0.15 SET JOYSTICK EVENT REPORTING
+
+ 0x14
+
+Enter JOYSTICK EVENT REPORTING mode (DEFAULT). Each opening or closure of a
+joystick switch or trigger causes a joystick event record to be generated.
+
+9.16 SET JOYSTICK INTERROGATION MODE
+
+ 0x15
+
+Disables JOYSTICK EVENT REPORTING. Host must send individual JOYSTICK
+INTERROGATE commands to sense joystick state.
+
+9.17 JOYSTICK INTERROGATE
+
+ 0x16
+
+Return a record indicating the current state of the joysticks. This command
+is valid in either the JOYSTICK EVENT REPORTING mode or the JOYSTICK
+INTERROGATION MODE.
+
+9.18 SET JOYSTICK MONITORING
+
+ 0x17
+ rate ; time between samples in hundreths of a second
+ Returns: (in packets of two as long as in mode)
+ %000000xy ; where y is JOYSTICK1 Fire button
+ ; and x is JOYSTICK0 Fire button
+ %nnnnmmmm ; where m is JOYSTICK1 state
+ ; and n is JOYSTICK0 state
+
+Sets the ikbd to do nothing but monitor the serial command lne, maintain the
+time-of-day clock, and monitor the joystick. The rate sets the interval
+between joystick samples.
+N.B. The user should not set the rate higher than the serial communications
+channel will allow the 2 bytes packets to be transmitted.
+
+9.19 SET FIRE BUTTON MONITORING
+
+ 0x18
+ Returns: (as long as in mode)
+ %bbbbbbbb ; state of the JOYSTICK1 fire button packed
+ ; 8 bits per byte, the first sample if the MSB
+
+Set the ikbd to do nothing but monitor the serial command line, maintain the
+time-of-day clock, and monitor the fire button on Joystick 1. The fire button
+is scanned at a rate that causes 8 samples to be made in the time it takes for
+the previous byte to be sent to the host (i.e. scan rate = 8/10 * baud rate).
+The sample interval should be as constant as possible.
+
+9.20 SET JOYSTICK KEYCODE MODE
+
+ 0x19
+ RX ; length of time (in tenths of seconds) until
+ ; horizontal velocity breakpoint is reached
+ RY ; length of time (in tenths of seconds) until
+ ; vertical velocity breakpoint is reached
+ TX ; length (in tenths of seconds) of joystick closure
+ ; until horizontal cursor key is generated before RX
+ ; has elapsed
+ TY ; length (in tenths of seconds) of joystick closure
+ ; until vertical cursor key is generated before RY
+ ; has elapsed
+ VX ; length (in tenths of seconds) of joystick closure
+ ; until horizontal cursor keystokes are generated
+ ; after RX has elapsed
+ VY ; length (in tenths of seconds) of joystick closure
+ ; until vertical cursor keystokes are generated
+ ; after RY has elapsed
+
+In this mode, joystick 0 is scanned in a way that simulates cursor keystrokes.
+On initial closure, a keystroke pair (make/break) is generated. Then up to Rn
+tenths of seconds later, keystroke pairs are generated every Tn tenths of
+seconds. After the Rn breakpoint is reached, keystroke pairs are generated
+every Vn tenths of seconds. This provides a velocity (auto-repeat) breakpoint
+feature.
+Note that by setting RX and/or Ry to zero, the velocity feature can be
+disabled. The values of TX and TY then become meaningless, and the generation
+of cursor 'keystrokes' is set by VX and VY.
+
+9.21 DISABLE JOYSTICKS
+
+ 0x1A
+
+Disable the generation of any joystick events (and scanning may be internally
+disabled). Any valid joystick mode command resumes joystick monitoring. (The
+joystick mode commands are SET JOYSTICK EVENT REPORTING, SET JOYSTICK
+INTERROGATION MODE, SET JOYSTICK MONITORING, SET FIRE BUTTON MONITORING, and
+SET JOYSTICK KEYCODE MODE.)
+
+9.22 TIME-OF-DAY CLOCK SET
+
+ 0x1B
+ YY ; year (2 least significant digits)
+ MM ; month
+ DD ; day
+ hh ; hour
+ mm ; minute
+ ss ; second
+
+All time-of-day data should be sent to the ikbd in packed BCD format.
+Any digit that is not a valid BCD digit should be treated as a 'don't care'
+and not alter that particular field of the date or time. This permits setting
+only some subfields of the time-of-day clock.
+
+9.23 INTERROGATE TIME-OF-DAT CLOCK
+
+ 0x1C
+ Returns:
+ 0xFC ; time-of-day event header
+ YY ; year (2 least significant digits)
+ MM ; month
+ DD ; day
+ hh ; hour
+ mm ; minute
+ ss ; second
+
+ All time-of-day is sent in packed BCD format.
+
+9.24 MEMORY LOAD
+
+ 0x20
+ ADRMSB ; address in controller
+ ADRLSB ; memory to be loaded
+ NUM ; number of bytes (0-128)
+ { data }
+
+This command permits the host to load arbitrary values into the ikbd
+controller memory. The time between data bytes must be less than 20ms.
+
+9.25 MEMORY READ
+
+ 0x21
+ ADRMSB ; address in controller
+ ADRLSB ; memory to be read
+ Returns:
+ 0xF6 ; status header
+ 0x20 ; memory access
+ { data } ; 6 data bytes starting at ADR
+
+This comand permits the host to read from the ikbd controller memory.
+
+9.26 CONTROLLER EXECUTE
+
+ 0x22
+ ADRMSB ; address of subroutine in
+ ADRLSB ; controller memory to be called
+
+This command allows the host to command the execution of a subroutine in the
+ikbd controller memory.
+
+9.27 STATUS INQUIRIES
+
+ Status commands are formed by inclusively ORing 0x80 with the
+ relevant SET command.
+
+ Example:
+ 0x88 (or 0x89 or 0x8A) ; request mouse mode
+ Returns:
+ 0xF6 ; status response header
+ mode ; 0x08 is RELATIVE
+ ; 0x09 is ABSOLUTE
+ ; 0x0A is KEYCODE
+ param1 ; 0 is RELATIVE
+ ; XMSB maximum if ABSOLUTE
+ ; DELTA X is KEYCODE
+ param2 ; 0 is RELATIVE
+ ; YMSB maximum if ABSOLUTE
+ ; DELTA Y is KEYCODE
+ param3 ; 0 if RELATIVE
+ ; or KEYCODE
+ ; YMSB is ABSOLUTE
+ param4 ; 0 if RELATIVE
+ ; or KEYCODE
+ ; YLSB is ABSOLUTE
+ 0 ; pad
+ 0
+
+The STATUS INQUIRY commands request the ikbd to return either the current mode
+or the parameters associated with a given command. All status reports are
+padded to form 8 byte long return packets. The responses to the status
+requests are designed so that the host may store them away (after stripping
+off the status report header byte) and later send them back as commands to
+ikbd to restore its state. The 0 pad bytes will be treated as NOPs by the
+ikbd.
+
+ Valid STATUS INQUIRY commands are:
+
+ 0x87 mouse button action
+ 0x88 mouse mode
+ 0x89
+ 0x8A
+ 0x8B mnouse threshold
+ 0x8C mouse scale
+ 0x8F mouse vertical coordinates
+ 0x90 ( returns 0x0F Y=0 at bottom
+ 0x10 Y=0 at top )
+ 0x92 mouse enable/disable
+ ( returns 0x00 enabled)
+ 0x12 disabled )
+ 0x94 joystick mode
+ 0x95
+ 0x96
+ 0x9A joystick enable/disable
+ ( returns 0x00 enabled
+ 0x1A disabled )
+
+It is the (host) programmer's responsibility to have only one unanswered
+inquiry in process at a time.
+STATUS INQUIRY commands are not valid if the ikbd is in JOYSTICK MONITORING
+mode or FIRE BUTTON MONITORING mode.
+
+
+10. SCAN CODES
+
+The key scan codes return by the ikbd are chosen to simplify the
+implementaion of GSX.
+
+GSX Standard Keyboard Mapping.
+
+Hex Keytop
+01 Esc
+02 1
+03 2
+04 3
+05 4
+06 5
+07 6
+08 7
+09 8
+0A 9
+0B 0
+0C -
+0D ==
+0E BS
+0F TAB
+10 Q
+11 W
+12 E
+13 R
+14 T
+15 Y
+16 U
+17 I
+18 O
+19 P
+1A [
+1B ]
+1C RET
+1D CTRL
+1E A
+1F S
+20 D
+21 F
+22 G
+23 H
+24 J
+25 K
+26 L
+27 ;
+28 '
+29 `
+2A (LEFT) SHIFT
+2B \
+2C Z
+2D X
+2E C
+2F V
+30 B
+31 N
+32 M
+33 ,
+34 .
+35 /
+36 (RIGHT) SHIFT
+37 { NOT USED }
+38 ALT
+39 SPACE BAR
+3A CAPS LOCK
+3B F1
+3C F2
+3D F3
+3E F4
+3F F5
+40 F6
+41 F7
+42 F8
+43 F9
+44 F10
+45 { NOT USED }
+46 { NOT USED }
+47 HOME
+48 UP ARROW
+49 { NOT USED }
+4A KEYPAD -
+4B LEFT ARROW
+4C { NOT USED }
+4D RIGHT ARROW
+4E KEYPAD +
+4F { NOT USED }
+50 DOWN ARROW
+51 { NOT USED }
+52 INSERT
+53 DEL
+54 { NOT USED }
+5F { NOT USED }
+60 ISO KEY
+61 UNDO
+62 HELP
+63 KEYPAD (
+64 KEYPAD /
+65 KEYPAD *
+66 KEYPAD *
+67 KEYPAD 7
+68 KEYPAD 8
+69 KEYPAD 9
+6A KEYPAD 4
+6B KEYPAD 5
+6C KEYPAD 6
+6D KEYPAD 1
+6E KEYPAD 2
+6F KEYPAD 3
+70 KEYPAD 0
+71 KEYPAD .
+72 KEYPAD ENTER
diff --git a/Documentation/input/cd32.txt b/Documentation/input/cd32.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a003d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/cd32.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+I have written a small patch that let's me use my Amiga CD32
+joypad connected to the parallel port. Thought I'd share it with you so
+you can add it to the list of supported joysticks (hopefully someone will
+find it useful).
+
+It needs the following wiring:
+
+CD32 pad | Parallel port
+----------------------------
+1 (Up) | 2 (D0)
+2 (Down) | 3 (D1)
+3 (Left) | 4 (D2)
+4 (Right) | 5 (D3)
+5 (Fire3) | 14 (AUTOFD)
+6 (Fire1) | 17 (SELIN)
+7 (+5V) | 1 (STROBE)
+8 (Gnd) | 18 (Gnd)
+9 (Fire2) | 7 (D5)
+
diff --git a/Documentation/input/cs461x.txt b/Documentation/input/cs461x.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6181747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/cs461x.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+Preface.
+
+This is a new low-level driver to support analog joystick attached to
+Crystal SoundFusion CS4610/CS4612/CS4615. This code is based upon
+Vortex/Solo drivers as an example of decoration style, and ALSA
+0.5.8a kernel drivers as an chipset documentation and samples.
+
+This version does not have cooked mode support; the basic code
+is present here, but have not tested completely. The button analysis
+is completed in this mode, but the axis movement is not.
+
+Raw mode works fine with analog joystick front-end driver and cs461x
+driver as a backend. I've tested this driver with CS4610, 4-axis and
+4-button joystick; I mean the jstest utility. Also I've tried to
+play in xracer game using joystick, and the result is better than
+keyboard only mode.
+
+The sensitivity and calibrate quality have not been tested; the two
+reasons are performed: the same hardware cannot work under Win95 (blue
+screen in VJOYD); I have no documentation on my chip; and the existing
+behavior in my case was not raised the requirement of joystick calibration.
+So the driver have no code to perform hardware related calibration.
+
+The patch contains minor changes of Config.in and Makefile files. All
+needed code have been moved to one separate file cs461x.c like ns558.c
+This driver have the basic support for PCI devices only; there is no
+ISA or PnP ISA cards supported. AFAIK the ns558 have support for Crystal
+ISA and PnP ISA series.
+
+The driver works witn ALSA drivers simultaneously. For exmple, the xracer
+uses joystick as input device and PCM device as sound output in one time.
+There are no sound or input collisions detected. The source code have
+comments about them; but I've found the joystick can be initialized
+separately of ALSA modules. So, you canm use only one joystick driver
+without ALSA drivers. The ALSA drivers are not needed to compile or
+run this driver.
+
+There are no debug information print have been placed in source, and no
+specific options required to work this driver. The found chipset parameters
+are printed via printk(KERN_INFO "..."), see the /var/log/messages to
+inspect cs461x: prefixed messages to determine possible card detection
+errors.
+
+Regards,
+Viktor
diff --git a/Documentation/input/ff.txt b/Documentation/input/ff.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efa7dd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/ff.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+Force feedback for Linux.
+By Johann Deneux <deneux@ifrance.com> on 2001/04/22.
+You may redistribute this file. Please remember to include shape.fig and
+interactive.fig as well.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+0. Introduction
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+This document describes how to use force feedback devices under Linux. The
+goal is not to support these devices as if they were simple input-only devices
+(as it is already the case), but to really enable the rendering of force
+effects.
+At the moment, only I-Force devices are supported, and not officially. That
+means I had to find out how the protocol works on my own. Of course, the
+information I managed to grasp is far from being complete, and I can not
+guarranty that this driver will work for you.
+This document only describes the force feedback part of the driver for I-Force
+devices. Please read joystick.txt before reading further this document.
+
+2. Instructions to the user
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Here are instructions on how to compile and use the driver. In fact, this
+driver is the normal iforce, input and evdev drivers written by Vojtech
+Pavlik, plus additions to support force feedback.
+
+Before you start, let me WARN you that some devices shake violently during the
+initialisation phase. This happens for example with my "AVB Top Shot Pegasus".
+To stop this annoying behaviour, move you joystick to its limits. Anyway, you
+should keep a hand on your device, in order to avoid it to brake down if
+something goes wrong.
+
+At the kernel's compilation:
+ - Enable IForce/Serial
+ - Enable Event interface
+
+Compile the modules, install them.
+
+You also need inputattach.
+
+You then need to insert the modules into the following order:
+% modprobe joydev
+% modprobe serport # Only for serial
+% modprobe iforce
+% modprobe evdev
+% ./inputattach -ifor $2 & # Only for serial
+If you are using USB, you don't need the inputattach step.
+
+Please check that you have all the /dev/input entries needed:
+cd /dev
+rm js*
+mkdir input
+mknod input/js0 c 13 0
+mknod input/js1 c 13 1
+mknod input/js2 c 13 2
+mknod input/js3 c 13 3
+ln -s input/js0 js0
+ln -s input/js1 js1
+ln -s input/js2 js2
+ln -s input/js3 js3
+
+mknod input/event0 c 13 64
+mknod input/event1 c 13 65
+mknod input/event2 c 13 66
+mknod input/event3 c 13 67
+
+2.1 Does it work ?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+There is an utility called fftest that will allow you to test the driver.
+% fftest /dev/input/eventXX
+
+3. Instructions to the developper
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ All interactions are done using the event API. That is, you can use ioctl()
+and write() on /dev/input/eventXX.
+ This information is subject to change.
+
+3.1 Querying device capabilities
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+
+unsigned long features[1 + FF_MAX/sizeof(unsigned long)];
+int ioctl(int file_descriptor, int request, unsigned long *features);
+
+"request" must be EVIOCGBIT(EV_FF, size of features array in bytes )
+
+Returns the features supported by the device. features is a bitfield with the
+following bits:
+- FF_X has an X axis (usually joysticks)
+- FF_Y has an Y axis (usually joysticks)
+- FF_WHEEL has a wheel (usually sterring wheels)
+- FF_CONSTANT can render constant force effects
+- FF_PERIODIC can render periodic effects (sine, triangle, square...)
+- FF_RAMP can render ramp effects
+- FF_SPRING can simulate the presence of a spring
+- FF_FRICTION can simulate friction
+- FF_DAMPER can simulate damper effects
+- FF_RUMBLE rumble effects (normally the only effect supported by rumble
+ pads)
+- FF_INERTIA can simulate inertia
+
+
+int ioctl(int fd, EVIOCGEFFECTS, int *n);
+
+Returns the number of effects the device can keep in its memory.
+
+3.2 Uploading effects to the device
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+
+int ioctl(int file_descriptor, int request, struct ff_effect *effect);
+
+"request" must be EVIOCSFF.
+
+"effect" points to a structure describing the effect to upload. The effect is
+uploaded, but not played.
+The content of effect may be modified. In particular, its field "id" is set
+to the unique id assigned by the driver. This data is required for performing
+some operations (removing an effect, controlling the playback).
+This if field must be set to -1 by the user in order to tell the driver to
+allocate a new effect.
+See <linux/input.h> for a description of the ff_effect stuct. You should also
+find help in a few sketches, contained in files shape.fig and interactive.fig.
+You need xfig to visualize these files.
+
+3.3 Removing an effect from the device
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+int ioctl(int fd, EVIOCRMFF, effect.id);
+
+This makes room for new effects in the device's memory. Please note this won't
+stop the effect if it was playing.
+
+3.4 Controlling the playback of effects
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Control of playing is done with write(). Below is an example:
+
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+ struct input_event play;
+ struct input_event stop;
+ struct ff_effect effect;
+ int fd;
+...
+ fd = open("/dev/input/eventXX", O_RDWR);
+...
+ /* Play three times */
+ play.type = EV_FF;
+ play.code = effect.id;
+ play.value = 3;
+
+ write(fd, (const void*) &play, sizeof(play));
+...
+ /* Stop an effect */
+ stop.type = EV_FF;
+ stop.code = effect.id;
+ stop.value = 0;
+
+ write(fd, (const void*) &play, sizeof(stop));
+
+3.5 Setting the gain
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Not all devices have the same strength. Therefore, users should set a gain
+factor depending on how strong they want effects to be. This setting is
+persistent across access to the driver, so you should not care about it if
+you are writing games, as another utility probably already set this for you.
+
+/* Set the gain of the device
+int gain; /* between 0 and 100 */
+struct input_event ie; /* structure used to communicate with the driver */
+
+ie.type = EV_FF;
+ie.code = FF_GAIN;
+ie.value = 0xFFFFUL * gain / 100;
+
+if (write(fd, &ie, sizeof(ie)) == -1)
+ perror("set gain");
+
+3.6 Enabling/Disabling autocenter
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The autocenter feature quite disturbs the rendering of effects in my opinion,
+and I think it should be an effect, which computation depends on the game
+type. But you can enable it if you want.
+
+int autocenter; /* between 0 and 100 */
+struct input_event ie;
+
+ie.type = EV_FF;
+ie.code = FF_AUTOCENTER;
+ie.value = 0xFFFFUL * autocenter / 100;
+
+if (write(fd, &ie, sizeof(ie)) == -1)
+ perror("set auto-center");
+
+A value of 0 means "no auto-center".
+
+3.7 Dynamic update of an effect
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Proceed as if you wanted to upload a new effect, except that instead of
+setting the id field to -1, you set it to the wanted effect id.
+Normally, the effect is not stopped and restarted. However, depending on the
+type of device, not all parameters can be dynamically updated. For example,
+the direction of an effect cannot be updated with iforce devices. In this
+case, the driver stops the effect, up-load it, and restart it.
+
+
+3.8 Information about the status of effects
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Every time the status of an effect is changed, an event is sent. The values
+and meanings of the fields of the event are as follows:
+struct input_event {
+/* When the status of the effect changed */
+ struct timeval time;
+
+/* Set to EV_FF_STATUS */
+ unsigned short type;
+
+/* Contains the id of the effect */
+ unsigned short code;
+
+/* Indicates the status */
+ unsigned int value;
+};
+
+FF_STATUS_STOPPED The effect stopped playing
+FF_STATUS_PLAYING The effect started to play
diff --git a/Documentation/input/gameport-programming.txt b/Documentation/input/gameport-programming.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ba3d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/gameport-programming.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+$Id: gameport-programming.txt,v 1.3 2001/04/24 13:51:37 vojtech Exp $
+
+Programming gameport drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+1. A basic classic gameport
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If the gameport doesn't provide more than the inb()/outb() functionality,
+the code needed to register it with the joystick drivers is simple:
+
+ struct gameport gameport;
+
+ gameport.io = MY_IO_ADDRESS;
+ gameport_register_port(&gameport);
+
+Make sure struct gameport is initialized to 0 in all other fields. The
+gameport generic code will take care of the rest.
+
+If your hardware supports more than one io address, and your driver can
+choose which one program the hardware to, starting from the more exotic
+addresses is preferred, because the likelyhood of clashing with the standard
+0x201 address is smaller.
+
+Eg. if your driver supports addresses 0x200, 0x208, 0x210 and 0x218, then
+0x218 would be the address of first choice.
+
+If your hardware supports a gameport address that is not mapped to ISA io
+space (is above 0x1000), use that one, and don't map the ISA mirror.
+
+Also, always request_region() on the whole io space occupied by the
+gameport. Although only one ioport is really used, the gameport usually
+occupies from one to sixteen addresses in the io space.
+
+Please also consider enabling the gameport on the card in the ->open()
+callback if the io is mapped to ISA space - this way it'll occupy the io
+space only when something really is using it. Disable it again in the
+->close() callback. You also can select the io address in the ->open()
+callback, so that it doesn't fail if some of the possible addresses are
+already occupied by other gameports.
+
+2. Memory mapped gameport
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When a gameport can be accessed through MMIO, this way is preferred, because
+it is faster, allowing more reads per second. Registering such a gameport
+isn't as easy as a basic IO one, but not so much complex:
+
+ struct gameport gameport;
+
+ void my_trigger(struct gameport *gameport)
+ {
+ my_mmio = 0xff;
+ }
+
+ unsigned char my_read(struct gameport *gameport)
+ {
+ return my_mmio;
+ }
+
+ gameport.read = my_read;
+ gameport.trigger = my_trigger;
+ gameport_register_port(&gameport);
+
+3. Cooked mode gameport
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are gameports that can report the axis values as numbers, that means
+the driver doesn't have to measure them the old way - an ADC is built into
+the gameport. To register a cooked gameport:
+
+ struct gameport gameport;
+
+ int my_cooked_read(struct gameport *gameport, int *axes, int *buttons)
+ {
+ int i;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+ axes[i] = my_mmio[i];
+ buttons[i] = my_mmio[4];
+ }
+
+ int my_open(struct gameport *gameport, int mode)
+ {
+ return -(mode != GAMEPORT_MODE_COOKED);
+ }
+
+ gameport.cooked_read = my_cooked_read;
+ gameport.open = my_open;
+ gameport.fuzz = 8;
+ gameport_register_port(&gameport);
+
+The only confusing thing here is the fuzz value. Best determined by
+experimentation, it is the amount of noise in the ADC data. Perfect
+gameports can set this to zero, most common have fuzz between 8 and 32.
+See analog.c and input.c for handling of fuzz - the fuzz value determines
+the size of a gaussian filter window that is used to eliminate the noise
+in the data.
+
+4. More complex gameports
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Gameports can support both raw and cooked modes. In that case combine either
+examples 1+2 or 1+3. Gameports can support internal calibration - see below,
+and also lightning.c and analog.c on how that works. If your driver supports
+more than one gameport instance simultaneously, use the ->private member of
+the gameport struct to point to your data.
+
+5. Unregistering a gameport
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Simple:
+
+gameport_unregister_port(&gameport);
+
+6. The gameport structure
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+struct gameport {
+
+ void *private;
+
+A private pointer for free use in the gameport driver. (Not the joystick
+driver!)
+
+ int number;
+
+Number assigned to the gameport when registered. Informational purpose only.
+
+ int io;
+
+I/O address for use with raw mode. You have to either set this, or ->read()
+to some value if your gameport supports raw mode.
+
+ int speed;
+
+Raw mode speed of the gameport reads in thousands of reads per second.
+
+ int fuzz;
+
+If the gameport supports cooked mode, this should be set to a value that
+represents the amount of noise in the data. See section 3.
+
+ void (*trigger)(struct gameport *);
+
+Trigger. This function should trigger the ns558 oneshots. If set to NULL,
+outb(0xff, io) will be used.
+
+ unsigned char (*read)(struct gameport *);
+
+Read the buttons and ns558 oneshot bits. If set to NULL, inb(io) will be
+used instead.
+
+ int (*cooked_read)(struct gameport *, int *axes, int *buttons);
+
+If the gameport supports cooked mode, it should point this to its cooked
+read function. It should fill axes[0..3] with four values of the joystick axes
+and buttons[0] with four bits representing the buttons.
+
+ int (*calibrate)(struct gameport *, int *axes, int *max);
+
+Function for calibrating the ADC hardware. When called, axes[0..3] should be
+pre-filled by cooked data by the caller, max[0..3] should be pre-filled with
+expected maximums for each axis. The calibrate() function should set the
+sensitivity of the ADC hardware so that the maximums fit in its range and
+recompute the axes[] values to match the new sensitivity or re-read them from
+the hardware so that they give valid values.
+
+ int (*open)(struct gameport *, int mode);
+
+Open() serves two purposes. First a driver either opens the port in raw or
+in cooked mode, the open() callback can decide which modes are supported.
+Second, resource allocation can happen here. The port can also be enabled
+here. Prior to this call, other fields of the gameport struct (namely the io
+member) need not to be valid.
+
+ void (*close)(struct gameport *);
+
+Close() should free the resources allocated by open, possibly disabling the
+gameport.
+
+ struct gameport_dev *dev;
+ struct gameport *next;
+
+For internal use by the gameport layer.
+
+};
+
+Enjoy!
diff --git a/Documentation/input/iforce-protocol.txt b/Documentation/input/iforce-protocol.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95df4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/iforce-protocol.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+** Introduction
+This document describes what I managed to discover about the protocol used to
+specify force effects to I-Force 2.0 devices. None of this information comes
+from Immerse. That's why you should not trust what is written in this
+document. This document is intended to help understanding the protocol.
+This is not a reference. Comments and corrections are welcome. To contact me,
+send an email to: deneux@ifrance.com
+
+** WARNING **
+I may not be held responsible for any dammage or harm caused if you try to
+send data to your I-Force device based on what you read in this document.
+
+** Preliminary Notes:
+All values are hexadecimal with big-endian encoding (msb on the left). Beware,
+values inside packets are encoded using little-endian. Bytes whose roles are
+unknown are marked ??? Information that needs deeper inspection is marked (?)
+
+** General form of a packet **
+This is how packets look when the device uses the rs232 to communicate.
+2B OP LEN DATA CS
+CS is the checksum. It is equal to the exclusive or of all bytes.
+
+When using USB:
+OP DATA
+The 2B, LEN and CS fields have disappeared, probably because USB handles frames and
+data corruption is handled or unsignificant.
+
+First, I describe effects that are sent by the device to the computer
+
+** Device input state
+This packet is used to indicate the state of each button and the value of each
+axis
+OP= 01 for a joystick, 03 for a wheel
+LEN= Varies from device to device
+00 X-Axis lsb
+01 X-Axis msb
+02 Y-Axis lsb, or gas pedal for a wheel
+03 Y-Axis msb, or brake pedal for a wheel
+04 Throttle
+05 Buttons
+06 Lower 4 bits: Buttons
+ Upper 4 bits: Hat
+07 Rudder
+
+** Device effects states
+OP= 02
+LEN= Varies
+00 ? Bit 1 (Value 2) is the value of the deadman switch
+01 Bit 8 is set if the effect is playing. Bits 0 to 7 are the effect id.
+02 ??
+03 Address of parameter block changed (lsb)
+04 Address of parameter block changed (msb)
+05 Address of second parameter block changed (lsb)
+... depending on the number of parameter blocks updated
+
+** Force effect **
+OP= 01
+LEN= 0e
+00 Channel (when playing several effects at the same time, each must be assigned a channel)
+01 Wave form
+ Val 00 Constant
+ Val 20 Square
+ Val 21 Triangle
+ Val 22 Sine
+ Val 23 Sawtooth up
+ Val 24 Sawtooth down
+ Val 40 Spring (Force = f(pos))
+ Val 41 Friction (Force = f(velocity)) and Inertia (Force = f(acceleration))
+
+
+02 Axes affected and trigger
+ Bits 4-7: Val 2 = effect along one axis. Byte 05 indicates direction
+ Val 4 = X axis only. Byte 05 must contain 5a
+ Val 8 = Y axis only. Byte 05 must contain b4
+ Val c = X and Y axes. Bytes 05 must contain 60
+ Bits 0-3: Val 0 = No trigger
+ Val x+1 = Button x triggers the effect
+ When the whole byte is 0, cancel the previously set trigger
+
+03-04 Duration of effect (little endian encoding, in ms)
+
+05 Direction of effect, if applicable. Else, see 02 for value to assign.
+
+06-07 Minimum time between triggering.
+
+08-09 Address of periodicity or magnitude parameters
+0a-0b Address of attack and fade parameters, or ffff if none.
+*or*
+08-09 Address of interactive parameters for X-axis, or ffff if not applicable
+0a-0b Address of interactive parameters for Y-axis, or ffff if not applicable
+
+0c-0d Delay before execution of effect (little endian encoding, in ms)
+
+
+** Time based parameters **
+
+*** Attack and fade ***
+OP= 02
+LEN= 08
+00-01 Address where to store the parameteres
+02-03 Duration of attack (little endian encoding, in ms)
+04 Level at end of attack. Signed byte.
+05-06 Duration of fade.
+07 Level at end of fade.
+
+*** Magnitude ***
+OP= 03
+LEN= 03
+00-01 Address
+02 Level. Signed byte.
+
+*** Periodicity ***
+OP= 04
+LEN= 07
+00-01 Address
+02 Magnitude. Signed byte.
+03 Offset. Signed byte.
+04 Phase. Val 00 = 0 deg, Val 40 = 90 degs.
+05-06 Period (little endian encoding, in ms)
+
+** Interactive parameters **
+OP= 05
+LEN= 0a
+00-01 Address
+02 Positive Coeff
+03 Negative Coeff
+04+05 Offset (center)
+06+07 Dead band (Val 01F4 = 5000 (decimal))
+08 Positive saturation (Val 0a = 1000 (decimal) Val 64 = 10000 (decimal))
+09 Negative saturation
+
+The encoding is a bit funny here: For coeffs, these are signed values. The
+maximum value is 64 (100 decimal), the min is 9c.
+For the offset, the minimum value is FE0C, the maximum value is 01F4.
+For the deadband, the minimum value is 0, the max is 03E8.
+
+** Controls **
+OP= 41
+LEN= 03
+00 Channel
+01 Start/Stop
+ Val 00: Stop
+ Val 01: Start and play once.
+ Val 41: Start and play n times (See byte 02 below)
+02 Number of iterations n.
+
+** Init **
+
+*** Querying features ***
+OP= ff
+Query command. Length varies according to the query type.
+The general format of this packet is:
+ff 01 QUERY [INDEX] CHECKSUM
+reponses are of the same form:
+FF LEN QUERY VALUE_QUERIED CHECKSUM2
+where LEN = 1 + length(VALUE_QUERIED)
+
+**** Query ram size ****
+QUERY = 42 ('B'uffer size)
+The device should reply with the same packet plus two additionnal bytes
+containing the size of the memory:
+ff 03 42 03 e8 CS would mean that the device has 1000 bytes of ram available.
+
+**** Query number of effects ****
+QUERY = 4e ('N'umber of effects)
+The device should respond by sending the number of effects that can be played
+at the same time (one byte)
+ff 02 4e 14 CS would stand for 20 effects.
+
+**** Vendor's id ****
+QUERY = 4d ('M'anufacturer)
+Query the vendors'id (2 bytes)
+
+**** Product id *****
+QUERY = 50 ('P'roduct)
+Query the product id (2 bytes)
+
+**** Open device ****
+QUERY = 4f ('O'pen)
+No data returned.
+
+**** Close device *****
+QUERY = 43 ('C')lose
+No data returned.
+
+**** Query effect ****
+QUERY = 45 ('E')
+Send effect type.
+Returns nonzero if supported (2 bytes)
+
+**** Firmware Version ****
+QUERY = 56 ('V'ersion)
+Sends back 3 bytes - major, minor, subminor
+
+*** Initialisation of the device ***
+
+**** Set Control ****
+!!! Device dependent, can be different on different models !!!
+OP= 40 <idx> <val> [<val>]
+LEN= 2 or 3
+00 Idx
+ Idx 00 Set dead zone (0..2048)
+ Idx 01 Ignore Deadman sensor (0..1)
+ Idx 02 Enable comm watchdog (0..1)
+ Idx 03 Set the strength of the spring (0..100)
+ Idx 04 Enable or disable the spring (0/1)
+ Idx 05 Set axis saturation threshold (0..2048)
+
+**** Set Effect State ****
+OP= 42 <val>
+LEN= 1
+00 State
+ Bit 3 Pause force feedback
+ Bit 2 Enable force feedback
+ Bit 0 Stop all effects
+
+**** Set overall gain ****
+OP= 43 <val>
+LEN= 1
+00 Gain
+ Val 00 = 0%
+ Val 40 = 50%
+ Val 80 = 100%
+
+** Parameter memory **
+
+Each device has a certain amount of memory to store parameters of effects.
+The amount of RAM may vary, I encountered values from 200 to 1000 bytes. Below
+is the amount of memory apparently needed for every set of parameters:
+ - period : 0c
+ - magnitude : 02
+ - attack and fade : 0e
+ - interactive : 08
+
+** Appendix: How to study the protocol ? **
+
+1. Generate effects using the force editor provided with the DirectX SDK, or use Immersion Studio (freely available at their web site in the developer section: www.immersion.com)
+2. Start a soft spying RS232 or USB (depending on where you connected your joystick/wheel). I used ComPortSpy from fCoder (alpha version!)
+3. Play the effect, and watch what happens on the spy screen.
+
+A few words about ComPortSpy:
+At first glance, this soft seems, hum, well... buggy. In fact, data appear with a few seconds latency. Personnaly, I restart it every time I play an effect.
+Remember it's free (as in free beer) and alpha!
+
+** URLS **
+Check www.immerse.com for Immersion Studio, and www.fcoder.com for ComPortSpy.
+
+** Author of this document **
+Johann Deneux <deneux@ifrance.com>
+Home page at http://www.esil.univ-mrs.fr/~jdeneux/projects/ff/
+
+Additions by Vojtech Pavlik.
+
+I-Force is trademark of Immersion Corp.
diff --git a/Documentation/input/input-programming.txt b/Documentation/input/input-programming.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..180e0689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/input-programming.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+$Id: input-programming.txt,v 1.4 2001/05/04 09:47:14 vojtech Exp $
+
+Programming input drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+1. Creating an input device driver
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+1.0 The simplest example
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Here comes a very simple example of an input device driver. The device has
+just one button and the button is accessible at i/o port BUTTON_PORT. When
+pressed or released a BUTTON_IRQ happens. The driver could look like:
+
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/init.h>
+
+#include <asm/irq.h>
+#include <asm/io.h>
+
+static void button_interrupt(int irq, void *dummy, struct pt_regs *fp)
+{
+ input_report_key(&button_dev, BTN_1, inb(BUTTON_PORT) & 1);
+ input_sync(&button_dev);
+}
+
+static int __init button_init(void)
+{
+ if (request_irq(BUTTON_IRQ, button_interrupt, 0, "button", NULL)) {
+ printk(KERN_ERR "button.c: Can't allocate irq %d\n", button_irq);
+ return -EBUSY;
+ }
+
+ button_dev.evbit[0] = BIT(EV_KEY);
+ button_dev.keybit[LONG(BTN_0)] = BIT(BTN_0);
+
+ input_register_device(&button_dev);
+}
+
+static void __exit button_exit(void)
+{
+ input_unregister_device(&button_dev);
+ free_irq(BUTTON_IRQ, button_interrupt);
+}
+
+module_init(button_init);
+module_exit(button_exit);
+
+1.1 What the example does
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+First it has to include the <linux/input.h> file, which interfaces to the
+input subsystem. This provides all the definitions needed.
+
+In the _init function, which is called either upon module load or when
+booting the kernel, it grabs the required resources (it should also check
+for the presence of the device).
+
+Then it sets the input bitfields. This way the device driver tells the other
+parts of the input systems what it is - what events can be generated or
+accepted by this input device. Our example device can only generate EV_KEY type
+events, and from those only BTN_0 event code. Thus we only set these two
+bits. We could have used
+
+ set_bit(EV_KEY, button_dev.evbit);
+ set_bit(BTN_0, button_dev.keybit);
+
+as well, but with more than single bits the first approach tends to be
+shorter.
+
+Then the example driver registers the input device structure by calling
+
+ input_register_device(&button_dev);
+
+This adds the button_dev structure to linked lists of the input driver and
+calls device handler modules _connect functions to tell them a new input
+device has appeared. Because the _connect functions may call kmalloc(,
+GFP_KERNEL), which can sleep, input_register_device() must not be called
+from an interrupt or with a spinlock held.
+
+While in use, the only used function of the driver is
+
+ button_interrupt()
+
+which upon every interrupt from the button checks its state and reports it
+via the
+
+ input_report_key()
+
+call to the input system. There is no need to check whether the interrupt
+routine isn't reporting two same value events (press, press for example) to
+the input system, because the input_report_* functions check that
+themselves.
+
+Then there is the
+
+ input_sync()
+
+call to tell those who receive the events that we've sent a complete report.
+This doesn't seem important in the one button case, but is quite important
+for for example mouse movement, where you don't want the X and Y values
+to be interpreted separately, because that'd result in a different movement.
+
+1.2 dev->open() and dev->close()
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In case the driver has to repeatedly poll the device, because it doesn't
+have an interrupt coming from it and the polling is too expensive to be done
+all the time, or if the device uses a valuable resource (eg. interrupt), it
+can use the open and close callback to know when it can stop polling or
+release the interrupt and when it must resume polling or grab the interrupt
+again. To do that, we would add this to our example driver:
+
+int button_used = 0;
+
+static int button_open(struct input_dev *dev)
+{
+ if (button_used++)
+ return 0;
+
+ if (request_irq(BUTTON_IRQ, button_interrupt, 0, "button", NULL)) {
+ printk(KERN_ERR "button.c: Can't allocate irq %d\n", button_irq);
+ button_used--;
+ return -EBUSY;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void button_close(struct input_dev *dev)
+{
+ if (!--button_used)
+ free_irq(IRQ_AMIGA_VERTB, button_interrupt);
+}
+
+static int __init button_init(void)
+{
+ ...
+ button_dev.open = button_open;
+ button_dev.close = button_close;
+ ...
+}
+
+Note the button_used variable - we have to track how many times the open
+function was called to know when exactly our device stops being used.
+
+The open() callback should return a 0 in case of success or any nonzero value
+in case of failure. The close() callback (which is void) must always succeed.
+
+1.3 Basic event types
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The most simple event type is EV_KEY, which is used for keys and buttons.
+It's reported to the input system via:
+
+ input_report_key(struct input_dev *dev, int code, int value)
+
+See linux/input.h for the allowable values of code (from 0 to KEY_MAX).
+Value is interpreted as a truth value, ie any nonzero value means key
+pressed, zero value means key released. The input code generates events only
+in case the value is different from before.
+
+In addition to EV_KEY, there are two more basic event types: EV_REL and
+EV_ABS. They are used for relative and absolute values supplied by the
+device. A relative value may be for example a mouse movement in the X axis.
+The mouse reports it as a relative difference from the last position,
+because it doesn't have any absolute coordinate system to work in. Absolute
+events are namely for joysticks and digitizers - devices that do work in an
+absolute coordinate systems.
+
+Having the device report EV_REL buttons is as simple as with EV_KEY, simply
+set the corresponding bits and call the
+
+ input_report_rel(struct input_dev *dev, int code, int value)
+
+function. Events are generated only for nonzero value.
+
+However EV_ABS requires a little special care. Before calling
+input_register_device, you have to fill additional fields in the input_dev
+struct for each absolute axis your device has. If our button device had also
+the ABS_X axis:
+
+ button_dev.absmin[ABS_X] = 0;
+ button_dev.absmax[ABS_X] = 255;
+ button_dev.absfuzz[ABS_X] = 4;
+ button_dev.absflat[ABS_X] = 8;
+
+This setting would be appropriate for a joystick X axis, with the minimum of
+0, maximum of 255 (which the joystick *must* be able to reach, no problem if
+it sometimes reports more, but it must be able to always reach the min and
+max values), with noise in the data up to +- 4, and with a center flat
+position of size 8.
+
+If you don't need absfuzz and absflat, you can set them to zero, which mean
+that the thing is precise and always returns to exactly the center position
+(if it has any).
+
+1.4 The void *private field
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This field in the input structure can be used to point to any private data
+structures in the input device driver, in case the driver handles more than
+one device. You'll need it in the open and close callbacks.
+
+1.5 NBITS(), LONG(), BIT()
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+These three macros from input.h help some bitfield computations:
+
+ NBITS(x) - returns the length of a bitfield array in longs for x bits
+ LONG(x) - returns the index in the array in longs for bit x
+ BIT(x) - returns the index in a long for bit x
+
+1.6 The number, id* and name fields
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The dev->number is assigned by the input system to the input device when it
+is registered. It has no use except for identifying the device to the user
+in system messages.
+
+The dev->name should be set before registering the input device by the input
+device driver. It's a string like 'Generic button device' containing a
+user friendly name of the device.
+
+The id* fields contain the bus ID (PCI, USB, ...), vendor ID and device ID
+of the device. The bus IDs are defined in input.h. The vendor and device ids
+are defined in pci_ids.h, usb_ids.h and similar include files. These fields
+should be set by the input device driver before registering it.
+
+The idtype field can be used for specific information for the input device
+driver.
+
+The id and name fields can be passed to userland via the evdev interface.
+
+1.7 The keycode, keycodemax, keycodesize fields
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+These two fields will be used for any input devices that report their data
+as scancodes. If not all scancodes can be known by autodetection, they may
+need to be set by userland utilities. The keycode array then is an array
+used to map from scancodes to input system keycodes. The keycode max will
+contain the size of the array and keycodesize the size of each entry in it
+(in bytes).
+
+1.8 Key autorepeat
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+... is simple. It is handled by the input.c module. Hardware autorepeat is
+not used, because it's not present in many devices and even where it is
+present, it is broken sometimes (at keyboards: Toshiba notebooks). To enable
+autorepeat for your device, just set EV_REP in dev->evbit. All will be
+handled by the input system.
+
+1.9 Other event types, handling output events
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The other event types up to now are:
+
+EV_LED - used for the keyboard LEDs.
+EV_SND - used for keyboard beeps.
+
+They are very similar to for example key events, but they go in the other
+direction - from the system to the input device driver. If your input device
+driver can handle these events, it has to set the respective bits in evbit,
+*and* also the callback routine:
+
+ button_dev.event = button_event;
+
+int button_event(struct input_dev *dev, unsigned int type, unsigned int code, int value);
+{
+ if (type == EV_SND && code == SND_BELL) {
+ outb(value, BUTTON_BELL);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ return -1;
+}
+
+This callback routine can be called from an interrupt or a BH (although that
+isn't a rule), and thus must not sleep, and must not take too long to finish.
diff --git a/Documentation/input/input.txt b/Documentation/input/input.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47137e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/input.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+ Linux Input drivers v1.0
+ (c) 1999-2001 Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@ucw.cz>
+ Sponsored by SuSE
+ $Id: input.txt,v 1.8 2002/05/29 03:15:01 bradleym Exp $
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+0. Disclaimer
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
+any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
+more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59
+Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+
+ Should you need to contact me, the author, you can do so either by e-mail
+- mail your message to <vojtech@ucw.cz>, or by paper mail: Vojtech Pavlik,
+Simunkova 1594, Prague 8, 182 00 Czech Republic
+
+ For your convenience, the GNU General Public License version 2 is included
+in the package: See the file COPYING.
+
+1. Introduction
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ This is a collection of drivers that is designed to support all input
+devices under Linux. While it is currently used only on for USB input
+devices, future use (say 2.5/2.6) is expected to expand to replace
+most of the existing input system, which is why it lives in
+drivers/input/ instead of drivers/usb/.
+
+ The centre of the input drivers is the input module, which must be
+loaded before any other of the input modules - it serves as a way of
+communication between two groups of modules:
+
+1.1 Device drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ These modules talk to the hardware (for example via USB), and provide
+events (keystrokes, mouse movements) to the input module.
+
+1.2 Event handlers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ These modules get events from input and pass them where needed via
+various interfaces - keystrokes to the kernel, mouse movements via a
+simulated PS/2 interface to GPM and X and so on.
+
+2. Simple Usage
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ For the most usual configuration, with one USB mouse and one USB keyboard,
+you'll have to load the following modules (or have them built in to the
+kernel):
+
+ input
+ mousedev
+ keybdev
+ usbcore
+ uhci_hcd or ohci_hcd or ehci_hcd
+ usbhid
+
+ After this, the USB keyboard will work straight away, and the USB mouse
+will be available as a character device on major 13, minor 63:
+
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 63 Mar 28 22:45 mice
+
+ This device has to be created, unless you use devfs, in which case it's
+created automatically. The commands to do create it by hand are:
+
+ cd /dev
+ mkdir input
+ mknod input/mice c 13 63
+
+ After that you have to point GPM (the textmode mouse cut&paste tool) and
+XFree to this device to use it - GPM should be called like:
+
+ gpm -t ps2 -m /dev/input/mice
+
+ And in X:
+
+ Section "Pointer"
+ Protocol "ImPS/2"
+ Device "/dev/input/mice"
+ ZAxisMapping 4 5
+ EndSection
+
+ When you do all of the above, you can use your USB mouse and keyboard.
+
+3. Detailed Description
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+3.1 Device drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Device drivers are the modules that generate events. The events are
+however not useful without being handled, so you also will need to use some
+of the modules from section 3.2.
+
+3.1.1 usbhid
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ usbhid is the largest and most complex driver of the whole suite. It
+handles all HID devices, and because there is a very wide variety of them,
+and because the USB HID specification isn't simple, it needs to be this big.
+
+ Currently, it handles USB mice, joysticks, gamepads, steering wheels
+keyboards, trackballs and digitizers.
+
+ However, USB uses HID also for monitor controls, speaker controls, UPSs,
+LCDs and many other purposes.
+
+ The monitor and speaker controls should be easy to add to the hid/input
+interface, but for the UPSs and LCDs it doesn't make much sense. For this,
+the hiddev interface was designed. See Documentation/usb/hiddev.txt
+for more information about it.
+
+ The usage of the usbhid module is very simple, it takes no parameters,
+detects everything automatically and when a HID device is inserted, it
+detects it appropriately.
+
+ However, because the devices vary wildly, you might happen to have a
+device that doesn't work well. In that case #define DEBUG at the beginning
+of hid-core.c and send me the syslog traces.
+
+3.1.2 usbmouse
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ For embedded systems, for mice with broken HID descriptors and just any
+other use when the big usbhid wouldn't be a good choice, there is the
+usbmouse driver. It handles USB mice only. It uses a simpler HIDBP
+protocol. This also means the mice must support this simpler protocol. Not
+all do. If you don't have any strong reason to use this module, use usbhid
+instead.
+
+3.1.3 usbkbd
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Much like usbmouse, this module talks to keyboards with a simplified
+HIDBP protocol. It's smaller, but doesn't support any extra special keys.
+Use usbhid instead if there isn't any special reason to use this.
+
+3.1.4 wacom
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+ This is a driver for Wacom Graphire and Intuos tablets. Not for Wacom
+PenPartner, that one is handled by the HID driver. Although the Intuos and
+Graphire tablets claim that they are HID tablets as well, they are not and
+thus need this specific driver.
+
+3.1.5 iforce
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ A driver for I-Force joysticks and wheels, both over USB and RS232.
+It includes ForceFeedback support now, even though Immersion
+Corp. considers the protocol a trade secret and won't disclose a word
+about it.
+
+3.2 Event handlers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Event handlers distrubite the events from the devices to userland and
+kernel, as needed.
+
+3.2.1 keybdev
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ keybdev is currently a rather ugly hack that translates the input
+events into architecture-specific keyboard raw mode (Xlated AT Set2 on
+x86), and passes them into the handle_scancode function of the
+keyboard.c module. This works well enough on all architectures that
+keybdev can generate rawmode on, other architectures can be added to
+it.
+
+ The right way would be to pass the events to keyboard.c directly,
+best if keyboard.c would itself be an event handler. This is done in
+the input patch, available on the webpage mentioned below.
+
+3.2.2 mousedev
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ mousedev is also a hack to make programs that use mouse input
+work. It takes events from either mice or digitizers/tablets and makes
+a PS/2-style (a la /dev/psaux) mouse device available to the
+userland. Ideally, the programs could use a more reasonable interface,
+for example evdev
+
+ Mousedev devices in /dev/input (as shown above) are:
+
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 32 Mar 28 22:45 mouse0
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 33 Mar 29 00:41 mouse1
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 34 Mar 29 00:41 mouse2
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 35 Apr 1 10:50 mouse3
+ ...
+ ...
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 62 Apr 1 10:50 mouse30
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 63 Apr 1 10:50 mice
+
+Each 'mouse' device is assigned to a single mouse or digitizer, except
+the last one - 'mice'. This single character device is shared by all
+mice and digitizers, and even if none are connected, the device is
+present. This is useful for hotplugging USB mice, so that programs
+can open the device even when no mice are present.
+
+ CONFIG_INPUT_MOUSEDEV_SCREEN_[XY] in the kernel configuration are
+the size of your screen (in pixels) in XFree86. This is needed if you
+want to use your digitizer in X, because its movement is sent to X
+via a virtual PS/2 mouse and thus needs to be scaled
+accordingly. These values won't be used if you use a mouse only.
+
+ Mousedev will generate either PS/2, ImPS/2 (Microsoft IntelliMouse) or
+ExplorerPS/2 (IntelliMouse Explorer) protocols, depending on what the
+program reading the data wishes. You can set GPM and X to any of
+these. You'll need ImPS/2 if you want to make use of a wheel on a USB
+mouse and ExplorerPS/2 if you want to use extra (up to 5) buttons.
+
+3.2.3 joydev
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Joydev implements v0.x and v1.x Linux joystick api, much like
+drivers/char/joystick/joystick.c used to in earlier versions. See
+joystick-api.txt in the Documentation subdirectory for details. As
+soon as any joystick is connected, it can be accessed in /dev/input
+on:
+
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 0 Apr 1 10:50 js0
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 1 Apr 1 10:50 js1
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 2 Apr 1 10:50 js2
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 3 Apr 1 10:50 js3
+ ...
+
+And so on up to js31.
+
+3.2.4 evdev
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+ evdev is the generic input event interface. It passes the events
+generated in the kernel straight to the program, with timestamps. The
+API is still evolving, but should be useable now. It's described in
+section 5.
+
+ This should be the way for GPM and X to get keyboard and mouse mouse
+events. It allows for multihead in X without any specific multihead
+kernel support. The event codes are the same on all architectures and
+are hardware independent.
+
+ The devices are in /dev/input:
+
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 64 Apr 1 10:49 event0
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 65 Apr 1 10:50 event1
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 66 Apr 1 10:50 event2
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 13, 67 Apr 1 10:50 event3
+ ...
+
+And so on up to event31.
+
+4. Verifying if it works
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Typing a couple keys on the keyboard should be enough to check that
+a USB keyboard works and is correctly connected to the kernel keyboard
+driver.
+
+ Doing a cat /dev/input/mouse0 (c, 13, 32) will verify that a mouse
+is also emulated, characters should appear if you move it.
+
+ You can test the joystick emulation with the 'jstest' utility,
+available in the joystick package (see Documentation/input/joystick.txt).
+
+ You can test the event devices with the 'evtest' utility available
+in the LinuxConsole project CVS archive (see the URL below).
+
+5. Event interface
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Should you want to add event device support into any application (X, gpm,
+svgalib ...) I <vojtech@ucw.cz> will be happy to provide you any help I
+can. Here goes a description of the current state of things, which is going
+to be extended, but not changed incompatibly as time goes:
+
+ You can use blocking and nonblocking reads, also select() on the
+/dev/input/eventX devices, and you'll always get a whole number of input
+events on a read. Their layout is:
+
+struct input_event {
+ struct timeval time;
+ unsigned short type;
+ unsigned short code;
+ unsigned int value;
+};
+
+ 'time' is the timestamp, it returns the time at which the event happened.
+Type is for example EV_REL for relative momement, REL_KEY for a keypress or
+release. More types are defined in include/linux/input.h.
+
+ 'code' is event code, for example REL_X or KEY_BACKSPACE, again a complete
+list is in include/linux/input.h.
+
+ 'value' is the value the event carries. Either a relative change for
+EV_REL, absolute new value for EV_ABS (joysticks ...), or 0 for EV_KEY for
+release, 1 for keypress and 2 for autorepeat.
+
+6. Contacts
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+ This effort has its home page at:
+
+ http://www.suse.cz/development/input/
+
+You'll find both the latest HID driver and the complete Input driver
+there as well as information how to access the CVS repository for
+latest revisions of the drivers.
+
+ There is also a mailing list for this:
+
+ majordomo@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz
+
+Send "subscribe linux-input" to subscribe to it.
+
+The input changes are also being worked on as part of the LinuxConsole
+project, see:
+
+ http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxconsole/
+
diff --git a/Documentation/input/interactive.fig b/Documentation/input/interactive.fig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e7de38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/interactive.fig
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#FIG 3.2
+Landscape
+Center
+Inches
+Letter
+100.00
+Single
+-2
+1200 2
+2 1 0 2 0 7 50 0 -1 6.000 0 0 -1 0 0 6
+ 1200 3600 1800 3600 2400 4800 3000 4800 4200 5700 4800 5700
+2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5
+ 1200 3150 4800 3150 4800 6300 1200 6300 1200 3150
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 1200 4800 4800 4800
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 4
+ 2400 4800 2400 6525 1950 7125 1950 7800
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 4
+ 3000 4800 3000 6525 3600 7125 3600 7800
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 1 3
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 3825 5400 4125 5100 5400 5100
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 1 3
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 2100 4200 2400 3900 5400 3900
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 4800 5700 5400 5700
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 1800 3600 5400 3600
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 1 3
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 2700 4800 2700 4425 5400 4425
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 1 1 2
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 1950 7800 3600 7800
+4 1 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 135 810 2775 7725 Dead band\001
+4 0 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 180 1155 5400 5700 right saturation\001
+4 0 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1065 5400 3600 left saturation\001
+4 0 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 180 2505 5400 3900 left coeff ( positive in that case )\001
+4 0 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 180 2640 5475 5100 right coeff ( negative in that case )\001
+4 0 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 105 480 5400 4425 center\001
diff --git a/Documentation/input/joystick-api.txt b/Documentation/input/joystick-api.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acbd32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/joystick-api.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+ Joystick API Documentation -*-Text-*-
+
+ Ragnar Hojland Espinosa
+ <ragnar@macula.net>
+
+ 7 Aug 1998
+
+ $Id: joystick-api.txt,v 1.2 2001/05/08 21:21:23 vojtech Exp $
+
+1. Initialization
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Open the joystick device following the usual semantics (that is, with open).
+Since the driver now reports events instead of polling for changes,
+immediately after the open it will issue a series of synthetic events
+(JS_EVENT_INIT) that you can read to check the initial state of the
+joystick.
+
+By default, the device is opened in blocking mode.
+
+ int fd = open ("/dev/js0", O_RDONLY);
+
+
+2. Event Reading
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+ struct js_event e;
+ read (fd, &e, sizeof(struct js_event));
+
+where js_event is defined as
+
+ struct js_event {
+ __u32 time; /* event timestamp in milliseconds */
+ __s16 value; /* value */
+ __u8 type; /* event type */
+ __u8 number; /* axis/button number */
+ };
+
+If the read is successful, it will return sizeof(struct js_event), unless
+you wanted to read more than one event per read as described in section 3.1.
+
+
+2.1 js_event.type
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The possible values of ``type'' are
+
+ #define JS_EVENT_BUTTON 0x01 /* button pressed/released */
+ #define JS_EVENT_AXIS 0x02 /* joystick moved */
+ #define JS_EVENT_INIT 0x80 /* initial state of device */
+
+As mentioned above, the driver will issue synthetic JS_EVENT_INIT ORed
+events on open. That is, if it's issuing a INIT BUTTON event, the
+current type value will be
+
+ int type = JS_EVENT_BUTTON | JS_EVENT_INIT; /* 0x81 */
+
+If you choose not to differentiate between synthetic or real events
+you can turn off the JS_EVENT_INIT bits
+
+ type &= ~JS_EVENT_INIT; /* 0x01 */
+
+
+2.2 js_event.number
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The values of ``number'' correspond to the axis or button that
+generated the event. Note that they carry separate numeration (that
+is, you have both an axis 0 and a button 0). Generally,
+
+ number
+ 1st Axis X 0
+ 1st Axis Y 1
+ 2nd Axis X 2
+ 2nd Axis Y 3
+ ...and so on
+
+Hats vary from one joystick type to another. Some can be moved in 8
+directions, some only in 4, The driver, however, always reports a hat as two
+independent axis, even if the hardware doesn't allow independent movement.
+
+
+2.3 js_event.value
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For an axis, ``value'' is a signed integer between -32767 and +32767
+representing the position of the joystick along that axis. If you
+don't read a 0 when the joystick is `dead', or if it doesn't span the
+full range, you should recalibrate it (with, for example, jscal).
+
+For a button, ``value'' for a press button event is 1 and for a release
+button event is 0.
+
+Though this
+
+ if (js_event.type == JS_EVENT_BUTTON) {
+ buttons_state ^= (1 << js_event.number);
+ }
+
+may work well if you handle JS_EVENT_INIT events separately,
+
+ if ((js_event.type & ~JS_EVENT_INIT) == JS_EVENT_BUTTON) {
+ if (js_event.value)
+ buttons_state |= (1 << js_event.number);
+ else
+ buttons_state &= ~(1 << js_event.number);
+ }
+
+is much safer since it can't lose sync with the driver. As you would
+have to write a separate handler for JS_EVENT_INIT events in the first
+snippet, this ends up being shorter.
+
+
+2.4 js_event.time
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The time an event was generated is stored in ``js_event.time''. It's a time
+in milliseconds since ... well, since sometime in the past. This eases the
+task of detecting double clicks, figuring out if movement of axis and button
+presses happened at the same time, and similar.
+
+
+3. Reading
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you open the device in blocking mode, a read will block (that is,
+wait) forever until an event is generated and effectively read. There
+are two alternatives if you can't afford to wait forever (which is,
+admittedly, a long time;)
+
+ a) use select to wait until there's data to be read on fd, or
+ until it timeouts. There's a good example on the select(2)
+ man page.
+
+ b) open the device in non-blocking mode (O_NONBLOCK)
+
+
+3.1 O_NONBLOCK
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If read returns -1 when reading in O_NONBLOCK mode, this isn't
+necessarily a "real" error (check errno(3)); it can just mean there
+are no events pending to be read on the driver queue. You should read
+all events on the queue (that is, until you get a -1).
+
+For example,
+
+ while (1) {
+ while (read (fd, &e, sizeof(struct js_event)) > 0) {
+ process_event (e);
+ }
+ /* EAGAIN is returned when the queue is empty */
+ if (errno != EAGAIN) {
+ /* error */
+ }
+ /* do something interesting with processed events */
+ }
+
+One reason for emptying the queue is that if it gets full you'll start
+missing events since the queue is finite, and older events will get
+overwritten.
+
+The other reason is that you want to know all what happened, and not
+delay the processing till later.
+
+Why can get the queue full? Because you don't empty the queue as
+mentioned, or because too much time elapses from one read to another
+and too many events to store in the queue get generated. Note that
+high system load may contribute to space those reads even more.
+
+If time between reads is enough to fill the queue and lose an event,
+the driver will switch to startup mode and next time you read it,
+synthetic events (JS_EVENT_INIT) will be generated to inform you of
+the actual state of the joystick.
+
+[As for version 1.2.8, the queue is circular and able to hold 64
+ events. You can increment this size bumping up JS_BUFF_SIZE in
+ joystick.h and recompiling the driver.]
+
+
+In the above code, you might as well want to read more than one event
+at a time using the typical read(2) functionality. For that, you would
+replace the read above with something like
+
+ struct js_event mybuffer[0xff];
+ int i = read (fd, mybuffer, sizeof(struct mybuffer));
+
+In this case, read would return -1 if the queue was empty, or some
+other value in which the number of events read would be i /
+sizeof(js_event) Again, if the buffer was full, it's a good idea to
+process the events and keep reading it until you empty the driver queue.
+
+
+4. IOCTLs
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+The joystick driver defines the following ioctl(2) operations.
+
+ /* function 3rd arg */
+ #define JSIOCGAXES /* get number of axes char */
+ #define JSIOCGBUTTONS /* get number of buttons char */
+ #define JSIOCGVERSION /* get driver version int */
+ #define JSIOCGNAME(len) /* get identifier string char */
+ #define JSIOCSCORR /* set correction values &js_corr */
+ #define JSIOCGCORR /* get correction values &js_corr */
+
+For example, to read the number of axes
+
+ char number_of_axes;
+ ioctl (fd, JSIOCGAXES, &number_of_axes);
+
+
+4.1 JSIOGCVERSION
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+JSIOGCVERSION is a good way to check in run-time whether the running
+driver is 1.0+ and supports the event interface. If it is not, the
+IOCTL will fail. For a compile-time decision, you can test the
+JS_VERSION symbol
+
+ #ifdef JS_VERSION
+ #if JS_VERSION > 0xsomething
+
+
+4.2 JSIOCGNAME
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+JSIOCGNAME(len) allows you to get the name string of the joystick - the same
+as is being printed at boot time. The 'len' argument is the length of the
+buffer provided by the application asking for the name. It is used to avoid
+possible overrun should the name be too long.
+
+ char name[128];
+ if (ioctl(fd, JSIOCGNAME(sizeof(name)), name) < 0)
+ strncpy(name, "Unknown", sizeof(name));
+ printf("Name: %s\n", name);
+
+
+4.3 JSIOC[SG]CORR
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For usage on JSIOC[SG]CORR I suggest you to look into jscal.c They are
+not needed in a normal program, only in joystick calibration software
+such as jscal or kcmjoy. These IOCTLs and data types aren't considered
+to be in the stable part of the API, and therefore may change without
+warning in following releases of the driver.
+
+Both JSIOCSCORR and JSIOCGCORR expect &js_corr to be able to hold
+information for all axis. That is, struct js_corr corr[MAX_AXIS];
+
+struct js_corr is defined as
+
+ struct js_corr {
+ __s32 coef[8];
+ __u16 prec;
+ __u16 type;
+ };
+
+and ``type''
+
+ #define JS_CORR_NONE 0x00 /* returns raw values */
+ #define JS_CORR_BROKEN 0x01 /* broken line */
+
+
+5. Backward compatibility
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The 0.x joystick driver API is quite limited and its usage is deprecated.
+The driver offers backward compatibility, though. Here's a quick summary:
+
+ struct JS_DATA_TYPE js;
+ while (1) {
+ if (read (fd, &js, JS_RETURN) != JS_RETURN) {
+ /* error */
+ }
+ usleep (1000);
+ }
+
+As you can figure out from the example, the read returns immediately,
+with the actual state of the joystick.
+
+ struct JS_DATA_TYPE {
+ int buttons; /* immediate button state */
+ int x; /* immediate x axis value */
+ int y; /* immediate y axis value */
+ };
+
+and JS_RETURN is defined as
+
+ #define JS_RETURN sizeof(struct JS_DATA_TYPE)
+
+To test the state of the buttons,
+
+ first_button_state = js.buttons & 1;
+ second_button_state = js.buttons & 2;
+
+The axis values do not have a defined range in the original 0.x driver,
+except for that the values are non-negative. The 1.2.8+ drivers use a
+fixed range for reporting the values, 1 being the minimum, 128 the
+center, and 255 maximum value.
+
+The v0.8.0.2 driver also had an interface for 'digital joysticks', (now
+called Multisystem joysticks in this driver), under /dev/djsX. This driver
+doesn't try to be compatible with that interface.
+
+
+6. Final Notes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+____/| Comments, additions, and specially corrections are welcome.
+\ o.O| Documentation valid for at least version 1.2.8 of the joystick
+ =(_)= driver and as usual, the ultimate source for documentation is
+ U to "Use The Source Luke" or, at your convenience, Vojtech ;)
+
+ - Ragnar
+EOF
diff --git a/Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt b/Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88a011c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+ Linux Joystick parport drivers v2.0
+ (c) 1998-2000 Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@ucw.cz>
+ (c) 1998 Andree Borrmann <a.borrmann@tu-bs.de>
+ Sponsored by SuSE
+ $Id: joystick-parport.txt,v 1.6 2001/09/25 09:31:32 vojtech Exp $
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+0. Disclaimer
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Any information in this file is provided as-is, without any guarantee that
+it will be true. So, use it at your own risk. The possible damages that can
+happen include burning your parallel port, and/or the sticks and joystick
+and maybe even more. Like when a lightning kills you it is not our problem.
+
+1. Intro
+~~~~~~~~
+ The joystick parport drivers are used for joysticks and gamepads not
+originally designed for PCs and other computers Linux runs on. Because of
+that, PCs usually lack the right ports to connect these devices to. Parallel
+port, because of its ability to change single bits at will, and providing
+both output and input bits is the most suitable port on the PC for
+connecting such devices.
+
+2. Devices supported
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Many console and 8-bit computer gamepads and joysticks are supported. The
+following subsections discuss usage of each.
+
+2.1 NES and SNES
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Nintendo Entertainment System
+gamepads are widely available, and easy to get. Also, they are quite easy to
+connect to a PC, and don't need much processing speed (108 us for NES and
+165 us for SNES, compared to about 1000 us for PC gamepads) to communicate
+with them.
+
+ All NES and SNES use the same synchronous serial protocol, clocked from
+the computer's side (and thus timing insensitive). To allow up to 5 NES
+and/or SNES gamepads connected to the parallel port at once, the output
+lines of the parallel port are shared, while one of 5 available input lines
+is assigned to each gamepad.
+
+ This protocol is handled by the gamecon.c driver, so that's the one
+you'll use for NES and SNES gamepads.
+
+ The main problem with PC parallel ports is that they don't have +5V power
+source on any of their pins. So, if you want a reliable source of power
+for your pads, use either keyboard or joystick port, and make a pass-through
+cable. You can also pull the power directly from the power supply (the red
+wire is +5V).
+
+ If you want to use the parallel port only, you can take the power is from
+some data pin. For most gamepad and parport implementations only one pin is
+needed, and I'd recommend pin 9 for that, the highest data bit. On the other
+hand, if you are not planning to use anything else than NES / SNES on the
+port, anything between and including pin 4 and pin 9 will work.
+
+(pin 9) -----> Power
+
+ Unfortunately, there are pads that need a lot more of power, and parallel
+ports that can't give much current through the data pins. If this is your
+case, you'll need to use diodes (as a prevention of destroying your parallel
+port), and combine the currents of two or more data bits together.
+
+ Diodes
+(pin 9) ----|>|-------+------> Power
+ |
+(pin 8) ----|>|-------+
+ |
+(pin 7) ----|>|-------+
+ |
+ <and so on> :
+ |
+(pin 4) ----|>|-------+
+
+ Ground is quite easy. On PC's parallel port the ground is on any of the
+pins from pin 18 to pin 25. So use any pin of these you like for the ground.
+
+(pin 18) -----> Ground
+
+ NES and SNES pads have two input bits, Clock and Latch, which drive the
+serial transfer. These are connected to pins 2 and 3 of the parallel port,
+respectively.
+
+(pin 2) -----> Clock
+(pin 3) -----> Latch
+
+ And the last thing is the NES / SNES data wire. Only that isn't shared and
+each pad needs its own data pin. The parallel port pins are:
+
+(pin 10) -----> Pad 1 data
+(pin 11) -----> Pad 2 data
+(pin 12) -----> Pad 3 data
+(pin 13) -----> Pad 4 data
+(pin 15) -----> Pad 5 data
+
+ Note that pin 14 is not used, since it is not an input pin on the parallel
+port.
+
+ This is everything you need on the PC's side of the connection, now on to
+the gamepads side. The NES and SNES have different connectors. Also, there
+are quite a lot of NES clones, and because Nintendo used proprietary
+connectors for their machines, the cloners couldn't and used standard D-Cannon
+connectors. Anyway, if you've got a gamepad, and it has buttons A, B, Turbo
+A, Turbo B, Select and Start, and is connected through 5 wires, then it is
+either a NES or NES clone and will work with this connection. SNES gamepads
+also use 5 wires, but have more buttons. They will work as well, of course.
+
+Pinout for NES gamepads Pinout for SNES gamepads
+
+ +----> Power +-----------------------\
+ | 7 | o o o o | x x o | 1
+ 5 +---------+ 7 +-----------------------/
+ | x x o \ | | | | |
+ | o o o o | | | | | +-> Ground
+ 4 +------------+ 1 | | | +------------> Data
+ | | | | | | +---------------> Latch
+ | | | +-> Ground | +------------------> Clock
+ | | +----> Clock +---------------------> Power
+ | +-------> Latch
+ +----------> Data
+
+Pinout for NES clone (db9) gamepads Pinout for NES clone (db15) gamepads
+
+ +---------> Clock +-----------------> Data
+ | +-------> Latch | +---> Ground
+ | | +-----> Data | |
+ | | | ___________________
+ _____________ 8 \ o x x x x x x o / 1
+ 5 \ x o o o x / 1 \ o x x o x x o /
+ \ x o x o / 15 `~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 9
+ 9 `~~~~~~~' 6 | | |
+ | | | | +----> Clock
+ | +----> Power | +----------> Latch
+ +--------> Ground +----------------> Power
+
+2.2 Multisystem joysticks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ In the era of 8-bit machines, there was something like de-facto standard
+for joystick ports. They were all digital, and all used D-Cannon 9 pin
+connectors (db9). Because of that, a single joystick could be used without
+hassle on Atari (130, 800XE, 800XL, 2600, 7200), Amiga, Commodore C64,
+Amstrad CPC, Sinclair ZX Spectrum and many other machines. That's why these
+joysticks are called "Multisystem".
+
+ Now their pinout:
+
+ +---------> Right
+ | +-------> Left
+ | | +-----> Down
+ | | | +---> Up
+ | | | |
+ _____________
+5 \ x o o o o / 1
+ \ x o x o /
+ 9 `~~~~~~~' 6
+ | |
+ | +----> Button
+ +--------> Ground
+
+ However, as time passed, extensions to this standard developed, and these
+were not compatible with each other:
+
+
+ Atari 130, 800/XL/XE MSX
+
+ +-----------> Power
+ +---------> Right | +---------> Right
+ | +-------> Left | | +-------> Left
+ | | +-----> Down | | | +-----> Down
+ | | | +---> Up | | | | +---> Up
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ _____________ _____________
+5 \ x o o o o / 1 5 \ o o o o o / 1
+ \ x o o o / \ o o o o /
+ 9 `~~~~~~~' 6 9 `~~~~~~~' 6
+ | | | | | | |
+ | | +----> Button | | | +----> Button 1
+ | +------> Power | | +------> Button 2
+ +--------> Ground | +--------> Output 3
+ +----------> Ground
+
+ Amstrad CPC Commodore C64
+
+ +-----------> Analog Y
+ +---------> Right | +---------> Right
+ | +-------> Left | | +-------> Left
+ | | +-----> Down | | | +-----> Down
+ | | | +---> Up | | | | +---> Up
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ _____________ _____________
+5 \ x o o o o / 1 5 \ o o o o o / 1
+ \ x o o o / \ o o o o /
+ 9 `~~~~~~~' 6 9 `~~~~~~~' 6
+ | | | | | | |
+ | | +----> Button 1 | | | +----> Button
+ | +------> Button 2 | | +------> Power
+ +--------> Ground | +--------> Ground
+ +----------> Analog X
+
+ Sinclair Spectrum +2A/+3 Amiga 1200
+
+ +-----------> Up +-----------> Button 3
+ | +---------> Fire | +---------> Right
+ | | | | +-------> Left
+ | | +-----> Ground | | | +-----> Down
+ | | | | | | | +---> Up
+ | | | | | | | |
+ _____________ _____________
+5 \ o o x o x / 1 5 \ o o o o o / 1
+ \ o o o o / \ o o o o /
+ 9 `~~~~~~~' 6 9 `~~~~~~~' 6
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | +----> Right | | | +----> Button 1
+ | | +------> Left | | +------> Power
+ | +--------> Ground | +--------> Ground
+ +----------> Down +----------> Button 2
+
+ And there were many others.
+
+2.2.1 Multisystem joysticks using db9.c
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ For the Multisystem joysticks, and their derivatives, the db9.c driver
+was written. It allows only one joystick / gamepad per parallel port, but
+the interface is easy to build and works with almost anything.
+
+ For the basic 1-button Multisystem joystick you connect its wires to the
+parallel port like this:
+
+(pin 1) -----> Power
+(pin 18) -----> Ground
+
+(pin 2) -----> Up
+(pin 3) -----> Down
+(pin 4) -----> Left
+(pin 5) -----> Right
+(pin 6) -----> Button 1
+
+ However, if the joystick is switch based (eg. clicks when you move it),
+you might or might not, depending on your parallel port, need 10 kOhm pullup
+resistors on each of the direction and button signals, like this:
+
+(pin 2) ------------+------> Up
+ Resistor |
+(pin 1) --[10kOhm]--+
+
+ Try without, and if it doesn't work, add them. For TTL based joysticks /
+gamepads the pullups are not needed.
+
+ For joysticks with two buttons you connect the second button to pin 7 on
+the parallel port.
+
+(pin 7) -----> Button 2
+
+ And that's it.
+
+ On a side note, if you have already built a different adapter for use with
+the digital joystick driver 0.8.0.2, this is also supported by the db9.c
+driver, as device type 8. (See section 3.2)
+
+2.2.2 Multisystem joysticks using gamecon.c
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ For some people just one joystick per parallel port is not enough, and/or
+want to use them on one parallel port together with NES/SNES/PSX pads. This is
+possible using the gamecon.c. It supports up to 5 devices of the above types,
+including 1 and 2 buttons Multisystem joysticks.
+
+ However, there is nothing for free. To allow more sticks to be used at
+once, you need the sticks to be purely switch based (that is non-TTL), and
+not to need power. Just a plain simple six switches inside. If your
+joystick can do more (eg. turbofire) you'll need to disable it totally first
+if you want to use gamecon.c.
+
+ Also, the connection is a bit more complex. You'll need a bunch of diodes,
+and one pullup resistor. First, you connect the Directions and the button
+the same as for db9, however with the diodes inbetween.
+
+ Diodes
+(pin 2) -----|<|----> Up
+(pin 3) -----|<|----> Down
+(pin 4) -----|<|----> Left
+(pin 5) -----|<|----> Right
+(pin 6) -----|<|----> Button 1
+
+ For two button sticks you also connect the other button.
+
+(pin 7) -----|<|----> Button 2
+
+ And finally, you connect the Ground wire of the joystick, like done in
+this little schematic to Power and Data on the parallel port, as described
+for the NES / SNES pads in section 2.1 of this file - that is, one data pin
+for each joystick. The power source is shared.
+
+Data ------------+-----> Ground
+ Resistor |
+Power --[10kOhm]--+
+
+ And that's all, here we go!
+
+2.2.3 Multisystem joysticks using turbografx.c
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The TurboGraFX interface, designed by
+
+ Steffen Schwenke <schwenke@burg-halle.de>
+
+ allows up to 7 Multisystem joysticks connected to the parallel port. In
+Steffen's version, there is support for up to 5 buttons per joystick. However,
+since this doesn't work reliably on all parallel ports, the turbografx.c driver
+supports only one button per joystick. For more information on how to build the
+interface, see
+
+ http://www2.burg-halle.de/~schwenke/parport.html
+
+2.3 Sony Playstation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+ The PSX controller is supported by the gamecon.c. Pinout of the PSX
+controller (compatible with DirectPadPro):
+
+ +---------+---------+---------+
+9 | o o o | o o o | o o o | 1 parallel
+ \________|_________|________/ port pins
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | +--------> Clock --- (4)
+ | | | | +------------> Select --- (3)
+ | | | +---------------> Power --- (5-9)
+ | | +------------------> Ground --- (18-25)
+ | +-------------------------> Command --- (2)
+ +----------------------------> Data --- (one of 10,11,12,13,15)
+
+ The driver supports these controllers:
+
+ * Standard PSX Pad
+ * NegCon PSX Pad
+ * Analog PSX Pad (red mode)
+ * Analog PSX Pad (green mode)
+ * PSX Rumble Pad
+ * PSX DDR Pad
+
+2.4 Sega
+~~~~~~~~
+ All the Sega controllers are more or less based on the standard 2-button
+Multisystem joystick. However, since they don't use switches and use TTL
+logic, the only driver usable with them is the db9.c driver.
+
+2.4.1 Sega Master System
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The SMS gamepads are almost exactly the same as normal 2-button
+Multisystem joysticks. Set the driver to Multi2 mode, use the corresponding
+parallel port pins, and the following schematic:
+
+ +-----------> Power
+ | +---------> Right
+ | | +-------> Left
+ | | | +-----> Down
+ | | | | +---> Up
+ | | | | |
+ _____________
+5 \ o o o o o / 1
+ \ o o x o /
+ 9 `~~~~~~~' 6
+ | | |
+ | | +----> Button 1
+ | +--------> Ground
+ +----------> Button 2
+
+2.4.2 Sega Genesis aka MegaDrive
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The Sega Genesis (in Europe sold as Sega MegaDrive) pads are an extension
+to the Sega Master System pads. They use more buttons (3+1, 5+1, 6+1). Use
+the following schematic:
+
+ +-----------> Power
+ | +---------> Right
+ | | +-------> Left
+ | | | +-----> Down
+ | | | | +---> Up
+ | | | | |
+ _____________
+5 \ o o o o o / 1
+ \ o o o o /
+ 9 `~~~~~~~' 6
+ | | | |
+ | | | +----> Button 1
+ | | +------> Select
+ | +--------> Ground
+ +----------> Button 2
+
+ The Select pin goes to pin 14 on the parallel port.
+
+(pin 14) -----> Select
+
+ The rest is the same as for Multi2 joysticks using db9.c
+
+2.4.3 Sega Saturn
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Sega Saturn has eight buttons, and to transfer that, without hacks like
+Genesis 6 pads use, it needs one more select pin. Anyway, it is still
+handled by the db9.c driver. Its pinout is very different from anything
+else. Use this schematic:
+
+ +-----------> Select 1
+ | +---------> Power
+ | | +-------> Up
+ | | | +-----> Down
+ | | | | +---> Ground
+ | | | | |
+ _____________
+5 \ o o o o o / 1
+ \ o o o o /
+ 9 `~~~~~~~' 6
+ | | | |
+ | | | +----> Select 2
+ | | +------> Right
+ | +--------> Left
+ +----------> Power
+
+ Select 1 is pin 14 on the parallel port, Select 2 is pin 16 on the
+parallel port.
+
+(pin 14) -----> Select 1
+(pin 16) -----> Select 2
+
+ The other pins (Up, Down, Right, Left, Power, Ground) are the same as for
+Multi joysticks using db9.c
+
+3. The drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ There are three drivers for the parallel port interfaces. Each, as
+described above, allows to connect a different group of joysticks and pads.
+Here are described their command lines:
+
+3.1 gamecon.c
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Using gamecon.c you can connect up to five devices to one parallel port. It
+uses the following kernel/module command line:
+
+ gamecon.map=port,pad1,pad2,pad3,pad4,pad5
+
+ Where 'port' the number of the parport interface (eg. 0 for parport0).
+
+ And 'pad1' to 'pad5' are pad types connected to different data input pins
+(10,11,12,13,15), as described in section 2.1 of this file.
+
+ The types are:
+
+ Type | Joystick/Pad
+ --------------------
+ 0 | None
+ 1 | SNES pad
+ 2 | NES pad
+ 4 | Multisystem 1-button joystick
+ 5 | Multisystem 2-button joystick
+ 6 | N64 pad
+ 7 | Sony PSX controller
+ 8 | Sony PSX DDR controller
+
+ The exact type of the PSX controller type is autoprobed when used so
+hot swapping should work (but is not recomended).
+
+ Should you want to use more than one of parallel ports at once, you can use
+gamecon.map2 and gamecon.map3 as additional command line parameters for two
+more parallel ports.
+
+ There are two options specific to PSX driver portion. gamecon.psx_delay sets
+the command delay when talking to the controllers. The default of 25 should
+work but you can try lowering it for better performace. If your pads don't
+respond try raising it untill they work. Setting the type to 8 allows the
+driver to be used with Dance Dance Revolution or similar games. Arrow keys are
+registered as key presses instead of X and Y axes.
+
+3.2 db9.c
+~~~~~~~~~
+ Apart from making an interface, there is nothing difficult on using the
+db9.c driver. It uses the following kernel/module command line:
+
+ db9.dev=port,type
+
+ Where 'port' is the number of the parport interface (eg. 0 for parport0).
+
+ Caveat here: This driver only works on bidirectional parallel ports. If
+your parallel port is recent enough, you should have no trouble with this.
+Old parallel ports may not have this feature.
+
+ 'Type' is the type of joystick or pad attached:
+
+ Type | Joystick/Pad
+ --------------------
+ 0 | None
+ 1 | Multisystem 1-button joystick
+ 2 | Multisystem 2-button joystick
+ 3 | Genesis pad (3+1 buttons)
+ 5 | Genesis pad (5+1 buttons)
+ 6 | Genesis pad (6+2 buttons)
+ 7 | Saturn pad (8 buttons)
+ 8 | Multisystem 1-button joystick (v0.8.0.2 pin-out)
+ 9 | Two Multisystem 1-button joysticks (v0.8.0.2 pin-out)
+ 10 | Amiga CD32 pad
+
+ Should you want to use more than one of these joysticks/pads at once, you
+can use db9.dev2 and db9.dev3 as additional command line parameters for two
+more joysticks/pads.
+
+3.3 turbografx.c
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The turbografx.c driver uses a very simple kernel/module command line:
+
+ turbografx.map=port,js1,js2,js3,js4,js5,js6,js7
+
+ Where 'port' is the number of the parport interface (eg. 0 for parport0).
+
+ 'jsX' is the number of buttons the Multisystem joysticks connected to the
+interface ports 1-7 have. For a standard multisystem joystick, this is 1.
+
+ Should you want to use more than one of these interfaces at once, you can
+use turbografx.map2 and turbografx.map3 as additional command line parameters
+for two more interfaces.
+
+3.4 PC parallel port pinout
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ .----------------------------------------.
+ At the PC: \ 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 /
+ \ 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 /
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+ Pin | Name | Description
+ ~~~~~~|~~~~~~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~
+ 1 | /STROBE | Strobe
+ 2-9 | D0-D7 | Data Bit 0-7
+ 10 | /ACK | Acknowledge
+ 11 | BUSY | Busy
+ 12 | PE | Paper End
+ 13 | SELIN | Select In
+ 14 | /AUTOFD | Autofeed
+ 15 | /ERROR | Error
+ 16 | /INIT | Initialize
+ 17 | /SEL | Select
+ 18-25 | GND | Signal Ground
+
+3.5 End
+~~~~~~~
+ That's all, folks! Have fun!
diff --git a/Documentation/input/joystick.txt b/Documentation/input/joystick.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d53b857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/joystick.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+ Linux Joystick driver v2.0.0
+ (c) 1996-2000 Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@ucw.cz>
+ Sponsored by SuSE
+ $Id: joystick.txt,v 1.12 2002/03/03 12:13:07 jdeneux Exp $
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+0. Disclaimer
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
+any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
+more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59
+Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+
+ Should you need to contact me, the author, you can do so either by e-mail
+- mail your message to <vojtech@ucw.cz>, or by paper mail: Vojtech Pavlik,
+Simunkova 1594, Prague 8, 182 00 Czech Republic
+
+ For your convenience, the GNU General Public License version 2 is included
+in the package: See the file COPYING.
+
+1. Intro
+~~~~~~~~
+ The joystick driver for Linux provides support for a variety of joysticks
+and similar devices. It is based on a larger project aiming to support all
+input devices in Linux.
+
+ Should you encounter any problems while using the driver, or joysticks
+this driver can't make complete use of, I'm very interested in hearing about
+them. Bug reports and success stories are also welcome.
+
+ The input project website is at:
+
+ http://www.suse.cz/development/input/
+ http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~vojtech/input/
+
+ There is also a mailing list for the driver at:
+
+ listproc@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz
+
+send "subscribe linux-joystick Your Name" to subscribe to it.
+
+2. Usage
+~~~~~~~~
+ For basic usage you just choose the right options in kernel config and
+you should be set.
+
+2.1 inpututils
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+For testing and other purposes (for example serial devices), a set of
+utilities is available at the abovementioned website. I suggest you download
+and install it before going on.
+
+2.2 Device nodes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+For applications to be able to use the joysticks, in you don't use devfs,
+you'll have to manually create these nodes in /dev:
+
+cd /dev
+rm js*
+mkdir input
+mknod input/js0 c 13 0
+mknod input/js1 c 13 1
+mknod input/js2 c 13 2
+mknod input/js3 c 13 3
+ln -s input/js0 js0
+ln -s input/js1 js1
+ln -s input/js2 js2
+ln -s input/js3 js3
+
+For testing with inpututils it's also convenient to create these:
+
+mknod input/event0 c 13 64
+mknod input/event1 c 13 65
+mknod input/event2 c 13 66
+mknod input/event3 c 13 67
+
+2.4 Modules needed
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ For all joystick drivers to function, you'll need the userland interface
+module in kernel, either loaded or compiled in:
+
+ modprobe joydev
+
+ For gameport joysticks, you'll have to load the gameport driver as well;
+
+ modprobe ns558
+
+ And for serial port joysticks, you'll need the serial input line
+discipline module loaded and the inputattach utility started:
+
+ modprobe serport
+ inputattach -xxx /dev/tts/X &
+
+ In addition to that, you'll need the joystick driver module itself, most
+usually you'll have an analog joystick:
+
+ modprobe analog
+
+ For automatic module loading, something like this might work - tailor to
+your needs:
+
+ alias tty-ldisc-2 serport
+ alias char-major-13 input
+ above input joydev ns558 analog
+ options analog map=gamepad,none,2btn
+
+2.5 Verifying that it works
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ For testing the joystick driver functionality, there is the jstest
+program in the utilities package. You run it by typing:
+
+ jstest /dev/js0
+
+ And it should show a line with the joystick values, which update as you
+move the stick, and press its buttons. The axes should all be zero when the
+joystick is in the center position. They should not jitter by themselves to
+other close values, and they also should be steady in any other position of
+the stick. They should have the full range from -32767 to 32767. If all this
+is met, then it's all fine, and you can play the games. :)
+
+ If it's not, then there might be a problem. Try to calibrate the joystick,
+and if it still doesn't work, read the drivers section of this file, the
+troubleshooting section, and the FAQ.
+
+2.6. Calibration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ For most joysticks you won't need any manual calibration, since the
+joystick should be autocalibrated by the driver automagically. However, with
+some analog joysticks, that either do not use linear resistors, or if you
+want better precision, you can use the jscal program
+
+ jscal -c /dev/js0
+
+ included in the joystick package to set better correction coefficients than
+what the driver would choose itself.
+
+ After calibrating the joystick you can verify if you like the new
+calibration using the jstest command, and if you do, you then can save the
+correction coefficients into a file
+
+ jscal -p /dev/js0 > /etc/joystick.cal
+
+ And add a line to your rc script executing that file
+
+ source /etc/joystick.cal
+
+ This way, after the next reboot your joystick will remain calibrated. You
+can also add the jscal -p line to your shutdown script.
+
+
+3. HW specific driver information
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+In this section each of the separate hardware specific drivers is described.
+
+3.1 Analog joysticks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The analog.c uses the standard analog inputs of the gameport, and thus
+supports all standard joysticks and gamepads. It uses a very advanced
+routine for this, allowing for data precision that can't be found on any
+other system.
+
+ It also supports extensions like additional hats and buttons compatible
+with CH Flightstick Pro, ThrustMaster FCS or 6 and 8 button gamepads. Saitek
+Cyborg 'digital' joysticks are also supported by this driver, because
+they're basically souped up CHF sticks.
+
+ However the only types that can be autodetected are:
+
+* 2-axis, 4-button joystick
+* 3-axis, 4-button joystick
+* 4-axis, 4-button joystick
+* Saitek Cyborg 'digital' joysticks
+
+ For other joystick types (more/less axes, hats, and buttons) support
+you'll need to specify the types either on the kernel command line or on the
+module command line, when inserting analog into the kernel. The
+parameters are:
+
+ analog.map=<type1>,<type2>,<type3>,....
+
+ 'type' is type of the joystick from the table below, defining joysticks
+present on gameports in the system, starting with gameport0, second 'type'
+entry defining joystick on gameport1 and so on.
+
+ Type | Meaning
+ -----------------------------------
+ none | No analog joystick on that port
+ auto | Autodetect joystick
+ 2btn | 2-button n-axis joystick
+ y-joy | Two 2-button 2-axis joysticks on an Y-cable
+ y-pad | Two 2-button 2-axis gamepads on an Y-cable
+ fcs | Thrustmaster FCS compatible joystick
+ chf | Joystick with a CH Flightstick compatible hat
+ fullchf | CH Flightstick compatible with two hats and 6 buttons
+ gamepad | 4/6-button n-axis gamepad
+ gamepad8 | 8-button 2-axis gamepad
+
+ In case your joystick doesn't fit in any of the above categories, you can
+specify the type as a number by combining the bits in the table below. This
+is not recommended unless you really know what are you doing. It's not
+dangerous, but not simple either.
+
+ Bit | Meaning
+ --------------------------
+ 0 | Axis X1
+ 1 | Axis Y1
+ 2 | Axis X2
+ 3 | Axis Y2
+ 4 | Button A
+ 5 | Button B
+ 6 | Button C
+ 7 | Button D
+ 8 | CHF Buttons X and Y
+ 9 | CHF Hat 1
+ 10 | CHF Hat 2
+ 11 | FCS Hat
+ 12 | Pad Button X
+ 13 | Pad Button Y
+ 14 | Pad Button U
+ 15 | Pad Button V
+ 16 | Saitek F1-F4 Buttons
+ 17 | Saitek Digital Mode
+ 19 | GamePad
+ 20 | Joy2 Axis X1
+ 21 | Joy2 Axis Y1
+ 22 | Joy2 Axis X2
+ 23 | Joy2 Axis Y2
+ 24 | Joy2 Button A
+ 25 | Joy2 Button B
+ 26 | Joy2 Button C
+ 27 | Joy2 Button D
+ 31 | Joy2 GamePad
+
+3.2 Microsoft SideWinder joysticks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Microsoft 'Digital Overdrive' protocol is supported by the sidewinder.c
+module. All currently supported joysticks:
+
+* Microsoft SideWinder 3D Pro
+* Microsoft SideWinder Force Feedback Pro
+* Microsoft SideWinder Force Feedback Wheel
+* Microsoft SideWinder FreeStyle Pro
+* Microsoft SideWinder GamePad (up to four, chained)
+* Microsoft SideWinder Precision Pro
+* Microsoft SideWinder Precision Pro USB
+
+ are autodetected, and thus no module parameters are needed.
+
+ There is one caveat with the 3D Pro. There are 9 buttons reported,
+although the joystick has only 8. The 9th button is the mode switch on the
+rear side of the joystick. However, moving it, you'll reset the joystick,
+and make it unresponsive for about a one third of a second. Furthermore, the
+joystick will also re-center itself, taking the position it was in during
+this time as a new center position. Use it if you want, but think first.
+
+ The SideWinder Standard is not a digital joystick, and thus is supported
+by the analog driver described above.
+
+3.3 Logitech ADI devices
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Logitech ADI protocol is supported by the adi.c module. It should support
+any Logitech device using this protocol. This includes, but is not limited
+to:
+
+* Logitech CyberMan 2
+* Logitech ThunderPad Digital
+* Logitech WingMan Extreme Digital
+* Logitech WingMan Formula
+* Logitech WingMan Interceptor
+* Logitech WingMan GamePad
+* Logitech WingMan GamePad USB
+* Logitech WingMan GamePad Extreme
+* Logitech WingMan Extreme Digital 3D
+
+ ADI devices are autodetected, and the driver supports up to two (any
+combination of) devices on a single gameport, using an Y-cable or chained
+together.
+
+ Logitech WingMan Joystick, Logitech WingMan Attack, Logitech WingMan
+Extreme and Logitech WingMan ThunderPad are not digital joysticks and are
+handled by the analog driver described above. Logitech WingMan Warrior and
+Logitech Magellan are supported by serial drivers described below. Logitech
+WingMan Force and Logitech WingMan Formula Force are supported by the
+I-Force driver described below. Logitech CyberMan is not supported yet.
+
+3.4 Gravis GrIP
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Gravis GrIP protocol is supported by the grip.c module. It currently
+supports:
+
+* Gravis GamePad Pro
+* Gravis BlackHawk Digital
+* Gravis Xterminator
+* Gravis Xterminator DualControl
+
+ All these devices are autodetected, and you can even use any combination
+of up to two of these pads either chained together or using an Y-cable on a
+single gameport.
+
+GrIP MultiPort isn't supported yet. Gravis Stinger is a serial device and is
+supported by the stinger driver. Other Gravis joysticks are supported by the
+analog driver.
+
+3.5 FPGaming A3D and MadCatz A3D
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The Assassin 3D protocol created by FPGaming, is used both by FPGaming
+themselves and is licensed to MadCatz. A3D devices are supported by the
+a3d.c module. It currently supports:
+
+* FPGaming Assassin 3D
+* MadCatz Panther
+* MadCatz Panther XL
+
+ All these devices are autodetected. Because the Assassin 3D and the Panther
+allow connecting analog joysticks to them, you'll need to load the analog
+driver as well to handle the attached joysticks.
+
+ The trackball should work with USB mousedev module as a normal mouse. See
+the USB documentation for how to setup an USB mouse.
+
+3.6 ThrustMaster DirectConnect (BSP)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The TM DirectConnect (BSP) protocol is supported by the tmdc.c
+module. This includes, but is not limited to:
+
+* ThrustMaster Millenium 3D Inceptor
+* ThrustMaster 3D Rage Pad
+* ThrustMaster Fusion Digital Game Pad
+
+ Devices not directly supported, but hopefully working are:
+
+* ThrustMaster FragMaster
+* ThrustMaster Attack Throttle
+
+ If you have one of these, contact me.
+
+ TMDC devices are autodetected, and thus no parameters to the module
+are needed. Up to two TMDC devices can be connected to one gameport, using
+an Y-cable.
+
+3.7 Creative Labs Blaster
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The Blaster protocol is supported by the cobra.c module. It supports only
+the:
+
+* Creative Blaster GamePad Cobra
+
+ Up to two of these can be used on a single gameport, using an Y-cable.
+
+3.8 Genius Digital joysticks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The Genius digitally communicating joysticks are supported by the gf2k.c
+module. This includes:
+
+* Genius Flight2000 F-23 joystick
+* Genius Flight2000 F-31 joystick
+* Genius G-09D gamepad
+
+ Other Genius digital joysticks are not supported yet, but support can be
+added fairly easily.
+
+3.9 InterAct Digital joysticks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The InterAct digitally communicating joysticks are supported by the
+interact.c module. This includes:
+
+* InterAct HammerHead/FX gamepad
+* InterAct ProPad8 gamepad
+
+ Other InterAct digital joysticks are not supported yet, but support can be
+added fairly easily.
+
+3.10 PDPI Lightning 4 gamecards
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ PDPI Lightning 4 gamecards are supported by the lightning.c module.
+Once the module is loaded, the analog driver can be used to handle the
+joysticks. Digitally communicating joystick will work only on port 0, while
+using Y-cables, you can connect up to 8 analog joysticks to a single L4
+card, 16 in case you have two in your system.
+
+3.11 Trident 4DWave / Aureal Vortex
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Soundcards with a Trident 4DWave DX/NX or Aureal Vortex/Vortex2 chipsets
+provide an "Enhanced Game Port" mode where the soundcard handles polling the
+joystick. This mode is supported by the pcigame.c module. Once loaded the
+analog driver can use the enhanced features of these gameports..
+
+3.13 Crystal SoundFusion
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Soundcards with Crystal SoundFusion chipsets provide an "Enhanced Game
+Port", much like the 4DWave or Vortex above. This, and also the normal mode
+for the port of the SoundFusion is supported by the cs461x.c module.
+
+3.14 SoundBlaster Live!
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The Live! has a special PCI gameport, which, although it doesn't provide
+any "Enhanced" stuff like 4DWave and friends, is quite a bit faster than
+it's ISA counterparts. It also requires special support, hence the
+emu10k1-gp.c module for it instead of the normal ns558.c one.
+
+3.15 SoundBlaster 64 and 128 - ES1370 and ES1371, ESS Solo1 and S3 SonicVibes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ These PCI soundcards have specific gameports. They are handled by the
+sound drivers themselves. Make sure you select gameport support in the
+joystick menu and sound card support in the sound menu for your appropriate
+card.
+
+3.16 Amiga
+~~~~~~~~~~
+ Amiga joysticks, connected to an Amiga, are supported by the amijoy.c
+driver. Since they can't be autodetected, the driver has a command line.
+
+ amijoy.map=<a>,<b>
+
+ a and b define the joysticks connected to the JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT ports of
+the Amiga.
+
+ Value | Joystick type
+ ---------------------
+ 0 | None
+ 1 | 1-button digital joystick
+
+ No more joystick types are supported now, but that should change in the
+future if I get an Amiga in the reach of my fingers.
+
+3.17 Game console and 8-bit pads and joysticks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+See joystick-parport.txt for more info.
+
+3.18 SpaceTec/LabTec devices
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ SpaceTec serial devices communicate using the SpaceWare protocol. It is
+supported by the spaceorb.c and spaceball.c drivers. The devices currently
+supported by spaceorb.c are:
+
+* SpaceTec SpaceBall Avenger
+* SpaceTec SpaceOrb 360
+
+Devices currently supported by spaceball.c are:
+
+* SpaceTec SpaceBall 4000 FLX
+
+ In addition to having the spaceorb/spaceball and serport modules in the
+kernel, you also need to attach a serial port to it. to do that, run the
+inputattach program:
+
+ inputattach --spaceorb /dev/tts/x &
+or
+ inputattach --spaceball /dev/tts/x &
+
+where /dev/tts/x is the serial port which the device is connected to. After
+doing this, the device will be reported and will start working.
+
+ There is one caveat with the SpaceOrb. The button #6, the on the bottom
+side of the orb, although reported as an ordinary button, causes internal
+recentering of the spaceorb, moving the zero point to the position in which
+the ball is at the moment of pressing the button. So, think first before
+you bind it to some other function.
+
+SpaceTec SpaceBall 2003 FLX and 3003 FLX are not supported yet.
+
+3.19 Logitech SWIFT devices
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The SWIFT serial protocol is supported by the warrior.c module. It
+currently supports only the:
+
+* Logitech WingMan Warrior
+
+but in the future, Logitech CyberMan (the original one, not CM2) could be
+supported as well. To use the module, you need to run inputattach after you
+insert/compile the module into your kernel:
+
+ inputattach --warrior /dev/tts/x &
+
+/dev/tts/x is the serial port your Warrior is attached to.
+
+3.20 Magellan / Space Mouse
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The Magellan (or Space Mouse), manufactured by LogiCad3d (formerly Space
+Systems), for many other companies (Logitech, HP, ...) is supported by the
+joy-magellan module. It currently supports only the:
+
+* Magellan 3D
+* Space Mouse
+
+models, the additional buttons on the 'Plus' versions are not supported yet.
+
+ To use it, you need to attach the serial port to the driver using the
+
+ inputattach --magellan /dev/tts/x &
+
+command. After that the Magellan will be detected, initialized, will beep,
+and the /dev/input/jsX device should become usable.
+
+3.21 I-Force devices
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ All I-Force devices are supported by the iforce module. This includes:
+
+* AVB Mag Turbo Force
+* AVB Top Shot Pegasus
+* AVB Top Shot Force Feedback Racing Wheel
+* Logitech WingMan Force
+* Logitech WingMan Force Wheel
+* Guillemot Race Leader Force Feedback
+* Guillemot Force Feedback Racing Wheel
+* Thrustmaster Motor Sport GT
+
+ To use it, you need to attach the serial port to the driver using the
+
+ inputattach --iforce /dev/tts/x &
+
+command. After that the I-Force device will be detected, and the
+/dev/input/jsX device should become usable.
+
+ In case you're using the device via the USB port, the inputattach command
+isn't needed.
+
+ The I-Force driver now supports force feedback via the event interface.
+
+ Please note that Logitech WingMan *3D devices are _not_ supported by this
+module, rather by hid. Force feedback is not supported for those devices.
+Logitech gamepads are also hid devices.
+
+3.22 Gravis Stinger gamepad
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The Gravis Stinger serial port gamepad, designed for use with laptop
+computers, is supported by the stinger.c module. To use it, attach the
+serial port to the driver using:
+
+ inputattach --stinger /dev/tty/x &
+
+where x is the number of the serial port.
+
+4. Troubleshooting
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ There is quite a high probability that you run into some problems. For
+testing whether the driver works, if in doubt, use the jstest utility in
+some of its modes. The most useful modes are "normal" - for the 1.x
+interface, and "old" for the "0.x" interface. You run it by typing:
+
+ jstest --normal /dev/input/js0
+ jstest --old /dev/input/js0
+
+ Additionally you can do a test with the evtest utility:
+
+ evtest /dev/input/event0
+
+ Oh, and read the FAQ! :)
+
+5. FAQ
+~~~~~~
+Q: Running 'jstest /dev/js0' results in "File not found" error. What's the
+ cause?
+A: The device files don't exist. Create them (see section 2.2).
+
+Q: Is it possible to connect my old Atari/Commodore/Amiga/console joystick
+ or pad that uses a 9-pin D-type cannon connector to the serial port of my
+ PC?
+A: Yes, it is possible, but it'll burn your serial port or the pad. It
+ won't work, of course.
+
+Q: My joystick doesn't work with Quake / Quake 2. What's the cause?
+A: Quake / Quake 2 don't support joystick. Use joy2key to simulate keypresses
+ for them.
+
+6. Programming Interface
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The 1.0 driver uses a new, event based approach to the joystick driver.
+Instead of the user program polling for the joystick values, the joystick
+driver now reports only any changes of its state. See joystick-api.txt,
+joystick.h and jstest.c included in the joystick package for more
+information. The joystick device can be used in either blocking or
+nonblocking mode and supports select() calls.
+
+ For backward compatibility the old (v0.x) interface is still included.
+Any call to the joystick driver using the old interface will return values
+that are compatible to the old interface. This interface is still limited
+to 2 axes, and applications using it usually decode only 2 buttons, although
+the driver provides up to 32.
diff --git a/Documentation/input/shape.fig b/Documentation/input/shape.fig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c22bff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/shape.fig
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#FIG 3.2
+Landscape
+Center
+Inches
+Letter
+100.00
+Single
+-2
+1200 2
+2 1 0 2 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 6
+ 4200 3600 4200 3075 4950 2325 7425 2325 8250 3150 8250 3600
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 4200 3675 4200 5400
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 8250 3675 8250 5400
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 3675 3600 8700 3600
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 8775 3600 10200 3600
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 8325 3150 9075 3150
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 7500 2325 10200 2325
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 3600 3600 3000 3600
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 4125 3075 3000 3075
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 1 1 2
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 4200 5400 8175 5400
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 1 1 2
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 10125 2325 10125 3600
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 1 1 2
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 3000 3150 3000 3600
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 1 1 2
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 9075 3150 9075 3600
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 4950 2325 4950 1200
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2
+ 7425 2325 7425 1200
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 4
+ 4200 3075 4200 2400 3600 1800 3600 1200
+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 4
+ 8250 3150 8250 2475 8775 1950 8775 1200
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 1 1 2
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 3600 1275 4950 1275
+2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 1 1 2
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 0 0 1.00 60.00 120.00
+ 7425 1275 8700 1275
+4 1 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1140 6075 5325 Effect duration\001
+4 0 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 180 1305 10200 3000 Effect magnitude\001
+4 0 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 135 780 9150 3450 Fade level\001
+4 1 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 180 1035 4275 1200 Attack length\001
+4 1 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 180 885 8175 1200 Fade length\001
+4 2 0 50 0 0 12 0.0000 4 135 930 2925 3375 Attack level\001
diff --git a/Documentation/input/xpad.txt b/Documentation/input/xpad.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9111a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/input/xpad.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+xpad - Linux USB driver for X-Box gamepads
+
+This is the very first release of a driver for X-Box gamepads.
+Basically, this was hacked away in just a few hours, so don't expect
+miracles.
+In particular, there is currently NO support for the rumble pack.
+You won't find many ff-aware linux applications anyway.
+
+
+0. Status
+---------
+
+For now, this driver has only been tested on just one Linux-Box.
+This one is running a 2.4.18 kernel with usb-uhci on an amd athlon 600.
+
+The jstest-program from joystick-1.2.15 (jstest-version 2.1.0) reports
+8 axes and 10 buttons.
+
+Alls 8 axes work, though they all have the same range (-32768..32767)
+and the zero-setting is not correct for the triggers (I don't know if that
+is some limitation of jstest, since the input device setup should be fine. I
+didn't have a look at jstest itself yet).
+
+All of the 10 buttons work (in digital mode). The six buttons on the
+right side (A, B, X, Y, black, white) are said to be "analog" and
+report their values as 8 bit unsigned, not sure what this is good for.
+
+I tested the controller with quake3, and configuration and
+in game functionality were OK. However, I find it rather difficult to
+play first person shooters with a pad. Your mileage may vary.
+
+
+1. USB adapter
+--------------
+
+Before you can actually use the driver, you need to get yourself an
+adapter cable to connect the X-Box controller to your Linux-Box.
+
+Such a cable is pretty easy to build. The Controller itself is a USB compound
+device (a hub with three ports for two expansion slots and the controller
+device) with the only difference in a nonstandard connector (5 pins vs. 4 on
+standard USB connector).
+
+You just need to solder a USB connector onto the cable and keep the
+yellow wire unconnected. The other pins have the same order on both
+connectors so there is no magic to it. Detailed info on these matters
+can be found on the net ([1], [2], [3]).
+
+Thanks to the trip splitter found on the cable you don't even need to cut the
+original one. You can buy an extension cable and cut that instead. That way,
+you can still use the controller with your X-Box, if you have one ;)
+
+
+2. driver installation
+----------------------
+
+Once you have the adapter cable and the controller is connected, you need
+to load your USB subsystem and should cat /proc/bus/usb/devices.
+There should be an entry like the one at the end [4].
+
+Currently (as of version 0.0.4), the following three devices are included:
+ original Microsoft XBOX controller (US), vendor=0x045e, product=0x0202
+ original Microsoft XBOX controller (Japan), vendor=0x045e, product=0x0285
+ InterAct PowerPad Pro (Germany), vendor=0x05fd, product=0x107a
+
+If you have another controller that is not listed above and is not recognized
+by the driver, please drop me a line with the appropriate info (that is, include
+the name, vendor and product ID, as well as the country where you bought it;
+sending the whole dump out of /proc/bus/usb/devices along would be even better).
+
+In theory, the driver should work with other controllers than mine
+(InterAct PowerPad pro, bought in Germany) just fine, but I cannot test this
+for I only have this one controller.
+
+If you compiled and installed the driver, test the functionality:
+> modprobe xpad
+> modprobe joydev
+> jstest /dev/js0
+
+There should be a single line showing 18 inputs (8 axes, 10 buttons), and
+it's values should change if you move the sticks and push the buttons.
+
+It works? Voila, your done ;)
+
+
+3. Thanks
+---------
+
+I have to thank ITO Takayuki for the detailed info on his site
+ http://euc.jp/periphs/xbox-controller.ja.html.
+
+His useful info and both the usb-skeleton as well as the iforce input driver
+(Greg Kroah-Hartmann; Vojtech Pavlik) helped a lot in rapid prototyping
+the basic functionality.
+
+
+4. References
+-------------
+
+1. http://euc.jp/periphs/xbox-controller.ja.html (ITO Takayuki)
+2. http://xpad.xbox-scene.com/
+3. http://www.xboxhackz.com/Hackz-Reference.htm
+
+4. /proc/bus/usb/devices - dump from InterAct PowerPad Pro (Germany):
+
+T: Bus=01 Lev=03 Prnt=04 Port=00 Cnt=01 Dev#= 5 Spd=12 MxCh= 0
+D: Ver= 1.10 Cls=00(>ifc ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS=32 #Cfgs= 1
+P: Vendor=05fd ProdID=107a Rev= 1.00
+C:* #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=80 MxPwr=100mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 2 Cls=58(unk. ) Sub=42 Prot=00 Driver=(none)
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 32 Ivl= 10ms
+E: Ad=02(O) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 32 Ivl= 10ms
+
+--
+Marko Friedemann <mfr@bmx-chemnitz.de>
+2002-07-16
diff --git a/Documentation/io_ordering.txt b/Documentation/io_ordering.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9faae6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/io_ordering.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+On some platforms, so-called memory-mapped I/O is weakly ordered. On such
+platforms, driver writers are responsible for ensuring that I/O writes to
+memory-mapped addresses on their device arrive in the order intended. This is
+typically done by reading a 'safe' device or bridge register, causing the I/O
+chipset to flush pending writes to the device before any reads are posted. A
+driver would usually use this technique immediately prior to the exit of a
+critical section of code protected by spinlocks. This would ensure that
+subsequent writes to I/O space arrived only after all prior writes (much like a
+memory barrier op, mb(), only with respect to I/O).
+
+A more concrete example from a hypothetical device driver:
+
+ ...
+CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
+CPU A: val = readl(my_status);
+CPU A: ...
+CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr);
+CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
+ ...
+CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
+CPU B: val = readl(my_status);
+CPU B: ...
+CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
+CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
+ ...
+
+In the case above, the device may receive newval2 before it receives newval,
+which could cause problems. Fixing it is easy enough though:
+
+ ...
+CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
+CPU A: val = readl(my_status);
+CPU A: ...
+CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr);
+CPU A: (void)readl(safe_register); /* maybe a config register? */
+CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
+ ...
+CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
+CPU B: val = readl(my_status);
+CPU B: ...
+CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
+CPU B: (void)readl(safe_register); /* maybe a config register? */
+CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
+
+Here, the reads from safe_register will cause the I/O chipset to flush any
+pending writes before actually posting the read to the chipset, preventing
+possible data corruption.
diff --git a/Documentation/ioctl-number.txt b/Documentation/ioctl-number.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..769f925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ioctl-number.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+Ioctl Numbers
+19 October 1999
+Michael Elizabeth Chastain
+<mec@shout.net>
+
+If you are adding new ioctl's to the kernel, you should use the _IO
+macros defined in <linux/ioctl.h>:
+
+ _IO an ioctl with no parameters
+ _IOW an ioctl with write parameters (copy_from_user)
+ _IOR an ioctl with read parameters (copy_to_user)
+ _IOWR an ioctl with both write and read parameters.
+
+'Write' and 'read' are from the user's point of view, just like the
+system calls 'write' and 'read'. For example, a SET_FOO ioctl would
+be _IOW, although the kernel would actually read data from user space;
+a GET_FOO ioctl would be _IOR, although the kernel would actually write
+data to user space.
+
+The first argument to _IO, _IOW, _IOR, or _IOWR is an identifying letter
+or number from the table below. Because of the large number of drivers,
+many drivers share a partial letter with other drivers.
+
+If you are writing a driver for a new device and need a letter, pick an
+unused block with enough room for expansion: 32 to 256 ioctl commands.
+You can register the block by patching this file and submitting the
+patch to Linus Torvalds. Or you can e-mail me at <mec@shout.net> and
+I'll register one for you.
+
+The second argument to _IO, _IOW, _IOR, or _IOWR is a sequence number
+to distinguish ioctls from each other. The third argument to _IOW,
+_IOR, or _IOWR is the type of the data going into the kernel or coming
+out of the kernel (e.g. 'int' or 'struct foo'). NOTE! Do NOT use
+sizeof(arg) as the third argument as this results in your ioctl thinking
+it passes an argument of type size_t.
+
+Some devices use their major number as the identifier; this is OK, as
+long as it is unique. Some devices are irregular and don't follow any
+convention at all.
+
+Following this convention is good because:
+
+(1) Keeping the ioctl's globally unique helps error checking:
+ if a program calls an ioctl on the wrong device, it will get an
+ error rather than some unexpected behaviour.
+
+(2) The 'strace' build procedure automatically finds ioctl numbers
+ defined with _IO, _IOW, _IOR, or _IOWR.
+
+(3) 'strace' can decode numbers back into useful names when the
+ numbers are unique.
+
+(4) People looking for ioctls can grep for them more easily when
+ this convention is used to define the ioctl numbers.
+
+(5) When following the convention, the driver code can use generic
+ code to copy the parameters between user and kernel space.
+
+This table lists ioctls visible from user land for Linux/i386. It contains
+most drivers up to 2.3.14, but I know I am missing some.
+
+Code Seq# Include File Comments
+========================================================
+0x00 00-1F linux/fs.h conflict!
+0x00 00-1F scsi/scsi_ioctl.h conflict!
+0x00 00-1F linux/fb.h conflict!
+0x00 00-1F linux/wavefront.h conflict!
+0x02 all linux/fd.h
+0x03 all linux/hdreg.h
+0x04 all linux/umsdos_fs.h
+0x06 all linux/lp.h
+0x09 all linux/md.h
+0x12 all linux/fs.h
+ linux/blkpg.h
+0x1b all InfiniBand Subsystem <http://www.openib.org/>
+0x20 all drivers/cdrom/cm206.h
+0x22 all scsi/sg.h
+'#' 00-3F IEEE 1394 Subsystem Block for the entire subsystem
+'1' 00-1F <linux/timepps.h> PPS kit from Ulrich Windl
+ <ftp://ftp.de.kernel.org/pub/linux/daemons/ntp/PPS/>
+'6' 00-10 <asm-i386/processor.h> Intel IA32 microcode update driver
+ <mailto:tigran@veritas.com>
+'8' all SNP8023 advanced NIC card
+ <mailto:mcr@solidum.com>
+'A' 00-1F linux/apm_bios.h
+'B' C0-FF advanced bbus
+ <mailto:maassen@uni-freiburg.de>
+'C' all linux/soundcard.h
+'D' all asm-s390/dasd.h
+'F' all linux/fb.h
+'I' all linux/isdn.h
+'J' 00-1F drivers/scsi/gdth_ioctl.h
+'K' all linux/kd.h
+'L' 00-1F linux/loop.h
+'L' E0-FF linux/ppdd.h encrypted disk device driver
+ <http://linux01.gwdg.de/~alatham/ppdd.html>
+'M' all linux/soundcard.h conflict!
+'M' 00-1F linux/isicom.h conflict!
+'N' 00-1F drivers/usb/scanner.h
+'P' all linux/soundcard.h
+'Q' all linux/soundcard.h
+'R' 00-1F linux/random.h
+'S' all linux/cdrom.h conflict!
+'S' 80-81 scsi/scsi_ioctl.h conflict!
+'S' 82-FF scsi/scsi.h conflict!
+'T' all linux/soundcard.h conflict!
+'T' all asm-i386/ioctls.h conflict!
+'U' 00-EF linux/drivers/usb/usb.h
+'U' F0-FF drivers/usb/auerswald.c
+'V' all linux/vt.h
+'W' 00-1F linux/watchdog.h conflict!
+'W' 00-1F linux/wanrouter.h conflict!
+'X' all linux/xfs_fs.h
+'Y' all linux/cyclades.h
+'a' all ATM on linux
+ <http://lrcwww.epfl.ch/linux-atm/magic.html>
+'b' 00-FF bit3 vme host bridge
+ <mailto:natalia@nikhefk.nikhef.nl>
+'c' 00-7F linux/comstats.h conflict!
+'c' 00-7F linux/coda.h conflict!
+'d' 00-FF linux/char/drm/drm/h conflict!
+'d' 00-1F linux/devfs_fs.h conflict!
+'d' 00-DF linux/video_decoder.h conflict!
+'d' F0-FF linux/digi1.h
+'e' all linux/digi1.h conflict!
+'e' 00-1F linux/video_encoder.h conflict!
+'e' 00-1F net/irda/irtty.h conflict!
+'f' 00-1F linux/ext2_fs.h
+'h' 00-7F Charon filesystem
+ <mailto:zapman@interlan.net>
+'i' 00-3F linux/i2o.h
+'j' 00-3F linux/joystick.h
+'k' all asm-sparc/kbio.h
+ asm-sparc64/kbio.h
+'l' 00-3F linux/tcfs_fs.h transparent cryptographic file system
+ <http://mikonos.dia.unisa.it/tcfs>
+'l' 40-7F linux/udf_fs_i.h in development:
+ <http://www.trylinux.com/projects/udf/>
+'m' all linux/mtio.h conflict!
+'m' all linux/soundcard.h conflict!
+'m' all linux/synclink.h conflict!
+'m' 00-1F net/irda/irmod.h conflict!
+'n' 00-7F linux/ncp_fs.h
+'n' E0-FF video/matrox.h matroxfb
+'p' 00-3F linux/mc146818rtc.h
+'p' 40-7F linux/nvram.h
+'p' 80-9F user-space parport
+ <mailto:tim@cyberelk.net>
+'q' 00-1F linux/serio.h
+'q' 80-FF Internet PhoneJACK, Internet LineJACK
+ <http://www.quicknet.net>
+'r' 00-1F linux/msdos_fs.h
+'s' all linux/cdk.h
+'t' 00-7F linux/if_ppp.h
+'t' 80-8F linux/isdn_ppp.h
+'u' 00-1F linux/smb_fs.h
+'v' 00-1F linux/ext2_fs.h conflict!
+'v' all linux/videodev.h conflict!
+'w' all CERN SCI driver
+'y' 00-1F packet based user level communications
+ <mailto:zapman@interlan.net>
+'z' 00-3F CAN bus card
+ <mailto:hdstich@connectu.ulm.circular.de>
+'z' 40-7F CAN bus card
+ <mailto:oe@port.de>
+0x80 00-1F linux/fb.h
+0x81 00-1F linux/videotext.h
+0x89 00-06 asm-i386/sockios.h
+0x89 0B-DF linux/sockios.h
+0x89 E0-EF linux/sockios.h SIOCPROTOPRIVATE range
+0x89 F0-FF linux/sockios.h SIOCDEVPRIVATE range
+0x8B all linux/wireless.h
+0x8C 00-3F WiNRADiO driver
+ <http://www.proximity.com.au/~brian/winradio/>
+0x90 00 drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.h
+0x93 60-7F linux/auto_fs.h
+0x99 00-0F 537-Addinboard driver
+ <mailto:buk@buks.ipn.de>
+0xA0 all linux/sdp/sdp.h Industrial Device Project
+ <mailto:kenji@bitgate.com>
+0xA3 80-8F Port ACL in development:
+ <mailto:tlewis@mindspring.com>
+0xA3 90-9F linux/dtlk.h
+0xAB 00-1F linux/nbd.h
+0xAC 00-1F linux/raw.h
+0xAD 00 Netfilter device in development:
+ <mailto:rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
+0xB0 all RATIO devices in development:
+ <mailto:vgo@ratio.de>
+0xB1 00-1F PPPoX <mailto:mostrows@styx.uwaterloo.ca>
+0xCB 00-1F CBM serial IEC bus in development:
+ <mailto:michael.klein@puffin.lb.shuttle.de>
+0xDD 00-3F ZFCP device driver see drivers/s390/scsi/
+ <mailto:aherrman@de.ibm.com>
+0xF3 00-3F video/sisfb.h sisfb (in development)
+ <mailto:thomas@winischhofer.net>
diff --git a/Documentation/ioctl/cdrom.txt b/Documentation/ioctl/cdrom.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ccdcc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ioctl/cdrom.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,966 @@
+ Summary of CDROM ioctl calls.
+ ============================
+
+ Edward A. Falk <efalk@google.com>
+
+ November, 2004
+
+This document attempts to describe the ioctl(2) calls supported by
+the CDROM layer. These are by-and-large implemented (as of Linux 2.6)
+in drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c and drivers/block/scsi_ioctl.c
+
+ioctl values are listed in <linux/cdrom.h>. As of this writing, they
+are as follows:
+
+ CDROMPAUSE Pause Audio Operation
+ CDROMRESUME Resume paused Audio Operation
+ CDROMPLAYMSF Play Audio MSF (struct cdrom_msf)
+ CDROMPLAYTRKIND Play Audio Track/index (struct cdrom_ti)
+ CDROMREADTOCHDR Read TOC header (struct cdrom_tochdr)
+ CDROMREADTOCENTRY Read TOC entry (struct cdrom_tocentry)
+ CDROMSTOP Stop the cdrom drive
+ CDROMSTART Start the cdrom drive
+ CDROMEJECT Ejects the cdrom media
+ CDROMVOLCTRL Control output volume (struct cdrom_volctrl)
+ CDROMSUBCHNL Read subchannel data (struct cdrom_subchnl)
+ CDROMREADMODE2 Read CDROM mode 2 data (2336 Bytes)
+ (struct cdrom_read)
+ CDROMREADMODE1 Read CDROM mode 1 data (2048 Bytes)
+ (struct cdrom_read)
+ CDROMREADAUDIO (struct cdrom_read_audio)
+ CDROMEJECT_SW enable(1)/disable(0) auto-ejecting
+ CDROMMULTISESSION Obtain the start-of-last-session
+ address of multi session disks
+ (struct cdrom_multisession)
+ CDROM_GET_MCN Obtain the "Universal Product Code"
+ if available (struct cdrom_mcn)
+ CDROM_GET_UPC Deprecated, use CDROM_GET_MCN instead.
+ CDROMRESET hard-reset the drive
+ CDROMVOLREAD Get the drive's volume setting
+ (struct cdrom_volctrl)
+ CDROMREADRAW read data in raw mode (2352 Bytes)
+ (struct cdrom_read)
+ CDROMREADCOOKED read data in cooked mode
+ CDROMSEEK seek msf address
+ CDROMPLAYBLK scsi-cd only, (struct cdrom_blk)
+ CDROMREADALL read all 2646 bytes
+ CDROMGETSPINDOWN return 4-bit spindown value
+ CDROMSETSPINDOWN set 4-bit spindown value
+ CDROMCLOSETRAY pendant of CDROMEJECT
+ CDROM_SET_OPTIONS Set behavior options
+ CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS Clear behavior options
+ CDROM_SELECT_SPEED Set the CD-ROM speed
+ CDROM_SELECT_DISC Select disc (for juke-boxes)
+ CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED Check is media changed
+ CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS Get tray position, etc.
+ CDROM_DISC_STATUS Get disc type, etc.
+ CDROM_CHANGER_NSLOTS Get number of slots
+ CDROM_LOCKDOOR lock or unlock door
+ CDROM_DEBUG Turn debug messages on/off
+ CDROM_GET_CAPABILITY get capabilities
+ CDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ set the audio buffer size
+ DVD_READ_STRUCT Read structure
+ DVD_WRITE_STRUCT Write structure
+ DVD_AUTH Authentication
+ CDROM_SEND_PACKET send a packet to the drive
+ CDROM_NEXT_WRITABLE get next writable block
+ CDROM_LAST_WRITTEN get last block written on disc
+
+
+The information that follows was determined from reading kernel source
+code. It is likely that some corrections will be made over time.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+General:
+
+ Unless otherwise specified, all ioctl calls return 0 on success
+ and -1 with errno set to an appropriate value on error. (Some
+ ioctls return non-negative data values.)
+
+ Unless otherwise specified, all ioctl calls return -1 and set
+ errno to EFAULT on a failed attempt to copy data to or from user
+ address space.
+
+ Individual drivers may return error codes not listed here.
+
+ Unless otherwise specified, all data structures and constants
+ are defined in <linux/cdrom.h>
+
+
+
+
+CDROMPAUSE Pause Audio Operation
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMPAUSE, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+
+
+CDROMRESUME Resume paused Audio Operation
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMRESUME, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+
+
+CDROMPLAYMSF Play Audio MSF (struct cdrom_msf)
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_msf msf;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMPLAYMSF, &msf);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_msf structure, describing a segment of music to play
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+
+ notes:
+ MSF stands for minutes-seconds-frames
+ LBA stands for logical block address
+
+ Segment is described as start and end times, where each time
+ is described as minutes:seconds:frames. A frame is 1/75 of
+ a second.
+
+
+CDROMPLAYTRKIND Play Audio Track/index (struct cdrom_ti)
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_ti ti;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMPLAYTRKIND, &ti);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_ti structure, describing a segment of music to play
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+
+ notes:
+ Segment is described as start and end times, where each time
+ is described as a track and an index.
+
+
+
+CDROMREADTOCHDR Read TOC header (struct cdrom_tochdr)
+
+ usage:
+
+ cdrom_tochdr header;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMREADTOCHDR, &header);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_tochdr structure
+
+ outputs:
+ cdrom_tochdr structure
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+
+
+
+CDROMREADTOCENTRY Read TOC entry (struct cdrom_tocentry)
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_tocentry entry;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMREADTOCENTRY, &entry);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_tocentry structure
+
+ outputs:
+ cdrom_tocentry structure
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+ EINVAL entry.cdte_format not CDROM_MSF or CDROM_LBA
+ EINVAL requested track out of bounds
+ EIO I/O error reading TOC
+
+ notes:
+ TOC stands for Table Of Contents
+ MSF stands for minutes-seconds-frames
+ LBA stands for logical block address
+
+
+
+CDROMSTOP Stop the cdrom drive
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMSTOP, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+
+ notes:
+ Exact interpretation of this ioctl depends on the device,
+ but most seem to spin the drive down.
+
+
+CDROMSTART Start the cdrom drive
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMSTART, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+
+ notes:
+ Exact interpretation of this ioctl depends on the device,
+ but most seem to spin the drive up and/or close the tray.
+ Other devices ignore the ioctl completely.
+
+
+CDROMEJECT Ejects the cdrom media
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMEJECT, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error returns:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not capable of ejecting
+ EBUSY other processes are accessing drive, or door is locked
+
+ notes:
+ See CDROM_LOCKDOOR, below.
+
+
+
+CDROMCLOSETRAY pendant of CDROMEJECT
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMEJECT, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error returns:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not capable of ejecting
+ EBUSY other processes are accessing drive, or door is locked
+
+ notes:
+ See CDROM_LOCKDOOR, below.
+
+
+
+CDROMVOLCTRL Control output volume (struct cdrom_volctrl)
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_volctrl volume;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMVOLCTRL, &volume);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_volctrl structure containing volumes for up to 4
+ channels.
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+
+
+
+CDROMVOLREAD Get the drive's volume setting
+ (struct cdrom_volctrl)
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_volctrl volume;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMVOLREAD, &volume);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The current volume settings.
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+
+
+
+CDROMSUBCHNL Read subchannel data (struct cdrom_subchnl)
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_subchnl q;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMSUBCHNL, &q);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_subchnl structure
+
+ outputs:
+ cdrom_subchnl structure
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS cd drive not audio-capable.
+ EINVAL format not CDROM_MSF or CDROM_LBA
+
+ notes:
+ Format is converted to CDROM_MSF on return
+
+
+
+CDROMREADRAW read data in raw mode (2352 Bytes)
+ (struct cdrom_read)
+
+ usage:
+
+ union {
+ struct cdrom_msf msf; /* input */
+ char buffer[CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW]; /* return */
+ } arg;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMREADRAW, &arg);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_msf structure indicating an address to read.
+ Only the start values are significant.
+
+ outputs:
+ Data written to address provided by user.
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL address less than 0, or msf less than 0:2:0
+ ENOMEM out of memory
+
+ notes:
+ As of 2.6.8.1, comments in <linux/cdrom.h> indicate that this
+ ioctl accepts a cdrom_read structure, but actual source code
+ reads a cdrom_msf structure and writes a buffer of data to
+ the same address.
+
+ MSF values are converted to LBA values via this formula:
+
+ lba = (((m * CD_SECS) + s) * CD_FRAMES + f) - CD_MSF_OFFSET;
+
+
+
+
+CDROMREADMODE1 Read CDROM mode 1 data (2048 Bytes)
+ (struct cdrom_read)
+
+ notes:
+ Identical to CDROMREADRAW except that block size is
+ CD_FRAMESIZE (2048) bytes
+
+
+
+CDROMREADMODE2 Read CDROM mode 2 data (2336 Bytes)
+ (struct cdrom_read)
+
+ notes:
+ Identical to CDROMREADRAW except that block size is
+ CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW0 (2336) bytes
+
+
+
+CDROMREADAUDIO (struct cdrom_read_audio)
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_read_audio ra;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMREADAUDIO, &ra);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_read_audio structure containing read start
+ point and length
+
+ outputs:
+ audio data, returned to buffer indicated by ra
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL format not CDROM_MSF or CDROM_LBA
+ EINVAL nframes not in range [1 75]
+ ENXIO drive has no queue (probably means invalid fd)
+ ENOMEM out of memory
+
+
+CDROMEJECT_SW enable(1)/disable(0) auto-ejecting
+
+ usage:
+
+ int val;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMEJECT_SW, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ Flag specifying auto-eject flag.
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS Drive is not capable of ejecting.
+ EBUSY Door is locked
+
+
+
+
+CDROMMULTISESSION Obtain the start-of-last-session
+ address of multi session disks
+ (struct cdrom_multisession)
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_multisession ms_info;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMMULTISESSION, &ms_info);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_multisession structure containing desired
+ format.
+
+ outputs:
+ cdrom_multisession structure is filled with last_session
+ information.
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL format not CDROM_MSF or CDROM_LBA
+
+
+CDROM_GET_MCN Obtain the "Universal Product Code"
+ if available (struct cdrom_mcn)
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_mcn mcn;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_GET_MCN, &mcn);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ Universal Product Code
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS Drive is not capable of reading MCN data.
+
+ notes:
+ Source code comments state:
+
+ The following function is implemented, although very few
+ audio discs give Universal Product Code information, which
+ should just be the Medium Catalog Number on the box. Note,
+ that the way the code is written on the CD is /not/ uniform
+ across all discs!
+
+
+
+
+CDROM_GET_UPC CDROM_GET_MCN (deprecated)
+
+ Not implemented, as of 2.6.8.1
+
+
+
+CDROMRESET hard-reset the drive
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMRESET, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ ENOSYS Drive is not capable of resetting.
+
+
+
+
+CDROMREADCOOKED read data in cooked mode
+
+ usage:
+
+ u8 buffer[CD_FRAMESIZE]
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMREADCOOKED, buffer);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ 2048 bytes of data, "cooked" mode.
+
+ notes:
+ Not implemented on all drives.
+
+
+
+
+CDROMREADALL read all 2646 bytes
+
+ Same as CDROMREADCOOKED, but reads 2646 bytes.
+
+
+
+CDROMSEEK seek msf address
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_msf msf;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMSEEK, &msf);
+
+ inputs:
+ MSF address to seek to.
+
+ outputs: none
+
+
+
+CDROMPLAYBLK scsi-cd only, (struct cdrom_blk)
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_blk blk;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMPLAYBLK, &blk);
+
+ inputs:
+ Region to play
+
+ outputs: none
+
+
+
+CDROMGETSPINDOWN
+
+ usage:
+
+ char spindown;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMGETSPINDOWN, &spindown);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the current 4-bit spindown value.
+
+
+
+
+CDROMSETSPINDOWN
+
+ usage:
+
+ char spindown
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMSETSPINDOWN, &spindown);
+
+ inputs:
+ 4-bit value used to control spindown (TODO: more detail here)
+
+ outputs: none
+
+
+
+
+
+CDROM_SET_OPTIONS Set behavior options
+
+ usage:
+
+ int options;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_SET_OPTIONS, options);
+
+ inputs:
+ New values for drive options. The logical 'or' of:
+ CDO_AUTO_CLOSE close tray on first open(2)
+ CDO_AUTO_EJECT open tray on last release
+ CDO_USE_FFLAGS use O_NONBLOCK information on open
+ CDO_LOCK lock tray on open files
+ CDO_CHECK_TYPE check type on open for data
+
+ outputs:
+ Returns the resulting options settings in the
+ ioctl return value. Returns -1 on error.
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS selected option(s) not supported by drive.
+
+
+
+
+CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS Clear behavior options
+
+ Same as CDROM_SET_OPTIONS, except that selected options are
+ turned off.
+
+
+
+CDROM_SELECT_SPEED Set the CD-ROM speed
+
+ usage:
+
+ int speed;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_SELECT_SPEED, speed);
+
+ inputs:
+ New drive speed.
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS speed selection not supported by drive.
+
+
+
+CDROM_SELECT_DISC Select disc (for juke-boxes)
+
+ usage:
+
+ int disk;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_SELECT_DISC, disk);
+
+ inputs:
+ Disk to load into drive.
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL Disk number beyond capacity of drive
+
+
+
+CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED Check is media changed
+
+ usage:
+
+ int slot;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED, slot);
+
+ inputs:
+ Slot number to be tested, always zero except for jukeboxes.
+ May also be special values CDSL_NONE or CDSL_CURRENT
+
+ outputs:
+ Ioctl return value is 0 or 1 depending on whether the media
+ has been changed, or -1 on error.
+
+ error returns:
+ ENOSYS Drive can't detect media change
+ EINVAL Slot number beyond capacity of drive
+ ENOMEM Out of memory
+
+
+
+CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS Get tray position, etc.
+
+ usage:
+
+ int slot;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS, slot);
+
+ inputs:
+ Slot number to be tested, always zero except for jukeboxes.
+ May also be special values CDSL_NONE or CDSL_CURRENT
+
+ outputs:
+ Ioctl return value will be one of the following values
+ from <linux/cdrom.h>:
+
+ CDS_NO_INFO Information not available.
+ CDS_NO_DISC
+ CDS_TRAY_OPEN
+ CDS_DRIVE_NOT_READY
+ CDS_DISC_OK
+ -1 error
+
+ error returns:
+ ENOSYS Drive can't detect drive status
+ EINVAL Slot number beyond capacity of drive
+ ENOMEM Out of memory
+
+
+
+
+CDROM_DISC_STATUS Get disc type, etc.
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_DISC_STATUS, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ Ioctl return value will be one of the following values
+ from <linux/cdrom.h>:
+ CDS_NO_INFO
+ CDS_AUDIO
+ CDS_MIXED
+ CDS_XA_2_2
+ CDS_XA_2_1
+ CDS_DATA_1
+
+ error returns: none at present
+
+ notes:
+ Source code comments state:
+
+ Ok, this is where problems start. The current interface for
+ the CDROM_DISC_STATUS ioctl is flawed. It makes the false
+ assumption that CDs are all CDS_DATA_1 or all CDS_AUDIO, etc.
+ Unfortunatly, while this is often the case, it is also
+ very common for CDs to have some tracks with data, and some
+ tracks with audio. Just because I feel like it, I declare
+ the following to be the best way to cope. If the CD has
+ ANY data tracks on it, it will be returned as a data CD.
+ If it has any XA tracks, I will return it as that. Now I
+ could simplify this interface by combining these returns with
+ the above, but this more clearly demonstrates the problem
+ with the current interface. Too bad this wasn't designed
+ to use bitmasks... -Erik
+
+ Well, now we have the option CDS_MIXED: a mixed-type CD.
+ User level programmers might feel the ioctl is not very
+ useful.
+ ---david
+
+
+
+
+CDROM_CHANGER_NSLOTS Get number of slots
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_CHANGER_NSLOTS, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The ioctl return value will be the number of slots in a
+ CD changer. Typically 1 for non-multi-disk devices.
+
+ error returns: none
+
+
+
+CDROM_LOCKDOOR lock or unlock door
+
+ usage:
+
+ int lock;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_LOCKDOOR, lock);
+
+ inputs:
+ Door lock flag, 1=lock, 0=unlock
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error returns:
+ EDRIVE_CANT_DO_THIS Door lock function not supported.
+ EBUSY Attempt to unlock when multiple users
+ have the drive open and not CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+
+ notes:
+ As of 2.6.8.1, the lock flag is a global lock, meaning that
+ all CD drives will be locked or unlocked together. This is
+ probably a bug.
+
+ The EDRIVE_CANT_DO_THIS value is defined in <linux/cdrom.h>
+ and is currently (2.6.8.1) the same as EOPNOTSUPP
+
+
+
+CDROM_DEBUG Turn debug messages on/off
+
+ usage:
+
+ int debug;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_DEBUG, debug);
+
+ inputs:
+ Cdrom debug flag, 0=disable, 1=enable
+
+ outputs:
+ The ioctl return value will be the new debug flag.
+
+ error return:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+
+
+
+CDROM_GET_CAPABILITY get capabilities
+
+ usage:
+
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_GET_CAPABILITY, 0);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The ioctl return value is the current device capability
+ flags. See CDC_CLOSE_TRAY, CDC_OPEN_TRAY, etc.
+
+
+
+CDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ set the audio buffer size
+
+ usage:
+
+ int arg;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New audio buffer size
+
+ outputs:
+ The ioctl return value is the new audio buffer size, or -1
+ on error.
+
+ error return:
+ ENOSYS Not supported by this driver.
+
+ notes:
+ Not supported by all drivers.
+
+
+
+DVD_READ_STRUCT Read structure
+
+ usage:
+
+ dvd_struct s;
+ ioctl(fd, DVD_READ_STRUCT, &s);
+
+ inputs:
+ dvd_struct structure, containing:
+ type specifies the information desired, one of
+ DVD_STRUCT_PHYSICAL, DVD_STRUCT_COPYRIGHT,
+ DVD_STRUCT_DISCKEY, DVD_STRUCT_BCA,
+ DVD_STRUCT_MANUFACT
+ physical.layer_num desired layer, indexed from 0
+ copyright.layer_num desired layer, indexed from 0
+ disckey.agid
+
+ outputs:
+ dvd_struct structure, containing:
+ physical for type == DVD_STRUCT_PHYSICAL
+ copyright for type == DVD_STRUCT_COPYRIGHT
+ disckey.value for type == DVD_STRUCT_DISCKEY
+ bca.{len,value} for type == DVD_STRUCT_BCA
+ manufact.{len,valu} for type == DVD_STRUCT_MANUFACT
+
+ error returns:
+ EINVAL physical.layer_num exceeds number of layers
+ EIO Recieved invalid response from drive
+
+
+
+DVD_WRITE_STRUCT Write structure
+
+ Not implemented, as of 2.6.8.1
+
+
+
+DVD_AUTH Authentication
+
+ usage:
+
+ dvd_authinfo ai;
+ ioctl(fd, DVD_AUTH, &ai);
+
+ inputs:
+ dvd_authinfo structure. See <linux/cdrom.h>
+
+ outputs:
+ dvd_authinfo structure.
+
+ error return:
+ ENOTTY ai.type not recognized.
+
+
+
+CDROM_SEND_PACKET send a packet to the drive
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct cdrom_generic_command cgc;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_SEND_PACKET, &cgc);
+
+ inputs:
+ cdrom_generic_command structure containing the packet to send.
+
+ outputs: none
+ cdrom_generic_command structure containing results.
+
+ error return:
+ EIO command failed.
+ EPERM Operation not permitted, either because a
+ write command was attempted on a drive which
+ is opened read-only, or because the command
+ requires CAP_SYS_RAWIO
+ EINVAL cgc.data_direction not set
+
+
+
+CDROM_NEXT_WRITABLE get next writable block
+
+ usage:
+
+ long next;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_NEXT_WRITABLE, &next);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The next writable block.
+
+ notes:
+ If the device does not support this ioctl directly, the
+ ioctl will return CDROM_LAST_WRITTEN + 7.
+
+
+
+CDROM_LAST_WRITTEN get last block written on disc
+
+ usage:
+
+ long last;
+ ioctl(fd, CDROM_LAST_WRITTEN, &last);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The last block written on disc
+
+ notes:
+ If the device does not support this ioctl directly, the
+ result is derived from the disc's table of contents. If the
+ table of contents can't be read, this ioctl returns an
+ error.
diff --git a/Documentation/ioctl/hdio.txt b/Documentation/ioctl/hdio.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a7aea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ioctl/hdio.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1070 @@
+ Summary of HDIO_ ioctl calls.
+ ============================
+
+ Edward A. Falk <efalk@google.com>
+
+ November, 2004
+
+This document attempts to describe the ioctl(2) calls supported by
+the HD/IDE layer. These are by-and-large implemented (as of Linux 2.6)
+in drivers/ide/ide.c and drivers/block/scsi_ioctl.c
+
+ioctl values are listed in <linux/hdreg.h>. As of this writing, they
+are as follows:
+
+ ioctls that pass argument pointers to user space:
+
+ HDIO_GETGEO get device geometry
+ HDIO_GET_UNMASKINTR get current unmask setting
+ HDIO_GET_MULTCOUNT get current IDE blockmode setting
+ HDIO_GET_QDMA get use-qdma flag
+ HDIO_SET_XFER set transfer rate via proc
+ HDIO_OBSOLETE_IDENTITY OBSOLETE, DO NOT USE
+ HDIO_GET_KEEPSETTINGS get keep-settings-on-reset flag
+ HDIO_GET_32BIT get current io_32bit setting
+ HDIO_GET_NOWERR get ignore-write-error flag
+ HDIO_GET_DMA get use-dma flag
+ HDIO_GET_NICE get nice flags
+ HDIO_GET_IDENTITY get IDE identification info
+ HDIO_GET_WCACHE get write cache mode on|off
+ HDIO_GET_ACOUSTIC get acoustic value
+ HDIO_GET_ADDRESS get sector addressing mode
+ HDIO_GET_BUSSTATE get the bus state of the hwif
+ HDIO_TRISTATE_HWIF execute a channel tristate
+ HDIO_DRIVE_RESET execute a device reset
+ HDIO_DRIVE_TASKFILE execute raw taskfile
+ HDIO_DRIVE_TASK execute task and special drive command
+ HDIO_DRIVE_CMD execute a special drive command
+ HDIO_DRIVE_CMD_AEB HDIO_DRIVE_TASK
+
+ ioctls that pass non-pointer values:
+
+ HDIO_SET_MULTCOUNT change IDE blockmode
+ HDIO_SET_UNMASKINTR permit other irqs during I/O
+ HDIO_SET_KEEPSETTINGS keep ioctl settings on reset
+ HDIO_SET_32BIT change io_32bit flags
+ HDIO_SET_NOWERR change ignore-write-error flag
+ HDIO_SET_DMA change use-dma flag
+ HDIO_SET_PIO_MODE reconfig interface to new speed
+ HDIO_SCAN_HWIF register and (re)scan interface
+ HDIO_SET_NICE set nice flags
+ HDIO_UNREGISTER_HWIF unregister interface
+ HDIO_SET_WCACHE change write cache enable-disable
+ HDIO_SET_ACOUSTIC change acoustic behavior
+ HDIO_SET_BUSSTATE set the bus state of the hwif
+ HDIO_SET_QDMA change use-qdma flag
+ HDIO_SET_ADDRESS change lba addressing modes
+
+ HDIO_SET_IDE_SCSI Set scsi emulation mode on/off
+ HDIO_SET_SCSI_IDE not implemented yet
+
+
+The information that follows was determined from reading kernel source
+code. It is likely that some corrections will be made over time.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+General:
+
+ Unless otherwise specified, all ioctl calls return 0 on success
+ and -1 with errno set to an appropriate value on error.
+
+ Unless otherwise specified, all ioctl calls return -1 and set
+ errno to EFAULT on a failed attempt to copy data to or from user
+ address space.
+
+ Unless otherwise specified, all data structures and constants
+ are defined in <linux/hdreg.h>
+
+
+
+HDIO_GETGEO get device geometry
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct hd_geometry geom;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GETGEO, &geom);
+
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+
+ hd_geometry structure containing:
+
+ heads number of heads
+ sectors number of sectors/track
+ cylinders number of cylinders, mod 65536
+ start starting sector of this partition.
+
+
+ error returns:
+ EINVAL if the device is not a disk drive or floppy drive,
+ or if the user passes a null pointer
+
+
+ notes:
+
+ Not particularly useful with modern disk drives, whose geometry
+ is a polite fiction anyway. Modern drives are addressed
+ purely by sector number nowadays (lba addressing), and the
+ drive geometry is an abstraction which is actually subject
+ to change. Currently (as of Nov 2004), the geometry values
+ are the "bios" values -- presumably the values the drive had
+ when Linux first booted.
+
+ In addition, the cylinders field of the hd_geometry is an
+ unsigned short, meaning that on most architectures, this
+ ioctl will not return a meaningful value on drives with more
+ than 65535 tracks.
+
+ The start field is unsigned long, meaning that it will not
+ contain a meaningful value for disks over 219 Gb in size.
+
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_UNMASKINTR get current unmask setting
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_UNMASKINTR, &val);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the drive's current unmask setting
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_UNMASKINTR permit other irqs during I/O
+
+ usage:
+
+ unsigned long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_UNMASKINTR, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for unmask flag
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 1]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_MULTCOUNT get current IDE blockmode setting
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_MULTCOUNT, &val);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the current IDE block mode setting. This
+ controls how many sectors the drive will transfer per
+ interrupt.
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_MULTCOUNT change IDE blockmode
+
+ usage:
+
+ int val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_MULTCOUNT, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for IDE block mode setting. This controls how many
+ sectors the drive will transfer per interrupt.
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range supported by disk.
+ EBUSY Controller busy or blockmode already set.
+ EIO Drive did not accept new block mode.
+
+ notes:
+
+ Source code comments read:
+
+ This is tightly woven into the driver->do_special can not
+ touch. DON'T do it again until a total personality rewrite
+ is committed.
+
+ If blockmode has already been set, this ioctl will fail with
+ EBUSY
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_QDMA get use-qdma flag
+
+ Not implemented, as of 2.6.8.1
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_XFER set transfer rate via proc
+
+ Not implemented, as of 2.6.8.1
+
+
+
+HDIO_OBSOLETE_IDENTITY OBSOLETE, DO NOT USE
+
+ Same as HDIO_GET_IDENTITY (see below), except that it only
+ returns the first 142 bytes of drive identity information.
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_IDENTITY get IDE identification info
+
+ usage:
+
+ unsigned char identity[512];
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_IDENTITY, identity);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+
+ ATA drive identity information. For full description, see
+ the IDENTIFY DEVICE and IDENTIFY PACKET DEVICE commands in
+ the ATA specification.
+
+ error returns:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ ENOMSG IDENTIFY DEVICE information not available
+
+ notes:
+
+ Returns information that was obtained when the drive was
+ probed. Some of this information is subject to change, and
+ this ioctl does not re-probe the drive to update the
+ information.
+
+ This information is also available from /proc/ide/hdX/identify
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_KEEPSETTINGS get keep-settings-on-reset flag
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_KEEPSETTINGS, &val);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the current "keep settings" flag
+
+ notes:
+
+ When set, indicates that kernel should restore settings
+ after a drive reset.
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_KEEPSETTINGS keep ioctl settings on reset
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_KEEPSETTINGS, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for keep_settings flag
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 1]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_32BIT get current io_32bit setting
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_32BIT, &val);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the current io_32bit setting
+
+ notes:
+
+ 0=16-bit, 1=32-bit, 2,3 = 32bit+sync
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_NOWERR get ignore-write-error flag
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_NOWERR, &val);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the current ignore-write-error flag
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_DMA get use-dma flag
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_DMA, &val);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the current use-dma flag
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_NICE get nice flags
+
+ usage:
+
+ long nice;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_NICE, &nice);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+
+ The drive's "nice" values.
+
+ notes:
+
+ Per-drive flags which determine when the system will give more
+ bandwidth to other devices sharing the same IDE bus.
+ See <linux/hdreg.h>, near symbol IDE_NICE_DSC_OVERLAP.
+
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_NICE set nice flags
+
+ usage:
+
+ unsigned long nice;
+ ...
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_NICE, nice);
+
+ inputs:
+ bitmask of nice flags.
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error returns:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EPERM Flags other than DSC_OVERLAP and NICE_1 set.
+ EPERM DSC_OVERLAP specified but not supported by drive
+
+ notes:
+
+ This ioctl sets the DSC_OVERLAP and NICE_1 flags from values
+ provided by the user.
+
+ Nice flags are listed in <linux/hdreg.h>, starting with
+ IDE_NICE_DSC_OVERLAP. These values represent shifts.
+
+
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_WCACHE get write cache mode on|off
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_WCACHE, &val);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the current write cache mode
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_ACOUSTIC get acoustic value
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_ACOUSTIC, &val);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the current acoustic settings
+
+ notes:
+
+ See HDIO_SET_ACOUSTIC
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_ADDRESS
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_GET_ADDRESS, &val);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ The value of the current addressing mode:
+ 0 = 28-bit
+ 1 = 48-bit
+ 2 = 48-bit doing 28-bit
+ 3 = 64-bit
+
+
+
+HDIO_GET_BUSSTATE get the bus state of the hwif
+
+ usage:
+
+ long state;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SCAN_HWIF, &state);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs:
+ Current power state of the IDE bus. One of BUSSTATE_OFF,
+ BUSSTATE_ON, or BUSSTATE_TRISTATE
+
+ error returns:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_BUSSTATE set the bus state of the hwif
+
+ usage:
+
+ int state;
+ ...
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SCAN_HWIF, state);
+
+ inputs:
+ Desired IDE power state. One of BUSSTATE_OFF, BUSSTATE_ON,
+ or BUSSTATE_TRISTATE
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error returns:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_RAWIO
+ EOPNOTSUPP Hardware interface does not support bus power control
+
+
+
+
+HDIO_TRISTATE_HWIF execute a channel tristate
+
+ Not implemented, as of 2.6.8.1. See HDIO_SET_BUSSTATE
+
+
+
+HDIO_DRIVE_RESET execute a device reset
+
+ usage:
+
+ int args[3]
+ ...
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_DRIVE_RESET, args);
+
+ inputs: none
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error returns:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+
+ notes:
+
+ Abort any current command, prevent anything else from being
+ queued, execute a reset on the device, and issue BLKRRPART
+ ioctl on the block device.
+
+ Executes an ATAPI soft reset if applicable, otherwise
+ executes an ATA soft reset on the controller.
+
+
+
+HDIO_DRIVE_TASKFILE execute raw taskfile
+
+ Note: If you don't have a copy of the ANSI ATA specification
+ handy, you should probably ignore this ioctl.
+
+ Execute an ATA disk command directly by writing the "taskfile"
+ registers of the drive. Requires ADMIN and RAWIO access
+ privileges.
+
+ usage:
+
+ struct {
+ ide_task_request_t req_task;
+ u8 outbuf[OUTPUT_SIZE];
+ u8 inbuf[INPUT_SIZE];
+ } task;
+ memset(&task.req_task, 0, sizeof(task.req_task));
+ task.req_task.out_size = sizeof(task.outbuf);
+ task.req_task.in_size = sizeof(task.inbuf);
+ ...
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_DRIVE_TASKFILE, &task);
+ ...
+
+ inputs:
+
+ (See below for details on memory area passed to ioctl.)
+
+ io_ports[8] values to be written to taskfile registers
+ hob_ports[8] high-order bytes, for extended commands.
+ out_flags flags indicating which registers are valid
+ in_flags flags indicating which registers should be returned
+ data_phase see below
+ req_cmd command type to be executed
+ out_size size of output buffer
+ outbuf buffer of data to be transmitted to disk
+ inbuf buffer of data to be received from disk (see [1])
+
+ outputs:
+
+ io_ports[] values returned in the taskfile registers
+ hob_ports[] high-order bytes, for extended commands.
+ out_flags flags indicating which registers are valid (see [2])
+ in_flags flags indicating which registers should be returned
+ outbuf buffer of data to be transmitted to disk (see [1])
+ inbuf buffer of data to be received from disk
+
+ error returns:
+ EACCES CAP_SYS_ADMIN or CAP_SYS_RAWIO privilege not set.
+ ENOMSG Device is not a disk drive.
+ ENOMEM Unable to allocate memory for task
+ EFAULT req_cmd == TASKFILE_IN_OUT (not implemented as of 2.6.8)
+ EPERM req_cmd == TASKFILE_MULTI_OUT and drive
+ multi-count not yet set.
+ EIO Drive failed the command.
+
+ notes:
+
+ [1] READ THE FOLLOWING NOTES *CAREFULLY*. THIS IOCTL IS
+ FULL OF GOTCHAS. Extreme caution should be used with using
+ this ioctl. A mistake can easily corrupt data or hang the
+ system.
+
+ [2] Both the input and output buffers are copied from the
+ user and written back to the user, even when not used.
+
+ [3] If one or more bits are set in out_flags and in_flags is
+ zero, the following values are used for in_flags.all and
+ written back into in_flags on completion.
+
+ * IDE_TASKFILE_STD_IN_FLAGS | (IDE_HOB_STD_IN_FLAGS << 8)
+ if LBA48 addressing is enabled for the drive
+ * IDE_TASKFILE_STD_IN_FLAGS
+ if CHS/LBA28
+
+ The association between in_flags.all and each enable
+ bitfield flips depending on endianess; fortunately, TASKFILE
+ only uses inflags.b.data bit and ignores all other bits.
+ The end result is that, on any endian machines, it has no
+ effect other than modifying in_flags on completion.
+
+ [4] The default value of SELECT is (0xa0|DEV_bit|LBA_bit)
+ except for four drives per port chipsets. For four drives
+ per port chipsets, it's (0xa0|DEV_bit|LBA_bit) for the first
+ pair and (0x80|DEV_bit|LBA_bit) for the second pair.
+
+ [5] The argument to the ioctl is a pointer to a region of
+ memory containing a ide_task_request_t structure, followed
+ by an optional buffer of data to be transmitted to the
+ drive, followed by an optional buffer to receive data from
+ the drive.
+
+ Command is passed to the disk drive via the ide_task_request_t
+ structure, which contains these fields:
+
+ io_ports[8] values for the taskfile registers
+ hob_ports[8] high-order bytes, for extended commands
+ out_flags flags indicating which entries in the
+ io_ports[] and hob_ports[] arrays
+ contain valid values. Type ide_reg_valid_t.
+ in_flags flags indicating which entries in the
+ io_ports[] and hob_ports[] arrays
+ are expected to contain valid values
+ on return.
+ data_phase See below
+ req_cmd Command type, see below
+ out_size output (user->drive) buffer size, bytes
+ in_size input (drive->user) buffer size, bytes
+
+ When out_flags is zero, the following registers are loaded.
+
+ HOB_FEATURE If the drive supports LBA48
+ HOB_NSECTOR If the drive supports LBA48
+ HOB_SECTOR If the drive supports LBA48
+ HOB_LCYL If the drive supports LBA48
+ HOB_HCYL If the drive supports LBA48
+ FEATURE
+ NSECTOR
+ SECTOR
+ LCYL
+ HCYL
+ SELECT First, masked with 0xE0 if LBA48, 0xEF
+ otherwise; then, or'ed with the default
+ value of SELECT.
+
+ If any bit in out_flags is set, the following registers are loaded.
+
+ HOB_DATA If out_flags.b.data is set. HOB_DATA will
+ travel on DD8-DD15 on little endian machines
+ and on DD0-DD7 on big endian machines.
+ DATA If out_flags.b.data is set. DATA will
+ travel on DD0-DD7 on little endian machines
+ and on DD8-DD15 on big endian machines.
+ HOB_NSECTOR If out_flags.b.nsector_hob is set
+ HOB_SECTOR If out_flags.b.sector_hob is set
+ HOB_LCYL If out_flags.b.lcyl_hob is set
+ HOB_HCYL If out_flags.b.hcyl_hob is set
+ FEATURE If out_flags.b.feature is set
+ NSECTOR If out_flags.b.nsector is set
+ SECTOR If out_flags.b.sector is set
+ LCYL If out_flags.b.lcyl is set
+ HCYL If out_flags.b.hcyl is set
+ SELECT Or'ed with the default value of SELECT and
+ loaded regardless of out_flags.b.select.
+
+ Taskfile registers are read back from the drive into
+ {io|hob}_ports[] after the command completes iff one of the
+ following conditions is met; otherwise, the original values
+ will be written back, unchanged.
+
+ 1. The drive fails the command (EIO).
+ 2. One or more than one bits are set in out_flags.
+ 3. The requested data_phase is TASKFILE_NO_DATA.
+
+ HOB_DATA If in_flags.b.data is set. It will contain
+ DD8-DD15 on little endian machines and
+ DD0-DD7 on big endian machines.
+ DATA If in_flags.b.data is set. It will contain
+ DD0-DD7 on little endian machines and
+ DD8-DD15 on big endian machines.
+ HOB_FEATURE If the drive supports LBA48
+ HOB_NSECTOR If the drive supports LBA48
+ HOB_SECTOR If the drive supports LBA48
+ HOB_LCYL If the drive supports LBA48
+ HOB_HCYL If the drive supports LBA48
+ NSECTOR
+ SECTOR
+ LCYL
+ HCYL
+
+ The data_phase field describes the data transfer to be
+ performed. Value is one of:
+
+ TASKFILE_IN
+ TASKFILE_MULTI_IN
+ TASKFILE_OUT
+ TASKFILE_MULTI_OUT
+ TASKFILE_IN_OUT
+ TASKFILE_IN_DMA
+ TASKFILE_IN_DMAQ == IN_DMA (queueing not supported)
+ TASKFILE_OUT_DMA
+ TASKFILE_OUT_DMAQ == OUT_DMA (queueing not supported)
+ TASKFILE_P_IN unimplemented
+ TASKFILE_P_IN_DMA unimplemented
+ TASKFILE_P_IN_DMAQ unimplemented
+ TASKFILE_P_OUT unimplemented
+ TASKFILE_P_OUT_DMA unimplemented
+ TASKFILE_P_OUT_DMAQ unimplemented
+
+ The req_cmd field classifies the command type. It may be
+ one of:
+
+ IDE_DRIVE_TASK_NO_DATA
+ IDE_DRIVE_TASK_SET_XFER unimplemented
+ IDE_DRIVE_TASK_IN
+ IDE_DRIVE_TASK_OUT unimplemented
+ IDE_DRIVE_TASK_RAW_WRITE
+
+ [6] Do not access {in|out}_flags->all except for resetting
+ all the bits. Always access individual bit fields. ->all
+ value will flip depending on endianess. For the same
+ reason, do not use IDE_{TASKFILE|HOB}_STD_{OUT|IN}_FLAGS
+ constants defined in hdreg.h.
+
+
+
+HDIO_DRIVE_CMD execute a special drive command
+
+ Note: If you don't have a copy of the ANSI ATA specification
+ handy, you should probably ignore this ioctl.
+
+ usage:
+
+ u8 args[4+XFER_SIZE];
+ ...
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_DRIVE_CMD, args);
+
+ inputs:
+
+ Commands other than WIN_SMART
+ args[0] COMMAND
+ args[1] NSECTOR
+ args[2] FEATURE
+ args[3] NSECTOR
+
+ WIN_SMART
+ args[0] COMMAND
+ args[1] SECTOR
+ args[2] FEATURE
+ args[3] NSECTOR
+
+ outputs:
+
+ args[] buffer is filled with register values followed by any
+ data returned by the disk.
+ args[0] status
+ args[1] error
+ args[2] NSECTOR
+ args[3] undefined
+ args[4+] NSECTOR * 512 bytes of data returned by the command.
+
+ error returns:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_RAWIO
+ ENOMEM Unable to allocate memory for task
+ EIO Drive reports error
+
+ notes:
+
+ [1] For commands other than WIN_SMART, args[1] should equal
+ args[3]. SECTOR, LCYL and HCYL are undefined. For
+ WIN_SMART, 0x4f and 0xc2 are loaded into LCYL and HCYL
+ respectively. In both cases SELECT will contain the default
+ value for the drive. Please refer to HDIO_DRIVE_TASKFILE
+ notes for the default value of SELECT.
+
+ [2] If NSECTOR value is greater than zero and the drive sets
+ DRQ when interrupting for the command, NSECTOR * 512 bytes
+ are read from the device into the area following NSECTOR.
+ In the above example, the area would be
+ args[4..4+XFER_SIZE]. 16bit PIO is used regardless of
+ HDIO_SET_32BIT setting.
+
+ [3] If COMMAND == WIN_SETFEATURES && FEATURE == SETFEATURES_XFER
+ && NSECTOR >= XFER_SW_DMA_0 && the drive supports any DMA
+ mode, IDE driver will try to tune the transfer mode of the
+ drive accordingly.
+
+
+
+HDIO_DRIVE_TASK execute task and special drive command
+
+ Note: If you don't have a copy of the ANSI ATA specification
+ handy, you should probably ignore this ioctl.
+
+ usage:
+
+ u8 args[7];
+ ...
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_DRIVE_TASK, args);
+
+ inputs:
+
+ Taskfile register values:
+ args[0] COMMAND
+ args[1] FEATURE
+ args[2] NSECTOR
+ args[3] SECTOR
+ args[4] LCYL
+ args[5] HCYL
+ args[6] SELECT
+
+ outputs:
+
+ Taskfile register values:
+ args[0] status
+ args[1] error
+ args[2] NSECTOR
+ args[3] SECTOR
+ args[4] LCYL
+ args[5] HCYL
+ args[6] SELECT
+
+ error returns:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_RAWIO
+ ENOMEM Unable to allocate memory for task
+ ENOMSG Device is not a disk drive.
+ EIO Drive failed the command.
+
+ notes:
+
+ [1] DEV bit (0x10) of SELECT register is ignored and the
+ appropriate value for the drive is used. All other bits
+ are used unaltered.
+
+
+
+HDIO_DRIVE_CMD_AEB HDIO_DRIVE_TASK
+
+ Not implemented, as of 2.6.8.1
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_32BIT change io_32bit flags
+
+ usage:
+
+ int val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_32BIT, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for io_32bit flag
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 3]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_NOWERR change ignore-write-error flag
+
+ usage:
+
+ int val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_NOWERR, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for ignore-write-error flag. Used for ignoring
+ WRERR_STAT
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 1]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_DMA change use-dma flag
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_DMA, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for use-dma flag
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 1]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_PIO_MODE reconfig interface to new speed
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_PIO_MODE, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New interface speed.
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 255]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+
+
+
+HDIO_SCAN_HWIF register and (re)scan interface
+
+ usage:
+
+ int args[3]
+ ...
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SCAN_HWIF, args);
+
+ inputs:
+ args[0] io address to probe
+ args[1] control address to probe
+ args[2] irq number
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error returns:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_RAWIO
+ EIO Probe failed.
+
+ notes:
+
+ This ioctl initializes the addresses and irq for a disk
+ controller, probes for drives, and creates /proc/ide
+ interfaces as appropiate.
+
+
+
+HDIO_UNREGISTER_HWIF unregister interface
+
+ usage:
+
+ int index;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_UNREGISTER_HWIF, index);
+
+ inputs:
+ index index of hardware interface to unregister
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error returns:
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_RAWIO
+
+ notes:
+
+ This ioctl removes a hardware interface from the kernel.
+
+ Currently (2.6.8) this ioctl silently fails if any drive on
+ the interface is busy.
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_WCACHE change write cache enable-disable
+
+ usage:
+
+ int val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_WCACHE, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for write cache enable
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 1]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_ACOUSTIC change acoustic behavior
+
+ usage:
+
+ int val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_ACOUSTIC, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for drive acoustic settings
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 254]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_QDMA change use-qdma flag
+
+ Not implemented, as of 2.6.8.1
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_ADDRESS change lba addressing modes
+
+ usage:
+
+ int val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_ADDRESS, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for addressing mode
+ 0 = 28-bit
+ 1 = 48-bit
+ 2 = 48-bit doing 28-bit
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 2]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+ EIO Drive does not support lba48 mode.
+
+
+HDIO_SET_IDE_SCSI
+
+ usage:
+
+ long val;
+ ioctl(fd, HDIO_SET_IDE_SCSI, val);
+
+ inputs:
+ New value for scsi emulation mode (?)
+
+ outputs: none
+
+ error return:
+ EINVAL (bdev != bdev->bd_contains) (not sure what this means)
+ EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+ EINVAL value out of range [0 1]
+ EBUSY Controller busy
+
+
+
+HDIO_SET_SCSI_IDE
+
+ Not implemented, as of 2.6.8.1
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/iostats.txt b/Documentation/iostats.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09a1baf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/iostats.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+I/O statistics fields
+---------------
+
+Last modified Sep 30, 2003
+
+Since 2.4.20 (and some versions before, with patches), and 2.5.45,
+more extensive disk statistics have been introduced to help measure disk
+activity. Tools such as sar and iostat typically interpret these and do
+the work for you, but in case you are interested in creating your own
+tools, the fields are explained here.
+
+In 2.4 now, the information is found as additional fields in
+/proc/partitions. In 2.6, the same information is found in two
+places: one is in the file /proc/diskstats, and the other is within
+the sysfs file system, which must be mounted in order to obtain
+the information. Throughout this document we'll assume that sysfs
+is mounted on /sys, although of course it may be mounted anywhere.
+Both /proc/diskstats and sysfs use the same source for the information
+and so should not differ.
+
+Here are examples of these different formats:
+
+2.4:
+ 3 0 39082680 hda 446216 784926 9550688 4382310 424847 312726 5922052 19310380 0 3376340 23705160
+ 3 1 9221278 hda1 35486 0 35496 38030 0 0 0 0 0 38030 38030
+
+
+2.6 sysfs:
+ 446216 784926 9550688 4382310 424847 312726 5922052 19310380 0 3376340 23705160
+ 35486 38030 38030 38030
+
+2.6 diskstats:
+ 3 0 hda 446216 784926 9550688 4382310 424847 312726 5922052 19310380 0 3376340 23705160
+ 3 1 hda1 35486 38030 38030 38030
+
+On 2.4 you might execute "grep 'hda ' /proc/partitions". On 2.6, you have
+a choice of "cat /sys/block/hda/stat" or "grep 'hda ' /proc/diskstats".
+The advantage of one over the other is that the sysfs choice works well
+if you are watching a known, small set of disks. /proc/diskstats may
+be a better choice if you are watching a large number of disks because
+you'll avoid the overhead of 50, 100, or 500 or more opens/closes with
+each snapshot of your disk statistics.
+
+In 2.4, the statistics fields are those after the device name. In
+the above example, the first field of statistics would be 446216.
+By contrast, in 2.6 if you look at /sys/block/hda/stat, you'll
+find just the eleven fields, beginning with 446216. If you look at
+/proc/diskstats, the eleven fields will be preceded by the major and
+minor device numbers, and device name. Each of these formats provide
+eleven fields of statistics, each meaning exactly the same things.
+All fields except field 9 are cumulative since boot. Field 9 should
+go to zero as I/Os complete; all others only increase. Yes, these are
+32 bit unsigned numbers, and on a very busy or long-lived system they
+may wrap. Applications should be prepared to deal with that; unless
+your observations are measured in large numbers of minutes or hours,
+they should not wrap twice before you notice them.
+
+Each set of stats only applies to the indicated device; if you want
+system-wide stats you'll have to find all the devices and sum them all up.
+
+Field 1 -- # of reads issued
+ This is the total number of reads completed successfully.
+Field 2 -- # of reads merged, field 6 -- # of writes merged
+ Reads and writes which are adjacent to each other may be merged for
+ efficiency. Thus two 4K reads may become one 8K read before it is
+ ultimately handed to the disk, and so it will be counted (and queued)
+ as only one I/O. This field lets you know how often this was done.
+Field 3 -- # of sectors read
+ This is the total number of sectors read successfully.
+Field 4 -- # of milliseconds spent reading
+ This is the total number of milliseconds spent by all reads (as
+ measured from __make_request() to end_that_request_last()).
+Field 5 -- # of writes completed
+ This is the total number of writes completed successfully.
+Field 7 -- # of sectors written
+ This is the total number of sectors written successfully.
+Field 8 -- # of milliseconds spent writing
+ This is the total number of milliseconds spent by all writes (as
+ measured from __make_request() to end_that_request_last()).
+Field 9 -- # of I/Os currently in progress
+ The only field that should go to zero. Incremented as requests are
+ given to appropriate request_queue_t and decremented as they finish.
+Field 10 -- # of milliseconds spent doing I/Os
+ This field is increases so long as field 9 is nonzero.
+Field 11 -- weighted # of milliseconds spent doing I/Os
+ This field is incremented at each I/O start, I/O completion, I/O
+ merge, or read of these stats by the number of I/Os in progress
+ (field 9) times the number of milliseconds spent doing I/O since the
+ last update of this field. This can provide an easy measure of both
+ I/O completion time and the backlog that may be accumulating.
+
+
+To avoid introducing performance bottlenecks, no locks are held while
+modifying these counters. This implies that minor inaccuracies may be
+introduced when changes collide, so (for instance) adding up all the
+read I/Os issued per partition should equal those made to the disks ...
+but due to the lack of locking it may only be very close.
+
+In 2.6, there are counters for each cpu, which made the lack of locking
+almost a non-issue. When the statistics are read, the per-cpu counters
+are summed (possibly overflowing the unsigned 32-bit variable they are
+summed to) and the result given to the user. There is no convenient
+user interface for accessing the per-cpu counters themselves.
+
+Disks vs Partitions
+-------------------
+
+There were significant changes between 2.4 and 2.6 in the I/O subsystem.
+As a result, some statistic information disappeared. The translation from
+a disk address relative to a partition to the disk address relative to
+the host disk happens much earlier. All merges and timings now happen
+at the disk level rather than at both the disk and partition level as
+in 2.4. Consequently, you'll see a different statistics output on 2.6 for
+partitions from that for disks. There are only *four* fields available
+for partitions on 2.6 machines. This is reflected in the examples above.
+
+Field 1 -- # of reads issued
+ This is the total number of reads issued to this partition.
+Field 2 -- # of sectors read
+ This is the total number of sectors requested to be read from this
+ partition.
+Field 3 -- # of writes issued
+ This is the total number of writes issued to this partition.
+Field 4 -- # of sectors written
+ This is the total number of sectors requested to be written to
+ this partition.
+
+Note that since the address is translated to a disk-relative one, and no
+record of the partition-relative address is kept, the subsequent success
+or failure of the read cannot be attributed to the partition. In other
+words, the number of reads for partitions is counted slightly before time
+of queuing for partitions, and at completion for whole disks. This is
+a subtle distinction that is probably uninteresting for most cases.
+
+Additional notes
+----------------
+
+In 2.6, sysfs is not mounted by default. If your distribution of
+Linux hasn't added it already, here's the line you'll want to add to
+your /etc/fstab:
+
+none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
+
+
+In 2.6, all disk statistics were removed from /proc/stat. In 2.4, they
+appear in both /proc/partitions and /proc/stat, although the ones in
+/proc/stat take a very different format from those in /proc/partitions
+(see proc(5), if your system has it.)
+
+-- ricklind@us.ibm.com
diff --git a/Documentation/isapnp.txt b/Documentation/isapnp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..400d1b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isapnp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+ISA Plug & Play support by Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
+==========================================================
+
+Interface /proc/isapnp
+======================
+
+The interface has been removed. See pnp.txt for more details.
+
+Interface /proc/bus/isapnp
+==========================
+
+This directory allows access to ISA PnP cards and logical devices.
+The regular files contain the contents of ISA PnP registers for
+a logical device.
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/00-INDEX b/Documentation/isdn/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fee5f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+00-INDEX
+ - this file (info on ISDN implementation for Linux)
+CREDITS
+ - list of the kind folks that brought you this stuff.
+INTERFACE
+ - description of Linklevel and Hardwarelevel ISDN interface.
+README
+ - general info on what you need and what to do for Linux ISDN.
+README.FAQ
+ - general info for FAQ.
+README.audio
+ - info for running audio over ISDN.
+README.fax
+ - info for using Fax over ISDN.
+README.icn
+ - info on the ICN-ISDN-card and its driver.
+README.HiSax
+ - info on the HiSax driver which replaces the old teles.
+README.hfc-pci
+ - info on hfc-pci based cards.
+README.pcbit
+ - info on the PCBIT-D ISDN adapter and driver.
+README.syncppp
+ - info on running Sync PPP over ISDN.
+syncPPP.FAQ
+ - frequently asked questions about running PPP over ISDN.
+README.avmb1
+ - info on driver for AVM-B1 ISDN card.
+README.act2000
+ - info on driver for IBM ACT-2000 card.
+README.eicon
+ - info on driver for Eicon active cards.
+README.concap
+ - info on "CONCAP" encapsulation protocol interface used for X.25.
+README.diversion
+ - info on module for isdn diversion services.
+README.sc
+ - info on driver for Spellcaster cards.
+README.x25
+ _ info for running X.25 over ISDN.
+README.hysdn
+ - info on driver for Hypercope active HYSDN cards
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/CREDITS b/Documentation/isdn/CREDITS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1b3023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/CREDITS
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+
+I want to thank all who contributed to this project and especially to:
+(in alphabetical order)
+
+Thomas Bogendörfer (tsbogend@bigbug.franken.de)
+ Tester, lots of bugfixes and hints.
+
+Alan Cox (alan@redhat.com)
+ For help getting into standard-kernel.
+
+Henner Eisen (eis@baty.hanse.de)
+ For X.25 implementation.
+
+Volker Götz (volker@oops.franken.de)
+ For contribution of man-pages, the imontty-tool and a perfect
+ maintaining of the mailing-list at hub-wue.
+
+Matthias Hessler (hessler@isdn4linux.de)
+ For creating and maintaining the FAQ.
+
+Bernhard Hailer (Bernhard.Hailer@lrz.uni-muenchen.de)
+ For creating the FAQ, and the leafsite HOWTO.
+
+Michael 'Ghandi' Herold (michael@abadonna.franken.de)
+ For contribution of the vbox answering machine.
+
+Michael Hipp (Michael.Hipp@student.uni-tuebingen.de)
+ For his Sync-PPP-code.
+
+Karsten Keil (keil@isdn4linux.de)
+ For adding 1TR6-support to the Teles-driver.
+ For the HiSax-driver.
+
+Michael Knigge (knick@cove.han.de)
+ For contributing the imon-tool
+
+Andreas Kool (akool@Kool.f.EUnet.de)
+ For contribution of the isdnlog/isdnrep-tool
+
+Pedro Roque Marques (roque@di.fc.ul.pt)
+ For lot of new ideas and the pcbit driver.
+
+Eberhard Moenkeberg (emoenke@gwdg.de)
+ For testing and help to get into kernel.
+
+Thomas Neumann (tn@ruhr.de)
+ For help with Cisco-SLARP and keepalive
+
+Jan den Ouden (denouden@groovin.xs4all.nl)
+ For contribution of the original teles-driver
+
+Carsten Paeth (calle@calle.in-berlin.de)
+ For the AVM-B1-CAPI2.0 driver
+
+Thomas Pfeiffer (pfeiffer@pds.de)
+ For V.110, extended T.70 and Hylafax extensions in isdn_tty.c
+
+Max Riegel (riegel@max.franken.de)
+ For making the ICN hardware-documentation and test-equipment available.
+
+Armin Schindler (mac@melware.de)
+ For the eicon active card driver.
+
+Gerhard 'Fido' Schneider (fido@wuff.mayn.de)
+ For heavy-duty-beta-testing with his BBS ;)
+
+Thomas Uhl (uhl@think.de)
+ For distributing the cards.
+ For pushing me to work ;-)
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/HiSax.cert b/Documentation/isdn/HiSax.cert
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2a6fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/HiSax.cert
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
+
+First:
+
+ HiSax is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+However, if you wish to modify the HiSax sources, please note the following:
+
+HiSax has passed the ITU approval test suite with ELSA Quickstep ISDN cards
+and Eicon Technology Diva 2.01 PCI card.
+The certification is only valid for the combination of the tested software
+version and the tested hardware. Any changes to the HiSax source code may
+therefore affect the certification.
+
+Additional ITU approval tests have been carried out for all generic cards
+using Colognechip single chip solutions HFC-S PCI A for PCI cards as well
+as HFC-S USB based USB ISDN ta adapters.
+These tests included all layers 1-3 and as well all functional tests for
+the layer 1. Because all hardware based on these chips are complete ISDN
+solutions in one chip all cards and USB-TAs using these chips are to be
+regarded as approved for those tests. Some additional electrical tests
+of the layer 1 which are independent of the driver and related to a
+special hardware used will be regarded as approved if at least one
+solution has been tested including those electrical tests. So if cards
+or tas have been completely approved for any other os, the approval
+for those electrical tests is valid for linux, too.
+Please send any questions regarding this drivers or approval abouts to
+werner@isdn-development.de
+Additional information and the type approval documents will be found
+shortly on the Colognechip website www.colognechip.com
+
+If you change the main files of the HiSax ISDN stack, the certification will
+become invalid. Because in most countries it is illegal to connect
+unapproved ISDN equipment to the public network, I have to guarantee that
+changes in HiSax do not affect the certification.
+
+In order to make a valid certification apparent to the user, I have built in
+some validation checks that are made during the make process. The HiSax main
+files are protected by md5 checksums and the md5sum file is pgp signed by
+myself:
+
+KeyID 1024/FF992F6D 1997/01/16 Karsten Keil <kkeil@suse.de>
+Key fingerprint = 92 6B F7 58 EE 86 28 C8 C4 1A E6 DC 39 89 F2 AA
+
+Only if the checksums are OK, and the signature of the file
+"drivers/isdn/hisax/md5sums.asc" match, is the certification valid; a
+message confirming this is then displayed during the hisax init process.
+
+The affected files are:
+
+drivers/isdn/hisax/isac.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/isdnl1.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/isdnl2.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/isdnl3.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/tei.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/callc.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/l3dss1.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/l3_1tr6.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/cert.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/elsa.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/diva.c
+drivers/isdn/hisax/hfc_pci.c
+
+Please send any changes, bugfixes and patches to me rather than implementing
+them directly into the HiSax sources.
+
+This does not reduce your rights granted by the GNU General Public License.
+If you wish to change the sources, go ahead; but note that then the
+certification is invalid even if you use one of the approved cards.
+
+Here are the certification registration numbers for ELSA Quickstep cards:
+German D133361J CETECOM ICT Services GmbH 0682
+European D133362J CETECOM ICT Services GmbH 0682
+
+
+Karsten Keil
+keil@isdn4linux.de
+
+-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
+Version: 2.6.3i
+Charset: noconv
+
+iQCVAwUBOFAwqTpxHvX/mS9tAQFI2QP9GLDK2iy/KBhwReE3F7LeO+tVhffTVZ3a
+20q5/z/WcIg/pnH0uTkl2UgDXBFXYl45zJyDGNpAposIFmT+Edd14o7Vj1w/BBdn
+Y+5rBmJf+gyBu61da5d6bv0lpymwRa/um+ri+ilYnZ/XPfg5JKhdjGSBCJuJAElM
+d2jFbTrsMYw=
+=LNf9
+-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE b/Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5df17e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE
@@ -0,0 +1,759 @@
+$Id: INTERFACE,v 1.15.8.2 2001/03/13 16:17:07 kai Exp $
+
+Description of the Interface between Linklevel and Hardwarelevel
+ of isdn4linux:
+
+
+ The Communication between Linklevel (LL) and Hardwarelevel (HL)
+ is based on the struct isdn_if (defined in isdnif.h).
+
+ An HL-driver can register itself at LL by calling the function
+ register_isdn() with a pointer to that struct. Prior to that, it has
+ to preset some of the fields of isdn_if. The LL sets the rest of
+ the fields. All further communication is done via callbacks using
+ the function-pointers defined in isdn_if.
+
+ Changes/Version numbering:
+
+ During development of the ISDN subsystem, several changes have been
+ made to the interface. Before it went into kernel, the package
+ had a unique version number. The last version, distributed separately
+ was 0.7.4. When the subsystem went into kernel, every functional unit
+ got a separate version number. These numbers are shown at initialization,
+ separated by slashes:
+
+ c.c/t.t/n.n/p.p/a.a/v.v
+
+ where
+
+ c.c is the revision of the common code.
+ t.t is the revision of the tty related code.
+ n.n is the revision of the network related code.
+ p.p is the revision of the ppp related code.
+ a.a is the revision of the audio related code.
+ v.v is the revision of the V.110 related code.
+
+ Changes in this document are marked with '***CHANGEx' where x representing
+ the version number. If that number starts with 0, it refers to the old,
+ separately distributed package. If it starts with one of the letters
+ above, it refers to the revision of the corresponding module.
+ ***CHANGEIx refers to the revision number of the isdnif.h
+
+1. Description of the fields of isdn_if:
+
+ int channels;
+
+ This field has to be set by the HL-driver to the number of channels
+ supported prior to calling register_isdn(). Upon return of the call,
+ the LL puts an id there, which has to be used by the HL-driver when
+ invoking the other callbacks.
+
+ int maxbufsize;
+
+ ***CHANGE0.6: New since this version.
+
+ Also to be preset by the HL-driver. With this value the HL-driver
+ tells the LL the maximum size of a data-packet it will accept.
+
+ unsigned long features;
+
+ To be preset by the HL-driver. Using this field, the HL-driver
+ announces the features supported. At the moment this is limited to
+ report the supported layer2 and layer3-protocols. For setting this
+ field the constants ISDN_FEATURE..., declared in isdnif.h have to be
+ used.
+
+ ***CHANGE0.7.1: The line type (1TR6, EDSS1) has to be set.
+
+ unsigned short hl_hdrlen;
+
+ ***CHANGE0.7.4: New field.
+
+ To be preset by the HL-driver, if it supports sk_buff's. The driver
+ should put here the amount of additional space needed in sk_buff's for
+ its internal purposes. Drivers not supporting sk_buff's should
+ initialize this field to 0.
+
+ void (*rcvcallb_skb)(int, int, struct sk_buff *)
+
+ ***CHANGE0.7.4: New field.
+
+ This field will be set by LL. The HL-driver delivers received data-
+ packets by calling this function. Upon calling, the HL-driver must
+ already have its private data pulled off the head of the sk_buff.
+
+ Parameter:
+ int driver-Id
+ int Channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ struct sk_buff * Pointer to sk_buff, containing received data.
+
+ int (*statcallb)(isdn_ctrl*);
+
+ This field will be set by LL. This function has to be called by the
+ HL-driver for signaling status-changes or other events to the LL.
+
+ Parameter:
+ isdn_ctrl*
+
+ The struct isdn_ctrl also defined in isdn_if. The exact meanings of its
+ fields are described together with the descriptions of the possible
+ events. Here is only a short description of the fields:
+
+ driver = driver Id.
+ command = event-type. (one of the constants ISDN_STAT_...)
+ arg = depends on event-type.
+ num = depends on event-type.
+
+ Returnvalue:
+ 0 on success, else -1
+
+ int (*command)(isdn_ctrl*);
+
+ This field has to be preset by the HL-driver. It points to a function,
+ to be called by LL to perform functions like dialing, B-channel
+ setup, etc. The exact meaning of the parameters is described with the
+ descriptions of the possible commands.
+
+ Parameter:
+ isdn_ctrl*
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = command to perform. (one of the constants ISDN_CMD_...)
+ arg = depends on command.
+ num = depends on command.
+
+ Returnvalue:
+ >=0 on success, else error-code (-ENODEV etc.)
+
+ int (*writebuf_skb)(int, int, int, struct sk_buff *)
+
+ ***CHANGE0.7.4: New field.
+ ***CHANGEI.1.21: New field.
+
+ This field has to be preset by the HL-driver. The given function will
+ be called by the LL for delivering data to be send via B-Channel.
+
+
+ Parameter:
+ int driver-Id ***CHANGE0.7.4: New parameter.
+ int channel-number locally to the HL-driver. (starts with 0)
+ int ack ***ChangeI1.21: New parameter
+ If this is !0, the driver has to signal the delivery
+ by sending an ISDN_STAT_BSENT. If this is 0, the driver
+ MUST NOT send an ISDN_STAT_BSENT.
+ struct sk_buff * Pointer to sk_buff containing data to be send via
+ B-channel.
+
+ Returnvalue:
+ Length of data accepted on success, else error-code (-EINVAL on
+ oversized packets etc.)
+
+ int (*writecmd)(u_char*, int, int, int, int);
+
+ This field has to be preset by the HL-driver. The given function will be
+ called to perform write-requests on /dev/isdnctrl (i.e. sending commands
+ to the card) The data-format is hardware-specific. This function is
+ intended for debugging only. It is not necessary for normal operation
+ and never will be called by the tty-emulation- or network-code. If
+ this function is not supported, the driver has to set NULL here.
+
+ Parameter:
+ u_char* pointer to data.
+ int length of data.
+ int flag: 0 = call from within kernel-space. (HL-driver must use
+ memcpy, may NOT use schedule())
+ 1 = call from user-space. (HL-driver must use
+ memcpy_fromfs, use of schedule() allowed)
+ int driver-Id.
+ int channel-number locally to the HL-driver. (starts with 0)
+
+***CHANGEI1.14: The driver-Id and channel-number are new since this revision.
+
+ Returnvalue:
+ Length of data accepted on success, else error-code (-EINVAL etc.)
+
+ int (*readstat)(u_char*, int, int, int, int);
+
+ This field has to be preset by the HL-driver. The given function will be
+ called to perform read-requests on /dev/isdnctrl (i.e. reading replies
+ from the card) The data-format is hardware-specific. This function is
+ intended for debugging only. It is not necessary for normal operation
+ and never will be called by the tty-emulation- or network-code. If
+ this function is not supported, the driver has to set NULL here.
+
+ Parameter:
+ u_char* pointer to data.
+ int length of data.
+ int flag: 0 = call from within kernel-space. (HL-driver must use
+ memcpy, may NOT use schedule())
+ 1 = call from user-space. (HL-driver must use
+ memcpy_fromfs, use of schedule() allowed)
+ int driver-Id.
+ int channel-number locally to the HL-driver. (starts with 0)
+
+***CHANGEI1.14: The driver-Id and channel-number are new since this revision.
+
+ Returnvalue:
+ Length of data on success, else error-code (-EINVAL etc.)
+
+ char id[20];
+ ***CHANGE0.7: New since this version.
+
+ This string has to be preset by the HL-driver. Its purpose is for
+ identification of the driver by the user. Eg.: it is shown in the
+ status-info of /dev/isdninfo. Furthermore it is used as Id for binding
+ net-interfaces to a specific channel. If a string of length zero is
+ given, upon return, isdn4linux will replace it by a generic name. (line0,
+ line1 etc.) It is recommended to make this string configurable during
+ module-load-time. (copy a global variable to this string.) For doing that,
+ modules 1.2.8 or newer are necessary.
+
+2. Description of the commands, a HL-driver has to support:
+
+ All commands will be performed by calling the function command() described
+ above from within the LL. The field command of the struct-parameter will
+ contain the desired command, the field driver is always set to the
+ appropriate driver-Id.
+
+ Until now, the following commands are defined:
+
+***CHANGEI1.34: The parameter "num" has been replaced by a union "parm" containing
+ the old "num" and a new setup_type struct used for ISDN_CMD_DIAL
+ and ISDN_STAT_ICALL callback.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_IOCTL:
+
+ This command is intended for performing ioctl-calls for configuring
+ hardware or similar purposes (setting port-addresses, loading firmware
+ etc.) For this purpose, in the LL all ioctl-calls with an argument
+ >= IIOCDRVCTL (0x100) will be handed transparently to this
+ function after subtracting 0x100 and placing the result in arg.
+ Example:
+ If a userlevel-program calls ioctl(0x101,...) the function gets
+ called with the field command set to 1.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_IOCTL
+ arg = Original ioctl-cmd - IIOCDRVCTL
+ parm.num = first bytes filled with (unsigned long)arg
+
+ Returnvalue:
+ Depending on driver.
+
+
+ ISDN_CMD_DIAL:
+
+ This command is used to tell the HL-driver it should dial a given
+ number.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_DIAL
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+
+ parm.setup.phone = An ASCII-String containing the number to dial.
+ parm.setup.eazmsn = An ASCII-Sting containing the own EAZ or MSN.
+ parm.setup.si1 = The Service-Indicator.
+ parm.setup.si2 = Additional Service-Indicator.
+
+ If the Line has been designed as SPV (a special german
+ feature, meaning semi-leased-line) the phone has to
+ start with an "S".
+ ***CHANGE0.6: In previous versions the EAZ has been given in the
+ highbyte of arg.
+ ***CHANGE0.7.1: New since this version: ServiceIndicator and AddInfo.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_ACCEPTD:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to accept a D-Channel-setup.
+ (Response to an incoming call)
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_ACCEPTD
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_ACCEPTB:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to perform a B-Channel-setup.
+ (after establishing D-Channel-Connection)
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_ACCEPTB
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_HANGUP:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to hangup (B-Channel if
+ established first, then D-Channel). This command is also used for
+ actively rejecting an incoming call.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_HANGUP
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_CLREAZ:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told not to signal incoming
+ calls to the LL.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_CLREAZ
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_SETEAZ:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to signal incoming calls for
+ the given EAZs/MSNs to the LL.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_SETEAZ
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.num = ASCII-String, containing the desired EAZ's/MSN's
+ (comma-separated). If an empty String is given, the
+ HL-driver should respond to ALL incoming calls,
+ regardless of the destination-address.
+ ***CHANGE0.6: New since this version the "empty-string"-feature.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_GETEAZ: (currently unused)
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to report the current setting
+ given with ISDN_CMD_SETEAZ.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_GETEAZ
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.num = ASCII-String, containing the current EAZ's/MSN's
+
+ ISDN_CMD_SETSIL: (currently unused)
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to signal only incoming
+ calls with the given Service-Indicators.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_SETSIL
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.num = ASCII-String, containing the desired Service-Indicators.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_GETSIL: (currently unused)
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to return the current
+ Service-Indicators it will respond to.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_SETSIL
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.num = ASCII-String, containing the current Service-Indicators.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_SETL2:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to select the given Layer-2-
+ protocol. This command is issued by the LL prior to ISDN_CMD_DIAL or
+ ISDN_CMD_ACCEPTD.
+
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_SETL2
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ logical or'ed with (protocol-Id << 8)
+ protocol-Id is one of the constants ISDN_PROTO_L2...
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_CMD_GETL2: (currently unused)
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to return the current
+ setting of the Layer-2-protocol.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_GETL2
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+ Returnvalue:
+ current protocol-Id (one of the constants ISDN_L2_PROTO)
+
+ ISDN_CMD_SETL3:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to select the given Layer-3-
+ protocol. This command is issued by the LL prior to ISDN_CMD_DIAL or
+ ISDN_CMD_ACCEPTD.
+
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_SETL3
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ logical or'ed with (protocol-Id << 8)
+ protocol-Id is one of the constants ISDN_PROTO_L3...
+ parm.fax = Pointer to T30_s fax struct. (fax usage only)
+
+ ISDN_CMD_GETL2: (currently unused)
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to return the current
+ setting of the Layer-3-protocol.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_GETL3
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+ Returnvalue:
+ current protocol-Id (one of the constants ISDN_L3_PROTO)
+
+ ISDN_CMD_PROCEED:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to proceed with a incoming call.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_PROCEED
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ setup.eazmsn= empty string or string send as uus1 in DSS1 with
+ PROCEED message
+
+ ISDN_CMD_ALERT:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to alert a proceeding call.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_ALERT
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ setup.eazmsn= empty string or string send as uus1 in DSS1 with
+ ALERT message
+
+ ISDN_CMD_REDIR:
+
+ With this command, the HL-driver is told to redirect a call in proceeding
+ or alerting state.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_REDIR
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ setup.eazmsn= empty string or string send as uus1 in DSS1 protocol
+ setup.screen= screening indicator
+ setup.phone = redirected to party number
+
+ ISDN_CMD_PROT_IO:
+
+ With this call, the LL-driver invokes protocol specific features through
+ the LL.
+ The call is not implicitely bound to a connection.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_CMD_PROT_IO
+ arg = The lower 8 Bits define the addressed protocol as defined
+ in ISDN_PTYPE..., the upper bits are used to differentiate
+ the protocol specific CMD.
+
+ para = protocol and function specific. See isdnif.h for detail.
+
+
+ ISDN_CMD_FAXCMD:
+
+ With this command the HL-driver receives a fax sub-command.
+ For details refer to INTERFACE.fax
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_CMD_FAXCMD
+ arg = channel-number locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
+
+3. Description of the events to be signaled by the HL-driver to the LL.
+
+ All status-changes are signaled via calling the previously described
+ function statcallb(). The field command of the struct isdn_cmd has
+ to be set by the HL-driver with the appropriate Status-Id (event-number).
+ The field arg has to be set to the channel-number (locally to the driver,
+ starting with 0) to which this event applies. (Exception: STAVAIL-event)
+
+ Until now, the following Status-Ids are defined:
+
+ ISDN_STAT_AVAIL:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals the availability of new data
+ for readstat(). Used only for debugging-purposes, see description
+ of readstat().
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_STAVAIL
+ arg = length of available data.
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_ICALL:
+ ISDN_STAT_ICALLW:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals an incoming call to the LL.
+ If ICALLW is signalled the incoming call is a waiting call without
+ a available B-chan.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_ICALL
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ para.setup.phone = Callernumber.
+ para.setup.eazmsn = CalledNumber.
+ para.setup.si1 = Service Indicator.
+ para.setup.si2 = Additional Service Indicator.
+ para.setup.plan = octet 3 from Calling party number Information Element.
+ para.setup.screen = octet 3a from Calling party number Information Element.
+
+ Return:
+ 0 = No device matching this call.
+ 1 = At least one device matching this call (RING on ttyI).
+ HL-driver may send ALERTING on the D-channel in this case.
+ 2 = Call will be rejected.
+ 3 = Incoming called party number is currently incomplete.
+ Additional digits are required.
+ Used for signalling with PtP connections.
+ 4 = Call will be held in a proceeding state
+ (HL driver sends PROCEEDING)
+ Used when a user space prog needs time to interpret a call
+ para.setup.eazmsn may be filled with an uus1 message of
+ 30 octets maximum. Empty string if no uus.
+ 5 = Call will be actively deflected to another party
+ Only available in DSS1/EURO protocol
+ para.setup.phone must be set to destination party number
+ para.setup.eazmsn may be filled with an uus1 message of
+ 30 octets maximum. Empty string if no uus.
+ -1 = An error happened. (Invalid parameters for example.)
+ The keypad support now is included in the dial command.
+
+
+ ISDN_STAT_RUN:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals availability of the ISDN-card.
+ (after initializing, loading firmware)
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_RUN
+ arg = unused.
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_STOP:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals unavailability of the ISDN-card.
+ (before unloading, while resetting/reconfiguring the card)
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_STOP
+ arg = unused.
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_DCONN:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals the successful establishment of
+ a D-Channel-connection. (Response to ISDN_CMD_ACCEPTD or ISDN_CMD_DIAL)
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_DCONN
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_BCONN:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals the successful establishment of
+ a B-Channel-connection. (Response to ISDN_CMD_ACCEPTB or because the
+ remote-station has initiated establishment)
+
+ The HL driver should call this when the logical l2/l3 protocol
+ connection on top of the physical B-channel is established.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_BCONN
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.num = ASCII-String, containing type of connection (for analog
+ modem only). This will be appended to the CONNECT message
+ e.g. 14400/V.32bis
+
+ ISDN_STAT_DHUP:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals the shutdown of a
+ D-Channel-connection. This could be a response to a prior ISDN_CMD_HANGUP,
+ or caused by a remote-hangup or if the remote-station has actively
+ rejected a call.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_DHUP
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_BHUP:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals the shutdown of a
+ B-Channel-connection. This could be a response to a prior ISDN_CMD_HANGUP,
+ or caused by a remote-hangup.
+
+ The HL driver should call this as soon as the logical l2/l3 protocol
+ connection on top of the physical B-channel is released.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_BHUP
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_CINF:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver delivers charge-unit information to the
+ LL.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_CINF
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.num = ASCII string containing charge-units (digits only).
+
+ ISDN_STAT_LOAD: (currently unused)
+
+ ISDN_STAT_UNLOAD:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals that it will be unloaded now. This
+ tells the LL to release all corresponding data-structures.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_UNLOAD
+ arg = unused.
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_BSENT:
+
+ With this call the HL-driver signals the delivery of a data-packet.
+ This callback is used by the network-interfaces only, tty-Emulation
+ does not need this call.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_BSENT
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.length = ***CHANGEI.1.21: New field.
+ the driver has to set this to the original length
+ of the skb at the time of receiving it from the linklevel.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_NODCH:
+
+ With this call, the driver has to respond to a prior ISDN_CMD_DIAL, if
+ no D-Channel is available.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_NODCH
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_ADDCH:
+
+ This call is for HL-drivers, which are unable to check card-type
+ or numbers of supported channels before they have loaded any firmware
+ using ioctl. Those HL-driver simply set the channel-parameter to a
+ minimum channel-number when registering, and later if they know
+ the real amount, perform this call, allocating additional channels.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_ADDCH
+ arg = number of channels to be added.
+ parm = unused.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_CAUSE:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver delivers CAUSE-messages to the LL.
+ Currently the LL does not use this messages. Their contents is simply
+ logged via kernel-messages. Therefore, currently the format of the
+ messages is completely free. However they should be printable.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_NODCH
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.num = ASCII string containing CAUSE-message.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_DISPLAY:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver delivers DISPLAY-messages to the LL.
+ Currently the LL does not use this messages.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_DISPLAY
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ para.display= string containing DISPLAY-message.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_PROT:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver delivers protocol specific infos to the LL.
+ The call is not implicitely bound to a connection.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_PROT
+ arg = The lower 8 Bits define the addressed protocol as defined
+ in ISDN_PTYPE..., the upper bits are used to differentiate
+ the protocol specific STAT.
+
+ para = protocol and function specific. See isdnif.h for detail.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_DISCH:
+
+ With this call, the HL-driver signals the LL to disable or enable the
+ use of supplied channel and driver.
+ The call may be used to reduce the available number of B-channels after
+ loading the driver. The LL has to ignore a disabled channel when searching
+ for free channels. The HL driver itself never delivers STAT callbacks for
+ disabled channels.
+ The LL returns a nonzero code if the operation was not successful or the
+ selected channel is actually regarded as busy.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_DISCH
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.num[0] = 0 if channel shall be disabled, else enabled.
+
+ ISDN_STAT_L1ERR:
+
+ ***CHANGEI1.21 new status message.
+ A signal can be sent to the linklevel if an Layer1-error results in
+ packet-loss on receive or send. The field errcode of the cmd.parm
+ union describes the error more precisely.
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id
+ command = ISDN_STAT_L1ERR
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm.errcode= ISDN_STAT_L1ERR_SEND: Packet lost while sending.
+ ISDN_STAT_L1ERR_RECV: Packet lost while receiving.
+ ISDN_STAT_FAXIND:
+
+ With this call the HL-driver signals a fax sub-command to the LL.
+ For details refer to INTERFACE.fax
+
+ Parameter:
+ driver = driver-Id.
+ command = ISDN_STAT_FAXIND
+ arg = channel-number, locally to the driver. (starting with 0)
+ parm = unused.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE.fax b/Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE.fax
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e57313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/INTERFACE.fax
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+$Id: INTERFACE.fax,v 1.2 2000/08/06 09:22:50 armin Exp $
+
+
+Description of the fax-subinterface between linklevel and hardwarelevel of
+ isdn4linux.
+
+ The communication between linklevel (LL) and hardwarelevel (HL) for fax
+ is based on the struct T30_s (defined in isdnif.h).
+ This struct is allocated in the LL.
+ In order to use fax, the LL provides the pointer to this struct with the
+ command ISDN_CMD_SETL3 (parm.fax). This pointer expires in case of hangup
+ and when a new channel to a new connection is assigned.
+
+
+Data handling:
+ In send-mode the HL-driver has to handle the <DLE> codes and the bit-order
+ conversion by itself.
+ In receive-mode the LL-driver takes care of the bit-order conversion
+ (specified by +FBOR)
+
+Structure T30_s description:
+
+ This structure stores the values (set by AT-commands), the remote-
+ capability-values and the command-codes between LL and HL.
+
+ If the HL-driver receives ISDN_CMD_FAXCMD, all needed information
+ is in this struct set by the LL.
+ To signal information to the LL, the HL-driver has to set the
+ the parameters and use ISDN_STAT_FAXIND.
+ (Please refer to INTERFACE)
+
+Structure T30_s:
+
+ All members are 8-bit unsigned (__u8)
+
+ - resolution
+ - rate
+ - width
+ - length
+ - compression
+ - ecm
+ - binary
+ - scantime
+ - id[]
+ Local faxmachine's parameters, set by +FDIS, +FDCS, +FLID, ...
+
+ - r_resolution
+ - r_rate
+ - r_width
+ - r_length
+ - r_compression
+ - r_ecm
+ - r_binary
+ - r_scantime
+ - r_id[]
+ Remote faxmachine's parameters. To be set by HL-driver.
+
+ - phase
+ Defines the actual state of fax connection. Set by HL or LL
+ depending on progress and type of connection.
+ If the phase changes because of an AT command, the LL driver
+ changes this value. Otherwise the HL-driver takes care of it, but
+ only necessary on call establishment (from IDLE to PHASE_A).
+ (one of the constants ISDN_FAX_PHASE_[IDLE,A,B,C,D,E])
+
+ - direction
+ Defines outgoing/send or incoming/receive connection.
+ (ISDN_TTY_FAX_CONN_[IN,OUT])
+
+ - code
+ Commands from LL to HL; possible constants :
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_DR signals +FDR command to HL
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_DT signals +FDT command to HL
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_ET signals +FET command to HL
+
+
+ Other than that the "code" is set with the hangup-code value at
+ the end of connection for the +FHNG message.
+
+ - r_code
+ Commands from HL to LL; possible constants :
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_CFR output of +FCFR message.
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_RID output of remote ID set in r_id[]
+ (+FCSI/+FTSI on send/receive)
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_DCS output of +FDCS and CONNECT message,
+ switching to phase C.
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_ET signals end of data,
+ switching to phase D.
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_FCON signals the established, outgoing connection,
+ switching to phase B.
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_FCON_I signals the established, incoming connection,
+ switching to phase B.
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_DIS output of +FDIS message and values.
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_SENT signals that all data has been sent
+ and <DLE><ETX> is acknowledged,
+ OK message will be sent.
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_PTS signals a msg-confirmation (page sent successful),
+ depending on fet value:
+ 0: output OK message (more pages follow)
+ 1: switching to phase B (next document)
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_TRAIN_OK output of +FDCS and OK message (for receive mode).
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_EOP signals end of data in receive mode,
+ switching to phase D.
+
+ ISDN_TTY_FAX_HNG output of the +FHNG and value set by code and
+ OK message, switching to phase E.
+
+
+ - badlin
+ Value of +FBADLIN
+
+ - badmul
+ Value of +FBADMUL
+
+ - bor
+ Value of +FBOR
+
+ - fet
+ Value of +FET command in send-mode.
+ Set by HL in receive-mode for +FET message.
+
+ - pollid[]
+ ID-string, set by +FCIG
+
+ - cq
+ Value of +FCQ
+
+ - cr
+ Value of +FCR
+
+ - ctcrty
+ Value of +FCTCRTY
+
+ - minsp
+ Value of +FMINSP
+
+ - phcto
+ Value of +FPHCTO
+
+ - rel
+ Value of +FREL
+
+ - nbc
+ Value of +FNBC (0,1)
+ (+FNBC is not a known class 2 fax command, I added this to change the
+ automatic "best capabilities" connection in the eicon HL-driver)
+
+
+Armin
+mac@melware.de
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README b/Documentation/isdn/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7615952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+README for the ISDN-subsystem
+
+1. Preface
+
+ 1.1 Introduction
+
+ This README describes how to set up and how to use the different parts
+ of the ISDN-subsystem.
+
+ For using the ISDN-subsystem, some additional userlevel programs are
+ necessary. Those programs and some contributed utilities are available
+ at
+
+ ftp.isdn4linux.de
+
+ /pub/isdn4linux/isdn4k-utils-<VersionNumber>.tar.gz
+
+
+ We also have set up a mailing-list:
+
+ The isdn4linux-project originates in Germany, and therefore by historical
+ reasons, the mailing-list's primary language is german. However mails
+ written in english have been welcome all the time.
+
+ to subscribe: write a email to majordomo@listserv.isdn4linux.de,
+ Subject irrelevant, in the message body:
+ subscribe isdn4linux <your_email_address>
+
+ To write to the mailing-list, write to isdn4linux@listserv.isdn4linux.de
+
+ This mailinglist is bidirectionally gated to the newsgroup
+
+ de.alt.comm.isdn4linux
+
+ There is also a well maintained FAQ in English available at
+ http://www.mhessler.de/i4lfaq/
+ It can be viewed online, or downloaded in sgml/text/html format.
+ The FAQ can also be viewed online at
+ http://www.isdn4inux.de/faq/
+ or downloaded from
+ ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/FAQ/
+
+ 1.1 Technical details
+
+ In the following Text, the terms MSN and EAZ are used.
+
+ MSN is the abbreviation for (M)ultiple(S)ubscriber(N)umber, and applies
+ to Euro(EDSS1)-type lines. Usually it is simply the phone number.
+
+ EAZ is the abbreviation of (E)ndgeraete(A)uswahl(Z)iffer and
+ applies to German 1TR6-type lines. This is a one-digit string,
+ simply appended to the base phone number
+
+ The internal handling is nearly identical, so replace the appropriate
+ term to that one, which applies to your local ISDN-environment.
+
+ When the link-level-module isdn.o is loaded, it supports up to 16
+ low-level-modules with up to 64 channels. (The number 64 is arbitrarily
+ chosen and can be configured at compile-time --ISDN_MAX in isdn.h).
+ A low-level-driver can register itself through an interface (which is
+ defined in isdnif.h) and gets assigned a slot.
+ The following char-devices are made available for each channel:
+
+ A raw-control-device with the following functions:
+ write: raw D-channel-messages (format: depends on driver).
+ read: raw D-channel-messages (format: depends on driver).
+ ioctl: depends on driver, i.e. for the ICN-driver, the base-address of
+ the ports and the shared memory on the card can be set and read
+ also the boot-code and the protocol software can be loaded into
+ the card.
+
+ O N L Y !!! for debugging (no locking against other devices):
+ One raw-data-device with the following functions:
+ write: data to B-channel.
+ read: data from B-channel.
+
+ In addition the following devices are made available:
+
+ 128 tty-devices (64 cuix and 64 ttyIx) with integrated modem-emulator:
+ The functionality is almost the same as that of a serial device
+ (the line-discs are handled by the kernel), which lets you run
+ SLIP, CSLIP and asynchronous PPP through the devices. We have tested
+ Seyon, minicom, CSLIP (uri-dip) PPP, mgetty, XCept and Hylafax.
+
+ The modem-emulation supports the following:
+ 1.3.1 Commands:
+
+ ATA Answer incoming call.
+ ATD<No.> Dial, the number may contain:
+ [0-9] and [,#.*WPT-S]
+ the latter are ignored until 'S'.
+ The 'S' must precede the number, if
+ the line is a SPV (German 1TR6).
+ ATE0 Echo off.
+ ATE1 Echo on (default).
+ ATH Hang-up.
+ ATH1 Off hook (ignored).
+ ATH0 Hang-up.
+ ATI Return "ISDN for Linux...".
+ ATI0 "
+ ATI1 "
+ ATI2 Report of last connection.
+ ATO On line (data mode).
+ ATQ0 Enable result codes (default).
+ ATQ1 Disable result codes (default).
+ ATSx=y Set register x to y.
+ ATSx? Show contents of register x.
+ ATV0 Numeric responses.
+ ATV1 English responses (default).
+ ATZ Load registers and EAZ/MSN from Profile.
+ AT&Bx Set Send-Packet-size to x (max. 4000)
+ The real packet-size may be limited by the
+ low-level-driver used. e.g. the HiSax-Module-
+ limit is 2000. You will get NO Error-Message,
+ if you set it to higher values, because at the
+ time of giving this command the corresponding
+ driver may not be selected (see "Automatic
+ Assignment") however the size of outgoing packets
+ will be limited correctly.
+ AT&D0 Ignore DTR
+ AT&D2 DTR-low-edge: Hang up and return to
+ command mode (default).
+ AT&D3 Same as AT&D2 but also resets all registers.
+ AT&Ex Set the EAZ/MSN for this channel to x.
+ AT&F Reset all registers and profile to "factory-defaults"
+ AT&Lx Set list of phone numbers to listen on. x is a
+ list of wildcard patterns separated by semicolon.
+ If this is set, it has precedence over the MSN set
+ by AT&E.
+ AT&Rx Select V.110 bitrate adaption.
+ This command enables V.110 protocol with 9600 baud
+ (x=9600), 19200 baud (x=19200) or 38400 baud
+ (x=38400). A value of x=0 disables V.110 switching
+ back to default X.75. This command sets the following
+ Registers:
+ Reg 14 (Layer-2 protocol):
+ x = 0: 0
+ x = 9600: 7
+ x = 19200: 8
+ x = 38400: 9
+ Reg 18.2 = 1
+ Reg 19 (Additional Service Indicator):
+ x = 0: 0
+ x = 9600: 197
+ x = 19200: 199
+ x = 38400: 198
+ Note on value in Reg 19:
+ There is _NO_ common convention for 38400 baud.
+ The value 198 is chosen arbitrarily. Users
+ _MUST_ negotiate this value before establishing
+ a connection.
+ AT&Sx Set window-size (x = 1..8) (not yet implemented)
+ AT&V Show all settings.
+ AT&W0 Write registers and EAZ/MSN to profile. See also
+ iprofd (5.c in this README).
+ AT&X0 BTX-mode and T.70-mode off (default)
+ AT&X1 BTX-mode on. (S13.1=1, S13.5=0 S14=0, S16=7, S18=7, S19=0)
+ AT&X2 T.70-mode on. (S13.1=1, S13.5=1, S14=0, S16=7, S18=7, S19=0)
+ AT+Rx Resume a suspended call with CallID x (x = 1,2,3...)
+ AT+Sx Suspend a call with CallID x (x = 1,2,3...)
+
+ For voice-mode commands refer to README.audio
+
+ 1.3.2 Escape sequence:
+ During a connection, the emulation reacts just like
+ a normal modem to the escape sequence <DELAY>+++<DELAY>.
+ (The escape character - default '+' - can be set in the
+ register 2).
+ The DELAY must at least be 1.5 seconds long and delay
+ between the escape characters must not exceed 0.5 seconds.
+
+ 1.3.3 Registers:
+
+ Nr. Default Description
+ 0 0 Answer on ring number.
+ (no auto-answer if S0=0).
+ 1 0 Count of rings.
+ 2 43 Escape character.
+ (a value >= 128 disables the escape sequence).
+ 3 13 Carriage return character (ASCII).
+ 4 10 Line feed character (ASCII).
+ 5 8 Backspace character (ASCII).
+ 6 3 Delay in seconds before dialing.
+ 7 60 Wait for carrier.
+ 8 2 Pause time for comma (ignored)
+ 9 6 Carrier detect time (ignored)
+ 10 7 Carrier loss to disconnect time (ignored).
+ 11 70 Touch tone timing (ignored).
+ 12 69 Bit coded register:
+ Bit 0: 0 = Suppress response messages.
+ 1 = Show response messages.
+ Bit 1: 0 = English response messages.
+ 1 = Numeric response messages.
+ Bit 2: 0 = Echo off.
+ 1 = Echo on.
+ Bit 3 0 = DCD always on.
+ 1 = DCD follows carrier.
+ Bit 4 0 = CTS follows RTS
+ 1 = Ignore RTS, CTS always on.
+ Bit 5 0 = return to command mode on DTR low.
+ 1 = Same as 0 but also resets all
+ registers.
+ See also register 13, bit 2
+ Bit 6 0 = DSR always on.
+ 1 = DSR only on if channel is available.
+ Bit 7 0 = Cisco-PPP-flag-hack off (default).
+ 1 = Cisco-PPP-flag-hack on.
+ 13 0 Bit coded register:
+ Bit 0: 0 = Use delayed tty-send-algorithm
+ 1 = Direct tty-send.
+ Bit 1: 0 = T.70 protocol (Only for BTX!) off
+ 1 = T.70 protocol (Only for BTX!) on
+ Bit 2: 0 = Don't hangup on DTR low.
+ 1 = Hangup on DTR low.
+ Bit 3: 0 = Standard response messages
+ 1 = Extended response messages
+ Bit 4: 0 = CALLER NUMBER before every RING.
+ 1 = CALLER NUMBER after first RING.
+ Bit 5: 0 = T.70 extended protocol off
+ 1 = T.70 extended protocol on
+ Bit 6: 0 = Special RUNG Message off
+ 1 = Special RUNG Message on
+ "RUNG" is delivered on a ttyI, if
+ an incoming call happened (RING) and
+ the remote party hung up before any
+ local ATA was given.
+ Bit 7: 0 = Don't show display messages from net
+ 1 = Show display messages from net
+ (S12 Bit 1 must be 0 too)
+ 14 0 Layer-2 protocol:
+ 0 = X75/LAPB with I-frames
+ 1 = X75/LAPB with UI-frames
+ 2 = X75/LAPB with BUI-frames
+ 3 = HDLC
+ 4 = Transparent (audio)
+ 7 = V.110, 9600 baud
+ 8 = V.110, 19200 baud
+ 9 = V.110, 38400 baud
+ 10 = Analog Modem (only if hardware supports this)
+ 11 = Fax G3 (only if hardware supports this)
+ 15 0 Layer-3 protocol:
+ 0 = transparent
+ 1 = transparent with audio features (e.g. DSP)
+ 2 = Fax G3 Class 2 commands (S14 has to be set to 11)
+ 3 = Fax G3 Class 1 commands (S14 has to be set to 11)
+ 16 250 Send-Packet-size/16
+ 17 8 Window-size (not yet implemented)
+ 18 4 Bit coded register, Service-Octet-1 to accept,
+ or to be used on dialout:
+ Bit 0: Service 1 (audio) when set.
+ Bit 1: Service 5 (BTX) when set.
+ Bit 2: Service 7 (data) when set.
+ Note: It is possible to set more than one
+ bit. In this case, on incoming calls
+ the selected services are accepted,
+ and if the service is "audio", the
+ Layer-2-protocol is automatically
+ changed to 4 regardless of the setting
+ of register 14. On outgoing calls,
+ the most significant 1-bit is chosen to
+ select the outgoing service octet.
+ 19 0 Service-Octet-2
+ 20 0 Bit coded register (readonly)
+ Service-Octet-1 of last call.
+ Bit mapping is the same as register 18
+ 21 0 Bit coded register (readonly)
+ Set on incoming call (during RING) to
+ octet 3 of calling party number IE (Numbering plan)
+ See section 4.5.10 of ITU Q.931
+ 22 0 Bit coded register (readonly)
+ Set on incoming call (during RING) to
+ octet 3a of calling party number IE (Screening info)
+ See section 4.5.10 of ITU Q.931
+ 23 0 Bit coded register:
+ Bit 0: 0 = Add CPN to RING message off
+ 1 = Add CPN to RING message on
+ Bit 1: 0 = Add CPN to FCON message off
+ 1 = Add CPN to FCON message on
+ Bit 2: 0 = Add CDN to RING/FCON message off
+ 1 = Add CDN to RING/FCON message on
+
+ Last but not least a (at the moment fairly primitive) device to request
+ the line-status (/dev/isdninfo) is made available.
+
+ Automatic assignment of devices to lines:
+
+ All inactive physical lines are listening to all EAZs for incoming
+ calls and are NOT assigned to a specific tty or network interface.
+ When an incoming call is detected, the driver looks first for a network
+ interface and then for an opened tty which:
+
+ 1. is configured for the same EAZ.
+ 2. has the same protocol settings for the B-channel.
+ 3. (only for network interfaces if the security flag is set)
+ contains the caller number in its access list.
+ 4. Either the channel is not bound exclusively to another Net-interface, or
+ it is bound AND the other checks apply to exactly this interface.
+ (For usage of the bind-features, refer to the isdnctrl-man-page)
+
+ Only when a matching interface or tty is found is the call accepted
+ and the "connection" between the low-level-layer and the link-level-layer
+ is established and kept until the end of the connection.
+ In all other cases no connection is established. Isdn4linux can be
+ configured to either do NOTHING in this case (which is useful, if
+ other, external devices with the same EAZ/MSN are connected to the bus)
+ or to reject the call actively. (isdnctrl busreject ...)
+
+ For an outgoing call, the inactive physical lines are searched.
+ The call is placed on the first physical line, which supports the
+ requested protocols for the B-channel. If a net-interface, however
+ is pre-bound to a channel, this channel is used directly.
+
+ This makes it possible to configure several network interfaces and ttys
+ for one EAZ, if the network interfaces are set to secure operation.
+ If an incoming call matches one network interface, it gets connected to it.
+ If another incoming call for the same EAZ arrives, which does not match
+ a network interface, the first tty gets a "RING" and so on.
+
+2 System prerequisites:
+
+ ATTENTION!
+
+ Always use the latest module utilities. The current version is
+ named in Documentation/Changes. Some old versions of insmod
+ are not capable of setting the driver-Ids correctly.
+
+3. Lowlevel-driver configuration.
+
+ Configuration depends on how the drivers are built. See the
+ README.<yourDriver> for information on driver-specific setup.
+
+4. Device-inodes
+
+ The major and minor numbers and their names are described in
+ Documentation/devices.txt. The major numbers are:
+
+ 43 for the ISDN-tty's.
+ 44 for the ISDN-callout-tty's.
+ 45 for control/info/debug devices.
+
+5. Application
+
+ a) For some card-types, firmware has to be loaded into the cards, before
+ proceeding with device-independent setup. See README.<yourDriver>
+ for how to do that.
+
+ b) If you only intend to use ttys, you are nearly ready now.
+
+ c) If you want to have really permanent "Modem"-settings on disk, you
+ can start the daemon iprofd. Give it a path to a file at the command-
+ line. It will store the profile-settings in this file every time
+ an AT&W0 is performed on any ISDN-tty. If the file already exists,
+ all profiles are initialized from this file. If you want to unload
+ any of the modules, kill iprofd first.
+
+ d) For networking, continue: Create an interface:
+ isdnctrl addif isdn0
+
+ e) Set the EAZ (or MSN for Euro-ISDN):
+ isdnctrl eaz isdn0 2
+
+ (For 1TR6 a single digit is allowed, for Euro-ISDN the number is your
+ real MSN e.g.: Phone-Number)
+
+ f) Set the number for outgoing calls on the interface:
+ isdnctrl addphone isdn0 out 1234567
+ ... (this can be executed more than once, all assigned numbers are
+ tried in order)
+ and the number(s) for incoming calls:
+ isdnctrl addphone isdn0 in 1234567
+
+ g) Set the timeout for hang-up:
+ isdnctrl huptimeout isdn0 <timeout_in_seconds>
+
+ h) additionally you may activate charge-hang-up (= Hang up before
+ next charge-info, this only works, if your isdn-provider transmits
+ the charge-info during and after the connection):
+ isdnctrl chargehup isdn0 on
+
+ i) Set the dial mode of the interface:
+ isdnctrl dialmode isdn0 auto
+ "off" means that you (or the system) cannot make any connection
+ (neither incoming or outgoing connections are possible). Use
+ this if you want to be sure that no connections will be made.
+ "auto" means that the interface is in auto-dial mode, and will
+ attempt to make a connection whenever a network data packet needs
+ the interface's link. Note that this can cause unexpected dialouts,
+ and lead to a high phone bill! Some daemons or other pc's that use
+ this interface can cause this.
+ Incoming connections are also possible.
+ "manual" is a dial mode created to prevent the unexpected dialouts.
+ In this mode, the interface will never make any connections on its
+ own. You must explicitly initiate a connection with "isdnctrl dial
+ isdn0". However, after an idle time of no traffic as configured for
+ the huptimeout value with isdnctrl, the connection _will_ be ended.
+ If you don't want any automatic hangup, set the huptimeout value to 0.
+ "manual" is the default.
+
+ j) Setup the interface with ifconfig as usual, and set a route to it.
+
+ k) (optional) If you run X11 and have Tcl/Tk-wish version 4.0, you can use
+ the script tools/tcltk/isdnmon. You can add actions for line-status
+ changes. See the comments at the beginning of the script for how to
+ do that. There are other tty-based tools in the tools-subdirectory
+ contributed by Michael Knigge (imon), Volker Götz (imontty) and
+ Andreas Kool (isdnmon).
+
+ l) For initial testing, you can set the verbose-level to 2 (default: 0).
+ Then all incoming calls are logged, even if they are not addressed
+ to one of the configured net-interfaces:
+ isdnctrl verbose 2
+
+ Now you are ready! A ping to the set address should now result in an
+ automatic dial-out (look at syslog kernel-messages).
+ The phone numbers and EAZs can be assigned at any time with isdnctrl.
+ You can add as many interfaces as you like with addif following the
+ directions above. Of course, there may be some limitations. But we have
+ tested as many as 20 interfaces without any problem. However, if you
+ don't give an interface name to addif, the kernel will assign a name
+ which starts with "eth". The number of "eth"-interfaces is limited by
+ the kernel.
+
+5. Additional options for isdnctrl:
+
+ "isdnctrl secure <InterfaceName> on"
+ Only incoming calls, for which the caller-id is listed in the access
+ list of the interface are accepted. You can add caller-id's With the
+ command "isdnctrl addphone <InterfaceName> in <caller-id>"
+ Euro-ISDN does not transmit the leading '0' of the caller-id for an
+ incoming call, therefore you should configure it accordingly.
+ If the real number for the dialout e.g. is "09311234567" the number
+ to configure here is "9311234567". The pattern-match function
+ works similar to the shell mechanism.
+
+ ? one arbitrary digit
+ * zero or arbitrary many digits
+ [123] one of the digits in the list
+ [1-5] one digit between '1' and '5'
+ a '^' as the first character in a list inverts the list
+
+
+ "isdnctrl secure <InterfaceName> off"
+ Switch off secure operation (default).
+
+ "isdnctrl ihup <InterfaceName> [on|off]"
+ Switch the hang-up-timer for incoming calls on or off.
+
+ "isdnctrl eaz <InterfaceName>"
+ Returns the EAZ of an interface.
+
+ "isdnctrl delphone <InterfaceName> in|out <number>"
+ Deletes a number from one of the access-lists of the interface.
+
+ "isdnctrl delif <InterfaceName>"
+ Removes the interface (and possible slaves) from the kernel.
+ (You have to unregister it with "ifconfig <InterfaceName> down" before).
+
+ "isdnctrl callback <InterfaceName> [on|off]"
+ Switches an interface to callback-mode. In this mode, an incoming call
+ will be rejected and after this the remote-station will be called. If
+ you test this feature by using ping, some routers will re-dial very
+ quickly, so that the callback from isdn4linux may not be recognized.
+ In this case use ping with the option -i <sec> to increase the interval
+ between echo-packets.
+
+ "isdnctrl cbdelay <InterfaceName> [seconds]"
+ Sets the delay (default 5 sec) between an incoming call and start of
+ dialing when callback is enabled.
+
+ "isdnctrl cbhup <InterfaceName> [on|off]"
+ This enables (default) or disables an active hangup (reject) when getting an
+ incoming call for an interface which is configured for callback.
+
+ "isdnctrl encap <InterfaceName> <EncapType>"
+ Selects the type of packet-encapsulation. The encapsulation can be changed
+ only while an interface is down.
+
+ At the moment the following values are supported:
+
+ rawip (Default) Selects raw-IP-encapsulation. This means, MAC-headers
+ are stripped off.
+ ip IP with type-field. Same as IP but the type-field of the MAC-header
+ is preserved.
+ x25iface X.25 interface encapsulation (first byte semantics as defined in
+ ../networking/x25-iface.txt). Use this for running the linux
+ X.25 network protocol stack (AF_X25 sockets) on top of isdn.
+ cisco-h A special-mode for communicating with a Cisco, which is configured
+ to do "hdlc"
+ ethernet No stripping. Packets are sent with full MAC-header.
+ The Ethernet-address of the interface is faked, from its
+ IP-address: fc:fc:i1:i2:i3:i4, where i1-4 are the IP-addr.-values.
+ syncppp Synchronous PPP
+
+ uihdlc HDLC with UI-frame-header (for use with DOS ISPA, option -h1)
+
+
+ NOTE: x25iface encapsulation is currently experimental. Please
+ read README.x25 for further details
+
+
+ Watching packets, using standard-tcpdump will fail for all encapsulations
+ except ethernet because tcpdump does not know how to handle packets
+ without MAC-header. A patch for tcpdump is included in the utility-package
+ mentioned above.
+
+ "isdnctrl l2_prot <InterfaceName> <L2-ProtocolName>"
+ Selects a layer-2-protocol.
+ (With the ICN-driver and the HiSax-driver, "x75i" and "hdlc" is available.
+ With other drivers, "x75ui", "x75bui", "x25dte", "x25dce" may be
+ possible too. See README.x25 for x25 related l2 protocols.)
+
+ isdnctrl l3_prot <InterfaceName> <L3-ProtocolName>
+ The same for layer-3. (At the moment only "trans" is allowed)
+
+ "isdnctrl list <InterfaceName>"
+ Shows all parameters of an interface and the charge-info.
+ Try "all" as the interface name.
+
+ "isdnctrl hangup <InterfaceName>"
+ Forces hangup of an interface.
+
+ "isdnctrl bind <InterfaceName> <DriverId>,<ChannelNumber> [exclusive]"
+ If you are using more than one ISDN card, it is sometimes necessary to
+ dial out using a specific card or even preserve a specific channel for
+ dialout of a specific net-interface. This can be done with the above
+ command. Replace <DriverId> by whatever you assigned while loading the
+ module. The <ChannelNumber> is counted from zero. The upper limit
+ depends on the card used. At the moment no card supports more than
+ 2 channels, so the upper limit is one.
+
+ "isdnctrl unbind <InterfaceName>"
+ unbinds a previously bound interface.
+
+ "isdnctrl busreject <DriverId> on|off"
+ If switched on, isdn4linux replies a REJECT to incoming calls, it
+ cannot match to any configured interface.
+ If switched off, nothing happens in this case.
+ You normally should NOT enable this feature, if the ISDN adapter is not
+ the only device connected to the S0-bus. Otherwise it could happen that
+ isdn4linux rejects an incoming call, which belongs to another device on
+ the bus.
+
+ "isdnctrl addslave <InterfaceName> <SlaveName>
+ Creates a slave interface for channel-bundling. Slave interfaces are
+ not seen by the kernel, but their ISDN-part can be configured with
+ isdnctrl as usual. (Phone numbers, EAZ/MSN, timeouts etc.) If more
+ than two channels are to be bundled, feel free to create as many as you
+ want. InterfaceName must be a real interface, NOT a slave. Slave interfaces
+ start dialing, if the master interface resp. the previous slave interface
+ has a load of more than 7000 cps. They hangup if the load goes under 7000
+ cps, according to their "huptimeout"-parameter.
+
+ "isdnctrl sdelay <InterfaceName> secs."
+ This sets the minimum time an Interface has to be fully loaded, until
+ it sends a dial-request to its slave.
+
+ "isdnctrl dial <InterfaceName>"
+ Forces an interface to start dialing even if no packets are to be
+ transferred.
+
+ "isdnctrl mapping <DriverId> MSN0,MSN1,MSN2,...MSN9"
+ This installs a mapping table for EAZ<->MSN-mapping for a single line.
+ Missing MSN's have to be given as "-" or can be omitted, if at the end
+ of the commandline.
+ With this command, it's now possible to have an interface listening to
+ mixed 1TR6- and Euro-Type lines. In this case, the interface has to be
+ configured to a 1TR6-type EAZ (one digit). The mapping is also valid
+ for tty-emulation. Seen from the interface/tty-level the mapping
+ CAN be used, however it's possible to use single tty's/interfaces with
+ real MSN's (more digits) also, in which case the mapping will be ignored.
+ Here is an example:
+
+ You have a 1TR6-type line with base-nr. 1234567 and a Euro-line with
+ MSN's 987654, 987655 and 987656. The DriverId for the Euro-line is "EURO".
+
+ isdnctrl mapping EURO -,987654,987655,987656,-,987655
+ ...
+ isdnctrl eaz isdn0 1 # listen on 12345671(1tr6) and 987654(euro)
+ ...
+ isdnctrl eaz isdn1 4 # listen on 12345674(1tr6) only.
+ ...
+ isdnctrl eaz isdn2 987654 # listen on 987654(euro) only.
+
+ Same scheme is used with AT&E... at the tty's.
+
+6. If you want to write a new low-level-driver, you are welcome.
+ The interface to the link-level-module is described in the file INTERFACE.
+ If the interface should be expanded for any reason, don't do it
+ on your own, send me a mail containing the proposed changes and
+ some reasoning about them.
+ If other drivers will not be affected, I will include the changes
+ in the next release.
+ For developers only, there is a second mailing-list. Write to me
+ (fritz@isdn4linux.de), if you want to join that list.
+
+Have fun!
+
+ -Fritz
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.FAQ b/Documentation/isdn/README.FAQ
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..356f794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.FAQ
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+
+The FAQ for isdn4linux
+======================
+
+Please note that there is a big FAQ available in the isdn4k-utils.
+You find it in:
+ isdn4k-utils/FAQ/i4lfaq.sgml
+
+In case you just want to see the FAQ online, or download the newest version,
+you can have a look at my website:
+http://www.mhessler.de/i4lfaq/ (view + download)
+or:
+http://www.isdn4linux.de/faq/ (view)
+
+As the extension tells, the FAQ is in SGML format, and you can convert it
+into text/html/... format by using the sgml2txt/sgml2html/... tools.
+Alternatively, you can also do a 'configure; make all' in the FAQ directory.
+
+
+Please have a look at the FAQ before posting anything in the Mailinglist,
+or the newsgroup!
+
+
+Matthias Hessler
+hessler@isdn4linux.de
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax b/Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..031c8d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+HiSax is a Linux hardware-level driver for passive ISDN cards with Siemens
+chipset (ISAC_S 2085/2086/2186, HSCX SAB 82525). It is based on the Teles
+driver from Jan den Ouden.
+It is meant to be used with isdn4linux, an ISDN link-level module for Linux
+written by Fritz Elfert.
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+
+Supported cards
+---------------
+
+Teles 8.0/16.0/16.3 and compatible ones
+Teles 16.3c
+Teles S0/PCMCIA
+Teles PCI
+Teles S0Box
+Creatix S0Box
+Creatix PnP S0
+Compaq ISDN S0 ISA card
+AVM A1 (Fritz, Teledat 150)
+AVM Fritz PCMCIA
+AVM Fritz PnP
+AVM Fritz PCI
+ELSA Microlink PCC-16, PCF, PCF-Pro, PCC-8
+ELSA Quickstep 1000
+ELSA Quickstep 1000PCI
+ELSA Quickstep 3000 (same settings as QS1000)
+ELSA Quickstep 3000PCI
+ELSA PCMCIA
+ITK ix1-micro Rev.2
+Eicon Diva 2.0 ISA and PCI (S0 and U interface, no PRO version)
+Eicon Diva 2.01 ISA and PCI
+Eicon Diva 2.02 PCI
+Eicon Diva Piccola
+ASUSCOM NETWORK INC. ISDNLink 128K PC adapter (order code I-IN100-ST-D)
+Dynalink IS64PH (OEM version of ASUSCOM NETWORK INC. ISDNLink 128K adapter)
+PCBIT-DP (OEM version of ASUSCOM NETWORK INC. ISDNLink)
+HFC-2BS0 based cards (TeleInt SA1)
+Sedlbauer Speed Card (Speed Win, Teledat 100, PCI, Fax+)
+Sedlbauer Speed Star/Speed Star2 (PCMCIA)
+Sedlbauer ISDN-Controller PC/104
+USR Sportster internal TA (compatible Stollmann tina-pp V3)
+USR internal TA PCI
+ith Kommunikationstechnik GmbH MIC 16 ISA card
+Traverse Technologie NETjet PCI S0 card and NETspider U card
+Ovislink ISDN sc100-p card (NETjet driver)
+Dr. Neuhaus Niccy PnP/PCI
+Siemens I-Surf 1.0
+Siemens I-Surf 2.0 (with IPAC, try type 12 asuscom)
+ACER P10
+HST Saphir
+Berkom Telekom A4T
+Scitel Quadro
+Gazel ISDN cards
+HFC-PCI based cards
+Winbond W6692 based cards
+HFC-S+, HFC-SP/PCMCIA cards
+formula-n enternow
+Gerdes Power ISDN
+
+Note: PCF, PCF-Pro: up to now, only the ISDN part is supported
+ PCC-8: not tested yet
+ Eicon.Diehl Diva U interface not tested
+
+If you know other passive cards with the Siemens chipset, please let me know.
+You can combine any card, if there is no conflict between the resources
+(io, mem, irq).
+
+
+Configuring the driver
+----------------------
+
+The HiSax driver can either be built directly into the kernel or as a module.
+It can be configured using the command line feature while loading the kernel
+with LILO or LOADLIN or, if built as a module, using insmod/modprobe with
+parameters.
+There is also some config needed before you compile the kernel and/or
+modules. It is included in the normal "make [menu]config" target at the
+kernel. Don't forget it, especially to select the right D-channel protocol.
+
+Please note: In older versions of the HiSax driver, all PnP cards
+needed to be configured with isapnp and worked only with the HiSax
+driver used as a module.
+
+In the current version, HiSax will automatically use the in-kernel
+ISAPnP support, provided you selected it during kernel configuration
+(CONFIG_ISAPNP), if you don't give the io=, irq= command line parameters.
+
+The affected card types are: 4,7,12,14,19,27-30
+
+a) when built as a module
+-------------------------
+
+insmod/modprobe hisax.o \
+ io=iobase irq=IRQ mem=membase type=card_type \
+ protocol=D_channel_protocol id=idstring
+
+or, if several cards are installed:
+
+insmod/modprobe hisax.o \
+ io=iobase1,iobase2,... irq=IRQ1,IRQ2,... mem=membase1,membase2,... \
+ type=card_type1,card_type2,... \
+ protocol=D_channel_protocol1,D_channel_protocol2,... \
+ id=idstring1%idstring2 ...
+
+where "iobaseN" represents the I/O base address of the Nth card, "membaseN"
+the memory base address of the Nth card, etc.
+
+The reason for the delimiter "%" being used in the idstrings is that ","
+won't work with the current modules package.
+
+The parameters may be specified in any order. For example, the "io"
+parameter may precede the "irq" parameter, or vice versa. If several
+cards are installed, the ordering within the comma separated parameter
+lists must of course be consistent.
+
+Only parameters applicable to the card type need to be specified. For
+example, the Teles 16.3 card is not memory-mapped, so the "mem"
+parameter may be omitted for this card. Sometimes it may be necessary
+to specify a dummy parameter, however. This is the case when there is
+a card of a different type later in the list that needs a parameter
+which the preceding card does not. For instance, if a Teles 16.0 card
+is listed after a Teles 16.3 card, a dummy memory base parameter of 0
+must be specified for the 16.3. Instead of a dummy value, the parameter
+can also be skipped by simply omitting the value. For example:
+mem=,0xd0000. See example 6 below.
+
+The parameter for the D-Channel protocol may be omitted if you selected the
+correct one during kernel config. Valid values are "1" for German 1TR6,
+"2" for EDSS1 (Euro ISDN), "3" for leased lines (no D-Channel) and "4"
+for US NI1.
+With US NI1 you have to include your SPID into the MSN setting in the form
+<MSN>:<SPID> for example (your phonenumber is 1234 your SPID 5678):
+AT&E1234:5678 on ttyI interfaces
+isdnctrl eaz ippp0 1234:5678 on network devices
+
+The Creatix/Teles PnP cards use io1= and io2= instead of io= for specifying
+the I/O addresses of the ISAC and HSCX chips, respectively.
+
+Card types:
+
+ Type Required parameters (in addition to type and protocol)
+
+ 1 Teles 16.0 irq, mem, io
+ 2 Teles 8.0 irq, mem
+ 3 Teles 16.3 (non PnP) irq, io
+ 4 Creatix/Teles PnP irq, io0 (ISAC), io1 (HSCX)
+ 5 AVM A1 (Fritz) irq, io
+ 6 ELSA PCC/PCF cards io or nothing for autodetect (the iobase is
+ required only if you have more than one ELSA
+ card in your PC)
+ 7 ELSA Quickstep 1000 irq, io (from isapnp setup)
+ 8 Teles 16.3 PCMCIA irq, io
+ 9 ITK ix1-micro Rev.2 irq, io
+ 10 ELSA PCMCIA irq, io (set with card manager)
+ 11 Eicon.Diehl Diva ISA PnP irq, io
+ 11 Eicon.Diehl Diva PCI no parameter
+ 12 ASUS COM ISDNLink irq, io (from isapnp setup)
+ 13 HFC-2BS0 based cards irq, io
+ 14 Teles 16.3c PnP irq, io
+ 15 Sedlbauer Speed Card irq, io
+ 15 Sedlbauer PC/104 irq, io
+ 15 Sedlbauer Speed PCI no parameter
+ 16 USR Sportster internal irq, io
+ 17 MIC card irq, io
+ 18 ELSA Quickstep 1000PCI no parameter
+ 19 Compaq ISDN S0 ISA card irq, io0, io1, io (from isapnp setup io=IO2)
+ 20 NETjet PCI card no parameter
+ 21 Teles PCI no parameter
+ 22 Sedlbauer Speed Star (PCMCIA) irq, io (set with card manager)
+ 24 Dr. Neuhaus Niccy PnP irq, io0, io1 (from isapnp setup)
+ 24 Dr. Neuhaus Niccy PCI no parameter
+ 25 Teles S0Box irq, io (of the used lpt port)
+ 26 AVM A1 PCMCIA (Fritz!) irq, io (set with card manager)
+ 27 AVM PnP (Fritz!PnP) irq, io (from isapnp setup)
+ 27 AVM PCI (Fritz!PCI) no parameter
+ 28 Sedlbauer Speed Fax+ irq, io (from isapnp setup)
+ 29 Siemens I-Surf 1.0 irq, io, memory (from isapnp setup)
+ 30 ACER P10 irq, io (from isapnp setup)
+ 31 HST Saphir irq, io
+ 32 Telekom A4T none
+ 33 Scitel Quadro subcontroller (4*S0, subctrl 1...4)
+ 34 Gazel ISDN cards (ISA) irq,io
+ 34 Gazel ISDN cards (PCI) none
+ 35 HFC 2BDS0 PCI none
+ 36 W6692 based PCI cards none
+ 37 HFC 2BDS0 S+, SP irq,io
+ 38 NETspider U PCI card none
+ 39 HFC 2BDS0 SP/PCMCIA irq,io (set with cardmgr)
+ 40 hotplug interface
+ 41 Formula-n enter:now PCI none
+
+At the moment IRQ sharing is only possible with PCI cards. Please make sure
+that your IRQ is free and enabled for ISA use.
+
+
+Examples for module loading
+
+1. Teles 16.3, Euro ISDN, I/O base 280 hex, IRQ 10
+ modprobe hisax type=3 protocol=2 io=0x280 irq=10
+
+2. Teles 16.0, 1TR6 ISDN, I/O base d80 hex, IRQ 5, Memory d0000 hex
+ modprobe hisax protocol=1 type=1 io=0xd80 mem=0xd0000 irq=5
+
+3. Fritzcard, Euro ISDN, I/O base 340 hex, IRQ 10 and ELSA PCF, Euro ISDN
+ modprobe hisax type=5,6 protocol=2,2 io=0x340 irq=10 id=Fritz%Elsa
+
+4. Any ELSA PCC/PCF card, Euro ISDN
+ modprobe hisax type=6 protocol=2
+
+5. Teles 16.3 PnP, Euro ISDN, with isapnp configured
+ isapnp config: (INT 0 (IRQ 10 (MODE +E)))
+ (IO 0 (BASE 0x0580))
+ (IO 1 (BASE 0x0180))
+ modprobe hisax type=4 protocol=2 irq=10 io0=0x580 io1=0x180
+
+ In the current version of HiSax, you can instead simply use
+
+ modprobe hisax type=4 protocol=2
+
+ if you configured your kernel for ISAPnP. Don't run isapnp in
+ this case!
+
+6. Teles 16.3, Euro ISDN, I/O base 280 hex, IRQ 12 and
+ Teles 16.0, 1TR6, IRQ 5, Memory d0000 hex
+ modprobe hisax type=3,1 protocol=2,1 io=0x280 mem=0,0xd0000
+
+ Please note the dummy 0 memory address for the Teles 16.3, used as a
+ placeholder as described above, in the last example.
+
+7. Teles PCMCIA, Euro ISDN, I/O base 180 hex, IRQ 15 (default values)
+ modprobe hisax type=8 protocol=2 io=0x180 irq=15
+
+
+b) using LILO/LOADLIN, with the driver compiled directly into the kernel
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+hisax=typ1,dp1,pa_1,pb_1,pc_1[,typ2,dp2,pa_2 ... \
+ typn,dpn,pa_n,pb_n,pc_n][,idstring1[,idstring2,...,idstringn]]
+
+where
+ typ1 = type of 1st card (default depends on kernel settings)
+ dp1 = D-Channel protocol of 1st card. 1=1TR6, 2=EDSS1, 3=leased
+ pa_1 = 1st parameter (depending on the type of the card)
+ pb_1 = 2nd parameter ( " " " " " " " )
+ pc_1 = 3rd parameter ( " " " " " " " )
+
+ typ2,dp2,pa_2,pb_2,pc_2 = Parameters of the second card (defaults: none)
+ typn,dpn,pa_n,pb_n,pc_n = Parameters of the n'th card (up to 16 cards are
+ supported)
+
+ idstring = Driver ID for accessing the particular card with utility
+ programs and for identification when using a line monitor
+ (default: "HiSax")
+
+ Note: the ID string must start with an alphabetical character!
+
+Card types:
+
+type
+ 1 Teles 16.0 pa=irq pb=membase pc=iobase
+ 2 Teles 8.0 pa=irq pb=membase
+ 3 Teles 16.3 pa=irq pb=iobase
+ 4 Creatix/Teles PNP ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 5 AVM A1 (Fritz) pa=irq pb=iobase
+ 6 ELSA PCC/PCF cards pa=iobase or nothing for autodetect
+ 7 ELSA Quickstep 1000 ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 8 Teles S0 PCMCIA pa=irq pb=iobase
+ 9 ITK ix1-micro Rev.2 pa=irq pb=iobase
+ 10 ELSA PCMCIA pa=irq, pb=io (set with card manager)
+ 11 Eicon.Diehl Diva ISAPnP ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 11 Eicon.Diehl Diva PCI no parameter
+ 12 ASUS COM ISDNLink ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 13 HFC-2BS0 based cards pa=irq pb=io
+ 14 Teles 16.3c PnP ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 15 Sedlbauer Speed Card pa=irq pb=io (Speed Win only as module !)
+ 15 Sedlbauer PC/104 pa=irq pb=io
+ 15 Sedlbauer Speed PCI no parameter
+ 16 USR Sportster internal pa=irq pb=io
+ 17 MIC card pa=irq pb=io
+ 18 ELSA Quickstep 1000PCI no parameter
+ 19 Compaq ISDN S0 ISA card ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 20 NETjet PCI card no parameter
+ 21 Teles PCI no parameter
+ 22 Sedlbauer Speed Star (PCMCIA) pa=irq, pb=io (set with card manager)
+ 24 Dr. Neuhaus Niccy PnP ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 24 Dr. Neuhaus Niccy PCI no parameter
+ 25 Teles S0Box pa=irq, pb=io (of the used lpt port)
+ 26 AVM A1 PCMCIA (Fritz!) pa=irq, pb=io (set with card manager)
+ 27 AVM PnP (Fritz!PnP) ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 27 AVM PCI (Fritz!PCI) no parameter
+ 28 Sedlbauer Speed Fax+ ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 29 Siemens I-Surf 1.0 ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 30 ACER P10 ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 31 HST Saphir pa=irq, pb=io
+ 32 Telekom A4T no parameter
+ 33 Scitel Quadro subcontroller (4*S0, subctrl 1...4)
+ 34 Gazel ISDN cards (ISA) pa=irq, pb=io
+ 34 Gazel ISDN cards (PCI) no parameter
+ 35 HFC 2BDS0 PCI no parameter
+ 36 W6692 based PCI cards none
+ 37 HFC 2BDS0 S+,SP/PCMCIA ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 38 NETspider U PCI card none
+ 39 HFC 2BDS0 SP/PCMCIA ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 40 hotplug interface ONLY WORKS AS A MODULE !
+ 41 Formula-n enter:now PCI none
+
+Running the driver
+------------------
+
+When you insmod isdn.o and hisax.o (or with the in-kernel version, during
+boot time), a few lines should appear in your syslog. Look for something like:
+
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: HiSax: Driver for Siemens chip set ISDN cards
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: HiSax: Version 2.9
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: HiSax: Revisions 1.14/1.9/1.10/1.25/1.8
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: HiSax: Total 1 card defined
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: HiSax: Card 1 Protocol EDSS1 Id=HiSax1 (0)
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: HiSax: Elsa driver Rev. 1.13
+...
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: Elsa: PCF-Pro found at 0x360 Rev.:C IRQ 10
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: Elsa: timer OK; resetting card
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: Elsa: HSCX version A: V2.1 B: V2.1
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: Elsa: ISAC 2086/2186 V1.1
+...
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: HiSax: DSS1 Rev. 1.14
+Apr 13 21:01:59 kke01 kernel: HiSax: 2 channels added
+
+This means that the card is ready for use.
+Cabling problems or line-downs are not detected, and only some ELSA cards can
+detect the S0 power.
+
+Remember that, according to the new strategy for accessing low-level drivers
+from within isdn4linux, you should also define a driver ID while doing
+insmod: Simply append hisax_id=<SomeString> to the insmod command line. This
+string MUST NOT start with a digit or a small 'x'!
+
+At this point you can run a 'cat /dev/isdnctrl0' and view debugging messages.
+
+At the moment, debugging messages are enabled with the hisaxctrl tool:
+
+ hisaxctrl <DriverId> DebugCmd <debugging_flags>
+
+<DriverId> default is HiSax, if you didn't specify one.
+
+DebugCmd is 1 for generic debugging
+ 11 for layer 1 development debugging
+ 13 for layer 3 development debugging
+
+where <debugging_flags> is the integer sum of the following debugging
+options you wish enabled:
+
+With DebugCmd set to 1:
+
+ 0x0001 Link-level <--> hardware-level communication
+ 0x0002 Top state machine
+ 0x0004 D-Channel Frames for isdnlog
+ 0x0008 D-Channel Q.921
+ 0x0010 B-Channel X.75
+ 0x0020 D-Channel l2
+ 0x0040 B-Channel l2
+ 0x0080 D-Channel link state debugging
+ 0x0100 B-Channel link state debugging
+ 0x0200 TEI debug
+ 0x0400 LOCK debug in callc.c
+ 0x0800 More paranoid debug in callc.c (not for normal use)
+ 0x1000 D-Channel l1 state debugging
+ 0x2000 B-Channel l1 state debugging
+
+With DebugCmd set to 11:
+
+ 0x0001 Warnings (default: on)
+ 0x0002 IRQ status
+ 0x0004 ISAC
+ 0x0008 ISAC FIFO
+ 0x0010 HSCX
+ 0x0020 HSCX FIFO (attention: full B-Channel output!)
+ 0x0040 D-Channel LAPD frame types
+ 0x0080 IPAC debug
+ 0x0100 HFC receive debug
+ 0x0200 ISAC monitor debug
+ 0x0400 D-Channel frames for isdnlog (set with 1 0x4 too)
+ 0x0800 D-Channel message verbose
+
+With DebugCmd set to 13:
+
+ 1 Warnings (default: on)
+ 2 l3 protocol descriptor errors
+ 4 l3 state machine
+ 8 charge info debugging (1TR6)
+
+For example, 'hisaxctrl HiSax 1 0x3ff' enables full generic debugging.
+
+Because of some obscure problems with some switch equipment, the delay
+between the CONNECT message and sending the first data on the B-channel is now
+configurable with
+
+hisaxctrl <DriverId> 2 <delay>
+<delay> in ms Value between 50 and 800 ms is recommended.
+
+Downloading Firmware
+--------------------
+At the moment, the Sedlbauer speed fax+ is the only card, which
+needs to download firmware.
+The firmware is downloaded with the hisaxctrl tool:
+
+ hisaxctrl <DriverId> 9 <firmware_filename>
+
+<DriverId> default is HiSax, if you didn't specify one,
+
+where <firmware_filename> is the filename of the firmware file.
+
+For example, 'hisaxctrl HiSax 9 ISAR.BIN' downloads the firmware for
+ISAR based cards (like the Sedlbauer speed fax+).
+
+Warning
+-------
+HiSax is a work in progress and may crash your machine.
+For certification look at HiSax.cert file.
+
+Limitations
+-----------
+At this time, HiSax only works on Euro ISDN lines and German 1TR6 lines.
+For leased lines see appendix.
+
+Bugs
+----
+If you find any, please let me know.
+
+
+Thanks
+------
+Special thanks to:
+
+ Emil Stephan for the name HiSax which is a mix of HSCX and ISAC.
+
+ Fritz Elfert, Jan den Ouden, Michael Hipp, Michael Wein,
+ Andreas Kool, Pekka Sarnila, Sim Yskes, Johan Myrre'en,
+ Klaus-Peter Nischke (ITK AG), Christof Petig, Werner Fehn (ELSA GmbH),
+ Volker Schmidt
+ Edgar Toernig and Marcus Niemann for the Sedlbauer driver
+ Stephan von Krawczynski
+ Juergen Quade for the Leased Line part
+ Klaus Lichtenwalder (Klaus.Lichtenwalder@WebForum.DE), for ELSA PCMCIA support
+ Enrik Berkhan (enrik@starfleet.inka.de) for S0BOX specific stuff
+ Ton van Rosmalen for Teles PCI
+ Petr Novak <petr.novak@i.cz> for Winbond W6692 support
+ Werner Cornelius <werner@isdn4linux.de> for HFC-PCI, HFC-S(+/P) and supplementary services support
+ and more people who are hunting bugs. (If I forgot somebody, please
+ send me a mail).
+
+ Firma ELSA GmbH
+ Firma Eicon.Diehl GmbH
+ Firma Dynalink NL
+ Firma ASUSCOM NETWORK INC. Taiwan
+ Firma S.u.S.E
+ Firma ith Kommunikationstechnik GmbH
+ Firma Traverse Technologie Australia
+ Firma Medusa GmbH (www.medusa.de).
+ Firma Quant-X Austria for sponsoring a DEC Alpha board+CPU
+ Firma Cologne Chip Designs GmbH
+
+ My girl friend and partner in life Ute for her patience with me.
+
+
+Enjoy,
+
+Karsten Keil
+keil@isdn4linux.de
+
+
+Appendix: Teles PCMCIA driver
+-----------------------------
+
+See
+ http://www.stud.uni-wuppertal.de/~ea0141/pcmcia.html
+for instructions.
+
+Appendix: Linux and ISDN-leased lines
+-------------------------------------
+
+Original from Juergen Quade, new version KKe.
+
+Attention NEW VERSION, the old leased line syntax won't work !!!
+
+You can use HiSax to connect your Linux-Box via an ISDN leased line
+to e.g. the Internet:
+
+1. Build a kernel which includes the HiSax driver either as a module
+ or as part of the kernel.
+ cd /usr/src/linux
+ make menuconfig
+ <ISDN subsystem - ISDN support -- HiSax>
+ make clean; make zImage; make modules; make modules_install
+2. Install the new kernel
+ cp /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage /etc/kernel/linux.isdn
+ vi /etc/lilo.conf
+ <add new kernel in the bootable image section>
+ lilo
+3. in case the hisax driver is a "fixed" part of the kernel, configure
+ the driver with lilo:
+ vi /etc/lilo.conf
+ <add HiSax driver parameter in the global section (see below)>
+ lilo
+ Your lilo.conf _might_ look like the following:
+
+ # LILO configuration-file
+ # global section
+ # teles 16.0 on IRQ=5, MEM=0xd8000, PORT=0xd80
+ append="hisax=1,3,5,0xd8000,0xd80,HiSax"
+ # teles 16.3 (non pnp) on IRQ=15, PORT=0xd80
+ # append="hisax=3,3,5,0xd8000,0xd80,HiSax"
+ boot=/dev/sda
+ compact # faster, but won't work on all systems.
+ linear
+ read-only
+ prompt
+ timeout=100
+ vga = normal # force sane state
+ # Linux bootable partition config begins
+ image = /etc/kernel/linux.isdn
+ root = /dev/sda1
+ label = linux.isdn
+ #
+ image = /etc/kernel/linux-2.0.30
+ root = /dev/sda1
+ label = linux.secure
+
+ In the line starting with "append" you have to adapt the parameters
+ according to your card (see above in this file)
+
+3. boot the new linux.isdn kernel
+4. start the ISDN subsystem:
+ a) load - if necessary - the modules (depends, whether you compiled
+ the ISDN driver as module or not)
+ According to the type of card you have to specify the necessary
+ driver parameter (irq, io, mem, type, protocol).
+ For the leased line the protocol is "3". See the table above for
+ the parameters, which you have to specify depending on your card.
+ b) configure i4l
+ /sbin/isdnctrl addif isdn0
+ # EAZ 1 -- B1 channel 2 --B2 channel
+ /sbin/isdnctrl eaz isdn0 1
+ /sbin/isdnctrl secure isdn0 on
+ /sbin/isdnctrl huptimeout isdn0 0
+ /sbin/isdnctrl l2_prot isdn0 hdlc
+ # Attention you must not set an outgoing number !!! This won't work !!!
+ # The incoming number is LEASED0 for the first card, LEASED1 for the
+ # second and so on.
+ /sbin/isdnctrl addphone isdn0 in LEASED0
+ # Here is no need to bind the channel.
+ c) in case the remote partner is a CISCO:
+ /sbin/isdnctrl encap isdn0 cisco-h
+ d) configure the interface
+ /sbin/ifconfig isdn0 ${LOCAL_IP} pointopoint ${REMOTE_IP}
+ e) set the routes
+ /sbin/route add -host ${REMOTE_IP} isdn0
+ /sbin/route add default gw ${REMOTE_IP}
+ f) switch the card into leased mode for each used B-channel
+ /sbin/hisaxctrl HiSax 5 1
+
+Remarks:
+a) Use state of the art isdn4k-utils
+
+Here an example script:
+#!/bin/sh
+# Start/Stop ISDN leased line connection
+
+I4L_AS_MODULE=yes
+I4L_REMOTE_IS_CISCO=no
+I4L_MODULE_PARAMS="type=16 io=0x268 irq=7 "
+I4L_DEBUG=no
+I4L_LEASED_128K=yes
+LOCAL_IP=192.168.1.1
+REMOTE_IP=192.168.2.1
+
+case "$1" in
+ start)
+ echo "Starting ISDN ..."
+ if [ ${I4L_AS_MODULE} = "yes" ]; then
+ echo "loading modules..."
+ /sbin/modprobe hisax ${I4L_MODULE_PARAMS}
+ fi
+ # configure interface
+ /sbin/isdnctrl addif isdn0
+ /sbin/isdnctrl secure isdn0 on
+ if [ ${I4L_DEBUG} = "yes" ]; then
+ /sbin/isdnctrl verbose 7
+ /sbin/hisaxctrl HiSax 1 0xffff
+ /sbin/hisaxctrl HiSax 11 0xff
+ cat /dev/isdnctrl >/tmp/lea.log &
+ fi
+ if [ ${I4L_REMOTE_IS_CISCO} = "yes" ]; then
+ /sbin/isdnctrl encap isdn0 cisco-h
+ fi
+ /sbin/isdnctrl huptimeout isdn0 0
+ # B-CHANNEL 1
+ /sbin/isdnctrl eaz isdn0 1
+ /sbin/isdnctrl l2_prot isdn0 hdlc
+ # 1. card
+ /sbin/isdnctrl addphone isdn0 in LEASED0
+ if [ ${I4L_LEASED_128K} = "yes" ]; then
+ /sbin/isdnctrl addslave isdn0 isdn0s
+ /sbin/isdnctrl secure isdn0s on
+ /sbin/isdnctrl huptimeout isdn0s 0
+ # B-CHANNEL 2
+ /sbin/isdnctrl eaz isdn0s 2
+ /sbin/isdnctrl l2_prot isdn0s hdlc
+ # 1. card
+ /sbin/isdnctrl addphone isdn0s in LEASED0
+ if [ ${I4L_REMOTE_IS_CISCO} = "yes" ]; then
+ /sbin/isdnctrl encap isdn0s cisco-h
+ fi
+ fi
+ /sbin/isdnctrl dialmode isdn0 manual
+ # configure tcp/ip
+ /sbin/ifconfig isdn0 ${LOCAL_IP} pointopoint ${REMOTE_IP}
+ /sbin/route add -host ${REMOTE_IP} isdn0
+ /sbin/route add default gw ${REMOTE_IP}
+ # switch to leased mode
+ # B-CHANNEL 1
+ /sbin/hisaxctrl HiSax 5 1
+ if [ ${I4L_LEASED_128K} = "yes" ]; then
+ # B-CHANNEL 2
+ sleep 10; /* Wait for master */
+ /sbin/hisaxctrl HiSax 5 2
+ fi
+ ;;
+ stop)
+ /sbin/ifconfig isdn0 down
+ /sbin/isdnctrl delif isdn0
+ if [ ${I4L_DEBUG} = "yes" ]; then
+ killall cat
+ fi
+ if [ ${I4L_AS_MODULE} = "yes" ]; then
+ /sbin/rmmod hisax
+ /sbin/rmmod isdn
+ /sbin/rmmod ppp
+ /sbin/rmmod slhc
+ fi
+ ;;
+ *)
+ echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop}"
+ exit 1
+esac
+exit 0
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.act2000 b/Documentation/isdn/README.act2000
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce7115e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.act2000
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+$Id: README.act2000,v 1.3 2000/08/06 09:22:51 armin Exp $
+
+This document describes the ACT2000 driver for the
+IBM Active 2000 ISDN card.
+
+There are 3 Types of this card available. A ISA-, MCA-, and PCMCIA-Bus
+Version. Currently, only the ISA-Bus version of the card is supported.
+However MCA and PCMCIA will follow soon.
+
+The ISA-Bus Version uses 8 IO-ports. The base port address has to be set
+manually using the DIP switches.
+
+Setting up the DIP switches for the IBM Active 2000 ISDN card:
+
+ Note: S5 and S6 always set off!
+
+ S1 S2 S3 S4 Base-port
+ on on on on 0x0200 (Factory default)
+ off on on on 0x0240
+ on off on on 0x0280
+ off off on on 0x02c0
+ on on off on 0x0300
+ off on off on 0x0340
+ on off off on 0x0380
+ on on on off 0xcfe0
+ off on on off 0xcfa0
+ on off on off 0xcf60
+ off off on off 0xcf20
+ on on off off 0xcee0
+ off on off off 0xcea0
+ on off off off 0xce60
+ off off off off Card disabled
+
+IRQ is configured by software. Possible values are:
+
+ 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15 and none (polled mode)
+
+
+The ACT2000 driver may either be built into the kernel or as a module.
+Initialization depends on how the driver is built:
+
+Driver built into the kernel:
+
+ The ACT2000 driver can be configured using the commandline-feature while
+ loading the kernel with LILO or LOADLIN. It accepts the following syntax:
+
+ act2000=b,p,i[,idstring]
+
+ where
+
+ b = Bus-Type (1=ISA, 2=MCA, 3=PCMCIA)
+ p = portbase (-1 means autoprobe)
+ i = Interrupt (-1 means use next free IRQ, 0 means polled mode)
+
+ The idstring is an arbitrary string used for referencing the card
+ by the actctrl tool later.
+
+ Defaults used, when no parameters given at all:
+
+ 1,-1,-1,""
+
+ which means: Autoprobe for an ISA card, use next free IRQ, let the
+ ISDN linklevel fill the IdString (usually "line0" for the first card).
+
+ If you like to use more than one card, you can use the program
+ "actctrl" from the utility-package to configure additional cards.
+
+ Using the "actctrl"-utility, portbase and irq can also be changed
+ during runtime. The D-channel protocol is configured by the "dproto"
+ option of the "actctrl"-utility after loading the firmware into the
+ card's memory using the "actctrl"-utility.
+
+Driver built as module:
+
+ The module act2000.o can be configured during modprobe (insmod) by
+ appending its parameters to the modprobe resp. insmod commandline.
+ The following syntax is accepted:
+
+ act_bus=b act_port=p act_irq=i act_id=idstring
+
+ where b, p, i and idstring have the same meanings as the parameters
+ described for the builtin version above.
+
+ Using the "actctrl"-utility, the same features apply to the modularized
+ version as to the kernel-builtin one. (i.e. loading of firmware and
+ configuring the D-channel protocol)
+
+Loading the firmware into the card:
+
+ The firmware is supplied together with the isdn4k-utils package. It
+ can be found in the subdirectory act2000/firmware/
+
+ Assuming you have installed the utility-package correctly, the firmware
+ will be downloaded into the card using the following command:
+
+ actctrl -d idstring load /etc/isdn/bip11.btl
+
+ where idstring is the Name of the card, given during insmod-time or
+ (for kernel-builtin driver) on the kernel commandline. If only one
+ ISDN card is used, the -d isdstrin may be omitted.
+
+ For further documentation (adding more IBM Active 2000 cards), refer to
+ the manpage actctrl.8 which is included in the isdn4k-utils package.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.audio b/Documentation/isdn/README.audio
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ebca19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.audio
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+$Id: README.audio,v 1.8 1999/07/11 17:17:29 armin Exp $
+
+ISDN subsystem for Linux.
+ Description of audio mode.
+
+When enabled during kernel configuration, the tty emulator of the ISDN
+subsystem is capable of a reduced set of commands to support audio.
+This document describes the commands supported and the format of
+audio data.
+
+Commands for enabling/disabling audio mode:
+
+ AT+FCLASS=8 Enable audio mode.
+ This affects the following registers:
+ S18: Bits 0 and 2 are set.
+ S16: Set to 48 and any further change to
+ larger values is blocked.
+ AT+FCLASS=0 Disable audio mode.
+ Register 18 is set to 4.
+ AT+FCLASS=? Show possible modes.
+ AT+FCLASS? Report current mode (0 or 8).
+
+Commands supported in audio mode:
+
+All audio mode commands have one of the following forms:
+
+ AT+Vxx? Show current setting.
+ AT+Vxx=? Show possible settings.
+ AT+Vxx=v Set simple parameter.
+ AT+Vxx=v,v ... Set complex parameter.
+
+where xx is a two-character code and v are alphanumerical parameters.
+The following commands are supported:
+
+ AT+VNH=x Auto hangup setting. NO EFFECT, supported
+ for compatibility only.
+ AT+VNH? Always reporting "1"
+ AT+VNH=? Always reporting "1"
+
+ AT+VIP Reset all audio parameters.
+
+ AT+VLS=x Line select. x is one of the following:
+ 0 = No device.
+ 2 = Phone line.
+ AT+VLS=? Always reporting "0,2"
+ AT+VLS? Show current line.
+
+ AT+VRX Start recording. Emulator responds with
+ CONNECT and starts sending audio data to
+ the application. See below for data format
+
+ AT+VSD=x,y Set silence-detection parameters.
+ Possible parameters:
+ x = 0 ... 31 sensitivity threshold level.
+ (default 0 , deactivated)
+ y = 0 ... 255 range of interval in units
+ of 0.1 second. (default 70)
+ AT+VSD=? Report possible parameters.
+ AT+VSD? Show current parameters.
+
+ AT+VDD=x,y Set DTMF-detection parameters.
+ Only possible if online and during this connection.
+ Possible parameters:
+ x = 0 ... 15 sensitivity threshold level.
+ (default 0 , I4L soft-decode)
+ (1-15 soft-decode off, hardware on)
+ y = 0 ... 255 tone duration in units of 5ms.
+ Not for I4L soft decode (default 8, 40ms)
+ AT+VDD=? Report possible parameters.
+ AT+VDD? Show current parameters.
+
+ AT+VSM=x Select audio data format.
+ Possible parameters:
+ 2 = ADPCM-2
+ 3 = ADPCM-3
+ 4 = ADPCM-4
+ 5 = aLAW
+ 6 = uLAW
+ AT+VSM=? Show possible audio formats.
+
+ AT+VTX Start audio playback. Emulator responds
+ with CONNECT and starts sending audio data
+ received from the application via phone line.
+General behavior and description of data formats/protocol.
+ when a connection is made:
+
+ On incoming calls, if the application responds to a RING
+ with ATA, depending on the calling service, the emulator
+ responds with either CONNECT (data call) or VCON (voice call).
+
+ On outgoing voice calls, the emulator responds with VCON
+ upon connection setup.
+
+ Audio recording.
+
+ When receiving audio data, a kind of bisync protocol is used.
+ Upon AT+VRX command, the emulator responds with CONNECT, and
+ starts sending audio data to the application. There are several
+ escape sequences defined, all using DLE (0x10) as Escape char:
+
+ <DLE><ETX> End of audio data. (i.e. caused by a
+ hangup of the remote side) Emulator stops
+ recording, responding with VCON.
+ <DLE><DC4> Abort recording, (send by appl.) Emulator
+ stops recording, sends DLE,ETX.
+ <DLE><DLE> Escape sequence for DLE in data stream.
+ <DLE>0 Touchtone "0" received.
+ ...
+ <DLE>9 Touchtone "9" received.
+ <DLE># Touchtone "#" received.
+ <DLE>* Touchtone "*" received.
+ <DLE>A Touchtone "A" received.
+ <DLE>B Touchtone "B" received.
+ <DLE>C Touchtone "C" received.
+ <DLE>D Touchtone "D" received.
+
+ <DLE>q quiet. Silence detected after non-silence.
+ <DLE>s silence. Silence detected from the
+ start of recording.
+
+ Currently unsupported DLE sequences:
+
+ <DLE>c FAX calling tone received.
+ <DLE>b busy tone received.
+
+ Audio playback.
+
+ When sending audio data, upon AT+VTX command, emulator responds with
+ CONNECT, and starts transferring data from application to the phone line.
+ The same DLE sequences apply to this mode.
+
+ Full-Duplex-Audio:
+
+ When _both_ commands for recording and playback are given in _one_
+ AT-command-line (i.e.: "AT+VTX+VRX"), full-duplex-mode is selected.
+ In this mode, the only way to stop recording is sending <DLE><DC4>
+ and the only way to stop playback is to send <DLE><ETX>.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.avmb1 b/Documentation/isdn/README.avmb1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e07548
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.avmb1
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+Driver for active AVM Controller.
+
+The driver provides a kernel capi2.0 Interface (kernelcapi) and
+on top of this a User-Level-CAPI2.0-interface (capi)
+and a driver to connect isdn4linux with CAPI2.0 (capidrv).
+The lowlevel interface can be used to implement a CAPI2.0
+also for passive cards since July 1999.
+
+The author can be reached at calle@calle.in-berlin.de.
+The command avmcapictrl is part of the isdn4k-utils.
+t4-files can be found at ftp://ftp.avm.de/cardware/b1/linux/firmware
+
+Currently supported cards:
+ B1 ISA (all versions)
+ B1 PCI
+ T1/T1B (HEMA card)
+ M1
+ M2
+ B1 PCMCIA
+
+Installing
+----------
+
+You need at least /dev/capi20 to load the firmware.
+
+mknod /dev/capi20 c 68 0
+mknod /dev/capi20.00 c 68 1
+mknod /dev/capi20.01 c 68 2
+.
+.
+.
+mknod /dev/capi20.19 c 68 20
+
+Running
+-------
+
+To use the card you need the t4-files to download the firmware.
+AVM GmbH provides several t4-files for the different D-channel
+protocols (b1.t4 for Euro-ISDN). Install these file in /lib/isdn.
+
+if you configure as modules load the modules this way:
+
+insmod /lib/modules/current/misc/capiutil.o
+insmod /lib/modules/current/misc/b1.o
+insmod /lib/modules/current/misc/kernelcapi.o
+insmod /lib/modules/current/misc/capidrv.o
+insmod /lib/modules/current/misc/capi.o
+
+if you have an B1-PCI card load the module b1pci.o
+insmod /lib/modules/current/misc/b1pci.o
+and load the firmware with
+avmcapictrl load /lib/isdn/b1.t4 1
+
+if you have an B1-ISA card load the module b1isa.o
+and add the card by calling
+avmcapictrl add 0x150 15
+and load the firmware by calling
+avmcapictrl load /lib/isdn/b1.t4 1
+
+if you have an T1-ISA card load the module t1isa.o
+and add the card by calling
+avmcapictrl add 0x450 15 T1 0
+and load the firmware by calling
+avmcapictrl load /lib/isdn/t1.t4 1
+
+if you have an PCMCIA card (B1/M1/M2) load the module b1pcmcia.o
+before you insert the card.
+
+Leased Lines with B1
+--------------------
+Init card and load firmware.
+For an D64S use "FV: 1" as phone number
+For an D64S2 use "FV: 1" and "FV: 2" for multilink
+or "FV: 1,2" to use CAPI channel bundling.
+
+/proc-Interface
+-----------------
+
+/proc/capi:
+ dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 .
+ dr-xr-xr-x 82 root root 0 Jun 30 19:08 ..
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 applications
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 applstats
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 capi20
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 capidrv
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 controller
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 contrstats
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 driver
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 ncci
+ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 1 14:03 users
+
+/proc/capi/applications:
+ applid level3cnt datablkcnt datablklen ncci-cnt recvqueuelen
+ level3cnt: capi_register parameter
+ datablkcnt: capi_register parameter
+ ncci-cnt: current number of nccis (connections)
+ recvqueuelen: number of messages on receive queue
+ for example:
+1 -2 16 2048 1 0
+2 2 7 2048 1 0
+
+/proc/capi/applstats:
+ applid recvctlmsg nrecvdatamsg nsentctlmsg nsentdatamsg
+ recvctlmsg: capi messages received without DATA_B3_IND
+ recvdatamsg: capi DATA_B3_IND received
+ sentctlmsg: capi messages sent without DATA_B3_REQ
+ sentdatamsg: capi DATA_B3_REQ sent
+ for example:
+1 2057 1699 1721 1699
+
+/proc/capi/capi20: statistics of capi.o (/dev/capi20)
+ minor nopen nrecvdropmsg nrecvctlmsg nrecvdatamsg sentctlmsg sentdatamsg
+ minor: minor device number of capi device
+ nopen: number of calls to devices open
+ nrecvdropmsg: capi messages dropped (messages in recvqueue in close)
+ nrecvctlmsg: capi messages received without DATA_B3_IND
+ nrecvdatamsg: capi DATA_B3_IND received
+ nsentctlmsg: capi messages sent without DATA_B3_REQ
+ nsentdatamsg: capi DATA_B3_REQ sent
+
+ for example:
+1 2 18 0 16 2
+
+/proc/capi/capidrv: statistics of capidrv.o (capi messages)
+ nrecvctlmsg nrecvdatamsg sentctlmsg sentdatamsg
+ nrecvctlmsg: capi messages received without DATA_B3_IND
+ nrecvdatamsg: capi DATA_B3_IND received
+ nsentctlmsg: capi messages sent without DATA_B3_REQ
+ nsentdatamsg: capi DATA_B3_REQ sent
+ for example:
+2780 2226 2256 2226
+
+/proc/capi/controller:
+ controller drivername state cardname controllerinfo
+ for example:
+1 b1pci running b1pci-e000 B1 3.07-01 0xe000 19
+2 t1isa running t1isa-450 B1 3.07-01 0x450 11 0
+3 b1pcmcia running m2-150 B1 3.07-01 0x150 5
+
+/proc/capi/contrstats:
+ controller nrecvctlmsg nrecvdatamsg sentctlmsg sentdatamsg
+ nrecvctlmsg: capi messages received without DATA_B3_IND
+ nrecvdatamsg: capi DATA_B3_IND received
+ nsentctlmsg: capi messages sent without DATA_B3_REQ
+ nsentdatamsg: capi DATA_B3_REQ sent
+ for example:
+1 2845 2272 2310 2274
+2 2 0 2 0
+3 2 0 2 0
+
+/proc/capi/driver:
+ drivername ncontroller
+ for example:
+b1pci 1
+t1isa 1
+b1pcmcia 1
+b1isa 0
+
+/proc/capi/ncci:
+ apllid ncci winsize sendwindow
+ for example:
+1 0x10101 8 0
+
+/proc/capi/users: kernelmodules that use the kernelcapi.
+ name
+ for example:
+capidrv
+capi20
+
+Questions
+---------
+Check out the FAQ (ftp.isdn4linux.de) or subscribe to the
+linux-avmb1@calle.in-berlin.de mailing list by sending
+a mail to majordomo@calle.in-berlin.de with
+subscribe linux-avmb1
+in the body.
+
+German documentation and several scripts can be found at
+ftp://ftp.avm.de/cardware/b1/linux/
+
+Bugs
+----
+If you find any please let me know.
+
+Enjoy,
+
+Carsten Paeth (calle@calle.in-berlin.de)
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.concap b/Documentation/isdn/README.concap
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f114ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.concap
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+Description of the "concap" encapsulation protocol interface
+============================================================
+
+The "concap" interface is intended to be used by network device
+drivers that need to process an encapsulation protocol.
+It is assumed that the protocol interacts with a linux network device by
+- data transmission
+- connection control (establish, release)
+Thus, the mnemonic: "CONnection CONtrolling eNCAPsulation Protocol".
+
+This is currently only used inside the isdn subsystem. But it might
+also be useful to other kinds of network devices. Thus, if you want
+to suggest changes that improve usability or performance of the
+interface, please let me know. I'm willing to include them in future
+releases (even if I needed to adapt the current isdn code to the
+changed interface).
+
+
+Why is this useful?
+===================
+
+The encapsulation protocol used on top of WAN connections or permanent
+point-to-point links are frequently chosen upon bilateral agreement.
+Thus, a device driver for a certain type of hardware must support
+several different encapsulation protocols at once.
+
+The isdn device driver did already support several different
+encapsulation protocols. The encapsulation protocol is configured by a
+user space utility (isdnctrl). The isdn network interface code then
+uses several case statements which select appropriate actions
+depending on the currently configured encapsulation protocol.
+
+In contrast, LAN network interfaces always used a single encapsulation
+protocol which is unique to the hardware type of the interface. The LAN
+encapsulation is usually done by just sticking a header on the data. Thus,
+traditional linux network device drivers used to process the
+encapsulation protocol directly (usually by just providing a hard_header()
+method in the device structure) using some hardware type specific support
+functions. This is simple, direct and efficient. But it doesn't fit all
+the requirements for complex WAN encapsulations.
+
+
+ The configurability of the encapsulation protocol to be used
+ makes isdn network interfaces more flexible, but also much more
+ complex than traditional lan network interfaces.
+
+
+Many Encapsulation protocols used on top of WAN connections will not just
+stick a header on the data. They also might need to set up or release
+the WAN connection. They also might want to send other data for their
+private purpose over the wire, e.g. ppp does a lot of link level
+negotiation before the first piece of user data can be transmitted.
+Such encapsulation protocols for WAN devices are typically more complex
+than encapsulation protocols for lan devices. Thus, network interface
+code for typical WAN devices also tends to be more complex.
+
+
+In order to support Linux' x25 PLP implementation on top of
+isdn network interfaces I could have introduced yet another branch to
+the various case statements inside drivers/isdn/isdn_net.c.
+This eventually made isdn_net.c even more complex. In addition, it made
+isdn_net.c harder to maintain. Thus, by identifying an abstract
+interface between the network interface code and the encapsulation
+protocol, complexity could be reduced and maintainability could be
+increased.
+
+
+Likewise, a similar encapsulation protocol will frequently be needed by
+several different interfaces of even different hardware type, e.g. the
+synchronous ppp implementation used by the isdn driver and the
+asynchronous ppp implementation used by the ppp driver have a lot of
+similar code in them. By cleanly separating the encapsulation protocol
+from the hardware specific interface stuff such code could be shared
+better in future.
+
+
+When operating over dial-up-connections (e.g. telephone lines via modem,
+non-permanent virtual circuits of wide area networks, ISDN) many
+encapsulation protocols will need to control the connection. Therefore,
+some basic connection control primitives are supported. The type and
+semantics of the connection (i.e the ISO layer where connection service
+is provided) is outside our scope and might be different depending on
+the encapsulation protocol used, e.g. for a ppp module using our service
+on top of a modem connection a connect_request will result in dialing
+a (somewhere else configured) remote phone number. For an X25-interface
+module (LAPB semantics, as defined in Documentation/networking/x25-iface.txt)
+a connect_request will ask for establishing a reliable lapb
+datalink connection.
+
+
+The encapsulation protocol currently provides the following
+service primitives to the network device.
+
+- create a new encapsulation protocol instance
+- delete encapsulation protocol instance and free all its resources
+- initialize (open) the encapsulation protocol instance for use.
+- deactivate (close) an encapsulation protocol instance.
+- process (xmit) data handed down by upper protocol layer
+- receive data from lower (hardware) layer
+- process connect indication from lower (hardware) layer
+- process disconnect indication from lower (hardware) layer
+
+
+The network interface driver accesses those primitives via callbacks
+provided by the encapsulation protocol instance within a
+struct concap_proto_ops.
+
+struct concap_proto_ops{
+
+ /* create a new encapsulation protocol instance of same type */
+ struct concap_proto * (*proto_new) (void);
+
+ /* delete encapsulation protocol instance and free all its resources.
+ cprot may no loger be referenced after calling this */
+ void (*proto_del)(struct concap_proto *cprot);
+
+ /* initialize the protocol's data. To be called at interface startup
+ or when the device driver resets the interface. All services of the
+ encapsulation protocol may be used after this*/
+ int (*restart)(struct concap_proto *cprot,
+ struct net_device *ndev,
+ struct concap_device_ops *dops);
+
+ /* deactivate an encapsulation protocol instance. The encapsulation
+ protocol may not call any *dops methods after this. */
+ int (*close)(struct concap_proto *cprot);
+
+ /* process a frame handed down to us by upper layer */
+ int (*encap_and_xmit)(struct concap_proto *cprot, struct sk_buff *skb);
+
+ /* to be called for each data entity received from lower layer*/
+ int (*data_ind)(struct concap_proto *cprot, struct sk_buff *skb);
+
+ /* to be called when a connection was set up/down.
+ Protocols that don't process these primitives might fill in
+ dummy methods here */
+ int (*connect_ind)(struct concap_proto *cprot);
+ int (*disconn_ind)(struct concap_proto *cprot);
+};
+
+
+The data structures are defined in the header file include/linux/concap.h.
+
+
+A Network interface using encapsulation protocols must also provide
+some service primitives to the encapsulation protocol:
+
+- request data being submitted by lower layer (device hardware)
+- request a connection being set up by lower layer
+- request a connection being released by lower layer
+
+The encapsulation protocol accesses those primitives via callbacks
+provided by the network interface within a struct concap_device_ops.
+
+struct concap_device_ops{
+
+ /* to request data be submitted by device */
+ int (*data_req)(struct concap_proto *, struct sk_buff *);
+
+ /* Control methods must be set to NULL by devices which do not
+ support connection control. */
+ /* to request a connection be set up */
+ int (*connect_req)(struct concap_proto *);
+
+ /* to request a connection be released */
+ int (*disconn_req)(struct concap_proto *);
+};
+
+The network interface does not explicitly provide a receive service
+because the encapsulation protocol directly calls netif_rx().
+
+
+
+
+An encapsulation protocol itself is actually the
+struct concap_proto{
+ struct net_device *net_dev; /* net device using our service */
+ struct concap_device_ops *dops; /* callbacks provided by device */
+ struct concap_proto_ops *pops; /* callbacks provided by us */
+ int flags;
+ void *proto_data; /* protocol specific private data, to
+ be accessed via *pops methods only*/
+ /*
+ :
+ whatever
+ :
+ */
+};
+
+Most of this is filled in when the device requests the protocol to
+be reset (opend). The network interface must provide the net_dev and
+dops pointers. Other concap_proto members should be considered private
+data that are only accessed by the pops callback functions. Likewise,
+a concap proto should access the network device's private data
+only by means of the callbacks referred to by the dops pointer.
+
+
+A possible extended device structure which uses the connection controlling
+encapsulation services could look like this:
+
+struct concap_device{
+ struct net_device net_dev;
+ struct my_priv /* device->local stuff */
+ /* the my_priv struct might contain a
+ struct concap_device_ops *dops;
+ to provide the device specific callbacks
+ */
+ struct concap_proto *cprot; /* callbacks provided by protocol */
+};
+
+
+
+Misc Thoughts
+=============
+
+The concept of the concap proto might help to reuse protocol code and
+reduce the complexity of certain network interface implementations.
+The trade off is that it introduces yet another procedure call layer
+when processing the protocol. This has of course some impact on
+performance. However, typically the concap interface will be used by
+devices attached to slow lines (like telephone, isdn, leased synchronous
+lines). For such slow lines, the overhead is probably negligible.
+This might no longer hold for certain high speed WAN links (like
+ATM).
+
+
+If general linux network interfaces explicitly supported concap
+protocols (e.g. by a member struct concap_proto* in struct net_device)
+then the interface of the service function could be changed
+by passing a pointer of type (struct net_device*) instead of
+type (struct concap_proto*). Doing so would make many of the service
+functions compatible to network device support functions.
+
+e.g. instead of the concap protocol's service function
+
+ int (*encap_and_xmit)(struct concap_proto *cprot, struct sk_buff *skb);
+
+we could have
+
+ int (*encap_and_xmit)(struct net_device *ndev, struct sk_buff *skb);
+
+As this is compatible to the dev->hard_start_xmit() method, the device
+driver could directly register the concap protocol's encap_and_xmit()
+function as its hard_start_xmit() method. This would eliminate one
+procedure call layer.
+
+
+The device's data request function could also be defined as
+
+ int (*data_req)(struct net_device *ndev, struct sk_buff *skb);
+
+This might even allow for some protocol stacking. And the network
+interface might even register the same data_req() function directly
+as its hard_start_xmit() method when a zero layer encapsulation
+protocol is configured. Thus, eliminating the performance penalty
+of the concap interface when a trivial concap protocol is used.
+Nevertheless, the device remains able to support encapsulation
+protocol configuration.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.diversion b/Documentation/isdn/README.diversion
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bddcd5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.diversion
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+The isdn diversion services are a supporting module working together with
+the isdn4linux and the HiSax module for passive cards.
+Active cards, TAs and cards using a own or other driver than the HiSax
+module need to be adapted to the HL<->LL interface described in a separate
+document. The diversion services may be used with all cards supported by
+the HiSax driver.
+The diversion kernel interface and controlling tool divertctrl were written
+by Werner Cornelius (werner@isdn4linux.de or werner@titro.de) under the
+GNU General Public License.
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+Table of contents
+=================
+
+1. Features of the i4l diversion services
+ (Or what can the i4l diversion services do for me)
+
+2. Required hard- and software
+
+3. Compiling, installing and loading/unloading the module
+ Tracing calling and diversion information
+
+4. Tracing calling and diversion information
+
+5. Format of the divert device ASCII output
+
+
+1. Features of the i4l diversion services
+ (Or what can the i4l diversion services do for me)
+
+ The i4l diversion services offers call forwarding and logging normally
+ only supported by isdn phones. Incoming calls may be diverted
+ unconditionally (CFU), when not reachable (CFNR) or on busy condition
+ (CFB).
+ The diversions may be invoked statically in the providers exchange
+ as normally done by isdn phones. In this case all incoming calls
+ with a special (or all) service identifiers are forwarded if the
+ forwarding reason is met. Activated static services may also be
+ interrogated (queried).
+ The i4l diversion services additionally offers a dynamic version of
+ call forwarding which is not preprogrammed inside the providers exchange
+ but dynamically activated by i4l.
+ In this case all incoming calls are checked by rules that may be
+ compared to the mechanism of ipfwadm or ipchains. If a given rule matches
+ the checking process is finished and the rule matching will be applied
+ to the call.
+ The rules include primary and secondary service identifiers, called
+ number and subaddress, callers number and subaddress and whether the rule
+ matches to all filtered calls or only those when all B-channel resources
+ are exhausted.
+ Actions that may be invoked by a rule are ignore, proceed, reject,
+ direct divert or delayed divert of a call.
+ All incoming calls matching a rule except the ignore rule a reported and
+ logged as ASCII via the proc filesystem (/proc/net/isdn/divert). If proceed
+ is selected the call will be held in a proceeding state (without ringing)
+ for a certain amount of time to let an external program or client decide
+ how to handle the call.
+
+
+2. Required hard- and software
+
+ For using the i4l diversion services the isdn line must be of a EURO/DSS1
+ type. Additionally the i4l services only work together with the HiSax
+ driver for passive isdn cards. All HiSax supported cards may be used for
+ the diversion purposes.
+ The static diversion services require the provider having static services
+ CFU, CFNR, CFB activated on an MSN-line. The static services may not be
+ used on a point-to-point connection. Further the static services are only
+ available in some countries (for example germany). Countries requiring the
+ keypad protocol for activating static diversions (like the netherlands) are
+ not supported but may use the tty devices for this purpose.
+ The dynamic diversion services may be used in all countries if the provider
+ enables the feature CF (call forwarding). This should work on both MSN- and
+ point-to-point lines.
+ To add and delete rules the additional divertctrl program is needed. This
+ program is part of the isdn4kutils package.
+
+3. Compiling, installing and loading/unloading the module
+ Tracing calling and diversion information
+
+
+ To compile the i4l code with diversion support you need to say yes to the
+ DSS1 diversion services when selecting the i4l options in the kernel
+ config (menuconfig or config).
+ After having properly activated a make modules and make modules_install all
+ required modules will be correctly installed in the needed modules dirs.
+ As the diversion services are currently not included in the scripts of most
+ standard distributions you will have to add a "insmod dss1_divert" after
+ having loaded the global isdn module.
+ The module can be loaded without any command line parameters.
+ If the module is actually loaded and active may be checked with a
+ "cat /proc/modules" or "ls /proc/net/isdn/divert". The divert file is
+ dynamically created by the diversion module and removed when the module is
+ unloaded.
+
+
+4. Tracing calling and diversion information
+
+ You also may put a "cat /proc/net/isdn/divert" in the background with the
+ output redirected to a file. Then all actions of the module are logged.
+ The divert file in the proc system may be opened more than once, so in
+ conjunction with inetd and a small remote client on other machines inside
+ your network incoming calls and reactions by the module may be shown on
+ every listening machine.
+ If a call is reported as proceeding an external program or client may
+ specify during a certain amount of time (normally 4 to 10 seconds) what
+ to do with that call.
+ To unload the module all open files to the device in the proc system must
+ be closed. Otherwise the module (and isdn.o) may not be unloaded.
+
+5. Format of the divert device ASCII output
+
+ To be done later
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.fax b/Documentation/isdn/README.fax
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5314958a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.fax
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+
+Fax with isdn4linux
+===================
+
+When enabled during kernel configuration, the tty emulator
+of the ISDN subsystem is capable of the Fax Class 2 commands.
+
+This only makes sense under the following conditions :
+
+- You need the commands as dummy, because you are using
+ hylafax (with patch) for AVM capi.
+- You want to use the fax capabilities of your isdn-card.
+ (supported cards are listed below)
+
+
+NOTE: This implementation does *not* support fax with passive
+ ISDN-cards (known as softfax). The low-level driver of
+ the ISDN-card and/or the card itself must support this.
+
+
+Supported ISDN-Cards
+--------------------
+
+Eicon DIVA Server BRI/PCI
+ - full support with both B-channels.
+
+Eicon DIVA Server 4BRI/PCI
+ - full support with all B-channels.
+
+Eicon DIVA Server PRI/PCI
+ - full support on amount of B-channels
+ depending on DSPs on board.
+
+
+
+The command set is known as Class 2 (not Class 2.0) and
+can be activated by AT+FCLASS=2
+
+
+The interface between the link-level-module and the hardware-level driver
+is described in the files INTERFACE.fax and INTERFACE.
+
+Armin
+mac@melware.de
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.hfc-pci b/Documentation/isdn/README.hfc-pci
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8a4ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.hfc-pci
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+The driver for the HFC-PCI and HFC-PCI-A chips from CCD may be used
+for many OEM cards using this chips.
+Additionally the driver has a special feature which makes it possible
+to read the echo-channel of the isdn bus. So all frames in both directions
+may be logged.
+When the echo logging feature is used the number of available B-channels
+for a HFC-PCI card is reduced to 1. Of course this is only relevant to
+the card, not to the isdn line.
+To activate the echo mode the following ioctls must be entered:
+
+hisaxctrl <driver/cardname> 10 1
+
+This reduces the available channels to 1. There must not be open connections
+through this card when entering the command.
+And then:
+
+hisaxctrl <driver/cardname> 12 1
+
+This enables the echo mode. If Hex logging is activated the isdnctrlx
+devices show a output with a line beginning of HEX: for the providers
+exchange and ECHO: for isdn devices sending to the provider.
+
+If more than one HFC-PCI cards are installed, a specific card may be selected
+at the hisax module load command line. Supply the load command with the desired
+IO-address of the desired card.
+Example:
+There tree cards installed in your machine at IO-base addresses 0xd000, 0xd400
+and 0xdc00
+If you want to use the card at 0xd400 standalone you should supply the insmod
+or depmod with type=35 io=0xd400.
+If you want to use all three cards, but the order needs to be at 0xdc00,0xd400,
+0xd000 you may give the parameters type=35,35,35 io=0xdc00,0xd400,0xd00
+Then the desired card will be the initialised in the desired order.
+If the io parameter is used the io addresses of all used cards should be
+supplied else the parameter is assumed 0 and a auto search for a free card is
+invoked which may not give the wanted result.
+
+Comments and reports to werner@isdn4linux.de or werner@isdn-development.de
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.hysdn b/Documentation/isdn/README.hysdn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56cc59d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.hysdn
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+$Id: README.hysdn,v 1.3.6.1 2001/02/10 14:41:19 kai Exp $
+The hysdn driver has been written by
+by Werner Cornelius (werner@isdn4linux.de or werner@titro.de)
+for Hypercope GmbH Aachen Germany. Hypercope agreed to publish this driver
+under the GNU General Public License.
+
+The CAPI 2.0-support was added by Ulrich Albrecht (ualbrecht@hypercope.de)
+for Hypercope GmbH Aachen, Germany.
+
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+Table of contents
+=================
+
+1. About the driver
+
+2. Loading/Unloading the driver
+
+3. Entries in the /proc filesystem
+
+4. The /proc/net/hysdn/cardconfX file
+
+5. The /proc/net/hysdn/cardlogX file
+
+6. Where to get additional info and help
+
+
+1. About the driver
+
+ The drivers/isdn/hysdn subdir contains a driver for HYPERCOPEs active
+ PCI isdn cards Champ, Ergo and Metro. To enable support for this cards
+ enable ISDN support in the kernel config and support for HYSDN cards in
+ the active cards submenu. The driver may only be compiled and used if
+ support for loadable modules and the process filesystem have been enabled.
+
+ These cards provide two different interfaces to the kernel. Without the
+ optional CAPI 2.0 support, they register as ethernet card. IP-routing
+ to a ISDN-destination is performed on the card itself. All necessary
+ handlers for various protocols like ppp and others as well as config info
+ and firmware may be fetched from Hypercopes WWW-Site www.hypercope.de.
+
+ With CAPI 2.0 support enabled, the card can also be used as a CAPI 2.0
+ compliant devices with either CAPI 2.0 applications
+ (check isdn4k-utils) or -using the capidrv module- as a regular
+ isdn4linux device. This is done via the same mechanism as with the
+ active AVM cards and in fact uses the same module.
+
+
+2. Loading/Unloading the driver
+
+ The module has no command line parameters and auto detects up to 10 cards
+ in the id-range 0-9.
+ If a loaded driver shall be unloaded all open files in the /proc/net/hysdn
+ subdir need to be closed and all ethernet interfaces allocated by this
+ driver must be shut down. Otherwise the module counter will avoid a module
+ unload.
+
+ If you are using the CAPI 2.0-interface, make sure to load/modprobe the
+ kernelcapi-module first.
+
+ If you plan to use the capidrv-link to isdn4linux, make sure to load
+ capidrv.o after all modules using this driver (i.e. after hysdn and
+ any avm-specific modules).
+
+3. Entries in the /proc filesystem
+
+ When the module has been loaded it adds the directory hysdn in the
+ /proc/net tree. This directory contains exactly 2 file entries for each
+ card. One is called cardconfX and the other cardlogX, where X is the
+ card id number from 0 to 9.
+ The cards are numbered in the order found in the PCI config data.
+
+4. The /proc/net/hysdn/cardconfX file
+
+ This file may be read to get by everyone to get info about the cards type,
+ actual state, available features and used resources.
+ The first 3 entries (id, bus and slot) are PCI info fields, the following
+ type field gives the information about the cards type:
+
+ 4 -> Ergo card (server card with 2 b-chans)
+ 5 -> Metro card (server card with 4 or 8 b-chans)
+ 6 -> Champ card (client card with 2 b-chans)
+
+ The following 3 fields show the hardware assignments for irq, iobase and the
+ dual ported memory (dp-mem).
+ The fields b-chans and fax-chans announce the available card resources of
+ this types for the user.
+ The state variable indicates the actual drivers state for this card with the
+ following assignments.
+
+ 0 -> card has not been booted since driver load
+ 1 -> card booting is actually in progess
+ 2 -> card is in an error state due to a previous boot failure
+ 3 -> card is booted and active
+
+ And the last field (device) shows the name of the ethernet device assigned
+ to this card. Up to the first successful boot this field only shows a -
+ to tell that no net device has been allocated up to now. Once a net device
+ has been allocated it remains assigned to this card, even if a card is
+ rebooted and an boot error occurs.
+
+ Writing to the cardconfX file boots the card or transfers config lines to
+ the cards firmware. The type of data is automatically detected when the
+ first data is written. Only root has write access to this file.
+ The firmware boot files are normally called hyclient.pof for client cards
+ and hyserver.pof for server cards.
+ After successfully writing the boot file, complete config files or single
+ config lines may be copied to this file.
+ If an error occurs the return value given to the writing process has the
+ following additional codes (decimal):
+
+ 1000 Another process is currently bootng the card
+ 1001 Invalid firmware header
+ 1002 Boards dual-port RAM test failed
+ 1003 Internal firmware handler error
+ 1004 Boot image size invalid
+ 1005 First boot stage (bootstrap loader) failed
+ 1006 Second boot stage failure
+ 1007 Timeout waiting for card ready during boot
+ 1008 Operation only allowed in booted state
+ 1009 Config line too long
+ 1010 Invalid channel number
+ 1011 Timeout sending config data
+
+ Additional info about error reasons may be fetched from the log output.
+
+5. The /proc/net/hysdn/cardlogX file
+
+ The cardlogX file entry may be opened multiple for reading by everyone to
+ get the cards and drivers log data. Card messages always start with the
+ keyword LOG. All other lines are output from the driver.
+ The driver log data may be redirected to the syslog by selecting the
+ appropriate bitmask. The cards log messages will always be send to this
+ interface but never to the syslog.
+
+ A root user may write a decimal or hex (with 0x) value t this file to select
+ desired output options. As mentioned above the cards log dat is always
+ written to the cardlog file independent of the following options only used
+ to check and debug the driver itself:
+
+ For example:
+ echo "0x34560078" > /proc/net/hysdn/cardlog0
+ to output the hex log mask 34560078 for card 0.
+
+ The written value is regarded as an unsigned 32-Bit value, bit ored for
+ desired output. The following bits are already assigned:
+
+ 0x80000000 All driver log data is alternatively via syslog
+ 0x00000001 Log memory allocation errors
+ 0x00000010 Firmware load start and close are logged
+ 0x00000020 Log firmware record parser
+ 0x00000040 Log every firmware write actions
+ 0x00000080 Log all card related boot messages
+ 0x00000100 Output all config data sent for debugging purposes
+ 0x00000200 Only non comment config lines are shown wth channel
+ 0x00000400 Additional conf log output
+ 0x00001000 Log the asynchronous scheduler actions (config and log)
+ 0x00100000 Log all open and close actions to /proc/net/hysdn/card files
+ 0x00200000 Log all actions from /proc file entries
+ 0x00010000 Log network interface init and deinit
+
+6. Where to get additional info and help
+
+ If you have any problems concerning the driver or configuration contact
+ the Hypercope support team (support@hypercope.de) and or the authors
+ Werner Cornelius (werner@isdn4linux or cornelius@titro.de) or
+ Ulrich Albrecht (ualbrecht@hypercope.de).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.icn b/Documentation/isdn/README.icn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5f55ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.icn
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+$Id: README.icn,v 1.7 2000/08/06 09:22:51 armin Exp $
+
+You can get the ICN-ISDN-card from:
+
+Thinking Objects Software GmbH
+Versbacher Röthe 159
+97078 Würzburg
+Tel: +49 931 2877950
+Fax: +49 931 2877951
+
+email info@think.de
+WWW http:/www.think.de
+
+
+The card communicates with the PC by two interfaces:
+ 1. A range of 4 successive port-addresses, whose base address can be
+ configured with the switches.
+ 2. A memory window with 16KB-256KB size, which can be setup in 16k steps
+ over the whole range of 16MB. Isdn4linux only uses a 16k window.
+ The base address of the window can be configured when loading
+ the lowlevel-module (see README). If using more than one card,
+ all cards are mapped to the same window and activated as needed.
+
+Setting up the IO-address dipswitches for the ICN-ISDN-card:
+
+ Two types of cards exist, one with dip-switches and one with
+ hook-switches.
+
+ 1. Setting for the card with hook-switches:
+
+ (0 = switch closed, 1 = switch open)
+
+ S3 S2 S1 Base-address
+ 0 0 0 0x300
+ 0 0 1 0x310
+ 0 1 0 0x320 (Default for isdn4linux)
+ 0 1 1 0x330
+ 1 0 0 0x340
+ 1 0 1 0x350
+ 1 1 0 0x360
+ 1 1 1 NOT ALLOWED!
+
+ 2. Setting for the card with dip-switches:
+
+ (0 = switch closed, 1 = switch open)
+
+ S1 S2 S3 S4 Base-Address
+ 0 0 0 0 0x300
+ 0 0 0 1 0x310
+ 0 0 1 0 0x320 (Default for isdn4linux)
+ 0 0 1 1 0x330
+ 0 1 0 0 0x340
+ 0 1 0 1 0x350
+ 0 1 1 0 0x360
+ 0 1 1 1 NOT ALLOWED!
+ 1 0 0 0 0x308
+ 1 0 0 1 0x318
+ 1 0 1 0 0x328
+ 1 0 1 1 0x338
+ 1 1 0 0 0x348
+ 1 1 0 1 0x358
+ 1 1 1 0 0x368
+ 1 1 1 1 NOT ALLOWED!
+
+The ICN driver may be built into the kernel or as a module. Initialization
+depends on how the driver is built:
+
+Driver built into the kernel:
+
+ The ICN driver can be configured using the commandline-feature while
+ loading the kernel with LILO or LOADLIN. It accepts the following syntax:
+
+ icn=p,m[,idstring1[,idstring2]]
+
+ where
+
+ p = portbase (default: 0x320)
+ m = shared memory (default: 0xd0000)
+
+ When using the ICN double card (4B), you MUST define TWO idstrings.
+ idstring must start with a character! There is no way for the driver
+ to distinguish between a 2B and 4B type card. Therefore, by supplying
+ TWO idstrings, you tell the driver that you have a 4B installed.
+
+ If you like to use more than one card, you can use the program
+ "icnctrl" from the utility-package to configure additional cards.
+ You need to configure shared memory only once, since the icn-driver
+ maps all cards into the same address-space.
+
+ Using the "icnctrl"-utility, portbase and shared memory can also be
+ changed during runtime.
+
+ The D-channel protocol is configured by loading different firmware
+ into the card's memory using the "icnctrl"-utility.
+
+
+Driver built as module:
+
+ The module icn.o can be configured during "insmod'ing" it by
+ appending its parameters to the insmod-commandline. The following
+ syntax is accepted:
+
+ portbase=p membase=m icn_id=idstring [icn_id2=idstring2]
+
+ where p, m, idstring1 and idstring2 have the same meanings as the
+ parameters described for the kernel-version above.
+
+ When using the ICN double card (4B), you MUST define TWO idstrings.
+ idstring must start with a character! There is no way for the driver
+ to distinguish between a 2B and 4B type card. Therefore, by supplying
+ TWO idstrings, you tell the driver that you have a 4B installed.
+
+ Using the "icnctrl"-utility, the same features apply to the modularized
+ version like to the kernel-builtin one.
+
+ The D-channel protocol is configured by loading different firmware
+ into the card's memory using the "icnctrl"-utility.
+
+Loading the firmware into the card:
+
+ The firmware is supplied together with the isdn4k-utils package. It
+ can be found in the subdirectory icnctrl/firmware/
+
+ There are 3 files:
+
+ loadpg.bin - Image of the bootstrap loader.
+ pc_1t_ca.bin - Image of firmware for german 1TR6 protocol.
+ pc_eu_ca.bin - Image if firmware for EDSS1 (Euro-ISDN) protocol.
+
+ Assuming you have installed the utility-package correctly, the firmware
+ will be downloaded into the 2B-card using the following command:
+
+ icnctrl -d Idstring load /etc/isdn/loadpg.bin /etc/isdn/pc_XX_ca.bin
+
+ where XX is either "1t" or "eu", depending on the D-Channel protocol
+ used on your S0-bus and Idstring is the Name of the card, given during
+ insmod-time or (for kernel-builtin driver) on the kernel commandline.
+
+ To load a 4B-card, the same command is used, except a second firmware
+ file is appended to the commandline of icnctrl.
+
+ -> After downloading firmware, the two LEDs at the back cover of the card
+ (ICN-4B: 4 LEDs) must be blinking intermittently now. If a connection
+ is up, the corresponding led is lit continuously.
+
+ For further documentation (adding more ICN-cards), refer to the manpage
+ icnctrl.8 which is included in the isdn4k-utils package.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.pcbit b/Documentation/isdn/README.pcbit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5125002
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.pcbit
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ README file for the PCBIT-D Device Driver.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The PCBIT is a Euro ISDN adapter manufactured in Portugal by Octal and
+developed in cooperation with Portugal Telecom and Inesc.
+The driver interfaces with the standard kernel isdn facilities
+originally developed by Fritz Elfert in the isdn4linux project.
+
+The common versions of the pcbit board require a firmware that is
+distributed (and copyrighted) by the manufacturer. To load this
+firmware you need "pcbitctl" available on the standard isdn4k-utils
+package or in the pcbit package available in:
+
+ftp://ftp.di.fc.ul.pt/pub/systems/Linux/isdn
+
+Known Limitations:
+
+- The board reset procedure is at the moment incorrect and will only
+allow you to load the firmware after a hard reset.
+
+- Only HDLC in B-channels is supported at the moment. There is no
+current support for X.25 in B or D channels nor LAPD in B
+channels. The main reason is that these two other protocol modes have,
+to my knowledge, very little use. If you want to see them implemented
+*do* send me a mail.
+
+- The driver often triggers errors in the board that I and the
+manufacturer believe to be caused by bugs in the firmware. The current
+version includes several procedures for error recovery that should
+allow normal operation. Plans for the future include cooperation with
+the manufacturer in order to solve this problem.
+
+Information/hints/help can be obtained in the linux isdn
+mailing list (isdn4linux@listserv.isdn4linux.de) or directly from me.
+
+regards,
+ Pedro.
+
+<roque@di.fc.ul.pt>
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.sc b/Documentation/isdn/README.sc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1153cd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.sc
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+Welcome to Beta Release 2 of the combination ISDN driver for SpellCaster's
+ISA ISDN adapters. Please note this release 2 includes support for the
+DataCommute/BRI and TeleCommute/BRI adapters only and any other use is
+guaranteed to fail. If you have a DataCommute/PRI installed in the test
+computer, we recommend removing it as it will be detected but will not
+be usable. To see what we have done to Beta Release 2, see section 3.
+
+Speaking of guarantees, THIS IS BETA SOFTWARE and as such contains
+bugs and defects either known or unknown. Use this software at your own
+risk. There is NO SUPPORT for this software. Some help may be available
+through the web site or the mailing list but such support is totally at
+our own option and without warranty. If you choose to assume all and
+total risk by using this driver, we encourage you to join the beta
+mailing list.
+
+To join the Linux beta mailing list, send a message to:
+majordomo@spellcast.com with the words "subscribe linux-beta" as the only
+contents of the message. Do not include a signature. If you choose to
+remove yourself from this list at a later date, send another message to
+the same address with the words "unsubscribe linux-beta" as its only
+contents.
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+-----------------
+ 1. Introduction
+ 1.1 What is ISDN4Linux?
+ 1.2 What is different between this driver and previous drivers?
+ 1.3 How do I setup my system with the correct software to use
+ this driver release?
+
+ 2. Basic Operations
+ 2.1 Unpacking and installing the driver
+ 2.2 Read the man pages!!!
+ 2.3 Installing the driver
+ 2.4 Removing the driver
+ 2.5 What to do if it doesn't load
+ 2.6 How to setup ISDN4Linux with the driver
+
+ 3. Beta Change Summaries and Miscellaneous Notes
+
+1. Introduction
+---------------
+
+The revision 2 Linux driver for SpellCaster ISA ISDN adapters is built
+upon ISDN4Linux available separately or as included in Linux 2.0 and later.
+The driver will support a maximum of 4 adapters in any one system of any
+type including DataCommute/BRI, DataCommute/PRI and TeleCommute/BRI for a
+maximum of 92 channels for host. The driver is supplied as a module in
+source form and needs to be complied before it can be used. It has been
+tested on Linux 2.0.20.
+
+1.1 What Is ISDN4Linux
+
+ISDN4Linux is a driver and set of tools used to access and use ISDN devices
+on a Linux platform in a common and standard way. It supports HDLC and PPP
+protocols and offers channel bundling and MLPPP support. To use ISDN4Linux
+you need to configure your kernel for ISDN support and get the ISDN4Linux
+tool kit from our web site.
+
+ISDN4Linux creates a channel pool from all of the available ISDN channels
+and therefore can function across adapters. When an ISDN4Linux compliant
+driver (such as ours) is loaded, all of the channels go into a pool and
+are used on a first-come first-served basis. In addition, individual
+channels can be specifically bound to particular interfaces.
+
+1.2 What is different between this driver and previous drivers?
+
+The revision 2 driver besides adopting the ISDN4Linux architecture has many
+subtle and not so subtle functional differences from previous releases. These
+include:
+ - More efficient shared memory management combined with a simpler
+ configuration. All adapters now use only 16Kbytes of shared RAM
+ versus between 16K and 64K. New methods for using the shared RAM
+ allow us to utilize all of the available RAM on the adapter through
+ only one 16K page.
+ - Better detection of available upper memory. The probing routines
+ have been improved to better detect available shared RAM pages and
+ used pages are now locked.
+ - Decreased loading time and a wider range of I/O ports probed.
+ We have significantly reduced the amount of time it takes to load
+ the driver and at the same time doubled the number of I/O ports
+ probed increasing the likelihood of finding an adapter.
+ - We now support all ISA adapter models with a single driver instead
+ of separate drivers for each model. The revision 2 driver supports
+ the DataCommute/BRI, DataCommute/PRI and TeleCommute/BRI in any
+ combination up to a maximum of four adapters per system.
+ - On board PPP protocol support has been removed in favour of the
+ sync-PPP support used in ISDN4Linux. This means more control of
+ the protocol parameters, faster negotiation time and a more
+ familiar interface.
+
+1.3 How do I setup my system with the correct software to use
+ this driver release?
+
+Before you can compile, install and use the SpellCaster ISA ISDN driver, you
+must ensure that the following software is installed, configured and running:
+
+ - Linux kernel 2.0.20 or later with the required init and ps
+ versions. Please see your distribution vendor for the correct
+ utility packages. The latest kernel is available from
+ ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/v2.0/
+
+ - The latest modules package (modules-2.0.0.tar.gz) from
+ ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/modules-2.0.0.tar.gz
+
+ - The ISDN4Linux tools available from
+ ftp://ftp.franken.de/pub/isdn4linux/v2.0/isdn4k-utils-2.0.tar.gz
+ This package may fail to compile for you so you can alternatively
+ get a pre-compiled version from
+ ftp://ftp.spellcast.com/pub/drivers/isdn4linux/isdn4k-bin-2.0.tar.gz
+
+
+2. Basic Operations
+-------------------
+
+2.1 Unpacking and installing the driver
+
+ 1. As root, create a directory in a convenient place. We suggest
+ /usr/src/spellcaster.
+
+ 2. Unpack the archive with :
+ tar xzf sc-n.nn.tar.gz -C /usr/src/spellcaster
+
+ 3. Change directory to /usr/src/spellcaster
+
+ 4. Read the README and RELNOTES files.
+
+ 5. Run 'make' and if all goes well, run 'make install'.
+
+2.2 Read the man pages!!!
+
+Make sure you read the scctrl(8) and sc(4) manual pages before continuing
+any further. Type 'man 8 scctrl' and 'man 4 sc'.
+
+2.3 Installing the driver
+
+To install the driver, type '/sbin/insmod sc' as root. sc(4) details options
+you can specify but you shouldn't need to use any unless this doesn't work.
+
+Make sure the driver loaded and detected all of the adapters by typing
+'dmesg'.
+
+The driver can be configured so that it is loaded upon startup. To do this,
+edit the file "/etc/modules/'uname -f'/'uname -v'" and insert the driver name
+"sc" into this file.
+
+2.4 Removing the driver
+
+To remove the driver, delete any interfaces that may exist (see isdnctrl(8)
+for more on this) and then type '/sbin/rmmod sc'.
+
+2.5 What to do if it doesn't load
+
+If, when you try to install the driver, you get a message mentioning
+'register_isdn' then you do not have the ISDN4Linux system installed. Please
+make sure that ISDN support is configured in the kernel.
+
+If you get a message that says 'initialization of sc failed', then the
+driver failed to detect an adapter or failed to find resources needed such
+as a free IRQ line or shared memory segment. If you are sure there are free
+resources available, use the insmod options detailed in sc(4) to override
+the probing function.
+
+Upon testing, the following problem was noted, the driver would load without
+problems, but the board would not respond beyond that point. When a check was
+done with 'cat /proc/interrupts' the interrupt count for sc was 0. In the event
+of this problem, change the BIOS settings so that the interrupts in question are
+reserved for ISA use only.
+
+
+2.6 How to setup ISDN4Linux with the driver
+
+There are three main configurations which you can use with the driver:
+
+A) Basic HDLC connection
+B) PPP connection
+C) MLPPP connection
+
+It should be mentioned here that you may also use a tty connection if you
+desire. The Documentation directory of the isdn4linux subsystem offers good
+documentation on this feature.
+
+A) 10 steps to the establishment of a basic HDLC connection
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+- please open the isdn-hdlc file in the examples directory and follow along...
+
+ This file is a script used to configure a BRI ISDN TA to establish a
+ basic HDLC connection between its two channels. Two network
+ interfaces are created and two routes added between the channels.
+
+ i) using the isdnctrl utility, add an interface with "addif" and
+ name it "isdn0"
+ ii) add the outgoing and inbound telephone numbers
+ iii) set the Layer 2 protocol to hdlc
+ iv) set the eaz of the interface to be the phone number of that
+ specific channel
+ v) to turn the callback features off, set the callback to "off" and
+ the callback delay (cbdelay) to 0.
+ vi) the hangup timeout can be set to a specified number of seconds
+ vii) the hangup upon incoming call can be set on or off
+ viii) use the ifconfig command to bring up the network interface with
+ a specific IP address and point to point address
+ ix) add a route to the IP address through the isdn0 interface
+ x) a ping should result in the establishment of the connection
+
+
+B) Establishment of a PPP connection
+------------------------------------
+
+- please open the isdn-ppp file in the examples directory and follow along...
+
+ This file is a script used to configure a BRI ISDN TA to establish a
+ PPP connection between the two channels. The file is almost
+ identical to the HDLC connection example except that the packet
+ encapsulation type has to be set.
+
+ use the same procedure as in the HDLC connection from steps i) to
+ iii) then, after the Layer 2 protocol is set, set the encapsulation
+ "encap" to syncppp. With this done, the rest of the steps, iv) to x)
+ can be followed from above.
+
+ Then, the ipppd (ippp daemon) must be setup:
+
+ xi) use the ipppd function found in /sbin/ipppd to set the following:
+ xii) take out (minus) VJ compression and bsd compression
+ xiii) set the mru size to 2000
+ xiv) link the two /dev interfaces to the daemon
+
+NOTE: A "*" in the inbound telephone number specifies that a call can be
+accepted on any number.
+
+C) Establishment of a MLPPP connection
+--------------------------------------
+
+- please open the isdn-mppp file in the examples directory and follow along...
+
+ This file is a script used to configure a BRI ISDN TA to accept a
+ Multi Link PPP connection.
+
+ i) using the isdnctrl utility, add an interface with "addif" and
+ name it "ippp0"
+ ii) add the inbound telephone number
+ iii) set the Layer 2 protocol to hdlc and the Layer 3 protocol to
+ trans (transparent)
+ iv) set the packet encapsulation to syncppp
+ v) set the eaz of the interface to be the phone number of that
+ specific channel
+ vi) to turn the callback features off, set the callback to "off" and
+ the callback delay (cbdelay) to 0.
+ vi) the hangup timeout can be set to a specified number of seconds
+ vii) the hangup upon incoming call can be set on or off
+ viii) add a slave interface and name it "ippp32" for example
+ ix) set the similar parameters for the ippp32 interface
+ x) use the ifconfig command to bring-up the ippp0 interface with a
+ specific IP address and point to point address
+ xi) add a route to the IP address through the ippp0 interface
+ xii) use the ipppd function found in /sbin/ipppd to set the following:
+ xiii) take out (minus) bsd compression
+ xiv) set the mru size to 2000
+ xv) add (+) the multi-link function "+mp"
+ xvi) link the two /dev interfaces to the daemon
+
+NOTE: To use the MLPPP connection to dial OUT to a MLPPP connection, change
+the inbound telephone numbers to the outgoing telephone numbers of the MLPPP
+host.
+
+
+3. Beta Change Summaries and Miscellaneous Notes
+------------------------------------------------
+When using the "scctrl" utility to upload firmware revisions on the board,
+please note that the byte count displayed at the end of the operation may be
+different from the total number of bytes in the "dcbfwn.nn.sr" file. Please
+disregard the displayed byte count.
+
+It was noted that in Beta Release 1, the module would fail to load and result
+in a segmentation fault when 'insmod'ed. This problem was created when one of
+the isdn4linux parameters, (isdn_ctrl, data field) was filled in. In some
+cases, this data field was NULL, and was left unchecked, so when it was
+referenced... segv. The bug has been fixed around line 63-68 of event.c.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.syncppp b/Documentation/isdn/README.syncppp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27d2600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.syncppp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+Some additional information for setting up a syncPPP
+connection using network interfaces.
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+You need one thing beside the isdn4linux package:
+
+ a patched pppd .. (I called it ipppd to show the difference)
+
+Compiling isdn4linux with sync PPP:
+-----------------------------------
+To compile isdn4linux with the sync PPP part, you have
+to answer the appropriate question when doing a "make config"
+Don't forget to load the slhc.o
+module before the isdn.o module, if VJ-compression support
+is not compiled into your kernel. (e.g if you have no PPP or
+CSLIP in the kernel)
+
+Using isdn4linux with sync PPP:
+-------------------------------
+Sync PPP is just another encapsulation for isdn4linux. The
+name to enable sync PPP encapsulation is 'syncppp' .. e.g:
+
+ /sbin/isdnctrl encap ippp0 syncppp
+
+The name of the interface is here 'ippp0'. You need
+one interface with the name 'ippp0' to saturate the
+ipppd, which checks the ppp version via this interface.
+Currently, all devices must have the name ipppX where
+'X' is a decimal value.
+
+To set up a PPP connection you need the ipppd .. You must start
+the ipppd once after installing the modules. The ipppd
+communicates with the isdn4linux link-level driver using the
+/dev/ippp0 to /dev/ippp15 devices. One ipppd can handle
+all devices at once. If you want to use two PPP connections
+at the same time, you have to connect the ipppd to two
+devices .. and so on.
+I've implemented one additional option for the ipppd:
+ 'useifip' will get (if set to not 0.0.0.0) the IP address
+ for the negotiation from the attached network-interface.
+(also: ipppd will try to negotiate pointopoint IP as remote IP)
+You must disable BSD-compression, this implementation can't
+handle compressed packets.
+
+Check the etc/rc.isdn.syncppp in the isdn4kernel-util package
+for an example setup script.
+
+To use the MPPP stuff, you must configure a slave device
+with isdn4linux. Now call the ipppd with the '+mp' option.
+To increase the number of links, you must use the
+'addlink' option of the isdnctrl tool. (rc.isdn.syncppp.MPPP is
+an example script)
+
+enjoy it,
+ michael
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/README.x25 b/Documentation/isdn/README.x25
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e561a77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/README.x25
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+
+X.25 support within isdn4linux
+==============================
+
+This is alpha/beta test code. Use it completely at your own risk.
+As new versions appear, the stuff described here might suddenly change
+or become invalid without notice.
+
+Keep in mind:
+
+You are using several new parts of the 2.2.x kernel series which
+have not been tested in a large scale. Therefore, you might encounter
+more bugs as usual.
+
+- If you connect to an X.25 neighbour not operated by yourself, ASK the
+ other side first. Be prepared that bugs in the protocol implementation
+ might result in problems.
+
+- This implementation has never wiped out my whole hard disk yet. But as
+ this is experimental code, don't blame me if that happened to you.
+ Backing up important data will never harm.
+
+- Monitor your isdn connections while using this software. This should
+ prevent you from undesired phone bills in case of driver problems.
+
+
+
+
+How to configure the kernel
+===========================
+
+The ITU-T (former CCITT) X.25 network protocol layer has been implemented
+in the Linux source tree since version 2.1.16. The isdn subsystem might be
+useful to run X.25 on top of ISDN. If you want to try it, select
+
+ "CCITT X.25 Packet Layer"
+
+from the networking options as well as
+
+ "ISDN Support" and "X.25 PLP on Top of ISDN"
+
+from the ISDN subsystem options when you configure your kernel for
+compilation. You currently also need to enable
+"Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers" from the
+"Code maturity level options" menu. For the x25trace utility to work
+you also need to enable "Packet socket".
+
+For local testing it is also recommended to enable the isdnloop driver
+from the isdn subsystem's configuration menu.
+
+For testing, it is recommended that all isdn drivers and the X.25 PLP
+protocol are compiled as loadable modules. Like this, you can recover
+from certain errors by simply unloading and reloading the modules.
+
+
+
+What's it for? How to use it?
+=============================
+
+X.25 on top of isdn might be useful with two different scenarios:
+
+- You might want to access a public X.25 data network from your Linux box.
+ You can use i4l if you were physically connected to the X.25 switch
+ by an ISDN B-channel (leased line as well as dial up connection should
+ work).
+
+ This corresponds to ITU-T recommendation X.31 Case A (circuit-mode
+ access to PSPDN [packet switched public data network]).
+
+ NOTE: X.31 also covers a Case B (access to PSPDN via virtual
+ circuit / packet mode service). The latter mode (which in theory
+ also allows using the D-channel) is not supported by isdn4linux.
+ It should however be possible to establish such packet mode connections
+ with certain active isdn cards provided that the firmware supports X.31
+ and the driver exports this functionality to the user. Currently,
+ the AVM B1 driver is the only driver which does so. (It should be
+ possible to access D-channel X.31 with active AVM cards using the
+ CAPI interface of the AVM-B1 driver).
+
+- Or you might want to operate certain ISDN teleservices on your linux
+ box. A lot of those teleservices run on top of the ISO-8208
+ (DTE-DTE mode) network layer protocol. ISO-8208 is essentially the
+ same as ITU-T X.25.
+
+ Popular candidates of such teleservices are EUROfile transfer or any
+ teleservice applying ITU-T recommendation T.90.
+
+To use the X.25 protocol on top of isdn, just create an isdn network
+interface as usual, configure your own and/or peer's ISDN numbers,
+and choose x25iface encapsulation by
+
+ isdnctrl encap <iface-name> x25iface.
+
+Once encap is set like this, the device can be used by the X.25 packet layer.
+
+All the stuff needed for X.25 is implemented inside the isdn link
+level (mainly isdn_net.c and some new source files). Thus, it should
+work with every existing HL driver. I was able to successfully open X.25
+connections on top of the isdnloop driver and the hisax driver.
+"x25iface"-encapsulation bypasses demand dialing. Dialing will be
+initiated when the upper (X.25 packet) layer requests the lapb datalink to
+be established. But hangup timeout is still active. Whenever a hangup
+occurs, all existing X.25 connections on that link will be cleared
+It is recommended to use sufficiently large hangup-timeouts for the
+isdn interfaces.
+
+
+In order to set up a conforming protocol stack you also need to
+specify the proper l2_prot parameter:
+
+To operate in ISO-8208 X.25 DTE-DTE mode, use
+
+ isdnctrl l2_prot <iface-name> x75i
+
+To access an X.25 network switch via isdn (your linux box is the DTE), use
+
+ isdnctrl l2_prot <iface-name> x25dte
+
+To mimic an X.25 network switch (DCE side of the connection), use
+
+ isdnctrl l2_prot <iface-name> x25dce
+
+However, x25dte or x25dce is currently not supported by any real HL
+level driver. The main difference between x75i and x25dte/dce is that
+x25d[tc]e uses fixed lap_b addresses. With x75i, the side which
+initiates the isdn connection uses the DTE's lap_b address while the
+called side used the DCE's lap_b address. Thus, l2_prot x75i might
+probably work if you access a public X.25 network as long as the
+corresponding isdn connection is set up by you. At least one test
+was successful to connect via isdn4linux to an X.25 switch using this
+trick. At the switch side, a terminal adapter X.21 was used to connect
+it to the isdn.
+
+
+How to set up a test installation?
+==================================
+
+To test X.25 on top of isdn, you need to get
+
+- a recent version of the "isdnctrl" program that supports setting the new
+ X.25 specific parameters.
+
+- the x25-utils-2.X package from
+ ftp://ftp.hes.iki.fi/pub/ham/linux/ax25/x25utils-*
+ (don't confuse the x25-utils with the ax25-utils)
+
+- an application program that uses linux PF_X25 sockets (some are
+ contained in the x25-util package).
+
+Before compiling the user level utilities make sure that the compiler/
+preprocessor will fetch the proper kernel header files of this kernel
+source tree. Either make /usr/include/linux a symbolic link pointing to
+this kernel's include/linux directory or set the appropriate compiler flags.
+
+When all drivers and interfaces are loaded and configured you need to
+ifconfig the network interfaces up and add X.25-routes to them. Use
+the usual ifconfig tool.
+
+ifconfig <iface-name> up
+
+But a special x25route tool (distributed with the x25-util package)
+is needed to set up X.25 routes. I.e.
+
+x25route add 01 <iface-name>
+
+will cause all x.25 connections to the destination X.25-address
+"01" to be routed to your created isdn network interface.
+
+There are currently no real X.25 applications available. However, for
+tests, the x25-utils package contains a modified version of telnet
+and telnetd that uses X.25 sockets instead of tcp/ip sockets. You can
+use those for your first tests. Furthermore, you might check
+ftp://ftp.hamburg.pop.de/pub/LOCAL/linux/i4l-eft/ which contains some
+alpha-test implementation ("eftp4linux") of the EUROfile transfer
+protocol.
+
+The scripts distributed with the eftp4linux test releases might also
+provide useful examples for setting up X.25 on top of isdn.
+
+The x25-utility package also contains an x25trace tool that can be
+used to monitor X.25 packets received by the network interfaces.
+The /proc/net/x25* files also contain useful information.
+
+- Henner
diff --git a/Documentation/isdn/syncPPP.FAQ b/Documentation/isdn/syncPPP.FAQ
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3257a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/isdn/syncPPP.FAQ
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+simple isdn4linux PPP FAQ .. to be continued .. not 'debugged'
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Q01: what's pppd, ipppd, syncPPP, asyncPPP ??
+Q02: error message "this system lacks PPP support"
+Q03: strange information using 'ifconfig'
+Q04: MPPP?? What's that and how can I use it ...
+Q05: I tried MPPP but it doesn't work
+Q06: can I use asynchronous PPP encapsulation with network devices
+Q07: A SunISDN machine can't connect to my i4l system
+Q08: I wanna talk to several machines, which need different configs
+Q09: Starting the ipppd, I get only error messages from i4l
+Q10: I wanna use dynamic IP address assignment
+Q11: I can't connect. How can I check where the problem is.
+Q12: How can I reduce login delay?
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Q01: pppd, ipppd, syncPPP, asyncPPP .. what is that ?
+ what should I use?
+A: The pppd is for asynchronous PPP .. asynchronous means
+ here, the framing is character based. (e.g when
+ using ttyI* or tty* devices)
+
+ The ipppd handles PPP packets coming in HDLC
+ frames (bit based protocol) ... The PPP driver
+ in isdn4linux pushes all IP packets direct
+ to the network layer and all PPP protocol
+ frames to the /dev/ippp* device.
+ So, the ipppd is a simple external network
+ protocol handler.
+
+ If you login into a remote machine using the
+ /dev/ttyI* devices and then enable PPP on the
+ remote terminal server -> use the 'old' pppd
+
+ If your remote side immediately starts to send
+ frames ... you probably connect to a
+ syncPPP machine .. use the network device part
+ of isdn4linux with the 'syncppp' encapsulation
+ and make sure, that the ipppd is running and
+ connected to at least one /dev/ippp*. Check the
+ isdn4linux manual on how to configure a network device.
+
+--
+
+Q02: when I start the ipppd .. I only get the
+ error message "this system lacks PPP support"
+A: check that at least the device 'ippp0' exists.
+ (you can check this e.g with the program 'ifconfig')
+ The ipppd NEEDS this device under THIS name ..
+ If this device doesn't exists, use:
+ isdnctrl addif ippp0
+ isdnctrl encap ippp0 syncppp
+ ... (see isdn4linux doc for more) ...
+A: Maybe you have compiled the ipppd with another
+ kernel source tree than the kernel you currently
+ run ...
+
+--
+
+Q03: when I list the netdevices with ifconfig I see, that
+ my ISDN interface has a HWaddr and IRQ=0 and Base
+ address = 0
+A: The device is a fake ethernet device .. ignore IRQ and baseaddr
+ You need the HWaddr only for ethernet encapsulation.
+
+--
+
+Q04: MPPP?? What's that and how can I use it ...
+
+A: MPPP or MP or MPP (Warning: MP is also an
+ acronym for 'Multi Processor') stands for
+ Multi Point to Point and means bundling
+ of several channels to one logical stream.
+ To enable MPPP negotiation you must call the
+ ipppd with the '+mp' option.
+ You must also configure a slave device for
+ every additional channel. (see the i4l manual
+ for more)
+ To use channel bundling you must first activate
+ the 'master' or initial call. Now you can add
+ the slave channels with the command:
+ isdnctrl addlink <device>
+ e.g:
+ isdnctrl addlink ippp0
+ This is different from other encapsulations of
+ isdn4linux! With syncPPP, there is no automatic
+ activation of slave devices.
+
+--
+
+Q05: I tried MPPP but it doesn't work .. the ipppd
+ writes in the debug log something like:
+ .. rcvd [0][proto=0x3d] c0 00 00 00 80 fd 01 01 00 0a ...
+ .. sent [0][LCP ProtRej id=0x2 00 3d c0 00 00 00 80 fd 01 ...
+
+A: you forgot to compile MPPP/RFC1717 support into the
+ ISDN Subsystem. Recompile with this option enabled.
+
+--
+
+Q06: can I use asynchronous PPP encapsulation
+ over the network interface of isdn4linux ..
+
+A: No .. that's not possible .. Use the standard
+ PPP package over the /dev/ttyI* devices. You
+ must not use the ipppd for this.
+
+--
+
+Q07: A SunISDN machine tries to connect my i4l system,
+ which doesn't work.
+ Checking the debug log I just saw garbage like:
+!![ ... fill in the line ... ]!!
+
+A: The Sun tries to talk asynchronous PPP ... i4l
+ can't understand this ... try to use the ttyI*
+ devices with the standard PPP/pppd package
+
+A: (from Alexanter Strauss: )
+!![ ... fill in mail ]!!
+
+--
+
+Q08: I wanna talk to remote machines, which need
+ a different configuration. The only way
+ I found to do this is to kill the ipppd and
+ start a new one with another config to connect
+ to the second machine.
+
+A: you must bind a network interface explicitly to
+ an ippp device, where you can connect a (for this
+ interface) individually configured ipppd.
+
+--
+
+Q09: When I start the ipppd I only get error messages
+ from the i4l driver ..
+
+A: When starting, the ipppd calls functions which may
+ trigger a network packet. (e.g gethostbyname()).
+ Without the ipppd (at this moment, it is not
+ fully started) we can't handle this network request.
+ Try to configure hostnames necessary for the ipppd
+ in your local /etc/hosts file or in a way, that
+ your system can resolve it without using an
+ isdn/ippp network-interface.
+
+--
+
+Q10: I wanna use dynamic IP address assignment ... How
+ must I configure the network device.
+
+A: At least you must have a route which forwards
+ a packet to the ippp network-interface to trigger
+ the dial-on-demand.
+ A default route to the ippp-interface will work.
+ Now you must choose a dummy IP address for your
+ interface.
+ If for some reason you can't set the default
+ route to the ippp interface, you may take any
+ address of the subnet from which you expect your
+ dynamic IP number and set a 'network route' for
+ this subnet to the ippp interface.
+ To allow overriding of the dummy address you
+ must call the ipppd with the 'ipcp-accept-local' option.
+
+A: You must know, how the ipppd gets the addresses it wanna
+ configure. If you don't give any option, the ipppd
+ tries to negotiate the local host address!
+ With the option 'noipdefault' it requests an address
+ from the remote machine. With 'useifip' it gets the
+ addresses from the net interface. Or you set the address
+ on the option line with the <a.b.c.d:e.f.g.h> option.
+ Note: the IP address of the remote machine must be configured
+ locally or the remote machine must send it in an IPCP request.
+ If your side doesn't know the IP address after negotiation, it
+ closes the connection!
+ You must allow overriding of address with the 'ipcp-accept-*'
+ options, if you have set your own or the remote address
+ explicitly.
+
+A: Maybe you try these options .. e.g:
+
+ /sbin/ipppd :$REMOTE noipdefault /dev/ippp0
+
+ where REMOTE must be the address of the remote machine (the
+ machine, which gives you your address)
+
+--
+
+Q11: I can't connect. How can I check where the problem is.
+
+A: A good help log is the debug output from the ipppd...
+ Check whether you can find there:
+ - only a few LCP-conf-req SENT messages (less then 10)
+ and then a Term-REQ:
+ -> check whether your ISDN card is well configured
+ it seems, that your machine doesn't dial
+ (IRQ,IO,Proto, etc problems)
+ Configure your ISDN card to print debug messages and
+ check the /dev/isdnctrl output next time. There
+ you can see, whether there is activity on the card/line.
+ - there are at least a few RECV messages in the log:
+ -> fine: your card is dialing and your remote machine
+ tries to talk with you. Maybe only a missing
+ authentication. Check your ipppd configuration again.
+ - the ipppd exits for some reason:
+ -> not good ... check /var/adm/syslog and /var/adm/daemon.
+ Could be a bug in the ipppd.
+
+--
+
+Q12: How can I reduce login delay?
+
+A: Log a login session ('debug' log) and check which options
+ your remote side rejects. Next time configure your ipppd
+ to not negotiate these options. Another 'side effect' is, that
+ this increases redundancy. (e.g your remote side is buggy and
+ rejects options in a wrong way).
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/java.txt b/Documentation/java.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4814c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/java.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+ Java(tm) Binary Kernel Support for Linux v1.03
+ ----------------------------------------------
+
+Linux beats them ALL! While all other OS's are TALKING about direct
+support of Java Binaries in the OS, Linux is doing it!
+
+You can execute Java applications and Java Applets just like any
+other program after you have done the following:
+
+1) You MUST FIRST install the Java Developers Kit for Linux.
+ The Java on Linux HOWTO gives the details on getting and
+ installing this. This HOWTO can be found at:
+
+ ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Java-HOWTO
+
+ You should also set up a reasonable CLASSPATH environment
+ variable to use Java applications that make use of any
+ nonstandard classes (not included in the same directory
+ as the application itself).
+
+2) You have to compile BINFMT_MISC either as a module or into
+ the kernel (CONFIG_BINFMT_MISC) and set it up properly.
+ If you choose to compile it as a module, you will have
+ to insert it manually with modprobe/insmod, as kmod
+ can not easily be supported with binfmt_misc.
+ Read the file 'binfmt_misc.txt' in this directory to know
+ more about the configuration process.
+
+3) Add the following configuration items to binfmt_misc
+ (you should really have read binfmt_misc.txt now):
+ support for Java applications:
+ ':Java:M::\xca\xfe\xba\xbe::/usr/local/bin/javawrapper:'
+ support for executable Jar files:
+ ':ExecutableJAR:E::jar::/usr/local/bin/jarwrapper:'
+ support for Java Applets:
+ ':Applet:E::html::/usr/bin/appletviewer:'
+ or the following, if you want to be more selective:
+ ':Applet:M::<!--applet::/usr/bin/appletviewer:'
+
+ Of cause you have to fix the path names. Given path/file names in this
+ document match the Debian 2.1 system. (i.e. jdk installed in /usr,
+ custom wrappers from this document in /usr/local)
+
+ Note, that for the more selective applet support you have to modify
+ existing html-files to contain <!--applet--> in the first line
+ ('<' has to be the first character!) to let this work!
+
+ For the compiled Java programs you need a wrapper script like the
+ following (this is because Java is broken in case of the filename
+ handling), again fix the path names, both in the script and in the
+ above given configuration string.
+
+ You, too, need the little program after the script. Compile like
+ gcc -O2 -o javaclassname javaclassname.c
+ and stick it to /usr/local/bin.
+
+ Both the javawrapper shellscript and the javaclassname program
+ were supplied by Colin J. Watson <cjw44@cam.ac.uk>.
+
+====================== Cut here ===================
+#!/bin/bash
+# /usr/local/bin/javawrapper - the wrapper for binfmt_misc/java
+
+if [ -z "$1" ]; then
+ exec 1>&2
+ echo Usage: $0 class-file
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+CLASS=$1
+FQCLASS=`/usr/local/bin/javaclassname $1`
+FQCLASSN=`echo $FQCLASS | sed -e 's/^.*\.\([^.]*\)$/\1/'`
+FQCLASSP=`echo $FQCLASS | sed -e 's-\.-/-g' -e 's-^[^/]*$--' -e 's-/[^/]*$--'`
+
+# for example:
+# CLASS=Test.class
+# FQCLASS=foo.bar.Test
+# FQCLASSN=Test
+# FQCLASSP=foo/bar
+
+unset CLASSBASE
+
+declare -i LINKLEVEL=0
+
+while :; do
+ if [ "`basename $CLASS .class`" == "$FQCLASSN" ]; then
+ # See if this directory works straight off
+ cd -L `dirname $CLASS`
+ CLASSDIR=$PWD
+ cd $OLDPWD
+ if echo $CLASSDIR | grep -q "$FQCLASSP$"; then
+ CLASSBASE=`echo $CLASSDIR | sed -e "s.$FQCLASSP$.."`
+ break;
+ fi
+ # Try dereferencing the directory name
+ cd -P `dirname $CLASS`
+ CLASSDIR=$PWD
+ cd $OLDPWD
+ if echo $CLASSDIR | grep -q "$FQCLASSP$"; then
+ CLASSBASE=`echo $CLASSDIR | sed -e "s.$FQCLASSP$.."`
+ break;
+ fi
+ # If no other possible filename exists
+ if [ ! -L $CLASS ]; then
+ exec 1>&2
+ echo $0:
+ echo " $CLASS should be in a" \
+ "directory tree called $FQCLASSP"
+ exit 1
+ fi
+ fi
+ if [ ! -L $CLASS ]; then break; fi
+ # Go down one more level of symbolic links
+ let LINKLEVEL+=1
+ if [ $LINKLEVEL -gt 5 ]; then
+ exec 1>&2
+ echo $0:
+ echo " Too many symbolic links encountered"
+ exit 1
+ fi
+ CLASS=`ls --color=no -l $CLASS | sed -e 's/^.* \([^ ]*\)$/\1/'`
+done
+
+if [ -z "$CLASSBASE" ]; then
+ if [ -z "$FQCLASSP" ]; then
+ GOODNAME=$FQCLASSN.class
+ else
+ GOODNAME=$FQCLASSP/$FQCLASSN.class
+ fi
+ exec 1>&2
+ echo $0:
+ echo " $FQCLASS should be in a file called $GOODNAME"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+if ! echo $CLASSPATH | grep -q "^\(.*:\)*$CLASSBASE\(:.*\)*"; then
+ # class is not in CLASSPATH, so prepend dir of class to CLASSPATH
+ if [ -z "${CLASSPATH}" ] ; then
+ export CLASSPATH=$CLASSBASE
+ else
+ export CLASSPATH=$CLASSBASE:$CLASSPATH
+ fi
+fi
+
+shift
+/usr/bin/java $FQCLASS "$@"
+====================== Cut here ===================
+
+
+====================== Cut here ===================
+/* javaclassname.c
+ *
+ * Extracts the class name from a Java class file; intended for use in a Java
+ * wrapper of the type supported by the binfmt_misc option in the Linux kernel.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 1999 Colin J. Watson <cjw44@cam.ac.uk>.
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+/* From Sun's Java VM Specification, as tag entries in the constant pool. */
+
+#define CP_UTF8 1
+#define CP_INTEGER 3
+#define CP_FLOAT 4
+#define CP_LONG 5
+#define CP_DOUBLE 6
+#define CP_CLASS 7
+#define CP_STRING 8
+#define CP_FIELDREF 9
+#define CP_METHODREF 10
+#define CP_INTERFACEMETHODREF 11
+#define CP_NAMEANDTYPE 12
+
+/* Define some commonly used error messages */
+
+#define seek_error() error("%s: Cannot seek\n", program)
+#define corrupt_error() error("%s: Class file corrupt\n", program)
+#define eof_error() error("%s: Unexpected end of file\n", program)
+#define utf8_error() error("%s: Only ASCII 1-255 supported\n", program);
+
+char *program;
+
+long *pool;
+
+u_int8_t read_8(FILE *classfile);
+u_int16_t read_16(FILE *classfile);
+void skip_constant(FILE *classfile, u_int16_t *cur);
+void error(const char *format, ...);
+int main(int argc, char **argv);
+
+/* Reads in an unsigned 8-bit integer. */
+u_int8_t read_8(FILE *classfile)
+{
+ int b = fgetc(classfile);
+ if(b == EOF)
+ eof_error();
+ return (u_int8_t)b;
+}
+
+/* Reads in an unsigned 16-bit integer. */
+u_int16_t read_16(FILE *classfile)
+{
+ int b1, b2;
+ b1 = fgetc(classfile);
+ if(b1 == EOF)
+ eof_error();
+ b2 = fgetc(classfile);
+ if(b2 == EOF)
+ eof_error();
+ return (u_int16_t)((b1 << 8) | b2);
+}
+
+/* Reads in a value from the constant pool. */
+void skip_constant(FILE *classfile, u_int16_t *cur)
+{
+ u_int16_t len;
+ int seekerr = 1;
+ pool[*cur] = ftell(classfile);
+ switch(read_8(classfile))
+ {
+ case CP_UTF8:
+ len = read_16(classfile);
+ seekerr = fseek(classfile, len, SEEK_CUR);
+ break;
+ case CP_CLASS:
+ case CP_STRING:
+ seekerr = fseek(classfile, 2, SEEK_CUR);
+ break;
+ case CP_INTEGER:
+ case CP_FLOAT:
+ case CP_FIELDREF:
+ case CP_METHODREF:
+ case CP_INTERFACEMETHODREF:
+ case CP_NAMEANDTYPE:
+ seekerr = fseek(classfile, 4, SEEK_CUR);
+ break;
+ case CP_LONG:
+ case CP_DOUBLE:
+ seekerr = fseek(classfile, 8, SEEK_CUR);
+ ++(*cur);
+ break;
+ default:
+ corrupt_error();
+ }
+ if(seekerr)
+ seek_error();
+}
+
+void error(const char *format, ...)
+{
+ va_list ap;
+ va_start(ap, format);
+ vfprintf(stderr, format, ap);
+ va_end(ap);
+ exit(1);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+ FILE *classfile;
+ u_int16_t cp_count, i, this_class, classinfo_ptr;
+ u_int8_t length;
+
+ program = argv[0];
+
+ if(!argv[1])
+ error("%s: Missing input file\n", program);
+ classfile = fopen(argv[1], "rb");
+ if(!classfile)
+ error("%s: Error opening %s\n", program, argv[1]);
+
+ if(fseek(classfile, 8, SEEK_SET)) /* skip magic and version numbers */
+ seek_error();
+ cp_count = read_16(classfile);
+ pool = calloc(cp_count, sizeof(long));
+ if(!pool)
+ error("%s: Out of memory for constant pool\n", program);
+
+ for(i = 1; i < cp_count; ++i)
+ skip_constant(classfile, &i);
+ if(fseek(classfile, 2, SEEK_CUR)) /* skip access flags */
+ seek_error();
+
+ this_class = read_16(classfile);
+ if(this_class < 1 || this_class >= cp_count)
+ corrupt_error();
+ if(!pool[this_class] || pool[this_class] == -1)
+ corrupt_error();
+ if(fseek(classfile, pool[this_class] + 1, SEEK_SET))
+ seek_error();
+
+ classinfo_ptr = read_16(classfile);
+ if(classinfo_ptr < 1 || classinfo_ptr >= cp_count)
+ corrupt_error();
+ if(!pool[classinfo_ptr] || pool[classinfo_ptr] == -1)
+ corrupt_error();
+ if(fseek(classfile, pool[classinfo_ptr] + 1, SEEK_SET))
+ seek_error();
+
+ length = read_16(classfile);
+ for(i = 0; i < length; ++i)
+ {
+ u_int8_t x = read_8(classfile);
+ if((x & 0x80) || !x)
+ {
+ if((x & 0xE0) == 0xC0)
+ {
+ u_int8_t y = read_8(classfile);
+ if((y & 0xC0) == 0x80)
+ {
+ int c = ((x & 0x1f) << 6) + (y & 0x3f);
+ if(c) putchar(c);
+ else utf8_error();
+ }
+ else utf8_error();
+ }
+ else utf8_error();
+ }
+ else if(x == '/') putchar('.');
+ else putchar(x);
+ }
+ putchar('\n');
+ free(pool);
+ fclose(classfile);
+ return 0;
+}
+====================== Cut here ===================
+
+
+====================== Cut here ===================
+#!/bin/bash
+# /usr/local/java/bin/jarwrapper - the wrapper for binfmt_misc/jar
+
+java -jar $1
+====================== Cut here ===================
+
+
+Now simply chmod +x the .class, .jar and/or .html files you want to execute.
+To add a Java program to your path best put a symbolic link to the main
+.class file into /usr/bin (or another place you like) omitting the .class
+extension. The directory containing the original .class file will be
+added to your CLASSPATH during execution.
+
+
+To test your new setup, enter in the following simple Java app, and name
+it "HelloWorld.java":
+
+ class HelloWorld {
+ public static void main(String args[]) {
+ System.out.println("Hello World!");
+ }
+ }
+
+Now compile the application with:
+ javac HelloWorld.java
+
+Set the executable permissions of the binary file, with:
+ chmod 755 HelloWorld.class
+
+And then execute it:
+ ./HelloWorld.class
+
+
+To execute Java Jar files, simple chmod the *.jar files to include
+the execution bit, then just do
+ ./Application.jar
+
+
+To execute Java Applets, simple chmod the *.html files to include
+the execution bit, then just do
+ ./Applet.html
+
+
+originally by Brian A. Lantz, brian@lantz.com
+heavily edited for binfmt_misc by Richard Günther
+new scripts by Colin J. Watson <cjw44@cam.ac.uk>
+added executable Jar file support by Kurt Huwig <kurt@iku-netz.de>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/00-INDEX b/Documentation/kbuild/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1146442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/kbuild/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+00-INDEX
+ - this file: info on the kernel build process
+kconfig-language.txt
+ - specification of Config Language, the language in Kconfig files
+makefiles.txt
+ - developer information for linux kernel makefiles
+modules.txt
+ - how to build modules and to install them
diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca1967f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+Introduction
+------------
+
+The configuration database is collection of configuration options
+organized in a tree structure:
+
+ +- Code maturity level options
+ | +- Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
+ +- General setup
+ | +- Networking support
+ | +- System V IPC
+ | +- BSD Process Accounting
+ | +- Sysctl support
+ +- Loadable module support
+ | +- Enable loadable module support
+ | +- Set version information on all module symbols
+ | +- Kernel module loader
+ +- ...
+
+Every entry has its own dependencies. These dependencies are used
+to determine the visibility of an entry. Any child entry is only
+visible if its parent entry is also visible.
+
+Menu entries
+------------
+
+Most entries define a config option, all other entries help to organize
+them. A single configuration option is defined like this:
+
+config MODVERSIONS
+ bool "Set version information on all module symbols"
+ depends MODULES
+ help
+ Usually, modules have to be recompiled whenever you switch to a new
+ kernel. ...
+
+Every line starts with a key word and can be followed by multiple
+arguments. "config" starts a new config entry. The following lines
+define attributes for this config option. Attributes can be the type of
+the config option, input prompt, dependencies, help text and default
+values. A config option can be defined multiple times with the same
+name, but every definition can have only a single input prompt and the
+type must not conflict.
+
+Menu attributes
+---------------
+
+A menu entry can have a number of attributes. Not all of them are
+applicable everywhere (see syntax).
+
+- type definition: "bool"/"tristate"/"string"/"hex"/"int"
+ Every config option must have a type. There are only two basic types:
+ tristate and string, the other types are based on these two. The type
+ definition optionally accepts an input prompt, so these two examples
+ are equivalent:
+
+ bool "Networking support"
+ and
+ bool
+ prompt "Networking support"
+
+- input prompt: "prompt" <prompt> ["if" <expr>]
+ Every menu entry can have at most one prompt, which is used to display
+ to the user. Optionally dependencies only for this prompt can be added
+ with "if".
+
+- default value: "default" <expr> ["if" <expr>]
+ A config option can have any number of default values. If multiple
+ default values are visible, only the first defined one is active.
+ Default values are not limited to the menu entry, where they are
+ defined, this means the default can be defined somewhere else or be
+ overridden by an earlier definition.
+ The default value is only assigned to the config symbol if no other
+ value was set by the user (via the input prompt above). If an input
+ prompt is visible the default value is presented to the user and can
+ be overridden by him.
+ Optionally dependencies only for this default value can be added with
+ "if".
+
+- dependencies: "depends on"/"requires" <expr>
+ This defines a dependency for this menu entry. If multiple
+ dependencies are defined they are connected with '&&'. Dependencies
+ are applied to all other options within this menu entry (which also
+ accept an "if" expression), so these two examples are equivalent:
+
+ bool "foo" if BAR
+ default y if BAR
+ and
+ depends on BAR
+ bool "foo"
+ default y
+
+- reverse dependencies: "select" <symbol> ["if" <expr>]
+ While normal dependencies reduce the upper limit of a symbol (see
+ below), reverse dependencies can be used to force a lower limit of
+ another symbol. The value of the current menu symbol is used as the
+ minimal value <symbol> can be set to. If <symbol> is selected multiple
+ times, the limit is set to the largest selection.
+ Reverse dependencies can only be used with boolean or tristate
+ symbols.
+
+- numerical ranges: "range" <symbol> <symbol> ["if" <expr>]
+ This allows to limit the range of possible input values for int
+ and hex symbols. The user can only input a value which is larger than
+ or equal to the first symbol and smaller than or equal to the second
+ symbol.
+
+- help text: "help" or "---help---"
+ This defines a help text. The end of the help text is determined by
+ the indentation level, this means it ends at the first line which has
+ a smaller indentation than the first line of the help text.
+ "---help---" and "help" do not differ in behaviour, "---help---" is
+ used to help visually seperate configuration logic from help within
+ the file as an aid to developers.
+
+
+Menu dependencies
+-----------------
+
+Dependencies define the visibility of a menu entry and can also reduce
+the input range of tristate symbols. The tristate logic used in the
+expressions uses one more state than normal boolean logic to express the
+module state. Dependency expressions have the following syntax:
+
+<expr> ::= <symbol> (1)
+ <symbol> '=' <symbol> (2)
+ <symbol> '!=' <symbol> (3)
+ '(' <expr> ')' (4)
+ '!' <expr> (5)
+ <expr> '&&' <expr> (6)
+ <expr> '||' <expr> (7)
+
+Expressions are listed in decreasing order of precedence.
+
+(1) Convert the symbol into an expression. Boolean and tristate symbols
+ are simply converted into the respective expression values. All
+ other symbol types result in 'n'.
+(2) If the values of both symbols are equal, it returns 'y',
+ otherwise 'n'.
+(3) If the values of both symbols are equal, it returns 'n',
+ otherwise 'y'.
+(4) Returns the value of the expression. Used to override precedence.
+(5) Returns the result of (2-/expr/).
+(6) Returns the result of min(/expr/, /expr/).
+(7) Returns the result of max(/expr/, /expr/).
+
+An expression can have a value of 'n', 'm' or 'y' (or 0, 1, 2
+respectively for calculations). A menu entry becomes visible when it's
+expression evaluates to 'm' or 'y'.
+
+There are two types of symbols: constant and nonconstant symbols.
+Nonconstant symbols are the most common ones and are defined with the
+'config' statement. Nonconstant symbols consist entirely of alphanumeric
+characters or underscores.
+Constant symbols are only part of expressions. Constant symbols are
+always surrounded by single or double quotes. Within the quote any
+other character is allowed and the quotes can be escaped using '\'.
+
+Menu structure
+--------------
+
+The position of a menu entry in the tree is determined in two ways. First
+it can be specified explicitly:
+
+menu "Network device support"
+ depends NET
+
+config NETDEVICES
+ ...
+
+endmenu
+
+All entries within the "menu" ... "endmenu" block become a submenu of
+"Network device support". All subentries inherit the dependencies from
+the menu entry, e.g. this means the dependency "NET" is added to the
+dependency list of the config option NETDEVICES.
+
+The other way to generate the menu structure is done by analyzing the
+dependencies. If a menu entry somehow depends on the previous entry, it
+can be made a submenu of it. First, the previous (parent) symbol must
+be part of the dependency list and then one of these two conditions
+must be true:
+- the child entry must become invisible, if the parent is set to 'n'
+- the child entry must only be visible, if the parent is visible
+
+config MODULES
+ bool "Enable loadable module support"
+
+config MODVERSIONS
+ bool "Set version information on all module symbols"
+ depends MODULES
+
+comment "module support disabled"
+ depends !MODULES
+
+MODVERSIONS directly depends on MODULES, this means it's only visible if
+MODULES is different from 'n'. The comment on the other hand is always
+visible when MODULES is visible (the (empty) dependency of MODULES is
+also part of the comment dependencies).
+
+
+Kconfig syntax
+--------------
+
+The configuration file describes a series of menu entries, where every
+line starts with a keyword (except help texts). The following keywords
+end a menu entry:
+- config
+- menuconfig
+- choice/endchoice
+- comment
+- menu/endmenu
+- if/endif
+- source
+The first five also start the definition of a menu entry.
+
+config:
+
+ "config" <symbol>
+ <config options>
+
+This defines a config symbol <symbol> and accepts any of above
+attributes as options.
+
+menuconfig:
+ "menuconfig" <symbol>
+ <config options>
+
+This is similiar to the simple config entry above, but it also gives a
+hint to front ends, that all suboptions should be displayed as a
+separate list of options.
+
+choices:
+
+ "choice"
+ <choice options>
+ <choice block>
+ "endchoice"
+
+This defines a choice group and accepts any of above attributes as
+options. A choice can only be of type bool or tristate, while a boolean
+choice only allows a single config entry to be selected, a tristate
+choice also allows any number of config entries to be set to 'm'. This
+can be used if multiple drivers for a single hardware exists and only a
+single driver can be compiled/loaded into the kernel, but all drivers
+can be compiled as modules.
+A choice accepts another option "optional", which allows to set the
+choice to 'n' and no entry needs to be selected.
+
+comment:
+
+ "comment" <prompt>
+ <comment options>
+
+This defines a comment which is displayed to the user during the
+configuration process and is also echoed to the output files. The only
+possible options are dependencies.
+
+menu:
+
+ "menu" <prompt>
+ <menu options>
+ <menu block>
+ "endmenu"
+
+This defines a menu block, see "Menu structure" above for more
+information. The only possible options are dependencies.
+
+if:
+
+ "if" <expr>
+ <if block>
+ "endif"
+
+This defines an if block. The dependency expression <expr> is appended
+to all enclosed menu entries.
+
+source:
+
+ "source" <prompt>
+
+This reads the specified configuration file. This file is always parsed.
diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2616a58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1122 @@
+Linux Kernel Makefiles
+
+This document describes the Linux kernel Makefiles.
+
+=== Table of Contents
+
+ === 1 Overview
+ === 2 Who does what
+ === 3 The kbuild files
+ --- 3.1 Goal definitions
+ --- 3.2 Built-in object goals - obj-y
+ --- 3.3 Loadable module goals - obj-m
+ --- 3.4 Objects which export symbols
+ --- 3.5 Library file goals - lib-y
+ --- 3.6 Descending down in directories
+ --- 3.7 Compilation flags
+ --- 3.8 Command line dependency
+ --- 3.9 Dependency tracking
+ --- 3.10 Special Rules
+
+ === 4 Host Program support
+ --- 4.1 Simple Host Program
+ --- 4.2 Composite Host Programs
+ --- 4.3 Defining shared libraries
+ --- 4.4 Using C++ for host programs
+ --- 4.5 Controlling compiler options for host programs
+ --- 4.6 When host programs are actually built
+ --- 4.7 Using hostprogs-$(CONFIG_FOO)
+
+ === 5 Kbuild clean infrastructure
+
+ === 6 Architecture Makefiles
+ --- 6.1 Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture
+ --- 6.2 Add prerequisites to prepare:
+ --- 6.3 List directories to visit when descending
+ --- 6.4 Architecture specific boot images
+ --- 6.5 Building non-kbuild targets
+ --- 6.6 Commands useful for building a boot image
+ --- 6.7 Custom kbuild commands
+ --- 6.8 Preprocessing linker scripts
+ --- 6.9 $(CC) support functions
+
+ === 7 Kbuild Variables
+ === 8 Makefile language
+ === 9 Credits
+ === 10 TODO
+
+=== 1 Overview
+
+The Makefiles have five parts:
+
+ Makefile the top Makefile.
+ .config the kernel configuration file.
+ arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile the arch Makefile.
+ scripts/Makefile.* common rules etc. for all kbuild Makefiles.
+ kbuild Makefiles there are about 500 of these.
+
+The top Makefile reads the .config file, which comes from the kernel
+configuration process.
+
+The top Makefile is responsible for building two major products: vmlinux
+(the resident kernel image) and modules (any module files).
+It builds these goals by recursively descending into the subdirectories of
+the kernel source tree.
+The list of subdirectories which are visited depends upon the kernel
+configuration. The top Makefile textually includes an arch Makefile
+with the name arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile. The arch Makefile supplies
+architecture-specific information to the top Makefile.
+
+Each subdirectory has a kbuild Makefile which carries out the commands
+passed down from above. The kbuild Makefile uses information from the
+.config file to construct various file lists used by kbuild to build
+any built-in or modular targets.
+
+scripts/Makefile.* contains all the definitions/rules etc. that
+are used to build the kernel based on the kbuild makefiles.
+
+
+=== 2 Who does what
+
+People have four different relationships with the kernel Makefiles.
+
+*Users* are people who build kernels. These people type commands such as
+"make menuconfig" or "make". They usually do not read or edit
+any kernel Makefiles (or any other source files).
+
+*Normal developers* are people who work on features such as device
+drivers, file systems, and network protocols. These people need to
+maintain the kbuild Makefiles for the subsystem that they are
+working on. In order to do this effectively, they need some overall
+knowledge about the kernel Makefiles, plus detailed knowledge about the
+public interface for kbuild.
+
+*Arch developers* are people who work on an entire architecture, such
+as sparc or ia64. Arch developers need to know about the arch Makefile
+as well as kbuild Makefiles.
+
+*Kbuild developers* are people who work on the kernel build system itself.
+These people need to know about all aspects of the kernel Makefiles.
+
+This document is aimed towards normal developers and arch developers.
+
+
+=== 3 The kbuild files
+
+Most Makefiles within the kernel are kbuild Makefiles that use the
+kbuild infrastructure. This chapter introduce the syntax used in the
+kbuild makefiles.
+The preferred name for the kbuild files is 'Kbuild' but 'Makefile' will
+continue to be supported. All new developmen is expected to use the
+Kbuild filename.
+
+Section 3.1 "Goal definitions" is a quick intro, further chapters provide
+more details, with real examples.
+
+--- 3.1 Goal definitions
+
+ Goal definitions are the main part (heart) of the kbuild Makefile.
+ These lines define the files to be built, any special compilation
+ options, and any subdirectories to be entered recursively.
+
+ The most simple kbuild makefile contains one line:
+
+ Example:
+ obj-y += foo.o
+
+ This tell kbuild that there is one object in that directory named
+ foo.o. foo.o will be built from foo.c or foo.S.
+
+ If foo.o shall be built as a module, the variable obj-m is used.
+ Therefore the following pattern is often used:
+
+ Example:
+ obj-$(CONFIG_FOO) += foo.o
+
+ $(CONFIG_FOO) evaluates to either y (for built-in) or m (for module).
+ If CONFIG_FOO is neither y nor m, then the file will not be compiled
+ nor linked.
+
+--- 3.2 Built-in object goals - obj-y
+
+ The kbuild Makefile specifies object files for vmlinux
+ in the lists $(obj-y). These lists depend on the kernel
+ configuration.
+
+ Kbuild compiles all the $(obj-y) files. It then calls
+ "$(LD) -r" to merge these files into one built-in.o file.
+ built-in.o is later linked into vmlinux by the parent Makefile.
+
+ The order of files in $(obj-y) is significant. Duplicates in
+ the lists are allowed: the first instance will be linked into
+ built-in.o and succeeding instances will be ignored.
+
+ Link order is significant, because certain functions
+ (module_init() / __initcall) will be called during boot in the
+ order they appear. So keep in mind that changing the link
+ order may e.g. change the order in which your SCSI
+ controllers are detected, and thus you disks are renumbered.
+
+ Example:
+ #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile
+ # Makefile for the kernel ISDN subsystem and device drivers.
+ # Each configuration option enables a list of files.
+ obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN) += isdn.o
+ obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o
+
+--- 3.3 Loadable module goals - obj-m
+
+ $(obj-m) specify object files which are built as loadable
+ kernel modules.
+
+ A module may be built from one source file or several source
+ files. In the case of one source file, the kbuild makefile
+ simply adds the file to $(obj-m).
+
+ Example:
+ #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile
+ obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o
+
+ Note: In this example $(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) evaluates to 'm'
+
+ If a kernel module is built from several source files, you specify
+ that you want to build a module in the same way as above.
+
+ Kbuild needs to know which the parts that you want to build your
+ module from, so you have to tell it by setting an
+ $(<module_name>-objs) variable.
+
+ Example:
+ #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile
+ obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN) += isdn.o
+ isdn-objs := isdn_net_lib.o isdn_v110.o isdn_common.o
+
+ In this example, the module name will be isdn.o. Kbuild will
+ compile the objects listed in $(isdn-objs) and then run
+ "$(LD) -r" on the list of these files to generate isdn.o.
+
+ Kbuild recognises objects used for composite objects by the suffix
+ -objs, and the suffix -y. This allows the Makefiles to use
+ the value of a CONFIG_ symbol to determine if an object is part
+ of a composite object.
+
+ Example:
+ #fs/ext2/Makefile
+ obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2.o
+ ext2-y := balloc.o bitmap.o
+ ext2-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) += xattr.o
+
+ In this example xattr.o is only part of the composite object
+ ext2.o, if $(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) evaluates to 'y'.
+
+ Note: Of course, when you are building objects into the kernel,
+ the syntax above will also work. So, if you have CONFIG_EXT2_FS=y,
+ kbuild will build an ext2.o file for you out of the individual
+ parts and then link this into built-in.o, as you would expect.
+
+--- 3.4 Objects which export symbols
+
+ No special notation is required in the makefiles for
+ modules exporting symbols.
+
+--- 3.5 Library file goals - lib-y
+
+ Objects listed with obj-* are used for modules or
+ combined in a built-in.o for that specific directory.
+ There is also the possibility to list objects that will
+ be included in a library, lib.a.
+ All objects listed with lib-y are combined in a single
+ library for that directory.
+ Objects that are listed in obj-y and additional listed in
+ lib-y will not be included in the library, since they will anyway
+ be accessible.
+ For consistency objects listed in lib-m will be included in lib.a.
+
+ Note that the same kbuild makefile may list files to be built-in
+ and to be part of a library. Therefore the same directory
+ may contain both a built-in.o and a lib.a file.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/lib/Makefile
+ lib-y := checksum.o delay.o
+
+ This will create a library lib.a based on checksum.o and delay.o.
+ For kbuild to actually recognize that there is a lib.a being build
+ the directory shall be listed in libs-y.
+ See also "6.3 List directories to visit when descending".
+
+ Usage of lib-y is normally restricted to lib/ and arch/*/lib.
+
+--- 3.6 Descending down in directories
+
+ A Makefile is only responsible for building objects in its own
+ directory. Files in subdirectories should be taken care of by
+ Makefiles in these subdirs. The build system will automatically
+ invoke make recursively in subdirectories, provided you let it know of
+ them.
+
+ To do so obj-y and obj-m are used.
+ ext2 lives in a separate directory, and the Makefile present in fs/
+ tells kbuild to descend down using the following assignment.
+
+ Example:
+ #fs/Makefile
+ obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2/
+
+ If CONFIG_EXT2_FS is set to either 'y' (built-in) or 'm' (modular)
+ the corresponding obj- variable will be set, and kbuild will descend
+ down in the ext2 directory.
+ Kbuild only uses this information to decide that it needs to visit
+ the directory, it is the Makefile in the subdirectory that
+ specifies what is modules and what is built-in.
+
+ It is good practice to use a CONFIG_ variable when assigning directory
+ names. This allows kbuild to totally skip the directory if the
+ corresponding CONFIG_ option is neither 'y' nor 'm'.
+
+--- 3.7 Compilation flags
+
+ EXTRA_CFLAGS, EXTRA_AFLAGS, EXTRA_LDFLAGS, EXTRA_ARFLAGS
+
+ All the EXTRA_ variables apply only to the kbuild makefile
+ where they are assigned. The EXTRA_ variables apply to all
+ commands executed in the kbuild makefile.
+
+ $(EXTRA_CFLAGS) specifies options for compiling C files with
+ $(CC).
+
+ Example:
+ # drivers/sound/emu10k1/Makefile
+ EXTRA_CFLAGS += -I$(obj)
+ ifdef DEBUG
+ EXTRA_CFLAGS += -DEMU10K1_DEBUG
+ endif
+
+
+ This variable is necessary because the top Makefile owns the
+ variable $(CFLAGS) and uses it for compilation flags for the
+ entire tree.
+
+ $(EXTRA_AFLAGS) is a similar string for per-directory options
+ when compiling assembly language source.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/x86_64/kernel/Makefile
+ EXTRA_AFLAGS := -traditional
+
+
+ $(EXTRA_LDFLAGS) and $(EXTRA_ARFLAGS) are similar strings for
+ per-directory options to $(LD) and $(AR).
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/m68k/fpsp040/Makefile
+ EXTRA_LDFLAGS := -x
+
+ CFLAGS_$@, AFLAGS_$@
+
+ CFLAGS_$@ and AFLAGS_$@ only apply to commands in current
+ kbuild makefile.
+
+ $(CFLAGS_$@) specifies per-file options for $(CC). The $@
+ part has a literal value which specifies the file that it is for.
+
+ Example:
+ # drivers/scsi/Makefile
+ CFLAGS_aha152x.o = -DAHA152X_STAT -DAUTOCONF
+ CFLAGS_gdth.o = # -DDEBUG_GDTH=2 -D__SERIAL__ -D__COM2__ \
+ -DGDTH_STATISTICS
+ CFLAGS_seagate.o = -DARBITRATE -DPARITY -DSEAGATE_USE_ASM
+
+ These three lines specify compilation flags for aha152x.o,
+ gdth.o, and seagate.o
+
+ $(AFLAGS_$@) is a similar feature for source files in assembly
+ languages.
+
+ Example:
+ # arch/arm/kernel/Makefile
+ AFLAGS_head-armv.o := -DTEXTADDR=$(TEXTADDR) -traditional
+ AFLAGS_head-armo.o := -DTEXTADDR=$(TEXTADDR) -traditional
+
+--- 3.9 Dependency tracking
+
+ Kbuild tracks dependencies on the following:
+ 1) All prerequisite files (both *.c and *.h)
+ 2) CONFIG_ options used in all prerequisite files
+ 3) Command-line used to compile target
+
+ Thus, if you change an option to $(CC) all affected files will
+ be re-compiled.
+
+--- 3.10 Special Rules
+
+ Special rules are used when the kbuild infrastructure does
+ not provide the required support. A typical example is
+ header files generated during the build process.
+ Another example is the architecture specific Makefiles which
+ needs special rules to prepare boot images etc.
+
+ Special rules are written as normal Make rules.
+ Kbuild is not executing in the directory where the Makefile is
+ located, so all special rules shall provide a relative
+ path to prerequisite files and target files.
+
+ Two variables are used when defining special rules:
+
+ $(src)
+ $(src) is a relative path which points to the directory
+ where the Makefile is located. Always use $(src) when
+ referring to files located in the src tree.
+
+ $(obj)
+ $(obj) is a relative path which points to the directory
+ where the target is saved. Always use $(obj) when
+ referring to generated files.
+
+ Example:
+ #drivers/scsi/Makefile
+ $(obj)/53c8xx_d.h: $(src)/53c7,8xx.scr $(src)/script_asm.pl
+ $(CPP) -DCHIP=810 - < $< | ... $(src)/script_asm.pl
+
+ This is a special rule, following the normal syntax
+ required by make.
+ The target file depends on two prerequisite files. References
+ to the target file are prefixed with $(obj), references
+ to prerequisites are referenced with $(src) (because they are not
+ generated files).
+
+
+=== 4 Host Program support
+
+Kbuild supports building executables on the host for use during the
+compilation stage.
+Two steps are required in order to use a host executable.
+
+The first step is to tell kbuild that a host program exists. This is
+done utilising the variable hostprogs-y.
+
+The second step is to add an explicit dependency to the executable.
+This can be done in two ways. Either add the dependency in a rule,
+or utilise the variable $(always).
+Both possibilities are described in the following.
+
+--- 4.1 Simple Host Program
+
+ In some cases there is a need to compile and run a program on the
+ computer where the build is running.
+ The following line tells kbuild that the program bin2hex shall be
+ built on the build host.
+
+ Example:
+ hostprogs-y := bin2hex
+
+ Kbuild assumes in the above example that bin2hex is made from a single
+ c-source file named bin2hex.c located in the same directory as
+ the Makefile.
+
+--- 4.2 Composite Host Programs
+
+ Host programs can be made up based on composite objects.
+ The syntax used to define composite objects for host programs is
+ similar to the syntax used for kernel objects.
+ $(<executeable>-objs) list all objects used to link the final
+ executable.
+
+ Example:
+ #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile
+ hostprogs-y := lxdialog
+ lxdialog-objs := checklist.o lxdialog.o
+
+ Objects with extension .o are compiled from the corresponding .c
+ files. In the above example checklist.c is compiled to checklist.o
+ and lxdialog.c is compiled to lxdialog.o.
+ Finally the two .o files are linked to the executable, lxdialog.
+ Note: The syntax <executable>-y is not permitted for host-programs.
+
+--- 4.3 Defining shared libraries
+
+ Objects with extension .so are considered shared libraries, and
+ will be compiled as position independent objects.
+ Kbuild provides support for shared libraries, but the usage
+ shall be restricted.
+ In the following example the libkconfig.so shared library is used
+ to link the executable conf.
+
+ Example:
+ #scripts/kconfig/Makefile
+ hostprogs-y := conf
+ conf-objs := conf.o libkconfig.so
+ libkconfig-objs := expr.o type.o
+
+ Shared libraries always require a corresponding -objs line, and
+ in the example above the shared library libkconfig is composed by
+ the two objects expr.o and type.o.
+ expr.o and type.o will be built as position independent code and
+ linked as a shared library libkconfig.so. C++ is not supported for
+ shared libraries.
+
+--- 4.4 Using C++ for host programs
+
+ kbuild offers support for host programs written in C++. This was
+ introduced solely to support kconfig, and is not recommended
+ for general use.
+
+ Example:
+ #scripts/kconfig/Makefile
+ hostprogs-y := qconf
+ qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o
+
+ In the example above the executable is composed of the C++ file
+ qconf.cc - identified by $(qconf-cxxobjs).
+
+ If qconf is composed by a mixture of .c and .cc files, then an
+ additional line can be used to identify this.
+
+ Example:
+ #scripts/kconfig/Makefile
+ hostprogs-y := qconf
+ qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o
+ qconf-objs := check.o
+
+--- 4.5 Controlling compiler options for host programs
+
+ When compiling host programs, it is possible to set specific flags.
+ The programs will always be compiled utilising $(HOSTCC) passed
+ the options specified in $(HOSTCFLAGS).
+ To set flags that will take effect for all host programs created
+ in that Makefile use the variable HOST_EXTRACFLAGS.
+
+ Example:
+ #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile
+ HOST_EXTRACFLAGS += -I/usr/include/ncurses
+
+ To set specific flags for a single file the following construction
+ is used:
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/ppc64/boot/Makefile
+ HOSTCFLAGS_piggyback.o := -DKERNELBASE=$(KERNELBASE)
+
+ It is also possible to specify additional options to the linker.
+
+ Example:
+ #scripts/kconfig/Makefile
+ HOSTLOADLIBES_qconf := -L$(QTDIR)/lib
+
+ When linking qconf it will be passed the extra option "-L$(QTDIR)/lib".
+
+--- 4.6 When host programs are actually built
+
+ Kbuild will only build host-programs when they are referenced
+ as a prerequisite.
+ This is possible in two ways:
+
+ (1) List the prerequisite explicitly in a special rule.
+
+ Example:
+ #drivers/pci/Makefile
+ hostprogs-y := gen-devlist
+ $(obj)/devlist.h: $(src)/pci.ids $(obj)/gen-devlist
+ ( cd $(obj); ./gen-devlist ) < $<
+
+ The target $(obj)/devlist.h will not be built before
+ $(obj)/gen-devlist is updated. Note that references to
+ the host programs in special rules must be prefixed with $(obj).
+
+ (2) Use $(always)
+ When there is no suitable special rule, and the host program
+ shall be built when a makefile is entered, the $(always)
+ variable shall be used.
+
+ Example:
+ #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile
+ hostprogs-y := lxdialog
+ always := $(hostprogs-y)
+
+ This will tell kbuild to build lxdialog even if not referenced in
+ any rule.
+
+--- 4.7 Using hostprogs-$(CONFIG_FOO)
+
+ A typcal pattern in a Kbuild file lok like this:
+
+ Example:
+ #scripts/Makefile
+ hostprogs-$(CONFIG_KALLSYMS) += kallsyms
+
+ Kbuild knows about both 'y' for built-in and 'm' for module.
+ So if a config symbol evaluate to 'm', kbuild will still build
+ the binary. In other words Kbuild handle hostprogs-m exactly
+ like hostprogs-y. But only hostprogs-y is recommend used
+ when no CONFIG symbol are involved.
+
+=== 5 Kbuild clean infrastructure
+
+"make clean" deletes most generated files in the src tree where the kernel
+is compiled. This includes generated files such as host programs.
+Kbuild knows targets listed in $(hostprogs-y), $(hostprogs-m), $(always),
+$(extra-y) and $(targets). They are all deleted during "make clean".
+Files matching the patterns "*.[oas]", "*.ko", plus some additional files
+generated by kbuild are deleted all over the kernel src tree when
+"make clean" is executed.
+
+Additional files can be specified in kbuild makefiles by use of $(clean-files).
+
+ Example:
+ #drivers/pci/Makefile
+ clean-files := devlist.h classlist.h
+
+When executing "make clean", the two files "devlist.h classlist.h" will
+be deleted. Kbuild will assume files to be in same relative directory as the
+Makefile except if an absolute path is specified (path starting with '/').
+
+To delete a directory hirachy use:
+ Example:
+ #scripts/package/Makefile
+ clean-dirs := $(objtree)/debian/
+
+This will delete the directory debian, including all subdirectories.
+Kbuild will assume the directories to be in the same relative path as the
+Makefile if no absolute path is specified (path does not start with '/').
+
+Usually kbuild descends down in subdirectories due to "obj-* := dir/",
+but in the architecture makefiles where the kbuild infrastructure
+is not sufficient this sometimes needs to be explicit.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/boot/Makefile
+ subdir- := compressed/
+
+The above assignment instructs kbuild to descend down in the
+directory compressed/ when "make clean" is executed.
+
+To support the clean infrastructure in the Makefiles that builds the
+final bootimage there is an optional target named archclean:
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/Makefile
+ archclean:
+ $(Q)$(MAKE) $(clean)=arch/i386/boot
+
+When "make clean" is executed, make will descend down in arch/i386/boot,
+and clean as usual. The Makefile located in arch/i386/boot/ may use
+the subdir- trick to descend further down.
+
+Note 1: arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile cannot use "subdir-", because that file is
+included in the top level makefile, and the kbuild infrastructure
+is not operational at that point.
+
+Note 2: All directories listed in core-y, libs-y, drivers-y and net-y will
+be visited during "make clean".
+
+=== 6 Architecture Makefiles
+
+The top level Makefile sets up the environment and does the preparation,
+before starting to descend down in the individual directories.
+The top level makefile contains the generic part, whereas the
+arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile contains what is required to set-up kbuild
+to the said architecture.
+To do so arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile sets a number of variables, and defines
+a few targets.
+
+When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly):
+1) Configuration of the kernel => produced .config
+2) Store kernel version in include/linux/version.h
+3) Symlink include/asm to include/asm-$(ARCH)
+4) Updating all other prerequisites to the target prepare:
+ - Additional prerequisites are specified in arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile
+5) Recursively descend down in all directories listed in
+ init-* core* drivers-* net-* libs-* and build all targets.
+ - The value of the above variables are extended in arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile.
+6) All object files are then linked and the resulting file vmlinux is
+ located at the root of the src tree.
+ The very first objects linked are listed in head-y, assigned by
+ arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile.
+7) Finally the architecture specific part does any required post processing
+ and builds the final bootimage.
+ - This includes building boot records
+ - Preparing initrd images and the like
+
+
+--- 6.1 Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture
+
+ LDFLAGS Generic $(LD) options
+
+ Flags used for all invocations of the linker.
+ Often specifying the emulation is sufficient.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/s390/Makefile
+ LDFLAGS := -m elf_s390
+ Note: EXTRA_LDFLAGS and LDFLAGS_$@ can be used to further customise
+ the flags used. See chapter 7.
+
+ LDFLAGS_MODULE Options for $(LD) when linking modules
+
+ LDFLAGS_MODULE is used to set specific flags for $(LD) when
+ linking the .ko files used for modules.
+ Default is "-r", for relocatable output.
+
+ LDFLAGS_vmlinux Options for $(LD) when linking vmlinux
+
+ LDFLAGS_vmlinux is used to specify additional flags to pass to
+ the linker when linking the final vmlinux.
+ LDFLAGS_vmlinux uses the LDFLAGS_$@ support.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/Makefile
+ LDFLAGS_vmlinux := -e stext
+
+ OBJCOPYFLAGS objcopy flags
+
+ When $(call if_changed,objcopy) is used to translate a .o file,
+ then the flags specified in OBJCOPYFLAGS will be used.
+ $(call if_changed,objcopy) is often used to generate raw binaries on
+ vmlinux.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/s390/Makefile
+ OBJCOPYFLAGS := -O binary
+
+ #arch/s390/boot/Makefile
+ $(obj)/image: vmlinux FORCE
+ $(call if_changed,objcopy)
+
+ In this example the binary $(obj)/image is a binary version of
+ vmlinux. The usage of $(call if_changed,xxx) will be described later.
+
+ AFLAGS $(AS) assembler flags
+
+ Default value - see top level Makefile
+ Append or modify as required per architecture.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/sparc64/Makefile
+ AFLAGS += -m64 -mcpu=ultrasparc
+
+ CFLAGS $(CC) compiler flags
+
+ Default value - see top level Makefile
+ Append or modify as required per architecture.
+
+ Often the CFLAGS variable depends on the configuration.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/Makefile
+ cflags-$(CONFIG_M386) += -march=i386
+ CFLAGS += $(cflags-y)
+
+ Many arch Makefiles dynamically run the target C compiler to
+ probe supported options:
+
+ #arch/i386/Makefile
+
+ ...
+ cflags-$(CONFIG_MPENTIUMII) += $(call cc-option,\
+ -march=pentium2,-march=i686)
+ ...
+ # Disable unit-at-a-time mode ...
+ CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fno-unit-at-a-time)
+ ...
+
+
+ The first examples utilises the trick that a config option expands
+ to 'y' when selected.
+
+ CFLAGS_KERNEL $(CC) options specific for built-in
+
+ $(CFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra C compiler flags used to compile
+ resident kernel code.
+
+ CFLAGS_MODULE $(CC) options specific for modules
+
+ $(CFLAGS_MODULE) contains extra C compiler flags used to compile code
+ for loadable kernel modules.
+
+
+--- 6.2 Add prerequisites to prepare:
+
+ The prepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that needs to be
+ built before starting to descend down in the subdirectories.
+ This is usual header files containing assembler constants.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/s390/Makefile
+ prepare: include/asm-$(ARCH)/offsets.h
+
+ In this example the file include/asm-$(ARCH)/offsets.h will
+ be built before descending down in the subdirectories.
+ See also chapter XXX-TODO that describe how kbuild supports
+ generating offset header files.
+
+
+--- 6.3 List directories to visit when descending
+
+ An arch Makefile cooperates with the top Makefile to define variables
+ which specify how to build the vmlinux file. Note that there is no
+ corresponding arch-specific section for modules; the module-building
+ machinery is all architecture-independent.
+
+
+ head-y, init-y, core-y, libs-y, drivers-y, net-y
+
+ $(head-y) list objects to be linked first in vmlinux.
+ $(libs-y) list directories where a lib.a archive can be located.
+ The rest list directories where a built-in.o object file can be located.
+
+ $(init-y) objects will be located after $(head-y).
+ Then the rest follows in this order:
+ $(core-y), $(libs-y), $(drivers-y) and $(net-y).
+
+ The top level Makefile define values for all generic directories,
+ and arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile only adds architecture specific directories.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/sparc64/Makefile
+ core-y += arch/sparc64/kernel/
+ libs-y += arch/sparc64/prom/ arch/sparc64/lib/
+ drivers-$(CONFIG_OPROFILE) += arch/sparc64/oprofile/
+
+
+--- 6.4 Architecture specific boot images
+
+ An arch Makefile specifies goals that take the vmlinux file, compress
+ it, wrap it in bootstrapping code, and copy the resulting files
+ somewhere. This includes various kinds of installation commands.
+ The actual goals are not standardized across architectures.
+
+ It is common to locate any additional processing in a boot/
+ directory below arch/$(ARCH)/.
+
+ Kbuild does not provide any smart way to support building a
+ target specified in boot/. Therefore arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile shall
+ call make manually to build a target in boot/.
+
+ The recommended approach is to include shortcuts in
+ arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile, and use the full path when calling down
+ into the arch/$(ARCH)/boot/Makefile.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/Makefile
+ boot := arch/i386/boot
+ bzImage: vmlinux
+ $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) $(boot)/$@
+
+ "$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=<dir>" is the recommended way to invoke
+ make in a subdirectory.
+
+ There are no rules for naming of the architecture specific targets,
+ but executing "make help" will list all relevant targets.
+ To support this $(archhelp) must be defined.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/Makefile
+ define archhelp
+ echo '* bzImage - Image (arch/$(ARCH)/boot/bzImage)'
+ endef
+
+ When make is executed without arguments, the first goal encountered
+ will be built. In the top level Makefile the first goal present
+ is all:.
+ An architecture shall always per default build a bootable image.
+ In "make help" the default goal is highlighted with a '*'.
+ Add a new prerequisite to all: to select a default goal different
+ from vmlinux.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/Makefile
+ all: bzImage
+
+ When "make" is executed without arguments, bzImage will be built.
+
+--- 6.5 Building non-kbuild targets
+
+ extra-y
+
+ extra-y specify additional targets created in the current
+ directory, in addition to any targets specified by obj-*.
+
+ Listing all targets in extra-y is required for two purposes:
+ 1) Enable kbuild to check changes in command lines
+ - When $(call if_changed,xxx) is used
+ 2) kbuild knows what files to delete during "make clean"
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/kernel/Makefile
+ extra-y := head.o init_task.o
+
+ In this example extra-y is used to list object files that
+ shall be built, but shall not be linked as part of built-in.o.
+
+
+--- 6.6 Commands useful for building a boot image
+
+ Kbuild provides a few macros that are useful when building a
+ boot image.
+
+ if_changed
+
+ if_changed is the infrastructure used for the following commands.
+
+ Usage:
+ target: source(s) FORCE
+ $(call if_changed,ld/objcopy/gzip)
+
+ When the rule is evaluated it is checked to see if any files
+ needs an update, or the commandline has changed since last
+ invocation. The latter will force a rebuild if any options
+ to the executable have changed.
+ Any target that utilises if_changed must be listed in $(targets),
+ otherwise the command line check will fail, and the target will
+ always be built.
+ Assignments to $(targets) are without $(obj)/ prefix.
+ if_changed may be used in conjunction with custom commands as
+ defined in 6.7 "Custom kbuild commands".
+ Note: It is a typical mistake to forget the FORCE prerequisite.
+
+ ld
+ Link target. Often LDFLAGS_$@ is used to set specific options to ld.
+
+ objcopy
+ Copy binary. Uses OBJCOPYFLAGS usually specified in
+ arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile.
+ OBJCOPYFLAGS_$@ may be used to set additional options.
+
+ gzip
+ Compress target. Use maximum compression to compress target.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/boot/Makefile
+ LDFLAGS_bootsect := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary
+ LDFLAGS_setup := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary -e begtext
+
+ targets += setup setup.o bootsect bootsect.o
+ $(obj)/setup $(obj)/bootsect: %: %.o FORCE
+ $(call if_changed,ld)
+
+ In this example there are two possible targets, requiring different
+ options to the linker. the linker options are specified using the
+ LDFLAGS_$@ syntax - one for each potential target.
+ $(targets) are assinged all potential targets, herby kbuild knows
+ the targets and will:
+ 1) check for commandline changes
+ 2) delete target during make clean
+
+ The ": %: %.o" part of the prerequisite is a shorthand that
+ free us from listing the setup.o and bootsect.o files.
+ Note: It is a common mistake to forget the "target :=" assignment,
+ resulting in the target file being recompiled for no
+ obvious reason.
+
+
+--- 6.7 Custom kbuild commands
+
+ When kbuild is executing with KBUILD_VERBOSE=0 then only a shorthand
+ of a command is normally displayed.
+ To enable this behaviour for custom commands kbuild requires
+ two variables to be set:
+ quiet_cmd_<command> - what shall be echoed
+ cmd_<command> - the command to execute
+
+ Example:
+ #
+ quiet_cmd_image = BUILD $@
+ cmd_image = $(obj)/tools/build $(BUILDFLAGS) \
+ $(obj)/vmlinux.bin > $@
+
+ targets += bzImage
+ $(obj)/bzImage: $(obj)/vmlinux.bin $(obj)/tools/build FORCE
+ $(call if_changed,image)
+ @echo 'Kernel: $@ is ready'
+
+ When updating the $(obj)/bzImage target the line:
+
+ BUILD arch/i386/boot/bzImage
+
+ will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=0".
+
+
+--- 6.8 Preprocessing linker scripts
+
+ When the vmlinux image is build the linker script:
+ arch/$(ARCH)/kernel/vmlinux.lds is used.
+ The script is a preprocessed variant of the file vmlinux.lds.S
+ located in the same directory.
+ kbuild knows .lds file and includes a rule *lds.S -> *lds.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/kernel/Makefile
+ always := vmlinux.lds
+
+ #Makefile
+ export CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds += -P -C -U$(ARCH)
+
+ The assigment to $(always) is used to tell kbuild to build the
+ target: vmlinux.lds.
+ The assignment to $(CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds) tell kbuild to use the
+ specified options when building the target vmlinux.lds.
+
+ When building the *.lds target kbuild used the variakles:
+ CPPFLAGS : Set in top-level Makefile
+ EXTRA_CPPFLAGS : May be set in the kbuild makefile
+ CPPFLAGS_$(@F) : Target specific flags.
+ Note that the full filename is used in this
+ assignment.
+
+ The kbuild infrastructure for *lds file are used in several
+ architecture specific files.
+
+
+--- 6.9 $(CC) support functions
+
+ The kernel may be build with several different versions of
+ $(CC), each supporting a unique set of features and options.
+ kbuild provide basic support to check for valid options for $(CC).
+ $(CC) is useally the gcc compiler, but other alternatives are
+ available.
+
+ cc-option
+ cc-option is used to check if $(CC) support a given option, and not
+ supported to use an optional second option.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/Makefile
+ cflags-y += $(call cc-option,-march=pentium-mmx,-march=i586)
+
+ In the above example cflags-y will be assigned the option
+ -march=pentium-mmx if supported by $(CC), otherwise -march-i586.
+ The second argument to cc-option is optional, and if omitted
+ cflags-y will be assigned no value if first option is not supported.
+
+ cc-option-yn
+ cc-option-yn is used to check if gcc supports a given option
+ and return 'y' if supported, otherwise 'n'.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/ppc/Makefile
+ biarch := $(call cc-option-yn, -m32)
+ aflags-$(biarch) += -a32
+ cflags-$(biarch) += -m32
+
+ In the above example $(biarch) is set to y if $(CC) supports the -m32
+ option. When $(biarch) equals to y the expanded variables $(aflags-y)
+ and $(cflags-y) will be assigned the values -a32 and -m32.
+
+ cc-option-align
+ gcc version >= 3.0 shifted type of options used to speify
+ alignment of functions, loops etc. $(cc-option-align) whrn used
+ as prefix to the align options will select the right prefix:
+ gcc < 3.00
+ cc-option-align = -malign
+ gcc >= 3.00
+ cc-option-align = -falign
+
+ Example:
+ CFLAGS += $(cc-option-align)-functions=4
+
+ In the above example the option -falign-functions=4 is used for
+ gcc >= 3.00. For gcc < 3.00 -malign-functions=4 is used.
+
+ cc-version
+ cc-version return a numerical version of the $(CC) compiler version.
+ The format is <major><minor> where both are two digits. So for example
+ gcc 3.41 would return 0341.
+ cc-version is useful when a specific $(CC) version is faulty in one
+ area, for example the -mregparm=3 were broken in some gcc version
+ even though the option was accepted by gcc.
+
+ Example:
+ #arch/i386/Makefile
+ GCC_VERSION := $(call cc-version)
+ cflags-y += $(shell \
+ if [ $(GCC_VERSION) -ge 0300 ] ; then echo "-mregparm=3"; fi ;)
+
+ In the above example -mregparm=3 is only used for gcc version greater
+ than or equal to gcc 3.0.
+
+
+=== 7 Kbuild Variables
+
+The top Makefile exports the following variables:
+
+ VERSION, PATCHLEVEL, SUBLEVEL, EXTRAVERSION
+
+ These variables define the current kernel version. A few arch
+ Makefiles actually use these values directly; they should use
+ $(KERNELRELEASE) instead.
+
+ $(VERSION), $(PATCHLEVEL), and $(SUBLEVEL) define the basic
+ three-part version number, such as "2", "4", and "0". These three
+ values are always numeric.
+
+ $(EXTRAVERSION) defines an even tinier sublevel for pre-patches
+ or additional patches. It is usually some non-numeric string
+ such as "-pre4", and is often blank.
+
+ KERNELRELEASE
+
+ $(KERNELRELEASE) is a single string such as "2.4.0-pre4", suitable
+ for constructing installation directory names or showing in
+ version strings. Some arch Makefiles use it for this purpose.
+
+ ARCH
+
+ This variable defines the target architecture, such as "i386",
+ "arm", or "sparc". Some kbuild Makefiles test $(ARCH) to
+ determine which files to compile.
+
+ By default, the top Makefile sets $(ARCH) to be the same as the
+ host system architecture. For a cross build, a user may
+ override the value of $(ARCH) on the command line:
+
+ make ARCH=m68k ...
+
+
+ INSTALL_PATH
+
+ This variable defines a place for the arch Makefiles to install
+ the resident kernel image and System.map file.
+ Use this for architecture specific install targets.
+
+ INSTALL_MOD_PATH, MODLIB
+
+ $(INSTALL_MOD_PATH) specifies a prefix to $(MODLIB) for module
+ installation. This variable is not defined in the Makefile but
+ may be passed in by the user if desired.
+
+ $(MODLIB) specifies the directory for module installation.
+ The top Makefile defines $(MODLIB) to
+ $(INSTALL_MOD_PATH)/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE). The user may
+ override this value on the command line if desired.
+
+=== 8 Makefile language
+
+The kernel Makefiles are designed to run with GNU Make. The Makefiles
+use only the documented features of GNU Make, but they do use many
+GNU extensions.
+
+GNU Make supports elementary list-processing functions. The kernel
+Makefiles use a novel style of list building and manipulation with few
+"if" statements.
+
+GNU Make has two assignment operators, ":=" and "=". ":=" performs
+immediate evaluation of the right-hand side and stores an actual string
+into the left-hand side. "=" is like a formula definition; it stores the
+right-hand side in an unevaluated form and then evaluates this form each
+time the left-hand side is used.
+
+There are some cases where "=" is appropriate. Usually, though, ":="
+is the right choice.
+
+=== 9 Credits
+
+Original version made by Michael Elizabeth Chastain, <mailto:mec@shout.net>
+Updates by Kai Germaschewski <kai@tp1.ruhr-uni-bochum.de>
+Updates by Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
+
+=== 10 TODO
+
+- Describe how kbuild support shipped files with _shipped.
+- Generating offset header files.
+- Add more variables to section 7?
+
diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c91caf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+
+In this document you will find information about:
+- how to build external modules
+- how to make your module use kbuild infrastructure
+- how kbuild will install a kernel
+- how to install modules in a non-standard location
+
+=== Table of Contents
+
+ === 1 Introduction
+ === 2 How to build external modules
+ --- 2.1 Building external modules
+ --- 2.2 Available targets
+ --- 2.3 Available options
+ --- 2.4 Preparing the kernel tree for module build
+ === 3. Example commands
+ === 4. Creating a kbuild file for an external module
+ === 5. Include files
+ --- 5.1 How to include files from the kernel include dir
+ --- 5.2 External modules using an include/ dir
+ === 6. Module installation
+ --- 6.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH
+ --- 6.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR
+ === 7. Module versioning
+ === 8. Tips & Tricks
+ --- 8.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR
+
+
+
+=== 1. Introduction
+
+kbuild includes functionality for building modules both
+within the kernel source tree and outside the kernel source tree.
+The latter is usually referred to as external modules and is used
+both during development and for modules that are not planned to be
+included in the kernel tree.
+
+What is covered within this file is mainly information to authors
+of modules. The author of an external modules should supply
+a makefile that hides most of the complexity so one only has to type
+'make' to buld the module. A complete example will be present in
+chapter ¤. Creating a kbuild file for an external module".
+
+
+=== 2. How to build external modules
+
+kbuild offers functionality to build external modules, with the
+prerequisite that there is a pre-built kernel available with full source.
+A subset of the targets available when building the kernel is available
+when building an external module.
+
+--- 2.1 Building external modules
+
+ Use the following command to build an external module:
+
+ make -C <path-to-kernel> M=`pwd`
+
+ For the running kernel use:
+ make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=`pwd`
+
+ For the above command to succeed the kernel must have been built with
+ modules enabled.
+
+ To install the modules that were just built:
+
+ make -C <path-to-kernel> M=`pwd` modules_install
+
+ More complex examples later, the above should get you going.
+
+--- 2.2 Available targets
+
+ $KDIR refers to path to kernel source top-level directory
+
+ make -C $KDIR M=`pwd`
+ Will build the module(s) located in current directory.
+ All output files will be located in the same directory
+ as the module source.
+ No attempts are made to update the kernel source, and it is
+ a precondition that a successful make has been executed
+ for the kernel.
+
+ make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` modules
+ The modules target is implied when no target is given.
+ Same functionality as if no target was specified.
+ See description above.
+
+ make -C $KDIR M=$PWD modules_install
+ Install the external module(s).
+ Installation default is in /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/extra,
+ but may be prefixed with INSTALL_MOD_PATH - see separate chater.
+
+ make -C $KDIR M=$PWD clean
+ Remove all generated files for the module - the kernel
+ source directory is not moddified.
+
+ make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` help
+ help will list the available target when building external
+ modules.
+
+--- 2.3 Available options:
+
+ $KDIR refer to path to kernel src
+
+ make -C $KDIR
+ Used to specify where to find the kernel source.
+ '$KDIR' represent the directory where the kernel source is.
+ Make will actually change directory to the specified directory
+ when executed but change back when finished.
+
+ make -C $KDIR M=`pwd`
+ M= is used to tell kbuild that an external module is
+ being built.
+ The option given to M= is the directory where the external
+ module (kbuild file) is located.
+ When an external module is being built only a subset of the
+ usual targets are available.
+
+ make -C $KDIR SUBDIRS=`pwd`
+ Same as M=. The SUBDIRS= syntax is kept for backwards
+ compatibility.
+
+--- 2.4 Preparing the kernel tree for module build
+
+ To make sure the kernel contains the information required to
+ build external modules the target 'modules_prepare' must be used.
+ 'module_prepare' solely exists as a simple way to prepare
+ a kernel for building external modules.
+ Note: modules_prepare will not build Module.symvers even if
+ CONFIG_MODULEVERSIONING is set.
+ Therefore a full kernel build needs to be executed to make
+ module versioning work.
+
+
+=== 3. Example commands
+
+This example shows the actual commands to be executed when building
+an external module for the currently running kernel.
+In the example below the distribution is supposed to use the
+facility to locate output files for a kernel compile in a different
+directory than the kernel source - but the examples will also work
+when the source and the output files are mixed in the same directory.
+
+# Kernel source
+/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/source -> /usr/src/linux-<version>
+
+# Output from kernel compile
+/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/build -> /usr/src/linux-<version>-up
+
+Change to the directory where the kbuild file is located and execute
+the following commands to build the module:
+
+ cd /home/user/src/module
+ make -C /usr/src/`uname -r`/source \
+ O=/lib/modules/`uname-r`/build \
+ M=`pwd`
+
+Then to install the module use the following command:
+
+ make -C /usr/src/`uname -r`/source \
+ O=/lib/modules/`uname-r`/build \
+ M=`pwd` \
+ modules_install
+
+If one looks closely you will see that this is the same commands as
+listed before - with the directories spelled out.
+
+The above are rather long commands, and the following chapter
+lists a few tricks to make it all easier.
+
+
+=== 4. Creating a kbuild file for an external module
+
+kbuild is the build system for the kernel, and external modules
+must use kbuild to stay compatible with changes in the build system
+and to pick up the right flags to gcc etc.
+
+The kbuild file used as input shall follow the syntax described
+in Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt. This chapter will introduce a few
+more tricks to be used when dealing with external modules.
+
+In the following a Makefile will be created for a module with the
+following files:
+ 8123_if.c
+ 8123_if.h
+ 8123_pci.c
+ 8123_bin.o_shipped <= Binary blob
+
+--- 4.1 Shared Makefile for module and kernel
+
+ An external module always includes a wrapper Makefile supporting
+ building the module using 'make' with no arguments.
+ The Makefile provided will most likely include additional
+ functionality such as test targets etc. and this part shall
+ be filtered away from kbuild since it may impact kbuild if
+ name clashes occurs.
+
+ Example 1:
+ --> filename: Makefile
+ ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
+ # kbuild part of makefile
+ obj-m := 8123.o
+ 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
+
+ else
+ # Normal Makefile
+
+ KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
+ all::
+ $(MAKE) -C $KERNELDIR M=`pwd` $@
+
+ # Module specific targets
+ genbin:
+ echo "X" > 8123_bini.o_shipped
+
+ endif
+
+ In example 1 the check for KERNELRELEASE is used to separate
+ the two parts of the Makefile. kbuild will only see the two
+ assignments whereas make will see everything except the two
+ kbuild assignments.
+
+ In recent versions of the kernel, kbuild will look for a file named
+ Kbuild and as second option look for a file named Makefile.
+ Utilising the Kbuild file makes us split up the Makefile in example 1
+ into two files as shown in example 2:
+
+ Example 2:
+ --> filename: Kbuild
+ obj-m := 8123.o
+ 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
+
+ --> filename: Makefile
+ KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
+ all::
+ $(MAKE) -C $KERNELDIR M=`pwd` $@
+
+ # Module specific targets
+ genbin:
+ echo "X" > 8123_bin_shipped
+
+
+ In example 2 we are down to two fairly simple files and for simple
+ files as used in this example the split is questionable. But some
+ external modules use Makefiles of several hundred lines and here it
+ really pays off to separate the kbuild part from the rest.
+ Example 3 shows a backward compatible version.
+
+ Example 3:
+ --> filename: Kbuild
+ obj-m := 8123.o
+ 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
+
+ --> filename: Makefile
+ ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
+ include Kbuild
+ else
+ # Normal Makefile
+
+ KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
+ all::
+ $(MAKE) -C $KERNELDIR M=`pwd` $@
+
+ # Module specific targets
+ genbin:
+ echo "X" > 8123_bin_shipped
+
+ endif
+
+ The trick here is to include the Kbuild file from Makefile so
+ if an older version of kbuild picks up the Makefile the Kbuild
+ file will be included.
+
+--- 4.2 Binary blobs included in a module
+
+ Some external modules needs to include a .o as a blob. kbuild
+ has support for this, but requires the blob file to be named
+ <filename>_shipped. In our example the blob is named
+ 8123_bin.o_shipped and when the kbuild rules kick in the file
+ 8123_bin.o is created as a simple copy off the 8213_bin.o_shipped file
+ with the _shipped part stripped of the filename.
+ This allows the 8123_bin.o filename to be used in the assignment to
+ the module.
+
+ Example 4:
+ obj-m := 8123.o
+ 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
+
+ In example 4 there is no distinction between the ordinary .c/.h files
+ and the binary file. But kbuild will pick up different rules to create
+ the .o file.
+
+
+=== 5. Include files
+
+Include files are a necessity when a .c file uses something from another .c
+files (not strictly in the sense of .c but if good programming practice is
+used). Any module that consist of more than one .c file will have a .h file
+for one of the .c files.
+- If the .h file only describes a module internal interface then the .h file
+ shall be placed in the same directory as the .c files.
+- If the .h files describe an interface used by other parts of the kernel
+ located in different directories, the .h files shall be located in
+ include/linux/ or other include/ directories as appropriate.
+
+One exception for this rule is larger subsystems that have their own directory
+under include/ such as include/scsi. Another exception is arch-specific
+.h files which are located under include/asm-$(ARCH)/*.
+
+External modules have a tendency to locate include files in a separate include/
+directory and therefore needs to deal with this in their kbuild file.
+
+--- 5.1 How to include files from the kernel include dir
+
+ When a module needs to include a file from include/linux/ then one
+ just uses:
+
+ #include <linux/modules.h>
+
+ kbuild will make sure to add options to gcc so the relevant
+ directories are searched.
+ Likewise for .h files placed in the same directory as the .c file.
+
+ #include "8123_if.h"
+
+ will do the job.
+
+--- 5.2 External modules using an include/ dir
+
+ External modules often locate their .h files in a separate include/
+ directory although this is not usual kernel style. When an external
+ module uses an include/ dir then kbuild needs to be told so.
+ The trick here is to use either EXTRA_CFLAGS (take effect for all .c
+ files) or CFLAGS_$F.o (take effect only for a single file).
+
+ In our example if we move 8123_if.h to a subdirectory named include/
+ the resulting Kbuild file would look like:
+
+ --> filename: Kbuild
+ obj-m := 8123.o
+
+ EXTRA_CFLAGS := -Iinclude
+ 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
+
+ Note that in the assingment there is no space between -I and the path.
+ This is a kbuild limitation and no space must be present.
+
+
+=== 6. Module installation
+
+Modules which are included in the kernel is installed in the directory:
+
+ /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel
+
+External modules are installed in the directory:
+
+ /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra
+
+--- 6.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH
+
+ Above are the default directories, but as always some level of
+ customization is possible. One can prefix the path using the variable
+ INSTALL_MOD_PATH:
+
+ $ make INSTALL_MOD_PATH=/frodo modules_install
+ => Install dir: /frodo/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel
+
+ INSTALL_MOD_PATH may be set as an ordinary shell variable or as in the
+ example above be specified on the commandline when calling make.
+ INSTALL_MOD_PATH has effect both when installing modules included in
+ the kernel as well as when installing external modules.
+
+--- 6.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR
+
+ When installing external modules they are default installed in a
+ directory under /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra, but one may wish
+ to locate modules for a specific functionality in a separate
+ directory. For this purpose one can use INSTALL_MOD_DIR to specify an
+ alternative name than 'extra'.
+
+ $ make INSTALL_MOD_DIR=gandalf -C KERNELDIR \
+ M=`pwd` modules_install
+ => Install dir: /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/gandalf
+
+
+=== 7. Module versioning
+
+Module versioning are enabled by the CONFIG_MODVERSIONS tag.
+
+Module versioning is used as a simple ABI consistency check. The Module
+versioning creates a CRC value of the full prototype for an exported symbol and
+when a module is loaded/used then the CRC values contained in the kernel are
+compared with similar values in the module. If they are not equal then the
+kernel refuses to load the module.
+
+During a kernel build a file named Module.symvers will be generated. This
+file includes the symbol version of all symbols within the kernel. If the
+Module.symvers file is saved from the last full kernel compile one does not
+have to do a full kernel compile to build a module version's compatible module.
+
+=== 8. Tips & Tricks
+
+--- 8.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR
+
+ Modules often needs to check for certain CONFIG_ options to decide if
+ a specific feature shall be included in the module. When kbuild is used
+ this is done by referencing the CONFIG_ variable directly.
+
+ #fs/ext2/Makefile
+ obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2.o
+
+ ext2-y := balloc.o bitmap.o dir.o
+ ext2-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) += xattr.o
+
+ External modules have traditionally used grep to check for specific
+ CONFIG_ settings directly in .config. This usage is broken.
+ As introduced before external modules shall use kbuild when building
+ and therefore can use the same methods as in-kernel modules when testing
+ for CONFIG_ definitions.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt b/Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c406ce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+kernel-doc nano-HOWTO
+=====================
+
+Many places in the source tree have extractable documentation in the
+form of block comments above functions. The components of this system
+are:
+
+- scripts/kernel-doc
+
+ This is a perl script that hunts for the block comments and can mark
+ them up directly into DocBook, man, text, and HTML. (No, not
+ texinfo.)
+
+- Documentation/DocBook/*.tmpl
+
+ These are SGML template files, which are normal SGML files with
+ special place-holders for where the extracted documentation should
+ go.
+
+- scripts/docproc.c
+
+ This is a program for converting SGML template files into SGML
+ files. When a file is referenced it is searched for symbols
+ exported (EXPORT_SYMBOL), to be able to distinguish between internal
+ and external functions.
+ It invokes kernel-doc, giving it the list of functions that
+ are to be documented.
+ Additionally it is used to scan the SGML template files to locate
+ all the files referenced herein. This is used to generate dependency
+ information as used by make.
+
+- Makefile
+
+ The targets 'sgmldocs', 'psdocs', 'pdfdocs', and 'htmldocs' are used
+ to build DocBook files, PostScript files, PDF files, and html files
+ in Documentation/DocBook.
+
+- Documentation/DocBook/Makefile
+
+ This is where C files are associated with SGML templates.
+
+
+How to extract the documentation
+--------------------------------
+
+If you just want to read the ready-made books on the various
+subsystems (see Documentation/DocBook/*.tmpl), just type 'make
+psdocs', or 'make pdfdocs', or 'make htmldocs', depending on your
+preference. If you would rather read a different format, you can type
+'make sgmldocs' and then use DocBook tools to convert
+Documentation/DocBook/*.sgml to a format of your choice (for example,
+'db2html ...' if 'make htmldocs' was not defined).
+
+If you want to see man pages instead, you can do this:
+
+$ cd linux
+$ scripts/kernel-doc -man $(find -name '*.c') | split-man.pl /tmp/man
+$ scripts/kernel-doc -man $(find -name '*.h') | split-man.pl /tmp/man
+
+Here is split-man.pl:
+
+-->
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+
+if ($#ARGV < 0) {
+ die "where do I put the results?\n";
+}
+
+mkdir $ARGV[0],0777;
+$state = 0;
+while (<STDIN>) {
+ if (/^\.TH \"[^\"]*\" 4 \"([^\"]*)\"/) {
+ if ($state == 1) { close OUT }
+ $state = 1;
+ $fn = "$ARGV[0]/$1.4";
+ print STDERR "Creating $fn\n";
+ open OUT, ">$fn" or die "can't open $fn: $!\n";
+ print OUT $_;
+ } elsif ($state != 0) {
+ print OUT $_;
+ }
+}
+
+close OUT;
+<--
+
+If you just want to view the documentation for one function in one
+file, you can do this:
+
+$ scripts/kernel-doc -man -function fn file | nroff -man | less
+
+or this:
+
+$ scripts/kernel-doc -text -function fn file
+
+
+How to add extractable documentation to your source files
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+The format of the block comment is like this:
+
+/**
+ * function_name(:)? (- short description)?
+(* @parameterx: (description of parameter x)?)*
+(* a blank line)?
+ * (Description:)? (Description of function)?
+ * (section header: (section description)? )*
+(*)?*/
+
+The short function description cannot be multiline, but the other
+descriptions can be (and they can contain blank lines). Avoid putting a
+spurious blank line after the function name, or else the description will
+be repeated!
+
+All descriptive text is further processed, scanning for the following special
+patterns, which are highlighted appropriately.
+
+'funcname()' - function
+'$ENVVAR' - environment variable
+'&struct_name' - name of a structure (up to two words including 'struct')
+'@parameter' - name of a parameter
+'%CONST' - name of a constant.
+
+Take a look around the source tree for examples.
+
+
+How to make new SGML template files
+-----------------------------------
+
+SGML template files (*.tmpl) are like normal SGML files, except that
+they can contain escape sequences where extracted documentation should
+be inserted.
+
+!E<filename> is replaced by the documentation, in <filename>, for
+functions that are exported using EXPORT_SYMBOL: the function list is
+collected from files listed in Documentation/DocBook/Makefile.
+
+!I<filename> is replaced by the documentation for functions that are
+_not_ exported using EXPORT_SYMBOL.
+
+!D<filename> is used to name additional files to search for functions
+exported using EXPORT_SYMBOL.
+
+!F<filename> <function [functions...]> is replaced by the
+documentation, in <filename>, for the functions listed.
+
+
+Tim.
+*/ <twaugh@redhat.com>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-docs.txt b/Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb89fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,777 @@
+
+ Index of Documentation for People Interested in Writing and/or
+
+ Understanding the Linux Kernel.
+
+ Juan-Mariano de Goyeneche <jmseyas@dit.upm.es>
+
+/*
+ * The latest version of this document may be found at:
+ * http://www.dit.upm.es/~jmseyas/linux/kernel/hackers-docs.html
+ */
+
+ The need for a document like this one became apparent in the
+ linux-kernel mailing list as the same questions, asking for pointers
+ to information, appeared again and again.
+
+ Fortunately, as more and more people get to GNU/Linux, more and more
+ get interested in the Kernel. But reading the sources is not always
+ enough. It is easy to understand the code, but miss the concepts, the
+ philosophy and design decisions behind this code.
+
+ Unfortunately, not many documents are available for beginners to
+ start. And, even if they exist, there was no "well-known" place which
+ kept track of them. These lines try to cover this lack. All documents
+ available on line known by the author are listed, while some reference
+ books are also mentioned.
+
+ PLEASE, if you know any paper not listed here or write a new document,
+ send me an e-mail, and I'll include a reference to it here. Any
+ corrections, ideas or comments are also welcomed.
+
+ The papers that follow are listed in no particular order. All are
+ cataloged with the following fields: the document's "Title", the
+ "Author"/s, the "URL" where they can be found, some "Keywords" helpful
+ when searching for specific topics, and a brief "Description" of the
+ Document.
+
+ Enjoy!
+
+ ON-LINE DOCS:
+
+ * Title: "Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition"
+ Author: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, Greg Kroah-Hartman
+ URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/
+ Description: A 600-page book covering the (2.6.10) driver
+ programming API and kernel hacking in general. Available under the
+ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license.
+
+ * Title: "The Linux Kernel"
+ Author: David A. Rusling.
+ URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/tlk.html
+ Keywords: everything!, book.
+ Description: On line, 200 pages book describing most aspects of
+ the Linux Kernel. Probably, the first reference for beginners.
+ Lots of illustrations explaining data structures use and
+ relationships in the purest Richard W. Stevens' style. Contents:
+ "1.-Hardware Basics, 2.-Software Basics, 3.-Memory Management,
+ 4.-Processes, 5.-Interprocess Communication Mechanisms, 6.-PCI,
+ 7.-Interrupts and Interrupt Handling, 8.-Device Drivers, 9.-The
+ File system, 10.-Networks, 11.-Kernel Mechanisms, 12.-Modules,
+ 13.-The Linux Kernel Sources, A.-Linux Data Structures, B.-The
+ Alpha AXP Processor, C.-Useful Web and FTP Sites, D.-The GNU
+ General Public License, Glossary". In short: a must have.
+
+ * Title: "The Linux Kernel Hackers' Guide"
+ Author: Michael K.Johnson and others.
+ URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/khg.html
+ Keywords: everything!
+ Description: No more Postscript book-like version. Only HTML now.
+ Many people have contributed. The interface is similar to web
+ available mailing lists archives. You can find some articles and
+ then some mails asking questions about them and/or complementing
+ previous contributions. A little bit anarchic in this aspect, but
+ with some valuable information in some cases.
+
+ * Title: "Conceptual Architecture of the Linux Kernel"
+ Author: Ivan T. Bowman.
+ URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~itbowman/papers/CS746G-a1.html
+ Keywords: conceptual software arquitecture, extracted design,
+ reverse engineering, system structure.
+ Description: Conceptual software arquitecture of the Linux kernel,
+ automatically extracted from the source code. Very detailed. Good
+ figures. Gives good overall kernel understanding.
+
+ * Title: "Concrete Architecture of the Linux Kernel"
+ Author: Ivan T. Bowman, Saheem Siddiqi, and Meyer C. Tanuan.
+ URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~itbowman/papers/CS746G-a2.html
+ Keywords: concrete arquitecture, extracted design, reverse
+ engineering, system structure, dependencies.
+ Description: Concrete arquitecture of the Linux kernel,
+ automatically extracted from the source code. Very detailed. Good
+ figures. Gives good overall kernel understanding. This papers
+ focus on lower details than its predecessor (files, variables...).
+
+ * Title: "Linux as a Case Study: Its Extracted Software
+ Architecture"
+ Author: Ivan T. Bowman, Richard C. Holt and Neil V. Brewster.
+ URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~itbowman/papers/linuxcase.html
+ Keywords: software architecture, architecture recovery,
+ redocumentation.
+ Description: Paper appeared at ICSE'99, Los Angeles, May 16-22,
+ 1999. A mixture of the previous two documents from the same
+ author.
+
+ * Title: "Overview of the Virtual File System"
+ Author: Richard Gooch.
+ URL: http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/vfs.txt
+ Keywords: VFS, File System, mounting filesystems, opening files,
+ dentries, dcache.
+ Description: Brief introduction to the Linux Virtual File System.
+ What is it, how it works, operations taken when opening a file or
+ mounting a file system and description of important data
+ structures explaining the purpose of each of their entries.
+
+ * Title: "The Linux RAID-1, 4, 5 Code"
+ Author: Ingo Molnar, Gadi Oxman and Miguel de Icaza.
+ URL: http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue44/2391.html
+ Keywords: RAID, MD driver.
+ Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is it's
+ abstract: "A description of the implementation of the RAID-1,
+ RAID-4 and RAID-5 personalities of the MD device driver in the
+ Linux kernel, providing users with high performance and reliable,
+ secondary-storage capability using software".
+
+ * Title: "Dynamic Kernels: Modularized Device Drivers"
+ Author: Alessandro Rubini.
+ URL: http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue23/1219.html
+ Keywords: device driver, module, loading/unloading modules,
+ allocating resources.
+ Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is it's
+ abstract: "This is the first of a series of four articles
+ co-authored by Alessandro Rubini and Georg Zezchwitz which present
+ a practical approach to writing Linux device drivers as kernel
+ loadable modules. This installment presents an introduction to the
+ topic, preparing the reader to understand next month's
+ installment".
+
+ * Title: "Dynamic Kernels: Discovery"
+ Author: Alessandro Rubini.
+ URL: http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue24/1220.html
+ Keywords: character driver, init_module, clean_up module,
+ autodetection, mayor number, minor number, file operations,
+ open(), close().
+ Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is it's
+ abstract: "This article, the second of four, introduces part of
+ the actual code to create custom module implementing a character
+ device driver. It describes the code for module initialization and
+ cleanup, as well as the open() and close() system calls".
+
+ * Title: "The Devil's in the Details"
+ Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz and Alessandro Rubini.
+ URL: http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue25/1221.html
+ Keywords: read(), write(), select(), ioctl(), blocking/non
+ blocking mode, interrupt handler.
+ Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is it's
+ abstract: "This article, the third of four on writing character
+ device drivers, introduces concepts of reading, writing, and using
+ ioctl-calls".
+
+ * Title: "Dissecting Interrupts and Browsing DMA"
+ Author: Alessandro Rubini and Georg v. Zezschwitz.
+ URL: http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue26/1222.html
+ Keywords: interrupts, irqs, DMA, bottom halves, task queues.
+ Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is it's
+ abstract: "This is the fourth in a series of articles about
+ writing character device drivers as loadable kernel modules. This
+ month, we further investigate the field of interrupt handling.
+ Though it is conceptually simple, practical limitations and
+ constraints make this an ``interesting'' part of device driver
+ writing, and several different facilities have been provided for
+ different situations. We also investigate the complex topic of
+ DMA".
+
+ * Title: "Device Drivers Concluded"
+ Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz.
+ URL: http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue28/1287.html
+ Keywords: address spaces, pages, pagination, page management,
+ demand loading, swapping, memory protection, memory mapping, mmap,
+ virtual memory areas (VMAs), vremap, PCI.
+ Description: Finally, the above turned out into a five articles
+ series. This latest one's introduction reads: "This is the last of
+ five articles about character device drivers. In this final
+ section, Georg deals with memory mapping devices, beginning with
+ an overall description of the Linux memory management concepts".
+
+ * Title: "Network Buffers And Memory Management"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue30/1312.html
+ Keywords: sk_buffs, network devices, protocol/link layer
+ variables, network devices flags, transmit, receive,
+ configuration, multicast.
+ Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner. Here is the abstract:
+ "Writing a network device driver for Linux is fundamentally
+ simple---most of the complexity (other than talking to the
+ hardware) involves managing network packets in memory".
+
+ * Title: "Writing Linux Device Drivers"
+ Author: Michael K. Johnson.
+ URL: http://people.redhat.com/johnsonm/devices.html
+ Keywords: files, VFS, file operations, kernel interface, character
+ vs block devices, I/O access, hardware interrupts, DMA, access to
+ user memory, memory allocation, timers.
+ Description: Introductory 50-minutes (sic) tutorial on writing
+ device drivers. 12 pages written by the same author of the "Kernel
+ Hackers' Guide" which give a very good overview of the topic.
+
+ * Title: "The Venus kernel interface"
+ Author: Peter J. Braam.
+ URL:
+ http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/html/kernel-venus-protocol.html
+ Keywords: coda, filesystem, venus, cache manager.
+ Description: "This document describes the communication between
+ Venus and kernel level file system code needed for the operation
+ of the Coda filesystem. This version document is meant to describe
+ the current interface (version 1.0) as well as improvements we
+ envisage".
+
+ * Title: "Programming PCI-Devices under Linux"
+ Author: Claus Schroeter.
+ URL:
+ ftp://ftp.llp.fu-berlin.de/pub/linux/LINUX-LAB/whitepapers/pcip.ps
+ .gz
+ Keywords: PCI, device, busmastering.
+ Description: 6 pages tutorial on PCI programming under Linux.
+ Gives the basic concepts on the architecture of the PCI subsystem,
+ as long as basic functions and macros to read/write the devices
+ and perform busmastering.
+
+ * Title: "Writing Character Device Driver for Linux"
+ Author: R. Baruch and C. Schroeter.
+ URL:
+ ftp://ftp.llp.fu-berlin.de/pub/linux/LINUX-LAB/whitepapers/drivers
+ .ps.gz
+ Keywords: character device drivers, I/O, signals, DMA, accessing
+ ports in user space, kernel environment.
+ Description: 68 pages paper on writing character drivers. A little
+ bit old (1.993, 1.994) although still useful.
+
+ * Title: "Design and Implementation of the Second Extended
+ Filesystem"
+ Author: Rémy Card, Theodore Ts'o, Stephen Tweedie.
+ URL: http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html
+ Keywords: ext2, linux fs history, inode, directory, link, devices,
+ VFS, physical structure, performance, benchmarks, ext2fs library,
+ ext2fs tools, e2fsck.
+ Description: Paper written by three of the top ext2 hackers.
+ Covers Linux filesystems history, ext2 motivation, ext2 features,
+ design, physical structure on disk, performance, benchmarks,
+ e2fsck's passes description... A must read!
+ Notes: This paper was first published in the Proceedings of the
+ First Dutch International Symposium on Linux, ISBN 90-367-0385-9.
+
+ * Title: "Analysis of the Ext2fs structure"
+ Author: Louis-Dominique Dubeau.
+ URL: http://step.polymtl.ca/~ldd/ext2fs/ext2fs_toc.html
+ Keywords: ext2, filesystem, ext2fs.
+ Description: Description of ext2's blocks, directories, inodes,
+ bitmaps, invariants...
+
+ * Title: "Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem"
+ Author: Stephen C. Tweedie.
+ URL:
+ ftp://ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/sct/fs/jfs/journal-design.ps.gz
+ Keywords: ext3, journaling.
+ Description: Excellent 8-pages paper explaining the journaling
+ capabilities added to ext2 by the author, showing different
+ problems faced and the alternatives chosen.
+
+ * Title: "Kernel API changes from 2.0 to 2.2"
+ Author: Richard Gooch.
+ URL:
+ http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/porting-to-2.2.html
+ Keywords: 2.2, changes.
+ Description: Kernel functions/structures/variables which changed
+ from 2.0.x to 2.2.x.
+
+ * Title: "Kernel API changes from 2.2 to 2.4"
+ Author: Richard Gooch.
+ URL:
+ http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/porting-to-2.4.html
+ Keywords: 2.4, changes.
+ Description: Kernel functions/structures/variables which changed
+ from 2.2.x to 2.4.x.
+
+ * Title: "Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide"
+ Author: Ori Pomerantz.
+ URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/mpg.html
+ Keywords: modules, GPL book, /proc, ioctls, system calls,
+ interrupt handlers .
+ Description: Very nice 92 pages GPL book on the topic of modules
+ programming. Lots of examples.
+
+ * Title: "Device File System (devfs) Overview"
+ Author: Richard Gooch.
+ URL: http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.txt
+ Keywords: filesystem, /dev, devfs, dynamic devices, major/minor
+ allocation, device management.
+ Description: Document describing Richard Gooch's controversial
+ devfs, which allows for dynamic devices, only shows present
+ devices in /dev, gets rid of major/minor numbers allocation
+ problems, and allows for hundreds of identical devices (which some
+ USB systems might demand soon).
+
+ * Title: "I/O Event Handling Under Linux"
+ Author: Richard Gooch.
+ URL: http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/io-events.html
+ Keywords: IO, I/O, select(2), poll(2), FDs, aio_read(2), readiness
+ event queues.
+ Description: From the Introduction: "I/O Event handling is about
+ how your Operating System allows you to manage a large number of
+ open files (file descriptors in UNIX/POSIX, or FDs) in your
+ application. You want the OS to notify you when FDs become active
+ (have data ready to be read or are ready for writing). Ideally you
+ want a mechanism that is scalable. This means a large number of
+ inactive FDs cost very little in memory and CPU time to manage".
+
+ * Title: "The Kernel Hacking HOWTO"
+ Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty.
+ URL:
+ http://www.lisoleg.net/doc/Kernel-Hacking-HOWTO/kernel-hacking-HOW
+ TO.html
+ Keywords: HOWTO, kernel contexts, deadlock, locking, modules,
+ symbols, return conventions.
+ Description: From the Introduction: "Please understand that I
+ never wanted to write this document, being grossly underqualified,
+ but I always wanted to read it, and this was the only way. I
+ simply explain some best practices, and give reading entry-points
+ into the kernel sources. I avoid implementation details: that's
+ what the code is for, and I ignore whole tracts of useful
+ routines. This document assumes familiarity with C, and an
+ understanding of what the kernel is, and how it is used. It was
+ originally written for the 2.3 kernels, but nearly all of it
+ applies to 2.2 too; 2.0 is slightly different".
+
+ * Title: "ALSA 0.5.0 Developer documentation"
+ Author: Stephan 'Jumpy' Bartels .
+ URL: http://www.math.TU-Berlin.de/~sbartels/alsa/
+ Keywords: ALSA, sound, soundcard, driver, lowlevel, hardware.
+ Description: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture for developers,
+ both at kernel and user-level sides. Work in progress. ALSA is
+ supposed to be Linux's next generation sound architecture.
+
+ * Title: "Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers"
+ Author: Detlef Fliegl.
+ URL: http://usb.in.tum.de/usbdoc/
+ Keywords: USB, universal serial bus.
+ Description: A must-read. From the Preface: "This document should
+ give detailed information about the current state of the USB
+ subsystem and its API for USB device drivers. The first section
+ will deal with the basics of USB devices. You will learn about
+ different types of devices and their properties. Going into detail
+ you will see how USB devices communicate on the bus. The second
+ section gives an overview of the Linux USB subsystem [2] and the
+ device driver framework. Then the API and its data structures will
+ be explained step by step. The last section of this document
+ contains a reference of all API calls and their return codes".
+ Notes: Beware: the main page states: "This document may not be
+ published, printed or used in excerpts without explicit permission
+ of the author". Fortunately, it may still be read...
+
+ * Title: "Tour Of the Linux Kernel Source"
+ Author: Vijo Cherian.
+ URL: http://www.geocities.com/vijoc/tolks/tolks.html
+ Keywords: .
+ Description: A classic of this page! Was lost for a while and is
+ back again. Thanks Vijo! TOLKS: the name says it all. A tour of
+ the sources, describing directories, files, variables, data
+ structures... It covers general stuff, device drivers,
+ filesystems, IPC and Networking Code.
+
+ * Title: "Linux Kernel Mailing List Glossary"
+ Author: John Levon.
+ URL: http://www.movement.uklinux.net/glossary.html
+ Keywords: glossary, terms, linux-kernel.
+ Description: From the introduction: "This glossary is intended as
+ a brief description of some of the acronyms and terms you may hear
+ during discussion of the Linux kernel".
+
+ * Title: "Linux Kernel Locking HOWTO"
+ Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty.
+ URL:
+ http://netfilter.kernelnotes.org/unreliable-guides/kernel-locking-
+ HOWTO.html
+ Keywords: locks, locking, spinlock, semaphore, atomic, race
+ condition, bottom halves, tasklets, softirqs.
+ Description: The title says it all: document describing the
+ locking system in the Linux Kernel either in uniprocessor or SMP
+ systems.
+ Notes: "It was originally written for the later (>2.3.47) 2.3
+ kernels, but most of it applies to 2.2 too; 2.0 is slightly
+ different". Freely redistributable under the conditions of the GNU
+ General Public License.
+
+ * Title: "Porting Linux 2.0 Drivers To Linux 2.2: Changes and New
+ Features "
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-05/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: ports, porting.
+ Description: Article from Linux Magazine on porting from 2.0 to
+ 2.2 kernels.
+
+ * Title: "Porting Device Drivers To Linux 2.2: part II"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-06/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: ports, porting.
+ Description: Second part on porting from 2.0 to 2.2 kernels.
+
+ * Title: "How To Make Sure Your Driver Will Work On The Power
+ Macintosh"
+ Author: Paul Mackerras.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-07/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: Mac, Power Macintosh, porting, drivers, compatibility.
+ Description: The title says it all.
+
+ * Title: "An Introduction to SCSI Drivers"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-08/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: SCSI, device, driver.
+ Description: The title says it all.
+
+ * Title: "Advanced SCSI Drivers And Other Tales"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-09/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: SCSI, device, driver, advanced.
+ Description: The title says it all.
+
+ * Title: "Writing Linux Mouse Drivers"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-10/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm.
+ Description: The title says it all.
+
+ * Title: "More on Mouse Drivers"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-11/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm, races, asynchronous I/O.
+ Description: The title still says it all.
+
+ * Title: "Writing Video4linux Radio Driver"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-12/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: video4linux, driver, radio, radio devices.
+ Description: The title says it all.
+
+ * Title: "Video4linux Drivers, Part 1: Video-Capture Device"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/2000-01/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices,
+ camera driver.
+ Description: The title says it all.
+
+ * Title: "Video4linux Drivers, Part 2: Video-capture Devices"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/2000-02/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices,
+ camera driver, control, query capabilities, capability, facility.
+ Description: The title says it all.
+
+ * Title: "PCI Management in Linux 2.2"
+ Author: Alan Cox.
+ URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/2000-03/gear_01.html
+ Keywords: PCI, bus, bus-mastering.
+ Description: The title says it all.
+
+ * Title: "Linux 2.4 Kernel Internals"
+ Author: Tigran Aivazian and Christoph Hellwig.
+ URL: http://www.moses.uklinux.net/patches/lki.html
+ Keywords: Linux, kernel, booting, SMB boot, VFS, page cache.
+ Description: A little book used for a short training course.
+ Covers building the kernel image, booting (including SMP bootup),
+ process management, VFS and more.
+
+ * Title: "Linux IP Networking. A Guide to the Implementation and
+ Modification of the Linux Protocol Stack."
+ Author: Glenn Herrin.
+ URL:
+ http://kernelnewbies.org/documents/ipnetworking/linuxipnetworking.
+ html
+ Keywords: network, networking, protocol, IP, UDP, TCP, connection,
+ socket, receiving, transmitting, forwarding, routing, packets,
+ modules, /proc, sk_buff, FIB, tags.
+ Description: Excellent paper devoted to the Linux IP Networking,
+ explaining anything from the kernel's to the user space
+ configuration tools' code. Very good to get a general overview of
+ the kernel networking implementation and understand all steps
+ packets follow from the time they are received at the network
+ device till they are delivered to applications. The studied kernel
+ code is from 2.2.14 version. Provides code for a working packet
+ dropper example.
+
+ * Title: "Get those boards talking under Linux."
+ Author: Alex Ivchenko.
+ URL: http://www.ednmag.com/ednmag/reg/2000/06222000/13df2.htm
+ Keywords: data-acquisition boards, drivers, modules, interrupts,
+ memory allocation.
+ Description: Article written for people wishing to make their data
+ acquisition boards work on their GNU/Linux machines. Gives a basic
+ overview on writing drivers, from the naming of functions to
+ interrupt handling.
+ Notes: Two-parts article. Part II is at
+ http://www.ednmag.com/ednmag/reg/2000/07062000/14df.htm
+
+ * Title: "Linux PCMCIA Programmer's Guide"
+ Author: David Hinds.
+ URL: http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/ftp/doc/PCMCIA-PROG.html
+ Keywords: PCMCIA.
+ Description: "This document describes how to write kernel device
+ drivers for the Linux PCMCIA Card Services interface. It also
+ describes how to write user-mode utilities for communicating with
+ Card Services.
+
+ * Title: "The Linux Kernel NFSD Implementation"
+ Author: Neil Brown.
+ URL:
+ http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/oss/linux-commentary/nfsd.html
+ Keywords: knfsd, nfsd, NFS, RPC, lockd, mountd, statd.
+ Description: The title says it all.
+ Notes: Covers knfsd's version 1.4.7 (patch against 2.2.7 kernel).
+
+ * Title: "A Linux vm README"
+ Author: Kanoj Sarcar.
+ URL: http://reality.sgi.com/kanoj_engr/vm229.html
+ Keywords: virtual memory, mm, pgd, vma, page, page flags, page
+ cache, swap cache, kswapd.
+ Description: Telegraphic, short descriptions and definitions
+ relating the Linux virtual memory implementation.
+
+ * Title: "(nearly) Complete Linux Loadable Kernel Modules. The
+ definitive guide for hackers, virus coders and system
+ administrators."
+ Author: pragmatic/THC.
+ URL: http://packetstorm.securify.com/groups/thc/LKM_HACKING.html
+ Keywords: syscalls, intercept, hide, abuse, symbol table.
+ Description: Interesting paper on how to abuse the Linux kernel in
+ order to intercept and modify syscalls, make
+ files/directories/processes invisible, become root, hijack ttys,
+ write kernel modules based virus... and solutions for admins to
+ avoid all those abuses.
+ Notes: For 2.0.x kernels. Gives guidances to port it to 2.2.x
+ kernels. Also available in txt format at
+ http://www.blacknemesis.org/hacking/txt/cllkm.txt
+
+ BOOKS: (Not on-line)
+
+ * Title: "Linux Device Drivers"
+ Author: Alessandro Rubini.
+ Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates.
+ Date: 1998.
+ Pages: 439.
+ ISBN: 1-56592-292-1
+
+ * Title: "Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition"
+ Author: Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet.
+ Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates.
+ Date: 2001.
+ Pages: 586.
+ ISBN: 0-59600-008-1
+ Notes: Further information in
+ http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive2/
+
+ * Title: "Linux Kernel Internals"
+ Author: Michael Beck.
+ Publisher: Addison-Wesley.
+ Date: 1997.
+ ISBN: 0-201-33143-8 (second edition)
+
+ * Title: "The Design of the UNIX Operating System"
+ Author: Maurice J. Bach.
+ Publisher: Prentice Hall.
+ Date: 1986.
+ Pages: 471.
+ ISBN: 0-13-201757-1
+
+ * Title: "The Design and Implementation of the 4.3 BSD UNIX
+ Operating System"
+ Author: Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J.
+ Karels, John S. Quarterman.
+ Publisher: Addison-Wesley.
+ Date: 1989 (reprinted with corrections on October, 1990).
+ ISBN: 0-201-06196-1
+
+ * Title: "The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD UNIX
+ Operating System"
+ Author: Marshall Kirk McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels,
+ John S. Quarterman.
+ Publisher: Addison-Wesley.
+ Date: 1996.
+ ISBN: 0-201-54979-4
+
+ * Title: "Programmation Linux 2.0 API systeme et fonctionnement du
+ noyau"
+ Author: Remy Card, Eric Dumas, Franck Mevel.
+ Publisher: Eyrolles.
+ Date: 1997.
+ Pages: 520.
+ ISBN: 2-212-08932-5
+ Notes: French.
+
+ * Title: "The Linux Kernel Book"
+ Author: Remy Card, Eric Dumas, Franck Mevel.
+ Publisher: John Wiley & Sons.
+ Date: 1998.
+ ISBN: 0-471-98141-9
+ Notes: English translation.
+
+ * Title: "Linux 2.0"
+ Author: Remy Card, Eric Dumas, Franck Mevel.
+ Publisher: Gestión 2000.
+ Date: 1997.
+ Pages: 501.
+ ISBN: 8-480-88208-5
+ Notes: Spanish translation.
+
+ * Title: "Unix internals -- the new frontiers"
+ Author: Uresh Vahalia.
+ Publisher: Prentice Hall.
+ Date: 1996.
+ Pages: 600.
+ ISBN: 0-13-101908-2
+
+ * Title: "Linux Core Kernel Commentary. Guide to Insider's Knowledge
+ on the Core Kernel of the Linux Code"
+ Author: Scott Maxwell.
+ Publisher: Coriolis.
+ Date: 1999.
+ Pages: 592.
+ ISBN: 1-57610-469-9
+ Notes: CD-ROM included. Line by line commentary of the kernel
+ code.
+
+ * Title: "Linux IP Stacks Commentary"
+ Author: Stephen Satchell and HBJ Clifford.
+ Publisher: Coriolis.
+ Date: 2000.
+ Pages: ???.
+ ISBN: 1-57610-470-2
+ Notes: Line by line source code commentary book.
+
+ * Title: "Programming for the real world - POSIX.4"
+ Author: Bill O. Gallmeister.
+ Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc..
+ Date: 1995.
+ Pages: ???.
+ ISBN: I-56592-074-0
+ Notes: Though not being directly about Linux, Linux aims to be
+ POSIX. Good reference.
+
+ * Title: "Understanding the Linux Kernel"
+ Author: Daniel P. Bovet and Marco Cesati.
+ Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc..
+ Date: 2000.
+ Pages: 702.
+ ISBN: 0-596-00002-2
+ Notes: Further information in
+ http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxkernel/
+
+ MISCELLANEOUS:
+
+ * Name: linux/Documentation
+ Author: Many.
+ URL: Just look inside your kernel sources.
+ Keywords: anything, DocBook.
+ Description: Documentation that comes with the kernel sources,
+ inside the Documentation directory. Some pages from this document
+ (including this document itself) have been moved there, and might
+ be more up to date than the web version.
+
+ * Name: "Linux Source Driver"
+ URL: http://lsd.linux.cz
+ Keywords: Browsing source code.
+ Description: "Linux Source Driver (LSD) is an application, which
+ can make browsing source codes of Linux kernel easier than you can
+ imagine. You can select between multiple versions of kernel (e.g.
+ 0.01, 1.0.0, 2.0.33, 2.0.34pre13, 2.0.0, 2.1.101 etc.). With LSD
+ you can search Linux kernel (fulltext, macros, types, functions
+ and variables) and LSD can generate patches for you on the fly
+ (files, directories or kernel)".
+
+ * Name: "Linux Kernel Source Reference"
+ Author: Thomas Graichen.
+ URL: http://innominate.org/~graichen/projects/lksr/
+ Keywords: CVS, web, cvsweb, browsing source code.
+ Description: Web interface to a CVS server with the kernel
+ sources. "Here you can have a look at any file of the Linux kernel
+ sources of any version starting from 1.0 up to the (daily updated)
+ current version available. Also you can check the differences
+ between two versions of a file".
+
+ * Name: "Cross-Referencing Linux"
+ URL: http://lxr.linux.no/source/
+ Keywords: Browsing source code.
+ Description: Another web-based Linux kernel source code browser.
+ Lots of cross references to variables and functions. You can see
+ where they are defined and where they are used.
+
+ * Name: "Linux Weekly News"
+ URL: http://lwn.net
+ Keywords: latest kernel news.
+ Description: The title says it all. There's a fixed kernel section
+ summarizing developers' work, bug fixes, new features and versions
+ produced during the week. Published every Thursday.
+
+ * Name: "Kernel Traffic"
+ URL: http://www.kerneltraffic.org/kernel-traffic/
+ Keywords: linux-kernel mailing list, weekly kernel news.
+ Description: Weekly newsletter covering the most relevant
+ discussions of the linux-kernel mailing list.
+
+ * Name: "CuTTiNG.eDGe.LiNuX"
+ URL: http://edge.kernelnotes.org
+ Keywords: changelist.
+ Description: Site which provides the changelist for every kernel
+ release. What's new, what's better, what's changed. Myrdraal reads
+ the patches and describes them. Pointers to the patches are there,
+ too.
+
+ * Name: "New linux-kernel Mailing List FAQ"
+ URL: http://www.tux.org/lkml/
+ Keywords: linux-kernel mailing list FAQ.
+ Description: linux-kernel is a mailing list for developers to
+ communicate. This FAQ builds on the previous linux-kernel mailing
+ list FAQ maintained by Frohwalt Egerer, who no longer maintains
+ it. Read it to see how to join the mailing list. Dozens of
+ interesting questions regarding the list, Linux, developers (who
+ is ...?), terms (what is...?) are answered here too. Just read it.
+
+ * Name: "Linux Virtual File System"
+ Author: Peter J. Braam.
+ URL: http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/talks/linuxvfs/
+ Keywords: slides, VFS, inode, superblock, dentry, dcache.
+ Description: Set of slides, presumably from a presentation on the
+ Linux VFS layer. Covers version 2.1.x, with dentries and the
+ dcache.
+
+ * Name: "Gary's Encyclopedia - The Linux Kernel"
+ Author: Gary (I suppose...).
+ URL: http://members.aa.net/~swear/pedia/kernel.html
+ Keywords: links, not found here?.
+ Description: Gary's Encyclopedia exists to allow the rapid finding
+ of documentation and other information of interest to GNU/Linux
+ users. It has about 4000 links to external pages in 150 major
+ categories. This link is for kernel-specific links, documents,
+ sites... Look there if you could not find here what you were
+ looking for.
+
+ * Name: "The home page of Linux-MM"
+ Author: The Linux-MM team.
+ URL: http://linux-mm.org/
+ Keywords: memory management, Linux-MM, mm patches, TODO, docs,
+ mailing list.
+ Description: Site devoted to Linux Memory Management development.
+ Memory related patches, HOWTOs, links, mm developers... Don't miss
+ it if you are interested in memory management development!
+
+ * Name: "Kernel Newbies IRC Channel"
+ URL: http://www.kernelnewbies.org
+ Keywords: IRC, newbies, channel, asking doubts.
+ Description: #kernelnewbies on irc.openprojects.net. From the web
+ page: "#kernelnewbies is an IRC network dedicated to the 'newbie'
+ kernel hacker. The audience mostly consists of people who are
+ learning about the kernel, working on kernel projects or
+ professional kernel hackers that want to help less seasoned kernel
+ people. [...] #kernelnewbies is on the Open Projects IRC Network,
+ try irc.openprojects.net or irc.<country>.openprojects.net as your
+ server and then /join #kernelnewbies". It also hosts articles,
+ documents, FAQs...
+
+ * Name: "linux-kernel mailing list archives and search engines"
+ URL: http://www.uwsg.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/index.html
+ URL: http://www.kernelnotes.org/lnxlists/linux-kernel/
+ URL: http://www.geocrawler.com
+ Keywords: linux-kernel, archives, search.
+ Description: Some of the linux-kernel mailing list archivers. If
+ you have a better/another one, please let me know.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ Document last updated on Thu Jun 28 15:09:39 CEST 2001
diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4924d387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1511 @@
+February 2003 Kernel Parameters v2.5.59
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as implemented
+(mostly) by the __setup() macro and sorted into English Dictionary order
+(defined as ignoring all punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a
+case insensitive manner), and with descriptions where known.
+
+Module parameters for loadable modules are specified only as the
+parameter name with optional '=' and value as appropriate, such as:
+
+ modprobe usbcore blinkenlights=1
+
+Module parameters for modules that are built into the kernel image
+are specified on the kernel command line with the module name plus
+'.' plus parameter name, with '=' and value if appropriate, such as:
+
+ usbcore.blinkenlights=1
+
+The text in square brackets at the beginning of the description state the
+restrictions on the kernel for the said kernel parameter to be valid. The
+restrictions referred to are that the relevant option is valid if:
+
+ ACPI ACPI support is enabled.
+ ALSA ALSA sound support is enabled.
+ APIC APIC support is enabled.
+ APM Advanced Power Management support is enabled.
+ AX25 Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.
+ CD Appropriate CD support is enabled.
+ DEVFS devfs support is enabled.
+ DRM Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.
+ EDD BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled
+ EFI EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled
+ EIDE EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.
+ FB The frame buffer device is enabled.
+ HW Appropriate hardware is enabled.
+ IA-32 IA-32 aka i386 architecture is enabled.
+ IA-64 IA-64 architecture is enabled.
+ IOSCHED More than one I/O scheduler is enabled.
+ IP_PNP IP DCHP, BOOTP, or RARP is enabled.
+ ISAPNP ISA PnP code is enabled.
+ ISDN Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.
+ JOY Appropriate joystick support is enabled.
+ LP Printer support is enabled.
+ LOOP Loopback device support is enabled.
+ M68k M68k architecture is enabled.
+ These options have more detailed description inside of
+ Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt.
+ MCA MCA bus support is enabled.
+ MDA MDA console support is enabled.
+ MOUSE Appropriate mouse support is enabled.
+ MTD MTD support is enabled.
+ NET Appropriate network support is enabled.
+ NUMA NUMA support is enabled.
+ NFS Appropriate NFS support is enabled.
+ OSS OSS sound support is enabled.
+ PARIDE The ParIDE subsystem is enabled.
+ PARISC The PA-RISC architecture is enabled.
+ PCI PCI bus support is enabled.
+ PCMCIA The PCMCIA subsystem is enabled.
+ PNP Plug & Play support is enabled.
+ PPC PowerPC architecture is enabled.
+ PPT Parallel port support is enabled.
+ PS2 Appropriate PS/2 support is enabled.
+ RAM RAM disk support is enabled.
+ S390 S390 architecture is enabled.
+ SCSI Appropriate SCSI support is enabled.
+ A lot of drivers has their options described inside of
+ Documentation/scsi/.
+ SELINUX SELinux support is enabled.
+ SERIAL Serial support is enabled.
+ SMP The kernel is an SMP kernel.
+ SPARC Sparc architecture is enabled.
+ SWSUSP Software suspension is enabled.
+ TS Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.
+ USB USB support is enabled.
+ USBHID USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.
+ V4L Video For Linux support is enabled.
+ VGA The VGA console has been enabled.
+ VT Virtual terminal support is enabled.
+ WDT Watchdog support is enabled.
+ XT IBM PC/XT MFM hard disk support is enabled.
+ X86-64 X86-64 architecture is enabled.
+ More X86-64 boot options can be found in
+ Documentation/x86_64/boot-options.txt .
+
+In addition, the following text indicates that the option:
+
+ BUGS= Relates to possible processor bugs on the said processor.
+ KNL Is a kernel start-up parameter.
+ BOOT Is a boot loader parameter.
+
+Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot
+loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly.
+Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme
+need or coordination with <Documentation/i386/boot.txt>.
+
+Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that
+a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will
+be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that
+it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs
+running once the system is up.
+
+ 53c7xx= [HW,SCSI] Amiga SCSI controllers
+ See header of drivers/scsi/53c7xx.c.
+ See also Documentation/scsi/ncr53c7xx.txt.
+
+ acpi= [HW,ACPI] Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
+ Format: { force | off | ht | strict }
+ force -- enable ACPI if default was off
+ off -- disable ACPI if default was on
+ noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
+ ht -- run only enough ACPI to enable Hyper Threading
+ strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
+ strictly ACPI specification compliant.
+
+ See also Documentation/pm.txt, pci=noacpi
+
+ acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
+ Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode }
+ See Documentation/power/video.txt
+
+ acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
+ Format: { level | edge | high | low }
+
+ acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI] ACPI will balance active IRQs
+ default in APIC mode
+
+ acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI] ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
+ default in PIC mode
+
+ acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, Clear listed IRQs for use by PCI
+ Format: <irq>,<irq>...
+
+ acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, Mark listed IRQs used by ISA
+ Format: <irq>,<irq>...
+
+ acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] empty param disables _OSI
+
+ acpi_serialize [HW,ACPI] force serialization of AML methods
+
+ acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
+ Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
+ For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
+
+ acpi_dbg_layer= [HW,ACPI]
+ Format: <int>
+ Each bit of the <int> indicates an acpi debug layer,
+ 1: enable, 0: disable. It is useful for boot time
+ debugging. After system has booted up, it can be set
+ via /proc/acpi/debug_layer.
+
+ acpi_dbg_level= [HW,ACPI]
+ Format: <int>
+ Each bit of the <int> indicates an acpi debug level,
+ 1: enable, 0: disable. It is useful for boot time
+ debugging. After system has booted up, it can be set
+ via /proc/acpi/debug_level.
+
+ acpi_fake_ecdt [HW,ACPI] Workaround failure due to BIOS lacking ECDT
+
+ ad1816= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>
+ See also Documentation/sound/oss/AD1816.
+
+ ad1848= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<type>
+
+ adlib= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>
+
+ advansys= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/advansys.c.
+
+ advwdt= [HW,WDT] Advantech WDT
+ Format: <iostart>,<iostop>
+
+ aedsp16= [HW,OSS] Audio Excel DSP 16
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<mss_io>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
+ See also header of sound/oss/aedsp16.c.
+
+ aha152x= [HW,SCSI]
+ See Documentation/scsi/aha152x.txt.
+
+ aha1542= [HW,SCSI]
+ Format: <portbase>[,<buson>,<busoff>[,<dmaspeed>]]
+
+ aic7xxx= [HW,SCSI]
+ See Documentation/scsi/aic7xxx.txt.
+
+ aic79xx= [HW,SCSI]
+ See Documentation/scsi/aic79xx.txt.
+
+ AM53C974= [HW,SCSI]
+ Format: <host-scsi-id>,<target-scsi-id>,<max-rate>,<max-offset>
+ See also header of drivers/scsi/AM53C974.c.
+
+ amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
+ Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
+ Format: <a>,<b>
+ See also Documentation/kernel/input/joystick.txt
+
+ analog.map= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
+ Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
+ connected to one of 16 gameports
+ Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
+
+ apc= [HW,SPARC] Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
+ Format: noidle
+ Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
+ not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
+ APC and your system crashes randomly.
+
+ apic= [APIC,i386] Change the output verbosity whilst booting
+ Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
+ Change the amount of debugging information output
+ when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
+
+ apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management
+ See header of arch/i386/kernel/apm.c.
+
+ applicom= [HW]
+ Format: <mem>,<irq>
+
+ arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
+
+ ataflop= [HW,M68k]
+
+ atarimouse= [HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
+
+ atascsi= [HW,SCSI] Atari SCSI
+
+ atkbd.extra= [HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
+ EzKey and similar keyboards
+
+ atkbd.reset= [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
+
+ atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set
+ Format: <int> (2 = AT (default) 3 = PS/2)
+
+ atkbd.scroll= [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
+ keyboards
+
+ atkbd.softraw= [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
+ Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
+
+ atkbd.softrepeat=
+ [HW] Use software keyboard repeat
+
+ autotest [IA64]
+
+ awe= [HW,OSS] AWE32/SB32/AWE64 wave table synth
+ Format: <io>,<memsize>,<isapnp>
+
+ aztcd= [HW,CD] Aztech CD268 CDROM driver
+ Format: <io>,0x79 (?)
+
+ baycom_epp= [HW,AX25]
+ Format: <io>,<mode>
+
+ baycom_par= [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
+ Format: <io>,<mode>
+ See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
+
+ baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25] BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
+ See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
+
+ baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25] BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
+ See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
+
+ blkmtd_device= [HW,MTD]
+ blkmtd_erasesz=
+ blkmtd_ro=
+ blkmtd_bs=
+ blkmtd_count=
+
+ bttv.card= [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
+ bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as kernel args too.
+ bttv.pll= See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
+ bttv.tuner= and Documentation/video4linux/bttv/CARDLIST
+
+ BusLogic= [HW,SCSI]
+ See drivers/scsi/BusLogic.c, comment before function
+ BusLogic_ParseDriverOptions().
+
+ c101= [NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
+
+ cachesize= [BUGS=IA-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
+ Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
+ size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
+ to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
+ possible to determine what the correct size should be.
+ This option provides an override for these situations.
+
+ cdu31a= [HW,CD]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>[,PAS]
+ See header of drivers/cdrom/cdu31a.c.
+
+ chandev= [HW,NET] Generic channel device initialisation
+
+ checkreqprot [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
+ Format: { "0" | "1" }
+ See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
+ 0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes any implied execute protection).
+ 1 -- check protection requested by application.
+ Default value is set via a kernel config option.
+ Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/checkreqprot.
+
+ clock= [BUGS=IA-32, HW] gettimeofday timesource override.
+ Forces specified timesource (if avaliable) to be used
+ when calculating gettimeofday(). If specicified timesource
+ is not avalible, it defaults to PIT.
+ Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
+
+ hpet= [IA-32,HPET] option to disable HPET and use PIT.
+ Format: disable
+
+ cm206= [HW,CD]
+ Format: { auto | [<io>,][<irq>] }
+
+ com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
+ Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
+
+ com90io= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
+ Format: <io>[,<irq>]
+
+ com90xx= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
+ Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
+
+ condev= [HW,S390] console device
+ conmode=
+
+ console= [KNL] Output console device and options.
+
+ tty<n> Use the virtual console device <n>.
+
+ ttyS<n>[,options]
+ Use the specified serial port. The options are of
+ the form "bbbbpn", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
+ "p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), and "n" is bits.
+ Default is "9600n8".
+
+ See also Documentation/serial-console.txt.
+
+ uart,io,<addr>[,options]
+ uart,mmio,<addr>[,options]
+ Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
+ UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
+ switching to the matching ttyS device later. The
+ options are the same as for ttyS, above.
+
+ cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
+ Format: <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
+
+ cpia_pp= [HW,PPT]
+ Format: { parport<nr> | auto | none }
+
+ cs4232= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<mpuio>,<mpuirq>
+
+ cs89x0_dma= [HW,NET]
+ Format: <dma>
+
+ cs89x0_media= [HW,NET]
+ Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
+
+ cyclades= [HW,SERIAL] Cyclades multi-serial port adapter.
+
+ dasd= [HW,NET]
+ See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
+
+ db9.dev[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
+ (one device per port)
+ Format: <port#>,<type>
+ See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
+
+ debug [KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
+
+ decnet= [HW,NET]
+ Format: <area>[,<node>]
+ See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
+
+ devfs= [DEVFS]
+ See Documentation/filesystems/devfs/boot-options.
+
+ dhash_entries= [KNL]
+ Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
+
+ digi= [HW,SERIAL]
+ IO parameters + enable/disable command.
+
+ digiepca= [HW,SERIAL]
+ See drivers/char/README.epca and
+ Documentation/digiepca.txt.
+
+ dmascc= [HW,AX25,SERIAL] AX.25 Z80SCC driver with DMA
+ support available.
+ Format: <io_dev0>[,<io_dev1>[,..<io_dev32>]]
+
+ dmasound= [HW,OSS] Sound subsystem buffers
+
+ dscc4.setup= [NET]
+
+ dtc3181e= [HW,SCSI]
+
+ earlyprintk= [IA-32, X86-64]
+ earlyprintk=vga
+ earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
+
+ Append ,keep to not disable it when the real console
+ takes over.
+
+ Only vga or serial at a time, not both.
+
+ Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 are supported.
+
+ Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
+ very good.
+
+ The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real
+ console.
+
+ eata= [HW,SCSI]
+
+ eda= [HW,PS2]
+
+ edb= [HW,PS2]
+
+ edd= [EDD]
+ Format: {"of[f]" | "sk[ipmbr]"}
+ See comment in arch/i386/boot/edd.S
+
+ eicon= [HW,ISDN]
+ Format: <id>,<membase>,<irq>
+
+ eisa_irq_edge= [PARISC,HW]
+ See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
+
+ elanfreq= [IA-32]
+ See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
+ arch/i386/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
+
+ elevator= [IOSCHED]
+ Format: {"as"|"cfq"|"deadline"|"noop"}
+ See Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt
+ and Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
+
+ enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
+ Format: {"0" | "1"}
+ See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
+ 0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
+ 1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
+ Default value is 0.
+ Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.
+
+ es1370= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <lineout>[,<micbias>]
+ See also header of sound/oss/es1370.c.
+
+ es1371= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <spdif>,[<nomix>,[<amplifier>]]
+ See also header of sound/oss/es1371.c.
+
+ ether= [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
+ This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
+ has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
+
+ eurwdt= [HW,WDT] Eurotech CPU-1220/1410 onboard watchdog.
+ Format: <io>[,<irq>]
+
+ fd_mcs= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/fd_mcs.c.
+
+ fdomain= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/fdomain.c.
+
+ floppy= [HW]
+ See Documentation/floppy.txt.
+
+ ftape= [HW] Floppy Tape subsystem debugging options.
+ See Documentation/ftape.txt.
+
+ gamecon.map[2|3]=
+ [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
+ support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
+ Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
+ See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
+
+ gamma= [HW,DRM]
+
+ gdth= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/gdth.c.
+
+ gpt [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
+ invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT.
+
+ gscd= [HW,CD]
+ Format: <io>
+
+ gt96100eth= [NET] MIPS GT96100 Advanced Communication Controller
+
+ gus= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma16>
+
+ gvp11= [HW,SCSI]
+
+ hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
+ are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on
+ for IA-64, off otherwise.
+
+ hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
+
+ hd= [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
+ Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
+
+ hd?= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
+ hd?lun= See Documentation/ide.txt.
+
+ highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
+ size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
+ highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
+ size on bigger boxes.
+
+ hisax= [HW,ISDN]
+ See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
+
+ hugepages= [HW,IA-32,IA-64] Maximal number of HugeTLB pages.
+
+ noirqbalance [IA-32,SMP,KNL] Disable kernel irq balancing
+
+ i8042.direct [HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode
+ i8042.dumbkbd [HW] Pretend that controlled can only read data from
+ keyboard and can not control its state
+ (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
+ i8042.noaux [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
+ i8042.nomux [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
+ controller
+ i8042.nopnp [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
+ controllers
+ i8042.panicblink=
+ [HW] Frequency with which keyboard LEDs should blink
+ when kernel panics (default is 0.5 sec)
+ i8042.reset [HW] Reset the controller during init and cleanup
+ i8042.unlock [HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
+
+ i810= [HW,DRM]
+
+ i8k.force [HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature
+ does not match list of supported models.
+ i8k.power_status
+ [HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
+ (disabled by default)
+ i8k.restricted [HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
+ capability is set.
+
+ ibmmcascsi= [HW,MCA,SCSI] IBM MicroChannel SCSI adapter
+ See Documentation/mca.txt.
+
+ icn= [HW,ISDN]
+ Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
+
+ ide= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
+ Format: ide=nodma or ide=doubler or ide=reverse
+ See Documentation/ide.txt.
+
+ ide?= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
+ Format: ide?=noprobe or chipset specific parameters.
+ See Documentation/ide.txt.
+
+ idebus= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem - VLB/PCI bus speed
+ See Documentation/ide.txt.
+
+ idle= [HW]
+ Format: idle=poll or idle=halt
+
+ ihash_entries= [KNL]
+ Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
+
+ in2000= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/in2000.c.
+
+ init= [KNL]
+ Format: <full_path>
+ Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
+ process.
+
+ initcall_debug [KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed. Useful
+ for working out where the kernel is dying during
+ startup.
+
+ initrd= [BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
+
+ inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
+ Format: <irq>
+
+ inttest= [IA64]
+
+ io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
+ See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
+ arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
+
+ ip= [IP_PNP]
+ See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
+
+ ip2= [HW] Set IO/IRQ pairs for up to 4 IntelliPort boards
+ See comment before ip2_setup() in drivers/char/ip2.c.
+
+ ips= [HW,SCSI] Adaptec / IBM ServeRAID controller
+ See header of drivers/scsi/ips.c.
+
+ isapnp= [ISAPNP]
+ Format: <RDP>, <reset>, <pci_scan>, <verbosity>
+
+ isolcpus= [KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.
+ Format: <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>
+ This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs
+ to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
+ algorithms. The only way to move a process onto or off
+ an "isolated" CPU is via the CPU affinity syscalls.
+ <cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
+ "number of CPUs in system - 1".
+
+ This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The
+ alternative - manually setting the CPU mask of all tasks
+ in the system can cause problems and suboptimal load
+ balancer performance.
+
+ isp16= [HW,CD]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<setup>
+
+ iucv= [HW,NET]
+
+ js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick
+ See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
+
+ keepinitrd [HW,ARM]
+
+ kstack=N [IA-32, X86-64] Print N words from the kernel stack
+ in oops dumps.
+
+ l2cr= [PPC]
+
+ lapic [IA-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS disabled it.
+
+ lasi= [HW,SCSI] PARISC LASI driver for the 53c700 chip
+ Format: addr:<io>,irq:<irq>
+
+ llsc*= [IA64]
+ See function print_params() in arch/ia64/sn/kernel/llsc4.c.
+
+ load_ramdisk= [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
+ See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
+
+ lockd.udpport= [NFS]
+
+ lockd.tcpport= [NFS]
+
+ logibm.irq= [HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
+ Format: <irq>
+
+ loglevel= All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
+ console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
+ also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
+ loglevels are defined as follows:
+
+ 0 (KERN_EMERG) system is unusable
+ 1 (KERN_ALERT) action must be taken immediately
+ 2 (KERN_CRIT) critical conditions
+ 3 (KERN_ERR) error conditions
+ 4 (KERN_WARNING) warning conditions
+ 5 (KERN_NOTICE) normal but significant condition
+ 6 (KERN_INFO) informational
+ 7 (KERN_DEBUG) debug-level messages
+
+ log_buf_len=n Sets the size of the printk ring buffer, in bytes.
+ Format is n, nk, nM. n must be a power of two. The
+ default is set in kernel config.
+
+ lp=0 [LP] Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
+ lp=port[,port...] lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
+ lp=reset first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
+ lp=auto printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
+ specified in addition to the ports) causes
+ attached printers to be reset. Using
+ lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
+ to associate lp devices with, starting with
+ lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
+ that lp device, or a parport name such as
+ 'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
+ port specification list means that device IDs
+ from each port should be examined, to see if
+ an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
+ so, the driver will manage that printer.
+ See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
+
+ lpj=n [KNL]
+ Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
+ time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
+ CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
+ the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
+ autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
+ on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
+ which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
+ significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
+ will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
+ unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
+ unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
+ hardware.
+
+ ltpc= [NET]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
+
+ mac5380= [HW,SCSI]
+ Format: <can_queue>,<cmd_per_lun>,<sg_tablesize>,<hostid>,<use_tags>
+
+ mac53c9x= [HW,SCSI]
+ Format: <num_esps>,<disconnect>,<nosync>,<can_queue>,<cmd_per_lun>,<sg_tablesize>,<hostid>,<use_tags>
+
+ machvec= [IA64]
+ Force the use of a particular machine-vector (machvec) in a generic
+ kernel. Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
+
+ mad16= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma16>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>,<joystick>
+
+ maui= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>
+
+ max_loop= [LOOP] Maximum number of loopback devices that can
+ be mounted
+ Format: <1-256>
+
+ maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
+ should make use of
+
+ max_luns= [SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs to probe
+ Should be between 1 and 2^32-1.
+
+ max_report_luns=
+ [SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs received
+ Should be between 1 and 16384.
+
+ mca-pentium [BUGS=IA-32]
+
+ mcatest= [IA-64]
+
+ mcd= [HW,CD]
+ Format: <port>,<irq>,<mitsumi_bug_93_wait>
+
+ mcdx= [HW,CD]
+
+ mce [IA-32] Machine Check Exception
+
+ md= [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
+ See Documentation/md.txt.
+
+ mdacon= [MDA]
+ Format: <first>,<last>
+ Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
+
+ mem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
+ Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
+ to see the whole system memory or for test.
+ [IA-32] Use together with memmap= to avoid physical
+ address space collisions. Without memmap= PCI devices
+ could be placed at addresses belonging to unused RAM.
+
+ mem=nopentium [BUGS=IA-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
+ memory.
+
+ memmap=exactmap [KNL,IA-32] Enable setting of an exact
+ E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
+ Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
+ BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
+ option description.
+
+ memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
+ [KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory
+ Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
+
+ memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
+ [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
+ Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
+
+ memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
+ [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
+ Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
+
+ meye.*= [HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters
+ See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt.
+
+ mga= [HW,DRM]
+
+ mousedev.tap_time=
+ [MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
+ leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
+ a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
+ touchpads working in absolute mode only).
+ Format: <msecs>
+ mousedev.xres= [MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
+ reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
+ mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
+ reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
+
+ mpu401= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>
+
+ MTD_Partition= [MTD]
+ Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
+
+ MTD_Region= [MTD]
+ Format: <name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
+
+ mtdparts= [MTD]
+ See drivers/mtd/cmdline.c.
+
+ mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
+ [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates ('y', default)
+ or cooked coordinates ('n')
+
+ n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
+
+ NCR_D700= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/NCR_D700.c.
+
+ ncr5380= [HW,SCSI]
+
+ ncr53c400= [HW,SCSI]
+
+ ncr53c400a= [HW,SCSI]
+
+ ncr53c406a= [HW,SCSI]
+
+ ncr53c8xx= [HW,SCSI]
+
+ netdev= [NET] Network devices parameters
+ Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
+ Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
+ something different and driver-specific.
+
+ nfsaddrs= [NFS]
+ See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
+
+ nfsroot= [NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
+ See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
+
+ nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=IA-32] Debugging features for SMP kernels
+
+ no387 [BUGS=IA-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
+ emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
+ is present.
+
+ noalign [KNL,ARM]
+
+ noapic [SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
+ IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
+
+ noasync [HW,M68K] Disables async and sync negotiation for
+ all devices.
+
+ nobats [PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem
+ on "Classic" PPC cores.
+
+ nocache [ARM]
+
+ nodisconnect [HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.
+
+ noexec [IA-64]
+
+ noexec [IA-32, X86-64]
+ noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
+ noexec=off: disable nn-executable mappings
+
+ nofxsr [BUGS=IA-32]
+
+ nohlt [BUGS=ARM]
+
+ no-hlt [BUGS=IA-32] Tells the kernel that the hlt
+ instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
+ use it.
+
+ nohalt [IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
+ function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
+ power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
+ interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
+ in certain environments such as networked servers or
+ real-time systems.
+
+ noirqdebug [IA-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
+ disable unhandled interrupt sources.
+
+ noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
+
+ noinitrd [RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
+ initial RAM disk.
+
+ nointroute [IA-64]
+
+ nolapic [IA-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
+
+ noltlbs [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
+ lowmem mapping on PPC40x.
+
+ nomce [IA-32] Machine Check Exception
+
+ noresidual [PPC] Don't use residual data on PReP machines.
+
+ noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restore original swap space.
+
+ no-scroll [VGA] Disables scrollback.
+ This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
+ reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
+
+ nosbagart [IA-64]
+
+ nosmp [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel.
+
+ nosync [HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
+
+ notsc [BUGS=IA-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter
+
+ nousb [USB] Disable the USB subsystem
+
+ nowb [ARM]
+
+ opl3= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>
+
+ opl3sa= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
+
+ opl3sa2= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<mss_io>,<mpu_io>,<ymode>,<loopback>[,<isapnp>,<multiple]
+
+ oprofile.timer= [HW]
+ Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
+
+ optcd= [HW,CD]
+ Format: <io>
+
+ osst= [HW,SCSI] SCSI Tape Driver
+ Format: <buffer_size>,<write_threshold>
+ See also Documentation/scsi/st.txt.
+
+ panic= [KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic
+ Format: <timeout>
+
+ parkbd.port= [HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
+ connected to, default is 0.
+ Format: <parport#>
+ parkbd.mode= [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
+ 0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
+ Format: <mode>
+
+ parport=0 [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
+ parport=auto Use 'auto' to force the driver to use
+ parport=0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] any IRQ/DMA settings detected (the
+ default is to ignore detected IRQ/DMA
+ settings because of possible
+ conflicts). You can specify the base
+ address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and
+ DMA should be numbers, or 'auto' (for
+ using detected settings on that
+ particular port), or 'nofifo' (to avoid
+ using a FIFO even if it is detected).
+ Parallel ports are assigned in the
+ order they are specified on the command
+ line, starting with parport0.
+
+ parport_init_mode=
+ [HW,PPT] Configure VIA parallel port to
+ operate in specific mode. This is
+ necessary on Pegasos computer where
+ firmware has no options for setting up
+ parallel port mode and sets it to
+ spp. Currently this function knows
+ 686a and 8231 chips.
+ Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
+
+ pas2= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma16>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<sb_dma16>
+
+ pas16= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/pas16.c.
+
+ pcbit= [HW,ISDN]
+
+ pcd. [PARIDE]
+ See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
+ See also Documentation/paride.txt.
+
+ pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
+ off [IA-32] don't probe for the PCI bus
+ bios [IA-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
+ the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
+ has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
+ nobios [IA-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
+ hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
+ if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
+ suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
+ conf1 [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration Mechanism 1.
+ conf2 [IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration Mechanism 2.
+ nosort [IA-32] Don't sort PCI devices according to
+ order given by the PCI BIOS. This sorting is done
+ to get a device order compatible with older kernels.
+ biosirq [IA-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
+ routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
+ on several machines and they hang the machine when used,
+ but on other computers it's the only way to get the
+ interrupt routing table. Try this option if the kernel
+ is unable to allocate IRQs or discover secondary PCI
+ buses on your motherboard.
+ rom [IA-32] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
+ Use with caution as certain devices share address
+ decoders between ROMs and other resources.
+ irqmask=0xMMMM [IA-32] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be assigned
+ automatically to PCI devices. You can make the kernel
+ exclude IRQs of your ISA cards this way.
+ lastbus=N [IA-32] Scan all buses till bus #N. Can be useful
+ if the kernel is unable to find your secondary buses
+ and you want to tell it explicitly which ones they are.
+ assign-busses [IA-32] Always assign all PCI bus
+ numbers ourselves, overriding
+ whatever the firmware may have
+ done.
+ usepirqmask [IA-32] Honor the possible IRQ mask
+ stored in the BIOS $PIR table. This is
+ needed on some systems with broken
+ BIOSes, notably some HP Pavilion N5400
+ and Omnibook XE3 notebooks. This will
+ have no effect if ACPI IRQ routing is
+ enabled.
+ noacpi [IA-32] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
+ or for PCI scanning.
+ routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
+ This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
+ so this option is a temporary workaround
+ for broken drivers that don't call it.
+
+ firmware [ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but
+ instead just use the configuration
+ from the bootloader. This is currently
+ used on IXP2000 systems where the
+ bus has to be configured a certain way
+ for adjunct CPUs.
+
+ pcmv= [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
+
+ pd. [PARIDE]
+ See Documentation/paride.txt.
+
+ pdcchassis= [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
+ boot time.
+ Format: { 0 | 1 }
+ See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
+
+ pf. [PARIDE]
+ See Documentation/paride.txt.
+
+ pg. [PARIDE]
+ See Documentation/paride.txt.
+
+ pirq= [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
+ See Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt.
+
+ plip= [PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
+ Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
+ See also Documentation/parport.txt.
+
+ pnpacpi= [ACPI]
+ { off }
+
+ pnpbios= [ISAPNP]
+ { on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
+
+ pnp_reserve_irq=
+ [ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
+
+ pnp_reserve_dma=
+ [ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
+
+ pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
+ Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
+
+ pnp_reserve_mem=
+ [ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the autoconfiguration
+ Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
+
+ profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
+ { schedule | <number> }
+ (param: schedule - profile schedule points}
+ (param: profile step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
+ statistical time based profiling)
+
+ processor.max_cstate= [HW, ACPI]
+ Limit processor to maximum C-state
+ max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
+
+ prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
+ before loading.
+ See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
+
+ psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
+ probe for (bare|imps|exps).
+ psmouse.rate= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
+ per second.
+ psmouse.resetafter=
+ [HW,MOUSE] Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
+ (0 = never).
+ psmouse.resolution=
+ [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
+ psmouse.smartscroll=
+ [HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat,
+ 0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
+
+ pss= [HW,OSS] Personal Sound System (ECHO ESC614)
+ Format: <io>,<mss_io>,<mss_irq>,<mss_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
+
+ pt. [PARIDE]
+ See Documentation/paride.txt.
+
+ quiet= [KNL] Disable log messages
+
+ r128= [HW,DRM]
+
+ raid= [HW,RAID]
+ See Documentation/md.txt.
+
+ ramdisk= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes [deprecated]
+ See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
+
+ ramdisk_blocksize=
+ [RAM]
+ See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
+
+ ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
+ New name for the ramdisk parameter.
+ See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.
+
+ reboot= [BUGS=IA-32,BUGS=ARM,BUGS=IA-64] Rebooting mode
+ Format: <reboot_mode>[,<reboot_mode2>[,...]]
+ See arch/*/kernel/reboot.c.
+
+ reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area
+
+ resume= [SWSUSP] Specify the partition device for software suspension
+
+ rhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
+ Set number of hash buckets for route cache
+
+ riscom8= [HW,SERIAL]
+ Format: <io_board1>[,<io_board2>[,...<io_boardN>]]
+
+ ro [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
+
+ root= [KNL] Root filesystem
+
+ rootdelay= [KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
+ mount the root filesystem
+
+ rootflags= [KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
+
+ rootfstype= [KNL] Set root filesystem type
+
+ rw [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
+
+ S [KNL] Run init in single mode
+
+ sa1100ir [NET]
+ See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
+
+ sb= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>
+
+ sbni= [NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter
+
+ sbpcd= [HW,CD] Soundblaster CD adapter
+ Format: <io>,<type>
+ See a comment before function sbpcd_setup() in
+ drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.c.
+
+ sc1200wdt= [HW,WDT] SC1200 WDT (watchdog) driver
+ Format: <io>[,<timeout>[,<isapnp>]]
+
+ scsi_debug_*= [SCSI]
+ See drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c.
+
+ scsi_default_dev_flags=
+ [SCSI] SCSI default device flags
+ Format: <integer>
+
+ scsi_dev_flags= [SCSI] Black/white list entry for vendor and model
+ Format: <vendor>:<model>:<flags>
+ (flags are integer value)
+
+ scsi_logging= [SCSI]
+
+ selinux [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
+ Format: { "0" | "1" }
+ See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
+ 0 -- disable.
+ 1 -- enable.
+ Default value is set via kernel config option.
+ If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used
+ later to disable prior to initial policy load.
+
+ serialnumber [BUGS=IA-32]
+
+ sg_def_reserved_size=
+ [SCSI]
+
+ sgalaxy= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<sgbase>
+
+ shapers= [NET]
+ Maximal number of shapers.
+
+ sim710= [SCSI,HW]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/sim710.c.
+
+ simeth= [IA-64]
+ simscsi=
+
+ sjcd= [HW,CD]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
+ See header of drivers/cdrom/sjcd.c.
+
+ slram= [HW,MTD]
+
+ smart2= [HW]
+ Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
+
+ snd-ad1816a= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-ad1848= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-ali5451= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-als100= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-als4000= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-azt2320= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-cmi8330= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-cmipci= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-cs4231= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-cs4232= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-cs4236= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-cs4281= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-cs46xx= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-dt019x= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-dummy= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-emu10k1= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-ens1370= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-ens1371= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-es968= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-es1688= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-es18xx= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-es1938= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-es1968= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-fm801= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-gusclassic= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-gusextreme= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-gusmax= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-hdsp= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-ice1712= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-intel8x0= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-interwave= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-interwave-stb=
+ [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-korg1212= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-maestro3= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-mpu401= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-mtpav= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-nm256= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-opl3sa2= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-opti92x-ad1848=
+ [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-opti92x-cs4231=
+ [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-opti93x= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-pmac= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-rme32= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-rme96= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-rme9652= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-sb8= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-sb16= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-sbawe= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-serial= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-sgalaxy= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-sonicvibes= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-sun-amd7930=
+ [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-sun-cs4231= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-trident= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-usb-audio= [HW,ALSA,USB]
+
+ snd-via82xx= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-virmidi= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-wavefront= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ snd-ymfpci= [HW,ALSA]
+
+ sonicvibes= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <reverb>
+
+ sonycd535= [HW,CD]
+ Format: <io>[,<irq>]
+
+ sonypi.*= [HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
+ See Documentation/sonypi.txt
+
+ specialix= [HW,SERIAL] Specialix multi-serial port adapter
+ See Documentation/specialix.txt.
+
+ spia_io_base= [HW,MTD]
+ spia_fio_base=
+ spia_pedr=
+ spia_peddr=
+
+ sscape= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
+
+ st= [HW,SCSI] SCSI tape parameters (buffers, etc.)
+ See Documentation/scsi/st.txt.
+
+ st0x= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/seagate.c.
+
+ sti= [PARISC,HW]
+ Format: <num>
+ Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
+ machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
+ as the initial boot-console.
+ See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
+
+ sti_font= [HW]
+ See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
+
+ stifb= [HW]
+ Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
+
+ stram_swap= [HW,M68k]
+
+ swiotlb= [IA-64] Number of I/O TLB slabs
+
+ switches= [HW,M68k]
+
+ sym53c416= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/sym53c416.c.
+
+ t128= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/t128.c.
+
+ tdfx= [HW,DRM]
+
+ thash_entries= [KNL,NET]
+ Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
+
+ time Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
+
+ tipar.timeout= [HW,PPT]
+ Set communications timeout in tenths of a second
+ (default 15).
+
+ tipar.delay= [HW,PPT]
+ Set inter-bit delay in microseconds (default 10).
+
+ tmc8xx= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/seagate.c.
+
+ tmscsim= [HW,SCSI]
+ See comment before function dc390_setup() in
+ drivers/scsi/tmscsim.c.
+
+ tp720= [HW,PS2]
+
+ trix= [HW,OSS] MediaTrix AudioTrix Pro
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
+
+ tsdev.xres= [TS] Horizontal screen resolution.
+ tsdev.yres= [TS] Vertical screen resolution.
+
+ turbografx.map[2|3]=
+ [HW,JOY] TurboGraFX parallel port interface
+ Format: <port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
+ See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
+
+ u14-34f= [HW,SCSI] UltraStor 14F/34F SCSI host adapter
+ See header of drivers/scsi/u14-34f.c.
+
+ uart401= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>
+
+ uart6850= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>
+
+ usb-handoff [HW] Enable early USB BIOS -> OS handoff
+
+ usbhid.mousepoll=
+ [USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
+
+ video= [FB] Frame buffer configuration
+ See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
+
+ vga= [BOOT,IA-32] Select a particular video mode
+ See Documentation/i386/boot.txt and Documentation/svga.txt.
+ Use vga=ask for menu.
+ This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
+ passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
+
+ vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
+ size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
+ minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
+ decrease the size and leave more room for directly
+ mapped kernel RAM.
+
+ vmhalt= [KNL,S390]
+
+ vmpoff= [KNL,S390]
+
+ waveartist= [HW,OSS]
+ Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>
+
+ wd33c93= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c.
+
+ wd7000= [HW,SCSI]
+ See header of drivers/scsi/wd7000.c.
+
+ wdt= [WDT] Watchdog
+ See Documentation/watchdog/watchdog.txt.
+
+ xd= [HW,XT] Original XT pre-IDE (RLL encoded) disks.
+ xd_geo= See header of drivers/block/xd.c.
+
+ xirc2ps_cs= [NET,PCMCIA]
+ Format: <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
+
+
+
+Changelog:
+
+ The last known update (for 2.4.0) - the changelog was not kept before.
+ 2000-06-?? Mr. Unknown
+
+ Update for 2.5.49, description for most of the options introduced,
+ references to other documentation (C files, READMEs, ..), added S390,
+ PPC, SPARC, MTD, ALSA and OSS category. Minor corrections and
+ reformatting.
+ 2002-11-24 Petr Baudis <pasky@ucw.cz>
+ Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@verizon.net>
+
+TODO:
+
+ Add documentation for ALSA options.
+ Add more DRM drivers.
diff --git a/Documentation/keys.txt b/Documentation/keys.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36d80ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/keys.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,869 @@
+ ============================
+ KERNEL KEY RETENTION SERVICE
+ ============================
+
+This service allows cryptographic keys, authentication tokens, cross-domain
+user mappings, and similar to be cached in the kernel for the use of
+filesystems other kernel services.
+
+Keyrings are permitted; these are a special type of key that can hold links to
+other keys. Processes each have three standard keyring subscriptions that a
+kernel service can search for relevant keys.
+
+The key service can be configured on by enabling:
+
+ "Security options"/"Enable access key retention support" (CONFIG_KEYS)
+
+This document has the following sections:
+
+ - Key overview
+ - Key service overview
+ - Key access permissions
+ - New procfs files
+ - Userspace system call interface
+ - Kernel services
+ - Defining a key type
+ - Request-key callback service
+ - Key access filesystem
+
+
+============
+KEY OVERVIEW
+============
+
+In this context, keys represent units of cryptographic data, authentication
+tokens, keyrings, etc.. These are represented in the kernel by struct key.
+
+Each key has a number of attributes:
+
+ - A serial number.
+ - A type.
+ - A description (for matching a key in a search).
+ - Access control information.
+ - An expiry time.
+ - A payload.
+ - State.
+
+
+ (*) Each key is issued a serial number of type key_serial_t that is unique
+ for the lifetime of that key. All serial numbers are positive non-zero
+ 32-bit integers.
+
+ Userspace programs can use a key's serial numbers as a way to gain access
+ to it, subject to permission checking.
+
+ (*) Each key is of a defined "type". Types must be registered inside the
+ kernel by a kernel service (such as a filesystem) before keys of that
+ type can be added or used. Userspace programs cannot define new types
+ directly.
+
+ Key types are represented in the kernel by struct key_type. This defines
+ a number of operations that can be performed on a key of that type.
+
+ Should a type be removed from the system, all the keys of that type will
+ be invalidated.
+
+ (*) Each key has a description. This should be a printable string. The key
+ type provides an operation to perform a match between the description on
+ a key and a criterion string.
+
+ (*) Each key has an owner user ID, a group ID and a permissions mask. These
+ are used to control what a process may do to a key from userspace, and
+ whether a kernel service will be able to find the key.
+
+ (*) Each key can be set to expire at a specific time by the key type's
+ instantiation function. Keys can also be immortal.
+
+ (*) Each key can have a payload. This is a quantity of data that represent
+ the actual "key". In the case of a keyring, this is a list of keys to
+ which the keyring links; in the case of a user-defined key, it's an
+ arbitrary blob of data.
+
+ Having a payload is not required; and the payload can, in fact, just be a
+ value stored in the struct key itself.
+
+ When a key is instantiated, the key type's instantiation function is
+ called with a blob of data, and that then creates the key's payload in
+ some way.
+
+ Similarly, when userspace wants to read back the contents of the key, if
+ permitted, another key type operation will be called to convert the key's
+ attached payload back into a blob of data.
+
+ (*) Each key can be in one of a number of basic states:
+
+ (*) Uninstantiated. The key exists, but does not have any data
+ attached. Keys being requested from userspace will be in this state.
+
+ (*) Instantiated. This is the normal state. The key is fully formed, and
+ has data attached.
+
+ (*) Negative. This is a relatively short-lived state. The key acts as a
+ note saying that a previous call out to userspace failed, and acts as
+ a throttle on key lookups. A negative key can be updated to a normal
+ state.
+
+ (*) Expired. Keys can have lifetimes set. If their lifetime is exceeded,
+ they traverse to this state. An expired key can be updated back to a
+ normal state.
+
+ (*) Revoked. A key is put in this state by userspace action. It can't be
+ found or operated upon (apart from by unlinking it).
+
+ (*) Dead. The key's type was unregistered, and so the key is now useless.
+
+
+====================
+KEY SERVICE OVERVIEW
+====================
+
+The key service provides a number of features besides keys:
+
+ (*) The key service defines two special key types:
+
+ (+) "keyring"
+
+ Keyrings are special keys that contain a list of other keys. Keyring
+ lists can be modified using various system calls. Keyrings should not
+ be given a payload when created.
+
+ (+) "user"
+
+ A key of this type has a description and a payload that are arbitrary
+ blobs of data. These can be created, updated and read by userspace,
+ and aren't intended for use by kernel services.
+
+ (*) Each process subscribes to three keyrings: a thread-specific keyring, a
+ process-specific keyring, and a session-specific keyring.
+
+ The thread-specific keyring is discarded from the child when any sort of
+ clone, fork, vfork or execve occurs. A new keyring is created only when
+ required.
+
+ The process-specific keyring is replaced with an empty one in the child
+ on clone, fork, vfork unless CLONE_THREAD is supplied, in which case it
+ is shared. execve also discards the process's process keyring and creates
+ a new one.
+
+ The session-specific keyring is persistent across clone, fork, vfork and
+ execve, even when the latter executes a set-UID or set-GID binary. A
+ process can, however, replace its current session keyring with a new one
+ by using PR_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING. It is permitted to request an anonymous
+ new one, or to attempt to create or join one of a specific name.
+
+ The ownership of the thread keyring changes when the real UID and GID of
+ the thread changes.
+
+ (*) Each user ID resident in the system holds two special keyrings: a user
+ specific keyring and a default user session keyring. The default session
+ keyring is initialised with a link to the user-specific keyring.
+
+ When a process changes its real UID, if it used to have no session key, it
+ will be subscribed to the default session key for the new UID.
+
+ If a process attempts to access its session key when it doesn't have one,
+ it will be subscribed to the default for its current UID.
+
+ (*) Each user has two quotas against which the keys they own are tracked. One
+ limits the total number of keys and keyrings, the other limits the total
+ amount of description and payload space that can be consumed.
+
+ The user can view information on this and other statistics through procfs
+ files.
+
+ Process-specific and thread-specific keyrings are not counted towards a
+ user's quota.
+
+ If a system call that modifies a key or keyring in some way would put the
+ user over quota, the operation is refused and error EDQUOT is returned.
+
+ (*) There's a system call interface by which userspace programs can create
+ and manipulate keys and keyrings.
+
+ (*) There's a kernel interface by which services can register types and
+ search for keys.
+
+ (*) There's a way for the a search done from the kernel to call back to
+ userspace to request a key that can't be found in a process's keyrings.
+
+ (*) An optional filesystem is available through which the key database can be
+ viewed and manipulated.
+
+
+======================
+KEY ACCESS PERMISSIONS
+======================
+
+Keys have an owner user ID, a group access ID, and a permissions mask. The
+mask has up to eight bits each for user, group and other access. Only five of
+each set of eight bits are defined. These permissions granted are:
+
+ (*) View
+
+ This permits a key or keyring's attributes to be viewed - including key
+ type and description.
+
+ (*) Read
+
+ This permits a key's payload to be viewed or a keyring's list of linked
+ keys.
+
+ (*) Write
+
+ This permits a key's payload to be instantiated or updated, or it allows
+ a link to be added to or removed from a keyring.
+
+ (*) Search
+
+ This permits keyrings to be searched and keys to be found. Searches can
+ only recurse into nested keyrings that have search permission set.
+
+ (*) Link
+
+ This permits a key or keyring to be linked to. To create a link from a
+ keyring to a key, a process must have Write permission on the keyring and
+ Link permission on the key.
+
+For changing the ownership, group ID or permissions mask, being the owner of
+the key or having the sysadmin capability is sufficient.
+
+
+================
+NEW PROCFS FILES
+================
+
+Two files have been added to procfs by which an administrator can find out
+about the status of the key service:
+
+ (*) /proc/keys
+
+ This lists all the keys on the system, giving information about their
+ type, description and permissions. The payload of the key is not
+ available this way:
+
+ SERIAL FLAGS USAGE EXPY PERM UID GID TYPE DESCRIPTION: SUMMARY
+ 00000001 I----- 39 perm 1f0000 0 0 keyring _uid_ses.0: 1/4
+ 00000002 I----- 2 perm 1f0000 0 0 keyring _uid.0: empty
+ 00000007 I----- 1 perm 1f0000 0 0 keyring _pid.1: empty
+ 0000018d I----- 1 perm 1f0000 0 0 keyring _pid.412: empty
+ 000004d2 I--Q-- 1 perm 1f0000 32 -1 keyring _uid.32: 1/4
+ 000004d3 I--Q-- 3 perm 1f0000 32 -1 keyring _uid_ses.32: empty
+ 00000892 I--QU- 1 perm 1f0000 0 0 user metal:copper: 0
+ 00000893 I--Q-N 1 35s 1f0000 0 0 user metal:silver: 0
+ 00000894 I--Q-- 1 10h 1f0000 0 0 user metal:gold: 0
+
+ The flags are:
+
+ I Instantiated
+ R Revoked
+ D Dead
+ Q Contributes to user's quota
+ U Under contruction by callback to userspace
+ N Negative key
+
+ This file must be enabled at kernel configuration time as it allows anyone
+ to list the keys database.
+
+ (*) /proc/key-users
+
+ This file lists the tracking data for each user that has at least one key
+ on the system. Such data includes quota information and statistics:
+
+ [root@andromeda root]# cat /proc/key-users
+ 0: 46 45/45 1/100 13/10000
+ 29: 2 2/2 2/100 40/10000
+ 32: 2 2/2 2/100 40/10000
+ 38: 2 2/2 2/100 40/10000
+
+ The format of each line is
+ <UID>: User ID to which this applies
+ <usage> Structure refcount
+ <inst>/<keys> Total number of keys and number instantiated
+ <keys>/<max> Key count quota
+ <bytes>/<max> Key size quota
+
+
+===============================
+USERSPACE SYSTEM CALL INTERFACE
+===============================
+
+Userspace can manipulate keys directly through three new syscalls: add_key,
+request_key and keyctl. The latter provides a number of functions for
+manipulating keys.
+
+When referring to a key directly, userspace programs should use the key's
+serial number (a positive 32-bit integer). However, there are some special
+values available for referring to special keys and keyrings that relate to the
+process making the call:
+
+ CONSTANT VALUE KEY REFERENCED
+ ============================== ====== ===========================
+ KEY_SPEC_THREAD_KEYRING -1 thread-specific keyring
+ KEY_SPEC_PROCESS_KEYRING -2 process-specific keyring
+ KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING -3 session-specific keyring
+ KEY_SPEC_USER_KEYRING -4 UID-specific keyring
+ KEY_SPEC_USER_SESSION_KEYRING -5 UID-session keyring
+ KEY_SPEC_GROUP_KEYRING -6 GID-specific keyring
+
+
+The main syscalls are:
+
+ (*) Create a new key of given type, description and payload and add it to the
+ nominated keyring:
+
+ key_serial_t add_key(const char *type, const char *desc,
+ const void *payload, size_t plen,
+ key_serial_t keyring);
+
+ If a key of the same type and description as that proposed already exists
+ in the keyring, this will try to update it with the given payload, or it
+ will return error EEXIST if that function is not supported by the key
+ type. The process must also have permission to write to the key to be
+ able to update it. The new key will have all user permissions granted and
+ no group or third party permissions.
+
+ Otherwise, this will attempt to create a new key of the specified type
+ and description, and to instantiate it with the supplied payload and
+ attach it to the keyring. In this case, an error will be generated if the
+ process does not have permission to write to the keyring.
+
+ The payload is optional, and the pointer can be NULL if not required by
+ the type. The payload is plen in size, and plen can be zero for an empty
+ payload.
+
+ A new keyring can be generated by setting type "keyring", the keyring
+ name as the description (or NULL) and setting the payload to NULL.
+
+ User defined keys can be created by specifying type "user". It is
+ recommended that a user defined key's description by prefixed with a type
+ ID and a colon, such as "krb5tgt:" for a Kerberos 5 ticket granting
+ ticket.
+
+ Any other type must have been registered with the kernel in advance by a
+ kernel service such as a filesystem.
+
+ The ID of the new or updated key is returned if successful.
+
+
+ (*) Search the process's keyrings for a key, potentially calling out to
+ userspace to create it.
+
+ key_serial_t request_key(const char *type, const char *description,
+ const char *callout_info,
+ key_serial_t dest_keyring);
+
+ This function searches all the process's keyrings in the order thread,
+ process, session for a matching key. This works very much like
+ KEYCTL_SEARCH, including the optional attachment of the discovered key to
+ a keyring.
+
+ If a key cannot be found, and if callout_info is not NULL, then
+ /sbin/request-key will be invoked in an attempt to obtain a key. The
+ callout_info string will be passed as an argument to the program.
+
+
+The keyctl syscall functions are:
+
+ (*) Map a special key ID to a real key ID for this process:
+
+ key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_GET_KEYRING_ID, key_serial_t id,
+ int create);
+
+ The special key specified by "id" is looked up (with the key being
+ created if necessary) and the ID of the key or keyring thus found is
+ returned if it exists.
+
+ If the key does not yet exist, the key will be created if "create" is
+ non-zero; and the error ENOKEY will be returned if "create" is zero.
+
+
+ (*) Replace the session keyring this process subscribes to with a new one:
+
+ key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING, const char *name);
+
+ If name is NULL, an anonymous keyring is created attached to the process
+ as its session keyring, displacing the old session keyring.
+
+ If name is not NULL, if a keyring of that name exists, the process
+ attempts to attach it as the session keyring, returning an error if that
+ is not permitted; otherwise a new keyring of that name is created and
+ attached as the session keyring.
+
+ To attach to a named keyring, the keyring must have search permission for
+ the process's ownership.
+
+ The ID of the new session keyring is returned if successful.
+
+
+ (*) Update the specified key:
+
+ long keyctl(KEYCTL_UPDATE, key_serial_t key, const void *payload,
+ size_t plen);
+
+ This will try to update the specified key with the given payload, or it
+ will return error EOPNOTSUPP if that function is not supported by the key
+ type. The process must also have permission to write to the key to be
+ able to update it.
+
+ The payload is of length plen, and may be absent or empty as for
+ add_key().
+
+
+ (*) Revoke a key:
+
+ long keyctl(KEYCTL_REVOKE, key_serial_t key);
+
+ This makes a key unavailable for further operations. Further attempts to
+ use the key will be met with error EKEYREVOKED, and the key will no longer
+ be findable.
+
+
+ (*) Change the ownership of a key:
+
+ long keyctl(KEYCTL_CHOWN, key_serial_t key, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
+
+ This function permits a key's owner and group ID to be changed. Either
+ one of uid or gid can be set to -1 to suppress that change.
+
+ Only the superuser can change a key's owner to something other than the
+ key's current owner. Similarly, only the superuser can change a key's
+ group ID to something other than the calling process's group ID or one of
+ its group list members.
+
+
+ (*) Change the permissions mask on a key:
+
+ long keyctl(KEYCTL_SETPERM, key_serial_t key, key_perm_t perm);
+
+ This function permits the owner of a key or the superuser to change the
+ permissions mask on a key.
+
+ Only bits the available bits are permitted; if any other bits are set,
+ error EINVAL will be returned.
+
+
+ (*) Describe a key:
+
+ long keyctl(KEYCTL_DESCRIBE, key_serial_t key, char *buffer,
+ size_t buflen);
+
+ This function returns a summary of the key's attributes (but not its
+ payload data) as a string in the buffer provided.
+
+ Unless there's an error, it always returns the amount of data it could
+ produce, even if that's too big for the buffer, but it won't copy more
+ than requested to userspace. If the buffer pointer is NULL then no copy
+ will take place.
+
+ A process must have view permission on the key for this function to be
+ successful.
+
+ If successful, a string is placed in the buffer in the following format:
+
+ <type>;<uid>;<gid>;<perm>;<description>
+
+ Where type and description are strings, uid and gid are decimal, and perm
+ is hexadecimal. A NUL character is included at the end of the string if
+ the buffer is sufficiently big.
+
+ This can be parsed with
+
+ sscanf(buffer, "%[^;];%d;%d;%o;%s", type, &uid, &gid, &mode, desc);
+
+
+ (*) Clear out a keyring:
+
+ long keyctl(KEYCTL_CLEAR, key_serial_t keyring);
+
+ This function clears the list of keys attached to a keyring. The calling
+ process must have write permission on the keyring, and it must be a
+ keyring (or else error ENOTDIR will result).
+
+
+ (*) Link a key into a keyring:
+
+ long keyctl(KEYCTL_LINK, key_serial_t keyring, key_serial_t key);
+
+ This function creates a link from the keyring to the key. The process
+ must have write permission on the keyring and must have link permission
+ on the key.
+
+ Should the keyring not be a keyring, error ENOTDIR will result; and if
+ the keyring is full, error ENFILE will result.
+
+ The link procedure checks the nesting of the keyrings, returning ELOOP if
+ it appears to deep or EDEADLK if the link would introduce a cycle.
+
+
+ (*) Unlink a key or keyring from another keyring:
+
+ long keyctl(KEYCTL_UNLINK, key_serial_t keyring, key_serial_t key);
+
+ This function looks through the keyring for the first link to the
+ specified key, and removes it if found. Subsequent links to that key are
+ ignored. The process must have write permission on the keyring.
+
+ If the keyring is not a keyring, error ENOTDIR will result; and if the
+ key is not present, error ENOENT will be the result.
+
+
+ (*) Search a keyring tree for a key:
+
+ key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_SEARCH, key_serial_t keyring,
+ const char *type, const char *description,
+ key_serial_t dest_keyring);
+
+ This searches the keyring tree headed by the specified keyring until a
+ key is found that matches the type and description criteria. Each keyring
+ is checked for keys before recursion into its children occurs.
+
+ The process must have search permission on the top level keyring, or else
+ error EACCES will result. Only keyrings that the process has search
+ permission on will be recursed into, and only keys and keyrings for which
+ a process has search permission can be matched. If the specified keyring
+ is not a keyring, ENOTDIR will result.
+
+ If the search succeeds, the function will attempt to link the found key
+ into the destination keyring if one is supplied (non-zero ID). All the
+ constraints applicable to KEYCTL_LINK apply in this case too.
+
+ Error ENOKEY, EKEYREVOKED or EKEYEXPIRED will be returned if the search
+ fails. On success, the resulting key ID will be returned.
+
+
+ (*) Read the payload data from a key:
+
+ key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_READ, key_serial_t keyring, char *buffer,
+ size_t buflen);
+
+ This function attempts to read the payload data from the specified key
+ into the buffer. The process must have read permission on the key to
+ succeed.
+
+ The returned data will be processed for presentation by the key type. For
+ instance, a keyring will return an array of key_serial_t entries
+ representing the IDs of all the keys to which it is subscribed. The user
+ defined key type will return its data as is. If a key type does not
+ implement this function, error EOPNOTSUPP will result.
+
+ As much of the data as can be fitted into the buffer will be copied to
+ userspace if the buffer pointer is not NULL.
+
+ On a successful return, the function will always return the amount of
+ data available rather than the amount copied.
+
+
+ (*) Instantiate a partially constructed key.
+
+ key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE, key_serial_t key,
+ const void *payload, size_t plen,
+ key_serial_t keyring);
+
+ If the kernel calls back to userspace to complete the instantiation of a
+ key, userspace should use this call to supply data for the key before the
+ invoked process returns, or else the key will be marked negative
+ automatically.
+
+ The process must have write access on the key to be able to instantiate
+ it, and the key must be uninstantiated.
+
+ If a keyring is specified (non-zero), the key will also be linked into
+ that keyring, however all the constraints applying in KEYCTL_LINK apply
+ in this case too.
+
+ The payload and plen arguments describe the payload data as for add_key().
+
+
+ (*) Negatively instantiate a partially constructed key.
+
+ key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_NEGATE, key_serial_t key,
+ unsigned timeout, key_serial_t keyring);
+
+ If the kernel calls back to userspace to complete the instantiation of a
+ key, userspace should use this call mark the key as negative before the
+ invoked process returns if it is unable to fulfil the request.
+
+ The process must have write access on the key to be able to instantiate
+ it, and the key must be uninstantiated.
+
+ If a keyring is specified (non-zero), the key will also be linked into
+ that keyring, however all the constraints applying in KEYCTL_LINK apply
+ in this case too.
+
+
+===============
+KERNEL SERVICES
+===============
+
+The kernel services for key managment are fairly simple to deal with. They can
+be broken down into two areas: keys and key types.
+
+Dealing with keys is fairly straightforward. Firstly, the kernel service
+registers its type, then it searches for a key of that type. It should retain
+the key as long as it has need of it, and then it should release it. For a
+filesystem or device file, a search would probably be performed during the
+open call, and the key released upon close. How to deal with conflicting keys
+due to two different users opening the same file is left to the filesystem
+author to solve.
+
+When accessing a key's payload data, key->lock should be at least read locked,
+or else the data may be changed by an update being performed from userspace
+whilst the driver or filesystem is trying to access it. If no update method is
+supplied, then the key's payload may be accessed without holding a lock as
+there is no way to change it, provided it can be guaranteed that the key's
+type definition won't go away.
+
+(*) To search for a key, call:
+
+ struct key *request_key(const struct key_type *type,
+ const char *description,
+ const char *callout_string);
+
+ This is used to request a key or keyring with a description that matches
+ the description specified according to the key type's match function. This
+ permits approximate matching to occur. If callout_string is not NULL, then
+ /sbin/request-key will be invoked in an attempt to obtain the key from
+ userspace. In that case, callout_string will be passed as an argument to
+ the program.
+
+ Should the function fail error ENOKEY, EKEYEXPIRED or EKEYREVOKED will be
+ returned.
+
+
+(*) When it is no longer required, the key should be released using:
+
+ void key_put(struct key *key);
+
+ This can be called from interrupt context. If CONFIG_KEYS is not set then
+ the argument will not be parsed.
+
+
+(*) Extra references can be made to a key by calling the following function:
+
+ struct key *key_get(struct key *key);
+
+ These need to be disposed of by calling key_put() when they've been
+ finished with. The key pointer passed in will be returned. If the pointer
+ is NULL or CONFIG_KEYS is not set then the key will not be dereferenced and
+ no increment will take place.
+
+
+(*) A key's serial number can be obtained by calling:
+
+ key_serial_t key_serial(struct key *key);
+
+ If key is NULL or if CONFIG_KEYS is not set then 0 will be returned (in the
+ latter case without parsing the argument).
+
+
+(*) If a keyring was found in the search, this can be further searched by:
+
+ struct key *keyring_search(struct key *keyring,
+ const struct key_type *type,
+ const char *description)
+
+ This searches the keyring tree specified for a matching key. Error ENOKEY
+ is returned upon failure. If successful, the returned key will need to be
+ released.
+
+
+(*) To check the validity of a key, this function can be called:
+
+ int validate_key(struct key *key);
+
+ This checks that the key in question hasn't expired or and hasn't been
+ revoked. Should the key be invalid, error EKEYEXPIRED or EKEYREVOKED will
+ be returned. If the key is NULL or if CONFIG_KEYS is not set then 0 will be
+ returned (in the latter case without parsing the argument).
+
+
+(*) To register a key type, the following function should be called:
+
+ int register_key_type(struct key_type *type);
+
+ This will return error EEXIST if a type of the same name is already
+ present.
+
+
+(*) To unregister a key type, call:
+
+ void unregister_key_type(struct key_type *type);
+
+
+===================
+DEFINING A KEY TYPE
+===================
+
+A kernel service may want to define its own key type. For instance, an AFS
+filesystem might want to define a Kerberos 5 ticket key type. To do this, it
+author fills in a struct key_type and registers it with the system.
+
+The structure has a number of fields, some of which are mandatory:
+
+ (*) const char *name
+
+ The name of the key type. This is used to translate a key type name
+ supplied by userspace into a pointer to the structure.
+
+
+ (*) size_t def_datalen
+
+ This is optional - it supplies the default payload data length as
+ contributed to the quota. If the key type's payload is always or almost
+ always the same size, then this is a more efficient way to do things.
+
+ The data length (and quota) on a particular key can always be changed
+ during instantiation or update by calling:
+
+ int key_payload_reserve(struct key *key, size_t datalen);
+
+ With the revised data length. Error EDQUOT will be returned if this is
+ not viable.
+
+
+ (*) int (*instantiate)(struct key *key, const void *data, size_t datalen);
+
+ This method is called to attach a payload to a key during construction.
+ The payload attached need not bear any relation to the data passed to
+ this function.
+
+ If the amount of data attached to the key differs from the size in
+ keytype->def_datalen, then key_payload_reserve() should be called.
+
+ This method does not have to lock the key in order to attach a payload.
+ The fact that KEY_FLAG_INSTANTIATED is not set in key->flags prevents
+ anything else from gaining access to the key.
+
+ This method may sleep if it wishes.
+
+
+ (*) int (*duplicate)(struct key *key, const struct key *source);
+
+ If this type of key can be duplicated, then this method should be
+ provided. It is called to copy the payload attached to the source into
+ the new key. The data length on the new key will have been updated and
+ the quota adjusted already.
+
+ This method will be called with the source key's semaphore read-locked to
+ prevent its payload from being changed. It is safe to sleep here.
+
+
+ (*) int (*update)(struct key *key, const void *data, size_t datalen);
+
+ If this type of key can be updated, then this method should be
+ provided. It is called to update a key's payload from the blob of data
+ provided.
+
+ key_payload_reserve() should be called if the data length might change
+ before any changes are actually made. Note that if this succeeds, the
+ type is committed to changing the key because it's already been altered,
+ so all memory allocation must be done first.
+
+ key_payload_reserve() should be called with the key->lock write locked,
+ and the changes to the key's attached payload should be made before the
+ key is locked.
+
+ The key will have its semaphore write-locked before this method is
+ called. Any changes to the key should be made with the key's rwlock
+ write-locked also. It is safe to sleep here.
+
+
+ (*) int (*match)(const struct key *key, const void *desc);
+
+ This method is called to match a key against a description. It should
+ return non-zero if the two match, zero if they don't.
+
+ This method should not need to lock the key in any way. The type and
+ description can be considered invariant, and the payload should not be
+ accessed (the key may not yet be instantiated).
+
+ It is not safe to sleep in this method; the caller may hold spinlocks.
+
+
+ (*) void (*destroy)(struct key *key);
+
+ This method is optional. It is called to discard the payload data on a
+ key when it is being destroyed.
+
+ This method does not need to lock the key; it can consider the key as
+ being inaccessible. Note that the key's type may have changed before this
+ function is called.
+
+ It is not safe to sleep in this method; the caller may hold spinlocks.
+
+
+ (*) void (*describe)(const struct key *key, struct seq_file *p);
+
+ This method is optional. It is called during /proc/keys reading to
+ summarise a key's description and payload in text form.
+
+ This method will be called with the key's rwlock read-locked. This will
+ prevent the key's payload and state changing; also the description should
+ not change. This also means it is not safe to sleep in this method.
+
+
+ (*) long (*read)(const struct key *key, char __user *buffer, size_t buflen);
+
+ This method is optional. It is called by KEYCTL_READ to translate the
+ key's payload into something a blob of data for userspace to deal
+ with. Ideally, the blob should be in the same format as that passed in to
+ the instantiate and update methods.
+
+ If successful, the blob size that could be produced should be returned
+ rather than the size copied.
+
+ This method will be called with the key's semaphore read-locked. This
+ will prevent the key's payload changing. It is not necessary to also
+ read-lock key->lock when accessing the key's payload. It is safe to sleep
+ in this method, such as might happen when the userspace buffer is
+ accessed.
+
+
+============================
+REQUEST-KEY CALLBACK SERVICE
+============================
+
+To create a new key, the kernel will attempt to execute the following command
+line:
+
+ /sbin/request-key create <key> <uid> <gid> \
+ <threadring> <processring> <sessionring> <callout_info>
+
+<key> is the key being constructed, and the three keyrings are the process
+keyrings from the process that caused the search to be issued. These are
+included for two reasons:
+
+ (1) There may be an authentication token in one of the keyrings that is
+ required to obtain the key, eg: a Kerberos Ticket-Granting Ticket.
+
+ (2) The new key should probably be cached in one of these rings.
+
+This program should set it UID and GID to those specified before attempting to
+access any more keys. It may then look around for a user specific process to
+hand the request off to (perhaps a path held in placed in another key by, for
+example, the KDE desktop manager).
+
+The program (or whatever it calls) should finish construction of the key by
+calling KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE, which also permits it to cache the key in one of
+the keyrings (probably the session ring) before returning. Alternatively, the
+key can be marked as negative with KEYCTL_NEGATE; this also permits the key to
+be cached in one of the keyrings.
+
+If it returns with the key remaining in the unconstructed state, the key will
+be marked as being negative, it will be added to the session keyring, and an
+error will be returned to the key requestor.
+
+Supplementary information may be provided from whoever or whatever invoked
+this service. This will be passed as the <callout_info> parameter. If no such
+information was made available, then "-" will be passed as this parameter
+instead.
+
+
+Similarly, the kernel may attempt to update an expired or a soon to expire key
+by executing:
+
+ /sbin/request-key update <key> <uid> <gid> \
+ <threadring> <processring> <sessionring>
+
+In this case, the program isn't required to actually attach the key to a ring;
+the rings are provided for reference.
diff --git a/Documentation/kobject.txt b/Documentation/kobject.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d9bffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/kobject.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+The kobject Infrastructure
+
+Patrick Mochel <mochel@osdl.org>
+
+Updated: 3 June 2003
+
+
+Copyright (c) 2003 Patrick Mochel
+Copyright (c) 2003 Open Source Development Labs
+
+
+0. Introduction
+
+The kobject infrastructure performs basic object management that larger
+data structures and subsystems can leverage, rather than reimplement
+similar functionality. This functionality primarily concerns:
+
+- Object reference counting.
+- Maintaining lists (sets) of objects.
+- Object set locking.
+- Userspace representation.
+
+The infrastructure consists of a number of object types to support
+this functionality. Their programming interfaces are described below
+in detail, and briefly here:
+
+- kobjects a simple object.
+- kset a set of objects of a certain type.
+- ktype a set of helpers for objects of a common type.
+- subsystem a controlling object for a number of ksets.
+
+
+The kobject infrastructure maintains a close relationship with the
+sysfs filesystem. Each kobject that is registered with the kobject
+core receives a directory in sysfs. Attributes about the kobject can
+then be exported. Please see Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt for
+more information.
+
+The kobject infrastructure provides a flexible programming interface,
+and allows kobjects and ksets to be used without being registered
+(i.e. with no sysfs representation). This is also described later.
+
+
+1. kobjects
+
+1.1 Description
+
+
+struct kobject is a simple data type that provides a foundation for
+more complex object types. It provides a set of basic fields that
+almost all complex data types share. kobjects are intended to be
+embedded in larger data structures and replace fields they duplicate.
+
+1.2 Defintion
+
+struct kobject {
+ char name[KOBJ_NAME_LEN];
+ atomic_t refcount;
+ struct list_head entry;
+ struct kobject * parent;
+ struct kset * kset;
+ struct kobj_type * ktype;
+ struct dentry * dentry;
+};
+
+void kobject_init(struct kobject *);
+int kobject_add(struct kobject *);
+int kobject_register(struct kobject *);
+
+void kobject_del(struct kobject *);
+void kobject_unregister(struct kobject *);
+
+struct kobject * kobject_get(struct kobject *);
+void kobject_put(struct kobject *);
+
+
+1.3 kobject Programming Interface
+
+kobjects may be dynamically added and removed from the kobject core
+using kobject_register() and kobject_unregister(). Registration
+includes inserting the kobject in the list of its dominant kset and
+creating a directory for it in sysfs.
+
+Alternatively, one may use a kobject without adding it to its kset's list
+or exporting it via sysfs, by simply calling kobject_init(). An
+initialized kobject may later be added to the object hierarchy by
+calling kobject_add(). An initialized kobject may be used for
+reference counting.
+
+Note: calling kobject_init() then kobject_add() is functionally
+equivalent to calling kobject_register().
+
+When a kobject is unregistered, it is removed from its kset's list,
+removed from the sysfs filesystem, and its reference count is decremented.
+List and sysfs removal happen in kobject_del(), and may be called
+manually. kobject_put() decrements the reference count, and may also
+be called manually.
+
+A kobject's reference count may be incremented with kobject_get(),
+which returns a valid reference to a kobject; and decremented with
+kobject_put(). An object's reference count may only be incremented if
+it is already positive.
+
+When a kobject's reference count reaches 0, the method struct
+kobj_type::release() (which the kobject's kset points to) is called.
+This allows any memory allocated for the object to be freed.
+
+
+NOTE!!!
+
+It is _imperative_ that you supply a destructor for dynamically
+allocated kobjects to free them if you are using kobject reference
+counts. The reference count controls the lifetime of the object.
+If it goes to 0, then it is assumed that the object will
+be freed and cannot be used.
+
+More importantly, you must free the object there, and not immediately
+after an unregister call. If someone else is referencing the object
+(e.g. through a sysfs file), they will obtain a reference to the
+object, assume it's valid and operate on it. If the object is
+unregistered and freed in the meantime, the operation will then
+reference freed memory and go boom.
+
+This can be prevented, in the simplest case, by defining a release
+method and freeing the object from there only. Note that this will not
+secure reference count/object management models that use a dual
+reference count or do other wacky things with the reference count
+(like the networking layer).
+
+
+1.4 sysfs
+
+Each kobject receives a directory in sysfs. This directory is created
+under the kobject's parent directory.
+
+If a kobject does not have a parent when it is registered, its parent
+becomes its dominant kset.
+
+If a kobject does not have a parent nor a dominant kset, its directory
+is created at the top-level of the sysfs partition. This should only
+happen for kobjects that are embedded in a struct subsystem.
+
+
+
+2. ksets
+
+2.1 Description
+
+A kset is a set of kobjects that are embedded in the same type.
+
+
+struct kset {
+ struct subsystem * subsys;
+ struct kobj_type * ktype;
+ struct list_head list;
+ struct kobject kobj;
+};
+
+
+void kset_init(struct kset * k);
+int kset_add(struct kset * k);
+int kset_register(struct kset * k);
+void kset_unregister(struct kset * k);
+
+struct kset * kset_get(struct kset * k);
+void kset_put(struct kset * k);
+
+struct kobject * kset_find_obj(struct kset *, char *);
+
+
+The type that the kobjects are embedded in is described by the ktype
+pointer. The subsystem that the kobject belongs to is pointed to by the
+subsys pointer.
+
+A kset contains a kobject itself, meaning that it may be registered in
+the kobject hierarchy and exported via sysfs. More importantly, the
+kset may be embedded in a larger data type, and may be part of another
+kset (of that object type).
+
+For example, a block device is an object (struct gendisk) that is
+contained in a set of block devices. It may also contain a set of
+partitions (struct hd_struct) that have been found on the device. The
+following code snippet illustrates how to express this properly.
+
+ struct gendisk * disk;
+ ...
+ disk->kset.kobj.kset = &block_kset;
+ disk->kset.ktype = &partition_ktype;
+ kset_register(&disk->kset);
+
+- The kset that the disk's embedded object belongs to is the
+ block_kset, and is pointed to by disk->kset.kobj.kset.
+
+- The type of objects on the disk's _subordinate_ list are partitions,
+ and is set in disk->kset.ktype.
+
+- The kset is then registered, which handles initializing and adding
+ the embedded kobject to the hierarchy.
+
+
+2.2 kset Programming Interface
+
+All kset functions, except kset_find_obj(), eventually forward the
+calls to their embedded kobjects after performing kset-specific
+operations. ksets offer a similar programming model to kobjects: they
+may be used after they are initialized, without registering them in
+the hierarchy.
+
+kset_find_obj() may be used to locate a kobject with a particular
+name. The kobject, if found, is returned.
+
+
+2.3 sysfs
+
+ksets are represented in sysfs when their embedded kobjects are
+registered. They follow the same rules of parenting, with one
+exception. If a kset does not have a parent, nor is its embedded
+kobject part of another kset, the kset's parent becomes its dominant
+subsystem.
+
+If the kset does not have a parent, its directory is created at the
+sysfs root. This should only happen when the kset registered is
+embedded in a subsystem itself.
+
+
+3. struct ktype
+
+3.1. Description
+
+struct kobj_type {
+ void (*release)(struct kobject *);
+ struct sysfs_ops * sysfs_ops;
+ struct attribute ** default_attrs;
+};
+
+
+Object types require specific functions for converting between the
+generic object and the more complex type. struct kobj_type provides
+the object-specific fields, which include:
+
+- release: Called when the kobject's reference count reaches 0. This
+ should convert the object to the more complex type and free it.
+
+- sysfs_ops: Provides conversion functions for sysfs access. Please
+ see the sysfs documentation for more information.
+
+- default_attrs: Default attributes to be exported via sysfs when the
+ object is registered.Note that the last attribute has to be
+ initialized to NULL ! You can find a complete implementation
+ in drivers/block/genhd.c
+
+
+Instances of struct kobj_type are not registered; only referenced by
+the kset. A kobj_type may be referenced by an arbitrary number of
+ksets, as there may be disparate sets of identical objects.
+
+
+
+4. subsystems
+
+4.1 Description
+
+A subsystem represents a significant entity of code that maintains an
+arbitrary number of sets of objects of various types. Since the number
+of ksets and the type of objects they contain are variable, a
+generic representation of a subsystem is minimal.
+
+
+struct subsystem {
+ struct kset kset;
+ struct rw_semaphore rwsem;
+};
+
+int subsystem_register(struct subsystem *);
+void subsystem_unregister(struct subsystem *);
+
+struct subsystem * subsys_get(struct subsystem * s);
+void subsys_put(struct subsystem * s);
+
+
+A subsystem contains an embedded kset so:
+
+- It can be represented in the object hierarchy via the kset's
+ embedded kobject.
+
+- It can maintain a default list of objects of one type.
+
+Additional ksets may attach to the subsystem simply by referencing the
+subsystem before they are registered. (This one-way reference means
+that there is no way to determine the ksets that are attached to the
+subsystem.)
+
+All ksets that are attached to a subsystem share the subsystem's R/W
+semaphore.
+
+
+4.2 subsystem Programming Interface.
+
+The subsystem programming interface is simple and does not offer the
+flexibility that the kset and kobject programming interfaces do. They
+may be registered and unregistered, as well as reference counted. Each
+call forwards the calls to their embedded ksets (which forward the
+calls to their embedded kobjects).
+
+
+4.3 Helpers
+
+A number of macros are available to make dealing with subsystems and
+their embedded objects easier.
+
+
+decl_subsys(name,type)
+
+Declares a subsystem named '<name>_subsys', with an embedded kset of
+type <type>. For example,
+
+decl_subsys(devices,&ktype_devices);
+
+is equivalent to doing:
+
+struct subsystem device_subsys = {
+ .kset = {
+ .kobj = {
+ .name = "devices",
+ },
+ .ktype = &ktype_devices,
+ }
+};
+
+
+The objects that are registered with a subsystem that use the
+subsystem's default list must have their kset ptr set properly. These
+objects may have embedded kobjects, ksets, or other subsystems. The
+following helpers make setting the kset easier:
+
+
+kobj_set_kset_s(obj,subsys)
+
+- Assumes that obj->kobj exists, and is a struct kobject.
+- Sets the kset of that kobject to the subsystem's embedded kset.
+
+
+kset_set_kset_s(obj,subsys)
+
+- Assumes that obj->kset exists, and is a struct kset.
+- Sets the kset of the embedded kobject to the subsystem's
+ embedded kset.
+
+subsys_set_kset(obj,subsys)
+
+- Assumes obj->subsys exists, and is a struct subsystem.
+- Sets obj->subsys.kset.kobj.kset to the subsystem's embedded kset.
+
+
+4.4 sysfs
+
+subsystems are represented in sysfs via their embedded kobjects. They
+follow the same rules as previously mentioned with no exceptions. They
+typically receive a top-level directory in sysfs, except when their
+embedded kobject is part of another kset, or the parent of the
+embedded kobject is explicitly set.
+
+Note that the subsystem's embedded kset must be 'attached' to the
+subsystem itself in order to use its rwsem. This is done after
+kset_add() has been called. (Not before, because kset_add() uses its
+subsystem for a default parent if it doesn't already have one).
+
diff --git a/Documentation/laptop-mode.txt b/Documentation/laptop-mode.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc4e810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/laptop-mode.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,950 @@
+How to conserve battery power using laptop-mode
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+Document Author: Bart Samwel (bart@samwel.tk)
+Date created: January 2, 2004
+Last modified: July 10, 2004
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Laptop mode is used to minimize the time that the hard disk needs to be spun up,
+to conserve battery power on laptops. It has been reported to cause significant
+power savings.
+
+Contents
+--------
+
+* Introduction
+* Installation
+* Caveats
+* The Details
+* Tips & Tricks
+* Control script
+* ACPI integration
+* Monitoring tool
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+To use laptop mode, you don't need to set any kernel configuration options
+or anything. Simply install all the files included in this document, and
+laptop mode will automatically be started when you're on battery. For
+your convenience, a tarball containing an installer can be downloaded at:
+
+http://www.xs4all.nl/~bsamwel/laptop_mode/tools
+
+To configure laptop mode, you need to edit the configuration file, which is
+located in /etc/default/laptop-mode on Debian-based systems, or in
+/etc/sysconfig/laptop-mode on other systems.
+
+Unfortunately, automatic enabling of laptop mode does not work for
+laptops that don't have ACPI. On those laptops, you need to start laptop
+mode manually. To start laptop mode, run "laptop_mode start", and to
+stop it, run "laptop_mode stop". (Note: The laptop mode tools package now
+has experimental support for APM, you might want to try that first.)
+
+
+Caveats
+-------
+
+* The downside of laptop mode is that you have a chance of losing up to 10
+ minutes of work. If you cannot afford this, don't use it! The supplied ACPI
+ scripts automatically turn off laptop mode when the battery almost runs out,
+ so that you won't lose any data at the end of your battery life.
+
+* Most desktop hard drives have a very limited lifetime measured in spindown
+ cycles, typically about 50.000 times (it's usually listed on the spec sheet).
+ Check your drive's rating, and don't wear down your drive's lifetime if you
+ don't need to.
+
+* If you mount some of your ext3/reiserfs filesystems with the -n option, then
+ the control script will not be able to remount them correctly. You must set
+ DO_REMOUNTS=0 in the control script, otherwise it will remount them with the
+ wrong options -- or it will fail because it cannot write to /etc/mtab.
+
+* If you have your filesystems listed as type "auto" in fstab, like I did, then
+ the control script will not recognize them as filesystems that need remounting.
+ You must list the filesystems with their true type instead.
+
+* It has been reported that some versions of the mutt mail client use file access
+ times to determine whether a folder contains new mail. If you use mutt and
+ experience this, you must disable the noatime remounting by setting the option
+ DO_REMOUNT_NOATIME to 0 in the configuration file.
+
+
+The Details
+-----------
+
+Laptop mode is controlled by the knob /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode. This knob is
+present for all kernels that have the laptop mode patch, regardless of any
+configuration options. When the knob is set, any physical disk I/O (that might
+have caused the hard disk to spin up) causes Linux to flush all dirty blocks. The
+result of this is that after a disk has spun down, it will not be spun up
+anymore to write dirty blocks, because those blocks had already been written
+immediately after the most recent read operation. The value of the laptop_mode
+knob determines the time between the occurrence of disk I/O and when the flush
+is triggered. A sensible value for the knob is 5 seconds. Setting the knob to
+0 disables laptop mode.
+
+To increase the effectiveness of the laptop_mode strategy, the laptop_mode
+control script increases dirty_expire_centisecs and dirty_writeback_centisecs in
+/proc/sys/vm to about 10 minutes (by default), which means that pages that are
+dirtied are not forced to be written to disk as often. The control script also
+changes the dirty background ratio, so that background writeback of dirty pages
+is not done anymore. Combined with a higher commit value (also 10 minutes) for
+ext3 or ReiserFS filesystems (also done automatically by the control script),
+this results in concentration of disk activity in a small time interval which
+occurs only once every 10 minutes, or whenever the disk is forced to spin up by
+a cache miss. The disk can then be spun down in the periods of inactivity.
+
+If you want to find out which process caused the disk to spin up, you can
+gather information by setting the flag /proc/sys/vm/block_dump. When this flag
+is set, Linux reports all disk read and write operations that take place, and
+all block dirtyings done to files. This makes it possible to debug why a disk
+needs to spin up, and to increase battery life even more. The output of
+block_dump is written to the kernel output, and it can be retrieved using
+"dmesg". When you use block_dump and your kernel logging level also includes
+kernel debugging messages, you probably want to turn off klogd, otherwise
+the output of block_dump will be logged, causing disk activity that is not
+normally there.
+
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+The laptop mode configuration file is located in /etc/default/laptop-mode on
+Debian-based systems, or in /etc/sysconfig/laptop-mode on other systems. It
+contains the following options:
+
+MAX_AGE:
+
+Maximum time, in seconds, of hard drive spindown time that you are
+confortable with. Worst case, it's possible that you could lose this
+amount of work if your battery fails while you're in laptop mode.
+
+MINIMUM_BATTERY_MINUTES:
+
+Automatically disable laptop mode if the remaining number of minutes of
+battery power is less than this value. Default is 10 minutes.
+
+AC_HD/BATT_HD:
+
+The idle timeout that should be set on your hard drive when laptop mode
+is active (BATT_HD) and when it is not active (AC_HD). The defaults are
+20 seconds (value 4) for BATT_HD and 2 hours (value 244) for AC_HD. The
+possible values are those listed in the manual page for "hdparm" for the
+"-S" option.
+
+HD:
+
+The devices for which the spindown timeout should be adjusted by laptop mode.
+Default is /dev/hda. If you specify multiple devices, separate them by a space.
+
+READAHEAD:
+
+Disk readahead, in 512-byte sectors, while laptop mode is active. A large
+readahead can prevent disk accesses for things like executable pages (which are
+loaded on demand while the application executes) and sequentially accessed data
+(MP3s).
+
+DO_REMOUNTS:
+
+The control script automatically remounts any mounted journaled filesystems
+with approriate commit interval options. When this option is set to 0, this
+feature is disabled.
+
+DO_REMOUNT_NOATIME:
+
+When remounting, should the filesystems be remounted with the noatime option?
+Normally, this is set to "1" (enabled), but there may be programs that require
+access time recording.
+
+DIRTY_RATIO:
+
+The percentage of memory that is allowed to contain "dirty" or unsaved data
+before a writeback is forced, while laptop mode is active. Corresponds to
+the /proc/sys/vm/dirty_ratio sysctl.
+
+DIRTY_BACKGROUND_RATIO:
+
+The percentage of memory that is allowed to contain "dirty" or unsaved data
+after a forced writeback is done due to an exceeding of DIRTY_RATIO. Set
+this nice and low. This corresponds to the /proc/sys/vm/dirty_background_ratio
+sysctl.
+
+Note that the behaviour of dirty_background_ratio is quite different
+when laptop mode is active and when it isn't. When laptop mode is inactive,
+dirty_background_ratio is the threshold percentage at which background writeouts
+start taking place. When laptop mode is active, however, background writeouts
+are disabled, and the dirty_background_ratio only determines how much writeback
+is done when dirty_ratio is reached.
+
+DO_CPU:
+
+Enable CPU frequency scaling when in laptop mode. (Requires CPUFreq to be setup.
+See Documentation/cpu-freq/user-guide.txt for more info. Disabled by default.)
+
+CPU_MAXFREQ:
+
+When on battery, what is the maximum CPU speed that the system should use? Legal
+values are "slowest" for the slowest speed that your CPU is able to operate at,
+or a value listed in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_available_frequencies.
+
+
+Tips & Tricks
+-------------
+
+* Bartek Kania reports getting up to 50 minutes of extra battery life (on top
+ of his regular 3 to 3.5 hours) using a spindown time of 5 seconds (BATT_HD=1).
+
+* You can spin down the disk while playing MP3, by setting disk readahead
+ to 8MB (READAHEAD=16384). Effectively, the disk will read a complete MP3 at
+ once, and will then spin down while the MP3 is playing. (Thanks to Bartek
+ Kania.)
+
+* Drew Scott Daniels observed: "I don't know why, but when I decrease the number
+ of colours that my display uses it consumes less battery power. I've seen
+ this on powerbooks too. I hope that this is a piece of information that
+ might be useful to the Laptop Mode patch or it's users."
+
+* In syslog.conf, you can prefix entries with a dash ``-'' to omit syncing the
+ file after every logging. When you're using laptop-mode and your disk doesn't
+ spin down, this is a likely culprit.
+
+* Richard Atterer observed that laptop mode does not work well with noflushd
+ (http://noflushd.sourceforge.net/), it seems that noflushd prevents laptop-mode
+ from doing its thing.
+
+* If you're worried about your data, you might want to consider using a USB
+ memory stick or something like that as a "working area". (Be aware though
+ that flash memory can only handle a limited number of writes, and overuse
+ may wear out your memory stick pretty quickly. Do _not_ use journalling
+ filesystems on flash memory sticks.)
+
+
+Configuration file for control and ACPI battery scripts
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+This allows the tunables to be changed for the scripts via an external
+configuration file
+
+It should be installed as /etc/default/laptop-mode on Debian, and as
+/etc/sysconfig/laptop-mode on Red Hat, SUSE, Mandrake, and other work-alikes.
+
+--------------------CONFIG FILE BEGIN-------------------------------------------
+# Maximum time, in seconds, of hard drive spindown time that you are
+# confortable with. Worst case, it's possible that you could lose this
+# amount of work if your battery fails you while in laptop mode.
+#MAX_AGE=600
+
+# Automatically disable laptop mode when the number of minutes of battery
+# that you have left goes below this threshold.
+MINIMUM_BATTERY_MINUTES=10
+
+# Read-ahead, in 512-byte sectors. You can spin down the disk while playing MP3/OGG
+# by setting the disk readahead to 8MB (READAHEAD=16384). Effectively, the disk
+# will read a complete MP3 at once, and will then spin down while the MP3/OGG is
+# playing.
+#READAHEAD=4096
+
+# Shall we remount journaled fs. with appropriate commit interval? (1=yes)
+#DO_REMOUNTS=1
+
+# And shall we add the "noatime" option to that as well? (1=yes)
+#DO_REMOUNT_NOATIME=1
+
+# Dirty synchronous ratio. At this percentage of dirty pages the process
+# which
+# calls write() does its own writeback
+#DIRTY_RATIO=40
+
+#
+# Allowed dirty background ratio, in percent. Once DIRTY_RATIO has been
+# exceeded, the kernel will wake pdflush which will then reduce the amount
+# of dirty memory to dirty_background_ratio. Set this nice and low, so once
+# some writeout has commenced, we do a lot of it.
+#
+#DIRTY_BACKGROUND_RATIO=5
+
+# kernel default dirty buffer age
+#DEF_AGE=30
+#DEF_UPDATE=5
+#DEF_DIRTY_BACKGROUND_RATIO=10
+#DEF_DIRTY_RATIO=40
+#DEF_XFS_AGE_BUFFER=15
+#DEF_XFS_SYNC_INTERVAL=30
+#DEF_XFS_BUFD_INTERVAL=1
+
+# This must be adjusted manually to the value of HZ in the running kernel
+# on 2.4, until the XFS people change their 2.4 external interfaces to work in
+# centisecs. This can be automated, but it's a work in progress that still
+# needs# some fixes. On 2.6 kernels, XFS uses USER_HZ instead of HZ for
+# external interfaces, and that is currently always set to 100. So you don't
+# need to change this on 2.6.
+#XFS_HZ=100
+
+# Should the maximum CPU frequency be adjusted down while on battery?
+# Requires CPUFreq to be setup.
+# See Documentation/cpu-freq/user-guide.txt for more info
+#DO_CPU=0
+
+# When on battery what is the maximum CPU speed that the system should
+# use? Legal values are "slowest" for the slowest speed that your
+# CPU is able to operate at, or a value listed in:
+# /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_available_frequencies
+# Only applicable if DO_CPU=1.
+#CPU_MAXFREQ=slowest
+
+# Idle timeout for your hard drive (man hdparm for valid values, -S option)
+# Default is 2 hours on AC (AC_HD=244) and 20 seconds for battery (BATT_HD=4).
+#AC_HD=244
+#BATT_HD=4
+
+# The drives for which to adjust the idle timeout. Separate them by a space,
+# e.g. HD="/dev/hda /dev/hdb".
+#HD="/dev/hda"
+
+# Set the spindown timeout on a hard drive?
+#DO_HD=1
+
+--------------------CONFIG FILE END---------------------------------------------
+
+
+Control script
+--------------
+
+Please note that this control script works for the Linux 2.4 and 2.6 series (thanks
+to Kiko Piris).
+
+--------------------CONTROL SCRIPT BEGIN----------------------------------------
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# start or stop laptop_mode, best run by a power management daemon when
+# ac gets connected/disconnected from a laptop
+#
+# install as /sbin/laptop_mode
+#
+# Contributors to this script: Kiko Piris
+# Bart Samwel
+# Micha Feigin
+# Andrew Morton
+# Herve Eychenne
+# Dax Kelson
+#
+# Original Linux 2.4 version by: Jens Axboe
+
+#############################################################################
+
+# Source config
+if [ -f /etc/default/laptop-mode ] ; then
+ # Debian
+ . /etc/default/laptop-mode
+elif [ -f /etc/sysconfig/laptop-mode ] ; then
+ # Others
+ . /etc/sysconfig/laptop-mode
+fi
+
+# Don't raise an error if the config file is incomplete
+# set defaults instead:
+
+# Maximum time, in seconds, of hard drive spindown time that you are
+# confortable with. Worst case, it's possible that you could lose this
+# amount of work if your battery fails you while in laptop mode.
+MAX_AGE=${MAX_AGE:-'600'}
+
+# Read-ahead, in kilobytes
+READAHEAD=${READAHEAD:-'4096'}
+
+# Shall we remount journaled fs. with appropiate commit interval? (1=yes)
+DO_REMOUNTS=${DO_REMOUNTS:-'1'}
+
+# And shall we add the "noatime" option to that as well? (1=yes)
+DO_REMOUNT_NOATIME=${DO_REMOUNT_NOATIME:-'1'}
+
+# Shall we adjust the idle timeout on a hard drive?
+DO_HD=${DO_HD:-'1'}
+
+# Adjust idle timeout on which hard drive?
+HD="${HD:-'/dev/hda'}"
+
+# spindown time for HD (hdparm -S values)
+AC_HD=${AC_HD:-'244'}
+BATT_HD=${BATT_HD:-'4'}
+
+# Dirty synchronous ratio. At this percentage of dirty pages the process which
+# calls write() does its own writeback
+DIRTY_RATIO=${DIRTY_RATIO:-'40'}
+
+# cpu frequency scaling
+# See Documentation/cpu-freq/user-guide.txt for more info
+DO_CPU=${CPU_MANAGE:-'0'}
+CPU_MAXFREQ=${CPU_MAXFREQ:-'slowest'}
+
+#
+# Allowed dirty background ratio, in percent. Once DIRTY_RATIO has been
+# exceeded, the kernel will wake pdflush which will then reduce the amount
+# of dirty memory to dirty_background_ratio. Set this nice and low, so once
+# some writeout has commenced, we do a lot of it.
+#
+DIRTY_BACKGROUND_RATIO=${DIRTY_BACKGROUND_RATIO:-'5'}
+
+# kernel default dirty buffer age
+DEF_AGE=${DEF_AGE:-'30'}
+DEF_UPDATE=${DEF_UPDATE:-'5'}
+DEF_DIRTY_BACKGROUND_RATIO=${DEF_DIRTY_BACKGROUND_RATIO:-'10'}
+DEF_DIRTY_RATIO=${DEF_DIRTY_RATIO:-'40'}
+DEF_XFS_AGE_BUFFER=${DEF_XFS_AGE_BUFFER:-'15'}
+DEF_XFS_SYNC_INTERVAL=${DEF_XFS_SYNC_INTERVAL:-'30'}
+DEF_XFS_BUFD_INTERVAL=${DEF_XFS_BUFD_INTERVAL:-'1'}
+
+# This must be adjusted manually to the value of HZ in the running kernel
+# on 2.4, until the XFS people change their 2.4 external interfaces to work in
+# centisecs. This can be automated, but it's a work in progress that still needs
+# some fixes. On 2.6 kernels, XFS uses USER_HZ instead of HZ for external
+# interfaces, and that is currently always set to 100. So you don't need to
+# change this on 2.6.
+XFS_HZ=${XFS_HZ:-'100'}
+
+#############################################################################
+
+KLEVEL="$(uname -r |
+ {
+ IFS='.' read a b c
+ echo $a.$b
+ }
+)"
+case "$KLEVEL" in
+ "2.4"|"2.6")
+ ;;
+ *)
+ echo "Unhandled kernel version: $KLEVEL ('uname -r' = '$(uname -r)')" >&2
+ exit 1
+ ;;
+esac
+
+if [ ! -e /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode ] ; then
+ echo "Kernel is not patched with laptop_mode patch." >&2
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ ! -w /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode ] ; then
+ echo "You do not have enough privileges to enable laptop_mode." >&2
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove an option (the first parameter) of the form option=<number> from
+# a mount options string (the rest of the parameters).
+parse_mount_opts () {
+ OPT="$1"
+ shift
+ echo ",$*," | sed \
+ -e 's/,'"$OPT"'=[0-9]*,/,/g' \
+ -e 's/,,*/,/g' \
+ -e 's/^,//' \
+ -e 's/,$//'
+}
+
+# Remove an option (the first parameter) without any arguments from
+# a mount option string (the rest of the parameters).
+parse_nonumber_mount_opts () {
+ OPT="$1"
+ shift
+ echo ",$*," | sed \
+ -e 's/,'"$OPT"',/,/g' \
+ -e 's/,,*/,/g' \
+ -e 's/^,//' \
+ -e 's/,$//'
+}
+
+# Find out the state of a yes/no option (e.g. "atime"/"noatime") in
+# fstab for a given filesystem, and use this state to replace the
+# value of the option in another mount options string. The device
+# is the first argument, the option name the second, and the default
+# value the third. The remainder is the mount options string.
+#
+# Example:
+# parse_yesno_opts_wfstab /dev/hda1 atime atime defaults,noatime
+#
+# If fstab contains, say, "rw" for this filesystem, then the result
+# will be "defaults,atime".
+parse_yesno_opts_wfstab () {
+ L_DEV="$1"
+ OPT="$2"
+ DEF_OPT="$3"
+ shift 3
+ L_OPTS="$*"
+ PARSEDOPTS1="$(parse_nonumber_mount_opts $OPT $L_OPTS)"
+ PARSEDOPTS1="$(parse_nonumber_mount_opts no$OPT $PARSEDOPTS1)"
+ # Watch for a default atime in fstab
+ FSTAB_OPTS="$(awk '$1 == "'$L_DEV'" { print $4 }' /etc/fstab)"
+ if echo "$FSTAB_OPTS" | grep "$OPT" > /dev/null ; then
+ # option specified in fstab: extract the value and use it
+ if echo "$FSTAB_OPTS" | grep "no$OPT" > /dev/null ; then
+ echo "$PARSEDOPTS1,no$OPT"
+ else
+ # no$OPT not found -- so we must have $OPT.
+ echo "$PARSEDOPTS1,$OPT"
+ fi
+ else
+ # option not specified in fstab -- choose the default.
+ echo "$PARSEDOPTS1,$DEF_OPT"
+ fi
+}
+
+# Find out the state of a numbered option (e.g. "commit=NNN") in
+# fstab for a given filesystem, and use this state to replace the
+# value of the option in another mount options string. The device
+# is the first argument, and the option name the second. The
+# remainder is the mount options string in which the replacement
+# must be done.
+#
+# Example:
+# parse_mount_opts_wfstab /dev/hda1 commit defaults,commit=7
+#
+# If fstab contains, say, "commit=3,rw" for this filesystem, then the
+# result will be "rw,commit=3".
+parse_mount_opts_wfstab () {
+ L_DEV="$1"
+ OPT="$2"
+ shift 2
+ L_OPTS="$*"
+ PARSEDOPTS1="$(parse_mount_opts $OPT $L_OPTS)"
+ # Watch for a default commit in fstab
+ FSTAB_OPTS="$(awk '$1 == "'$L_DEV'" { print $4 }' /etc/fstab)"
+ if echo "$FSTAB_OPTS" | grep "$OPT=" > /dev/null ; then
+ # option specified in fstab: extract the value, and use it
+ echo -n "$PARSEDOPTS1,$OPT="
+ echo ",$FSTAB_OPTS," | sed \
+ -e 's/.*,'"$OPT"'=//' \
+ -e 's/,.*//'
+ else
+ # option not specified in fstab: set it to 0
+ echo "$PARSEDOPTS1,$OPT=0"
+ fi
+}
+
+deduce_fstype () {
+ MP="$1"
+ # My root filesystem unfortunately has
+ # type "unknown" in /etc/mtab. If we encounter
+ # "unknown", we try to get the type from fstab.
+ cat /etc/fstab |
+ grep -v '^#' |
+ while read FSTAB_DEV FSTAB_MP FSTAB_FST FSTAB_OPTS FSTAB_DUMP FSTAB_DUMP ; do
+ if [ "$FSTAB_MP" = "$MP" ]; then
+ echo $FSTAB_FST
+ exit 0
+ fi
+ done
+}
+
+if [ $DO_REMOUNT_NOATIME -eq 1 ] ; then
+ NOATIME_OPT=",noatime"
+fi
+
+case "$1" in
+ start)
+ AGE=$((100*$MAX_AGE))
+ XFS_AGE=$(($XFS_HZ*$MAX_AGE))
+ echo -n "Starting laptop_mode"
+
+ if [ -d /proc/sys/vm/pagebuf ] ; then
+ # (For 2.4 and early 2.6.)
+ # This only needs to be set, not reset -- it is only used when
+ # laptop mode is enabled.
+ echo $XFS_AGE > /proc/sys/vm/pagebuf/lm_flush_age
+ echo $XFS_AGE > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/lm_sync_interval
+ elif [ -f /proc/sys/fs/xfs/lm_age_buffer ] ; then
+ # (A couple of early 2.6 laptop mode patches had these.)
+ # The same goes for these.
+ echo $XFS_AGE > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/lm_age_buffer
+ echo $XFS_AGE > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/lm_sync_interval
+ elif [ -f /proc/sys/fs/xfs/age_buffer ] ; then
+ # (2.6.6)
+ # But not for these -- they are also used in normal
+ # operation.
+ echo $XFS_AGE > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/age_buffer
+ echo $XFS_AGE > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/sync_interval
+ elif [ -f /proc/sys/fs/xfs/age_buffer_centisecs ] ; then
+ # (2.6.7 upwards)
+ # And not for these either. These are in centisecs,
+ # not USER_HZ, so we have to use $AGE, not $XFS_AGE.
+ echo $AGE > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/age_buffer_centisecs
+ echo $AGE > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/xfssyncd_centisecs
+ echo 3000 > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/xfsbufd_centisecs
+ fi
+
+ case "$KLEVEL" in
+ "2.4")
+ echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode
+ echo "30 500 0 0 $AGE $AGE 60 20 0" > /proc/sys/vm/bdflush
+ ;;
+ "2.6")
+ echo 5 > /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode
+ echo "$AGE" > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs
+ echo "$AGE" > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_expire_centisecs
+ echo "$DIRTY_RATIO" > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_ratio
+ echo "$DIRTY_BACKGROUND_RATIO" > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_background_ratio
+ ;;
+ esac
+ if [ $DO_REMOUNTS -eq 1 ]; then
+ cat /etc/mtab | while read DEV MP FST OPTS DUMP PASS ; do
+ PARSEDOPTS="$(parse_mount_opts "$OPTS")"
+ if [ "$FST" = 'unknown' ]; then
+ FST=$(deduce_fstype $MP)
+ fi
+ case "$FST" in
+ "ext3"|"reiserfs")
+ PARSEDOPTS="$(parse_mount_opts commit "$OPTS")"
+ mount $DEV -t $FST $MP -o remount,$PARSEDOPTS,commit=$MAX_AGE$NOATIME_OPT
+ ;;
+ "xfs")
+ mount $DEV -t $FST $MP -o remount,$OPTS$NOATIME_OPT
+ ;;
+ esac
+ if [ -b $DEV ] ; then
+ blockdev --setra $(($READAHEAD * 2)) $DEV
+ fi
+ done
+ fi
+ if [ $DO_HD -eq 1 ] ; then
+ for THISHD in $HD ; do
+ /sbin/hdparm -S $BATT_HD $THISHD > /dev/null 2>&1
+ /sbin/hdparm -B 1 $THISHD > /dev/null 2>&1
+ done
+ fi
+ if [ $DO_CPU -eq 1 -a -e /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/cpuinfo_min_freq ]; then
+ if [ $CPU_MAXFREQ = 'slowest' ]; then
+ CPU_MAXFREQ=`cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/cpuinfo_min_freq`
+ fi
+ echo $CPU_MAXFREQ > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq
+ fi
+ echo "."
+ ;;
+ stop)
+ U_AGE=$((100*$DEF_UPDATE))
+ B_AGE=$((100*$DEF_AGE))
+ echo -n "Stopping laptop_mode"
+ echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode
+ if [ -f /proc/sys/fs/xfs/age_buffer -a ! -f /proc/sys/fs/xfs/lm_age_buffer ] ; then
+ # These need to be restored, if there are no lm_*.
+ echo $(($XFS_HZ*$DEF_XFS_AGE_BUFFER)) > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/age_buffer
+ echo $(($XFS_HZ*$DEF_XFS_SYNC_INTERVAL)) > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/sync_interval
+ elif [ -f /proc/sys/fs/xfs/age_buffer_centisecs ] ; then
+ # These need to be restored as well.
+ echo $((100*$DEF_XFS_AGE_BUFFER)) > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/age_buffer_centisecs
+ echo $((100*$DEF_XFS_SYNC_INTERVAL)) > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/xfssyncd_centisecs
+ echo $((100*$DEF_XFS_BUFD_INTERVAL)) > /proc/sys/fs/xfs/xfsbufd_centisecs
+ fi
+ case "$KLEVEL" in
+ "2.4")
+ echo "30 500 0 0 $U_AGE $B_AGE 60 20 0" > /proc/sys/vm/bdflush
+ ;;
+ "2.6")
+ echo "$U_AGE" > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs
+ echo "$B_AGE" > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_expire_centisecs
+ echo "$DEF_DIRTY_RATIO" > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_ratio
+ echo "$DEF_DIRTY_BACKGROUND_RATIO" > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_background_ratio
+ ;;
+ esac
+ if [ $DO_REMOUNTS -eq 1 ] ; then
+ cat /etc/mtab | while read DEV MP FST OPTS DUMP PASS ; do
+ # Reset commit and atime options to defaults.
+ if [ "$FST" = 'unknown' ]; then
+ FST=$(deduce_fstype $MP)
+ fi
+ case "$FST" in
+ "ext3"|"reiserfs")
+ PARSEDOPTS="$(parse_mount_opts_wfstab $DEV commit $OPTS)"
+ PARSEDOPTS="$(parse_yesno_opts_wfstab $DEV atime atime $PARSEDOPTS)"
+ mount $DEV -t $FST $MP -o remount,$PARSEDOPTS
+ ;;
+ "xfs")
+ PARSEDOPTS="$(parse_yesno_opts_wfstab $DEV atime atime $OPTS)"
+ mount $DEV -t $FST $MP -o remount,$PARSEDOPTS
+ ;;
+ esac
+ if [ -b $DEV ] ; then
+ blockdev --setra 256 $DEV
+ fi
+ done
+ fi
+ if [ $DO_HD -eq 1 ] ; then
+ for THISHD in $HD ; do
+ /sbin/hdparm -S $AC_HD $THISHD > /dev/null 2>&1
+ /sbin/hdparm -B 255 $THISHD > /dev/null 2>&1
+ done
+ fi
+ if [ $DO_CPU -eq 1 -a -e /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/cpuinfo_min_freq ]; then
+ echo `cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/cpuinfo_max_freq` > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq
+ fi
+ echo "."
+ ;;
+ *)
+ echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop}" 2>&1
+ exit 1
+ ;;
+
+esac
+
+exit 0
+--------------------CONTROL SCRIPT END------------------------------------------
+
+
+ACPI integration
+----------------
+
+Dax Kelson submitted this so that the ACPI acpid daemon will
+kick off the laptop_mode script and run hdparm. The part that
+automatically disables laptop mode when the battery is low was
+writen by Jan Topinski.
+
+-----------------/etc/acpi/events/ac_adapter BEGIN------------------------------
+event=ac_adapter
+action=/etc/acpi/actions/ac.sh %e
+----------------/etc/acpi/events/ac_adapter END---------------------------------
+
+
+-----------------/etc/acpi/events/battery BEGIN---------------------------------
+event=battery.*
+action=/etc/acpi/actions/battery.sh %e
+----------------/etc/acpi/events/battery END------------------------------------
+
+
+----------------/etc/acpi/actions/ac.sh BEGIN-----------------------------------
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# ac on/offline event handler
+
+status=`awk '/^state: / { print $2 }' /proc/acpi/ac_adapter/$2/state`
+
+case $status in
+ "on-line")
+ /sbin/laptop_mode stop
+ exit 0
+ ;;
+ "off-line")
+ /sbin/laptop_mode start
+ exit 0
+ ;;
+esac
+---------------------------/etc/acpi/actions/ac.sh END--------------------------
+
+
+---------------------------/etc/acpi/actions/battery.sh BEGIN-------------------
+#! /bin/bash
+
+# Automatically disable laptop mode when the battery almost runs out.
+
+BATT_INFO=/proc/acpi/battery/$2/state
+
+if [[ -f /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode ]]
+then
+ LM=`cat /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode`
+ if [[ $LM -gt 0 ]]
+ then
+ if [[ -f $BATT_INFO ]]
+ then
+ # Source the config file only now that we know we need
+ if [ -f /etc/default/laptop-mode ] ; then
+ # Debian
+ . /etc/default/laptop-mode
+ elif [ -f /etc/sysconfig/laptop-mode ] ; then
+ # Others
+ . /etc/sysconfig/laptop-mode
+ fi
+ MINIMUM_BATTERY_MINUTES=${MINIMUM_BATTERY_MINUTES:-'10'}
+
+ ACTION="`cat $BATT_INFO | grep charging | cut -c 26-`"
+ if [[ ACTION -eq "discharging" ]]
+ then
+ PRESENT_RATE=`cat $BATT_INFO | grep "present rate:" | sed "s/.* \([0-9][0-9]* \).*/\1/" `
+ REMAINING=`cat $BATT_INFO | grep "remaining capacity:" | sed "s/.* \([0-9][0-9]* \).*/\1/" `
+ fi
+ if (($REMAINING * 60 / $PRESENT_RATE < $MINIMUM_BATTERY_MINUTES))
+ then
+ /sbin/laptop_mode stop
+ fi
+ else
+ logger -p daemon.warning "You are using laptop mode and your battery interface $BATT_INFO is missing. This may lead to loss of data when the battery runs out. Check kernel ACPI support and /proc/acpi/battery folder, and edit /etc/acpi/battery.sh to set BATT_INFO to the correct path."
+ fi
+ fi
+fi
+---------------------------/etc/acpi/actions/battery.sh END--------------------
+
+
+Monitoring tool
+---------------
+
+Bartek Kania submitted this, it can be used to measure how much time your disk
+spends spun up/down.
+
+---------------------------dslm.c BEGIN-----------------------------------------
+/*
+ * Simple Disk Sleep Monitor
+ * by Bartek Kania
+ * Licenced under the GPL
+ */
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/hdreg.h>
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+#define D(x) x
+#else
+#define D(x)
+#endif
+
+int endit = 0;
+
+/* Check if the disk is in powersave-mode
+ * Most of the code is stolen from hdparm.
+ * 1 = active, 0 = standby/sleep, -1 = unknown */
+int check_powermode(int fd)
+{
+ unsigned char args[4] = {WIN_CHECKPOWERMODE1,0,0,0};
+ int state;
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, HDIO_DRIVE_CMD, &args)
+ && (args[0] = WIN_CHECKPOWERMODE2) /* try again with 0x98 */
+ && ioctl(fd, HDIO_DRIVE_CMD, &args)) {
+ if (errno != EIO || args[0] != 0 || args[1] != 0) {
+ state = -1; /* "unknown"; */
+ } else
+ state = 0; /* "sleeping"; */
+ } else {
+ state = (args[2] == 255) ? 1 : 0;
+ }
+ D(printf(" drive state is: %d\n", state));
+
+ return state;
+}
+
+char *state_name(int i)
+{
+ if (i == -1) return "unknown";
+ if (i == 0) return "sleeping";
+ if (i == 1) return "active";
+
+ return "internal error";
+}
+
+char *myctime(time_t time)
+{
+ char *ts = ctime(&time);
+ ts[strlen(ts) - 1] = 0;
+
+ return ts;
+}
+
+void measure(int fd)
+{
+ time_t start_time;
+ int last_state;
+ time_t last_time;
+ int curr_state;
+ time_t curr_time = 0;
+ time_t time_diff;
+ time_t active_time = 0;
+ time_t sleep_time = 0;
+ time_t unknown_time = 0;
+ time_t total_time = 0;
+ int changes = 0;
+ float tmp;
+
+ printf("Starting measurements\n");
+
+ last_state = check_powermode(fd);
+ start_time = last_time = time(0);
+ printf(" System is in state %s\n\n", state_name(last_state));
+
+ while(!endit) {
+ sleep(1);
+ curr_state = check_powermode(fd);
+
+ if (curr_state != last_state || endit) {
+ changes++;
+ curr_time = time(0);
+ time_diff = curr_time - last_time;
+
+ if (last_state == 1) active_time += time_diff;
+ else if (last_state == 0) sleep_time += time_diff;
+ else unknown_time += time_diff;
+
+ last_state = curr_state;
+ last_time = curr_time;
+
+ printf("%s: State-change to %s\n", myctime(curr_time),
+ state_name(curr_state));
+ }
+ }
+ changes--; /* Compensate for SIGINT */
+
+ total_time = time(0) - start_time;
+ printf("\nTotal running time: %lus\n", curr_time - start_time);
+ printf(" State changed %d times\n", changes);
+
+ tmp = (float)sleep_time / (float)total_time * 100;
+ printf(" Time in sleep state: %lus (%.2f%%)\n", sleep_time, tmp);
+ tmp = (float)active_time / (float)total_time * 100;
+ printf(" Time in active state: %lus (%.2f%%)\n", active_time, tmp);
+ tmp = (float)unknown_time / (float)total_time * 100;
+ printf(" Time in unknown state: %lus (%.2f%%)\n", unknown_time, tmp);
+}
+
+void ender(int s)
+{
+ endit = 1;
+}
+
+void usage()
+{
+ puts("usage: dslm [-w <time>] <disk>");
+ exit(0);
+}
+
+int main(int ac, char **av)
+{
+ int fd;
+ char *disk = 0;
+ int settle_time = 60;
+
+ /* Parse the simple command-line */
+ if (ac == 2)
+ disk = av[1];
+ else if (ac == 4) {
+ settle_time = atoi(av[2]);
+ disk = av[3];
+ } else
+ usage();
+
+ if (!(fd = open(disk, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK))) {
+ printf("Can't open %s, because: %s\n", disk, strerror(errno));
+ exit(-1);
+ }
+
+ if (settle_time) {
+ printf("Waiting %d seconds for the system to settle down to "
+ "'normal'\n", settle_time);
+ sleep(settle_time);
+ } else
+ puts("Not waiting for system to settle down");
+
+ signal(SIGINT, ender);
+
+ measure(fd);
+
+ close(fd);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+---------------------------dslm.c END-------------------------------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/ldm.txt b/Documentation/ldm.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e266e11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ldm.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+
+ LDM - Logical Disk Manager (Dynamic Disks)
+ ------------------------------------------
+
+Overview
+--------
+
+Windows 2000 and XP use a new partitioning scheme. It is a complete
+replacement for the MSDOS style partitions. It stores its information in a
+1MiB journalled database at the end of the physical disk. The size of
+partitions is limited only by disk space. The maximum number of partitions is
+nearly 2000.
+
+Any partitions created under the LDM are called "Dynamic Disks". There are no
+longer any primary or extended partitions. Normal MSDOS style partitions are
+now known as Basic Disks.
+
+If you wish to use Spanned, Striped, Mirrored or RAID 5 Volumes, you must use
+Dynamic Disks. The journalling allows Windows to make changes to these
+partitions and filesystems without the need to reboot.
+
+Once the LDM driver has divided up the disk, you can use the MD driver to
+assemble any multi-partition volumes, e.g. Stripes, RAID5.
+
+To prevent legacy applications from repartitioning the disk, the LDM creates a
+dummy MSDOS partition containing one disk-sized partition.
+
+
+Example
+-------
+
+Below we have a 50MiB disk, divided into seven partitions.
+N.B. The missing 1MiB at the end of the disk is where the LDM database is
+ stored.
+
+ Device | Offset Bytes Sectors MiB | Size Bytes Sectors MiB
+ -------+----------------------------+---------------------------
+ hda | 0 0 0 | 52428800 102400 50
+ hda1 | 51380224 100352 49 | 1048576 2048 1
+ hda2 | 16384 32 0 | 6979584 13632 6
+ hda3 | 6995968 13664 6 | 10485760 20480 10
+ hda4 | 17481728 34144 16 | 4194304 8192 4
+ hda5 | 21676032 42336 20 | 5242880 10240 5
+ hda6 | 26918912 52576 25 | 10485760 20480 10
+ hda7 | 37404672 73056 35 | 13959168 27264 13
+
+The LDM Database may not store the partitions in the order that they appear on
+disk, but the driver will sort them.
+
+When Linux boots, you will see something like:
+
+ hda: 102400 sectors w/32KiB Cache, CHS=50/64/32
+ hda: [LDM] hda1 hda2 hda3 hda4 hda5 hda6 hda7
+
+
+Compiling LDM Support
+---------------------
+
+To enable LDM, choose the following two options:
+
+ "Advanced partition selection" CONFIG_PARTITION_ADVANCED
+ "Windows Logical Disk Manager (Dynamic Disk) support" CONFIG_LDM_PARTITION
+
+If you believe the driver isn't working as it should, you can enable the extra
+debugging code. This will produce a LOT of output. The option is:
+
+ "Windows LDM extra logging" CONFIG_LDM_DEBUG
+
+N.B. The partition code cannot be compiled as a module.
+
+As with all the partition code, if the driver doesn't see signs of its type of
+partition, it will pass control to another driver, so there is no harm in
+enabling it.
+
+If you have Dynamic Disks but don't enable the driver, then all you will see
+is a dummy MSDOS partition filling the whole disk. You won't be able to mount
+any of the volumes on the disk.
+
+
+Booting
+-------
+
+If you enable LDM support, then lilo is capable of booting from any of the
+discovered partitions. However, grub does not understand the LDM partitioning
+and cannot boot from a Dynamic Disk.
+
+
+More Documentation
+------------------
+
+There is an Overview of the LDM online together with complete Technical
+Documentation. It can also be downloaded in html.
+
+ http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/ldm/index.html
+ http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/downloads.html
+
+If you have any LDM questions that aren't answered on the website, email me.
+
+Cheers,
+ FlatCap - Richard Russon
+ ldm@flatcap.org
+
diff --git a/Documentation/locks.txt b/Documentation/locks.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce1be79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/locks.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+ File Locking Release Notes
+
+ Andy Walker <andy@lysaker.kvaerner.no>
+
+ 12 May 1997
+
+
+1. What's New?
+--------------
+
+1.1 Broken Flock Emulation
+--------------------------
+
+The old flock(2) emulation in the kernel was swapped for proper BSD
+compatible flock(2) support in the 1.3.x series of kernels. With the
+release of the 2.1.x kernel series, support for the old emulation has
+been totally removed, so that we don't need to carry this baggage
+forever.
+
+This should not cause problems for anybody, since everybody using a
+2.1.x kernel should have updated their C library to a suitable version
+anyway (see the file "Documentation/Changes".)
+
+1.2 Allow Mixed Locks Again
+---------------------------
+
+1.2.1 Typical Problems - Sendmail
+---------------------------------
+Because sendmail was unable to use the old flock() emulation, many sendmail
+installations use fcntl() instead of flock(). This is true of Slackware 3.0
+for example. This gave rise to some other subtle problems if sendmail was
+configured to rebuild the alias file. Sendmail tried to lock the aliases.dir
+file with fcntl() at the same time as the GDBM routines tried to lock this
+file with flock(). With pre 1.3.96 kernels this could result in deadlocks that,
+over time, or under a very heavy mail load, would eventually cause the kernel
+to lock solid with deadlocked processes.
+
+
+1.2.2 The Solution
+------------------
+The solution I have chosen, after much experimentation and discussion,
+is to make flock() and fcntl() locks oblivious to each other. Both can
+exists, and neither will have any effect on the other.
+
+I wanted the two lock styles to be cooperative, but there were so many
+race and deadlock conditions that the current solution was the only
+practical one. It puts us in the same position as, for example, SunOS
+4.1.x and several other commercial Unices. The only OS's that support
+cooperative flock()/fcntl() are those that emulate flock() using
+fcntl(), with all the problems that implies.
+
+
+1.3 Mandatory Locking As A Mount Option
+---------------------------------------
+
+Mandatory locking, as described in 'Documentation/mandatory.txt' was prior
+to this release a general configuration option that was valid for all
+mounted filesystems. This had a number of inherent dangers, not the least
+of which was the ability to freeze an NFS server by asking it to read a
+file for which a mandatory lock existed.
+
+From this release of the kernel, mandatory locking can be turned on and off
+on a per-filesystem basis, using the mount options 'mand' and 'nomand'.
+The default is to disallow mandatory locking. The intention is that
+mandatory locking only be enabled on a local filesystem as the specific need
+arises.
+
+Until an updated version of mount(8) becomes available you may have to apply
+this patch to the mount sources (based on the version distributed with Rick
+Faith's util-linux-2.5 package):
+
+*** mount.c.orig Sat Jun 8 09:14:31 1996
+--- mount.c Sat Jun 8 09:13:02 1996
+***************
+*** 100,105 ****
+--- 100,107 ----
+ { "noauto", 0, MS_NOAUTO }, /* Can only be mounted explicitly */
+ { "user", 0, MS_USER }, /* Allow ordinary user to mount */
+ { "nouser", 1, MS_USER }, /* Forbid ordinary user to mount */
++ { "mand", 0, MS_MANDLOCK }, /* Allow mandatory locks on this FS */
++ { "nomand", 1, MS_MANDLOCK }, /* Forbid mandatory locks on this FS */
+ /* add new options here */
+ #ifdef MS_NOSUB
+ { "sub", 1, MS_NOSUB }, /* allow submounts */
diff --git a/Documentation/logo.gif b/Documentation/logo.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2eae75f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/logo.gif
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Documentation/logo.txt b/Documentation/logo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..296f0f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/logo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+This is the full-colour version of the currently unofficial Linux logo
+("currently unofficial" just means that there has been no paperwork and
+that I have not really announced it yet). It was created by Larry Ewing,
+and is freely usable as long as you acknowledge Larry as the original
+artist.
+
+Note that there are black-and-white versions of this available that
+scale down to smaller sizes and are better for letterheads or whatever
+you want to use it for: for the full range of logos take a look at
+Larry's web-page:
+
+ http://www.isc.tamu.edu/~lewing/linux/
+
diff --git a/Documentation/m68k/00-INDEX b/Documentation/m68k/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a014e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/m68k/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+00-INDEX
+ - this file
+kernel-options.txt
+ - command line options for Linux/m68k
+
diff --git a/Documentation/m68k/README.buddha b/Documentation/m68k/README.buddha
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf802ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/m68k/README.buddha
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+
+The Amiga Buddha and Catweasel IDE Driver (part of ide.c) was written by
+Geert Uytterhoeven based on the following specifications:
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Register map of the Buddha IDE controller and the
+Buddha-part of the Catweasel Zorro-II version
+
+The Autoconfiguration has been implemented just as Commodore
+described in their manuals, no tricks have been used (for
+example leaving some address lines out of the equations...).
+If you want to configure the board yourself (for example let
+a Linux kernel configure the card), look at the Commodore
+Docs. Reading the nibbles should give this information:
+
+Vendor number: 4626 ($1212)
+product number: 0 (42 for Catweasel Z-II)
+Serial number: 0
+Rom-vector: $1000
+
+The card should be a Z-II board, size 64K, not for freemem
+list, Rom-Vektor is valid, no second Autoconfig-board on the
+same card, no space preference, supports "Shutup_forever".
+
+Setting the base address should be done in two steps, just
+as the Amiga Kickstart does: The lower nibble of the 8-Bit
+address is written to $4a, then the whole Byte is written to
+$48, while it doesn't matter how often you're writing to $4a
+as long as $48 is not touched. After $48 has been written,
+the whole card disappears from $e8 and is mapped to the new
+address just written. Make shure $4a is written before $48,
+otherwise your chance is only 1:16 to find the board :-).
+
+The local memory-map is even active when mapped to $e8:
+
+$0-$7e Autokonfig-space, see Z-II docs.
+
+$80-$7fd reserved
+
+$7fe Speed-select Register: Read & Write
+ (description see further down)
+
+$800-$8ff IDE-Select 0 (Port 0, Register set 0)
+
+$900-$9ff IDE-Select 1 (Port 0, Register set 1)
+
+$a00-$aff IDE-Select 2 (Port 1, Register set 0)
+
+$b00-$bff IDE-Select 3 (Port 1, Register set 1)
+
+$c00-$cff IDE-Select 4 (Port 2, Register set 0,
+ Catweasel only!)
+
+$d00-$dff IDE-Select 5 (Port 3, Register set 1,
+ Catweasel only!)
+
+$e00-$eff local expansion port, on Catweasel Z-II the
+ Catweasel registers are also mapped here.
+ Never touch, use multidisk.device!
+
+$f00 read only, Byte-access: Bit 7 shows the
+ level of the IRQ-line of IDE port 0.
+
+$f01-$f3f mirror of $f00
+
+$f40 read only, Byte-access: Bit 7 shows the
+ level of the IRQ-line of IDE port 1.
+
+$f41-$f7f mirror of $f40
+
+$f80 read only, Byte-access: Bit 7 shows the
+ level of the IRQ-line of IDE port 2.
+ (Catweasel only!)
+
+$f81-$fbf mirror of $f80
+
+$fc0 write-only: Writing any value to this
+ register enables IRQs to be passed from the
+ IDE ports to the Zorro bus. This mechanism
+ has been implemented to be compatible with
+ harddisks that are either defective or have
+ a buggy firmware and pull the IRQ line up
+ while starting up. If interrupts would
+ always be passed to the bus, the computer
+ might not start up. Once enabled, this flag
+ can not be disabled again. The level of the
+ flag can not be determined by software
+ (what for? Write to me if it's necessary!).
+
+$fc1-$fff mirror of $fc0
+
+$1000-$ffff Buddha-Rom with offset $1000 in the rom
+ chip. The addresses $0 to $fff of the rom
+ chip cannot be read. Rom is Byte-wide and
+ mapped to even addresses.
+
+The IDE ports issue an INT2. You can read the level of the
+IRQ-lines of the IDE-ports by reading from the three (two
+for Buddha-only) registers $f00, $f40 and $f80. This way
+more than one I/O request can be handled and you can easily
+determine what driver has to serve the INT2. Buddha and
+Catweasel expansion boards can issue an INT6. A separate
+memory map is available for the I/O module and the sysop's
+I/O module.
+
+The IDE ports are fed by the address lines A2 to A4, just as
+the Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000 IDE ports are. This way
+existing drivers can be easily ported to Buddha. A move.l
+polls two words out of the same address of IDE port since
+every word is mirrored once. movem is not possible, but
+it's not necessary either, because you can only speedup
+68000 systems with this technique. A 68020 system with
+fastmem is faster with move.l.
+
+If you're using the mirrored registers of the IDE-ports with
+A6=1, the Buddha doesn't care about the speed that you have
+selected in the speed register (see further down). With
+A6=1 (for example $840 for port 0, register set 0), a 780ns
+access is being made. These registers should be used for a
+command access to the harddisk/CD-Rom, since command
+accesses are Byte-wide and have to be made slower according
+to the ATA-X3T9 manual.
+
+Now for the speed-register: The register is byte-wide, and
+only the upper three bits are used (Bits 7 to 5). Bit 4
+must always be set to 1 to be compatible with later Buddha
+versions (if I'll ever update this one). I presume that
+I'll never use the lower four bits, but they have to be set
+to 1 by definition.
+ The values in this table have to be shifted 5 bits to the
+left and or'd with $1f (this sets the lower 5 bits).
+
+All the timings have in common: Select and IOR/IOW rise at
+the same time. IOR and IOW have a propagation delay of
+about 30ns to the clocks on the Zorro bus, that's why the
+values are no multiple of 71. One clock-cycle is 71ns long
+(exactly 70,5 at 14,18 Mhz on PAL systems).
+
+value 0 (Default after reset)
+
+497ns Select (7 clock cycles) , IOR/IOW after 172ns (2 clock cycles)
+(same timing as the Amiga 1200 does on it's IDE port without
+accelerator card)
+
+value 1
+
+639ns Select (9 clock cycles), IOR/IOW after 243ns (3 clock cycles)
+
+value 2
+
+781ns Select (11 clock cycles), IOR/IOW after 314ns (4 clock cycles)
+
+value 3
+
+355ns Select (5 clock cycles), IOR/IOW after 101ns (1 clock cycle)
+
+value 4
+
+355ns Select (5 clock cycles), IOR/IOW after 172ns (2 clock cycles)
+
+value 5
+
+355ns Select (5 clock cycles), IOR/IOW after 243ns (3 clock cycles)
+
+value 6
+
+1065ns Select (15 clock cycles), IOR/IOW after 314ns (4 clock cycles)
+
+value 7
+
+355ns Select, (5 clock cycles), IOR/IOW after 101ns (1 clock cycle)
+
+When accessing IDE registers with A6=1 (for example $84x),
+the timing will always be mode 0 8-bit compatible, no matter
+what you have selected in the speed register:
+
+781ns select, IOR/IOW after 4 clock cycles (=314ns) aktive.
+
+All the timings with a very short select-signal (the 355ns
+fast accesses) depend on the accelerator card used in the
+system: Sometimes two more clock cycles are inserted by the
+bus interface, making the whole access 497ns long. This
+doesn't affect the reliability of the controller nor the
+performance of the card, since this doesn't happen very
+often.
+
+All the timings are calculated and only confirmed by
+measurements that allowed me to count the clock cycles. If
+the system is clocked by an oscillator other than 28,37516
+Mhz (for example the NTSC-frequency 28,63636 Mhz), each
+clock cycle is shortened to a bit less than 70ns (not worth
+mentioning). You could think of a small performance boost
+by overclocking the system, but you would either need a
+multisync monitor, or a graphics card, and your internal
+diskdrive would go crazy, that's why you shouldn't tune your
+Amiga this way.
+
+Giving you the possibility to write software that is
+compatible with both the Buddha and the Catweasel Z-II, The
+Buddha acts just like a Catweasel Z-II with no device
+connected to the third IDE-port. The IRQ-register $f80
+always shows a "no IRQ here" on the Buddha, and accesses to
+the third IDE port are going into data's Nirwana on the
+Buddha.
+
+ Jens Schönfeld february 19th, 1997
+ updated may 27th, 1997
+ eMail: sysop@nostlgic.tng.oche.de
+
diff --git a/Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt b/Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e191baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,964 @@
+
+
+ Command Line Options for Linux/m68k
+ ===================================
+
+Last Update: 2 May 1999
+Linux/m68k version: 2.2.6
+Author: Roman.Hodek@informatik.uni-erlangen.de (Roman Hodek)
+Update: jds@kom.auc.dk (Jes Sorensen) and faq@linux-m68k.org (Chris Lawrence)
+
+0) Introduction
+===============
+
+ Often I've been asked which command line options the Linux/m68k
+kernel understands, or how the exact syntax for the ... option is, or
+... about the option ... . I hope, this document supplies all the
+answers...
+
+ Note that some options might be outdated, their descriptions being
+incomplete or missing. Please update the information and send in the
+patches.
+
+
+1) Overview of the Kernel's Option Processing
+=============================================
+
+The kernel knows three kinds of options on its command line:
+
+ 1) kernel options
+ 2) environment settings
+ 3) arguments for init
+
+To which of these classes an argument belongs is determined as
+follows: If the option is known to the kernel itself, i.e. if the name
+(the part before the '=') or, in some cases, the whole argument string
+is known to the kernel, it belongs to class 1. Otherwise, if the
+argument contains an '=', it is of class 2, and the definition is put
+into init's environment. All other arguments are passed to init as
+command line options.
+
+ This document describes the valid kernel options for Linux/m68k in
+the version mentioned at the start of this file. Later revisions may
+add new such options, and some may be missing in older versions.
+
+ In general, the value (the part after the '=') of an option is a
+list of values separated by commas. The interpretation of these values
+is up to the driver that "owns" the option. This association of
+options with drivers is also the reason that some are further
+subdivided.
+
+
+2) General Kernel Options
+=========================
+
+2.1) root=
+----------
+
+Syntax: root=/dev/<device>
+ or: root=<hex_number>
+
+This tells the kernel which device it should mount as the root
+filesystem. The device must be a block device with a valid filesystem
+on it.
+
+ The first syntax gives the device by name. These names are converted
+into a major/minor number internally in the kernel in an unusual way.
+Normally, this "conversion" is done by the device files in /dev, but
+this isn't possible here, because the root filesystem (with /dev)
+isn't mounted yet... So the kernel parses the name itself, with some
+hardcoded name to number mappings. The name must always be a
+combination of two or three letters, followed by a decimal number.
+Valid names are:
+
+ /dev/ram: -> 0x0100 (initial ramdisk)
+ /dev/hda: -> 0x0300 (first IDE disk)
+ /dev/hdb: -> 0x0340 (second IDE disk)
+ /dev/sda: -> 0x0800 (first SCSI disk)
+ /dev/sdb: -> 0x0810 (second SCSI disk)
+ /dev/sdc: -> 0x0820 (third SCSI disk)
+ /dev/sdd: -> 0x0830 (forth SCSI disk)
+ /dev/sde: -> 0x0840 (fifth SCSI disk)
+ /dev/fd : -> 0x0200 (floppy disk)
+ /dev/xda: -> 0x0c00 (first XT disk, unused in Linux/m68k)
+ /dev/xdb: -> 0x0c40 (second XT disk, unused in Linux/m68k)
+ /dev/ada: -> 0x1c00 (first ACSI device)
+ /dev/adb: -> 0x1c10 (second ACSI device)
+ /dev/adc: -> 0x1c20 (third ACSI device)
+ /dev/add: -> 0x1c30 (forth ACSI device)
+
+The last four names are available only if the kernel has been compiled
+with Atari and ACSI support.
+
+ The name must be followed by a decimal number, that stands for the
+partition number. Internally, the value of the number is just
+added to the device number mentioned in the table above. The
+exceptions are /dev/ram and /dev/fd, where /dev/ram refers to an
+initial ramdisk loaded by your bootstrap program (please consult the
+instructions for your bootstrap program to find out how to load an
+initial ramdisk). As of kernel version 2.0.18 you must specify
+/dev/ram as the root device if you want to boot from an initial
+ramdisk. For the floppy devices, /dev/fd, the number stands for the
+floppy drive number (there are no partitions on floppy disks). I.e.,
+/dev/fd0 stands for the first drive, /dev/fd1 for the second, and so
+on. Since the number is just added, you can also force the disk format
+by adding a number greater than 3. If you look into your /dev
+directory, use can see the /dev/fd0D720 has major 2 and minor 16. You
+can specify this device for the root FS by writing "root=/dev/fd16" on
+the kernel command line.
+
+[Strange and maybe uninteresting stuff ON]
+
+ This unusual translation of device names has some strange
+consequences: If, for example, you have a symbolic link from /dev/fd
+to /dev/fd0D720 as an abbreviation for floppy driver #0 in DD format,
+you cannot use this name for specifying the root device, because the
+kernel cannot see this symlink before mounting the root FS and it
+isn't in the table above. If you use it, the root device will not be
+set at all, without an error message. Another example: You cannot use a
+partition on e.g. the sixth SCSI disk as the root filesystem, if you
+want to specify it by name. This is, because only the devices up to
+/dev/sde are in the table above, but not /dev/sdf. Although, you can
+use the sixth SCSI disk for the root FS, but you have to specify the
+device by number... (see below). Or, even more strange, you can use the
+fact that there is no range checking of the partition number, and your
+knowledge that each disk uses 16 minors, and write "root=/dev/sde17"
+(for /dev/sdf1).
+
+[Strange and maybe uninteresting stuff OFF]
+
+ If the device containing your root partition isn't in the table
+above, you can also specify it by major and minor numbers. These are
+written in hex, with no prefix and no separator between. E.g., if you
+have a CD with contents appropriate as a root filesystem in the first
+SCSI CD-ROM drive, you boot from it by "root=0b00". Here, hex "0b" =
+decimal 11 is the major of SCSI CD-ROMs, and the minor 0 stands for
+the first of these. You can find out all valid major numbers by
+looking into include/linux/major.h.
+
+
+2.2) ro, rw
+-----------
+
+Syntax: ro
+ or: rw
+
+These two options tell the kernel whether it should mount the root
+filesystem read-only or read-write. The default is read-only, except
+for ramdisks, which default to read-write.
+
+
+2.3) debug
+----------
+
+Syntax: debug
+
+This raises the kernel log level to 10 (the default is 7). This is the
+same level as set by the "dmesg" command, just that the maximum level
+selectable by dmesg is 8.
+
+
+2.4) debug=
+-----------
+
+Syntax: debug=<device>
+
+This option causes certain kernel messages be printed to the selected
+debugging device. This can aid debugging the kernel, since the
+messages can be captured and analyzed on some other machine. Which
+devices are possible depends on the machine type. There are no checks
+for the validity of the device name. If the device isn't implemented,
+nothing happens.
+
+ Messages logged this way are in general stack dumps after kernel
+memory faults or bad kernel traps, and kernel panics. To be exact: all
+messages of level 0 (panic messages) and all messages printed while
+the log level is 8 or more (their level doesn't matter). Before stack
+dumps, the kernel sets the log level to 10 automatically. A level of
+at least 8 can also be set by the "debug" command line option (see
+2.3) and at run time with "dmesg -n 8".
+
+Devices possible for Amiga:
+
+ - "ser": built-in serial port; parameters: 9600bps, 8N1
+ - "mem": Save the messages to a reserved area in chip mem. After
+ rebooting, they can be read under AmigaOS with the tool
+ 'dmesg'.
+
+Devices possible for Atari:
+
+ - "ser1": ST-MFP serial port ("Modem1"); parameters: 9600bps, 8N1
+ - "ser2": SCC channel B serial port ("Modem2"); parameters: 9600bps, 8N1
+ - "ser" : default serial port
+ This is "ser2" for a Falcon, and "ser1" for any other machine
+ - "midi": The MIDI port; parameters: 31250bps, 8N1
+ - "par" : parallel port
+ The printing routine for this implements a timeout for the
+ case there's no printer connected (else the kernel would
+ lock up). The timeout is not exact, but usually a few
+ seconds.
+
+
+2.6) ramdisk=
+-------------
+
+Syntax: ramdisk=<size>
+
+ This option instructs the kernel to set up a ramdisk of the given
+size in KBytes. Do not use this option if the ramdisk contents are
+passed by bootstrap! In this case, the size is selected automatically
+and should not be overwritten.
+
+ The only application is for root filesystems on floppy disks, that
+should be loaded into memory. To do that, select the corresponding
+size of the disk as ramdisk size, and set the root device to the disk
+drive (with "root=").
+
+
+2.7) swap=
+2.8) buff=
+-----------
+
+ I can't find any sign of these options in 2.2.6.
+
+
+3) General Device Options (Amiga and Atari)
+===========================================
+
+3.1) ether=
+-----------
+
+Syntax: ether=[<irq>[,<base_addr>[,<mem_start>[,<mem_end>]]]],<dev-name>
+
+ <dev-name> is the name of a net driver, as specified in
+drivers/net/Space.c in the Linux source. Most prominent are eth0, ...
+eth3, sl0, ... sl3, ppp0, ..., ppp3, dummy, and lo.
+
+ The non-ethernet drivers (sl, ppp, dummy, lo) obviously ignore the
+settings by this options. Also, the existing ethernet drivers for
+Linux/m68k (ariadne, a2065, hydra) don't use them because Zorro boards
+are really Plug-'n-Play, so the "ether=" option is useless altogether
+for Linux/m68k.
+
+
+3.2) hd=
+--------
+
+Syntax: hd=<cylinders>,<heads>,<sectors>
+
+ This option sets the disk geometry of an IDE disk. The first hd=
+option is for the first IDE disk, the second for the second one.
+(I.e., you can give this option twice.) In most cases, you won't have
+to use this option, since the kernel can obtain the geometry data
+itself. It exists just for the case that this fails for one of your
+disks.
+
+
+3.3) max_scsi_luns=
+-------------------
+
+Syntax: max_scsi_luns=<n>
+
+ Sets the maximum number of LUNs (logical units) of SCSI devices to
+be scanned. Valid values for <n> are between 1 and 8. Default is 8 if
+"Probe all LUNs on each SCSI device" was selected during the kernel
+configuration, else 1.
+
+
+3.4) st=
+--------
+
+Syntax: st=<buffer_size>,[<write_thres>,[<max_buffers>]]
+
+ Sets several parameters of the SCSI tape driver. <buffer_size> is
+the number of 512-byte buffers reserved for tape operations for each
+device. <write_thres> sets the number of blocks which must be filled
+to start an actual write operation to the tape. Maximum value is the
+total number of buffers. <max_buffer> limits the total number of
+buffers allocated for all tape devices.
+
+
+3.5) dmasound=
+--------------
+
+Syntax: dmasound=[<buffers>,<buffer-size>[,<catch-radius>]]
+
+ This option controls some configurations of the Linux/m68k DMA sound
+driver (Amiga and Atari): <buffers> is the number of buffers you want
+to use (minimum 4, default 4), <buffer-size> is the size of each
+buffer in kilobytes (minimum 4, default 32) and <catch-radius> says
+how much percent of error will be tolerated when setting a frequency
+(maximum 10, default 0). For example with 3% you can play 8000Hz
+AU-Files on the Falcon with its hardware frequency of 8195Hz and thus
+don't need to expand the sound.
+
+
+
+4) Options for Atari Only
+=========================
+
+4.1) video=
+-----------
+
+Syntax: video=<fbname>:<sub-options...>
+
+The <fbname> parameter specifies the name of the frame buffer,
+eg. most atari users will want to specify `atafb' here. The
+<sub-options> is a comma-separated list of the sub-options listed
+below.
+
+NB: Please notice that this option was renamed from `atavideo' to
+ `video' during the development of the 1.3.x kernels, thus you
+ might need to update your boot-scripts if upgrading to 2.x from
+ an 1.2.x kernel.
+
+NBB: The behavior of video= was changed in 2.1.57 so the recommended
+option is to specify the name of the frame buffer.
+
+4.1.1) Video Mode
+-----------------
+
+This sub-option may be any of the predefined video modes, as listed
+in atari/atafb.c in the Linux/m68k source tree. The kernel will
+activate the given video mode at boot time and make it the default
+mode, if the hardware allows. Currently defined names are:
+
+ - stlow : 320x200x4
+ - stmid, default5 : 640x200x2
+ - sthigh, default4: 640x400x1
+ - ttlow : 320x480x8, TT only
+ - ttmid, default1 : 640x480x4, TT only
+ - tthigh, default2: 1280x960x1, TT only
+ - vga2 : 640x480x1, Falcon only
+ - vga4 : 640x480x2, Falcon only
+ - vga16, default3 : 640x480x4, Falcon only
+ - vga256 : 640x480x8, Falcon only
+ - falh2 : 896x608x1, Falcon only
+ - falh16 : 896x608x4, Falcon only
+
+ If no video mode is given on the command line, the kernel tries the
+modes names "default<n>" in turn, until one is possible with the
+hardware in use.
+
+ A video mode setting doesn't make sense, if the external driver is
+activated by a "external:" sub-option.
+
+4.1.2) inverse
+--------------
+
+Invert the display. This affects both, text (consoles) and graphics
+(X) display. Usually, the background is chosen to be black. With this
+option, you can make the background white.
+
+4.1.3) font
+-----------
+
+Syntax: font:<fontname>
+
+Specify the font to use in text modes. Currently you can choose only
+between `VGA8x8', `VGA8x16' and `PEARL8x8'. `VGA8x8' is default, if the
+vertical size of the display is less than 400 pixel rows. Otherwise, the
+`VGA8x16' font is the default.
+
+4.1.4) hwscroll_
+----------------
+
+Syntax: hwscroll_<n>
+
+The number of additional lines of video memory to reserve for
+speeding up the scrolling ("hardware scrolling"). Hardware scrolling
+is possible only if the kernel can set the video base address in steps
+fine enough. This is true for STE, MegaSTE, TT, and Falcon. It is not
+possible with plain STs and graphics cards (The former because the
+base address must be on a 256 byte boundary there, the latter because
+the kernel doesn't know how to set the base address at all.)
+
+ By default, <n> is set to the number of visible text lines on the
+display. Thus, the amount of video memory is doubled, compared to no
+hardware scrolling. You can turn off the hardware scrolling altogether
+by setting <n> to 0.
+
+4.1.5) internal:
+----------------
+
+Syntax: internal:<xres>;<yres>[;<xres_max>;<yres_max>;<offset>]
+
+This option specifies the capabilities of some extended internal video
+hardware, like e.g. OverScan. <xres> and <yres> give the (extended)
+dimensions of the screen.
+
+ If your OverScan needs a black border, you have to write the last
+three arguments of the "internal:". <xres_max> is the maximum line
+length the hardware allows, <yres_max> the maximum number of lines.
+<offset> is the offset of the visible part of the screen memory to its
+physical start, in bytes.
+
+ Often, extended interval video hardware has to be activated somehow.
+For this, see the "sw_*" options below.
+
+4.1.6) external:
+----------------
+
+Syntax:
+ external:<xres>;<yres>;<depth>;<org>;<scrmem>[;<scrlen>[;<vgabase>\
+ [;<colw>[;<coltype>[;<xres_virtual>]]]]]
+
+[I had to break this line...]
+
+ This is probably the most complicated parameter... It specifies that
+you have some external video hardware (a graphics board), and how to
+use it under Linux/m68k. The kernel cannot know more about the hardware
+than you tell it here! The kernel also is unable to set or change any
+video modes, since it doesn't know about any board internal. So, you
+have to switch to that video mode before you start Linux, and cannot
+switch to another mode once Linux has started.
+
+ The first 3 parameters of this sub-option should be obvious: <xres>,
+<yres> and <depth> give the dimensions of the screen and the number of
+planes (depth). The depth is is the logarithm to base 2 of the number
+of colors possible. (Or, the other way round: The number of colors is
+2^depth).
+
+ You have to tell the kernel furthermore how the video memory is
+organized. This is done by a letter as <org> parameter:
+
+ 'n': "normal planes", i.e. one whole plane after another
+ 'i': "interleaved planes", i.e. 16 bit of the first plane, than 16 bit
+ of the next, and so on... This mode is used only with the
+ built-in Atari video modes, I think there is no card that
+ supports this mode.
+ 'p': "packed pixels", i.e. <depth> consecutive bits stand for all
+ planes of one pixel; this is the most common mode for 8 planes
+ (256 colors) on graphic cards
+ 't': "true color" (more or less packed pixels, but without a color
+ lookup table); usually depth is 24
+
+For monochrome modes (i.e., <depth> is 1), the <org> letter has a
+different meaning:
+
+ 'n': normal colors, i.e. 0=white, 1=black
+ 'i': inverted colors, i.e. 0=black, 1=white
+
+ The next important information about the video hardware is the base
+address of the video memory. That is given in the <scrmem> parameter,
+as a hexadecimal number with a "0x" prefix. You have to find out this
+address in the documentation of your hardware.
+
+ The next parameter, <scrlen>, tells the kernel about the size of the
+video memory. If it's missing, the size is calculated from <xres>,
+<yres>, and <depth>. For now, it is not useful to write a value here.
+It would be used only for hardware scrolling (which isn't possible
+with the external driver, because the kernel cannot set the video base
+address), or for virtual resolutions under X (which the X server
+doesn't support yet). So, it's currently best to leave this field
+empty, either by ending the "external:" after the video address or by
+writing two consecutive semicolons, if you want to give a <vgabase>
+(it is allowed to leave this parameter empty).
+
+ The <vgabase> parameter is optional. If it is not given, the kernel
+cannot read or write any color registers of the video hardware, and
+thus you have to set appropriate colors before you start Linux. But if
+your card is somehow VGA compatible, you can tell the kernel the base
+address of the VGA register set, so it can change the color lookup
+table. You have to look up this address in your board's documentation.
+To avoid misunderstandings: <vgabase> is the _base_ address, i.e. a 4k
+aligned address. For read/writing the color registers, the kernel
+uses the addresses vgabase+0x3c7...vgabase+0x3c9. The <vgabase>
+parameter is written in hexadecimal with a "0x" prefix, just as
+<scrmem>.
+
+ <colw> is meaningful only if <vgabase> is specified. It tells the
+kernel how wide each of the color register is, i.e. the number of bits
+per single color (red/green/blue). Default is 6, another quite usual
+value is 8.
+
+ Also <coltype> is used together with <vgabase>. It tells the kernel
+about the color register model of your gfx board. Currently, the types
+"vga" (which is also the default) and "mv300" (SANG MV300) are
+implemented.
+
+ Parameter <xres_virtual> is required for ProMST or ET4000 cards where
+the physical linelength differs from the visible length. With ProMST,
+xres_virtual must be set to 2048. For ET4000, xres_virtual depends on the
+initialisation of the video-card.
+If you're missing a corresponding yres_virtual: the external part is legacy,
+therefore we don't support hardware-dependent functions like hardware-scroll,
+panning or blanking.
+
+4.1.7) eclock:
+--------------
+
+The external pixel clock attached to the Falcon VIDEL shifter. This
+currently works only with the ScreenWonder!
+
+4.1.8) monitorcap:
+-------------------
+
+Syntax: monitorcap:<vmin>;<vmax>;<hmin>;<hmax>
+
+This describes the capabilities of a multisync monitor. Don't use it
+with a fixed-frequency monitor! For now, only the Falcon frame buffer
+uses the settings of "monitorcap:".
+
+ <vmin> and <vmax> are the minimum and maximum, resp., vertical frequencies
+your monitor can work with, in Hz. <hmin> and <hmax> are the same for
+the horizontal frequency, in kHz.
+
+ The defaults are 58;62;31;32 (VGA compatible).
+
+ The defaults for TV/SC1224/SC1435 cover both PAL and NTSC standards.
+
+4.1.9) keep
+------------
+
+If this option is given, the framebuffer device doesn't do any video
+mode calculations and settings on its own. The only Atari fb device
+that does this currently is the Falcon.
+
+ What you reach with this: Settings for unknown video extensions
+aren't overridden by the driver, so you can still use the mode found
+when booting, when the driver doesn't know to set this mode itself.
+But this also means, that you can't switch video modes anymore...
+
+ An example where you may want to use "keep" is the ScreenBlaster for
+the Falcon.
+
+
+4.2) atamouse=
+--------------
+
+Syntax: atamouse=<x-threshold>,[<y-threshold>]
+
+ With this option, you can set the mouse movement reporting threshold.
+This is the number of pixels of mouse movement that have to accumulate
+before the IKBD sends a new mouse packet to the kernel. Higher values
+reduce the mouse interrupt load and thus reduce the chance of keyboard
+overruns. Lower values give a slightly faster mouse responses and
+slightly better mouse tracking.
+
+ You can set the threshold in x and y separately, but usually this is
+of little practical use. If there's just one number in the option, it
+is used for both dimensions. The default value is 2 for both
+thresholds.
+
+
+4.3) ataflop=
+-------------
+
+Syntax: ataflop=<drive type>[,<trackbuffering>[,<steprateA>[,<steprateB>]]]
+
+ The drive type may be 0, 1, or 2, for DD, HD, and ED, resp. This
+ setting affects how many buffers are reserved and which formats are
+ probed (see also below). The default is 1 (HD). Only one drive type
+ can be selected. If you have two disk drives, select the "better"
+ type.
+
+ The second parameter <trackbuffer> tells the kernel whether to use
+ track buffering (1) or not (0). The default is machine-dependent:
+ no for the Medusa and yes for all others.
+
+ With the two following parameters, you can change the default
+ steprate used for drive A and B, resp.
+
+
+4.4) atascsi=
+-------------
+
+Syntax: atascsi=<can_queue>[,<cmd_per_lun>[,<scat-gat>[,<host-id>[,<tagged>]]]]
+
+ This option sets some parameters for the Atari native SCSI driver.
+Generally, any number of arguments can be omitted from the end. And
+for each of the numbers, a negative value means "use default". The
+defaults depend on whether TT-style or Falcon-style SCSI is used.
+Below, defaults are noted as n/m, where the first value refers to
+TT-SCSI and the latter to Falcon-SCSI. If an illegal value is given
+for one parameter, an error message is printed and that one setting is
+ignored (others aren't affected).
+
+ <can_queue>:
+ This is the maximum number of SCSI commands queued internally to the
+ Atari SCSI driver. A value of 1 effectively turns off the driver
+ internal multitasking (if it causes problems). Legal values are >=
+ 1. <can_queue> can be as high as you like, but values greater than
+ <cmd_per_lun> times the number of SCSI targets (LUNs) you have
+ don't make sense. Default: 16/8.
+
+ <cmd_per_lun>:
+ Maximum number of SCSI commands issued to the driver for one
+ logical unit (LUN, usually one SCSI target). Legal values start
+ from 1. If tagged queuing (see below) is not used, values greater
+ than 2 don't make sense, but waste memory. Otherwise, the maximum
+ is the number of command tags available to the driver (currently
+ 32). Default: 8/1. (Note: Values > 1 seem to cause problems on a
+ Falcon, cause not yet known.)
+
+ The <cmd_per_lun> value at a great part determines the amount of
+ memory SCSI reserves for itself. The formula is rather
+ complicated, but I can give you some hints:
+ no scatter-gather : cmd_per_lun * 232 bytes
+ full scatter-gather: cmd_per_lun * approx. 17 Kbytes
+
+ <scat-gat>:
+ Size of the scatter-gather table, i.e. the number of requests
+ consecutive on the disk that can be merged into one SCSI command.
+ Legal values are between 0 and 255. Default: 255/0. Note: This
+ value is forced to 0 on a Falcon, since scatter-gather isn't
+ possible with the ST-DMA. Not using scatter-gather hurts
+ performance significantly.
+
+ <host-id>:
+ The SCSI ID to be used by the initiator (your Atari). This is
+ usually 7, the highest possible ID. Every ID on the SCSI bus must
+ be unique. Default: determined at run time: If the NV-RAM checksum
+ is valid, and bit 7 in byte 30 of the NV-RAM is set, the lower 3
+ bits of this byte are used as the host ID. (This method is defined
+ by Atari and also used by some TOS HD drivers.) If the above
+ isn't given, the default ID is 7. (both, TT and Falcon).
+
+ <tagged>:
+ 0 means turn off tagged queuing support, all other values > 0 mean
+ use tagged queuing for targets that support it. Default: currently
+ off, but this may change when tagged queuing handling has been
+ proved to be reliable.
+
+ Tagged queuing means that more than one command can be issued to
+ one LUN, and the SCSI device itself orders the requests so they
+ can be performed in optimal order. Not all SCSI devices support
+ tagged queuing (:-().
+
+4.6 switches=
+-------------
+
+Syntax: switches=<list of switches>
+
+ With this option you can switch some hardware lines that are often
+used to enable/disable certain hardware extensions. Examples are
+OverScan, overclocking, ...
+
+ The <list of switches> is a comma-separated list of the following
+items:
+
+ ikbd: set RTS of the keyboard ACIA high
+ midi: set RTS of the MIDI ACIA high
+ snd6: set bit 6 of the PSG port A
+ snd7: set bit 6 of the PSG port A
+
+It doesn't make sense to mention a switch more than once (no
+difference to only once), but you can give as many switches as you
+want to enable different features. The switch lines are set as early
+as possible during kernel initialization (even before determining the
+present hardware.)
+
+ All of the items can also be prefixed with "ov_", i.e. "ov_ikbd",
+"ov_midi", ... These options are meant for switching on an OverScan
+video extension. The difference to the bare option is that the
+switch-on is done after video initialization, and somehow synchronized
+to the HBLANK. A speciality is that ov_ikbd and ov_midi are switched
+off before rebooting, so that OverScan is disabled and TOS boots
+correctly.
+
+ If you give an option both, with and without the "ov_" prefix, the
+earlier initialization ("ov_"-less) takes precedence. But the
+switching-off on reset still happens in this case.
+
+4.5) stram_swap=
+----------------
+
+Syntax: stram_swap=<do_swap>[,<max_swap>]
+
+ This option is available only if the kernel has been compiled with
+CONFIG_STRAM_SWAP enabled. Normally, the kernel then determines
+dynamically whether to actually use ST-RAM as swap space. (Currently,
+the fraction of ST-RAM must be less or equal 1/3 of total memory to
+enable this swapping.) You can override the kernel's decision by
+specifying this option. 1 for <do_swap> means always enable the swap,
+even if you have less alternate RAM. 0 stands for never swap to
+ST-RAM, even if it's small enough compared to the rest of memory.
+
+ If ST-RAM swapping is enabled, the kernel usually uses all free
+ST-RAM as swap "device". If the kernel resides in ST-RAM, the region
+allocated by it is obviously never used for swapping :-) You can also
+limit this amount by specifying the second parameter, <max_swap>, if
+you want to use parts of ST-RAM as normal system memory. <max_swap> is
+in kBytes and the number should be a multiple of 4 (otherwise: rounded
+down).
+
+5) Options for Amiga Only:
+==========================
+
+5.1) video=
+-----------
+
+Syntax: video=<fbname>:<sub-options...>
+
+The <fbname> parameter specifies the name of the frame buffer, valid
+options are `amifb', `cyber', 'virge', `retz3' and `clgen', provided
+that the respective frame buffer devices have been compiled into the
+kernel (or compiled as loadable modules). The behavior of the <fbname>
+option was changed in 2.1.57 so it is now recommended to specify this
+option.
+
+The <sub-options> is a comma-separated list of the sub-options listed
+below. This option is organized similar to the Atari version of the
+"video"-option (4.1), but knows fewer sub-options.
+
+5.1.1) video mode
+-----------------
+
+Again, similar to the video mode for the Atari (see 4.1.1). Predefined
+modes depend on the used frame buffer device.
+
+OCS, ECS and AGA machines all use the color frame buffer. The following
+predefined video modes are available:
+
+NTSC modes:
+ - ntsc : 640x200, 15 kHz, 60 Hz
+ - ntsc-lace : 640x400, 15 kHz, 60 Hz interlaced
+PAL modes:
+ - pal : 640x256, 15 kHz, 50 Hz
+ - pal-lace : 640x512, 15 kHz, 50 Hz interlaced
+ECS modes:
+ - multiscan : 640x480, 29 kHz, 57 Hz
+ - multiscan-lace : 640x960, 29 kHz, 57 Hz interlaced
+ - euro36 : 640x200, 15 kHz, 72 Hz
+ - euro36-lace : 640x400, 15 kHz, 72 Hz interlaced
+ - euro72 : 640x400, 29 kHz, 68 Hz
+ - euro72-lace : 640x800, 29 kHz, 68 Hz interlaced
+ - super72 : 800x300, 23 kHz, 70 Hz
+ - super72-lace : 800x600, 23 kHz, 70 Hz interlaced
+ - dblntsc-ff : 640x400, 27 kHz, 57 Hz
+ - dblntsc-lace : 640x800, 27 kHz, 57 Hz interlaced
+ - dblpal-ff : 640x512, 27 kHz, 47 Hz
+ - dblpal-lace : 640x1024, 27 kHz, 47 Hz interlaced
+ - dblntsc : 640x200, 27 kHz, 57 Hz doublescan
+ - dblpal : 640x256, 27 kHz, 47 Hz doublescan
+VGA modes:
+ - vga : 640x480, 31 kHz, 60 Hz
+ - vga70 : 640x400, 31 kHz, 70 Hz
+
+Please notice that the ECS and VGA modes require either an ECS or AGA
+chipset, and that these modes are limited to 2-bit color for the ECS
+chipset and 8-bit color for the AGA chipset.
+
+5.1.2) depth
+------------
+
+Syntax: depth:<nr. of bit-planes>
+
+Specify the number of bit-planes for the selected video-mode.
+
+5.1.3) inverse
+--------------
+
+Use inverted display (black on white). Functionally the same as the
+"inverse" sub-option for the Atari.
+
+5.1.4) font
+-----------
+
+Syntax: font:<fontname>
+
+Specify the font to use in text modes. Functionally the same as the
+"font" sub-option for the Atari, except that `PEARL8x8' is used instead
+of `VGA8x8' if the vertical size of the display is less than 400 pixel
+rows.
+
+5.1.5) monitorcap:
+-------------------
+
+Syntax: monitorcap:<vmin>;<vmax>;<hmin>;<hmax>
+
+This describes the capabilities of a multisync monitor. For now, only
+the color frame buffer uses the settings of "monitorcap:".
+
+ <vmin> and <vmax> are the minimum and maximum, resp., vertical frequencies
+your monitor can work with, in Hz. <hmin> and <hmax> are the same for
+the horizontal frequency, in kHz.
+
+ The defaults are 50;90;15;38 (Generic Amiga multisync monitor).
+
+
+5.2) fd_def_df0=
+----------------
+
+Syntax: fd_def_df0=<value>
+
+Sets the df0 value for "silent" floppy drives. The value should be in
+hexadecimal with "0x" prefix.
+
+
+5.3) wd33c93=
+-------------
+
+Syntax: wd33c93=<sub-options...>
+
+These options affect the A590/A2091, A3000 and GVP Series II SCSI
+controllers.
+
+The <sub-options> is a comma-separated list of the sub-options listed
+below.
+
+5.3.1) nosync
+-------------
+
+Syntax: nosync:bitmask
+
+ bitmask is a byte where the 1st 7 bits correspond with the 7
+possible SCSI devices. Set a bit to prevent sync negotiation on that
+device. To maintain backwards compatibility, a command-line such as
+"wd33c93=255" will be automatically translated to
+"wd33c93=nosync:0xff". The default is to disable sync negotiation for
+all devices, eg. nosync:0xff.
+
+5.3.2) period
+-------------
+
+Syntax: period:ns
+
+ `ns' is the minimum # of nanoseconds in a SCSI data transfer
+period. Default is 500; acceptable values are 250 - 1000.
+
+5.3.3) disconnect
+-----------------
+
+Syntax: disconnect:x
+
+ Specify x = 0 to never allow disconnects, 2 to always allow them.
+x = 1 does 'adaptive' disconnects, which is the default and generally
+the best choice.
+
+5.3.4) debug
+------------
+
+Syntax: debug:x
+
+ If `DEBUGGING_ON' is defined, x is a bit mask that causes various
+types of debug output to printed - see the DB_xxx defines in
+wd33c93.h.
+
+5.3.5) clock
+------------
+
+Syntax: clock:x
+
+ x = clock input in MHz for WD33c93 chip. Normal values would be from
+8 through 20. The default value depends on your hostadapter(s),
+default for the A3000 internal controller is 14, for the A2091 it's 8
+and for the GVP hostadapters it's either 8 or 14, depending on the
+hostadapter and the SCSI-clock jumper present on some GVP
+hostadapters.
+
+5.3.6) next
+-----------
+
+ No argument. Used to separate blocks of keywords when there's more
+than one wd33c93-based host adapter in the system.
+
+5.3.7) nodma
+------------
+
+Syntax: nodma:x
+
+ If x is 1 (or if the option is just written as "nodma"), the WD33c93
+controller will not use DMA (= direct memory access) to access the
+Amiga's memory. This is useful for some systems (like A3000's and
+A4000's with the A3640 accelerator, revision 3.0) that have problems
+using DMA to chip memory. The default is 0, i.e. to use DMA if
+possible.
+
+
+5.4) gvp11=
+-----------
+
+Syntax: gvp11=<addr-mask>
+
+ The earlier versions of the GVP driver did not handle DMA
+address-mask settings correctly which made it necessary for some
+people to use this option, in order to get their GVP controller
+running under Linux. These problems have hopefully been solved and the
+use of this option is now highly unrecommended!
+
+ Incorrect use can lead to unpredictable behavior, so please only use
+this option if you *know* what you are doing and have a reason to do
+so. In any case if you experience problems and need to use this
+option, please inform us about it by mailing to the Linux/68k kernel
+mailing list.
+
+ The address mask set by this option specifies which addresses are
+valid for DMA with the GVP Series II SCSI controller. An address is
+valid, if no bits are set except the bits that are set in the mask,
+too.
+
+ Some versions of the GVP can only DMA into a 24 bit address range,
+some can address a 25 bit address range while others can use the whole
+32 bit address range for DMA. The correct setting depends on your
+controller and should be autodetected by the driver. An example is the
+24 bit region which is specified by a mask of 0x00fffffe.
+
+
+5.5) 53c7xx=
+------------
+
+Syntax: 53c7xx=<sub-options...>
+
+These options affect the A4000T, A4091, WarpEngine, Blizzard 603e+,
+and GForce 040/060 SCSI controllers on the Amiga, as well as the
+builtin MVME 16x SCSI controller.
+
+The <sub-options> is a comma-separated list of the sub-options listed
+below.
+
+5.5.1) nosync
+-------------
+
+Syntax: nosync:0
+
+ Disables sync negotiation for all devices. Any value after the
+ colon is acceptable (and has the same effect).
+
+5.5.2) noasync
+--------------
+
+Syntax: noasync:0
+
+ Disables async and sync negotiation for all devices. Any value
+ after the colon is acceptable (and has the same effect).
+
+5.5.3) nodisconnect
+-------------------
+
+Syntax: nodisconnect:0
+
+ Disables SCSI disconnects. Any value after the colon is acceptable
+ (and has the same effect).
+
+5.5.4) validids
+---------------
+
+Syntax: validids:0xNN
+
+ Specify which SCSI ids the driver should pay attention to. This is
+ a bitmask (i.e. to only pay attention to ID#4, you'd use 0x10).
+ Default is 0x7f (devices 0-6).
+
+5.5.5) opthi
+5.5.6) optlo
+------------
+
+Syntax: opthi:M,optlo:N
+
+ Specify options for "hostdata->options". The acceptable definitions
+ are listed in drivers/scsi/53c7xx.h; the 32 high bits should be in
+ opthi and the 32 low bits in optlo. They must be specified in the
+ order opthi=M,optlo=N.
+
+5.5.7) next
+-----------
+
+ No argument. Used to separate blocks of keywords when there's more
+ than one 53c7xx host adapter in the system.
+
+
+/* Local Variables: */
+/* mode: text */
+/* End: */
diff --git a/Documentation/magic-number.txt b/Documentation/magic-number.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd8eefa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/magic-number.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+This file is a registry of magic numbers which are in use. When you
+add a magic number to a structure, you should also add it to this
+file, since it is best if the magic numbers used by various structures
+are unique.
+
+It is a *very* good idea to protect kernel data structures with magic
+numbers. This allows you to check at run time whether (a) a structure
+has been clobbered, or (b) you've passed the wrong structure to a
+routine. This last is especially useful --- particularly when you are
+passing pointers to structures via a void * pointer. The tty code,
+for example, does this frequently to pass driver-specific and line
+discipline-specific structures back and forth.
+
+The way to use magic numbers is to declare then at the beginning of
+the structure, like so:
+
+struct tty_ldisc {
+ int magic;
+ ...
+};
+
+Please follow this discipline when you are adding future enhancements
+to the kernel! It has saved me countless hours of debugging,
+especially in the screwy cases where an array has been overrun and
+structures following the array have been overwritten. Using this
+discipline, these cases get detected quickly and safely.
+
+ Theodore Ts'o
+ 31 Mar 94
+
+The magic table is current to Linux 2.1.55.
+
+ Michael Chastain
+ <mailto:mec@shout.net>
+ 22 Sep 1997
+
+Now it should be up to date with Linux 2.1.112. Because
+we are in feature freeze time it is very unlikely that
+something will change before 2.2.x. The entries are
+sorted by number field.
+
+ Krzysztof G. Baranowski
+ <mailto: kgb@knm.org.pl>
+ 29 Jul 1998
+
+Updated the magic table to Linux 2.5.45. Right over the feature freeze,
+but it is possible that some new magic numbers will sneak into the
+kernel before 2.6.x yet.
+
+ Petr Baudis
+ <pasky@ucw.cz>
+ 03 Nov 2002
+
+Updated the magic table to Linux 2.5.74.
+
+ Fabian Frederick
+ <ffrederick@users.sourceforge.net>
+ 09 Jul 2003
+
+
+Magic Name Number Structure File
+===========================================================================
+PG_MAGIC 'P' pg_{read,write}_hdr include/linux/pg.h
+CMAGIC 0x0111 user include/linux/a.out.h
+MKISS_DRIVER_MAGIC 0x04bf mkiss_channel drivers/net/mkiss.h
+RISCOM8_MAGIC 0x0907 riscom_port drivers/char/riscom8.h
+SPECIALIX_MAGIC 0x0907 specialix_port drivers/char/specialix_io8.h
+AURORA_MAGIC 0x0A18 Aurora_port drivers/sbus/char/aurora.h
+HDLC_MAGIC 0x239e n_hdlc drivers/char/n_hdlc.c
+APM_BIOS_MAGIC 0x4101 apm_user arch/i386/kernel/apm.c
+CYCLADES_MAGIC 0x4359 cyclades_port include/linux/cyclades.h
+DB_MAGIC 0x4442 fc_info drivers/net/iph5526_novram.c
+DL_MAGIC 0x444d fc_info drivers/net/iph5526_novram.c
+FASYNC_MAGIC 0x4601 fasync_struct include/linux/fs.h
+FF_MAGIC 0x4646 fc_info drivers/net/iph5526_novram.c
+ISICOM_MAGIC 0x4d54 isi_port include/linux/isicom.h
+PTY_MAGIC 0x5001 drivers/char/pty.c
+PPP_MAGIC 0x5002 ppp include/linux/if_pppvar.h
+SERIAL_MAGIC 0x5301 async_struct include/linux/serial.h
+SSTATE_MAGIC 0x5302 serial_state include/linux/serial.h
+SLIP_MAGIC 0x5302 slip drivers/net/slip.h
+STRIP_MAGIC 0x5303 strip drivers/net/strip.c
+X25_ASY_MAGIC 0x5303 x25_asy drivers/net/x25_asy.h
+SIXPACK_MAGIC 0x5304 sixpack drivers/net/hamradio/6pack.h
+AX25_MAGIC 0x5316 ax_disp drivers/net/mkiss.h
+ESP_MAGIC 0x53ee esp_struct drivers/char/esp.h
+TTY_MAGIC 0x5401 tty_struct include/linux/tty.h
+MGSL_MAGIC 0x5401 mgsl_info drivers/char/synclink.c
+TTY_DRIVER_MAGIC 0x5402 tty_driver include/linux/tty_driver.h
+MGSLPC_MAGIC 0x5402 mgslpc_info drivers/char/pcmcia/synclink_cs.c
+TTY_LDISC_MAGIC 0x5403 tty_ldisc include/linux/tty_ldisc.h
+USB_SERIAL_MAGIC 0x6702 usb_serial drivers/usb/serial/usb-serial.h
+FULL_DUPLEX_MAGIC 0x6969 drivers/net/tulip/de2104x.c
+USB_BLUETOOTH_MAGIC 0x6d02 usb_bluetooth drivers/usb/class/bluetty.c
+RFCOMM_TTY_MAGIC 0x6d02 net/bluetooth/rfcomm/tty.c
+USB_SERIAL_PORT_MAGIC 0x7301 usb_serial_port drivers/usb/serial/usb-serial.h
+CG_MAGIC 0x00090255 ufs_cylinder_group include/linux/ufs_fs.h
+A2232_MAGIC 0x000a2232 gs_port drivers/char/ser_a2232.h
+SOLARIS_SOCKET_MAGIC 0x000ADDED sol_socket_struct arch/sparc64/solaris/socksys.h
+RPORT_MAGIC 0x00525001 r_port drivers/char/rocket_int.h
+LSEMAGIC 0x05091998 lse drivers/fc4/fc.c
+GDTIOCTL_MAGIC 0x06030f07 gdth_iowr_str drivers/scsi/gdth_ioctl.h
+RIEBL_MAGIC 0x09051990 drivers/net/atarilance.c
+RIO_MAGIC 0x12345678 gs_port drivers/char/rio/rio_linux.c
+SX_MAGIC 0x12345678 gs_port drivers/char/sx.h
+NBD_REQUEST_MAGIC 0x12560953 nbd_request include/linux/nbd.h
+RED_MAGIC2 0x170fc2a5 (any) mm/slab.c
+BAYCOM_MAGIC 0x19730510 baycom_state drivers/net/baycom_epp.c
+ISDN_X25IFACE_MAGIC 0x1e75a2b9 isdn_x25iface_proto_data
+ drivers/isdn/isdn_x25iface.h
+ECP_MAGIC 0x21504345 cdkecpsig include/linux/cdk.h
+LSOMAGIC 0x27091997 lso drivers/fc4/fc.c
+LSMAGIC 0x2a3b4d2a ls drivers/fc4/fc.c
+WANPIPE_MAGIC 0x414C4453 sdla_{dump,exec} include/linux/wanpipe.h
+CS_CARD_MAGIC 0x43525553 cs_card sound/oss/cs46xx.c
+LABELCL_MAGIC 0x4857434c labelcl_info_s include/asm/ia64/sn/labelcl.h
+ISDN_ASYNC_MAGIC 0x49344C01 modem_info include/linux/isdn.h
+CTC_ASYNC_MAGIC 0x49344C01 ctc_tty_info drivers/s390/net/ctctty.c
+ISDN_NET_MAGIC 0x49344C02 isdn_net_local_s drivers/isdn/i4l/isdn_net_lib.h
+SAVEKMSG_MAGIC2 0x4B4D5347 savekmsg arch/*/amiga/config.c
+STLI_BOARDMAGIC 0x4bc6c825 stlibrd include/linux/istallion.h
+CS_STATE_MAGIC 0x4c4f4749 cs_state sound/oss/cs46xx.c
+SLAB_C_MAGIC 0x4f17a36d kmem_cache_s mm/slab.c
+COW_MAGIC 0x4f4f4f4d cow_header_v1 arch/um/drivers/ubd_user.c
+I810_CARD_MAGIC 0x5072696E i810_card sound/oss/i810_audio.c
+TRIDENT_CARD_MAGIC 0x5072696E trident_card sound/oss/trident.c
+ROUTER_MAGIC 0x524d4157 wan_device include/linux/wanrouter.h
+SCC_MAGIC 0x52696368 gs_port drivers/char/scc.h
+SAVEKMSG_MAGIC1 0x53415645 savekmsg arch/*/amiga/config.c
+GDA_MAGIC 0x58464552 gda include/asm-mips64/sn/gda.h
+RED_MAGIC1 0x5a2cf071 (any) mm/slab.c
+STL_PORTMAGIC 0x5a7182c9 stlport include/linux/stallion.h
+EEPROM_MAGIC_VALUE 0X5ab478d2 lanai_dev drivers/atm/lanai.c
+HDLCDRV_MAGIC 0x5ac6e778 hdlcdrv_state include/linux/hdlcdrv.h
+EPCA_MAGIC 0x5c6df104 channel include/linux/epca.h
+PCXX_MAGIC 0x5c6df104 channel drivers/char/pcxx.h
+KV_MAGIC 0x5f4b565f kernel_vars_s include/asm-mips64/sn/klkernvars.h
+I810_STATE_MAGIC 0x63657373 i810_state sound/oss/i810_audio.c
+TRIDENT_STATE_MAGIC 0x63657373 trient_state sound/oss/trident.c
+M3_CARD_MAGIC 0x646e6f50 m3_card sound/oss/maestro3.c
+FW_HEADER_MAGIC 0x65726F66 fw_header drivers/atm/fore200e.h
+SLOT_MAGIC 0x67267321 slot drivers/hotplug/cpqphp.h
+SLOT_MAGIC 0x67267322 slot drivers/hotplug/acpiphp.h
+LO_MAGIC 0x68797548 nbd_device include/linux/nbd.h
+OPROFILE_MAGIC 0x6f70726f super_block drivers/oprofile/oprofilefs.h
+M3_STATE_MAGIC 0x734d724d m3_state sound/oss/maestro3.c
+STL_PANELMAGIC 0x7ef621a1 stlpanel include/linux/stallion.h
+VMALLOC_MAGIC 0x87654320 snd_alloc_track sound/core/memory.c
+KMALLOC_MAGIC 0x87654321 snd_alloc_track sound/core/memory.c
+PWC_MAGIC 0x89DC10AB pwc_device drivers/usb/media/pwc.h
+NBD_REPLY_MAGIC 0x96744668 nbd_reply include/linux/nbd.h
+STL_BOARDMAGIC 0xa2267f52 stlbrd include/linux/stallion.h
+ENI155_MAGIC 0xa54b872d midway_eprom drivers/atm/eni.h
+SCI_MAGIC 0xbabeface gs_port drivers/char/sh-sci.h
+CODA_MAGIC 0xC0DAC0DA coda_file_info include/linux/coda_fs_i.h
+DPMEM_MAGIC 0xc0ffee11 gdt_pci_sram drivers/scsi/gdth.h
+STLI_PORTMAGIC 0xe671c7a1 stliport include/linux/istallion.h
+YAM_MAGIC 0xF10A7654 yam_port drivers/net/hamradio/yam.c
+CCB_MAGIC 0xf2691ad2 ccb drivers/scsi/ncr53c8xx.c
+QUEUE_MAGIC_FREE 0xf7e1c9a3 queue_entry drivers/scsi/arm/queue.c
+QUEUE_MAGIC_USED 0xf7e1cc33 queue_entry drivers/scsi/arm/queue.c
+HTB_CMAGIC 0xFEFAFEF1 htb_class net/sched/sch_htb.c
+NMI_MAGIC 0x48414d4d455201 nmi_s include/asm-mips64/sn/nmi.h
+
+Note that there are also defined special per-driver magic numbers in sound
+memory management. See include/sound/sndmagic.h for complete list of them. Many
+OSS sound drivers have their magic numbers constructed from the soundcard PCI
+ID - these are not listed here as well.
+
+IrDA subsystem also uses large number of own magic numbers, see
+include/net/irda/irda.h for a complete list of them.
+
+HFS is another larger user of magic numbers - you can find them in
+fs/hfs/hfs.h.
diff --git a/Documentation/mandatory.txt b/Documentation/mandatory.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc449d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/mandatory.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+ Mandatory File Locking For The Linux Operating System
+
+ Andy Walker <andy@lysaker.kvaerner.no>
+
+ 15 April 1996
+
+
+1. What is mandatory locking?
+------------------------------
+
+Mandatory locking is kernel enforced file locking, as opposed to the more usual
+cooperative file locking used to guarantee sequential access to files among
+processes. File locks are applied using the flock() and fcntl() system calls
+(and the lockf() library routine which is a wrapper around fcntl().) It is
+normally a process' responsibility to check for locks on a file it wishes to
+update, before applying its own lock, updating the file and unlocking it again.
+The most commonly used example of this (and in the case of sendmail, the most
+troublesome) is access to a user's mailbox. The mail user agent and the mail
+transfer agent must guard against updating the mailbox at the same time, and
+prevent reading the mailbox while it is being updated.
+
+In a perfect world all processes would use and honour a cooperative, or
+"advisory" locking scheme. However, the world isn't perfect, and there's
+a lot of poorly written code out there.
+
+In trying to address this problem, the designers of System V UNIX came up
+with a "mandatory" locking scheme, whereby the operating system kernel would
+block attempts by a process to write to a file that another process holds a
+"read" -or- "shared" lock on, and block attempts to both read and write to a
+file that a process holds a "write " -or- "exclusive" lock on.
+
+The System V mandatory locking scheme was intended to have as little impact as
+possible on existing user code. The scheme is based on marking individual files
+as candidates for mandatory locking, and using the existing fcntl()/lockf()
+interface for applying locks just as if they were normal, advisory locks.
+
+Note 1: In saying "file" in the paragraphs above I am actually not telling
+the whole truth. System V locking is based on fcntl(). The granularity of
+fcntl() is such that it allows the locking of byte ranges in files, in addition
+to entire files, so the mandatory locking rules also have byte level
+granularity.
+
+Note 2: POSIX.1 does not specify any scheme for mandatory locking, despite
+borrowing the fcntl() locking scheme from System V. The mandatory locking
+scheme is defined by the System V Interface Definition (SVID) Version 3.
+
+2. Marking a file for mandatory locking
+---------------------------------------
+
+A file is marked as a candidate for mandatory locking by setting the group-id
+bit in its file mode but removing the group-execute bit. This is an otherwise
+meaningless combination, and was chosen by the System V implementors so as not
+to break existing user programs.
+
+Note that the group-id bit is usually automatically cleared by the kernel when
+a setgid file is written to. This is a security measure. The kernel has been
+modified to recognize the special case of a mandatory lock candidate and to
+refrain from clearing this bit. Similarly the kernel has been modified not
+to run mandatory lock candidates with setgid privileges.
+
+3. Available implementations
+----------------------------
+
+I have considered the implementations of mandatory locking available with
+SunOS 4.1.x, Solaris 2.x and HP-UX 9.x.
+
+Generally I have tried to make the most sense out of the behaviour exhibited
+by these three reference systems. There are many anomalies.
+
+All the reference systems reject all calls to open() for a file on which
+another process has outstanding mandatory locks. This is in direct
+contravention of SVID 3, which states that only calls to open() with the
+O_TRUNC flag set should be rejected. The Linux implementation follows the SVID
+definition, which is the "Right Thing", since only calls with O_TRUNC can
+modify the contents of the file.
+
+HP-UX even disallows open() with O_TRUNC for a file with advisory locks, not
+just mandatory locks. That would appear to contravene POSIX.1.
+
+mmap() is another interesting case. All the operating systems mentioned
+prevent mandatory locks from being applied to an mmap()'ed file, but HP-UX
+also disallows advisory locks for such a file. SVID actually specifies the
+paranoid HP-UX behaviour.
+
+In my opinion only MAP_SHARED mappings should be immune from locking, and then
+only from mandatory locks - that is what is currently implemented.
+
+SunOS is so hopeless that it doesn't even honour the O_NONBLOCK flag for
+mandatory locks, so reads and writes to locked files always block when they
+should return EAGAIN.
+
+I'm afraid that this is such an esoteric area that the semantics described
+below are just as valid as any others, so long as the main points seem to
+agree.
+
+4. Semantics
+------------
+
+1. Mandatory locks can only be applied via the fcntl()/lockf() locking
+ interface - in other words the System V/POSIX interface. BSD style
+ locks using flock() never result in a mandatory lock.
+
+2. If a process has locked a region of a file with a mandatory read lock, then
+ other processes are permitted to read from that region. If any of these
+ processes attempts to write to the region it will block until the lock is
+ released, unless the process has opened the file with the O_NONBLOCK
+ flag in which case the system call will return immediately with the error
+ status EAGAIN.
+
+3. If a process has locked a region of a file with a mandatory write lock, all
+ attempts to read or write to that region block until the lock is released,
+ unless a process has opened the file with the O_NONBLOCK flag in which case
+ the system call will return immediately with the error status EAGAIN.
+
+4. Calls to open() with O_TRUNC, or to creat(), on a existing file that has
+ any mandatory locks owned by other processes will be rejected with the
+ error status EAGAIN.
+
+5. Attempts to apply a mandatory lock to a file that is memory mapped and
+ shared (via mmap() with MAP_SHARED) will be rejected with the error status
+ EAGAIN.
+
+6. Attempts to create a shared memory map of a file (via mmap() with MAP_SHARED)
+ that has any mandatory locks in effect will be rejected with the error status
+ EAGAIN.
+
+5. Which system calls are affected?
+-----------------------------------
+
+Those which modify a file's contents, not just the inode. That gives read(),
+write(), readv(), writev(), open(), creat(), mmap(), truncate() and
+ftruncate(). truncate() and ftruncate() are considered to be "write" actions
+for the purposes of mandatory locking.
+
+The affected region is usually defined as stretching from the current position
+for the total number of bytes read or written. For the truncate calls it is
+defined as the bytes of a file removed or added (we must also consider bytes
+added, as a lock can specify just "the whole file", rather than a specific
+range of bytes.)
+
+Note 3: I may have overlooked some system calls that need mandatory lock
+checking in my eagerness to get this code out the door. Please let me know, or
+better still fix the system calls yourself and submit a patch to me or Linus.
+
+6. Warning!
+-----------
+
+Not even root can override a mandatory lock, so runaway processes can wreak
+havoc if they lock crucial files. The way around it is to change the file
+permissions (remove the setgid bit) before trying to read or write to it.
+Of course, that might be a bit tricky if the system is hung :-(
+
diff --git a/Documentation/mca.txt b/Documentation/mca.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e32c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/mca.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+i386 Micro Channel Architecture Support
+=======================================
+
+MCA support is enabled using the CONFIG_MCA define. A machine with a MCA
+bus will have the kernel variable MCA_bus set, assuming the BIOS feature
+bits are set properly (see arch/i386/boot/setup.S for information on
+how this detection is done).
+
+Adapter Detection
+=================
+
+The ideal MCA adapter detection is done through the use of the
+Programmable Option Select registers. Generic functions for doing
+this have been added in include/linux/mca.h and arch/i386/kernel/mca.c.
+Everything needed to detect adapters and read (and write) configuration
+information is there. A number of MCA-specific drivers already use
+this. The typical probe code looks like the following:
+
+ #include <linux/mca.h>
+
+ unsigned char pos2, pos3, pos4, pos5;
+ struct net_device* dev;
+ int slot;
+
+ if( MCA_bus ) {
+ slot = mca_find_adapter( ADAPTER_ID, 0 );
+ if( slot == MCA_NOTFOUND ) {
+ return -ENODEV;
+ }
+ /* optional - see below */
+ mca_set_adapter_name( slot, "adapter name & description" );
+ mca_set_adapter_procfn( slot, dev_getinfo, dev );
+
+ /* read the POS registers. Most devices only use 2 and 3 */
+ pos2 = mca_read_stored_pos( slot, 2 );
+ pos3 = mca_read_stored_pos( slot, 3 );
+ pos4 = mca_read_stored_pos( slot, 4 );
+ pos5 = mca_read_stored_pos( slot, 5 );
+ } else {
+ return -ENODEV;
+ }
+
+ /* extract configuration from pos[2345] and set everything up */
+
+Loadable modules should modify this to test that the specified IRQ and
+IO ports (plus whatever other stuff) match. See 3c523.c for example
+code (actually, smc-mca.c has a slightly more complex example that can
+handle a list of adapter ids).
+
+Keep in mind that devices should never directly access the POS registers
+(via inb(), outb(), etc). While it's generally safe, there is a small
+potential for blowing up hardware when it's done at the wrong time.
+Furthermore, accessing a POS register disables a device temporarily.
+This is usually okay during startup, but do _you_ want to rely on it?
+During initial configuration, mca_init() reads all the POS registers
+into memory. mca_read_stored_pos() accesses that data. mca_read_pos()
+and mca_write_pos() are also available for (safer) direct POS access,
+but their use is _highly_ discouraged. mca_write_pos() is particularly
+dangerous, as it is possible for adapters to be put in inconsistent
+states (i.e. sharing IO address, etc) and may result in crashes, toasted
+hardware, and blindness.
+
+User level drivers (such as the AGX X server) can use /proc/mca/pos to
+find adapters (see below).
+
+Some MCA adapters can also be detected via the usual ISA-style device
+probing (many SCSI adapters, for example). This sort of thing is highly
+discouraged. Perfectly good information is available telling you what's
+there, so there's no excuse for messing with random IO ports. However,
+we MCA people still appreciate any ISA-style driver that will work with
+our hardware. You take what you can get...
+
+Level-Triggered Interrupts
+==========================
+
+Because MCA uses level-triggered interrupts, a few problems arise with
+what might best be described as the ISA mindset and its effects on
+drivers. These sorts of problems are expected to become less common as
+more people use shared IRQs on PCI machines.
+
+In general, an interrupt must be acknowledged not only at the ICU (which
+is done automagically by the kernel), but at the device level. In
+particular, IRQ 0 must be reset after a timer interrupt (now done in
+arch/i386/kernel/time.c) or the first timer interrupt hangs the system.
+There were also problems with the 1.3.x floppy drivers, but that seems
+to have been fixed.
+
+IRQs are also shareable, and most MCA-specific devices should be coded
+with shared IRQs in mind.
+
+/proc/mca
+=========
+
+/proc/mca is a directory containing various files for adapters and
+other stuff.
+
+ /proc/mca/pos Straight listing of POS registers
+ /proc/mca/slot[1-8] Information on adapter in specific slot
+ /proc/mca/video Same for integrated video
+ /proc/mca/scsi Same for integrated SCSI
+ /proc/mca/machine Machine information
+
+See Appendix A for a sample.
+
+Device drivers can easily add their own information function for
+specific slots (including integrated ones) via the
+mca_set_adapter_procfn() call. Drivers that support this are ESDI, IBM
+SCSI, and 3c523. If a device is also a module, make sure that the proc
+function is removed in the module cleanup. This will require storing
+the slot information in a private structure somewhere. See the 3c523
+driver for details.
+
+Your typical proc function will look something like this:
+
+ static int
+ dev_getinfo( char* buf, int slot, void* d ) {
+ struct net_device* dev = (struct net_device*) d;
+ int len = 0;
+
+ len += sprintf( buf+len, "Device: %s\n", dev->name );
+ len += sprintf( buf+len, "IRQ: %d\n", dev->irq );
+ len += sprintf( buf+len, "IO Port: %#lx-%#lx\n", ... );
+ ...
+
+ return len;
+ }
+
+Some of the standard MCA information will already be printed, so don't
+bother repeating it. Don't try putting in more than 3K of information.
+
+Enable this function with:
+ mca_set_adapter_procfn( slot, dev_getinfo, dev );
+
+Disable it with:
+ mca_set_adapter_procfn( slot, NULL, NULL );
+
+It is also recommended that, even if you don't write a proc function, to
+set the name of the adapter (i.e. "PS/2 ESDI Controller") via
+mca_set_adapter_name( int slot, char* name ).
+
+MCA Device Drivers
+==================
+
+Currently, there are a number of MCA-specific device drivers.
+
+1) PS/2 ESDI
+ drivers/block/ps2esdi.c
+ include/linux/ps2esdi.h
+ Uses major number 36, and should use /dev files /dev/eda, /dev/edb.
+ Supports two drives, but only one controller. May use the
+ command-line args "ed=cyl,head,sec" and "tp720".
+
+2) PS/2 SCSI
+ drivers/scsi/ibmmca.c
+ drivers/scsi/ibmmca.h
+ The driver for the IBM SCSI subsystem. Includes both integrated
+ controllers and adapter cards. May require command-line arg
+ "ibmmcascsi=io_port" to force detection of an adapter. If you have a
+ machine with a front-panel display (i.e. model 95), you can use
+ "ibmmcascsi=display" to enable a drive activity indicator.
+
+3) 3c523
+ drivers/net/3c523.c
+ drivers/net/3c523.h
+ 3Com 3c523 Etherlink/MC ethernet driver.
+
+4) SMC Ultra/MCA and IBM Adapter/A
+ drivers/net/smc-mca.c
+ drivers/net/smc-mca.h
+ Driver for the MCA version of the SMC Ultra and various other
+ OEM'ed and work-alike cards (Elite, Adapter/A, etc).
+
+5) NE/2
+ driver/net/ne2.c
+ driver/net/ne2.h
+ The NE/2 is the MCA version of the NE2000. This may not work
+ with clones that have a different adapter id than the original
+ NE/2.
+
+6) Future Domain MCS-600/700, OEM'd IBM Fast SCSI Aapter/A and
+ Reply Sound Blaster/SCSI (SCSI part)
+ Better support for these cards than the driver for ISA.
+ Supports multiple cards with IRQ sharing.
+
+Also added boot time option of scsi-probe, which can do reordering of
+SCSI host adapters. This will direct the kernel on the order which
+SCSI adapter should be detected. Example:
+ scsi-probe=ibmmca,fd_mcs,adaptec1542,buslogic
+
+The serial drivers were modified to support the extended IO port range
+of the typical MCA system (also #ifdef CONFIG_MCA).
+
+The following devices work with existing drivers:
+1) Token-ring
+2) Future Domain SCSI (MCS-600, MCS-700, not MCS-350, OEM'ed IBM SCSI)
+3) Adaptec 1640 SCSI (using the aha1542 driver)
+4) Bustek/Buslogic SCSI (various)
+5) Probably all Arcnet cards.
+6) Some, possibly all, MCA IDE controllers.
+7) 3Com 3c529 (MCA version of 3c509) (patched)
+
+8) Intel EtherExpressMC (patched version)
+ You need to have CONFIG_MCA defined to have EtherExpressMC support.
+9) Reply Sound Blaster/SCSI (SB part) (patched version)
+
+Bugs & Other Weirdness
+======================
+
+NMIs tend to occur with MCA machines because of various hardware
+weirdness, bus timeouts, and many other non-critical things. Some basic
+code to handle them (inspired by the NetBSD MCA code) has been added to
+detect the guilty device, but it's pretty incomplete. If NMIs are a
+persistent problem (on some model 70 or 80s, they occur every couple
+shell commands), the CONFIG_IGNORE_NMI flag will take care of that.
+
+Various Pentium machines have had serious problems with the FPU test in
+bugs.h. Basically, the machine hangs after the HLT test. This occurs,
+as far as we know, on the Pentium-equipped 85s, 95s, and some PC Servers.
+The PCI/MCA PC 750s are fine as far as I can tell. The ``mca-pentium''
+boot-prompt flag will disable the FPU bug check if this is a problem
+with your machine.
+
+The model 80 has a raft of problems that are just too weird and unique
+to get into here. Some people have no trouble while others have nothing
+but problems. I'd suspect some problems are related to the age of the
+average 80 and accompanying hardware deterioration, although others
+are definitely design problems with the hardware. Among the problems
+include SCSI controller problems, ESDI controller problems, and serious
+screw-ups in the floppy controller. Oh, and the parallel port is also
+pretty flaky. There were about 5 or 6 different model 80 motherboards
+produced to fix various obscure problems. As far as I know, it's pretty
+much impossible to tell which bugs a particular model 80 has (other than
+triggering them, that is).
+
+Drivers are required for some MCA memory adapters. If you're suddenly
+short a few megs of RAM, this might be the reason. The (I think) Enhanced
+Memory Adapter commonly found on the model 70 is one. There's a very
+alpha driver floating around, but it's pretty ugly (disassembled from
+the DOS driver, actually). See the MCA Linux web page (URL below)
+for more current memory info.
+
+The Thinkpad 700 and 720 will work, but various components are either
+non-functional, flaky, or we don't know anything about them. The
+graphics controller is supposed to be some WD, but we can't get things
+working properly. The PCMCIA slots don't seem to work. Ditto for APM.
+The serial ports work, but detection seems to be flaky.
+
+Credits
+=======
+A whole pile of people have contributed to the MCA code. I'd include
+their names here, but I don't have a list handy. Check the MCA Linux
+home page (URL below) for a perpetually out-of-date list.
+
+=====================================================================
+MCA Linux Home Page: http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca/
+
+Christophe Beauregard
+chrisb@truespectra.com
+cpbeaure@calum.csclub.uwaterloo.ca
+
+=====================================================================
+Appendix A: Sample /proc/mca
+
+This is from my model 8595. Slot 1 contains the standard IBM SCSI
+adapter, slot 3 is an Adaptec AHA-1640, slot 5 is a XGA-1 video adapter,
+and slot 7 is the 3c523 Etherlink/MC.
+
+/proc/mca/machine:
+Model Id: 0xf8
+Submodel Id: 0x14
+BIOS Revision: 0x5
+
+/proc/mca/pos:
+Slot 1: ff 8e f1 fc a0 ff ff ff IBM SCSI Adapter w/Cache
+Slot 2: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
+Slot 3: 1f 0f 81 3b bf b6 ff ff
+Slot 4: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
+Slot 5: db 8f 1d 5e fd c0 00 00
+Slot 6: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
+Slot 7: 42 60 ff 08 ff ff ff ff 3Com 3c523 Etherlink/MC
+Slot 8: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
+Video : ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
+SCSI : ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
+
+/proc/mca/slot1:
+Slot: 1
+Adapter Name: IBM SCSI Adapter w/Cache
+Id: 8eff
+Enabled: Yes
+POS: ff 8e f1 fc a0 ff ff ff
+Subsystem PUN: 7
+Detected at boot: Yes
+
+/proc/mca/slot3:
+Slot: 3
+Adapter Name: Unknown
+Id: 0f1f
+Enabled: Yes
+POS: 1f 0f 81 3b bf b6 ff ff
+
+/proc/mca/slot5:
+Slot: 5
+Adapter Name: Unknown
+Id: 8fdb
+Enabled: Yes
+POS: db 8f 1d 5e fd c0 00 00
+
+/proc/mca/slot7:
+Slot: 7
+Adapter Name: 3Com 3c523 Etherlink/MC
+Id: 6042
+Enabled: Yes
+POS: 42 60 ff 08 ff ff ff ff
+Revision: 0xe
+IRQ: 9
+IO Address: 0x3300-0x3308
+Memory: 0xd8000-0xdbfff
+Transceiver: External
+Device: eth0
+Hardware Address: 02 60 8c 45 c4 2a
diff --git a/Documentation/md.txt b/Documentation/md.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2b5369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/md.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+Tools that manage md devices can be found at
+ http://www.<country>.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/raid/....
+
+
+Boot time assembly of RAID arrays
+---------------------------------
+
+You can boot with your md device with the following kernel command
+lines:
+
+for old raid arrays without persistent superblocks:
+ md=<md device no.>,<raid level>,<chunk size factor>,<fault level>,dev0,dev1,...,devn
+
+for raid arrays with persistent superblocks
+ md=<md device no.>,dev0,dev1,...,devn
+or, to assemble a partitionable array:
+ md=d<md device no.>,dev0,dev1,...,devn
+
+md device no. = the number of the md device ...
+ 0 means md0,
+ 1 md1,
+ 2 md2,
+ 3 md3,
+ 4 md4
+
+raid level = -1 linear mode
+ 0 striped mode
+ other modes are only supported with persistent super blocks
+
+chunk size factor = (raid-0 and raid-1 only)
+ Set the chunk size as 4k << n.
+
+fault level = totally ignored
+
+dev0-devn: e.g. /dev/hda1,/dev/hdc1,/dev/sda1,/dev/sdb1
+
+A possible loadlin line (Harald Hoyer <HarryH@Royal.Net>) looks like this:
+
+e:\loadlin\loadlin e:\zimage root=/dev/md0 md=0,0,4,0,/dev/hdb2,/dev/hdc3 ro
+
+
+Boot time autodetection of RAID arrays
+--------------------------------------
+
+When md is compiled into the kernel (not as module), partitions of
+type 0xfd are scanned and automatically assembled into RAID arrays.
+This autodetection may be suppressed with the kernel parameter
+"raid=noautodetect". As of kernel 2.6.9, only drives with a type 0
+superblock can be autodetected and run at boot time.
+
+The kernel parameter "raid=partitionable" (or "raid=part") means
+that all auto-detected arrays are assembled as partitionable.
+
+
+Superblock formats
+------------------
+
+The md driver can support a variety of different superblock formats.
+Currently, it supports superblock formats "0.90.0" and the "md-1" format
+introduced in the 2.5 development series.
+
+The kernel will autodetect which format superblock is being used.
+
+Superblock format '0' is treated differently to others for legacy
+reasons - it is the original superblock format.
+
+
+General Rules - apply for all superblock formats
+------------------------------------------------
+
+An array is 'created' by writing appropriate superblocks to all
+devices.
+
+It is 'assembled' by associating each of these devices with an
+particular md virtual device. Once it is completely assembled, it can
+be accessed.
+
+An array should be created by a user-space tool. This will write
+superblocks to all devices. It will usually mark the array as
+'unclean', or with some devices missing so that the kernel md driver
+can create appropriate redundancy (copying in raid1, parity
+calculation in raid4/5).
+
+When an array is assembled, it is first initialized with the
+SET_ARRAY_INFO ioctl. This contains, in particular, a major and minor
+version number. The major version number selects which superblock
+format is to be used. The minor number might be used to tune handling
+of the format, such as suggesting where on each device to look for the
+superblock.
+
+Then each device is added using the ADD_NEW_DISK ioctl. This
+provides, in particular, a major and minor number identifying the
+device to add.
+
+The array is started with the RUN_ARRAY ioctl.
+
+Once started, new devices can be added. They should have an
+appropriate superblock written to them, and then passed be in with
+ADD_NEW_DISK.
+
+Devices that have failed or are not yet active can be detached from an
+array using HOT_REMOVE_DISK.
+
+
+Specific Rules that apply to format-0 super block arrays, and
+ arrays with no superblock (non-persistent).
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An array can be 'created' by describing the array (level, chunksize
+etc) in a SET_ARRAY_INFO ioctl. This must has major_version==0 and
+raid_disks != 0.
+
+Then uninitialized devices can be added with ADD_NEW_DISK. The
+structure passed to ADD_NEW_DISK must specify the state of the device
+and it's role in the array.
+
+Once started with RUN_ARRAY, uninitialized spares can be added with
+HOT_ADD_DISK.
diff --git a/Documentation/memory.txt b/Documentation/memory.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b3dedd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/memory.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+There are several classic problems related to memory on Linux
+systems.
+
+ 1) There are some buggy motherboards which cannot properly
+ deal with the memory above 16MB. Consider exchanging
+ your motherboard.
+
+ 2) You cannot do DMA on the ISA bus to addresses above
+ 16M. Most device drivers under Linux allow the use
+ of bounce buffers which work around this problem. Drivers
+ that don't use bounce buffers will be unstable with
+ more than 16M installed. Drivers that use bounce buffers
+ will be OK, but may have slightly higher overhead.
+
+ 3) There are some motherboards that will not cache above
+ a certain quantity of memory. If you have one of these
+ motherboards, your system will be SLOWER, not faster
+ as you add more memory. Consider exchanging your
+ motherboard.
+
+All of these problems can be addressed with the "mem=XXXM" boot option
+(where XXX is the size of RAM to use in megabytes).
+It can also tell Linux to use less memory than is actually installed.
+If you use "mem=" on a machine with PCI, consider using "memmap=" to avoid
+physical address space collisions.
+
+See the documentation of your boot loader (LILO, loadlin, etc.) about
+how to pass options to the kernel.
+
+There are other memory problems which Linux cannot deal with. Random
+corruption of memory is usually a sign of serious hardware trouble.
+Try:
+
+ * Reducing memory settings in the BIOS to the most conservative
+ timings.
+
+ * Adding a cooling fan.
+
+ * Not overclocking your CPU.
+
+ * Having the memory tested in a memory tester or exchanged
+ with the vendor. Consider testing it with memtest86 yourself.
+
+ * Exchanging your CPU, cache, or motherboard for one that works.
+
+ * Disabling the cache from the BIOS.
+
+ * Try passing the "mem=4M" option to the kernel to limit
+ Linux to using a very small amount of memory. Use "memmap="-option
+ together with "mem=" on systems with PCI to avoid physical address
+ space collisions.
+
+
+Other tricks:
+
+ * Try passing the "no-387" option to the kernel to ignore
+ a buggy FPU.
+
+ * Try passing the "no-hlt" option to disable the potentially
+ buggy HLT instruction in your CPU.
diff --git a/Documentation/mips/GT64120.README b/Documentation/mips/GT64120.README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d0eec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/mips/GT64120.README
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+README for arch/mips/gt64120 directory and subdirectories
+
+Jun Sun, jsun@mvista.com or jsun@junsun.net
+01/27, 2001
+
+MOTIVATION
+----------
+
+Many MIPS boards share the same system controller (or CPU companian chip),
+such as GT-64120. It is highly desirable to let these boards share
+the same controller code instead of duplicating them.
+
+This directory is meant to hold all MIPS boards that use GT-64120 or GT-64120A.
+
+
+HOW TO ADD A BOARD
+------------------
+
+. Create a subdirectory include/asm/gt64120/<board>.
+
+. Create a file called gt64120_dep.h under that directory.
+
+. Modify include/asm/gt64120/gt64120.h file to include the new gt64120_dep.h
+ based on config options. The board-dep section is at the end of
+ include/asm/gt64120/gt64120.h file. There you can find all required
+ definitions include/asm/gt64120/<board>/gt64120_dep.h file must supply.
+
+. Create a subdirectory arch/mips/gt64120/<board> directory to hold
+ board specific routines.
+
+. The GT-64120 common code is supplied under arch/mips/gt64120/common directory.
+ It includes:
+ 1) arch/mips/gt64120/pci.c -
+ common PCI routine, include the top-level pcibios_init()
+ 2) arch/mips/gt64120/irq.c -
+ common IRQ routine, include the top-level do_IRQ()
+ [This part really belongs to arch/mips/kernel. jsun]
+ 3) arch/mips/gt64120/gt_irq.c -
+ common IRQ routines for GT-64120 chip. Currently it only handles
+ the timer interrupt.
+
+. Board-specific routines are supplied under arch/mips/gt64120/<board> dir.
+ 1) arch/mips/gt64120/<board>/pci.c - it provides bus fixup routine
+ 2) arch/mips/gt64120/<board>/irq.c - it provides enable/disable irqs
+ and board irq setup routine (irq_setup)
+ 3) arch/mips/gt64120/<board>/int-handler.S -
+ The first-level interrupt dispatching routine.
+ 4) a bunch of other "normal" stuff (setup, prom, dbg_io, reset, etc)
+
+. Follow other "normal" procedure to modify configuration files, etc.
+
+
+TO-DO LIST
+----------
+
+. Expand arch/mips/gt64120/gt_irq.c to handle all GT-64120 interrupts.
+ We probably need to introduce GT_IRQ_BASE in board-dep header file,
+ which is used the starting irq_nr for all GT irqs.
+
+ A function, gt64120_handle_irq(), will be added so that the first-level
+ irq dispatcher will call this function if it detects an interrupt
+ from GT-64120.
+
+. More support for GT-64120 PCI features (2nd PCI bus, perhaps)
+
diff --git a/Documentation/mips/pci/pci.README b/Documentation/mips/pci/pci.README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8697ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/mips/pci/pci.README
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+
+Pete Popov, ppopov@pacbell.net
+07/11/2001
+
+This README briefly explains how to use the pci and pci_auto
+code in arch/mips/kernel. The code was ported from PowerPC and
+modified slightly. It has been tested pretty well on PPC on some
+rather complex systems with multiple bridges and devices behind
+each bridge. However, at the time this README was written, the
+mips port was tested only on boards with a single pci bus and
+no P2P bridges. It's very possible that on boards with P2P
+bridges some modifications have to be made. The code will
+evolve, no doubt, but currently every single mips board
+is doing its own pcibios thing and it has become a big
+mess. This generic pci code is meant to clean up the mips
+pci mess and make it easier to add pci support to new boards.
+
+inside the define for your board in arch/mips/config.in.
+For example, the Galileo EV96100 board looks like this:
+
+if [ "$CONFIG_MIPS_EV96100" = "y" ]; then
+ define_bool CONFIG_PCI y
+ define_bool CONFIG_MIPS_GT96100 y
+ define_bool CONFIG_NEW_PCI y
+ define_bool CONFIG_SWAP_IO_SPACE y
+fi
+
+
+Next, if you want to use the arch/mips/kernel/pci code, which has the
+pcibios_init() function, add
+
+define_bool CONFIG_NEW_PCI y
+
+inside the define for your board. Again, the EV96100 example above
+show NEW_PCI turned on.
+
+
+Now you need to add your files to hook in your pci configuration
+cycles. Usually you'll need only a couple of files named something
+like pci_fixups.c and pci_ops.c. You can copy the templates
+provided and fill in the code.
+
+The file pci_ops.c should contain the pci configuration cycles routines.
+It also has the mips_pci_channels[] array which contains the descriptors
+of each pci controller.
+
+The file pci_fixups.c contains a few routines to do interrupt fixups,
+resources fixups, and, if needed, pci bios fixups.
+
+Usually you'll put your pci_fixups.c file in your board specific directory,
+since the functions in that file are board specific. The functions in
+pci_ops.c, on the other hand, are usually pci controller specific so that
+file could be shared among a few different boards using the same
+pci controller.
diff --git a/Documentation/mips/time.README b/Documentation/mips/time.README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70bc0dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/mips/time.README
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+README for MIPS time services
+
+Jun Sun
+jsun@mvista.com or jsun@junsun.net
+
+
+ABOUT
+-----
+This file describes the new arch/mips/kernel/time.c, related files and the
+services they provide.
+
+If you are short in patience and just want to know how to use time.c for a
+new board or convert an existing board, go to the last section.
+
+
+FILES, COMPATABILITY AND CONFIGS
+---------------------------------
+
+The old arch/mips/kernel/time.c is renamed to old-time.c.
+
+A new time.c is put there, together with include/asm-mips/time.h.
+
+Two configs variables are introduced, CONFIG_OLD_TIME_C and CONFIG_NEW_TIME_C.
+So we allow boards using
+
+ 1) old time.c (CONFIG_OLD_TIME_C)
+ 2) new time.c (CONFIG_NEW_TIME_C)
+ 3) neither (their own private time.c)
+
+However, it is expected every board will move to the new time.c in the near
+future.
+
+
+WHAT THE NEW CODE PROVIDES?
+---------------------------
+
+The new time code provide the following services:
+
+ a) Implements functions required by Linux common code:
+ time_init
+ do_gettimeofday
+ do_settimeofday
+
+ b) provides an abstraction of RTC and null RTC implementation as default.
+ extern unsigned long (*rtc_get_time)(void);
+ extern int (*rtc_set_time)(unsigned long);
+
+ c) a set of gettimeoffset functions for different CPUs and different
+ needs.
+
+ d) high-level and low-level timer interrupt routines where the timer
+ interrupt source may or may not be the CPU timer. The high-level
+ routine is dispatched through do_IRQ() while the low-level is
+ dispatched in assemably code (usually int-handler.S)
+
+
+WHAT THE NEW CODE REQUIRES?
+---------------------------
+
+For the new code to work properly, each board implementation needs to supply
+the following functions or values:
+
+ a) board_time_init - a function pointer. Invoked at the beginnig of
+ time_init(). It is optional.
+ 1. (optional) set up RTC routines
+ 2. (optional) calibrate and set the mips_counter_frequency
+
+ b) board_timer_setup - a function pointer. Invoked at the end of time_init()
+ 1. (optional) over-ride any decisions made in time_init()
+ 2. set up the irqaction for timer interrupt.
+ 3. enable the timer interrupt
+
+ c) (optional) board-specific RTC routines.
+
+ d) (optional) mips_counter_frequency - It must be definied if the board
+ is using CPU counter for timer interrupt or it is using fixed rate
+ gettimeoffset().
+
+
+PORTING GUIDE
+-------------
+
+Step 1: decide how you like to implement the time services.
+
+ a) does this board have a RTC? If yes, implement the two RTC funcs.
+
+ b) does the CPU have counter/compare registers?
+
+ If the answer is no, you need a timer to provide the timer interrupt
+ at 100 HZ speed.
+
+ You cannot use the fast gettimeoffset functions, i.e.,
+
+ unsigned long fixed_rate_gettimeoffset(void);
+ unsigned long calibrate_div32_gettimeoffset(void);
+ unsigned long calibrate_div64_gettimeoffset(void);
+
+ You can use null_gettimeoffset() will gives the same time resolution as
+ jiffy. Or you can implement your own gettimeoffset (probably based on
+ some ad hoc hardware on your machine.)
+
+ c) The following sub steps assume your CPU has counter register.
+ Do you plan to use the CPU counter register as the timer interrupt
+ or use an exnternal timer?
+
+ In order to use CPU counter register as the timer interrupt source, you
+ must know the counter speed (mips_counter_frequency). It is usually the
+ same as the CPU speed or an integral divisor of it.
+
+ d) decide on whether you want to use high-level or low-level timer
+ interrupt routines. The low-level one is presumably faster, but should
+ not make too mcuh difference.
+
+
+Step 2: the machine setup() function
+
+ If you supply board_time_init(), set the function poointer.
+
+ Set the function pointer board_timer_setup() (mandatory)
+
+
+Step 3: implement rtc routines, board_time_init() and board_timer_setup()
+ if needed.
+
+ board_time_init() -
+ a) (optional) set up RTC routines,
+ b) (optional) calibrate and set the mips_counter_frequency
+ (only needed if you intended to use fixed_rate_gettimeoffset
+ or use cpu counter as timer interrupt source)
+
+ board_timer_setup() -
+ a) (optional) over-write any choices made above by time_init().
+ b) machine specific code should setup the timer irqaction.
+ c) enable the timer interrupt
+
+
+ If the RTC chip is a common chip, I suggest the routines are put under
+ arch/mips/libs. For example, for DS1386 chip, one would create
+ rtc-ds1386.c under arch/mips/lib directory. Add the following line to
+ the arch/mips/lib/Makefile:
+
+ obj-$(CONFIG_DDB5476) += rtc-ds1386.o
+
+Step 4: if you are using low-level timer interrupt, change your interrupt
+ dispathcing code to check for timer interrupt and jump to
+ ll_timer_interrupt() directly if one is detected.
+
+Step 5: Modify arch/mips/config.in and add CONFIG_NEW_TIME_C to your machine.
+ Modify the appropriate defconfig if applicable.
+
+Final notes:
+
+For some tricky cases, you may need to add your own wrapper functions
+for some of the functions in time.c.
+
+For example, you may define your own timer interrupt routine, which does
+some of its own processing and then calls timer_interrupt().
+
+You can also over-ride any of the built-in functions (gettimeoffset,
+RTC routines and/or timer interrupt routine).
+
+
+PORTING NOTES FOR SMP
+----------------------
+
+If you have a SMP box, things are slightly more complicated.
+
+The time service running every jiffy is logically divided into two parts:
+
+ 1) the one for the whole system (defined in timer_interrupt())
+ 2) the one that should run for each CPU (defined in local_timer_interrupt())
+
+You need to decide on your timer interrupt sources.
+
+ case 1) - whole system has only one timer interrupt delivered to one CPU
+
+ In this case, you set up timer interrupt as in UP systems. In addtion,
+ you need to set emulate_local_timer_interrupt to 1 so that other
+ CPUs get to call local_timer_interrupt().
+
+ THIS IS CURRENTLY NOT IMPLEMNETED. However, it is rather easy to write
+ one should such a need arise. You simply make a IPI call.
+
+ case 2) - each CPU has a separate timer interrupt
+
+ In this case, you need to set up IRQ such that each of them will
+ call local_timer_interrupt(). In addition, you need to arrange
+ one and only one of them to call timer_interrupt().
+
+ You can also do the low-level version of those interrupt routines,
+ following similar dispatching routes described above.
+
+Note about do_gettimeoffset():
+
+ It is very likely the CPU counter registers are not sync'ed up in a SMP box.
+ Therefore you cannot really use the many of the existing routines that
+ are based on CPU counter. You should wirte your own gettimeoffset rouinte
+ if you want intra-jiffy resolution.
diff --git a/Documentation/mono.txt b/Documentation/mono.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6739ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/mono.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+ Mono(tm) Binary Kernel Support for Linux
+ -----------------------------------------
+
+To configure Linux to automatically execute Mono-based .NET binaries
+(in the form of .exe files) without the need to use the mono CLR
+wrapper, you can use the BINFMT_MISC kernel support.
+
+This will allow you to execute Mono-based .NET binaries just like any
+other program after you have done the following:
+
+1) You MUST FIRST install the Mono CLR support, either by downloading
+ a binary package, a source tarball or by installing from CVS. Binary
+ packages for several distributions can be found at:
+
+ http://go-mono.com/download.html
+
+ Instructions for compiling Mono can be found at:
+
+ http://www.go-mono.com/compiling.html
+
+ Once the Mono CLR support has been installed, just check that
+ /usr/bin/mono (which could be located elsewhere, for example
+ /usr/local/bin/mono) is working.
+
+2) You have to compile BINFMT_MISC either as a module or into
+ the kernel (CONFIG_BINFMT_MISC) and set it up properly.
+ If you choose to compile it as a module, you will have
+ to insert it manually with modprobe/insmod, as kmod
+ can not be easily supported with binfmt_misc.
+ Read the file 'binfmt_misc.txt' in this directory to know
+ more about the configuration process.
+
+3) Add the following enries to /etc/rc.local or similar script
+ to be run at system startup:
+
+# Insert BINFMT_MISC module into the kernel
+if [ ! -e /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register ]; then
+ /sbin/modprobe binfmt_misc
+ # Some distributions, like Fedora Core, perform
+ # the following command automatically when the
+ # binfmt_misc module is loaded into the kernel.
+ # Thus, it is possible that the following line
+ # is not needed at all. Look at /etc/modprobe.conf
+ # to check whether this is applicable or not.
+ mount -t binfmt_misc none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
+fi
+
+# Register support for .NET CLR binaries
+if [ -e /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register ]; then
+ # Replace /usr/bin/mono with the correct pathname to
+ # the Mono CLR runtime (usually /usr/local/bin/mono
+ # when compiling from sources or CVS).
+ echo ':CLR:M::MZ::/usr/bin/mono:' > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register
+else
+ echo "No binfmt_misc support"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+4) Check that .exe binaries can be ran without the need of a
+ wrapper script, simply by launching the .exe file directly
+ from a command prompt, for example:
+
+ /usr/bin/xsd.exe
+
+ NOTE: If this fails with a permission denied error, check
+ that the .exe file has execute permissions.
diff --git a/Documentation/moxa-smartio b/Documentation/moxa-smartio
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe24ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/moxa-smartio
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+=============================================================================
+
+ MOXA Smartio Family Device Driver Ver 1.1 Installation Guide
+ for Linux Kernel 2.2.x and 2.0.3x
+ Copyright (C) 1999, Moxa Technologies Co, Ltd.
+=============================================================================
+Content
+
+1. Introduction
+2. System Requirement
+3. Installation
+4. Utilities
+5. Setserial
+6. Troubleshooting
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+1. Introduction
+
+ The Smartio family Linux driver, Ver. 1.1, supports following multiport
+ boards.
+
+ -C104P/H/HS, C104H/PCI, C104HS/PCI, CI-104J 4 port multiport board.
+ -C168P/H/HS, C168H/PCI 8 port multiport board.
+
+ This driver has been modified a little and cleaned up from the Moxa
+ contributed driver code and merged into Linux 2.2.14pre. In particular
+ official major/minor numbers have been assigned which are different to
+ those the original Moxa supplied driver used.
+
+ This driver and installation procedure have been developed upon Linux Kernel
+ 2.2.5 and backward compatible to 2.0.3x. This driver supports Intel x86 and
+ Alpha hardware platform. In order to maintain compatibility, this version
+ has also been properly tested with RedHat, OpenLinux, TurboLinux and
+ S.u.S.E Linux. However, if compatibility problem occurs, please contact
+ Moxa at support@moxa.com.tw.
+
+ In addition to device driver, useful utilities are also provided in this
+ version. They are
+ - msdiag Diagnostic program for detecting installed Moxa Smartio boards.
+ - msmon Monitor program to observe data count and line status signals.
+ - msterm A simple terminal program which is useful in testing serial
+ ports.
+ - io-irq.exe Configuration program to setup ISA boards. Please note that
+ this program can only be executed under DOS.
+
+ All the drivers and utilities are published in form of source code under
+ GNU General Public License in this version. Please refer to GNU General
+ Public License announcement in each source code file for more detail.
+
+ In Moxa's ftp sites, you may always find latest driver at
+ ftp://ftp.moxa.com or ftp://ftp.moxa.com.tw.
+
+ This version of driver can be installed as Loadable Module (Module driver)
+ or built-in into kernel (Static driver). You may refer to following
+ installation procedure for suitable one. Before you install the driver,
+ please refer to hardware installation procedure in the User's Manual.
+
+ We assume the user should be familiar with following documents.
+ - Serial-HOWTO
+ - Kernel-HOWTO
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+2. System Requirement
+ - Hardware platform: Intel x86 or Alpha machine
+ - Kernel version: 2.0.3x or 2.2.x
+ - gcc version 2.72 or later
+ - Maximum 4 boards can be installed in combination
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+3. Installation
+
+ 3.1 Hardware installation
+
+ There are two types of buses, ISA and PCI, for Smartio family multiport
+ board.
+
+ ISA board
+ ---------
+ You'll have to configure CAP address, I/O address, Interrupt Vector
+ as well as IRQ before installing this driver. Please refer to hardware
+ installation procedure in User's Manual before proceed any further.
+ Please make sure the JP1 is open after the ISA board is set properly.
+
+ PCI board
+ ---------
+ You may need to adjust IRQ usage in BIOS to avoid from IRQ conflict
+ with other ISA devices. Please refer to hardware installation
+ procedure in User's Manual in advance.
+
+ IRQ Sharing
+ -----------
+ Each port within the same multiport board shares the same IRQ. Up to
+ 4 Moxa Smartio Family multiport boards can be installed together on
+ one system and they can share the same IRQ.
+
+ 3.2 Driver files and device naming convention
+
+ The driver file may be obtained from ftp, CD-ROM or floppy disk. The
+ first step, anyway, is to copy driver file "mxser.tgz" into specified
+ directory. e.g. /moxa. The execute commands as below.
+
+ # cd /moxa
+ # tar xvf /dev/fd0
+ or
+ # cd /moxa
+ # cp /mnt/cdrom/<driver directory>/mxser.tgz .
+ # tar xvfz mxser.tgz
+
+ You may find all the driver and utilities files in /moxa/mxser.
+ Following installation procedure depends on the model you'd like to
+ run the driver. If you prefer module driver, please refer to 3.3.
+ If static driver is required, please refer to 3.4.
+
+ Dialin and callout port
+ -----------------------
+ This driver remains traditional serial device properties. There're
+ two special file name for each serial port. One is dial-in port
+ which is named "ttyMxx". For callout port, the naming convention
+ is "cumxx".
+
+ Device naming when more than 2 boards installed
+ -----------------------------------------------
+ Naming convention for each Smartio multiport board is pre-defined
+ as below.
+
+ Board Num. Dial-in Port Callout port
+ 1st board ttyM0 - ttyM7 cum0 - cum7
+ 2nd board ttyM8 - ttyM15 cum8 - cum15
+ 3rd board ttyM16 - ttyM23 cum16 - cum23
+ 4th board ttyM24 - ttym31 cum24 - cum31
+
+ Board sequence
+ --------------
+ This driver will activate ISA boards according to the parameter set
+ in the driver. After all specified ISA board activated, PCI board
+ will be installed in the system automatically driven.
+ Therefore the board number is sorted by the CAP address of ISA boards.
+ For PCI boards, their sequence will be after ISA boards and C168H/PCI
+ has higher priority than C104H/PCI boards.
+
+ 3.3 Module driver configuration
+ Module driver is easiest way to install. If you prefer static driver
+ installation, please skip this paragraph.
+ 1. Find "Makefile" in /moxa/mxser, then run
+
+ # make install
+
+ The driver files "mxser.o" and utilities will be properly compiled
+ and copied to system directories respectively.Then run
+
+ # insmod mxser
+
+ to activate the modular driver. You may run "lsmod" to check
+ if "mxser.o" is activated.
+
+ 2. Create special files by executing "msmknod".
+ # cd /moxa/mxser/driver
+ # ./msmknod
+
+ Default major numbers for dial-in device and callout device are
+ 174, 175. Msmknod will delete any special files occupying the same
+ device naming.
+
+ 3. Up to now, you may manually execute "insmod mxser" to activate
+ this driver and run "rmmod mxser" to remove it. However, it's
+ better to have a boot time configuration to eliminate manual
+ operation.
+ Boot time configuration can be achieved by rc file. Run following
+ command for setting rc files.
+
+ # cd /moxa/mxser/driver
+ # cp ./rc.mxser /etc/rc.d
+ # cd /etc/rc.d
+
+ You may have to modify part of the content in rc.mxser to specify
+ parameters for ISA board. Please refer to rc.mxser for more detail.
+ Find "rc.serial". If "rc.serial" doesn't exist, create it by vi.
+ Add "rc.mxser" in last line. Next, open rc.local by vi
+ and append following content.
+
+ if [ -f /etc/rc.d/rc.serial ]; then
+ sh /etc/rc.d/rc.serial
+ fi
+
+ 4. Reboot and check if mxser.o activated by "lsmod" command.
+ 5. If you'd like to drive Smartio ISA boards in the system, you'll
+ have to add parameter to specify CAP address of given board while
+ activating "mxser.o". The format for parameters are as follows.
+
+ insmod mxser ioaddr=0x???,0x???,0x???,0x???
+ | | | |
+ | | | +- 4th ISA board
+ | | +------ 3rd ISA board
+ | +------------ 2nd ISA board
+ +------------------- 1st ISA board
+
+ 3.4 Static driver configuration
+
+ 1. Create link
+ # cd /usr/src/linux/drivers/char
+ # ln -s /moxa/mxser/driver/mxser.c mxser.c
+
+ 2. Add CAP address list for ISA boards
+ In module mode, the CAP address for ISA board is given by
+ parameter. In static driver configuration, you'll have to
+ assign it within driver's source code. If you will not
+ install any ISA boards, you may skip to next portion.
+ The instructions to modify driver source code are as
+ below.
+ a. # cd /moxa/mxser/driver
+ # vi mxser.c
+ b. Find the array mxserBoardCAP[] as below.
+
+ static int mxserBoardCAP[]
+ = {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
+
+ c. Change the address within this array using vi. For
+ example, to driver 2 ISA boards with CAP address
+ 0x280 and 0x180 as 1st and 2nd board. Just to change
+ the source code as follows.
+
+ static int mxserBoardCAP[]
+ = {0x280, 0x180, 0x00, 0x00};
+
+ 3. Modify tty_io.c
+ # cd /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/
+ # vi tty_io.c
+ Find pty_init(), insert "mxser_init()" as
+
+ pty_init();
+ mxser_init();
+
+ 4. Modify tty.h
+ # cd /usr/src/linux/include/linux
+ # vi tty.h
+ Find extern int tty_init(void), insert "mxser_init()" as
+
+ extern int tty_init(void);
+ extern int mxser_init(void);
+
+ 5. Modify Makefile
+ # cd /usr/src/linux/drivers/char
+ # vi Makefile
+ Find L_OBJS := tty_io.o ...... random.o, add
+ "mxser.o" at last of this line as
+ L_OBJS := tty_io.o ....... mxser.o
+
+ 6. Rebuild kernel
+ The following are for Linux kernel rebuilding,for your reference only.
+ For appropriate details, please refer to the Linux document.
+
+ If 'lilo' utility is installed, please use 'make zlilo' to rebuild
+ kernel. If 'lilo' is not installed, please follow the following steps.
+
+ a. cd /usr/src/linux
+ b. make clean /* take a few minutes */
+ c. make bzImage /* take probably 10-20 minutes */
+ d. Backup original boot kernel. /* optional step */
+ e. cp /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz
+ f. Please make sure the boot kernel (vmlinuz) is in the
+ correct position. If you use 'lilo' utility, you should
+ check /etc/lilo.conf 'image' item specified the path
+ which is the 'vmlinuz' path, or you will load wrong
+ (or old) boot kernel image (vmlinuz).
+ g. chmod 400 /vmlinuz
+ h. lilo
+ i. rdev -R /vmlinuz 1
+ j. sync
+
+ Note that if the result of "make zImage" is ERROR, then you have to
+ go back to Linux configuration Setup. Type "make config" in directory
+ /usr/src/linux or "setup".
+
+ Since system include file, /usr/src/linux/include/linux/interrupt.h,
+ is modified each time the MOXA driver is installed, kernel rebuilding
+ is inevitable. And it takes about 10 to 20 minutes depends on the
+ machine.
+
+ 7. Make utility
+ # cd /moxa/mxser/utility
+ # make install
+
+ 8. Make special file
+ # cd /moxa/mxser/driver
+ # ./msmknod
+
+ 9. Reboot
+
+ 3.5 Custom configuration
+ Although this driver already provides you default configuration, you
+ still can change the device name and major number.The instruction to
+ change these parameters are shown as below.
+
+ Change Device name
+ ------------------
+ If you'd like to use other device names instead of default naming
+ convention, all you have to do is to modify the internal code
+ within the shell script "msmknod". First, you have to open "msmknod"
+ by vi. Locate each line contains "ttyM" and "cum" and change them
+ to the device name you desired. "msmknod" creates the device names
+ you need next time executed.
+
+ Change Major number
+ -------------------
+ If major number 30 and 35 had been occupied, you may have to select
+ 2 free major numbers for this driver. There are 3 steps to change
+ major numbers.
+
+ 1. Find free major numbers
+ In /proc/devices, you may find all the major numbers occupied
+ in the system. Please select 2 major numbers that are available.
+ e.g. 40, 45.
+ 2. Create special files
+ Run /moxa/mxser/driver/msmknod to create special files with
+ specified major numbers.
+ 3. Modify driver with new major number
+ Run vi to open /moxa/mxser/driver/mxser.c. Locate the line
+ contains "MXSERMAJOR". Change the content as below.
+ #define MXSERMAJOR 40
+ #define MXSERCUMAJOR 45
+ 4. Run # make install in /moxa/mxser/driver.
+
+ 3.6 Verify driver installation
+ You may refer to /var/log/messages to check the latest status
+ log reported by this driver whenever it's activated.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+4. Utilities
+ There are 3 utilities contained in this driver. They are msdiag, msmon and
+ msterm. These 3 utilities are released in form of source code. They should
+ be compiled into executable file and copied into /usr/bin.
+
+ msdiag - Diagnostic
+ --------------------
+ This utility provides the function to detect what Moxa Smartio multiport
+ board exists in the system.
+
+ msmon - Port Monitoring
+ -----------------------
+ This utility gives the user a quick view about all the MOXA ports'
+ activities. One can easily learn each port's total received/transmitted
+ (Rx/Tx) character count since the time when the monitoring is started.
+ Rx/Tx throughputs per second are also reported in interval basis (e.g.
+ the last 5 seconds) and in average basis (since the time the monitoring
+ is started). You can reset all ports' count by <HOME> key. <+> <->
+ (plus/minus) keys to change the displaying time interval. Press <ENTER>
+ on the port, that cursor stay, to view the port's communication
+ parameters, signal status, and input/output queue.
+
+ msterm - Terminal Emulation
+ ---------------------------
+ This utility provides data sending and receiving ability of all tty ports,
+ especially for MOXA ports. It is quite useful for testing simple
+ application, for example, sending AT command to a modem connected to the
+ port or used as a terminal for login purpose. Note that this is only a
+ dumb terminal emulation without handling full screen operation.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+5. Setserial
+
+ Supported Setserial parameters are listed as below.
+
+ uart set UART type(16450-->disable FIFO, 16550A-->enable FIFO)
+ close_delay set the amount of time(in 1/100 of a second) that DTR
+ should be kept low while being closed.
+ closing_wait set the amount of time(in 1/100 of a second) that the
+ serial port should wait for data to be drained while
+ being closed, before the receiver is disable.
+ spd_hi Use 57.6kb when the application requests 38.4kb.
+ spd_vhi Use 115.2kb when the application requests 38.4kb.
+ spd_normal Use 38.4kb when the application requests 38.4kb.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+6. Troubleshooting
+
+ The boot time error messages and solutions are stated as clearly as
+ possible. If all the possible solutions fail, please contact our technical
+ support team to get more help.
+
+ Error msg: More than 4 Moxa Smartio family boards found. Fifth board and
+ after are ignored.
+ Solution:
+ To avoid this problem, please unplug fifth and after board, because Moxa
+ driver supports up to 4 boards.
+
+ Error msg: Request_irq fail, IRQ(?) may be conflict with another device.
+ Solution:
+ Other PCI or ISA devices occupy the assigned IRQ. If you are not sure
+ which device causes the situation,please check /proc/interrupts to find
+ free IRQ and simply change another free IRQ for Moxa board.
+
+ Error msg: Board #: C1xx Series(CAP=xxx) interrupt number invalid.
+ Solution:
+ Each port within the same multiport board shares the same IRQ. Please set
+ one IRQ (IRQ doesn't equal to zero) for one Moxa board.
+
+ Error msg: No interrupt vector be set for Moxa ISA board(CAP=xxx).
+ Solution:
+ Moxa ISA board needs an interrupt vector.Please refer to user's manual
+ "Hardware Installation" chapter to set interrupt vector.
+
+ Error msg: Couldn't install MOXA Smartio family driver!
+ Solution:
+ Load Moxa driver fail, the major number may conflict with other devices.
+ Please refer to previous section 3.5 to change a free major number for
+ Moxa driver.
+
+ Error msg: Couldn't install MOXA Smartio family callout driver!
+ Solution:
+ Load Moxa callout driver fail, the callout device major number may
+ conflict with other devices. Please refer to previous section 3.5 to
+ change a free callout device major number for Moxa driver.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/mtrr.txt b/Documentation/mtrr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b78af1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/mtrr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+MTRR (Memory Type Range Register) control
+3 Jun 1999
+Richard Gooch
+<rgooch@atnf.csiro.au>
+
+ On Intel P6 family processors (Pentium Pro, Pentium II and later)
+ the Memory Type Range Registers (MTRRs) may be used to control
+ processor access to memory ranges. This is most useful when you have
+ a video (VGA) card on a PCI or AGP bus. Enabling write-combining
+ allows bus write transfers to be combined into a larger transfer
+ before bursting over the PCI/AGP bus. This can increase performance
+ of image write operations 2.5 times or more.
+
+ The Cyrix 6x86, 6x86MX and M II processors have Address Range
+ Registers (ARRs) which provide a similar functionality to MTRRs. For
+ these, the ARRs are used to emulate the MTRRs.
+
+ The AMD K6-2 (stepping 8 and above) and K6-3 processors have two
+ MTRRs. These are supported. The AMD Athlon family provide 8 Intel
+ style MTRRs.
+
+ The Centaur C6 (WinChip) has 8 MCRs, allowing write-combining. These
+ are supported.
+
+ The VIA Cyrix III and VIA C3 CPUs offer 8 Intel style MTRRs.
+
+ The CONFIG_MTRR option creates a /proc/mtrr file which may be used
+ to manipulate your MTRRs. Typically the X server should use
+ this. This should have a reasonably generic interface so that
+ similar control registers on other processors can be easily
+ supported.
+
+
+There are two interfaces to /proc/mtrr: one is an ASCII interface
+which allows you to read and write. The other is an ioctl()
+interface. The ASCII interface is meant for administration. The
+ioctl() interface is meant for C programs (i.e. the X server). The
+interfaces are described below, with sample commands and C code.
+
+===============================================================================
+Reading MTRRs from the shell:
+
+% cat /proc/mtrr
+reg00: base=0x00000000 ( 0MB), size= 128MB: write-back, count=1
+reg01: base=0x08000000 ( 128MB), size= 64MB: write-back, count=1
+===============================================================================
+Creating MTRRs from the C-shell:
+# echo "base=0xf8000000 size=0x400000 type=write-combining" >! /proc/mtrr
+or if you use bash:
+# echo "base=0xf8000000 size=0x400000 type=write-combining" >| /proc/mtrr
+
+And the result thereof:
+% cat /proc/mtrr
+reg00: base=0x00000000 ( 0MB), size= 128MB: write-back, count=1
+reg01: base=0x08000000 ( 128MB), size= 64MB: write-back, count=1
+reg02: base=0xf8000000 (3968MB), size= 4MB: write-combining, count=1
+
+This is for video RAM at base address 0xf8000000 and size 4 megabytes. To
+find out your base address, you need to look at the output of your X
+server, which tells you where the linear framebuffer address is. A
+typical line that you may get is:
+
+(--) S3: PCI: 968 rev 0, Linear FB @ 0xf8000000
+
+Note that you should only use the value from the X server, as it may
+move the framebuffer base address, so the only value you can trust is
+that reported by the X server.
+
+To find out the size of your framebuffer (what, you don't actually
+know?), the following line will tell you:
+
+(--) S3: videoram: 4096k
+
+That's 4 megabytes, which is 0x400000 bytes (in hexadecimal).
+A patch is being written for XFree86 which will make this automatic:
+in other words the X server will manipulate /proc/mtrr using the
+ioctl() interface, so users won't have to do anything. If you use a
+commercial X server, lobby your vendor to add support for MTRRs.
+===============================================================================
+Creating overlapping MTRRs:
+
+%echo "base=0xfb000000 size=0x1000000 type=write-combining" >/proc/mtrr
+%echo "base=0xfb000000 size=0x1000 type=uncachable" >/proc/mtrr
+
+And the results: cat /proc/mtrr
+reg00: base=0x00000000 ( 0MB), size= 64MB: write-back, count=1
+reg01: base=0xfb000000 (4016MB), size= 16MB: write-combining, count=1
+reg02: base=0xfb000000 (4016MB), size= 4kB: uncachable, count=1
+
+Some cards (especially Voodoo Graphics boards) need this 4 kB area
+excluded from the beginning of the region because it is used for
+registers.
+
+NOTE: You can only create type=uncachable region, if the first
+region that you created is type=write-combining.
+===============================================================================
+Removing MTRRs from the C-shell:
+% echo "disable=2" >! /proc/mtrr
+or using bash:
+% echo "disable=2" >| /proc/mtrr
+===============================================================================
+Reading MTRRs from a C program using ioctl()'s:
+
+/* mtrr-show.c
+
+ Source file for mtrr-show (example program to show MTRRs using ioctl()'s)
+
+ Copyright (C) 1997-1998 Richard Gooch
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+ Richard Gooch may be reached by email at rgooch@atnf.csiro.au
+ The postal address is:
+ Richard Gooch, c/o ATNF, P. O. Box 76, Epping, N.S.W., 2121, Australia.
+*/
+
+/*
+ This program will use an ioctl() on /proc/mtrr to show the current MTRR
+ settings. This is an alternative to reading /proc/mtrr.
+
+
+ Written by Richard Gooch 17-DEC-1997
+
+ Last updated by Richard Gooch 2-MAY-1998
+
+
+*/
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#define MTRR_NEED_STRINGS
+#include <asm/mtrr.h>
+
+#define TRUE 1
+#define FALSE 0
+#define ERRSTRING strerror (errno)
+
+
+int main ()
+{
+ int fd;
+ struct mtrr_gentry gentry;
+
+ if ( ( fd = open ("/proc/mtrr", O_RDONLY, 0) ) == -1 )
+ {
+ if (errno == ENOENT)
+ {
+ fputs ("/proc/mtrr not found: not supported or you don't have a PPro?\n",
+ stderr);
+ exit (1);
+ }
+ fprintf (stderr, "Error opening /proc/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
+ exit (2);
+ }
+ for (gentry.regnum = 0; ioctl (fd, MTRRIOC_GET_ENTRY, &gentry) == 0;
+ ++gentry.regnum)
+ {
+ if (gentry.size < 1)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "Register: %u disabled\n", gentry.regnum);
+ continue;
+ }
+ fprintf (stderr, "Register: %u base: 0x%lx size: 0x%lx type: %s\n",
+ gentry.regnum, gentry.base, gentry.size,
+ mtrr_strings[gentry.type]);
+ }
+ if (errno == EINVAL) exit (0);
+ fprintf (stderr, "Error doing ioctl(2) on /dev/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
+ exit (3);
+} /* End Function main */
+===============================================================================
+Creating MTRRs from a C programme using ioctl()'s:
+
+/* mtrr-add.c
+
+ Source file for mtrr-add (example programme to add an MTRRs using ioctl())
+
+ Copyright (C) 1997-1998 Richard Gooch
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+ Richard Gooch may be reached by email at rgooch@atnf.csiro.au
+ The postal address is:
+ Richard Gooch, c/o ATNF, P. O. Box 76, Epping, N.S.W., 2121, Australia.
+*/
+
+/*
+ This programme will use an ioctl() on /proc/mtrr to add an entry. The first
+ available mtrr is used. This is an alternative to writing /proc/mtrr.
+
+
+ Written by Richard Gooch 17-DEC-1997
+
+ Last updated by Richard Gooch 2-MAY-1998
+
+
+*/
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#define MTRR_NEED_STRINGS
+#include <asm/mtrr.h>
+
+#define TRUE 1
+#define FALSE 0
+#define ERRSTRING strerror (errno)
+
+
+int main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+ int fd;
+ struct mtrr_sentry sentry;
+
+ if (argc != 4)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "Usage:\tmtrr-add base size type\n");
+ exit (1);
+ }
+ sentry.base = strtoul (argv[1], NULL, 0);
+ sentry.size = strtoul (argv[2], NULL, 0);
+ for (sentry.type = 0; sentry.type < MTRR_NUM_TYPES; ++sentry.type)
+ {
+ if (strcmp (argv[3], mtrr_strings[sentry.type]) == 0) break;
+ }
+ if (sentry.type >= MTRR_NUM_TYPES)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "Illegal type: \"%s\"\n", argv[3]);
+ exit (2);
+ }
+ if ( ( fd = open ("/proc/mtrr", O_WRONLY, 0) ) == -1 )
+ {
+ if (errno == ENOENT)
+ {
+ fputs ("/proc/mtrr not found: not supported or you don't have a PPro?\n",
+ stderr);
+ exit (3);
+ }
+ fprintf (stderr, "Error opening /proc/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
+ exit (4);
+ }
+ if (ioctl (fd, MTRRIOC_ADD_ENTRY, &sentry) == -1)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "Error doing ioctl(2) on /dev/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
+ exit (5);
+ }
+ fprintf (stderr, "Sleeping for 5 seconds so you can see the new entry\n");
+ sleep (5);
+ close (fd);
+ fputs ("I've just closed /proc/mtrr so now the new entry should be gone\n",
+ stderr);
+} /* End Function main */
+===============================================================================
diff --git a/Documentation/nbd.txt b/Documentation/nbd.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeb93ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/nbd.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+ Network Block Device (TCP version)
+
+ What is it: With this compiled in the kernel (or as a module), Linux
+ can use a remote server as one of its block devices. So every time
+ the client computer wants to read, e.g., /dev/nb0, it sends a
+ request over TCP to the server, which will reply with the data read.
+ This can be used for stations with low disk space (or even diskless -
+ if you boot from floppy) to borrow disk space from another computer.
+ Unlike NFS, it is possible to put any filesystem on it, etc. It should
+ even be possible to use NBD as a root filesystem (I've never tried),
+ but it requires a user-level program to be in the initrd to start.
+ It also allows you to run block-device in user land (making server
+ and client physically the same computer, communicating using loopback).
+
+ Current state: It currently works. Network block device is stable.
+ I originally thought that it was impossible to swap over TCP. It
+ turned out not to be true - swapping over TCP now works and seems
+ to be deadlock-free, but it requires heavy patches into Linux's
+ network layer.
+
+ For more information, or to download the nbd-client and nbd-server
+ tools, go to http://nbd.sf.net/.
+
+ Howto: To setup nbd, you can simply do the following:
+
+ First, serve a device or file from a remote server:
+
+ nbd-server <port-number> <device-or-file-to-serve-to-client>
+
+ e.g.,
+ root@server1 # nbd-server 1234 /dev/sdb1
+
+ (serves sdb1 partition on TCP port 1234)
+
+ Then, on the local (client) system:
+
+ nbd-client <server-name-or-IP> <server-port-number> /dev/nb[0-n]
+
+ e.g.,
+ root@client1 # nbd-client server1 1234 /dev/nb0
+
+ (creates the nb0 device on client1)
+
+ The nbd kernel module need only be installed on the client
+ system, as the nbd-server is completely in userspace. In fact,
+ the nbd-server has been successfully ported to other operating
+ systems, including Windows.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/00-INDEX b/Documentation/networking/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..834993d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+00-INDEX
+ - this file
+3c505.txt
+ - information on the 3Com EtherLink Plus (3c505) driver.
+6pack.txt
+ - info on the 6pack protocol, an alternative to KISS for AX.25
+Configurable
+ - info on some of the configurable network parameters
+DLINK.txt
+ - info on the D-Link DE-600/DE-620 parallel port pocket adapters
+PLIP.txt
+ - PLIP: The Parallel Line Internet Protocol device driver
+README.sb1000
+ - info on General Instrument/NextLevel SURFboard1000 cable modem.
+alias.txt
+ - info on using alias network devices
+arcnet-hardware.txt
+ - tons of info on ARCnet, hubs, jumper settings for ARCnet cards, etc.
+arcnet.txt
+ - info on the using the ARCnet driver itself.
+atm.txt
+ - info on where to get ATM programs and support for Linux.
+ax25.txt
+ - info on using AX.25 and NET/ROM code for Linux
+baycom.txt
+ - info on the driver for Baycom style amateur radio modems
+bridge.txt
+ - where to get user space programs for ethernet bridging with Linux.
+comx.txt
+ - info on drivers for COMX line of synchronous serial adapters.
+cops.txt
+ - info on the COPS LocalTalk Linux driver
+cs89x0.txt
+ - the Crystal LAN (CS8900/20-based) Ethernet ISA adapter driver
+de4x5.txt
+ - the Digital EtherWORKS DE4?? and DE5?? PCI Ethernet driver
+decnet.txt
+ - info on using the DECnet networking layer in Linux.
+depca.txt
+ - the Digital DEPCA/EtherWORKS DE1?? and DE2?? LANCE Ethernet driver
+dgrs.txt
+ - the Digi International RightSwitch SE-X Ethernet driver
+dmfe.txt
+ - info on the Davicom DM9102(A)/DM9132/DM9801 fast ethernet driver.
+e100.txt
+ - info on Intel's EtherExpress PRO/100 line of 10/100 boards
+e1000.txt
+ - info on Intel's E1000 line of gigabit ethernet boards
+eql.txt
+ - serial IP load balancing
+ethertap.txt
+ - the Ethertap user space packet reception and transmission driver
+ewrk3.txt
+ - the Digital EtherWORKS 3 DE203/4/5 Ethernet driver
+filter.txt
+ - Linux Socket Filtering
+fore200e.txt
+ - FORE Systems PCA-200E/SBA-200E ATM NIC driver info.
+framerelay.txt
+ - info on using Frame Relay/Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI).
+ip-sysctl.txt
+ - /proc/sys/net/ipv4/* variables
+ip_dynaddr.txt
+ - IP dynamic address hack e.g. for auto-dialup links
+ipddp.txt
+ - AppleTalk-IP Decapsulation and AppleTalk-IP Encapsulation
+iphase.txt
+ - Interphase PCI ATM (i)Chip IA Linux driver info.
+irda.txt
+ - where to get IrDA (infrared) utilities and info for Linux.
+lapb-module.txt
+ - programming information of the LAPB module.
+ltpc.txt
+ - the Apple or Farallon LocalTalk PC card driver
+multicast.txt
+ - Behaviour of cards under Multicast
+ncsa-telnet
+ - notes on how NCSA telnet (DOS) breaks with MTU discovery enabled.
+net-modules.txt
+ - info and "insmod" parameters for all network driver modules.
+netdevices.txt
+ - info on network device driver functions exported to the kernel.
+olympic.txt
+ - IBM PCI Pit/Pit-Phy/Olympic Token Ring driver info.
+policy-routing.txt
+ - IP policy-based routing
+pt.txt
+ - the Gracilis Packetwin AX.25 device driver
+ray_cs.txt
+ - Raylink Wireless LAN card driver info.
+routing.txt
+ - the new routing mechanism
+shaper.txt
+ - info on the module that can shape/limit transmitted traffic.
+sis900.txt
+ - SiS 900/7016 Fast Ethernet device driver info.
+sk98lin.txt
+ - Marvell Yukon Chipset / SysKonnect SK-98xx compliant Gigabit
+ Ethernet Adapter family driver info
+skfp.txt
+ - SysKonnect FDDI (SK-5xxx, Compaq Netelligent) driver info.
+smc9.txt
+ - the driver for SMC's 9000 series of Ethernet cards
+smctr.txt
+ - SMC TokenCard TokenRing Linux driver info.
+tcp.txt
+ - short blurb on how TCP output takes place.
+tlan.txt
+ - ThunderLAN (Compaq Netelligent 10/100, Olicom OC-2xxx) driver info.
+tms380tr.txt
+ - SysKonnect Token Ring ISA/PCI adapter driver info.
+tuntap.txt
+ - TUN/TAP device driver, allowing user space Rx/Tx of packets.
+vortex.txt
+ - info on using 3Com Vortex (3c590, 3c592, 3c595, 3c597) Ethernet cards.
+wan-router.txt
+ - Wan router documentation
+wanpipe.txt
+ - WANPIPE(tm) Multiprotocol WAN Driver for Linux WAN Router
+wavelan.txt
+ - AT&T GIS (nee NCR) WaveLAN card: An Ethernet-like radio transceiver
+x25.txt
+ - general info on X.25 development.
+x25-iface.txt
+ - description of the X.25 Packet Layer to LAPB device interface.
+z8530drv.txt
+ - info about Linux driver for Z8530 based HDLC cards for AX.25
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/3c359.txt b/Documentation/networking/3c359.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4af8071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/3c359.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+
+3COM PCI TOKEN LINK VELOCITY XL TOKEN RING CARDS README
+
+Release 0.9.0 - Release
+ Jul 17th 2000 Mike Phillips
+
+ 1.2.0 - Final
+ Feb 17th 2002 Mike Phillips
+ Updated for submission to the 2.4.x kernel.
+
+Thanks:
+ Terry Murphy from 3Com for tech docs and support,
+ Adam D. Ligas for testing the driver.
+
+Note:
+ This driver will NOT work with the 3C339 Token Ring cards, you need
+to use the tms380 driver instead.
+
+Options:
+
+The driver accepts three options: ringspeed, pkt_buf_sz and message_level.
+
+These options can be specified differently for each card found.
+
+ringspeed: Has one of three settings 0 (default), 4 or 16. 0 will
+make the card autosense the ringspeed and join at the appropriate speed,
+this will be the default option for most people. 4 or 16 allow you to
+explicitly force the card to operate at a certain speed. The card will fail
+if you try to insert it at the wrong speed. (Although some hubs will allow
+this so be *very* careful). The main purpose for explicitly setting the ring
+speed is for when the card is first on the ring. In autosense mode, if the card
+cannot detect any active monitors on the ring it will open at the same speed as
+its last opening. This can be hazardous if this speed does not match the speed
+you want the ring to operate at.
+
+pkt_buf_sz: This is this initial receive buffer allocation size. This will
+default to 4096 if no value is entered. You may increase performance of the
+driver by setting this to a value larger than the network packet size, although
+the driver now re-sizes buffers based on MTU settings as well.
+
+message_level: Controls level of messages created by the driver. Defaults to 0:
+which only displays start-up and critical messages. Presently any non-zero
+value will display all soft messages as well. NB This does not turn
+debugging messages on, that must be done by modified the source code.
+
+Variable MTU size:
+
+The driver can handle a MTU size upto either 4500 or 18000 depending upon
+ring speed. The driver also changes the size of the receive buffers as part
+of the mtu re-sizing, so if you set mtu = 18000, you will need to be able
+to allocate 16 * (sk_buff with 18000 buffer size) call it 18500 bytes per ring
+position = 296,000 bytes of memory space, plus of course anything
+necessary for the tx sk_buff's. Remember this is per card, so if you are
+building routers, gateway's etc, you could start to use a lot of memory
+real fast.
+
+2/17/02 Mike Phillips
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/3c505.txt b/Documentation/networking/3c505.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9d5b72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/3c505.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+The 3Com Etherlink Plus (3c505) driver.
+
+This driver now uses DMA. There is currently no support for PIO operation.
+The default DMA channel is 6; this is _not_ autoprobed, so you must
+make sure you configure it correctly. If loading the driver as a
+module, you can do this with "modprobe 3c505 dma=n". If the driver is
+linked statically into the kernel, you must either use an "ether="
+statement on the command line, or change the definition of ELP_DMA in 3c505.h.
+
+The driver will warn you if it has to fall back on the compiled in
+default DMA channel.
+
+If no base address is given at boot time, the driver will autoprobe
+ports 0x300, 0x280 and 0x310 (in that order). If no IRQ is given, the driver
+will try to probe for it.
+
+The driver can be used as a loadable module. See net-modules.txt for details
+of the parameters it can take.
+
+Theoretically, one instance of the driver can now run multiple cards,
+in the standard way (when loading a module, say "modprobe 3c505
+io=0x300,0x340 irq=10,11 dma=6,7" or whatever). I have not tested
+this, though.
+
+The driver may now support revision 2 hardware; the dependency on
+being able to read the host control register has been removed. This
+is also untested, since I don't have a suitable card.
+
+Known problems:
+ I still see "DMA upload timed out" messages from time to time. These
+seem to be fairly non-fatal though.
+ The card is old and slow.
+
+To do:
+ Improve probe/setup code
+ Test multicast and promiscuous operation
+
+Authors:
+ The driver is mainly written by Craig Southeren, email
+ <craigs@ineluki.apana.org.au>.
+ Parts of the driver (adapting the driver to 1.1.4+ kernels,
+ IRQ/address detection, some changes) and this README by
+ Juha Laiho <jlaiho@ichaos.nullnet.fi>.
+ DMA mode, more fixes, etc, by Philip Blundell <pjb27@cam.ac.uk>
+ Multicard support, Software configurable DMA, etc., by
+ Christopher Collins <ccollins@pcug.org.au>
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/3c509.txt b/Documentation/networking/3c509.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..867a99f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/3c509.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+Linux and the 3Com EtherLink III Series Ethercards (driver v1.18c and higher)
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This file contains the instructions and caveats for v1.18c and higher versions
+of the 3c509 driver. You should not use the driver without reading this file.
+
+release 1.0
+28 February 2002
+Current maintainer (corrections to):
+ David Ruggiero <jdr@farfalle.com>
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(0) Introduction
+
+The following are notes and information on using the 3Com EtherLink III series
+ethercards in Linux. These cards are commonly known by the most widely-used
+card's 3Com model number, 3c509. They are all 10mb/s ISA-bus cards and shouldn't
+be (but sometimes are) confused with the similarly-numbered PCI-bus "3c905"
+(aka "Vortex" or "Boomerang") series. Kernel support for the 3c509 family is
+provided by the module 3c509.c, which has code to support all of the following
+models:
+
+ 3c509 (original ISA card)
+ 3c509B (later revision of the ISA card; supports full-duplex)
+ 3c589 (PCMCIA)
+ 3c589B (later revision of the 3c589; supports full-duplex)
+ 3c529 (MCA)
+ 3c579 (EISA)
+
+Large portions of this documentation were heavily borrowed from the guide
+written the original author of the 3c509 driver, Donald Becker. The master
+copy of that document, which contains notes on older versions of the driver,
+currently resides on Scyld web server: http://www.scyld.com/network/3c509.html.
+
+
+(1) Special Driver Features
+
+Overriding card settings
+
+The driver allows boot- or load-time overriding of the card's detected IOADDR,
+IRQ, and transceiver settings, although this capability shouldn't generally be
+needed except to enable full-duplex mode (see below). An example of the syntax
+for LILO parameters for doing this:
+
+ ether=10,0x310,3,0x3c509,eth0
+
+This configures the first found 3c509 card for IRQ 10, base I/O 0x310, and
+transceiver type 3 (10base2). The flag "0x3c509" must be set to avoid conflicts
+with other card types when overriding the I/O address. When the driver is
+loaded as a module, only the IRQ and transceiver setting may be overridden.
+For example, setting two cards to 10base2/IRQ10 and AUI/IRQ11 is done by using
+the xcvr and irq module options:
+
+ options 3c509 xcvr=3,1 irq=10,11
+
+
+(2) Full-duplex mode
+
+The v1.18c driver added support for the 3c509B's full-duplex capabilities.
+In order to enable and successfully use full-duplex mode, three conditions
+must be met:
+
+(a) You must have a Etherlink III card model whose hardware supports full-
+duplex operations. Currently, the only members of the 3c509 family that are
+positively known to support full-duplex are the 3c509B (ISA bus) and 3c589B
+(PCMCIA) cards. Cards without the "B" model designation do *not* support
+full-duplex mode; these include the original 3c509 (no "B"), the original
+3c589, the 3c529 (MCA bus), and the 3c579 (EISA bus).
+
+(b) You must be using your card's 10baseT transceiver (i.e., the RJ-45
+connector), not its AUI (thick-net) or 10base2 (thin-net/coax) interfaces.
+AUI and 10base2 network cabling is physically incapable of full-duplex
+operation.
+
+(c) Most importantly, your 3c509B must be connected to a link partner that is
+itself full-duplex capable. This is almost certainly one of two things: a full-
+duplex-capable Ethernet switch (*not* a hub), or a full-duplex-capable NIC on
+another system that's connected directly to the 3c509B via a crossover cable.
+
+/////Extremely important caution concerning full-duplex mode/////
+Understand that the 3c509B's hardware's full-duplex support is much more
+limited than that provide by more modern network interface cards. Although
+at the physical layer of the network it fully supports full-duplex operation,
+the card was designed before the current Ethernet auto-negotiation (N-way)
+spec was written. This means that the 3c509B family ***cannot and will not
+auto-negotiate a full-duplex connection with its link partner under any
+circumstances, no matter how it is initialized***. If the full-duplex mode
+of the 3c509B is enabled, its link partner will very likely need to be
+independently _forced_ into full-duplex mode as well; otherwise various nasty
+failures will occur - at the very least, you'll see massive numbers of packet
+collisions. This is one of very rare circumstances where disabling auto-
+negotiation and forcing the duplex mode of a network interface card or switch
+would ever be necessary or desirable.
+
+
+(3) Available Transceiver Types
+
+For versions of the driver v1.18c and above, the available transceiver types are:
+
+0 transceiver type from EEPROM config (normally 10baseT); force half-duplex
+1 AUI (thick-net / DB15 connector)
+2 (undefined)
+3 10base2 (thin-net == coax / BNC connector)
+4 10baseT (RJ-45 connector); force half-duplex mode
+8 transceiver type and duplex mode taken from card's EEPROM config settings
+12 10baseT (RJ-45 connector); force full-duplex mode
+
+Prior to driver version 1.18c, only transceiver codes 0-4 were supported. Note
+that the new transceiver codes 8 and 12 are the *only* ones that will enable
+full-duplex mode, no matter what the card's detected EEPROM settings might be.
+This insured that merely upgrading the driver from an earlier version would
+never automatically enable full-duplex mode in an existing installation;
+it must always be explicitly enabled via one of these code in order to be
+activated.
+
+
+(4a) Interpretation of error messages and common problems
+
+Error Messages
+
+eth0: Infinite loop in interrupt, status 2011.
+These are "mostly harmless" message indicating that the driver had too much
+work during that interrupt cycle. With a status of 0x2011 you are receiving
+packets faster than they can be removed from the card. This should be rare
+or impossible in normal operation. Possible causes of this error report are:
+
+ - a "green" mode enabled that slows the processor down when there is no
+ keyboard activitiy.
+
+ - some other device or device driver hogging the bus or disabling interrupts.
+ Check /proc/interrupts for excessive interrupt counts. The timer tick
+ interrupt should always be incrementing faster than the others.
+
+No received packets
+If a 3c509, 3c562 or 3c589 can successfully transmit packets, but never
+receives packets (as reported by /proc/net/dev or 'ifconfig') you likely
+have an interrupt line problem. Check /proc/interrupts to verify that the
+card is actually generating interrupts. If the interrupt count is not
+increasing you likely have a physical conflict with two devices trying to
+use the same ISA IRQ line. The common conflict is with a sound card on IRQ10
+or IRQ5, and the easiest solution is to move the 3c509 to a different
+interrupt line. If the device is receiving packets but 'ping' doesn't work,
+you have a routing problem.
+
+Tx Carrier Errors Reported in /proc/net/dev
+If an EtherLink III appears to transmit packets, but the "Tx carrier errors"
+field in /proc/net/dev increments as quickly as the Tx packet count, you
+likely have an unterminated network or the incorrect media transceiver selected.
+
+3c509B card is not detected on machines with an ISA PnP BIOS.
+While the updated driver works with most PnP BIOS programs, it does not work
+with all. This can be fixed by disabling PnP support using the 3Com-supplied
+setup program.
+
+3c509 card is not detected on overclocked machines
+Increase the delay time in id_read_eeprom() from the current value, 500,
+to an absurdly high value, such as 5000.
+
+
+(4b) Decoding Status and Error Messages
+
+The bits in the main status register are:
+
+value description
+0x01 Interrupt latch
+0x02 Tx overrun, or Rx underrun
+0x04 Tx complete
+0x08 Tx FIFO room available
+0x10 A complete Rx packet has arrived
+0x20 A Rx packet has started to arrive
+0x40 The driver has requested an interrupt
+0x80 Statistics counter nearly full
+
+The bits in the transmit (Tx) status word are:
+
+value description
+0x02 Out-of-window collision.
+0x04 Status stack overflow (normally impossible).
+0x08 16 collisions.
+0x10 Tx underrun (not enough PCI bus bandwidth).
+0x20 Tx jabber.
+0x40 Tx interrupt requested.
+0x80 Status is valid (this should always be set).
+
+
+When a transmit error occurs the driver produces a status message such as
+
+ eth0: Transmit error, Tx status register 82
+
+The two values typically seen here are:
+
+0x82
+Out of window collision. This typically occurs when some other Ethernet
+host is incorrectly set to full duplex on a half duplex network.
+
+0x88
+16 collisions. This typically occurs when the network is exceptionally busy
+or when another host doesn't correctly back off after a collision. If this
+error is mixed with 0x82 errors it is the result of a host incorrectly set
+to full duplex (see above).
+
+Both of these errors are the result of network problems that should be
+corrected. They do not represent driver malfunction.
+
+
+(5) Revision history (this file)
+
+28Feb02 v1.0 DR New; major portions based on Becker original 3c509 docs
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/6pack.txt b/Documentation/networking/6pack.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ed2b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/6pack.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+This is the 6pack-mini-HOWTO, written by
+
+Andreas Könsgen DG3KQ
+Internet: ajk@iehk.rwth-aachen.de
+AMPR-net: dg3kq@db0pra.ampr.org
+AX.25: dg3kq@db0ach.#nrw.deu.eu
+
+Last update: April 7, 1998
+
+1. What is 6pack, and what are the advantages to KISS?
+
+6pack is a transmission protocol for data exchange between the PC and
+the TNC over a serial line. It can be used as an alternative to KISS.
+
+6pack has two major advantages:
+- The PC is given full control over the radio
+ channel. Special control data is exchanged between the PC and the TNC so
+ that the PC knows at any time if the TNC is receiving data, if a TNC
+ buffer underrun or overrun has occurred, if the PTT is
+ set and so on. This control data is processed at a higher priority than
+ normal data, so a data stream can be interrupted at any time to issue an
+ important event. This helps to improve the channel access and timing
+ algorithms as everything is computed in the PC. It would even be possible
+ to experiment with something completely different from the known CSMA and
+ DAMA channel access methods.
+ This kind of real-time control is especially important to supply several
+ TNCs that are connected between each other and the PC by a daisy chain
+ (however, this feature is not supported yet by the Linux 6pack driver).
+
+- Each packet transferred over the serial line is supplied with a checksum,
+ so it is easy to detect errors due to problems on the serial line.
+ Received packets that are corrupt are not passed on to the AX.25 layer.
+ Damaged packets that the TNC has received from the PC are not transmitted.
+
+More details about 6pack are described in the file 6pack.ps that is located
+in the doc directory of the AX.25 utilities package.
+
+2. Who has developed the 6pack protocol?
+
+The 6pack protocol has been developed by Ekki Plicht DF4OR, Henning Rech
+DF9IC and Gunter Jost DK7WJ. A driver for 6pack, written by Gunter Jost and
+Matthias Welwarsky DG2FEF, comes along with the PC version of FlexNet.
+They have also written a firmware for TNCs to perform the 6pack
+protocol (see section 4 below).
+
+3. Where can I get the latest version of 6pack for LinuX?
+
+At the moment, the 6pack stuff can obtained via anonymous ftp from
+db0bm.automation.fh-aachen.de. In the directory /incoming/dg3kq,
+there is a file named 6pack.tgz.
+
+4. Preparing the TNC for 6pack operation
+
+To be able to use 6pack, a special firmware for the TNC is needed. The EPROM
+of a newly bought TNC does not contain 6pack, so you will have to
+program an EPROM yourself. The image file for 6pack EPROMs should be
+available on any packet radio box where PC/FlexNet can be found. The name of
+the file is 6pack.bin. This file is copyrighted and maintained by the FlexNet
+team. It can be used under the terms of the license that comes along
+with PC/FlexNet. Please do not ask me about the internals of this file as I
+don't know anything about it. I used a textual description of the 6pack
+protocol to program the Linux driver.
+
+TNCs contain a 64kByte EPROM, the lower half of which is used for
+the firmware/KISS. The upper half is either empty or is sometimes
+programmed with software called TAPR. In the latter case, the TNC
+is supplied with a DIP switch so you can easily change between the
+two systems. When programming a new EPROM, one of the systems is replaced
+by 6pack. It is useful to replace TAPR, as this software is rarely used
+nowadays. If your TNC is not equipped with the switch mentioned above, you
+can build in one yourself that switches over the highest address pin
+of the EPROM between HIGH and LOW level. After having inserted the new EPROM
+and switched to 6pack, apply power to the TNC for a first test. The connect
+and the status LED are lit for about a second if the firmware initialises
+the TNC correctly.
+
+5. Building and installing the 6pack driver
+
+The driver has been tested with kernel version 2.1.90. Use with older
+kernels may lead to a compilation error because the interface to a kernel
+function has been changed in the 2.1.8x kernels.
+
+How to turn on 6pack support:
+
+- In the linux kernel configuration program, select the code maturity level
+ options menu and turn on the prompting for development drivers.
+
+- Select the amateur radio support menu and turn on the serial port 6pack
+ driver.
+
+- Compile and install the kernel and the modules.
+
+To use the driver, the kissattach program delivered with the AX.25 utilities
+has to be modified.
+
+- Do a cd to the directory that holds the kissattach sources. Edit the
+ kissattach.c file. At the top, insert the following lines:
+
+ #ifndef N_6PACK
+ #define N_6PACK (N_AX25+1)
+ #endif
+
+ Then find the line
+
+ int disc = N_AX25;
+
+ and replace N_AX25 by N_6PACK.
+
+- Recompile kissattach. Rename it to spattach to avoid confusions.
+
+Installing the driver:
+
+- Do an insmod 6pack. Look at your /var/log/messages file to check if the
+ module has printed its initialization message.
+
+- Do a spattach as you would launch kissattach when starting a KISS port.
+ Check if the kernel prints the message '6pack: TNC found'.
+
+- From here, everything should work as if you were setting up a KISS port.
+ The only difference is that the network device that represents
+ the 6pack port is called sp instead of sl or ax. So, sp0 would be the
+ first 6pack port.
+
+Although the driver has been tested on various platforms, I still declare it
+ALPHA. BE CAREFUL! Sync your disks before insmoding the 6pack module
+and spattaching. Watch out if your computer behaves strangely. Read section
+6 of this file about known problems.
+
+Note that the connect and status LEDs of the TNC are controlled in a
+different way than they are when the TNC is used with PC/FlexNet. When using
+FlexNet, the connect LED is on if there is a connection; the status LED is
+on if there is data in the buffer of the PC's AX.25 engine that has to be
+transmitted. Under Linux, the 6pack layer is beyond the AX.25 layer,
+so the 6pack driver doesn't know anything about connects or data that
+has not yet been transmitted. Therefore the LEDs are controlled
+as they are in KISS mode: The connect LED is turned on if data is transferred
+from the PC to the TNC over the serial line, the status LED if data is
+sent to the PC.
+
+6. Known problems
+
+When testing the driver with 2.0.3x kernels and
+operating with data rates on the radio channel of 9600 Baud or higher,
+the driver may, on certain systems, sometimes print the message '6pack:
+bad checksum', which is due to data loss if the other station sends two
+or more subsequent packets. I have been told that this is due to a problem
+with the serial driver of 2.0.3x kernels. I don't know yet if the problem
+still exists with 2.1.x kernels, as I have heard that the serial driver
+code has been changed with 2.1.x.
+
+When shutting down the sp interface with ifconfig, the kernel crashes if
+there is still an AX.25 connection left over which an IP connection was
+running, even if that IP connection is already closed. The problem does not
+occur when there is a bare AX.25 connection still running. I don't know if
+this is a problem of the 6pack driver or something else in the kernel.
+
+The driver has been tested as a module, not yet as a kernel-builtin driver.
+
+The 6pack protocol supports daisy-chaining of TNCs in a token ring, which is
+connected to one serial port of the PC. This feature is not implemented
+and at least at the moment I won't be able to do it because I do not have
+the opportunity to build a TNC daisy-chain and test it.
+
+Some of the comments in the source code are inaccurate. They are left from
+the SLIP/KISS driver, from which the 6pack driver has been derived.
+I haven't modified or removed them yet -- sorry! The code itself needs
+some cleaning and optimizing. This will be done in a later release.
+
+If you encounter a bug or if you have a question or suggestion concerning the
+driver, feel free to mail me, using the addresses given at the beginning of
+this file.
+
+Have fun!
+
+Andreas
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/Configurable b/Documentation/networking/Configurable
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69c0dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/Configurable
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+
+There are a few network parameters that can be tuned to better match
+the kernel to your system hardware and intended usage. The defaults
+are usually a good choice for 99% of the people 99% of the time, but
+you should be aware they do exist and can be changed.
+
+The current list of parameters can be found in the files:
+
+ linux/net/TUNABLE
+ Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
+
+Some of these are accessible via the sysctl interface, and many more are
+scheduled to be added in this way. For example, some parameters related
+to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) are very easily viewed and altered.
+
+ # cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/arp_timeout
+ 6000
+ # echo 7000 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/arp_timeout
+ # cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/arp_timeout
+ 7000
+
+Others are already accessible via the related user space programs.
+For example, MAX_WINDOW has a default of 32 k which is a good choice for
+modern hardware, but if you have a slow (8 bit) Ethernet card and/or a slow
+machine, then this will be far too big for the card to keep up with fast
+machines transmitting on the same net, resulting in overruns and receive errors.
+A value of about 4 k would be more appropriate, which can be set via:
+
+ # route add -net 192.168.3.0 window 4096
+
+The remainder of these can only be presently changed by altering a #define
+in the related header file. This means an edit and recompile cycle.
+
+ Paul Gortmaker 06/96
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/DLINK.txt b/Documentation/networking/DLINK.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..083d247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/DLINK.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+Released 1994-06-13
+
+
+ CONTENTS:
+
+ 1. Introduction.
+ 2. License.
+ 3. Files in this release.
+ 4. Installation.
+ 5. Problems and tuning.
+ 6. Using the drivers with earlier releases.
+ 7. Acknowledgments.
+
+
+ 1. INTRODUCTION.
+
+ This is a set of Ethernet drivers for the D-Link DE-600/DE-620
+ pocket adapters, for the parallel port on a Linux based machine.
+ Some adapter "clones" will also work. Xircom is _not_ a clone...
+ These drivers _can_ be used as loadable modules,
+ and were developed for use on Linux 1.1.13 and above.
+ For use on Linux 1.0.X, or earlier releases, see below.
+
+ I have used these drivers for NFS, ftp, telnet and X-clients on
+ remote machines. Transmissions with ftp seems to work as
+ good as can be expected (i.e. > 80k bytes/sec) from a
+ parallel port...:-) Receive speeds will be about 60-80% of this.
+ Depending on your machine, somewhat higher speeds can be achieved.
+
+ All comments/fixes to Bjorn Ekwall (bj0rn@blox.se).
+
+
+ 2. LICENSE.
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it
+ and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
+ details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA
+ 02139, USA.
+
+
+ 3. FILES IN THIS RELEASE.
+
+ README.DLINK This file.
+ de600.c The Source (may it be with You :-) for the DE-600
+ de620.c ditto for the DE-620
+ de620.h Macros for de620.c
+
+ If you are upgrading from the d-link tar release, there will
+ also be a "dlink-patches" file that will patch Linux 1.1.18:
+ linux/drivers/net/Makefile
+ linux/drivers/net/CONFIG
+ linux/drivers/net/MODULES
+ linux/drivers/net/Space.c
+ linux/config.in
+ Apply the patch by:
+ "cd /usr/src; patch -p0 < linux/drivers/net/dlink-patches"
+ The old source, "linux/drivers/net/d_link.c", can be removed.
+
+
+ 4. INSTALLATION.
+
+ o Get the latest net binaries, according to current net.wisdom.
+
+ o Read the NET-2 and Ethernet HOWTOs and modify your setup.
+
+ o If your parallel port has a strange address or irq,
+ modify "linux/drivers/net/CONFIG" accordingly, or adjust
+ the parameters in the "tuning" section in the sources.
+
+ If you are going to use the drivers as loadable modules, do _not_
+ enable them while doing "make config", but instead make sure that
+ the drivers are included in "linux/drivers/net/MODULES".
+
+ If you are _not_ going to use the driver(s) as loadable modules,
+ but instead have them included in the kernel, remember to enable
+ the drivers while doing "make config".
+
+ o To include networking and DE600/DE620 support in your kernel:
+ # cd /linux
+ (as modules:)
+ # make config (answer yes on CONFIG_NET and CONFIG_INET)
+ (else included in the kernel:)
+ # make config (answer yes on CONFIG _NET, _INET and _DE600 or _DE620)
+ # make clean
+ # make zImage (or whatever magic you usually do)
+
+ o I use lilo to boot multiple kernels, so that I at least
+ can have one working kernel :-). If you do too, append
+ these lines to /etc/lilo/config:
+
+ image = /linux/zImage
+ label = newlinux
+ root = /dev/hda2 (or whatever YOU have...)
+
+ # /etc/lilo/install
+
+ o Do "sync" and reboot the new kernel with a D-Link
+ DE-600/DE-620 pocket adapter connected.
+
+ o The adapter can be configured with ifconfig eth?
+ where the actual number is decided by the kernel
+ when the drivers are initialized.
+
+
+ 5. "PROBLEMS" AND TUNING,
+
+ o If you see error messages from the driver, and if the traffic
+ stops on the adapter, try to do "ifconfig" and "route" once
+ more, just as in "rc.inet1". This should take care of most
+ problems, including effects from power loss, or adapters that
+ aren't connected to the printer port in some way or another.
+ You can somewhat change the behaviour by enabling/disabling
+ the macro SHUTDOWN_WHEN_LOST in the "tuning" section.
+ For the DE-600 there is another macro, CHECK_LOST_DE600,
+ that you might want to read about in the "tuning" section.
+
+ o Some machines have trouble handling the parallel port and
+ the adapter at high speed. If you experience problems:
+
+ DE-600:
+ - The adapter is not recognized at boot, i.e. an Ethernet
+ address of 00:80:c8:... is not shown, try to add another
+ "; SLOW_DOWN_IO"
+ at DE600_SLOW_DOWN in the "tuning" section. As a last resort,
+ uncomment: "#define REALLY_SLOW_IO" (see <asm/io.h> for hints).
+
+ - You experience "timeout" messages: first try to add another
+ "; SLOW_DOWN_IO"
+ at DE600_SLOW_DOWN in the "tuning" section, _then_ try to
+ increase the value (original value: 5) at
+ "if (tickssofar < 5)" near line 422.
+
+ DE-620:
+ - Your parallel port might be "sluggish". To cater for
+ this, there are the macros LOWSPEED and READ_DELAY/WRITE_DELAY
+ in the "tuning" section. Your first step should be to enable
+ LOWSPEED, and after that you can "tune" the XXX_DELAY values.
+
+ o If the adapter _is_ recognized at boot but you get messages
+ about "Network Unreachable", then the problem is probably
+ _not_ with the driver. Check your net configuration instead
+ (ifconfig and route) in "rc.inet1".
+
+ o There is some rudimentary support for debugging, look at
+ the source. Use "-DDE600_DEBUG=3" or "-DDE620_DEBUG=3"
+ when compiling, or include it in "linux/drivers/net/CONFIG".
+ IF YOU HAVE PROBLEMS YOU CAN'T SOLVE: PLEASE COMPILE THE DRIVER
+ WITH DEBUGGING ENABLED, AND SEND ME THE RESULTING OUTPUT!
+
+
+ 6. USING THE DRIVERS WITH EARLIER RELEASES.
+
+ The later 1.1.X releases of the Linux kernel include some
+ changes in the networking layer (a.k.a. NET3). This affects
+ these drivers in a few places. The hints that follow are
+ _not_ tested by me, since I don't have the disk space to keep
+ all releases on-line.
+ Known needed changes to date:
+ - release patchfile: some patches will fail, but they should
+ be easy to apply "by hand", since they are trivial.
+ (Space.c: d_link_init() is now called de600_probe())
+ - de600.c: change "mark_bh(NET_BH)" to "mark_bh(INET_BH)".
+ - de620.c: (maybe) change the code around "netif_rx(skb);" to be
+ similar to the code around "dev_rint(...)" in de600.c
+
+
+ 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
+
+ These drivers wouldn't have been done without the base
+ (and support) from Ross Biro <bir7@leland.stanford.edu>,
+ and D-Link Systems Inc. The driver relies upon GPL-ed
+ source from D-Link Systems Inc. and from Russel Nelson at
+ Crynwr Software <nelson@crynwr.com>.
+
+ Additional input also from:
+ Donald Becker <becker@super.org>, Alan Cox <A.Cox@swansea.ac.uk>
+ and Fred N. van Kempen <waltje@uWalt.NL.Mugnet.ORG>
+
+ DE-600 alpha release primary victim^H^H^H^H^H^Htester:
+ - Erik Proper <erikp@cs.kun.nl>.
+ Good input also from several users, most notably
+ - Mark Burton <markb@ordern.demon.co.uk>.
+
+ DE-620 alpha release victims^H^H^H^H^H^H^Htesters:
+ - J. Joshua Kopper <kopper@rtsg.mot.com>
+ - Olav Kvittem <Olav.Kvittem@uninett.no>
+ - Germano Caronni <caronni@nessie.cs.id.ethz.ch>
+ - Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@suite.sw.oz.au>
+
+
+ Happy hacking!
+
+ Bjorn Ekwall == bj0rn@blox.se
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/NAPI_HOWTO.txt b/Documentation/networking/NAPI_HOWTO.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54376e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/NAPI_HOWTO.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,766 @@
+HISTORY:
+February 16/2002 -- revision 0.2.1:
+COR typo corrected
+February 10/2002 -- revision 0.2:
+some spell checking ;->
+January 12/2002 -- revision 0.1
+This is still work in progress so may change.
+To keep up to date please watch this space.
+
+Introduction to NAPI
+====================
+
+NAPI is a proven (www.cyberus.ca/~hadi/usenix-paper.tgz) technique
+to improve network performance on Linux. For more details please
+read that paper.
+NAPI provides a "inherent mitigation" which is bound by system capacity
+as can be seen from the following data collected by Robert on Gigabit
+ethernet (e1000):
+
+ Psize Ipps Tput Rxint Txint Done Ndone
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ 60 890000 409362 17 27622 7 6823
+ 128 758150 464364 21 9301 10 7738
+ 256 445632 774646 42 15507 21 12906
+ 512 232666 994445 241292 19147 241192 1062
+ 1024 119061 1000003 872519 19258 872511 0
+ 1440 85193 1000003 946576 19505 946569 0
+
+
+Legend:
+"Ipps" stands for input packets per second.
+"Tput" == packets out of total 1M that made it out.
+"txint" == transmit completion interrupts seen
+"Done" == The number of times that the poll() managed to pull all
+packets out of the rx ring. Note from this that the lower the
+load the more we could clean up the rxring
+"Ndone" == is the converse of "Done". Note again, that the higher
+the load the more times we couldnt clean up the rxring.
+
+Observe that:
+when the NIC receives 890Kpackets/sec only 17 rx interrupts are generated.
+The system cant handle the processing at 1 interrupt/packet at that load level.
+At lower rates on the other hand, rx interrupts go up and therefore the
+interrupt/packet ratio goes up (as observable from that table). So there is
+possibility that under low enough input, you get one poll call for each
+input packet caused by a single interrupt each time. And if the system
+cant handle interrupt per packet ratio of 1, then it will just have to
+chug along ....
+
+
+0) Prerequisites:
+==================
+A driver MAY continue using the old 2.4 technique for interfacing
+to the network stack and not benefit from the NAPI changes.
+NAPI additions to the kernel do not break backward compatibility.
+NAPI, however, requires the following features to be available:
+
+A) DMA ring or enough RAM to store packets in software devices.
+
+B) Ability to turn off interrupts or maybe events that send packets up
+the stack.
+
+NAPI processes packet events in what is known as dev->poll() method.
+Typically, only packet receive events are processed in dev->poll().
+The rest of the events MAY be processed by the regular interrupt handler
+to reduce processing latency (justified also because there are not that
+many of them).
+Note, however, NAPI does not enforce that dev->poll() only processes
+receive events.
+Tests with the tulip driver indicated slightly increased latency if
+all of the interrupt handler is moved to dev->poll(). Also MII handling
+gets a little trickier.
+The example used in this document is to move the receive processing only
+to dev->poll(); this is shown with the patch for the tulip driver.
+For an example of code that moves all the interrupt driver to
+dev->poll() look at the ported e1000 code.
+
+There are caveats that might force you to go with moving everything to
+dev->poll(). Different NICs work differently depending on their status/event
+acknowledgement setup.
+There are two types of event register ACK mechanisms.
+ I) what is known as Clear-on-read (COR).
+ when you read the status/event register, it clears everything!
+ The natsemi and sunbmac NICs are known to do this.
+ In this case your only choice is to move all to dev->poll()
+
+ II) Clear-on-write (COW)
+ i) you clear the status by writing a 1 in the bit-location you want.
+ These are the majority of the NICs and work the best with NAPI.
+ Put only receive events in dev->poll(); leave the rest in
+ the old interrupt handler.
+ ii) whatever you write in the status register clears every thing ;->
+ Cant seem to find any supported by Linux which do this. If
+ someone knows such a chip email us please.
+ Move all to dev->poll()
+
+C) Ability to detect new work correctly.
+NAPI works by shutting down event interrupts when theres work and
+turning them on when theres none.
+New packets might show up in the small window while interrupts were being
+re-enabled (refer to appendix 2). A packet might sneak in during the period
+we are enabling interrupts. We only get to know about such a packet when the
+next new packet arrives and generates an interrupt.
+Essentially, there is a small window of opportunity for a race condition
+which for clarity we'll refer to as the "rotting packet".
+
+This is a very important topic and appendix 2 is dedicated for more
+discussion.
+
+Locking rules and environmental guarantees
+==========================================
+
+-Guarantee: Only one CPU at any time can call dev->poll(); this is because
+only one CPU can pick the initial interrupt and hence the initial
+netif_rx_schedule(dev);
+- The core layer invokes devices to send packets in a round robin format.
+This implies receive is totaly lockless because of the guarantee only that
+one CPU is executing it.
+- contention can only be the result of some other CPU accessing the rx
+ring. This happens only in close() and suspend() (when these methods
+try to clean the rx ring);
+****guarantee: driver authors need not worry about this; synchronization
+is taken care for them by the top net layer.
+-local interrupts are enabled (if you dont move all to dev->poll()). For
+example link/MII and txcomplete continue functioning just same old way.
+This improves the latency of processing these events. It is also assumed that
+the receive interrupt is the largest cause of noise. Note this might not
+always be true.
+[according to Manfred Spraul, the winbond insists on sending one
+txmitcomplete interrupt for each packet (although this can be mitigated)].
+For these broken drivers, move all to dev->poll().
+
+For the rest of this text, we'll assume that dev->poll() only
+processes receive events.
+
+new methods introduce by NAPI
+=============================
+
+a) netif_rx_schedule(dev)
+Called by an IRQ handler to schedule a poll for device
+
+b) netif_rx_schedule_prep(dev)
+puts the device in a state which allows for it to be added to the
+CPU polling list if it is up and running. You can look at this as
+the first half of netif_rx_schedule(dev) above; the second half
+being c) below.
+
+c) __netif_rx_schedule(dev)
+Add device to the poll list for this CPU; assuming that _prep above
+has already been called and returned 1.
+
+d) netif_rx_reschedule(dev, undo)
+Called to reschedule polling for device specifically for some
+deficient hardware. Read Appendix 2 for more details.
+
+e) netif_rx_complete(dev)
+
+Remove interface from the CPU poll list: it must be in the poll list
+on current cpu. This primitive is called by dev->poll(), when
+it completes its work. The device cannot be out of poll list at this
+call, if it is then clearly it is a BUG(). You'll know ;->
+
+All these above nethods are used below. So keep reading for clarity.
+
+Device driver changes to be made when porting NAPI
+==================================================
+
+Below we describe what kind of changes are required for NAPI to work.
+
+1) introduction of dev->poll() method
+=====================================
+
+This is the method that is invoked by the network core when it requests
+for new packets from the driver. A driver is allowed to send upto
+dev->quota packets by the current CPU before yielding to the network
+subsystem (so other devices can also get opportunity to send to the stack).
+
+dev->poll() prototype looks as follows:
+int my_poll(struct net_device *dev, int *budget)
+
+budget is the remaining number of packets the network subsystem on the
+current CPU can send up the stack before yielding to other system tasks.
+*Each driver is responsible for decrementing budget by the total number of
+packets sent.
+ Total number of packets cannot exceed dev->quota.
+
+dev->poll() method is invoked by the top layer, the driver just sends if it
+can to the stack the packet quantity requested.
+
+more on dev->poll() below after the interrupt changes are explained.
+
+2) registering dev->poll() method
+===================================
+
+dev->poll should be set in the dev->probe() method.
+e.g:
+dev->open = my_open;
+.
+.
+/* two new additions */
+/* first register my poll method */
+dev->poll = my_poll;
+/* next register my weight/quanta; can be overridden in /proc */
+dev->weight = 16;
+.
+.
+dev->stop = my_close;
+
+
+
+3) scheduling dev->poll()
+=============================
+This involves modifying the interrupt handler and the code
+path which takes the packet off the NIC and sends them to the
+stack.
+
+it's important at this point to introduce the classical D Becker
+interrupt processor:
+
+------------------
+static irqreturn_t
+netdevice_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+
+ struct net_device *dev = (struct net_device *)dev_instance;
+ struct my_private *tp = (struct my_private *)dev->priv;
+
+ int work_count = my_work_count;
+ status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
+ if (status == 0)
+ return IRQ_NONE; /* Shared IRQ: not us */
+ if (status == 0xffff)
+ return IRQ_HANDLED; /* Hot unplug */
+ if (status & error)
+ do_some_error_handling()
+
+ do {
+ acknowledge_ints_ASAP();
+
+ if (status & link_interrupt) {
+ spin_lock(&tp->link_lock);
+ do_some_link_stat_stuff();
+ spin_lock(&tp->link_lock);
+ }
+
+ if (status & rx_interrupt) {
+ receive_packets(dev);
+ }
+
+ if (status & rx_nobufs) {
+ make_rx_buffs_avail();
+ }
+
+ if (status & tx_related) {
+ spin_lock(&tp->lock);
+ tx_ring_free(dev);
+ if (tx_died)
+ restart_tx();
+ spin_unlock(&tp->lock);
+ }
+
+ status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
+
+ } while (!(status & error) || more_work_to_be_done);
+ return IRQ_HANDLED;
+}
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+We now change this to what is shown below to NAPI-enable it:
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+static irqreturn_t
+netdevice_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+ struct net_device *dev = (struct net_device *)dev_instance;
+ struct my_private *tp = (struct my_private *)dev->priv;
+
+ status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
+ if (status == 0)
+ return IRQ_NONE; /* Shared IRQ: not us */
+ if (status == 0xffff)
+ return IRQ_HANDLED; /* Hot unplug */
+ if (status & error)
+ do_some_error_handling();
+
+ do {
+/************************ start note *********************************/
+ acknowledge_ints_ASAP(); // dont ack rx and rxnobuff here
+/************************ end note *********************************/
+
+ if (status & link_interrupt) {
+ spin_lock(&tp->link_lock);
+ do_some_link_stat_stuff();
+ spin_unlock(&tp->link_lock);
+ }
+/************************ start note *********************************/
+ if (status & rx_interrupt || (status & rx_nobuffs)) {
+ if (netif_rx_schedule_prep(dev)) {
+
+ /* disable interrupts caused
+ * by arriving packets */
+ disable_rx_and_rxnobuff_ints();
+ /* tell system we have work to be done. */
+ __netif_rx_schedule(dev);
+ } else {
+ printk("driver bug! interrupt while in poll\n");
+ /* FIX by disabling interrupts */
+ disable_rx_and_rxnobuff_ints();
+ }
+ }
+/************************ end note note *********************************/
+
+ if (status & tx_related) {
+ spin_lock(&tp->lock);
+ tx_ring_free(dev);
+
+ if (tx_died)
+ restart_tx();
+ spin_unlock(&tp->lock);
+ }
+
+ status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
+
+/************************ start note *********************************/
+ } while (!(status & error) || more_work_to_be_done(status));
+/************************ end note note *********************************/
+ return IRQ_HANDLED;
+}
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+We note several things from above:
+
+I) Any interrupt source which is caused by arriving packets is now
+turned off when it occurs. Depending on the hardware, there could be
+several reasons that arriving packets would cause interrupts; these are the
+interrupt sources we wish to avoid. The two common ones are a) a packet
+arriving (rxint) b) a packet arriving and finding no DMA buffers available
+(rxnobuff) .
+This means also acknowledge_ints_ASAP() will not clear the status
+register for those two items above; clearing is done in the place where
+proper work is done within NAPI; at the poll() and refill_rx_ring()
+discussed further below.
+netif_rx_schedule_prep() returns 1 if device is in running state and
+gets successfully added to the core poll list. If we get a zero value
+we can _almost_ assume are already added to the list (instead of not running.
+Logic based on the fact that you shouldn't get interrupt if not running)
+We rectify this by disabling rx and rxnobuf interrupts.
+
+II) that receive_packets(dev) and make_rx_buffs_avail() may have disappeared.
+These functionalities are still around actually......
+
+infact, receive_packets(dev) is very close to my_poll() and
+make_rx_buffs_avail() is invoked from my_poll()
+
+4) converting receive_packets() to dev->poll()
+===============================================
+
+We need to convert the classical D Becker receive_packets(dev) to my_poll()
+
+First the typical receive_packets() below:
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/* this is called by interrupt handler */
+static void receive_packets (struct net_device *dev)
+{
+
+ struct my_private *tp = (struct my_private *)dev->priv;
+ rx_ring = tp->rx_ring;
+ cur_rx = tp->cur_rx;
+ int entry = cur_rx % RX_RING_SIZE;
+ int received = 0;
+ int rx_work_limit = tp->dirty_rx + RX_RING_SIZE - tp->cur_rx;
+
+ while (rx_ring_not_empty) {
+ u32 rx_status;
+ unsigned int rx_size;
+ unsigned int pkt_size;
+ struct sk_buff *skb;
+ /* read size+status of next frame from DMA ring buffer */
+ /* the number 16 and 4 are just examples */
+ rx_status = le32_to_cpu (*(u32 *) (rx_ring + ring_offset));
+ rx_size = rx_status >> 16;
+ pkt_size = rx_size - 4;
+
+ /* process errors */
+ if ((rx_size > (MAX_ETH_FRAME_SIZE+4)) ||
+ (!(rx_status & RxStatusOK))) {
+ netdrv_rx_err (rx_status, dev, tp, ioaddr);
+ return;
+ }
+
+ if (--rx_work_limit < 0)
+ break;
+
+ /* grab a skb */
+ skb = dev_alloc_skb (pkt_size + 2);
+ if (skb) {
+ .
+ .
+ netif_rx (skb);
+ .
+ .
+ } else { /* OOM */
+ /*seems very driver specific ... some just pass
+ whatever is on the ring already. */
+ }
+
+ /* move to the next skb on the ring */
+ entry = (++tp->cur_rx) % RX_RING_SIZE;
+ received++ ;
+
+ }
+
+ /* store current ring pointer state */
+ tp->cur_rx = cur_rx;
+
+ /* Refill the Rx ring buffers if they are needed */
+ refill_rx_ring();
+ .
+ .
+
+}
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+We change it to a new one below; note the additional parameter in
+the call.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/* this is called by the network core */
+static int my_poll (struct net_device *dev, int *budget)
+{
+
+ struct my_private *tp = (struct my_private *)dev->priv;
+ rx_ring = tp->rx_ring;
+ cur_rx = tp->cur_rx;
+ int entry = cur_rx % RX_BUF_LEN;
+ /* maximum packets to send to the stack */
+/************************ note note *********************************/
+ int rx_work_limit = dev->quota;
+
+/************************ end note note *********************************/
+ do { // outer beginning loop starts here
+
+ clear_rx_status_register_bit();
+
+ while (rx_ring_not_empty) {
+ u32 rx_status;
+ unsigned int rx_size;
+ unsigned int pkt_size;
+ struct sk_buff *skb;
+ /* read size+status of next frame from DMA ring buffer */
+ /* the number 16 and 4 are just examples */
+ rx_status = le32_to_cpu (*(u32 *) (rx_ring + ring_offset));
+ rx_size = rx_status >> 16;
+ pkt_size = rx_size - 4;
+
+ /* process errors */
+ if ((rx_size > (MAX_ETH_FRAME_SIZE+4)) ||
+ (!(rx_status & RxStatusOK))) {
+ netdrv_rx_err (rx_status, dev, tp, ioaddr);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+/************************ note note *********************************/
+ if (--rx_work_limit < 0) { /* we got packets, but no quota */
+ /* store current ring pointer state */
+ tp->cur_rx = cur_rx;
+
+ /* Refill the Rx ring buffers if they are needed */
+ refill_rx_ring(dev);
+ goto not_done;
+ }
+/********************** end note **********************************/
+
+ /* grab a skb */
+ skb = dev_alloc_skb (pkt_size + 2);
+ if (skb) {
+ .
+ .
+/************************ note note *********************************/
+ netif_receive_skb (skb);
+/********************** end note **********************************/
+ .
+ .
+ } else { /* OOM */
+ /*seems very driver specific ... common is just pass
+ whatever is on the ring already. */
+ }
+
+ /* move to the next skb on the ring */
+ entry = (++tp->cur_rx) % RX_RING_SIZE;
+ received++ ;
+
+ }
+
+ /* store current ring pointer state */
+ tp->cur_rx = cur_rx;
+
+ /* Refill the Rx ring buffers if they are needed */
+ refill_rx_ring(dev);
+
+ /* no packets on ring; but new ones can arrive since we last
+ checked */
+ status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
+ if (rx status is not set) {
+ /* If something arrives in this narrow window,
+ an interrupt will be generated */
+ goto done;
+ }
+ /* done! at least thats what it looks like ;->
+ if new packets came in after our last check on status bits
+ they'll be caught by the while check and we go back and clear them
+ since we havent exceeded our quota */
+ } while (rx_status_is_set);
+
+done:
+
+/************************ note note *********************************/
+ dev->quota -= received;
+ *budget -= received;
+
+ /* If RX ring is not full we are out of memory. */
+ if (tp->rx_buffers[tp->dirty_rx % RX_RING_SIZE].skb == NULL)
+ goto oom;
+
+ /* we are happy/done, no more packets on ring; put us back
+ to where we can start processing interrupts again */
+ netif_rx_complete(dev);
+ enable_rx_and_rxnobuf_ints();
+
+ /* The last op happens after poll completion. Which means the following:
+ * 1. it can race with disabling irqs in irq handler (which are done to
+ * schedule polls)
+ * 2. it can race with dis/enabling irqs in other poll threads
+ * 3. if an irq raised after the begining of the outer beginning
+ * loop(marked in the code above), it will be immediately
+ * triggered here.
+ *
+ * Summarizing: the logic may results in some redundant irqs both
+ * due to races in masking and due to too late acking of already
+ * processed irqs. The good news: no events are ever lost.
+ */
+
+ return 0; /* done */
+
+not_done:
+ if (tp->cur_rx - tp->dirty_rx > RX_RING_SIZE/2 ||
+ tp->rx_buffers[tp->dirty_rx % RX_RING_SIZE].skb == NULL)
+ refill_rx_ring(dev);
+
+ if (!received) {
+ printk("received==0\n");
+ received = 1;
+ }
+ dev->quota -= received;
+ *budget -= received;
+ return 1; /* not_done */
+
+oom:
+ /* Start timer, stop polling, but do not enable rx interrupts. */
+ start_poll_timer(dev);
+ return 0; /* we'll take it from here so tell core "done"*/
+
+/************************ End note note *********************************/
+}
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+From above we note that:
+0) rx_work_limit = dev->quota
+1) refill_rx_ring() is in charge of clearing the bit for rxnobuff when
+it does the work.
+2) We have a done and not_done state.
+3) instead of netif_rx() we call netif_receive_skb() to pass the skb.
+4) we have a new way of handling oom condition
+5) A new outer for (;;) loop has been added. This serves the purpose of
+ensuring that if a new packet has come in, after we are all set and done,
+and we have not exceeded our quota that we continue sending packets up.
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+Poll timer code will need to do the following:
+
+a)
+
+ if (tp->cur_rx - tp->dirty_rx > RX_RING_SIZE/2 ||
+ tp->rx_buffers[tp->dirty_rx % RX_RING_SIZE].skb == NULL)
+ refill_rx_ring(dev);
+
+ /* If RX ring is not full we are still out of memory.
+ Restart the timer again. Else we re-add ourselves
+ to the master poll list.
+ */
+
+ if (tp->rx_buffers[tp->dirty_rx % RX_RING_SIZE].skb == NULL)
+ restart_timer();
+
+ else netif_rx_schedule(dev); /* we are back on the poll list */
+
+5) dev->close() and dev->suspend() issues
+==========================================
+The driver writter neednt worry about this. The top net layer takes
+care of it.
+
+6) Adding new Stats to /proc
+=============================
+In order to debug some of the new features, we introduce new stats
+that need to be collected.
+TODO: Fill this later.
+
+APPENDIX 1: discussion on using ethernet HW FC
+==============================================
+Most chips with FC only send a pause packet when they run out of Rx buffers.
+Since packets are pulled off the DMA ring by a softirq in NAPI,
+if the system is slow in grabbing them and we have a high input
+rate (faster than the system's capacity to remove packets), then theoretically
+there will only be one rx interrupt for all packets during a given packetstorm.
+Under low load, we might have a single interrupt per packet.
+FC should be programmed to apply in the case when the system cant pull out
+packets fast enough i.e send a pause only when you run out of rx buffers.
+Note FC in itself is a good solution but we have found it to not be
+much of a commodity feature (both in NICs and switches) and hence falls
+under the same category as using NIC based mitigation. Also experiments
+indicate that its much harder to resolve the resource allocation
+issue (aka lazy receiving that NAPI offers) and hence quantify its usefullness
+proved harder. In any case, FC works even better with NAPI but is not
+necessary.
+
+
+APPENDIX 2: the "rotting packet" race-window avoidance scheme
+=============================================================
+
+There are two types of associations seen here
+
+1) status/int which honors level triggered IRQ
+
+If a status bit for receive or rxnobuff is set and the corresponding
+interrupt-enable bit is not on, then no interrupts will be generated. However,
+as soon as the "interrupt-enable" bit is unmasked, an immediate interrupt is
+generated. [assuming the status bit was not turned off].
+Generally the concept of level triggered IRQs in association with a status and
+interrupt-enable CSR register set is used to avoid the race.
+
+If we take the example of the tulip:
+"pending work" is indicated by the status bit(CSR5 in tulip).
+the corresponding interrupt bit (CSR7 in tulip) might be turned off (but
+the CSR5 will continue to be turned on with new packet arrivals even if
+we clear it the first time)
+Very important is the fact that if we turn on the interrupt bit on when
+status is set that an immediate irq is triggered.
+
+If we cleared the rx ring and proclaimed there was "no more work
+to be done" and then went on to do a few other things; then when we enable
+interrupts, there is a possibility that a new packet might sneak in during
+this phase. It helps to look at the pseudo code for the tulip poll
+routine:
+
+--------------------------
+ do {
+ ACK;
+ while (ring_is_not_empty()) {
+ work-work-work
+ if quota is exceeded: exit, no touching irq status/mask
+ }
+ /* No packets, but new can arrive while we are doing this*/
+ CSR5 := read
+ if (CSR5 is not set) {
+ /* If something arrives in this narrow window here,
+ * where the comments are ;-> irq will be generated */
+ unmask irqs;
+ exit poll;
+ }
+ } while (rx_status_is_set);
+------------------------
+
+CSR5 bit of interest is only the rx status.
+If you look at the last if statement:
+you just finished grabbing all the packets from the rx ring .. you check if
+status bit says theres more packets just in ... it says none; you then
+enable rx interrupts again; if a new packet just came in during this check,
+we are counting that CSR5 will be set in that small window of opportunity
+and that by re-enabling interrupts, we would actually triger an interrupt
+to register the new packet for processing.
+
+[The above description nay be very verbose, if you have better wording
+that will make this more understandable, please suggest it.]
+
+2) non-capable hardware
+
+These do not generally respect level triggered IRQs. Normally,
+irqs may be lost while being masked and the only way to leave poll is to do
+a double check for new input after netif_rx_complete() is invoked
+and re-enable polling (after seeing this new input).
+
+Sample code:
+
+---------
+ .
+ .
+restart_poll:
+ while (ring_is_not_empty()) {
+ work-work-work
+ if quota is exceeded: exit, not touching irq status/mask
+ }
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ enable_rx_interrupts()
+ netif_rx_complete(dev);
+ if (ring_has_new_packet() && netif_rx_reschedule(dev, received)) {
+ disable_rx_and_rxnobufs()
+ goto restart_poll
+ } while (rx_status_is_set);
+---------
+
+Basically netif_rx_complete() removes us from the poll list, but because a
+new packet which will never be caught due to the possibility of a race
+might come in, we attempt to re-add ourselves to the poll list.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX 3: Scheduling issues.
+==============================
+As seen NAPI moves processing to softirq level. Linux uses the ksoftirqd as the
+general solution to schedule softirq's to run before next interrupt and by putting
+them under scheduler control. Also this prevents consecutive softirq's from
+monopolize the CPU. This also have the effect that the priority of ksoftirq needs
+to be considered when running very CPU-intensive applications and networking to
+get the proper balance of softirq/user balance. Increasing ksoftirq priority to 0
+(eventually more) is reported cure problems with low network performance at high
+CPU load.
+
+Most used processes in a GIGE router:
+USER PID %CPU %MEM SIZE RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
+root 3 0.2 0.0 0 0 ? RWN Aug 15 602:00 (ksoftirqd_CPU0)
+root 232 0.0 7.9 41400 40884 ? S Aug 15 74:12 gated
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+relevant sites:
+==================
+ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/NAPI/
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+TODO: Write net-skeleton.c driver.
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Authors:
+========
+Alexey Kuznetsov <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>
+Jamal Hadi Salim <hadi@cyberus.ca>
+Robert Olsson <Robert.Olsson@data.slu.se>
+
+Acknowledgements:
+================
+People who made this document better:
+
+Lennert Buytenhek <buytenh@gnu.org>
+Andrew Morton <akpm@zip.com.au>
+Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
+Donald Becker <becker@scyld.com>
+Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/PLIP.txt b/Documentation/networking/PLIP.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad7e3f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/PLIP.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+PLIP: The Parallel Line Internet Protocol Device
+
+Donald Becker (becker@super.org)
+I.D.A. Supercomputing Research Center, Bowie MD 20715
+
+At some point T. Thorn will probably contribute text,
+Tommy Thorn (tthorn@daimi.aau.dk)
+
+PLIP Introduction
+-----------------
+
+This document describes the parallel port packet pusher for Net/LGX.
+This device interface allows a point-to-point connection between two
+parallel ports to appear as a IP network interface.
+
+What is PLIP?
+=============
+
+PLIP is Parallel Line IP, that is, the transportation of IP packages
+over a parallel port. In the case of a PC, the obvious choice is the
+printer port. PLIP is a non-standard, but [can use] uses the standard
+LapLink null-printer cable [can also work in turbo mode, with a PLIP
+cable]. [The protocol used to pack IP packages, is a simple one
+initiated by Crynwr.]
+
+Advantages of PLIP
+==================
+
+It's cheap, it's available everywhere, and it's easy.
+
+The PLIP cable is all that's needed to connect two Linux boxes, and it
+can be built for very few bucks.
+
+Connecting two Linux boxes takes only a second's decision and a few
+minutes' work, no need to search for a [supported] netcard. This might
+even be especially important in the case of notebooks, where netcards
+are not easily available.
+
+Not requiring a netcard also means that apart from connecting the
+cables, everything else is software configuration [which in principle
+could be made very easy.]
+
+Disadvantages of PLIP
+=====================
+
+Doesn't work over a modem, like SLIP and PPP. Limited range, 15 m.
+Can only be used to connect three (?) Linux boxes. Doesn't connect to
+an existing Ethernet. Isn't standard (not even de facto standard, like
+SLIP).
+
+Performance
+===========
+
+PLIP easily outperforms Ethernet cards....(ups, I was dreaming, but
+it *is* getting late. EOB)
+
+PLIP driver details
+-------------------
+
+The Linux PLIP driver is an implementation of the original Crynwr protocol,
+that uses the parallel port subsystem of the kernel in order to properly
+share parallel ports between PLIP and other services.
+
+IRQs and trigger timeouts
+=========================
+
+When a parallel port used for a PLIP driver has an IRQ configured to it, the
+PLIP driver is signaled whenever data is sent to it via the cable, such that
+when no data is available, the driver isn't being used.
+
+However, on some machines it is hard, if not impossible, to configure an IRQ
+to a certain parallel port, mainly because it is used by some other device.
+On these machines, the PLIP driver can be used in IRQ-less mode, where
+the PLIP driver would constantly poll the parallel port for data waiting,
+and if such data is available, process it. This mode is less efficient than
+the IRQ mode, because the driver has to check the parallel port many times
+per second, even when no data at all is sent. Some rough measurements
+indicate that there isn't a noticeable performance drop when using IRQ-less
+mode as compared to IRQ mode as far as the data transfer speed is involved.
+There is a performance drop on the machine hosting the driver.
+
+When the PLIP driver is used in IRQ mode, the timeout used for triggering a
+data transfer (the maximal time the PLIP driver would allow the other side
+before announcing a timeout, when trying to handshake a transfer of some
+data) is, by default, 500usec. As IRQ delivery is more or less immediate,
+this timeout is quite sufficient.
+
+When in IRQ-less mode, the PLIP driver polls the parallel port HZ times
+per second (where HZ is typically 100 on most platforms, and 1024 on an
+Alpha, as of this writing). Between two such polls, there are 10^6/HZ usecs.
+On an i386, for example, 10^6/100 = 10000usec. It is easy to see that it is
+quite possible for the trigger timeout to expire between two such polls, as
+the timeout is only 500usec long. As a result, it is required to change the
+trigger timeout on the *other* side of a PLIP connection, to about
+10^6/HZ usecs. If both sides of a PLIP connection are used in IRQ-less mode,
+this timeout is required on both sides.
+
+It appears that in practice, the trigger timeout can be shorter than in the
+above calculation. It isn't an important issue, unless the wire is faulty,
+in which case a long timeout would stall the machine when, for whatever
+reason, bits are dropped.
+
+A utility that can perform this change in Linux is plipconfig, which is part
+of the net-tools package (its location can be found in the
+Documentation/Changes file). An example command would be
+'plipconfig plipX trigger 10000', where plipX is the appropriate
+PLIP device.
+
+PLIP hardware interconnection
+-----------------------------
+
+PLIP uses several different data transfer methods. The first (and the
+only one implemented in the early version of the code) uses a standard
+printer "null" cable to transfer data four bits at a time using
+data bit outputs connected to status bit inputs.
+
+The second data transfer method relies on both machines having
+bi-directional parallel ports, rather than output-only ``printer''
+ports. This allows byte-wide transfers and avoids reconstructing
+nibbles into bytes, leading to much faster transfers.
+
+Parallel Transfer Mode 0 Cable
+==============================
+
+The cable for the first transfer mode is a standard
+printer "null" cable which transfers data four bits at a time using
+data bit outputs of the first port (machine T) connected to the
+status bit inputs of the second port (machine R). There are five
+status inputs, and they are used as four data inputs and a clock (data
+strobe) input, arranged so that the data input bits appear as contiguous
+bits with standard status register implementation.
+
+A cable that implements this protocol is available commercially as a
+"Null Printer" or "Turbo Laplink" cable. It can be constructed with
+two DB-25 male connectors symmetrically connected as follows:
+
+ STROBE output 1*
+ D0->ERROR 2 - 15 15 - 2
+ D1->SLCT 3 - 13 13 - 3
+ D2->PAPOUT 4 - 12 12 - 4
+ D3->ACK 5 - 10 10 - 5
+ D4->BUSY 6 - 11 11 - 6
+ D5,D6,D7 are 7*, 8*, 9*
+ AUTOFD output 14*
+ INIT output 16*
+ SLCTIN 17 - 17
+ extra grounds are 18*,19*,20*,21*,22*,23*,24*
+ GROUND 25 - 25
+* Do not connect these pins on either end
+
+If the cable you are using has a metallic shield it should be
+connected to the metallic DB-25 shell at one end only.
+
+Parallel Transfer Mode 1
+========================
+
+The second data transfer method relies on both machines having
+bi-directional parallel ports, rather than output-only ``printer''
+ports. This allows byte-wide transfers, and avoids reconstructing
+nibbles into bytes. This cable should not be used on unidirectional
+``printer'' (as opposed to ``parallel'') ports or when the machine
+isn't configured for PLIP, as it will result in output driver
+conflicts and the (unlikely) possibility of damage.
+
+The cable for this transfer mode should be constructed as follows:
+
+ STROBE->BUSY 1 - 11
+ D0->D0 2 - 2
+ D1->D1 3 - 3
+ D2->D2 4 - 4
+ D3->D3 5 - 5
+ D4->D4 6 - 6
+ D5->D5 7 - 7
+ D6->D6 8 - 8
+ D7->D7 9 - 9
+ INIT -> ACK 16 - 10
+ AUTOFD->PAPOUT 14 - 12
+ SLCT->SLCTIN 13 - 17
+ GND->ERROR 18 - 15
+ extra grounds are 19*,20*,21*,22*,23*,24*
+ GROUND 25 - 25
+* Do not connect these pins on either end
+
+Once again, if the cable you are using has a metallic shield it should
+be connected to the metallic DB-25 shell at one end only.
+
+PLIP Mode 0 transfer protocol
+=============================
+
+The PLIP driver is compatible with the "Crynwr" parallel port transfer
+standard in Mode 0. That standard specifies the following protocol:
+
+ send header nibble '0x8'
+ count-low octet
+ count-high octet
+ ... data octets
+ checksum octet
+
+Each octet is sent as
+ <wait for rx. '0x1?'> <send 0x10+(octet&0x0F)>
+ <wait for rx. '0x0?'> <send 0x00+((octet>>4)&0x0F)>
+
+To start a transfer the transmitting machine outputs a nibble 0x08.
+That raises the ACK line, triggering an interrupt in the receiving
+machine. The receiving machine disables interrupts and raises its own ACK
+line.
+
+Restated:
+
+(OUT is bit 0-4, OUT.j is bit j from OUT. IN likewise)
+Send_Byte:
+ OUT := low nibble, OUT.4 := 1
+ WAIT FOR IN.4 = 1
+ OUT := high nibble, OUT.4 := 0
+ WAIT FOR IN.4 = 0
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/README.sb1000 b/Documentation/networking/README.sb1000
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f82d425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/README.sb1000
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+sb1000 is a module network device driver for the General Instrument (also known
+as NextLevel) SURFboard1000 internal cable modem board. This is an ISA card
+which is used by a number of cable TV companies to provide cable modem access.
+It's a one-way downstream-only cable modem, meaning that your upstream net link
+is provided by your regular phone modem.
+
+This driver was written by Franco Venturi <fventuri@mediaone.net>. He deserves
+a great deal of thanks for this wonderful piece of code!
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Support for this device is now a part of the standard Linux kernel. The
+driver source code file is drivers/net/sb1000.c. In addition to this
+you will need:
+
+1.) The "cmconfig" program. This is a utility which supplements "ifconfig"
+to configure the cable modem and network interface (usually called "cm0");
+and
+
+2.) Several PPP scripts which live in /etc/ppp to make connecting via your
+cable modem easy.
+
+ These utilities can be obtained from:
+
+ http://www.jacksonville.net/~fventuri/
+
+ in Franco's original source code distribution .tar.gz file. Support for
+ the sb1000 driver can be found at:
+
+ http://home.adelphia.net/~siglercm/sb1000.html
+ http://linuxpower.cx/~cable/
+
+ along with these utilities.
+
+3.) The standard isapnp tools. These are necessary to configure your SB1000
+card at boot time (or afterwards by hand) since it's a PnP card.
+
+ If you don't have these installed as a standard part of your Linux
+ distribution, you can find them at:
+
+ http://www.roestock.demon.co.uk/isapnptools/
+
+ or check your Linux distribution binary CD or their web site. For help with
+ isapnp, pnpdump, or /etc/isapnp.conf, go to:
+
+ http://www.roestock.demon.co.uk/isapnptools/isapnpfaq.html
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+To make the SB1000 card work, follow these steps:
+
+1.) Run `make config', or `make menuconfig', or `make xconfig', whichever
+you prefer, in the top kernel tree directory to set up your kernel
+configuration. Make sure to say "Y" to "Prompt for development drivers"
+and to say "M" to the sb1000 driver. Also say "Y" or "M" to all the standard
+networking questions to get TCP/IP and PPP networking support.
+
+2.) *BEFORE* you build the kernel, edit drivers/net/sb1000.c. Make sure
+to redefine the value of READ_DATA_PORT to match the I/O address used
+by isapnp to access your PnP cards. This is the value of READPORT in
+/etc/isapnp.conf or given by the output of pnpdump.
+
+3.) Build and install the kernel and modules as usual.
+
+4.) Boot your new kernel following the usual procedures.
+
+5.) Set up to configure the new SB1000 PnP card by capturing the output
+of "pnpdump" to a file and editing this file to set the correct I/O ports,
+IRQ, and DMA settings for all your PnP cards. Make sure none of the settings
+conflict with one another. Then test this configuration by running the
+"isapnp" command with your new config file as the input. Check for
+errors and fix as necessary. (As an aside, I use I/O ports 0x110 and
+0x310 and IRQ 11 for my SB1000 card and these work well for me. YMMV.)
+Then save the finished config file as /etc/isapnp.conf for proper configuration
+on subsequent reboots.
+
+6.) Download the original file sb1000-1.1.2.tar.gz from Franco's site or one of
+the others referenced above. As root, unpack it into a temporary directory and
+do a `make cmconfig' and then `install -c cmconfig /usr/local/sbin'. Don't do
+`make install' because it expects to find all the utilities built and ready for
+installation, not just cmconfig.
+
+7.) As root, copy all the files under the ppp/ subdirectory in Franco's
+tar file into /etc/ppp, being careful not to overwrite any files that are
+already in there. Then modify ppp@gi-on to set the correct login name,
+phone number, and frequency for the cable modem. Also edit pap-secrets
+to specify your login name and password and any site-specific information
+you need.
+
+8.) Be sure to modify /etc/ppp/firewall to use ipchains instead of
+the older ipfwadm commands from the 2.0.x kernels. There's a neat utility to
+convert ipfwadm commands to ipchains commands:
+
+ http://users.dhp.com/~whisper/ipfwadm2ipchains/
+
+You may also wish to modify the firewall script to implement a different
+firewalling scheme.
+
+9.) Start the PPP connection via the script /etc/ppp/ppp@gi-on. You must be
+root to do this. It's better to use a utility like sudo to execute
+frequently used commands like this with root permissions if possible. If you
+connect successfully the cable modem interface will come up and you'll see a
+driver message like this at the console:
+
+ cm0: sb1000 at (0x110,0x310), csn 1, S/N 0x2a0d16d8, IRQ 11.
+ sb1000.c:v1.1.2 6/01/98 (fventuri@mediaone.net)
+
+The "ifconfig" command should show two new interfaces, ppp0 and cm0.
+The command "cmconfig cm0" will give you information about the cable modem
+interface.
+
+10.) Try pinging a site via `ping -c 5 www.yahoo.com', for example. You should
+see packets received.
+
+11.) If you can't get site names (like www.yahoo.com) to resolve into
+IP addresses (like 204.71.200.67), be sure your /etc/resolv.conf file
+has no syntax errors and has the right nameserver IP addresses in it.
+If this doesn't help, try something like `ping -c 5 204.71.200.67' to
+see if the networking is running but the DNS resolution is where the
+problem lies.
+
+12.) If you still have problems, go to the support web sites mentioned above
+and read the information and documentation there.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Common problems:
+
+1.) Packets go out on the ppp0 interface but don't come back on the cm0
+interface. It looks like I'm connected but I can't even ping any
+numerical IP addresses. (This happens predominantly on Debian systems due
+to a default boot-time configuration script.)
+
+Solution -- As root `echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/cm0/rp_filter' so it
+can share the same IP address as the ppp0 interface. Note that this
+command should probably be added to the /etc/ppp/cablemodem script
+*right*between* the "/sbin/ifconfig" and "/sbin/cmconfig" commands.
+You may need to do this to /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/ppp0/rp_filter as well.
+If you do this to /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/default/rp_filter on each reboot
+(in rc.local or some such) then any interfaces can share the same IP
+addresses.
+
+2.) I get "unresolved symbol" error messages on executing `insmod sb1000.o'.
+
+Solution -- You probably have a non-matching kernel source tree and
+/usr/include/linux and /usr/include/asm header files. Make sure you
+install the correct versions of the header files in these two directories.
+Then rebuild and reinstall the kernel.
+
+3.) When isapnp runs it reports an error, and my SB1000 card isn't working.
+
+Solution -- There's a problem with later versions of isapnp using the "(CHECK)"
+option in the lines that allocate the two I/O addresses for the SB1000 card.
+This first popped up on RH 6.0. Delete "(CHECK)" for the SB1000 I/O addresses.
+Make sure they don't conflict with any other pieces of hardware first! Then
+rerun isapnp and go from there.
+
+4.) I can't execute the /etc/ppp/ppp@gi-on file.
+
+Solution -- As root do `chmod ug+x /etc/ppp/ppp@gi-on'.
+
+5.) The firewall script isn't working (with 2.2.x and higher kernels).
+
+Solution -- Use the ipfwadm2ipchains script referenced above to convert the
+/etc/ppp/firewall script from the deprecated ipfwadm commands to ipchains.
+
+6.) I'm getting *tons* of firewall deny messages in the /var/kern.log,
+/var/messages, and/or /var/syslog files, and they're filling up my /var
+partition!!!
+
+Solution -- First, tell your ISP that you're receiving DoS (Denial of Service)
+and/or portscanning (UDP connection attempts) attacks! Look over the deny
+messages to figure out what the attack is and where it's coming from. Next,
+edit /etc/ppp/cablemodem and make sure the ",nobroadcast" option is turned on
+to the "cmconfig" command (uncomment that line). If you're not receiving these
+denied packets on your broadcast interface (IP address xxx.yyy.zzz.255
+typically), then someone is attacking your machine in particular. Be careful
+out there....
+
+7.) Everything seems to work fine but my computer locks up after a while
+(and typically during a lengthy download through the cable modem)!
+
+Solution -- You may need to add a short delay in the driver to 'slow down' the
+SURFboard because your PC might not be able to keep up with the transfer rate
+of the SB1000. To do this, it's probably best to download Franco's
+sb1000-1.1.2.tar.gz archive and build and install sb1000.o manually. You'll
+want to edit the 'Makefile' and look for the 'SB1000_DELAY'
+define. Uncomment those 'CFLAGS' lines (and comment out the default ones)
+and try setting the delay to something like 60 microseconds with:
+'-DSB1000_DELAY=60'. Then do `make' and as root `make install' and try
+it out. If it still doesn't work or you like playing with the driver, you may
+try other numbers. Remember though that the higher the delay, the slower the
+driver (which slows down the rest of the PC too when it is actively
+used). Thanks to Ed Daiga for this tip!
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Credits: This README came from Franco Venturi's original README file which is
+still supplied with his driver .tar.gz archive. I and all other sb1000 users
+owe Franco a tremendous "Thank you!" Additional thanks goes to Carl Patten
+and Ralph Bonnell who are now managing the Linux SB1000 web site, and to
+the SB1000 users who reported and helped debug the common problems listed
+above.
+
+
+ Clemmitt Sigler
+ csigler@vt.edu
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/TODO b/Documentation/networking/TODO
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66d36ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/TODO
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+To-do items for network drivers
+-------------------------------
+
+* Move ethernet crc routine to generic code
+
+* (for 2.5) Integrate Jamal Hadi Salim's netdev Rx polling API change
+
+* Audit all net drivers to make sure magic packet / wake-on-lan /
+ similar features are disabled in the driver by default.
+
+* Audit all net drivers to make sure the module always prints out a
+ version string when loaded as a module, but only prints a version
+ string when built into the kernel if a device is detected.
+
+* Add ETHTOOL_GDRVINFO ioctl support to all ethernet drivers.
+
+* dmfe PCI DMA is totally wrong and only works on x86
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/alias.txt b/Documentation/networking/alias.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd12c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/alias.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+
+IP-Aliasing:
+============
+
+IP-aliases are additional IP-addresses/masks hooked up to a base
+interface by adding a colon and a string when running ifconfig.
+This string is usually numeric, but this is not a must.
+
+IP-Aliases are avail if CONFIG_INET (`standard' IPv4 networking)
+is configured in the kernel.
+
+
+o Alias creation.
+ Alias creation is done by 'magic' interface naming: eg. to create a
+ 200.1.1.1 alias for eth0 ...
+
+ # ifconfig eth0:0 200.1.1.1 etc,etc....
+ ~~ -> request alias #0 creation (if not yet exists) for eth0
+
+ The corresponding route is also set up by this command.
+ Please note: The route always points to the base interface.
+
+
+o Alias deletion.
+ The alias is removed by shutting the alias down:
+
+ # ifconfig eth0:0 down
+ ~~~~~~~~~~ -> will delete alias
+
+
+o Alias (re-)configuring
+
+ Aliases are not real devices, but programs should be able to configure and
+ refer to them as usual (ifconfig, route, etc).
+
+
+o Relationship with main device
+
+ If the base device is shut down the added aliases will be deleted
+ too.
+
+
+Contact
+-------
+Please finger or e-mail me:
+ Juan Jose Ciarlante <jjciarla@raiz.uncu.edu.ar>
+
+Updated by Erik Schoenfelder <schoenfr@gaertner.DE>
+
+; local variables:
+; mode: indented-text
+; mode: auto-fill
+; end:
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/arcnet-hardware.txt b/Documentation/networking/arcnet-hardware.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30a5f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/arcnet-hardware.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3133 @@
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+1) This file is a supplement to arcnet.txt. Please read that for general
+ driver configuration help.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+2) This file is no longer Linux-specific. It should probably be moved out of
+ the kernel sources. Ideas?
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Because so many people (myself included) seem to have obtained ARCnet cards
+without manuals, this file contains a quick introduction to ARCnet hardware,
+some cabling tips, and a listing of all jumper settings I can find. Please
+e-mail apenwarr@worldvisions.ca with any settings for your particular card,
+or any other information you have!
+
+
+INTRODUCTION TO ARCNET
+----------------------
+
+ARCnet is a network type which works in a way similar to popular Ethernet
+networks but which is also different in some very important ways.
+
+First of all, you can get ARCnet cards in at least two speeds: 2.5 Mbps
+(slower than Ethernet) and 100 Mbps (faster than normal Ethernet). In fact,
+there are others as well, but these are less common. The different hardware
+types, as far as I'm aware, are not compatible and so you cannot wire a
+100 Mbps card to a 2.5 Mbps card, and so on. From what I hear, my driver does
+work with 100 Mbps cards, but I haven't been able to verify this myself,
+since I only have the 2.5 Mbps variety. It is probably not going to saturate
+your 100 Mbps card. Stop complaining. :)
+
+You also cannot connect an ARCnet card to any kind of Ethernet card and
+expect it to work.
+
+There are two "types" of ARCnet - STAR topology and BUS topology. This
+refers to how the cards are meant to be wired together. According to most
+available documentation, you can only connect STAR cards to STAR cards and
+BUS cards to BUS cards. That makes sense, right? Well, it's not quite
+true; see below under "Cabling."
+
+Once you get past these little stumbling blocks, ARCnet is actually quite a
+well-designed standard. It uses something called "modified token passing"
+which makes it completely incompatible with so-called "Token Ring" cards,
+but which makes transfers much more reliable than Ethernet does. In fact,
+ARCnet will guarantee that a packet arrives safely at the destination, and
+even if it can't possibly be delivered properly (ie. because of a cable
+break, or because the destination computer does not exist) it will at least
+tell the sender about it.
+
+Because of the carefully defined action of the "token", it will always make
+a pass around the "ring" within a maximum length of time. This makes it
+useful for realtime networks.
+
+In addition, all known ARCnet cards have an (almost) identical programming
+interface. This means that with one ARCnet driver you can support any
+card, whereas with Ethernet each manufacturer uses what is sometimes a
+completely different programming interface, leading to a lot of different,
+sometimes very similar, Ethernet drivers. Of course, always using the same
+programming interface also means that when high-performance hardware
+facilities like PCI bus mastering DMA appear, it's hard to take advantage of
+them. Let's not go into that.
+
+One thing that makes ARCnet cards difficult to program for, however, is the
+limit on their packet sizes; standard ARCnet can only send packets that are
+up to 508 bytes in length. This is smaller than the Internet "bare minimum"
+of 576 bytes, let alone the Ethernet MTU of 1500. To compensate, an extra
+level of encapsulation is defined by RFC1201, which I call "packet
+splitting," that allows "virtual packets" to grow as large as 64K each,
+although they are generally kept down to the Ethernet-style 1500 bytes.
+
+For more information on the advantages and disadvantages (mostly the
+advantages) of ARCnet networks, you might try the "ARCnet Trade Association"
+WWW page:
+ http://www.arcnet.com
+
+
+CABLING ARCNET NETWORKS
+-----------------------
+
+This section was rewritten by
+ Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>
+using information from several people, including:
+ Avery Pennraun <apenwarr@worldvisions.ca>
+ Stephen A. Wood <saw@hallc1.cebaf.gov>
+ John Paul Morrison <jmorriso@bogomips.ee.ubc.ca>
+ Joachim Koenig <jojo@repas.de>
+and Avery touched it up a bit, at Vojtech's request.
+
+ARCnet (the classic 2.5 Mbps version) can be connected by two different
+types of cabling: coax and twisted pair. The other ARCnet-type networks
+(100 Mbps TCNS and 320 kbps - 32 Mbps ARCnet Plus) use different types of
+cabling (Type1, Fiber, C1, C4, C5).
+
+For a coax network, you "should" use 93 Ohm RG-62 cable. But other cables
+also work fine, because ARCnet is a very stable network. I personally use 75
+Ohm TV antenna cable.
+
+Cards for coax cabling are shipped in two different variants: for BUS and
+STAR network topologies. They are mostly the same. The only difference
+lies in the hybrid chip installed. BUS cards use high impedance output,
+while STAR use low impedance. Low impedance card (STAR) is electrically
+equal to a high impedance one with a terminator installed.
+
+Usually, the ARCnet networks are built up from STAR cards and hubs. There
+are two types of hubs - active and passive. Passive hubs are small boxes
+with four BNC connectors containing four 47 Ohm resistors:
+
+ | | wires
+ R + junction
+-R-+-R- R 47 Ohm resistors
+ R
+ |
+
+The shielding is connected together. Active hubs are much more complicated;
+they are powered and contain electronics to amplify the signal and send it
+to other segments of the net. They usually have eight connectors. Active
+hubs come in two variants - dumb and smart. The dumb variant just
+amplifies, but the smart one decodes to digital and encodes back all packets
+coming through. This is much better if you have several hubs in the net,
+since many dumb active hubs may worsen the signal quality.
+
+And now to the cabling. What you can connect together:
+
+1. A card to a card. This is the simplest way of creating a 2-computer
+ network.
+
+2. A card to a passive hub. Remember that all unused connectors on the hub
+ must be properly terminated with 93 Ohm (or something else if you don't
+ have the right ones) terminators.
+ (Avery's note: oops, I didn't know that. Mine (TV cable) works
+ anyway, though.)
+
+3. A card to an active hub. Here is no need to terminate the unused
+ connectors except some kind of aesthetic feeling. But, there may not be
+ more than eleven active hubs between any two computers. That of course
+ doesn't limit the number of active hubs on the network.
+
+4. An active hub to another.
+
+5. An active hub to passive hub.
+
+Remember, that you can not connect two passive hubs together. The power loss
+implied by such a connection is too high for the net to operate reliably.
+
+An example of a typical ARCnet network:
+
+ R S - STAR type card
+ S------H--------A-------S R - Terminator
+ | | H - Hub
+ | | A - Active hub
+ | S----H----S
+ S |
+ |
+ S
+
+The BUS topology is very similar to the one used by Ethernet. The only
+difference is in cable and terminators: they should be 93 Ohm. Ethernet
+uses 50 Ohm impedance. You use T connectors to put the computers on a single
+line of cable, the bus. You have to put terminators at both ends of the
+cable. A typical BUS ARCnet network looks like:
+
+ RT----T------T------T------T------TR
+ B B B B B B
+
+ B - BUS type card
+ R - Terminator
+ T - T connector
+
+But that is not all! The two types can be connected together. According to
+the official documentation the only way of connecting them is using an active
+hub:
+
+ A------T------T------TR
+ | B B B
+ S---H---S
+ |
+ S
+
+The official docs also state that you can use STAR cards at the ends of
+BUS network in place of a BUS card and a terminator:
+
+ S------T------T------S
+ B B
+
+But, according to my own experiments, you can simply hang a BUS type card
+anywhere in middle of a cable in a STAR topology network. And more - you
+can use the bus card in place of any star card if you use a terminator. Then
+you can build very complicated networks fulfilling all your needs! An
+example:
+
+ S
+ |
+ RT------T-------T------H------S
+ B B B |
+ | R
+ S------A------T-------T-------A-------H------TR
+ | B B | | B
+ | S BT |
+ | | | S----A-----S
+ S------H---A----S | |
+ | | S------T----H---S |
+ S S B R S
+
+A basically different cabling scheme is used with Twisted Pair cabling. Each
+of the TP cards has two RJ (phone-cord style) connectors. The cards are
+then daisy-chained together using a cable connecting every two neighboring
+cards. The ends are terminated with RJ 93 Ohm terminators which plug into
+the empty connectors of cards on the ends of the chain. An example:
+
+ ___________ ___________
+ _R_|_ _|_|_ _|_R_
+ | | | | | |
+ |Card | |Card | |Card |
+ |_____| |_____| |_____|
+
+
+There are also hubs for the TP topology. There is nothing difficult
+involved in using them; you just connect a TP chain to a hub on any end or
+even at both. This way you can create almost any network configuration.
+The maximum of 11 hubs between any two computers on the net applies here as
+well. An example:
+
+ RP-------P--------P--------H-----P------P-----PR
+ |
+ RP-----H--------P--------H-----P------PR
+ | |
+ PR PR
+
+ R - RJ Terminator
+ P - TP Card
+ H - TP Hub
+
+Like any network, ARCnet has a limited cable length. These are the maximum
+cable lengths between two active ends (an active end being an active hub or
+a STAR card).
+
+ RG-62 93 Ohm up to 650 m
+ RG-59/U 75 Ohm up to 457 m
+ RG-11/U 75 Ohm up to 533 m
+ IBM Type 1 150 Ohm up to 200 m
+ IBM Type 3 100 Ohm up to 100 m
+
+The maximum length of all cables connected to a passive hub is limited to 65
+meters for RG-62 cabling; less for others. You can see that using passive
+hubs in a large network is a bad idea. The maximum length of a single "BUS
+Trunk" is about 300 meters for RG-62. The maximum distance between the two
+most distant points of the net is limited to 3000 meters. The maximum length
+of a TP cable between two cards/hubs is 650 meters.
+
+
+SETTING THE JUMPERS
+-------------------
+
+All ARCnet cards should have a total of four or five different settings:
+
+ - the I/O address: this is the "port" your ARCnet card is on. Probed
+ values in the Linux ARCnet driver are only from 0x200 through 0x3F0. (If
+ your card has additional ones, which is possible, please tell me.) This
+ should not be the same as any other device on your system. According to
+ a doc I got from Novell, MS Windows prefers values of 0x300 or more,
+ eating net connections on my system (at least) otherwise. My guess is
+ this may be because, if your card is at 0x2E0, probing for a serial port
+ at 0x2E8 will reset the card and probably mess things up royally.
+ - Avery's favourite: 0x300.
+
+ - the IRQ: on 8-bit cards, it might be 2 (9), 3, 4, 5, or 7.
+ on 16-bit cards, it might be 2 (9), 3, 4, 5, 7, or 10-15.
+
+ Make sure this is different from any other card on your system. Note
+ that IRQ2 is the same as IRQ9, as far as Linux is concerned. You can
+ "cat /proc/interrupts" for a somewhat complete list of which ones are in
+ use at any given time. Here is a list of common usages from Vojtech
+ Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>:
+ ("Not on bus" means there is no way for a card to generate this
+ interrupt)
+ IRQ 0 - Timer 0 (Not on bus)
+ IRQ 1 - Keyboard (Not on bus)
+ IRQ 2 - IRQ Controller 2 (Not on bus, nor does interrupt the CPU)
+ IRQ 3 - COM2
+ IRQ 4 - COM1
+ IRQ 5 - FREE (LPT2 if you have it; sometimes COM3; maybe PLIP)
+ IRQ 6 - Floppy disk controller
+ IRQ 7 - FREE (LPT1 if you don't use the polling driver; PLIP)
+ IRQ 8 - Realtime Clock Interrupt (Not on bus)
+ IRQ 9 - FREE (VGA vertical sync interrupt if enabled)
+ IRQ 10 - FREE
+ IRQ 11 - FREE
+ IRQ 12 - FREE
+ IRQ 13 - Numeric Coprocessor (Not on bus)
+ IRQ 14 - Fixed Disk Controller
+ IRQ 15 - FREE (Fixed Disk Controller 2 if you have it)
+
+ Note: IRQ 9 is used on some video cards for the "vertical retrace"
+ interrupt. This interrupt would have been handy for things like
+ video games, as it occurs exactly once per screen refresh, but
+ unfortunately IBM cancelled this feature starting with the original
+ VGA and thus many VGA/SVGA cards do not support it. For this
+ reason, no modern software uses this interrupt and it can almost
+ always be safely disabled, if your video card supports it at all.
+
+ If your card for some reason CANNOT disable this IRQ (usually there
+ is a jumper), one solution would be to clip the printed circuit
+ contact on the board: it's the fourth contact from the left on the
+ back side. I take no responsibility if you try this.
+
+ - Avery's favourite: IRQ2 (actually IRQ9). Watch that VGA, though.
+
+ - the memory address: Unlike most cards, ARCnets use "shared memory" for
+ copying buffers around. Make SURE it doesn't conflict with any other
+ used memory in your system!
+ A0000 - VGA graphics memory (ok if you don't have VGA)
+ B0000 - Monochrome text mode
+ C0000 \ One of these is your VGA BIOS - usually C0000.
+ E0000 /
+ F0000 - System BIOS
+
+ Anything less than 0xA0000 is, well, a BAD idea since it isn't above
+ 640k.
+ - Avery's favourite: 0xD0000
+
+ - the station address: Every ARCnet card has its own "unique" network
+ address from 0 to 255. Unlike Ethernet, you can set this address
+ yourself with a jumper or switch (or on some cards, with special
+ software). Since it's only 8 bits, you can only have 254 ARCnet cards
+ on a network. DON'T use 0 or 255, since these are reserved (although
+ neat stuff will probably happen if you DO use them). By the way, if you
+ haven't already guessed, don't set this the same as any other ARCnet on
+ your network!
+ - Avery's favourite: 3 and 4. Not that it matters.
+
+ - There may be ETS1 and ETS2 settings. These may or may not make a
+ difference on your card (many manuals call them "reserved"), but are
+ used to change the delays used when powering up a computer on the
+ network. This is only necessary when wiring VERY long range ARCnet
+ networks, on the order of 4km or so; in any case, the only real
+ requirement here is that all cards on the network with ETS1 and ETS2
+ jumpers have them in the same position. Chris Hindy <chrish@io.org>
+ sent in a chart with actual values for this:
+ ET1 ET2 Response Time Reconfiguration Time
+ --- --- ------------- --------------------
+ open open 74.7us 840us
+ open closed 283.4us 1680us
+ closed open 561.8us 1680us
+ closed closed 1118.6us 1680us
+
+ Make sure you set ETS1 and ETS2 to the SAME VALUE for all cards on your
+ network.
+
+Also, on many cards (not mine, though) there are red and green LED's.
+Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz> tells me this is what they mean:
+ GREEN RED Status
+ ----- --- ------
+ OFF OFF Power off
+ OFF Short flashes Cabling problems (broken cable or not
+ terminated)
+ OFF (short) ON Card init
+ ON ON Normal state - everything OK, nothing
+ happens
+ ON Long flashes Data transfer
+ ON OFF Never happens (maybe when wrong ID)
+
+
+The following is all the specific information people have sent me about
+their own particular ARCnet cards. It is officially a mess, and contains
+huge amounts of duplicated information. I have no time to fix it. If you
+want to, PLEASE DO! Just send me a 'diff -u' of all your changes.
+
+The model # is listed right above specifics for that card, so you should be
+able to use your text viewer's "search" function to find the entry you want.
+If you don't KNOW what kind of card you have, try looking through the
+various diagrams to see if you can tell.
+
+If your model isn't listed and/or has different settings, PLEASE PLEASE
+tell me. I had to figure mine out without the manual, and it WASN'T FUN!
+
+Even if your ARCnet model isn't listed, but has the same jumpers as another
+model that is, please e-mail me to say so.
+
+Cards Listed in this file (in this order, mostly):
+
+ Manufacturer Model # Bits
+ ------------ ------- ----
+ SMC PC100 8
+ SMC PC110 8
+ SMC PC120 8
+ SMC PC130 8
+ SMC PC270E 8
+ SMC PC500 16
+ SMC PC500Longboard 16
+ SMC PC550Longboard 16
+ SMC PC600 16
+ SMC PC710 8
+ SMC? LCS-8830(-T) 8/16
+ Puredata PDI507 8
+ CNet Tech CN120-Series 8
+ CNet Tech CN160-Series 16
+ Lantech? UM9065L chipset 8
+ Acer 5210-003 8
+ Datapoint? LAN-ARC-8 8
+ Topware TA-ARC/10 8
+ Thomas-Conrad 500-6242-0097 REV A 8
+ Waterloo? (C)1985 Waterloo Micro. 8
+ No Name -- 8/16
+ No Name Taiwan R.O.C? 8
+ No Name Model 9058 8
+ Tiara Tiara Lancard? 8
+
+
+** SMC = Standard Microsystems Corp.
+** CNet Tech = CNet Technology, Inc.
+
+
+Unclassified Stuff
+------------------
+ - Please send any other information you can find.
+
+ - And some other stuff (more info is welcome!):
+ From: root@ultraworld.xs4all.nl (Timo Hilbrink)
+ To: apenwarr@foxnet.net (Avery Pennarun)
+ Date: Wed, 26 Oct 1994 02:10:32 +0000 (GMT)
+ Reply-To: timoh@xs4all.nl
+
+ [...parts deleted...]
+
+ About the jumpers: On my PC130 there is one more jumper, located near the
+ cable-connector and it's for changing to star or bus topology;
+ closed: star - open: bus
+ On the PC500 are some more jumper-pins, one block labeled with RX,PDN,TXI
+ and another with ALE,LA17,LA18,LA19 these are undocumented..
+
+ [...more parts deleted...]
+
+ --- CUT ---
+
+
+** Standard Microsystems Corp (SMC) **
+PC100, PC110, PC120, PC130 (8-bit cards)
+PC500, PC600 (16-bit cards)
+---------------------------------
+ - mainly from Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@worldvisions.ca>. Values depicted
+ are from Avery's setup.
+ - special thanks to Timo Hilbrink <timoh@xs4all.nl> for noting that PC120,
+ 130, 500, and 600 all have the same switches as Avery's PC100.
+ PC500/600 have several extra, undocumented pins though. (?)
+ - PC110 settings were verified by Stephen A. Wood <saw@cebaf.gov>
+ - Also, the JP- and S-numbers probably don't match your card exactly. Try
+ to find jumpers/switches with the same number of settings - it's
+ probably more reliable.
+
+
+ JP5 [|] : : : :
+(IRQ Setting) IRQ2 IRQ3 IRQ4 IRQ5 IRQ7
+ Put exactly one jumper on exactly one set of pins.
+
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+ S1 /----------------------------------\
+(I/O and Memory | 1 1 * 0 0 0 0 * 1 1 0 1 |
+ addresses) \----------------------------------/
+ |--| |--------| |--------|
+ (a) (b) (m)
+
+ WARNING. It's very important when setting these which way
+ you're holding the card, and which way you think is '1'!
+
+ If you suspect that your settings are not being made
+ correctly, try reversing the direction or inverting the
+ switch positions.
+
+ a: The first digit of the I/O address.
+ Setting Value
+ ------- -----
+ 00 0
+ 01 1
+ 10 2
+ 11 3
+
+ b: The second digit of the I/O address.
+ Setting Value
+ ------- -----
+ 0000 0
+ 0001 1
+ 0010 2
+ ... ...
+ 1110 E
+ 1111 F
+
+ The I/O address is in the form ab0. For example, if
+ a is 0x2 and b is 0xE, the address will be 0x2E0.
+
+ DO NOT SET THIS LESS THAN 0x200!!!!!
+
+
+ m: The first digit of the memory address.
+ Setting Value
+ ------- -----
+ 0000 0
+ 0001 1
+ 0010 2
+ ... ...
+ 1110 E
+ 1111 F
+
+ The memory address is in the form m0000. For example, if
+ m is D, the address will be 0xD0000.
+
+ DO NOT SET THIS TO C0000, F0000, OR LESS THAN A0000!
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ S2 /--------------------------\
+(Station Address) | 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
+ \--------------------------/
+
+ Setting Value
+ ------- -----
+ 00000000 00
+ 10000000 01
+ 01000000 02
+ ...
+ 01111111 FE
+ 11111111 FF
+
+ Note that this is binary with the digits reversed!
+
+ DO NOT SET THIS TO 0 OR 255 (0xFF)!
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Standard Microsystems Corp (SMC) **
+PC130E/PC270E (8-bit cards)
+---------------------------
+ - from Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+
+
+STANDARD MICROSYSTEMS CORPORATION (SMC) ARCNET(R)-PC130E/PC270E
+===============================================================
+
+This description has been written by Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+using information from the following Original SMC Manual
+
+ "Configuration Guide for
+ ARCNET(R)-PC130E/PC270
+ Network Controller Boards
+ Pub. # 900.044A
+ June, 1989"
+
+ARCNET is a registered trademark of the Datapoint Corporation
+SMC is a registered trademark of the Standard Microsystems Corporation
+
+The PC130E is an enhanced version of the PC130 board, is equipped with a
+standard BNC female connector for connection to RG-62/U coax cable.
+Since this board is designed both for point-to-point connection in star
+networks and for connection to bus networks, it is downwardly compatible
+with all the other standard boards designed for coax networks (that is,
+the PC120, PC110 and PC100 star topology boards and the PC220, PC210 and
+PC200 bus topology boards).
+
+The PC270E is an enhanced version of the PC260 board, is equipped with two
+modular RJ11-type jacks for connection to twisted pair wiring.
+It can be used in a star or a daisy-chained network.
+
+
+ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
+ ________________________________________________________________
+ | | S1 | |
+ | |_________________| |
+ | Offs|Base |I/O Addr |
+ | RAM Addr | ___|
+ | ___ ___ CR3 |___|
+ | | \/ | CR4 |___|
+ | | PROM | ___|
+ | | | N | | 8
+ | | SOCKET | o | | 7
+ | |________| d | | 6
+ | ___________________ e | | 5
+ | | | A | S | 4
+ | |oo| EXT2 | | d | 2 | 3
+ | |oo| EXT1 | SMC | d | | 2
+ | |oo| ROM | 90C63 | r |___| 1
+ | |oo| IRQ7 | | |o| _____|
+ | |oo| IRQ5 | | |o| | J1 |
+ | |oo| IRQ4 | | STAR |_____|
+ | |oo| IRQ3 | | | J2 |
+ | |oo| IRQ2 |___________________| |_____|
+ |___ ______________|
+ | |
+ |_____________________________________________|
+
+Legend:
+
+SMC 90C63 ARCNET Controller / Transceiver /Logic
+S1 1-3: I/O Base Address Select
+ 4-6: Memory Base Address Select
+ 7-8: RAM Offset Select
+S2 1-8: Node ID Select
+EXT Extended Timeout Select
+ROM ROM Enable Select
+STAR Selected - Star Topology (PC130E only)
+ Deselected - Bus Topology (PC130E only)
+CR3/CR4 Diagnostic LEDs
+J1 BNC RG62/U Connector (PC130E only)
+J1 6-position Telephone Jack (PC270E only)
+J2 6-position Telephone Jack (PC270E only)
+
+Setting one of the switches to Off/Open means "1", On/Closed means "0".
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in group S2 are used to set the node ID.
+These switches work in a way similar to the PC100-series cards; see that
+entry for more information.
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The first three switches in switch group S1 are used to select one
+of eight possible I/O Base addresses using the following table
+
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 1 2 3 | Address
+ -------|--------
+ 0 0 0 | 260
+ 0 0 1 | 290
+ 0 1 0 | 2E0 (Manufacturer's default)
+ 0 1 1 | 2F0
+ 1 0 0 | 300
+ 1 0 1 | 350
+ 1 1 0 | 380
+ 1 1 1 | 3E0
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory (RAM) buffer Address
+--------------------------------------------
+
+The memory buffer requires 2K of a 16K block of RAM. The base of this
+16K block can be located in any of eight positions.
+Switches 4-6 of switch group S1 select the Base of the 16K block.
+Within that 16K address space, the buffer may be assigned any one of four
+positions, determined by the offset, switches 7 and 8 of group S1.
+
+ Switch | Hex RAM | Hex ROM
+ 4 5 6 7 8 | Address | Address *)
+ -----------|---------|-----------
+ 0 0 0 0 0 | C0000 | C2000
+ 0 0 0 0 1 | C0800 | C2000
+ 0 0 0 1 0 | C1000 | C2000
+ 0 0 0 1 1 | C1800 | C2000
+ | |
+ 0 0 1 0 0 | C4000 | C6000
+ 0 0 1 0 1 | C4800 | C6000
+ 0 0 1 1 0 | C5000 | C6000
+ 0 0 1 1 1 | C5800 | C6000
+ | |
+ 0 1 0 0 0 | CC000 | CE000
+ 0 1 0 0 1 | CC800 | CE000
+ 0 1 0 1 0 | CD000 | CE000
+ 0 1 0 1 1 | CD800 | CE000
+ | |
+ 0 1 1 0 0 | D0000 | D2000 (Manufacturer's default)
+ 0 1 1 0 1 | D0800 | D2000
+ 0 1 1 1 0 | D1000 | D2000
+ 0 1 1 1 1 | D1800 | D2000
+ | |
+ 1 0 0 0 0 | D4000 | D6000
+ 1 0 0 0 1 | D4800 | D6000
+ 1 0 0 1 0 | D5000 | D6000
+ 1 0 0 1 1 | D5800 | D6000
+ | |
+ 1 0 1 0 0 | D8000 | DA000
+ 1 0 1 0 1 | D8800 | DA000
+ 1 0 1 1 0 | D9000 | DA000
+ 1 0 1 1 1 | D9800 | DA000
+ | |
+ 1 1 0 0 0 | DC000 | DE000
+ 1 1 0 0 1 | DC800 | DE000
+ 1 1 0 1 0 | DD000 | DE000
+ 1 1 0 1 1 | DD800 | DE000
+ | |
+ 1 1 1 0 0 | E0000 | E2000
+ 1 1 1 0 1 | E0800 | E2000
+ 1 1 1 1 0 | E1000 | E2000
+ 1 1 1 1 1 | E1800 | E2000
+
+*) To enable the 8K Boot PROM install the jumper ROM.
+ The default is jumper ROM not installed.
+
+
+Setting the Timeouts and Interrupt
+----------------------------------
+
+The jumpers labeled EXT1 and EXT2 are used to determine the timeout
+parameters. These two jumpers are normally left open.
+
+To select a hardware interrupt level set one (only one!) of the jumpers
+IRQ2, IRQ3, IRQ4, IRQ5, IRQ7. The Manufacturer's default is IRQ2.
+
+
+Configuring the PC130E for Star or Bus Topology
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+The single jumper labeled STAR is used to configure the PC130E board for
+star or bus topology.
+When the jumper is installed, the board may be used in a star network, when
+it is removed, the board can be used in a bus topology.
+
+
+Diagnostic LEDs
+---------------
+
+Two diagnostic LEDs are visible on the rear bracket of the board.
+The green LED monitors the network activity: the red one shows the
+board activity:
+
+ Green | Status Red | Status
+ -------|------------------- ---------|-------------------
+ on | normal activity flash/on | data transfer
+ blink | reconfiguration off | no data transfer;
+ off | defective board or | incorrect memory or
+ | node ID is zero | I/O address
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Standard Microsystems Corp (SMC) **
+PC500/PC550 Longboard (16-bit cards)
+-------------------------------------
+ - from Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+
+
+STANDARD MICROSYSTEMS CORPORATION (SMC) ARCNET-PC500/PC550 Long Board
+=====================================================================
+
+Note: There is another Version of the PC500 called Short Version, which
+ is different in hard- and software! The most important differences
+ are:
+ - The long board has no Shared memory.
+ - On the long board the selection of the interrupt is done by binary
+ coded switch, on the short board directly by jumper.
+
+[Avery's note: pay special attention to that: the long board HAS NO SHARED
+MEMORY. This means the current Linux-ARCnet driver can't use these cards.
+I have obtained a PC500Longboard and will be doing some experiments on it in
+the future, but don't hold your breath. Thanks again to Juergen Seifert for
+his advice about this!]
+
+This description has been written by Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+using information from the following Original SMC Manual
+
+ "Configuration Guide for
+ SMC ARCNET-PC500/PC550
+ Series Network Controller Boards
+ Pub. # 900.033 Rev. A
+ November, 1989"
+
+ARCNET is a registered trademark of the Datapoint Corporation
+SMC is a registered trademark of the Standard Microsystems Corporation
+
+The PC500 is equipped with a standard BNC female connector for connection
+to RG-62/U coax cable.
+The board is designed both for point-to-point connection in star networks
+and for connection to bus networks.
+
+The PC550 is equipped with two modular RJ11-type jacks for connection
+to twisted pair wiring.
+It can be used in a star or a daisy-chained (BUS) network.
+
+ 1
+ 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1
+ ____________________________________________________________________
+ < | SW1 | | SW2 | |
+ > |_____________________| |_____________| |
+ < IRQ |I/O Addr |
+ > ___|
+ < CR4 |___|
+ > CR3 |___|
+ < ___|
+ > N | | 8
+ < o | | 7
+ > d | S | 6
+ < e | W | 5
+ > A | 3 | 4
+ < d | | 3
+ > d | | 2
+ < r |___| 1
+ > |o| _____|
+ < |o| | J1 |
+ > 3 1 JP6 |_____|
+ < |o|o| JP2 | J2 |
+ > |o|o| |_____|
+ < 4 2__ ______________|
+ > | | |
+ <____| |_____________________________________________|
+
+Legend:
+
+SW1 1-6: I/O Base Address Select
+ 7-10: Interrupt Select
+SW2 1-6: Reserved for Future Use
+SW3 1-8: Node ID Select
+JP2 1-4: Extended Timeout Select
+JP6 Selected - Star Topology (PC500 only)
+ Deselected - Bus Topology (PC500 only)
+CR3 Green Monitors Network Activity
+CR4 Red Monitors Board Activity
+J1 BNC RG62/U Connector (PC500 only)
+J1 6-position Telephone Jack (PC550 only)
+J2 6-position Telephone Jack (PC550 only)
+
+Setting one of the switches to Off/Open means "1", On/Closed means "0".
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in group SW3 are used to set the node ID. Each node
+attached to the network must have an unique node ID which must be
+different from 0.
+Switch 1 serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+
+ Switch | Value
+ -------|-------
+ 1 | 1
+ 2 | 2
+ 3 | 4
+ 4 | 8
+ 5 | 16
+ 6 | 32
+ 7 | 64
+ 8 | 128
+
+Some Examples:
+
+ Switch | Hex | Decimal
+ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 | Node ID | Node ID
+ ----------------|---------|---------
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | not allowed
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 | 1
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 2 | 2
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 | 3 | 3
+ . . . | |
+ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | 55 | 85
+ . . . | |
+ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 | AA | 170
+ . . . | |
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 | FD | 253
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 | FE | 254
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | FF | 255
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The first six switches in switch group SW1 are used to select one
+of 32 possible I/O Base addresses using the following table
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 6 5 4 3 2 1 | Address
+ -------------|--------
+ 0 1 0 0 0 0 | 200
+ 0 1 0 0 0 1 | 210
+ 0 1 0 0 1 0 | 220
+ 0 1 0 0 1 1 | 230
+ 0 1 0 1 0 0 | 240
+ 0 1 0 1 0 1 | 250
+ 0 1 0 1 1 0 | 260
+ 0 1 0 1 1 1 | 270
+ 0 1 1 0 0 0 | 280
+ 0 1 1 0 0 1 | 290
+ 0 1 1 0 1 0 | 2A0
+ 0 1 1 0 1 1 | 2B0
+ 0 1 1 1 0 0 | 2C0
+ 0 1 1 1 0 1 | 2D0
+ 0 1 1 1 1 0 | 2E0 (Manufacturer's default)
+ 0 1 1 1 1 1 | 2F0
+ 1 1 0 0 0 0 | 300
+ 1 1 0 0 0 1 | 310
+ 1 1 0 0 1 0 | 320
+ 1 1 0 0 1 1 | 330
+ 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 340
+ 1 1 0 1 0 1 | 350
+ 1 1 0 1 1 0 | 360
+ 1 1 0 1 1 1 | 370
+ 1 1 1 0 0 0 | 380
+ 1 1 1 0 0 1 | 390
+ 1 1 1 0 1 0 | 3A0
+ 1 1 1 0 1 1 | 3B0
+ 1 1 1 1 0 0 | 3C0
+ 1 1 1 1 0 1 | 3D0
+ 1 1 1 1 1 0 | 3E0
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 3F0
+
+
+Setting the Interrupt
+---------------------
+
+Switches seven through ten of switch group SW1 are used to select the
+interrupt level. The interrupt level is binary coded, so selections
+from 0 to 15 would be possible, but only the following eight values will
+be supported: 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12.
+
+ Switch | IRQ
+ 10 9 8 7 |
+ ---------|--------
+ 0 0 1 1 | 3
+ 0 1 0 0 | 4
+ 0 1 0 1 | 5
+ 0 1 1 1 | 7
+ 1 0 0 1 | 9 (=2) (default)
+ 1 0 1 0 | 10
+ 1 0 1 1 | 11
+ 1 1 0 0 | 12
+
+
+Setting the Timeouts
+--------------------
+
+The two jumpers JP2 (1-4) are used to determine the timeout parameters.
+These two jumpers are normally left open.
+Refer to the COM9026 Data Sheet for alternate configurations.
+
+
+Configuring the PC500 for Star or Bus Topology
+----------------------------------------------
+
+The single jumper labeled JP6 is used to configure the PC500 board for
+star or bus topology.
+When the jumper is installed, the board may be used in a star network, when
+it is removed, the board can be used in a bus topology.
+
+
+Diagnostic LEDs
+---------------
+
+Two diagnostic LEDs are visible on the rear bracket of the board.
+The green LED monitors the network activity: the red one shows the
+board activity:
+
+ Green | Status Red | Status
+ -------|------------------- ---------|-------------------
+ on | normal activity flash/on | data transfer
+ blink | reconfiguration off | no data transfer;
+ off | defective board or | incorrect memory or
+ | node ID is zero | I/O address
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** SMC **
+PC710 (8-bit card)
+------------------
+ - from J.S. van Oosten <jvoosten@compiler.tdcnet.nl>
+
+Note: this data is gathered by experimenting and looking at info of other
+cards. However, I'm sure I got 99% of the settings right.
+
+The SMC710 card resembles the PC270 card, but is much more basic (i.e. no
+LEDs, RJ11 jacks, etc.) and 8 bit. Here's a little drawing:
+
+ _______________________________________
+ | +---------+ +---------+ |____
+ | | S2 | | S1 | |
+ | +---------+ +---------+ |
+ | |
+ | +===+ __ |
+ | | R | | | X-tal ###___
+ | | O | |__| ####__'|
+ | | M | || ###
+ | +===+ |
+ | |
+ | .. JP1 +----------+ |
+ | .. | big chip | |
+ | .. | 90C63 | |
+ | .. | | |
+ | .. +----------+ |
+ ------- -----------
+ |||||||||||||||||||||
+
+The row of jumpers at JP1 actually consists of 8 jumpers, (sometimes
+labelled) the same as on the PC270, from top to bottom: EXT2, EXT1, ROM,
+IRQ7, IRQ5, IRQ4, IRQ3, IRQ2 (gee, wonder what they would do? :-) )
+
+S1 and S2 perform the same function as on the PC270, only their numbers
+are swapped (S1 is the nodeaddress, S2 sets IO- and RAM-address).
+
+I know it works when connected to a PC110 type ARCnet board.
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Possibly SMC **
+LCS-8830(-T) (8 and 16-bit cards)
+---------------------------------
+ - from Mathias Katzer <mkatzer@HRZ.Uni-Bielefeld.DE>
+ - Marek Michalkiewicz <marekm@i17linuxb.ists.pwr.wroc.pl> says the
+ LCS-8830 is slightly different from LCS-8830-T. These are 8 bit, BUS
+ only (the JP0 jumper is hardwired), and BNC only.
+
+This is a LCS-8830-T made by SMC, I think ('SMC' only appears on one PLCC,
+nowhere else, not even on the few Xeroxed sheets from the manual).
+
+SMC ARCnet Board Type LCS-8830-T
+
+ ------------------------------------
+ | |
+ | JP3 88 8 JP2 |
+ | ##### | \ |
+ | ##### ET1 ET2 ###|
+ | 8 ###|
+ | U3 SW 1 JP0 ###| Phone Jacks
+ | -- ###|
+ | | | |
+ | | | SW2 |
+ | | | |
+ | | | ##### |
+ | -- ##### #### BNC Connector
+ | ####
+ | 888888 JP1 |
+ | 234567 |
+ -- -------
+ |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
+ --------------------------
+
+
+SW1: DIP-Switches for Station Address
+SW2: DIP-Switches for Memory Base and I/O Base addresses
+
+JP0: If closed, internal termination on (default open)
+JP1: IRQ Jumpers
+JP2: Boot-ROM enabled if closed
+JP3: Jumpers for response timeout
+
+U3: Boot-ROM Socket
+
+
+ET1 ET2 Response Time Idle Time Reconfiguration Time
+
+ 78 86 840
+ X 285 316 1680
+ X 563 624 1680
+ X X 1130 1237 1680
+
+(X means closed jumper)
+
+(DIP-Switch downwards means "0")
+
+The station address is binary-coded with SW1.
+
+The I/O base address is coded with DIP-Switches 6,7 and 8 of SW2:
+
+Switches Base
+678 Address
+000 260-26f
+100 290-29f
+010 2e0-2ef
+110 2f0-2ff
+001 300-30f
+101 350-35f
+011 380-38f
+111 3e0-3ef
+
+
+DIP Switches 1-5 of SW2 encode the RAM and ROM Address Range:
+
+Switches RAM ROM
+12345 Address Range Address Range
+00000 C:0000-C:07ff C:2000-C:3fff
+10000 C:0800-C:0fff
+01000 C:1000-C:17ff
+11000 C:1800-C:1fff
+00100 C:4000-C:47ff C:6000-C:7fff
+10100 C:4800-C:4fff
+01100 C:5000-C:57ff
+11100 C:5800-C:5fff
+00010 C:C000-C:C7ff C:E000-C:ffff
+10010 C:C800-C:Cfff
+01010 C:D000-C:D7ff
+11010 C:D800-C:Dfff
+00110 D:0000-D:07ff D:2000-D:3fff
+10110 D:0800-D:0fff
+01110 D:1000-D:17ff
+11110 D:1800-D:1fff
+00001 D:4000-D:47ff D:6000-D:7fff
+10001 D:4800-D:4fff
+01001 D:5000-D:57ff
+11001 D:5800-D:5fff
+00101 D:8000-D:87ff D:A000-D:bfff
+10101 D:8800-D:8fff
+01101 D:9000-D:97ff
+11101 D:9800-D:9fff
+00011 D:C000-D:c7ff D:E000-D:ffff
+10011 D:C800-D:cfff
+01011 D:D000-D:d7ff
+11011 D:D800-D:dfff
+00111 E:0000-E:07ff E:2000-E:3fff
+10111 E:0800-E:0fff
+01111 E:1000-E:17ff
+11111 E:1800-E:1fff
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** PureData Corp **
+PDI507 (8-bit card)
+--------------------
+ - from Mark Rejhon <mdrejhon@magi.com> (slight modifications by Avery)
+ - Avery's note: I think PDI508 cards (but definitely NOT PDI508Plus cards)
+ are mostly the same as this. PDI508Plus cards appear to be mainly
+ software-configured.
+
+Jumpers:
+ There is a jumper array at the bottom of the card, near the edge
+ connector. This array is labelled J1. They control the IRQs and
+ something else. Put only one jumper on the IRQ pins.
+
+ ETS1, ETS2 are for timing on very long distance networks. See the
+ more general information near the top of this file.
+
+ There is a J2 jumper on two pins. A jumper should be put on them,
+ since it was already there when I got the card. I don't know what
+ this jumper is for though.
+
+ There is a two-jumper array for J3. I don't know what it is for,
+ but there were already two jumpers on it when I got the card. It's
+ a six pin grid in a two-by-three fashion. The jumpers were
+ configured as follows:
+
+ .-------.
+ o | o o |
+ :-------: ------> Accessible end of card with connectors
+ o | o o | in this direction ------->
+ `-------'
+
+Carl de Billy <CARL@carainfo.com> explains J3 and J4:
+
+ J3 Diagram:
+
+ .-------.
+ o | o o |
+ :-------: TWIST Technology
+ o | o o |
+ `-------'
+ .-------.
+ | o o | o
+ :-------: COAX Technology
+ | o o | o
+ `-------'
+
+ - If using coax cable in a bus topology the J4 jumper must be removed;
+ place it on one pin.
+
+ - If using bus topology with twisted pair wiring move the J3
+ jumpers so they connect the middle pin and the pins closest to the RJ11
+ Connectors. Also the J4 jumper must be removed; place it on one pin of
+ J4 jumper for storage.
+
+ - If using star topology with twisted pair wiring move the J3
+ jumpers so they connect the middle pin and the pins closest to the RJ11
+ connectors.
+
+
+DIP Switches:
+
+ The DIP switches accessible on the accessible end of the card while
+ it is installed, is used to set the ARCnet address. There are 8
+ switches. Use an address from 1 to 254.
+
+ Switch No.
+ 12345678 ARCnet address
+ -----------------------------------------
+ 00000000 FF (Don't use this!)
+ 00000001 FE
+ 00000010 FD
+ ....
+ 11111101 2
+ 11111110 1
+ 11111111 0 (Don't use this!)
+
+ There is another array of eight DIP switches at the top of the
+ card. There are five labelled MS0-MS4 which seem to control the
+ memory address, and another three labelled IO0-IO2 which seem to
+ control the base I/O address of the card.
+
+ This was difficult to test by trial and error, and the I/O addresses
+ are in a weird order. This was tested by setting the DIP switches,
+ rebooting the computer, and attempting to load ARCETHER at various
+ addresses (mostly between 0x200 and 0x400). The address that caused
+ the red transmit LED to blink, is the one that I thought works.
+
+ Also, the address 0x3D0 seem to have a special meaning, since the
+ ARCETHER packet driver loaded fine, but without the red LED
+ blinking. I don't know what 0x3D0 is for though. I recommend using
+ an address of 0x300 since Windows may not like addresses below
+ 0x300.
+
+ IO Switch No.
+ 210 I/O address
+ -------------------------------
+ 111 0x260
+ 110 0x290
+ 101 0x2E0
+ 100 0x2F0
+ 011 0x300
+ 010 0x350
+ 001 0x380
+ 000 0x3E0
+
+ The memory switches set a reserved address space of 0x1000 bytes
+ (0x100 segment units, or 4k). For example if I set an address of
+ 0xD000, it will use up addresses 0xD000 to 0xD100.
+
+ The memory switches were tested by booting using QEMM386 stealth,
+ and using LOADHI to see what address automatically became excluded
+ from the upper memory regions, and then attempting to load ARCETHER
+ using these addresses.
+
+ I recommend using an ARCnet memory address of 0xD000, and putting
+ the EMS page frame at 0xC000 while using QEMM stealth mode. That
+ way, you get contiguous high memory from 0xD100 almost all the way
+ the end of the megabyte.
+
+ Memory Switch 0 (MS0) didn't seem to work properly when set to OFF
+ on my card. It could be malfunctioning on my card. Experiment with
+ it ON first, and if it doesn't work, set it to OFF. (It may be a
+ modifier for the 0x200 bit?)
+
+ MS Switch No.
+ 43210 Memory address
+ --------------------------------
+ 00001 0xE100 (guessed - was not detected by QEMM)
+ 00011 0xE000 (guessed - was not detected by QEMM)
+ 00101 0xDD00
+ 00111 0xDC00
+ 01001 0xD900
+ 01011 0xD800
+ 01101 0xD500
+ 01111 0xD400
+ 10001 0xD100
+ 10011 0xD000
+ 10101 0xCD00
+ 10111 0xCC00
+ 11001 0xC900 (guessed - crashes tested system)
+ 11011 0xC800 (guessed - crashes tested system)
+ 11101 0xC500 (guessed - crashes tested system)
+ 11111 0xC400 (guessed - crashes tested system)
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** CNet Technology Inc. **
+120 Series (8-bit cards)
+------------------------
+ - from Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+
+
+CNET TECHNOLOGY INC. (CNet) ARCNET 120A SERIES
+==============================================
+
+This description has been written by Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+using information from the following Original CNet Manual
+
+ "ARCNET
+ USER'S MANUAL
+ for
+ CN120A
+ CN120AB
+ CN120TP
+ CN120ST
+ CN120SBT
+ P/N:12-01-0007
+ Revision 3.00"
+
+ARCNET is a registered trademark of the Datapoint Corporation
+
+P/N 120A ARCNET 8 bit XT/AT Star
+P/N 120AB ARCNET 8 bit XT/AT Bus
+P/N 120TP ARCNET 8 bit XT/AT Twisted Pair
+P/N 120ST ARCNET 8 bit XT/AT Star, Twisted Pair
+P/N 120SBT ARCNET 8 bit XT/AT Star, Bus, Twisted Pair
+
+ __________________________________________________________________
+ | |
+ | ___|
+ | LED |___|
+ | ___|
+ | N | | ID7
+ | o | | ID6
+ | d | S | ID5
+ | e | W | ID4
+ | ___________________ A | 2 | ID3
+ | | | d | | ID2
+ | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 d | | ID1
+ | | | _________________ r |___| ID0
+ | | 90C65 || SW1 | ____|
+ | JP 8 7 | ||_________________| | |
+ | |o|o| JP1 | | | J2 |
+ | |o|o| |oo| | | JP 1 1 1 | |
+ | ______________ | | 0 1 2 |____|
+ | | PROM | |___________________| |o|o|o| _____|
+ | > SOCKET | JP 6 5 4 3 2 |o|o|o| | J1 |
+ | |______________| |o|o|o|o|o| |o|o|o| |_____|
+ |_____ |o|o|o|o|o| ______________|
+ | |
+ |_____________________________________________|
+
+Legend:
+
+90C65 ARCNET Probe
+S1 1-5: Base Memory Address Select
+ 6-8: Base I/O Address Select
+S2 1-8: Node ID Select (ID0-ID7)
+JP1 ROM Enable Select
+JP2 IRQ2
+JP3 IRQ3
+JP4 IRQ4
+JP5 IRQ5
+JP6 IRQ7
+JP7/JP8 ET1, ET2 Timeout Parameters
+JP10/JP11 Coax / Twisted Pair Select (CN120ST/SBT only)
+JP12 Terminator Select (CN120AB/ST/SBT only)
+J1 BNC RG62/U Connector (all except CN120TP)
+J2 Two 6-position Telephone Jack (CN120TP/ST/SBT only)
+
+Setting one of the switches to Off means "1", On means "0".
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in SW2 are used to set the node ID. Each node attached
+to the network must have an unique node ID which must be different from 0.
+Switch 1 (ID0) serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+
+ Switch | Label | Value
+ -------|-------|-------
+ 1 | ID0 | 1
+ 2 | ID1 | 2
+ 3 | ID2 | 4
+ 4 | ID3 | 8
+ 5 | ID4 | 16
+ 6 | ID5 | 32
+ 7 | ID6 | 64
+ 8 | ID7 | 128
+
+Some Examples:
+
+ Switch | Hex | Decimal
+ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 | Node ID | Node ID
+ ----------------|---------|---------
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | not allowed
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 | 1
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 2 | 2
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 | 3 | 3
+ . . . | |
+ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | 55 | 85
+ . . . | |
+ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 | AA | 170
+ . . . | |
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 | FD | 253
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 | FE | 254
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | FF | 255
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The last three switches in switch block SW1 are used to select one
+of eight possible I/O Base addresses using the following table
+
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 6 7 8 | Address
+ ------------|--------
+ ON ON ON | 260
+ OFF ON ON | 290
+ ON OFF ON | 2E0 (Manufacturer's default)
+ OFF OFF ON | 2F0
+ ON ON OFF | 300
+ OFF ON OFF | 350
+ ON OFF OFF | 380
+ OFF OFF OFF | 3E0
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory (RAM) buffer Address
+--------------------------------------------
+
+The memory buffer (RAM) requires 2K. The base of this buffer can be
+located in any of eight positions. The address of the Boot Prom is
+memory base + 8K or memory base + 0x2000.
+Switches 1-5 of switch block SW1 select the Memory Base address.
+
+ Switch | Hex RAM | Hex ROM
+ 1 2 3 4 5 | Address | Address *)
+ --------------------|---------|-----------
+ ON ON ON ON ON | C0000 | C2000
+ ON ON OFF ON ON | C4000 | C6000
+ ON ON ON OFF ON | CC000 | CE000
+ ON ON OFF OFF ON | D0000 | D2000 (Manufacturer's default)
+ ON ON ON ON OFF | D4000 | D6000
+ ON ON OFF ON OFF | D8000 | DA000
+ ON ON ON OFF OFF | DC000 | DE000
+ ON ON OFF OFF OFF | E0000 | E2000
+
+*) To enable the Boot ROM install the jumper JP1
+
+Note: Since the switches 1 and 2 are always set to ON it may be possible
+ that they can be used to add an offset of 2K, 4K or 6K to the base
+ address, but this feature is not documented in the manual and I
+ haven't tested it yet.
+
+
+Setting the Interrupt Line
+--------------------------
+
+To select a hardware interrupt level install one (only one!) of the jumpers
+JP2, JP3, JP4, JP5, JP6. JP2 is the default.
+
+ Jumper | IRQ
+ -------|-----
+ 2 | 2
+ 3 | 3
+ 4 | 4
+ 5 | 5
+ 6 | 7
+
+
+Setting the Internal Terminator on CN120AB/TP/SBT
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+The jumper JP12 is used to enable the internal terminator.
+
+ -----
+ 0 | 0 |
+ ----- ON | | ON
+ | 0 | | 0 |
+ | | OFF ----- OFF
+ | 0 | 0
+ -----
+ Terminator Terminator
+ disabled enabled
+
+
+Selecting the Connector Type on CN120ST/SBT
+-------------------------------------------
+
+ JP10 JP11 JP10 JP11
+ ----- -----
+ 0 0 | 0 | | 0 |
+ ----- ----- | | | |
+ | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 |
+ | | | | ----- -----
+ | 0 | | 0 | 0 0
+ ----- -----
+ Coaxial Cable Twisted Pair Cable
+ (Default)
+
+
+Setting the Timeout Parameters
+------------------------------
+
+The jumpers labeled EXT1 and EXT2 are used to determine the timeout
+parameters. These two jumpers are normally left open.
+
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** CNet Technology Inc. **
+160 Series (16-bit cards)
+-------------------------
+ - from Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+
+CNET TECHNOLOGY INC. (CNet) ARCNET 160A SERIES
+==============================================
+
+This description has been written by Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+using information from the following Original CNet Manual
+
+ "ARCNET
+ USER'S MANUAL
+ for
+ CN160A
+ CN160AB
+ CN160TP
+ P/N:12-01-0006
+ Revision 3.00"
+
+ARCNET is a registered trademark of the Datapoint Corporation
+
+P/N 160A ARCNET 16 bit XT/AT Star
+P/N 160AB ARCNET 16 bit XT/AT Bus
+P/N 160TP ARCNET 16 bit XT/AT Twisted Pair
+
+ ___________________________________________________________________
+ < _________________________ ___|
+ > |oo| JP2 | | LED |___|
+ < |oo| JP1 | 9026 | LED |___|
+ > |_________________________| ___|
+ < N | | ID7
+ > 1 o | | ID6
+ < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 d | S | ID5
+ > _______________ _____________________ e | W | ID4
+ < | PROM | | SW1 | A | 2 | ID3
+ > > SOCKET | |_____________________| d | | ID2
+ < |_______________| | IO-Base | MEM | d | | ID1
+ > r |___| ID0
+ < ____|
+ > | |
+ < | J1 |
+ > | |
+ < |____|
+ > 1 1 1 1 |
+ < 3 4 5 6 7 JP 8 9 0 1 2 3 |
+ > |o|o|o|o|o| |o|o|o|o|o|o| |
+ < |o|o|o|o|o| __ |o|o|o|o|o|o| ___________|
+ > | | |
+ <____________| |_______________________________________|
+
+Legend:
+
+9026 ARCNET Probe
+SW1 1-6: Base I/O Address Select
+ 7-10: Base Memory Address Select
+SW2 1-8: Node ID Select (ID0-ID7)
+JP1/JP2 ET1, ET2 Timeout Parameters
+JP3-JP13 Interrupt Select
+J1 BNC RG62/U Connector (CN160A/AB only)
+J1 Two 6-position Telephone Jack (CN160TP only)
+LED
+
+Setting one of the switches to Off means "1", On means "0".
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in SW2 are used to set the node ID. Each node attached
+to the network must have an unique node ID which must be different from 0.
+Switch 1 (ID0) serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+
+ Switch | Label | Value
+ -------|-------|-------
+ 1 | ID0 | 1
+ 2 | ID1 | 2
+ 3 | ID2 | 4
+ 4 | ID3 | 8
+ 5 | ID4 | 16
+ 6 | ID5 | 32
+ 7 | ID6 | 64
+ 8 | ID7 | 128
+
+Some Examples:
+
+ Switch | Hex | Decimal
+ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 | Node ID | Node ID
+ ----------------|---------|---------
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | not allowed
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 | 1
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 2 | 2
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 | 3 | 3
+ . . . | |
+ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | 55 | 85
+ . . . | |
+ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 | AA | 170
+ . . . | |
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 | FD | 253
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 | FE | 254
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | FF | 255
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The first six switches in switch block SW1 are used to select the I/O Base
+address using the following table:
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 | Address
+ ------------------------|--------
+ OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON | 260
+ OFF ON OFF ON ON OFF | 290
+ OFF ON OFF OFF OFF ON | 2E0 (Manufacturer's default)
+ OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF | 2F0
+ OFF OFF ON ON ON ON | 300
+ OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF | 350
+ OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON | 380
+ OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON | 3E0
+
+Note: Other IO-Base addresses seem to be selectable, but only the above
+ combinations are documented.
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory (RAM) buffer Address
+--------------------------------------------
+
+The switches 7-10 of switch block SW1 are used to select the Memory
+Base address of the RAM (2K) and the PROM.
+
+ Switch | Hex RAM | Hex ROM
+ 7 8 9 10 | Address | Address
+ ----------------|---------|-----------
+ OFF OFF ON ON | C0000 | C8000
+ OFF OFF ON OFF | D0000 | D8000 (Default)
+ OFF OFF OFF ON | E0000 | E8000
+
+Note: Other MEM-Base addresses seem to be selectable, but only the above
+ combinations are documented.
+
+
+Setting the Interrupt Line
+--------------------------
+
+To select a hardware interrupt level install one (only one!) of the jumpers
+JP3 through JP13 using the following table:
+
+ Jumper | IRQ
+ -------|-----------------
+ 3 | 14
+ 4 | 15
+ 5 | 12
+ 6 | 11
+ 7 | 10
+ 8 | 3
+ 9 | 4
+ 10 | 5
+ 11 | 6
+ 12 | 7
+ 13 | 2 (=9) Default!
+
+Note: - Do not use JP11=IRQ6, it may conflict with your Floppy Disk
+ Controller
+ - Use JP3=IRQ14 only, if you don't have an IDE-, MFM-, or RLL-
+ Hard Disk, it may conflict with their controllers
+
+
+Setting the Timeout Parameters
+------------------------------
+
+The jumpers labeled JP1 and JP2 are used to determine the timeout
+parameters. These two jumpers are normally left open.
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Lantech **
+8-bit card, unknown model
+-------------------------
+ - from Vlad Lungu <vlungu@ugal.ro> - his e-mail address seemed broken at
+ the time I tried to reach him. Sorry Vlad, if you didn't get my reply.
+
+ ________________________________________________________________
+ | 1 8 |
+ | ___________ __|
+ | | SW1 | LED |__|
+ | |__________| |
+ | ___|
+ | _____________________ |S | 8
+ | | | |W |
+ | | | |2 |
+ | | | |__| 1
+ | | UM9065L | |o| JP4 ____|____
+ | | | |o| | CN |
+ | | | |________|
+ | | | |
+ | |___________________| |
+ | |
+ | |
+ | _____________ |
+ | | | |
+ | | PROM | |ooooo| JP6 |
+ | |____________| |ooooo| |
+ |_____________ _ _|
+ |____________________________________________| |__|
+
+
+UM9065L : ARCnet Controller
+
+SW 1 : Shared Memory Address and I/O Base
+
+ ON=0
+
+ 12345|Memory Address
+ -----|--------------
+ 00001| D4000
+ 00010| CC000
+ 00110| D0000
+ 01110| D1000
+ 01101| D9000
+ 10010| CC800
+ 10011| DC800
+ 11110| D1800
+
+It seems that the bits are considered in reverse order. Also, you must
+observe that some of those addresses are unusual and I didn't probe them; I
+used a memory dump in DOS to identify them. For the 00000 configuration and
+some others that I didn't write here the card seems to conflict with the
+video card (an S3 GENDAC). I leave the full decoding of those addresses to
+you.
+
+ 678| I/O Address
+ ---|------------
+ 000| 260
+ 001| failed probe
+ 010| 2E0
+ 011| 380
+ 100| 290
+ 101| 350
+ 110| failed probe
+ 111| 3E0
+
+SW 2 : Node ID (binary coded)
+
+JP 4 : Boot PROM enable CLOSE - enabled
+ OPEN - disabled
+
+JP 6 : IRQ set (ONLY ONE jumper on 1-5 for IRQ 2-6)
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Acer **
+8-bit card, Model 5210-003
+--------------------------
+ - from Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz> using portions of the existing
+ arcnet-hardware file.
+
+This is a 90C26 based card. Its configuration seems similar to the SMC
+PC100, but has some additional jumpers I don't know the meaning of.
+
+ __
+ | |
+ ___________|__|_________________________
+ | | | |
+ | | BNC | |
+ | |______| ___|
+ | _____________________ |___
+ | | | |
+ | | Hybrid IC | |
+ | | | o|o J1 |
+ | |_____________________| 8|8 |
+ | 8|8 J5 |
+ | o|o |
+ | 8|8 |
+ |__ 8|8 |
+ (|__| LED o|o |
+ | 8|8 |
+ | 8|8 J15 |
+ | |
+ | _____ |
+ | | | _____ |
+ | | | | | ___|
+ | | | | | |
+ | _____ | ROM | | UFS | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | ___ | | | | |
+ | | | | | |__.__| |__.__| |
+ | | NCR | |XTL| _____ _____ |
+ | | | |___| | | | | |
+ | |90C26| | | | | |
+ | | | | RAM | | UFS | |
+ | | | J17 o|o | | | | |
+ | | | J16 o|o | | | | |
+ | |__.__| |__.__| |__.__| |
+ | ___ |
+ | | |8 |
+ | |SW2| |
+ | | | |
+ | |___|1 |
+ | ___ |
+ | | |10 J18 o|o |
+ | | | o|o |
+ | |SW1| o|o |
+ | | | J21 o|o |
+ | |___|1 |
+ | |
+ |____________________________________|
+
+
+Legend:
+
+90C26 ARCNET Chip
+XTL 20 MHz Crystal
+SW1 1-6 Base I/O Address Select
+ 7-10 Memory Address Select
+SW2 1-8 Node ID Select (ID0-ID7)
+J1-J5 IRQ Select
+J6-J21 Unknown (Probably extra timeouts & ROM enable ...)
+LED1 Activity LED
+BNC Coax connector (STAR ARCnet)
+RAM 2k of SRAM
+ROM Boot ROM socket
+UFS Unidentified Flying Sockets
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in SW2 are used to set the node ID. Each node attached
+to the network must have an unique node ID which must not be 0.
+Switch 1 (ID0) serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+
+Setting one of the switches to OFF means "1", ON means "0".
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+
+ Switch | Value
+ -------|-------
+ 1 | 1
+ 2 | 2
+ 3 | 4
+ 4 | 8
+ 5 | 16
+ 6 | 32
+ 7 | 64
+ 8 | 128
+
+Don't set this to 0 or 255; these values are reserved.
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The switches 1 to 6 of switch block SW1 are used to select one
+of 32 possible I/O Base addresses using the following tables
+
+ | Hex
+ Switch | Value
+ -------|-------
+ 1 | 200
+ 2 | 100
+ 3 | 80
+ 4 | 40
+ 5 | 20
+ 6 | 10
+
+The I/O address is sum of all switches set to "1". Remember that
+the I/O address space bellow 0x200 is RESERVED for mainboard, so
+switch 1 should be ALWAYS SET TO OFF.
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory (RAM) buffer Address
+--------------------------------------------
+
+The memory buffer (RAM) requires 2K. The base of this buffer can be
+located in any of sixteen positions. However, the addresses below
+A0000 are likely to cause system hang because there's main RAM.
+
+Jumpers 7-10 of switch block SW1 select the Memory Base address.
+
+ Switch | Hex RAM
+ 7 8 9 10 | Address
+ ----------------|---------
+ OFF OFF OFF OFF | F0000 (conflicts with main BIOS)
+ OFF OFF OFF ON | E0000
+ OFF OFF ON OFF | D0000
+ OFF OFF ON ON | C0000 (conflicts with video BIOS)
+ OFF ON OFF OFF | B0000 (conflicts with mono video)
+ OFF ON OFF ON | A0000 (conflicts with graphics)
+
+
+Setting the Interrupt Line
+--------------------------
+
+Jumpers 1-5 of the jumper block J1 control the IRQ level. ON means
+shorted, OFF means open.
+
+ Jumper | IRQ
+ 1 2 3 4 5 |
+ ----------------------------
+ ON OFF OFF OFF OFF | 7
+ OFF ON OFF OFF OFF | 5
+ OFF OFF ON OFF OFF | 4
+ OFF OFF OFF ON OFF | 3
+ OFF OFF OFF OFF ON | 2
+
+
+Unknown jumpers & sockets
+-------------------------
+
+I know nothing about these. I just guess that J16&J17 are timeout
+jumpers and maybe one of J18-J21 selects ROM. Also J6-J10 and
+J11-J15 are connecting IRQ2-7 to some pins on the UFSs. I can't
+guess the purpose.
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Datapoint? **
+LAN-ARC-8, an 8-bit card
+------------------------
+ - from Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>
+
+This is another SMC 90C65-based ARCnet card. I couldn't identify the
+manufacturer, but it might be DataPoint, because the card has the
+original arcNet logo in its upper right corner.
+
+ _______________________________________________________
+ | _________ |
+ | | SW2 | ON arcNet |
+ | |_________| OFF ___|
+ | _____________ 1 ______ 8 | | 8
+ | | | SW1 | XTAL | ____________ | S |
+ | > RAM (2k) | |______|| | | W |
+ | |_____________| | H | | 3 |
+ | _________|_____ y | |___| 1
+ | _________ | | |b | |
+ | |_________| | | |r | |
+ | | SMC | |i | |
+ | | 90C65| |d | |
+ | _________ | | | | |
+ | | SW1 | ON | | |I | |
+ | |_________| OFF |_________|_____/C | _____|
+ | 1 8 | | | |___
+ | ______________ | | | BNC |___|
+ | | | |____________| |_____|
+ | > EPROM SOCKET | _____________ |
+ | |______________| |_____________| |
+ | ______________|
+ | |
+ |________________________________________|
+
+Legend:
+
+90C65 ARCNET Chip
+SW1 1-5: Base Memory Address Select
+ 6-8: Base I/O Address Select
+SW2 1-8: Node ID Select
+SW3 1-5: IRQ Select
+ 6-7: Extra Timeout
+ 8 : ROM Enable
+BNC Coax connector
+XTAL 20 MHz Crystal
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in SW3 are used to set the node ID. Each node attached
+to the network must have an unique node ID which must not be 0.
+Switch 1 serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+
+Setting one of the switches to Off means "1", On means "0".
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+
+ Switch | Value
+ -------|-------
+ 1 | 1
+ 2 | 2
+ 3 | 4
+ 4 | 8
+ 5 | 16
+ 6 | 32
+ 7 | 64
+ 8 | 128
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The last three switches in switch block SW1 are used to select one
+of eight possible I/O Base addresses using the following table
+
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 6 7 8 | Address
+ ------------|--------
+ ON ON ON | 260
+ OFF ON ON | 290
+ ON OFF ON | 2E0 (Manufacturer's default)
+ OFF OFF ON | 2F0
+ ON ON OFF | 300
+ OFF ON OFF | 350
+ ON OFF OFF | 380
+ OFF OFF OFF | 3E0
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory (RAM) buffer Address
+--------------------------------------------
+
+The memory buffer (RAM) requires 2K. The base of this buffer can be
+located in any of eight positions. The address of the Boot Prom is
+memory base + 0x2000.
+Jumpers 3-5 of switch block SW1 select the Memory Base address.
+
+ Switch | Hex RAM | Hex ROM
+ 1 2 3 4 5 | Address | Address *)
+ --------------------|---------|-----------
+ ON ON ON ON ON | C0000 | C2000
+ ON ON OFF ON ON | C4000 | C6000
+ ON ON ON OFF ON | CC000 | CE000
+ ON ON OFF OFF ON | D0000 | D2000 (Manufacturer's default)
+ ON ON ON ON OFF | D4000 | D6000
+ ON ON OFF ON OFF | D8000 | DA000
+ ON ON ON OFF OFF | DC000 | DE000
+ ON ON OFF OFF OFF | E0000 | E2000
+
+*) To enable the Boot ROM set the switch 8 of switch block SW3 to position ON.
+
+The switches 1 and 2 probably add 0x0800 and 0x1000 to RAM base address.
+
+
+Setting the Interrupt Line
+--------------------------
+
+Switches 1-5 of the switch block SW3 control the IRQ level.
+
+ Jumper | IRQ
+ 1 2 3 4 5 |
+ ----------------------------
+ ON OFF OFF OFF OFF | 3
+ OFF ON OFF OFF OFF | 4
+ OFF OFF ON OFF OFF | 5
+ OFF OFF OFF ON OFF | 7
+ OFF OFF OFF OFF ON | 2
+
+
+Setting the Timeout Parameters
+------------------------------
+
+The switches 6-7 of the switch block SW3 are used to determine the timeout
+parameters. These two switches are normally left in the OFF position.
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Topware **
+8-bit card, TA-ARC/10
+-------------------------
+ - from Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>
+
+This is another very similar 90C65 card. Most of the switches and jumpers
+are the same as on other clones.
+
+ _____________________________________________________________________
+| ___________ | | ______ |
+| |SW2 NODE ID| | | | XTAL | |
+| |___________| | Hybrid IC | |______| |
+| ___________ | | __|
+| |SW1 MEM+I/O| |_________________________| LED1|__|)
+| |___________| 1 2 |
+| J3 |o|o| TIMEOUT ______|
+| ______________ |o|o| | |
+| | | ___________________ | RJ |
+| > EPROM SOCKET | | \ |------|
+|J2 |______________| | | | |
+||o| | | |______|
+||o| ROM ENABLE | SMC | _________ |
+| _____________ | 90C65 | |_________| _____|
+| | | | | | |___
+| > RAM (2k) | | | | BNC |___|
+| |_____________| | | |_____|
+| |____________________| |
+| ________ IRQ 2 3 4 5 7 ___________ |
+||________| |o|o|o|o|o| |___________| |
+|________ J1|o|o|o|o|o| ______________|
+ | |
+ |_____________________________________________|
+
+Legend:
+
+90C65 ARCNET Chip
+XTAL 20 MHz Crystal
+SW1 1-5 Base Memory Address Select
+ 6-8 Base I/O Address Select
+SW2 1-8 Node ID Select (ID0-ID7)
+J1 IRQ Select
+J2 ROM Enable
+J3 Extra Timeout
+LED1 Activity LED
+BNC Coax connector (BUS ARCnet)
+RJ Twisted Pair Connector (daisy chain)
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in SW2 are used to set the node ID. Each node attached to
+the network must have an unique node ID which must not be 0. Switch 1 (ID0)
+serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+
+Setting one of the switches to Off means "1", On means "0".
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+
+ Switch | Label | Value
+ -------|-------|-------
+ 1 | ID0 | 1
+ 2 | ID1 | 2
+ 3 | ID2 | 4
+ 4 | ID3 | 8
+ 5 | ID4 | 16
+ 6 | ID5 | 32
+ 7 | ID6 | 64
+ 8 | ID7 | 128
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The last three switches in switch block SW1 are used to select one
+of eight possible I/O Base addresses using the following table:
+
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 6 7 8 | Address
+ ------------|--------
+ ON ON ON | 260 (Manufacturer's default)
+ OFF ON ON | 290
+ ON OFF ON | 2E0
+ OFF OFF ON | 2F0
+ ON ON OFF | 300
+ OFF ON OFF | 350
+ ON OFF OFF | 380
+ OFF OFF OFF | 3E0
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory (RAM) buffer Address
+--------------------------------------------
+
+The memory buffer (RAM) requires 2K. The base of this buffer can be
+located in any of eight positions. The address of the Boot Prom is
+memory base + 0x2000.
+Jumpers 3-5 of switch block SW1 select the Memory Base address.
+
+ Switch | Hex RAM | Hex ROM
+ 1 2 3 4 5 | Address | Address *)
+ --------------------|---------|-----------
+ ON ON ON ON ON | C0000 | C2000
+ ON ON OFF ON ON | C4000 | C6000 (Manufacturer's default)
+ ON ON ON OFF ON | CC000 | CE000
+ ON ON OFF OFF ON | D0000 | D2000
+ ON ON ON ON OFF | D4000 | D6000
+ ON ON OFF ON OFF | D8000 | DA000
+ ON ON ON OFF OFF | DC000 | DE000
+ ON ON OFF OFF OFF | E0000 | E2000
+
+*) To enable the Boot ROM short the jumper J2.
+
+The jumpers 1 and 2 probably add 0x0800 and 0x1000 to RAM address.
+
+
+Setting the Interrupt Line
+--------------------------
+
+Jumpers 1-5 of the jumper block J1 control the IRQ level. ON means
+shorted, OFF means open.
+
+ Jumper | IRQ
+ 1 2 3 4 5 |
+ ----------------------------
+ ON OFF OFF OFF OFF | 2
+ OFF ON OFF OFF OFF | 3
+ OFF OFF ON OFF OFF | 4
+ OFF OFF OFF ON OFF | 5
+ OFF OFF OFF OFF ON | 7
+
+
+Setting the Timeout Parameters
+------------------------------
+
+The jumpers J3 are used to set the timeout parameters. These two
+jumpers are normally left open.
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Thomas-Conrad **
+Model #500-6242-0097 REV A (8-bit card)
+---------------------------------------
+ - from Lars Karlsson <100617.3473@compuserve.com>
+
+ ________________________________________________________
+ | ________ ________ |_____
+ | |........| |........| |
+ | |________| |________| ___|
+ | SW 3 SW 1 | |
+ | Base I/O Base Addr. Station | |
+ | address | |
+ | ______ switch | |
+ | | | | |
+ | | | |___|
+ | | | ______ |___._
+ | |______| |______| ____| BNC
+ | Jumper- _____| Connector
+ | Main chip block _ __| '
+ | | | | RJ Connector
+ | |_| | with 110 Ohm
+ | |__ Terminator
+ | ___________ __|
+ | |...........| | RJ-jack
+ | |...........| _____ | (unused)
+ | |___________| |_____| |__
+ | Boot PROM socket IRQ-jumpers |_ Diagnostic
+ |________ __ _| LED (red)
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |________|
+ |
+ |
+
+And here are the settings for some of the switches and jumpers on the cards.
+
+
+ I/O
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+
+2E0----- 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
+2F0----- 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
+300----- 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
+350----- 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
+
+"0" in the above example means switch is off "1" means that it is on.
+
+
+ ShMem address.
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+
+CX00--0 0 1 1 | | |
+DX00--0 0 1 0 |
+X000--------- 1 1 |
+X400--------- 1 0 |
+X800--------- 0 1 |
+XC00--------- 0 0
+ENHANCED----------- 1
+COMPATIBLE--------- 0
+
+
+ IRQ
+
+
+ 3 4 5 7 2
+ . . . . .
+ . . . . .
+
+
+There is a DIP-switch with 8 switches, used to set the shared memory address
+to be used. The first 6 switches set the address, the 7th doesn't have any
+function, and the 8th switch is used to select "compatible" or "enhanced".
+When I got my two cards, one of them had this switch set to "enhanced". That
+card didn't work at all, it wasn't even recognized by the driver. The other
+card had this switch set to "compatible" and it behaved absolutely normally. I
+guess that the switch on one of the cards, must have been changed accidentally
+when the card was taken out of its former host. The question remains
+unanswered, what is the purpose of the "enhanced" position?
+
+[Avery's note: "enhanced" probably either disables shared memory (use IO
+ports instead) or disables IO ports (use memory addresses instead). This
+varies by the type of card involved. I fail to see how either of these
+enhance anything. Send me more detailed information about this mode, or
+just use "compatible" mode instead.]
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Waterloo Microsystems Inc. ?? **
+8-bit card (C) 1985
+-------------------
+ - from Robert Michael Best <rmb117@cs.usask.ca>
+
+[Avery's note: these don't work with my driver for some reason. These cards
+SEEM to have settings similar to the PDI508Plus, which is
+software-configured and doesn't work with my driver either. The "Waterloo
+chip" is a boot PROM, probably designed specifically for the University of
+Waterloo. If you have any further information about this card, please
+e-mail me.]
+
+The probe has not been able to detect the card on any of the J2 settings,
+and I tried them again with the "Waterloo" chip removed.
+
+ _____________________________________________________________________
+| \/ \/ ___ __ __ |
+| C4 C4 |^| | M || ^ ||^| |
+| -- -- |_| | 5 || || | C3 |
+| \/ \/ C10 |___|| ||_| |
+| C4 C4 _ _ | | ?? |
+| -- -- | \/ || | |
+| | || | |
+| | || C1 | |
+| | || | \/ _____|
+| | C6 || | C9 | |___
+| | || | -- | BNC |___|
+| | || | >C7| |_____|
+| | || | |
+| __ __ |____||_____| 1 2 3 6 |
+|| ^ | >C4| |o|o|o|o|o|o| J2 >C4| |
+|| | |o|o|o|o|o|o| |
+|| C2 | >C4| >C4| |
+|| | >C8| |
+|| | 2 3 4 5 6 7 IRQ >C4| |
+||_____| |o|o|o|o|o|o| J3 |
+|_______ |o|o|o|o|o|o| _______________|
+ | |
+ |_____________________________________________|
+
+C1 -- "COM9026
+ SMC 8638"
+ In a chip socket.
+
+C2 -- "@Copyright
+ Waterloo Microsystems Inc.
+ 1985"
+ In a chip Socket with info printed on a label covering a round window
+ showing the circuit inside. (The window indicates it is an EPROM chip.)
+
+C3 -- "COM9032
+ SMC 8643"
+ In a chip socket.
+
+C4 -- "74LS"
+ 9 total no sockets.
+
+M5 -- "50006-136
+ 20.000000 MHZ
+ MTQ-T1-S3
+ 0 M-TRON 86-40"
+ Metallic case with 4 pins, no socket.
+
+C6 -- "MOSTEK@TC8643
+ MK6116N-20
+ MALAYSIA"
+ No socket.
+
+C7 -- No stamp or label but in a 20 pin chip socket.
+
+C8 -- "PAL10L8CN
+ 8623"
+ In a 20 pin socket.
+
+C9 -- "PAl16R4A-2CN
+ 8641"
+ In a 20 pin socket.
+
+C10 -- "M8640
+ NMC
+ 9306N"
+ In an 8 pin socket.
+
+?? -- Some components on a smaller board and attached with 20 pins all
+ along the side closest to the BNC connector. The are coated in a dark
+ resin.
+
+On the board there are two jumper banks labeled J2 and J3. The
+manufacturer didn't put a J1 on the board. The two boards I have both
+came with a jumper box for each bank.
+
+J2 -- Numbered 1 2 3 4 5 6.
+ 4 and 5 are not stamped due to solder points.
+
+J3 -- IRQ 2 3 4 5 6 7
+
+The board itself has a maple leaf stamped just above the irq jumpers
+and "-2 46-86" beside C2. Between C1 and C6 "ASS 'Y 300163" and "@1986
+CORMAN CUSTOM ELECTRONICS CORP." stamped just below the BNC connector.
+Below that "MADE IN CANADA"
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** No Name **
+8-bit cards, 16-bit cards
+-------------------------
+ - from Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+
+NONAME 8-BIT ARCNET
+===================
+
+I have named this ARCnet card "NONAME", since there is no name of any
+manufacturer on the Installation manual nor on the shipping box. The only
+hint to the existence of a manufacturer at all is written in copper,
+it is "Made in Taiwan"
+
+This description has been written by Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+using information from the Original
+ "ARCnet Installation Manual"
+
+
+ ________________________________________________________________
+ | |STAR| BUS| T/P| |
+ | |____|____|____| |
+ | _____________________ |
+ | | | |
+ | | | |
+ | | | |
+ | | SMC | |
+ | | | |
+ | | COM90C65 | |
+ | | | |
+ | | | |
+ | |__________-__________| |
+ | _____|
+ | _______________ | CN |
+ | | PROM | |_____|
+ | > SOCKET | |
+ | |_______________| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
+ | _______________ _______________ |
+ | |o|o|o|o|o|o|o|o| | SW1 || SW2 ||
+ | |o|o|o|o|o|o|o|o| |_______________||_______________||
+ |___ 2 3 4 5 7 E E R Node ID IOB__|__MEM____|
+ | \ IRQ / T T O |
+ |__________________1_2_M______________________|
+
+Legend:
+
+COM90C65: ARCnet Probe
+S1 1-8: Node ID Select
+S2 1-3: I/O Base Address Select
+ 4-6: Memory Base Address Select
+ 7-8: RAM Offset Select
+ET1, ET2 Extended Timeout Select
+ROM ROM Enable Select
+CN RG62 Coax Connector
+STAR| BUS | T/P Three fields for placing a sign (colored circle)
+ indicating the topology of the card
+
+Setting one of the switches to Off means "1", On means "0".
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in group SW1 are used to set the node ID.
+Each node attached to the network must have an unique node ID which
+must be different from 0.
+Switch 8 serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+
+ Switch | Value
+ -------|-------
+ 8 | 1
+ 7 | 2
+ 6 | 4
+ 5 | 8
+ 4 | 16
+ 3 | 32
+ 2 | 64
+ 1 | 128
+
+Some Examples:
+
+ Switch | Hex | Decimal
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | Node ID | Node ID
+ ----------------|---------|---------
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | not allowed
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 | 1
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 2 | 2
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 | 3 | 3
+ . . . | |
+ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | 55 | 85
+ . . . | |
+ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 | AA | 170
+ . . . | |
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 | FD | 253
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 | FE | 254
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | FF | 255
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The first three switches in switch group SW2 are used to select one
+of eight possible I/O Base addresses using the following table
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 1 2 3 | Address
+ ------------|--------
+ ON ON ON | 260
+ ON ON OFF | 290
+ ON OFF ON | 2E0 (Manufacturer's default)
+ ON OFF OFF | 2F0
+ OFF ON ON | 300
+ OFF ON OFF | 350
+ OFF OFF ON | 380
+ OFF OFF OFF | 3E0
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory (RAM) buffer Address
+--------------------------------------------
+
+The memory buffer requires 2K of a 16K block of RAM. The base of this
+16K block can be located in any of eight positions.
+Switches 4-6 of switch group SW2 select the Base of the 16K block.
+Within that 16K address space, the buffer may be assigned any one of four
+positions, determined by the offset, switches 7 and 8 of group SW2.
+
+ Switch | Hex RAM | Hex ROM
+ 4 5 6 7 8 | Address | Address *)
+ -----------|---------|-----------
+ 0 0 0 0 0 | C0000 | C2000
+ 0 0 0 0 1 | C0800 | C2000
+ 0 0 0 1 0 | C1000 | C2000
+ 0 0 0 1 1 | C1800 | C2000
+ | |
+ 0 0 1 0 0 | C4000 | C6000
+ 0 0 1 0 1 | C4800 | C6000
+ 0 0 1 1 0 | C5000 | C6000
+ 0 0 1 1 1 | C5800 | C6000
+ | |
+ 0 1 0 0 0 | CC000 | CE000
+ 0 1 0 0 1 | CC800 | CE000
+ 0 1 0 1 0 | CD000 | CE000
+ 0 1 0 1 1 | CD800 | CE000
+ | |
+ 0 1 1 0 0 | D0000 | D2000 (Manufacturer's default)
+ 0 1 1 0 1 | D0800 | D2000
+ 0 1 1 1 0 | D1000 | D2000
+ 0 1 1 1 1 | D1800 | D2000
+ | |
+ 1 0 0 0 0 | D4000 | D6000
+ 1 0 0 0 1 | D4800 | D6000
+ 1 0 0 1 0 | D5000 | D6000
+ 1 0 0 1 1 | D5800 | D6000
+ | |
+ 1 0 1 0 0 | D8000 | DA000
+ 1 0 1 0 1 | D8800 | DA000
+ 1 0 1 1 0 | D9000 | DA000
+ 1 0 1 1 1 | D9800 | DA000
+ | |
+ 1 1 0 0 0 | DC000 | DE000
+ 1 1 0 0 1 | DC800 | DE000
+ 1 1 0 1 0 | DD000 | DE000
+ 1 1 0 1 1 | DD800 | DE000
+ | |
+ 1 1 1 0 0 | E0000 | E2000
+ 1 1 1 0 1 | E0800 | E2000
+ 1 1 1 1 0 | E1000 | E2000
+ 1 1 1 1 1 | E1800 | E2000
+
+*) To enable the 8K Boot PROM install the jumper ROM.
+ The default is jumper ROM not installed.
+
+
+Setting Interrupt Request Lines (IRQ)
+-------------------------------------
+
+To select a hardware interrupt level set one (only one!) of the jumpers
+IRQ2, IRQ3, IRQ4, IRQ5 or IRQ7. The manufacturer's default is IRQ2.
+
+
+Setting the Timeouts
+--------------------
+
+The two jumpers labeled ET1 and ET2 are used to determine the timeout
+parameters (response and reconfiguration time). Every node in a network
+must be set to the same timeout values.
+
+ ET1 ET2 | Response Time (us) | Reconfiguration Time (ms)
+ --------|--------------------|--------------------------
+ Off Off | 78 | 840 (Default)
+ Off On | 285 | 1680
+ On Off | 563 | 1680
+ On On | 1130 | 1680
+
+On means jumper installed, Off means jumper not installed
+
+
+NONAME 16-BIT ARCNET
+====================
+
+The manual of my 8-Bit NONAME ARCnet Card contains another description
+of a 16-Bit Coax / Twisted Pair Card. This description is incomplete,
+because there are missing two pages in the manual booklet. (The table
+of contents reports pages ... 2-9, 2-11, 2-12, 3-1, ... but inside
+the booklet there is a different way of counting ... 2-9, 2-10, A-1,
+(empty page), 3-1, ..., 3-18, A-1 (again), A-2)
+Also the picture of the board layout is not as good as the picture of
+8-Bit card, because there isn't any letter like "SW1" written to the
+picture.
+Should somebody have such a board, please feel free to complete this
+description or to send a mail to me!
+
+This description has been written by Juergen Seifert <seifert@htwm.de>
+using information from the Original
+ "ARCnet Installation Manual"
+
+
+ ___________________________________________________________________
+ < _________________ _________________ |
+ > | SW? || SW? | |
+ < |_________________||_________________| |
+ > ____________________ |
+ < | | |
+ > | | |
+ < | | |
+ > | | |
+ < | | |
+ > | | |
+ < | | |
+ > |____________________| |
+ < ____|
+ > ____________________ | |
+ < | | | J1 |
+ > | < | |
+ < |____________________| ? ? ? ? ? ? |____|
+ > |o|o|o|o|o|o| |
+ < |o|o|o|o|o|o| |
+ > |
+ < __ ___________|
+ > | | |
+ <____________| |_______________________________________|
+
+
+Setting one of the switches to Off means "1", On means "0".
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in group SW2 are used to set the node ID.
+Each node attached to the network must have an unique node ID which
+must be different from 0.
+Switch 8 serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+
+ Switch | Value
+ -------|-------
+ 8 | 1
+ 7 | 2
+ 6 | 4
+ 5 | 8
+ 4 | 16
+ 3 | 32
+ 2 | 64
+ 1 | 128
+
+Some Examples:
+
+ Switch | Hex | Decimal
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | Node ID | Node ID
+ ----------------|---------|---------
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | not allowed
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 | 1
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 2 | 2
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 | 3 | 3
+ . . . | |
+ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | 55 | 85
+ . . . | |
+ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 | AA | 170
+ . . . | |
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 | FD | 253
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 | FE | 254
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | FF | 255
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The first three switches in switch group SW1 are used to select one
+of eight possible I/O Base addresses using the following table
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 3 2 1 | Address
+ ------------|--------
+ ON ON ON | 260
+ ON ON OFF | 290
+ ON OFF ON | 2E0 (Manufacturer's default)
+ ON OFF OFF | 2F0
+ OFF ON ON | 300
+ OFF ON OFF | 350
+ OFF OFF ON | 380
+ OFF OFF OFF | 3E0
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory (RAM) buffer Address
+--------------------------------------------
+
+The memory buffer requires 2K of a 16K block of RAM. The base of this
+16K block can be located in any of eight positions.
+Switches 6-8 of switch group SW1 select the Base of the 16K block.
+Within that 16K address space, the buffer may be assigned any one of four
+positions, determined by the offset, switches 4 and 5 of group SW1.
+
+ Switch | Hex RAM | Hex ROM
+ 8 7 6 5 4 | Address | Address
+ -----------|---------|-----------
+ 0 0 0 0 0 | C0000 | C2000
+ 0 0 0 0 1 | C0800 | C2000
+ 0 0 0 1 0 | C1000 | C2000
+ 0 0 0 1 1 | C1800 | C2000
+ | |
+ 0 0 1 0 0 | C4000 | C6000
+ 0 0 1 0 1 | C4800 | C6000
+ 0 0 1 1 0 | C5000 | C6000
+ 0 0 1 1 1 | C5800 | C6000
+ | |
+ 0 1 0 0 0 | CC000 | CE000
+ 0 1 0 0 1 | CC800 | CE000
+ 0 1 0 1 0 | CD000 | CE000
+ 0 1 0 1 1 | CD800 | CE000
+ | |
+ 0 1 1 0 0 | D0000 | D2000 (Manufacturer's default)
+ 0 1 1 0 1 | D0800 | D2000
+ 0 1 1 1 0 | D1000 | D2000
+ 0 1 1 1 1 | D1800 | D2000
+ | |
+ 1 0 0 0 0 | D4000 | D6000
+ 1 0 0 0 1 | D4800 | D6000
+ 1 0 0 1 0 | D5000 | D6000
+ 1 0 0 1 1 | D5800 | D6000
+ | |
+ 1 0 1 0 0 | D8000 | DA000
+ 1 0 1 0 1 | D8800 | DA000
+ 1 0 1 1 0 | D9000 | DA000
+ 1 0 1 1 1 | D9800 | DA000
+ | |
+ 1 1 0 0 0 | DC000 | DE000
+ 1 1 0 0 1 | DC800 | DE000
+ 1 1 0 1 0 | DD000 | DE000
+ 1 1 0 1 1 | DD800 | DE000
+ | |
+ 1 1 1 0 0 | E0000 | E2000
+ 1 1 1 0 1 | E0800 | E2000
+ 1 1 1 1 0 | E1000 | E2000
+ 1 1 1 1 1 | E1800 | E2000
+
+
+Setting Interrupt Request Lines (IRQ)
+-------------------------------------
+
+??????????????????????????????????????
+
+
+Setting the Timeouts
+--------------------
+
+??????????????????????????????????????
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** No Name **
+8-bit cards ("Made in Taiwan R.O.C.")
+-----------
+ - from Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>
+
+I have named this ARCnet card "NONAME", since I got only the card with
+no manual at all and the only text identifying the manufacturer is
+"MADE IN TAIWAN R.O.C" printed on the card.
+
+ ____________________________________________________________
+ | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
+ | |o|o| JP1 o|o|o|o|o|o|o|o| ON |
+ | + o|o|o|o|o|o|o|o| ___|
+ | _____________ o|o|o|o|o|o|o|o| OFF _____ | | ID7
+ | | | SW1 | | | | ID6
+ | > RAM (2k) | ____________________ | H | | S | ID5
+ | |_____________| | || y | | W | ID4
+ | | || b | | 2 | ID3
+ | | || r | | | ID2
+ | | || i | | | ID1
+ | | 90C65 || d | |___| ID0
+ | SW3 | || | |
+ | |o|o|o|o|o|o|o|o| ON | || I | |
+ | |o|o|o|o|o|o|o|o| | || C | |
+ | |o|o|o|o|o|o|o|o| OFF |____________________|| | _____|
+ | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | | | |___
+ | ______________ | | | BNC |___|
+ | | | |_____| |_____|
+ | > EPROM SOCKET | |
+ | |______________| |
+ | ______________|
+ | |
+ |_____________________________________________|
+
+Legend:
+
+90C65 ARCNET Chip
+SW1 1-5: Base Memory Address Select
+ 6-8: Base I/O Address Select
+SW2 1-8: Node ID Select (ID0-ID7)
+SW3 1-5: IRQ Select
+ 6-7: Extra Timeout
+ 8 : ROM Enable
+JP1 Led connector
+BNC Coax connector
+
+Although the jumpers SW1 and SW3 are marked SW, not JP, they are jumpers, not
+switches.
+
+Setting the jumpers to ON means connecting the upper two pins, off the bottom
+two - or - in case of IRQ setting, connecting none of them at all.
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in SW2 are used to set the node ID. Each node attached
+to the network must have an unique node ID which must not be 0.
+Switch 1 (ID0) serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+
+Setting one of the switches to Off means "1", On means "0".
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+
+ Switch | Label | Value
+ -------|-------|-------
+ 1 | ID0 | 1
+ 2 | ID1 | 2
+ 3 | ID2 | 4
+ 4 | ID3 | 8
+ 5 | ID4 | 16
+ 6 | ID5 | 32
+ 7 | ID6 | 64
+ 8 | ID7 | 128
+
+Some Examples:
+
+ Switch | Hex | Decimal
+ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 | Node ID | Node ID
+ ----------------|---------|---------
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | not allowed
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 | 1
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 2 | 2
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 | 3 | 3
+ . . . | |
+ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | 55 | 85
+ . . . | |
+ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 | AA | 170
+ . . . | |
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 | FD | 253
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 | FE | 254
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | FF | 255
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The last three switches in switch block SW1 are used to select one
+of eight possible I/O Base addresses using the following table
+
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 6 7 8 | Address
+ ------------|--------
+ ON ON ON | 260
+ OFF ON ON | 290
+ ON OFF ON | 2E0 (Manufacturer's default)
+ OFF OFF ON | 2F0
+ ON ON OFF | 300
+ OFF ON OFF | 350
+ ON OFF OFF | 380
+ OFF OFF OFF | 3E0
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory (RAM) buffer Address
+--------------------------------------------
+
+The memory buffer (RAM) requires 2K. The base of this buffer can be
+located in any of eight positions. The address of the Boot Prom is
+memory base + 0x2000.
+Jumpers 3-5 of jumper block SW1 select the Memory Base address.
+
+ Switch | Hex RAM | Hex ROM
+ 1 2 3 4 5 | Address | Address *)
+ --------------------|---------|-----------
+ ON ON ON ON ON | C0000 | C2000
+ ON ON OFF ON ON | C4000 | C6000
+ ON ON ON OFF ON | CC000 | CE000
+ ON ON OFF OFF ON | D0000 | D2000 (Manufacturer's default)
+ ON ON ON ON OFF | D4000 | D6000
+ ON ON OFF ON OFF | D8000 | DA000
+ ON ON ON OFF OFF | DC000 | DE000
+ ON ON OFF OFF OFF | E0000 | E2000
+
+*) To enable the Boot ROM set the jumper 8 of jumper block SW3 to position ON.
+
+The jumpers 1 and 2 probably add 0x0800, 0x1000 and 0x1800 to RAM adders.
+
+Setting the Interrupt Line
+--------------------------
+
+Jumpers 1-5 of the jumper block SW3 control the IRQ level.
+
+ Jumper | IRQ
+ 1 2 3 4 5 |
+ ----------------------------
+ ON OFF OFF OFF OFF | 2
+ OFF ON OFF OFF OFF | 3
+ OFF OFF ON OFF OFF | 4
+ OFF OFF OFF ON OFF | 5
+ OFF OFF OFF OFF ON | 7
+
+
+Setting the Timeout Parameters
+------------------------------
+
+The jumpers 6-7 of the jumper block SW3 are used to determine the timeout
+parameters. These two jumpers are normally left in the OFF position.
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** No Name **
+(Generic Model 9058)
+--------------------
+ - from Andrew J. Kroll <ag784@freenet.buffalo.edu>
+ - Sorry this sat in my to-do box for so long, Andrew! (yikes - over a
+ year!)
+ _____
+ | <
+ | .---'
+ ________________________________________________________________ | |
+ | | SW2 | | |
+ | ___________ |_____________| | |
+ | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 ___| |
+ | > 6116 RAM | _________ 8 | | |
+ | |___________| |20MHzXtal| 7 | | |
+ | |_________| __________ 6 | S | |
+ | 74LS373 | |- 5 | W | |
+ | _________ | E |- 4 | | |
+ | >_______| ______________|..... P |- 3 | 3 | |
+ | | | : O |- 2 | | |
+ | | | : X |- 1 |___| |
+ | ________________ | | : Y |- | |
+ | | SW1 | | SL90C65 | : |- | |
+ | |________________| | | : B |- | |
+ | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | | : O |- | |
+ | |_________o____|..../ A |- _______| |
+ | ____________________ | R |- | |------,
+ | | | | D |- | BNC | # |
+ | > 2764 PROM SOCKET | |__________|- |_______|------'
+ | |____________________| _________ | |
+ | >________| <- 74LS245 | |
+ | | |
+ |___ ______________| |
+ |H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H| | |
+ |U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U_U| | |
+ \|
+Legend:
+
+SL90C65 ARCNET Controller / Transceiver /Logic
+SW1 1-5: IRQ Select
+ 6: ET1
+ 7: ET2
+ 8: ROM ENABLE
+SW2 1-3: Memory Buffer/PROM Address
+ 3-6: I/O Address Map
+SW3 1-8: Node ID Select
+BNC BNC RG62/U Connection
+ *I* have had success using RG59B/U with *NO* terminators!
+ What gives?!
+
+SW1: Timeouts, Interrupt and ROM
+---------------------------------
+
+To select a hardware interrupt level set one (only one!) of the dip switches
+up (on) SW1...(switches 1-5)
+IRQ3, IRQ4, IRQ5, IRQ7, IRQ2. The Manufacturer's default is IRQ2.
+
+The switches on SW1 labeled EXT1 (switch 6) and EXT2 (switch 7)
+are used to determine the timeout parameters. These two dip switches
+are normally left off (down).
+
+ To enable the 8K Boot PROM position SW1 switch 8 on (UP) labeled ROM.
+ The default is jumper ROM not installed.
+
+
+Setting the I/O Base Address
+----------------------------
+
+The last three switches in switch group SW2 are used to select one
+of eight possible I/O Base addresses using the following table
+
+
+ Switch | Hex I/O
+ 4 5 6 | Address
+ -------|--------
+ 0 0 0 | 260
+ 0 0 1 | 290
+ 0 1 0 | 2E0 (Manufacturer's default)
+ 0 1 1 | 2F0
+ 1 0 0 | 300
+ 1 0 1 | 350
+ 1 1 0 | 380
+ 1 1 1 | 3E0
+
+
+Setting the Base Memory Address (RAM & ROM)
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The memory buffer requires 2K of a 16K block of RAM. The base of this
+16K block can be located in any of eight positions.
+Switches 1-3 of switch group SW2 select the Base of the 16K block.
+(0 = DOWN, 1 = UP)
+I could, however, only verify two settings...
+
+ Switch| Hex RAM | Hex ROM
+ 1 2 3 | Address | Address
+ ------|---------|-----------
+ 0 0 0 | E0000 | E2000
+ 0 0 1 | D0000 | D2000 (Manufacturer's default)
+ 0 1 0 | ????? | ?????
+ 0 1 1 | ????? | ?????
+ 1 0 0 | ????? | ?????
+ 1 0 1 | ????? | ?????
+ 1 1 0 | ????? | ?????
+ 1 1 1 | ????? | ?????
+
+
+Setting the Node ID
+-------------------
+
+The eight switches in group SW3 are used to set the node ID.
+Each node attached to the network must have an unique node ID which
+must be different from 0.
+Switch 1 serves as the least significant bit (LSB).
+switches in the DOWN position are OFF (0) and in the UP position are ON (1)
+
+The node ID is the sum of the values of all switches set to "1"
+These values are:
+ Switch | Value
+ -------|-------
+ 1 | 1
+ 2 | 2
+ 3 | 4
+ 4 | 8
+ 5 | 16
+ 6 | 32
+ 7 | 64
+ 8 | 128
+
+Some Examples:
+
+ Switch# | Hex | Decimal
+8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 | Node ID | Node ID
+----------------|---------|---------
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | not allowed <-.
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 | 1 |
+0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 2 | 2 |
+0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 | 3 | 3 |
+ . . . | | |
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | 55 | 85 |
+ . . . | | + Don't use 0 or 255!
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 | AA | 170 |
+ . . . | | |
+1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 | FD | 253 |
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 | FE | 254 |
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | FF | 255 <-'
+
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+** Tiara **
+(model unknown)
+-------------------------
+ - from Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com>
+
+
+Here is information about my card as far as I could figure it out:
+----------------------------------------------- tiara
+Tiara LanCard of Tiara Computer Systems.
+
++----------------------------------------------+
+! ! Transmitter Unit ! !
+! +------------------+ -------
+! MEM Coax Connector
+! ROM 7654321 <- I/O -------
+! : : +--------+ !
+! : : ! 90C66LJ! +++
+! : : ! ! !D Switch to set
+! : : ! ! !I the Nodenumber
+! : : +--------+ !P
+! !++
+! 234567 <- IRQ !
++------------!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!--------+
+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+0 = Jumper Installed
+1 = Open
+
+Top Jumper line Bit 7 = ROM Enable 654=Memory location 321=I/O
+
+Settings for Memory Location (Top Jumper Line)
+456 Address selected
+000 C0000
+001 C4000
+010 CC000
+011 D0000
+100 D4000
+101 D8000
+110 DC000
+111 E0000
+
+Settings for I/O Address (Top Jumper Line)
+123 Port
+000 260
+001 290
+010 2E0
+011 2F0
+100 300
+101 350
+110 380
+111 3E0
+
+Settings for IRQ Selection (Lower Jumper Line)
+234567
+011111 IRQ 2
+101111 IRQ 3
+110111 IRQ 4
+111011 IRQ 5
+111110 IRQ 7
+
+*****************************************************************************
+
+
+Other Cards
+-----------
+
+I have no information on other models of ARCnet cards at the moment. Please
+send any and all info to:
+ apenwarr@worldvisions.ca
+
+Thanks.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt b/Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..770fc41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+NOTE: See also arcnet-hardware.txt in this directory for jumper-setting
+and cabling information if you're like many of us and didn't happen to get a
+manual with your ARCnet card.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Since no one seems to listen to me otherwise, perhaps a poem will get your
+attention:
+ This driver's getting fat and beefy,
+ But my cat is still named Fifi.
+
+Hmm, I think I'm allowed to call that a poem, even though it's only two
+lines. Hey, I'm in Computer Science, not English. Give me a break.
+
+The point is: I REALLY REALLY REALLY REALLY REALLY want to hear from you if
+you test this and get it working. Or if you don't. Or anything.
+
+ARCnet 0.32 ALPHA first made it into the Linux kernel 1.1.80 - this was
+nice, but after that even FEWER people started writing to me because they
+didn't even have to install the patch. <sigh>
+
+Come on, be a sport! Send me a success report!
+
+(hey, that was even better than my original poem... this is getting bad!)
+
+
+--------
+WARNING:
+--------
+
+If you don't e-mail me about your success/failure soon, I may be forced to
+start SINGING. And we don't want that, do we?
+
+(You know, it might be argued that I'm pushing this point a little too much.
+If you think so, why not flame me in a quick little e-mail? Please also
+include the type of card(s) you're using, software, size of network, and
+whether it's working or not.)
+
+My e-mail address is: apenwarr@worldvisions.ca
+
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+These are the ARCnet drivers for Linux.
+
+
+This new release (2.91) has been put together by David Woodhouse
+<dwmw2@cam.ac.uk>, in an attempt to tidy up the driver after adding support
+for yet another chipset. Now the generic support has been separated from the
+individual chipset drivers, and the source files aren't quite so packed with
+#ifdefs! I've changed this file a bit, but kept it in the first person from
+Avery, because I didn't want to completely rewrite it.
+
+The previous release resulted from many months of on-and-off effort from me
+(Avery Pennarun), many bug reports/fixes and suggestions from others, and in
+particular a lot of input and coding from Tomasz Motylewski. Starting with
+ARCnet 2.10 ALPHA, Tomasz's all-new-and-improved RFC1051 support has been
+included and seems to be working fine!
+
+
+Where do I discuss these drivers?
+---------------------------------
+
+Tomasz has been so kind as to set up a new and improved mailing list.
+Subscribe by sending a message with the BODY "subscribe linux-arcnet YOUR
+REAL NAME" to listserv@tichy.ch.uj.edu.pl. Then, to submit messages to the
+list, mail to linux-arcnet@tichy.ch.uj.edu.pl.
+
+There are archives of the mailing list at:
+ http://tichy.ch.uj.edu.pl/lists/linux-arcnet
+
+The people on linux-net@vger.kernel.org have also been known to be very
+helpful, especially when we're talking about ALPHA Linux kernels that may or
+may not work right in the first place.
+
+
+Other Drivers and Info
+----------------------
+
+You can try my ARCNET page on the World Wide Web at:
+ http://www.worldvisions.ca/~apenwarr/arcnet/
+
+Also, SMC (one of the companies that makes ARCnet cards) has a WWW site you
+might be interested in, which includes several drivers for various cards
+including ARCnet. Try:
+ http://www.smc.com/
+
+Performance Technologies makes various network software that supports
+ARCnet:
+ http://www.perftech.com/ or ftp to ftp.perftech.com.
+
+Novell makes a networking stack for DOS which includes ARCnet drivers. Try
+FTPing to ftp.novell.com.
+
+You can get the Crynwr packet driver collection (including arcether.com, the
+one you'll want to use with ARCnet cards) from
+oak.oakland.edu:/simtel/msdos/pktdrvr. It won't work perfectly on a 386+
+without patches, though, and also doesn't like several cards. Fixed
+versions are available on my WWW page, or via e-mail if you don't have WWW
+access.
+
+
+Installing the Driver
+---------------------
+
+All you will need to do in order to install the driver is:
+ make config
+ (be sure to choose ARCnet in the network devices
+ and at least one chipset driver.)
+ make clean
+ make zImage
+
+If you obtained this ARCnet package as an upgrade to the ARCnet driver in
+your current kernel, you will need to first copy arcnet.c over the one in
+the linux/drivers/net directory.
+
+You will know the driver is installed properly if you get some ARCnet
+messages when you reboot into the new Linux kernel.
+
+There are four chipset options:
+
+ 1. Standard ARCnet COM90xx chipset.
+
+This is the normal ARCnet card, which you've probably got. This is the only
+chipset driver which will autoprobe if not told where the card is.
+It following options on the command line:
+ com90xx=[<io>[,<irq>[,<shmem>]]][,<name>] | <name>
+
+If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are:
+ io=<io> irq=<irq> shmem=<shmem> device=<name>
+
+To disable the autoprobe, just specify "com90xx=" on the kernel command line.
+To specify the name alone, but allow autoprobe, just put "com90xx=<name>"
+
+ 2. ARCnet COM20020 chipset.
+
+This is the new chipset from SMC with support for promiscuous mode (packet
+sniffing), extra diagnostic information, etc. Unfortunately, there is no
+sensible method of autoprobing for these cards. You must specify the I/O
+address on the kernel command line.
+The command line options are:
+ com20020=<io>[,<irq>[,<node_ID>[,backplane[,CKP[,timeout]]]]][,name]
+
+If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are:
+ io=<io> irq=<irq> node=<node_ID> backplane=<backplane> clock=<CKP>
+ timeout=<timeout> device=<name>
+
+The COM20020 chipset allows you to set the node ID in software, overriding the
+default which is still set in DIP switches on the card. If you don't have the
+COM20020 data sheets, and you don't know what the other three options refer
+to, then they won't interest you - forget them.
+
+ 3. ARCnet COM90xx chipset in IO-mapped mode.
+
+This will also work with the normal ARCnet cards, but doesn't use the shared
+memory. It performs less well than the above driver, but is provided in case
+you have a card which doesn't support shared memory, or (strangely) in case
+you have so many ARCnet cards in your machine that you run out of shmem slots.
+If you don't give the IO address on the kernel command line, then the driver
+will not find the card.
+The command line options are:
+ com90io=<io>[,<irq>][,<name>]
+
+If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are:
+ io=<io> irq=<irq> device=<name>
+
+ 4. ARCnet RIM I cards.
+
+These are COM90xx chips which are _completely_ memory mapped. The support for
+these is not tested. If you have one, please mail the author with a success
+report. All options must be specified, except the device name.
+Command line options:
+ arcrimi=<shmem>,<irq>,<node_ID>[,<name>]
+
+If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are:
+ shmem=<shmem> irq=<irq> node=<node_ID> device=<name>
+
+
+Loadable Module Support
+-----------------------
+
+Configure and rebuild Linux. When asked, answer 'm' to "Generic ARCnet
+support" and to support for your ARCnet chipset if you want to use the
+loadable module. You can also say 'y' to "Generic ARCnet support" and 'm'
+to the chipset support if you wish.
+
+ make config
+ make clean
+ make zImage
+ make modules
+
+If you're using a loadable module, you need to use insmod to load it, and
+you can specify various characteristics of your card on the command
+line. (In recent versions of the driver, autoprobing is much more reliable
+and works as a module, so most of this is now unnecessary.)
+
+For example:
+ cd /usr/src/linux/modules
+ insmod arcnet.o
+ insmod com90xx.o
+ insmod com20020.o io=0x2e0 device=eth1
+
+
+Using the Driver
+----------------
+
+If you build your kernel with ARCnet COM90xx support included, it should
+probe for your card automatically when you boot. If you use a different
+chipset driver complied into the kernel, you must give the necessary options
+on the kernel command line, as detailed above.
+
+Go read the NET-2-HOWTO and ETHERNET-HOWTO for Linux; they should be
+available where you picked up this driver. Think of your ARCnet as a
+souped-up (or down, as the case may be) Ethernet card.
+
+By the way, be sure to change all references from "eth0" to "arc0" in the
+HOWTOs. Remember that ARCnet isn't a "true" Ethernet, and the device name
+is DIFFERENT.
+
+
+Multiple Cards in One Computer
+------------------------------
+
+Linux has pretty good support for this now, but since I've been busy, the
+ARCnet driver has somewhat suffered in this respect. COM90xx support, if
+compiled into the kernel, will (try to) autodetect all the installed cards.
+
+If you have other cards, with support compiled into the kernel, then you can
+just repeat the options on the kernel command line, e.g.:
+LILO: linux com20020=0x2e0 com20020=0x380 com90io=0x260
+
+If you have the chipset support built as a loadable module, then you need to
+do something like this:
+ insmod -o arc0 com90xx
+ insmod -o arc1 com20020 io=0x2e0
+ insmod -o arc2 com90xx
+The ARCnet drivers will now sort out their names automatically.
+
+
+How do I get it to work with...?
+--------------------------------
+
+NFS: Should be fine linux->linux, just pretend you're using Ethernet cards.
+ oak.oakland.edu:/simtel/msdos/nfs has some nice DOS clients. There
+ is also a DOS-based NFS server called SOSS. It doesn't multitask
+ quite the way Linux does (actually, it doesn't multitask AT ALL) but
+ you never know what you might need.
+
+ With AmiTCP (and possibly others), you may need to set the following
+ options in your Amiga nfstab: MD 1024 MR 1024 MW 1024
+ (Thanks to Christian Gottschling <ferksy@indigo.tng.oche.de>
+ for this.)
+
+ Probably these refer to maximum NFS data/read/write block sizes. I
+ don't know why the defaults on the Amiga didn't work; write to me if
+ you know more.
+
+DOS: If you're using the freeware arcether.com, you might want to install
+ the driver patch from my web page. It helps with PC/TCP, and also
+ can get arcether to load if it timed out too quickly during
+ initialization. In fact, if you use it on a 386+ you REALLY need
+ the patch, really.
+
+Windows: See DOS :) Trumpet Winsock works fine with either the Novell or
+ Arcether client, assuming you remember to load winpkt of course.
+
+LAN Manager and Windows for Workgroups: These programs use protocols that
+ are incompatible with the Internet standard. They try to pretend
+ the cards are Ethernet, and confuse everyone else on the network.
+
+ However, v2.00 and higher of the Linux ARCnet driver supports this
+ protocol via the 'arc0e' device. See the section on "Multiprotocol
+ Support" for more information.
+
+ Using the freeware Samba server and clients for Linux, you can now
+ interface quite nicely with TCP/IP-based WfWg or Lan Manager
+ networks.
+
+Windows 95: Tools are included with Win95 that let you use either the LANMAN
+ style network drivers (NDIS) or Novell drivers (ODI) to handle your
+ ARCnet packets. If you use ODI, you'll need to use the 'arc0'
+ device with Linux. If you use NDIS, then try the 'arc0e' device.
+ See the "Multiprotocol Support" section below if you need arc0e,
+ you're completely insane, and/or you need to build some kind of
+ hybrid network that uses both encapsulation types.
+
+OS/2: I've been told it works under Warp Connect with an ARCnet driver from
+ SMC. You need to use the 'arc0e' interface for this. If you get
+ the SMC driver to work with the TCP/IP stuff included in the
+ "normal" Warp Bonus Pack, let me know.
+
+ ftp.microsoft.com also has a freeware "Lan Manager for OS/2" client
+ which should use the same protocol as WfWg does. I had no luck
+ installing it under Warp, however. Please mail me with any results.
+
+NetBSD/AmiTCP: These use an old version of the Internet standard ARCnet
+ protocol (RFC1051) which is compatible with the Linux driver v2.10
+ ALPHA and above using the arc0s device. (See "Multiprotocol ARCnet"
+ below.) ** Newer versions of NetBSD apparently support RFC1201.
+
+
+Using Multiprotocol ARCnet
+--------------------------
+
+The ARCnet driver v2.10 ALPHA supports three protocols, each on its own
+"virtual network device":
+
+ arc0 - RFC1201 protocol, the official Internet standard which just
+ happens to be 100% compatible with Novell's TRXNET driver.
+ Version 1.00 of the ARCnet driver supported _only_ this
+ protocol. arc0 is the fastest of the three protocols (for
+ whatever reason), and allows larger packets to be used
+ because it supports RFC1201 "packet splitting" operations.
+ Unless you have a specific need to use a different protocol,
+ I strongly suggest that you stick with this one.
+
+ arc0e - "Ethernet-Encapsulation" which sends packets over ARCnet
+ that are actually a lot like Ethernet packets, including the
+ 6-byte hardware addresses. This protocol is compatible with
+ Microsoft's NDIS ARCnet driver, like the one in WfWg and
+ LANMAN. Because the MTU of 493 is actually smaller than the
+ one "required" by TCP/IP (576), there is a chance that some
+ network operations will not function properly. The Linux
+ TCP/IP layer can compensate in most cases, however, by
+ automatically fragmenting the TCP/IP packets to make them
+ fit. arc0e also works slightly more slowly than arc0, for
+ reasons yet to be determined. (Probably it's the smaller
+ MTU that does it.)
+
+ arc0s - The "[s]imple" RFC1051 protocol is the "previous" Internet
+ standard that is completely incompatible with the new
+ standard. Some software today, however, continues to
+ support the old standard (and only the old standard)
+ including NetBSD and AmiTCP. RFC1051 also does not support
+ RFC1201's packet splitting, and the MTU of 507 is still
+ smaller than the Internet "requirement," so it's quite
+ possible that you may run into problems. It's also slower
+ than RFC1201 by about 25%, for the same reason as arc0e.
+
+ The arc0s support was contributed by Tomasz Motylewski
+ and modified somewhat by me. Bugs are probably my fault.
+
+You can choose not to compile arc0e and arc0s into the driver if you want -
+this will save you a bit of memory and avoid confusion when eg. trying to
+use the "NFS-root" stuff in recent Linux kernels.
+
+The arc0e and arc0s devices are created automatically when you first
+ifconfig the arc0 device. To actually use them, though, you need to also
+ifconfig the other virtual devices you need. There are a number of ways you
+can set up your network then:
+
+
+1. Single Protocol.
+
+ This is the simplest way to configure your network: use just one of the
+ two available protocols. As mentioned above, it's a good idea to use
+ only arc0 unless you have a good reason (like some other software, ie.
+ WfWg, that only works with arc0e).
+
+ If you need only arc0, then the following commands should get you going:
+ ifconfig arc0 MY.IP.ADD.RESS
+ route add MY.IP.ADD.RESS arc0
+ route add -net SUB.NET.ADD.RESS arc0
+ [add other local routes here]
+
+ If you need arc0e (and only arc0e), it's a little different:
+ ifconfig arc0 MY.IP.ADD.RESS
+ ifconfig arc0e MY.IP.ADD.RESS
+ route add MY.IP.ADD.RESS arc0e
+ route add -net SUB.NET.ADD.RESS arc0e
+
+ arc0s works much the same way as arc0e.
+
+
+2. More than one protocol on the same wire.
+
+ Now things start getting confusing. To even try it, you may need to be
+ partly crazy. Here's what *I* did. :) Note that I don't include arc0s in
+ my home network; I don't have any NetBSD or AmiTCP computers, so I only
+ use arc0s during limited testing.
+
+ I have three computers on my home network; two Linux boxes (which prefer
+ RFC1201 protocol, for reasons listed above), and one XT that can't run
+ Linux but runs the free Microsoft LANMAN Client instead.
+
+ Worse, one of the Linux computers (freedom) also has a modem and acts as
+ a router to my Internet provider. The other Linux box (insight) also has
+ its own IP address and needs to use freedom as its default gateway. The
+ XT (patience), however, does not have its own Internet IP address and so
+ I assigned it one on a "private subnet" (as defined by RFC1597).
+
+ To start with, take a simple network with just insight and freedom.
+ Insight needs to:
+ - talk to freedom via RFC1201 (arc0) protocol, because I like it
+ more and it's faster.
+ - use freedom as its Internet gateway.
+
+ That's pretty easy to do. Set up insight like this:
+ ifconfig arc0 insight
+ route add insight arc0
+ route add freedom arc0 /* I would use the subnet here (like I said
+ to to in "single protocol" above),
+ but the rest of the subnet
+ unfortunately lies across the PPP
+ link on freedom, which confuses
+ things. */
+ route add default gw freedom
+
+ And freedom gets configured like so:
+ ifconfig arc0 freedom
+ route add freedom arc0
+ route add insight arc0
+ /* and default gateway is configured by pppd */
+
+ Great, now insight talks to freedom directly on arc0, and sends packets
+ to the Internet through freedom. If you didn't know how to do the above,
+ you should probably stop reading this section now because it only gets
+ worse.
+
+ Now, how do I add patience into the network? It will be using LANMAN
+ Client, which means I need the arc0e device. It needs to be able to talk
+ to both insight and freedom, and also use freedom as a gateway to the
+ Internet. (Recall that patience has a "private IP address" which won't
+ work on the Internet; that's okay, I configured Linux IP masquerading on
+ freedom for this subnet).
+
+ So patience (necessarily; I don't have another IP number from my
+ provider) has an IP address on a different subnet than freedom and
+ insight, but needs to use freedom as an Internet gateway. Worse, most
+ DOS networking programs, including LANMAN, have braindead networking
+ schemes that rely completely on the netmask and a 'default gateway' to
+ determine how to route packets. This means that to get to freedom or
+ insight, patience WILL send through its default gateway, regardless of
+ the fact that both freedom and insight (courtesy of the arc0e device)
+ could understand a direct transmission.
+
+ I compensate by giving freedom an extra IP address - aliased 'gatekeeper'
+ - that is on my private subnet, the same subnet that patience is on. I
+ then define gatekeeper to be the default gateway for patience.
+
+ To configure freedom (in addition to the commands above):
+ ifconfig arc0e gatekeeper
+ route add gatekeeper arc0e
+ route add patience arc0e
+
+ This way, freedom will send all packets for patience through arc0e,
+ giving its IP address as gatekeeper (on the private subnet). When it
+ talks to insight or the Internet, it will use its "freedom" Internet IP
+ address.
+
+ You will notice that we haven't configured the arc0e device on insight.
+ This would work, but is not really necessary, and would require me to
+ assign insight another special IP number from my private subnet. Since
+ both insight and patience are using freedom as their default gateway, the
+ two can already talk to each other.
+
+ It's quite fortunate that I set things up like this the first time (cough
+ cough) because it's really handy when I boot insight into DOS. There, it
+ runs the Novell ODI protocol stack, which only works with RFC1201 ARCnet.
+ In this mode it would be impossible for insight to communicate directly
+ with patience, since the Novell stack is incompatible with Microsoft's
+ Ethernet-Encap. Without changing any settings on freedom or patience, I
+ simply set freedom as the default gateway for insight (now in DOS,
+ remember) and all the forwarding happens "automagically" between the two
+ hosts that would normally not be able to communicate at all.
+
+ For those who like diagrams, I have created two "virtual subnets" on the
+ same physical ARCnet wire. You can picture it like this:
+
+
+ [RFC1201 NETWORK] [ETHER-ENCAP NETWORK]
+ (registered Internet subnet) (RFC1597 private subnet)
+
+ (IP Masquerade)
+ /---------------\ * /---------------\
+ | | * | |
+ | +-Freedom-*-Gatekeeper-+ |
+ | | | * | |
+ \-------+-------/ | * \-------+-------/
+ | | |
+ Insight | Patience
+ (Internet)
+
+
+
+It works: what now?
+-------------------
+
+Send mail describing your setup, preferably including driver version, kernel
+version, ARCnet card model, CPU type, number of systems on your network, and
+list of software in use to me at the following address:
+ apenwarr@worldvisions.ca
+
+I do send (sometimes automated) replies to all messages I receive. My email
+can be weird (and also usually gets forwarded all over the place along the
+way to me), so if you don't get a reply within a reasonable time, please
+resend.
+
+
+It doesn't work: what now?
+--------------------------
+
+Do the same as above, but also include the output of the ifconfig and route
+commands, as well as any pertinent log entries (ie. anything that starts
+with "arcnet:" and has shown up since the last reboot) in your mail.
+
+If you want to try fixing it yourself (I strongly recommend that you mail me
+about the problem first, since it might already have been solved) you may
+want to try some of the debug levels available. For heavy testing on
+D_DURING or more, it would be a REALLY good idea to kill your klogd daemon
+first! D_DURING displays 4-5 lines for each packet sent or received. D_TX,
+D_RX, and D_SKB actually DISPLAY each packet as it is sent or received,
+which is obviously quite big.
+
+Starting with v2.40 ALPHA, the autoprobe routines have changed
+significantly. In particular, they won't tell you why the card was not
+found unless you turn on the D_INIT_REASONS debugging flag.
+
+Once the driver is running, you can run the arcdump shell script (available
+from me or in the full ARCnet package, if you have it) as root to list the
+contents of the arcnet buffers at any time. To make any sense at all out of
+this, you should grab the pertinent RFCs. (some are listed near the top of
+arcnet.c). arcdump assumes your card is at 0xD0000. If it isn't, edit the
+script.
+
+Buffers 0 and 1 are used for receiving, and Buffers 2 and 3 are for sending.
+Ping-pong buffers are implemented both ways.
+
+If your debug level includes D_DURING and you did NOT define SLOW_XMIT_COPY,
+the buffers are cleared to a constant value of 0x42 every time the card is
+reset (which should only happen when you do an ifconfig up, or when Linux
+decides that the driver is broken). During a transmit, unused parts of the
+buffer will be cleared to 0x42 as well. This is to make it easier to figure
+out which bytes are being used by a packet.
+
+You can change the debug level without recompiling the kernel by typing:
+ ifconfig arc0 down metric 1xxx
+ /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1
+where "xxx" is the debug level you want. For example, "metric 1015" would put
+you at debug level 15. Debug level 7 is currently the default.
+
+Note that the debug level is (starting with v1.90 ALPHA) a binary
+combination of different debug flags; so debug level 7 is really 1+2+4 or
+D_NORMAL+D_EXTRA+D_INIT. To include D_DURING, you would add 16 to this,
+resulting in debug level 23.
+
+If you don't understand that, you probably don't want to know anyway.
+E-mail me about your problem.
+
+
+I want to send money: what now?
+-------------------------------
+
+Go take a nap or something. You'll feel better in the morning.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/atm.txt b/Documentation/networking/atm.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82921ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/atm.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+In order to use anything but the most primitive functions of ATM,
+several user-mode programs are required to assist the kernel. These
+programs and related material can be found via the ATM on Linux Web
+page at http://linux-atm.sourceforge.net/
+
+If you encounter problems with ATM, please report them on the ATM
+on Linux mailing list. Subscription information, archives, etc.,
+can be found on http://linux-atm.sourceforge.net/
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ax25.txt b/Documentation/networking/ax25.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37c25b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ax25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+To use the amateur radio protocols within Linux you will need to get a
+suitable copy of the AX.25 Utilities. More detailed information about these
+and associated programs can be found on http://zone.pspt.fi/~jsn/.
+
+For more information about the AX.25, NET/ROM and ROSE protocol stacks, see
+the AX25-HOWTO written by Terry Dawson <terry@perf.no.itg.telstra.com.au>
+who is also the AX.25 Utilities maintainer.
+
+There is an active mailing list for discussing Linux amateur radio matters
+called linux-hams. To subscribe to it, send a message to
+majordomo@vger.kernel.org with the words "subscribe linux-hams" in the body
+of the message, the subject field is ignored.
+
+Jonathan G4KLX
+
+g4klx@g4klx.demon.co.uk
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/baycom.txt b/Documentation/networking/baycom.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e68849
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/baycom.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+ LINUX DRIVERS FOR BAYCOM MODEMS
+
+ Thomas M. Sailer, HB9JNX/AE4WA, <sailer@ife.ee.ethz.ch>
+
+!!NEW!! (04/98) The drivers for the baycom modems have been split into
+separate drivers as they did not share any code, and the driver
+and device names have changed.
+
+This document describes the Linux Kernel Drivers for simple Baycom style
+amateur radio modems.
+
+The following drivers are available:
+
+baycom_ser_fdx:
+ This driver supports the SER12 modems either full or half duplex.
+ Its baud rate may be changed via the `baud' module parameter,
+ therefore it supports just about every bit bang modem on a
+ serial port. Its devices are called bcsf0 through bcsf3.
+ This is the recommended driver for SER12 type modems,
+ however if you have a broken UART clone that does not have working
+ delta status bits, you may try baycom_ser_hdx.
+
+baycom_ser_hdx:
+ This is an alternative driver for SER12 type modems.
+ It only supports half duplex, and only 1200 baud. Its devices
+ are called bcsh0 through bcsh3. Use this driver only if baycom_ser_fdx
+ does not work with your UART.
+
+baycom_par:
+ This driver supports the par96 and picpar modems.
+ Its devices are called bcp0 through bcp3.
+
+baycom_epp:
+ This driver supports the EPP modem.
+ Its devices are called bce0 through bce3.
+ This driver is work-in-progress.
+
+The following modems are supported:
+
+ser12: This is a very simple 1200 baud AFSK modem. The modem consists only
+ of a modulator/demodulator chip, usually a TI TCM3105. The computer
+ is responsible for regenerating the receiver bit clock, as well as
+ for handling the HDLC protocol. The modem connects to a serial port,
+ hence the name. Since the serial port is not used as an async serial
+ port, the kernel driver for serial ports cannot be used, and this
+ driver only supports standard serial hardware (8250, 16450, 16550)
+
+par96: This is a modem for 9600 baud FSK compatible to the G3RUH standard.
+ The modem does all the filtering and regenerates the receiver clock.
+ Data is transferred from and to the PC via a shift register.
+ The shift register is filled with 16 bits and an interrupt is signalled.
+ The PC then empties the shift register in a burst. This modem connects
+ to the parallel port, hence the name. The modem leaves the
+ implementation of the HDLC protocol and the scrambler polynomial to
+ the PC.
+
+picpar: This is a redesign of the par96 modem by Henning Rech, DF9IC. The modem
+ is protocol compatible to par96, but uses only three low power ICs
+ and can therefore be fed from the parallel port and does not require
+ an additional power supply. Furthermore, it incorporates a carrier
+ detect circuitry.
+
+EPP: This is a high-speed modem adaptor that connects to an enhanced parallel port.
+ Its target audience is users working over a high speed hub (76.8kbit/s).
+
+eppfpga: This is a redesign of the EPP adaptor.
+
+
+
+All of the above modems only support half duplex communications. However,
+the driver supports the KISS (see below) fullduplex command. It then simply
+starts to send as soon as there's a packet to transmit and does not care
+about DCD, i.e. it starts to send even if there's someone else on the channel.
+This command is required by some implementations of the DAMA channel
+access protocol.
+
+
+The Interface of the drivers
+
+Unlike previous drivers, these drivers are no longer character devices,
+but they are now true kernel network interfaces. Installation is therefore
+simple. Once installed, four interfaces named bc{sf,sh,p,e}[0-3] are available.
+sethdlc from the ax25 utilities may be used to set driver states etc.
+Users of userland AX.25 stacks may use the net2kiss utility (also available
+in the ax25 utilities package) to convert packets of a network interface
+to a KISS stream on a pseudo tty. There's also a patch available from
+me for WAMPES which allows attaching a kernel network interface directly.
+
+
+Configuring the driver
+
+Every time a driver is inserted into the kernel, it has to know which
+modems it should access at which ports. This can be done with the setbaycom
+utility. If you are only using one modem, you can also configure the
+driver from the insmod command line (or by means of an option line in
+/etc/modprobe.conf).
+
+Examples:
+ modprobe baycom_ser_fdx mode="ser12*" iobase=0x3f8 irq=4
+ sethdlc -i bcsf0 -p mode "ser12*" io 0x3f8 irq 4
+
+Both lines configure the first port to drive a ser12 modem at the first
+serial port (COM1 under DOS). The * in the mode parameter instructs the driver to use
+the software DCD algorithm (see below).
+
+ insmod baycom_par mode="picpar" iobase=0x378
+ sethdlc -i bcp0 -p mode "picpar" io 0x378
+
+Both lines configure the first port to drive a picpar modem at the
+first parallel port (LPT1 under DOS). (Note: picpar implies
+hardware DCD, par96 implies software DCD).
+
+The channel access parameters can be set with sethdlc -a or kissparms.
+Note that both utilities interpret the values slightly differently.
+
+
+Hardware DCD versus Software DCD
+
+To avoid collisions on the air, the driver must know when the channel is
+busy. This is the task of the DCD circuitry/software. The driver may either
+utilise a software DCD algorithm (options=1) or use a DCD signal from
+the hardware (options=0).
+
+ser12: if software DCD is utilised, the radio's squelch should always be
+ open. It is highly recommended to use the software DCD algorithm,
+ as it is much faster than most hardware squelch circuitry. The
+ disadvantage is a slightly higher load on the system.
+
+par96: the software DCD algorithm for this type of modem is rather poor.
+ The modem simply does not provide enough information to implement
+ a reasonable DCD algorithm in software. Therefore, if your radio
+ feeds the DCD input of the PAR96 modem, the use of the hardware
+ DCD circuitry is recommended.
+
+picpar: the picpar modem features a builtin DCD hardware, which is highly
+ recommended.
+
+
+
+Compatibility with the rest of the Linux kernel
+
+The serial driver and the baycom serial drivers compete
+for the same hardware resources. Of course only one driver can access a given
+interface at a time. The serial driver grabs all interfaces it can find at
+startup time. Therefore the baycom drivers subsequently won't be able to
+access a serial port. You might therefore find it necessary to release
+a port owned by the serial driver with 'setserial /dev/ttyS# uart none', where
+# is the number of the interface. The baycom drivers do not reserve any
+ports at startup, unless one is specified on the 'insmod' command line. Another
+method to solve the problem is to compile all drivers as modules and
+leave it to kmod to load the correct driver depending on the application.
+
+The parallel port drivers (baycom_par, baycom_epp) now use the parport subsystem
+to arbitrate the ports between different client drivers.
+
+vy 73s de
+Tom Sailer, sailer@ife.ee.ethz.ch
+hb9jnx @ hb9w.ampr.org
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt b/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bc2ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1618 @@
+
+ Linux Ethernet Bonding Driver HOWTO
+
+Initial release : Thomas Davis <tadavis at lbl.gov>
+Corrections, HA extensions : 2000/10/03-15 :
+ - Willy Tarreau <willy at meta-x.org>
+ - Constantine Gavrilov <const-g at xpert.com>
+ - Chad N. Tindel <ctindel at ieee dot org>
+ - Janice Girouard <girouard at us dot ibm dot com>
+ - Jay Vosburgh <fubar at us dot ibm dot com>
+
+Reorganized and updated Feb 2005 by Jay Vosburgh
+
+Note :
+------
+
+The bonding driver originally came from Donald Becker's beowulf patches for
+kernel 2.0. It has changed quite a bit since, and the original tools from
+extreme-linux and beowulf sites will not work with this version of the driver.
+
+For new versions of the driver, patches for older kernels and the updated
+userspace tools, please follow the links at the end of this file.
+
+Table of Contents
+=================
+
+1. Bonding Driver Installation
+
+2. Bonding Driver Options
+
+3. Configuring Bonding Devices
+3.1 Configuration with sysconfig support
+3.2 Configuration with initscripts support
+3.3 Configuring Bonding Manually
+3.4 Configuring Multiple Bonds
+
+5. Querying Bonding Configuration
+5.1 Bonding Configuration
+5.2 Network Configuration
+
+6. Switch Configuration
+
+7. 802.1q VLAN Support
+
+8. Link Monitoring
+8.1 ARP Monitor Operation
+8.2 Configuring Multiple ARP Targets
+8.3 MII Monitor Operation
+
+9. Potential Trouble Sources
+9.1 Adventures in Routing
+9.2 Ethernet Device Renaming
+9.3 Painfully Slow Or No Failed Link Detection By Miimon
+
+10. SNMP agents
+
+11. Promiscuous mode
+
+12. High Availability Information
+12.1 High Availability in a Single Switch Topology
+12.1.1 Bonding Mode Selection for Single Switch Topology
+12.1.2 Link Monitoring for Single Switch Topology
+12.2 High Availability in a Multiple Switch Topology
+12.2.1 Bonding Mode Selection for Multiple Switch Topology
+12.2.2 Link Monitoring for Multiple Switch Topology
+12.3 Switch Behavior Issues for High Availability
+
+13. Hardware Specific Considerations
+13.1 IBM BladeCenter
+
+14. Frequently Asked Questions
+
+15. Resources and Links
+
+
+1. Bonding Driver Installation
+==============================
+
+ Most popular distro kernels ship with the bonding driver
+already available as a module and the ifenslave user level control
+program installed and ready for use. If your distro does not, or you
+have need to compile bonding from source (e.g., configuring and
+installing a mainline kernel from kernel.org), you'll need to perform
+the following steps:
+
+1.1 Configure and build the kernel with bonding
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+ The latest version of the bonding driver is available in the
+drivers/net/bonding subdirectory of the most recent kernel source
+(which is available on http://kernel.org).
+
+ Prior to the 2.4.11 kernel, the bonding driver was maintained
+largely outside the kernel tree; patches for some earlier kernels are
+available on the bonding sourceforge site, although those patches are
+still several years out of date. Most users will want to use either
+the most recent kernel from kernel.org or whatever kernel came with
+their distro.
+
+ Configure kernel with "make menuconfig" (or "make xconfig" or
+"make config"), then select "Bonding driver support" in the "Network
+device support" section. It is recommended that you configure the
+driver as module since it is currently the only way to pass parameters
+to the driver or configure more than one bonding device.
+
+ Build and install the new kernel and modules, then proceed to
+step 2.
+
+1.2 Install ifenslave Control Utility
+-------------------------------------
+
+ The ifenslave user level control program is included in the
+kernel source tree, in the file Documentation/networking/ifenslave.c.
+It is generally recommended that you use the ifenslave that
+corresponds to the kernel that you are using (either from the same
+source tree or supplied with the distro), however, ifenslave
+executables from older kernels should function (but features newer
+than the ifenslave release are not supported). Running an ifenslave
+that is newer than the kernel is not supported, and may or may not
+work.
+
+ To install ifenslave, do the following:
+
+# gcc -Wall -O -I/usr/src/linux/include ifenslave.c -o ifenslave
+# cp ifenslave /sbin/ifenslave
+
+ If your kernel source is not in "/usr/src/linux," then replace
+"/usr/src/linux/include" in the above with the location of your kernel
+source include directory.
+
+ You may wish to back up any existing /sbin/ifenslave, or, for
+testing or informal use, tag the ifenslave to the kernel version
+(e.g., name the ifenslave executable /sbin/ifenslave-2.6.10).
+
+IMPORTANT NOTE:
+
+ If you omit the "-I" or specify an incorrect directory, you
+may end up with an ifenslave that is incompatible with the kernel
+you're trying to build it for. Some distros (e.g., Red Hat from 7.1
+onwards) do not have /usr/include/linux symbolically linked to the
+default kernel source include directory.
+
+
+2. Bonding Driver Options
+=========================
+
+ Options for the bonding driver are supplied as parameters to
+the bonding module at load time. They may be given as command line
+arguments to the insmod or modprobe command, but are usually specified
+in either the /etc/modprobe.conf configuration file, or in a
+distro-specific configuration file (some of which are detailed in the
+next section).
+
+ The available bonding driver parameters are listed below. If a
+parameter is not specified the default value is used. When initially
+configuring a bond, it is recommended "tail -f /var/log/messages" be
+run in a separate window to watch for bonding driver error messages.
+
+ It is critical that either the miimon or arp_interval and
+arp_ip_target parameters be specified, otherwise serious network
+degradation will occur during link failures. Very few devices do not
+support at least miimon, so there is really no reason not to use it.
+
+ Options with textual values will accept either the text name
+ or, for backwards compatibility, the option value. E.g.,
+ "mode=802.3ad" and "mode=4" set the same mode.
+
+ The parameters are as follows:
+
+arp_interval
+
+ Specifies the ARP monitoring frequency in milli-seconds. If
+ ARP monitoring is used in a load-balancing mode (mode 0 or 2),
+ the switch should be configured in a mode that evenly
+ distributes packets across all links - such as round-robin. If
+ the switch is configured to distribute the packets in an XOR
+ fashion, all replies from the ARP targets will be received on
+ the same link which could cause the other team members to
+ fail. ARP monitoring should not be used in conjunction with
+ miimon. A value of 0 disables ARP monitoring. The default
+ value is 0.
+
+arp_ip_target
+
+ Specifies the ip addresses to use when arp_interval is > 0.
+ These are the targets of the ARP request sent to determine the
+ health of the link to the targets. Specify these values in
+ ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd format. Multiple ip adresses must be
+ seperated by a comma. At least one IP address must be given
+ for ARP monitoring to function. The maximum number of targets
+ that can be specified is 16. The default value is no IP
+ addresses.
+
+downdelay
+
+ Specifies the time, in milliseconds, to wait before disabling
+ a slave after a link failure has been detected. This option
+ is only valid for the miimon link monitor. The downdelay
+ value should be a multiple of the miimon value; if not, it
+ will be rounded down to the nearest multiple. The default
+ value is 0.
+
+lacp_rate
+
+ Option specifying the rate in which we'll ask our link partner
+ to transmit LACPDU packets in 802.3ad mode. Possible values
+ are:
+
+ slow or 0
+ Request partner to transmit LACPDUs every 30 seconds (default)
+
+ fast or 1
+ Request partner to transmit LACPDUs every 1 second
+
+max_bonds
+
+ Specifies the number of bonding devices to create for this
+ instance of the bonding driver. E.g., if max_bonds is 3, and
+ the bonding driver is not already loaded, then bond0, bond1
+ and bond2 will be created. The default value is 1.
+
+miimon
+
+ Specifies the frequency in milli-seconds that MII link
+ monitoring will occur. A value of zero disables MII link
+ monitoring. A value of 100 is a good starting point. The
+ use_carrier option, below, affects how the link state is
+ determined. See the High Availability section for additional
+ information. The default value is 0.
+
+mode
+
+ Specifies one of the bonding policies. The default is
+ balance-rr (round robin). Possible values are:
+
+ balance-rr or 0
+
+ Round-robin policy: Transmit packets in sequential
+ order from the first available slave through the
+ last. This mode provides load balancing and fault
+ tolerance.
+
+ active-backup or 1
+
+ Active-backup policy: Only one slave in the bond is
+ active. A different slave becomes active if, and only
+ if, the active slave fails. The bond's MAC address is
+ externally visible on only one port (network adapter)
+ to avoid confusing the switch. This mode provides
+ fault tolerance. The primary option affects the
+ behavior of this mode.
+
+ balance-xor or 2
+
+ XOR policy: Transmit based on [(source MAC address
+ XOR'd with destination MAC address) modulo slave
+ count]. This selects the same slave for each
+ destination MAC address. This mode provides load
+ balancing and fault tolerance.
+
+ broadcast or 3
+
+ Broadcast policy: transmits everything on all slave
+ interfaces. This mode provides fault tolerance.
+
+ 802.3ad or 4
+
+ IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation. Creates
+ aggregation groups that share the same speed and
+ duplex settings. Utilizes all slaves in the active
+ aggregator according to the 802.3ad specification.
+
+ Pre-requisites:
+
+ 1. Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving
+ the speed and duplex of each slave.
+
+ 2. A switch that supports IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link
+ aggregation.
+
+ Most switches will require some type of configuration
+ to enable 802.3ad mode.
+
+ balance-tlb or 5
+
+ Adaptive transmit load balancing: channel bonding that
+ does not require any special switch support. The
+ outgoing traffic is distributed according to the
+ current load (computed relative to the speed) on each
+ slave. Incoming traffic is received by the current
+ slave. If the receiving slave fails, another slave
+ takes over the MAC address of the failed receiving
+ slave.
+
+ Prerequisite:
+
+ Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving the
+ speed of each slave.
+
+ balance-alb or 6
+
+ Adaptive load balancing: includes balance-tlb plus
+ receive load balancing (rlb) for IPV4 traffic, and
+ does not require any special switch support. The
+ receive load balancing is achieved by ARP negotiation.
+ The bonding driver intercepts the ARP Replies sent by
+ the local system on their way out and overwrites the
+ source hardware address with the unique hardware
+ address of one of the slaves in the bond such that
+ different peers use different hardware addresses for
+ the server.
+
+ Receive traffic from connections created by the server
+ is also balanced. When the local system sends an ARP
+ Request the bonding driver copies and saves the peer's
+ IP information from the ARP packet. When the ARP
+ Reply arrives from the peer, its hardware address is
+ retrieved and the bonding driver initiates an ARP
+ reply to this peer assigning it to one of the slaves
+ in the bond. A problematic outcome of using ARP
+ negotiation for balancing is that each time that an
+ ARP request is broadcast it uses the hardware address
+ of the bond. Hence, peers learn the hardware address
+ of the bond and the balancing of receive traffic
+ collapses to the current slave. This is handled by
+ sending updates (ARP Replies) to all the peers with
+ their individually assigned hardware address such that
+ the traffic is redistributed. Receive traffic is also
+ redistributed when a new slave is added to the bond
+ and when an inactive slave is re-activated. The
+ receive load is distributed sequentially (round robin)
+ among the group of highest speed slaves in the bond.
+
+ When a link is reconnected or a new slave joins the
+ bond the receive traffic is redistributed among all
+ active slaves in the bond by intiating ARP Replies
+ with the selected mac address to each of the
+ clients. The updelay parameter (detailed below) must
+ be set to a value equal or greater than the switch's
+ forwarding delay so that the ARP Replies sent to the
+ peers will not be blocked by the switch.
+
+ Prerequisites:
+
+ 1. Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving
+ the speed of each slave.
+
+ 2. Base driver support for setting the hardware
+ address of a device while it is open. This is
+ required so that there will always be one slave in the
+ team using the bond hardware address (the
+ curr_active_slave) while having a unique hardware
+ address for each slave in the bond. If the
+ curr_active_slave fails its hardware address is
+ swapped with the new curr_active_slave that was
+ chosen.
+
+primary
+
+ A string (eth0, eth2, etc) specifying which slave is the
+ primary device. The specified device will always be the
+ active slave while it is available. Only when the primary is
+ off-line will alternate devices be used. This is useful when
+ one slave is preferred over another, e.g., when one slave has
+ higher throughput than another.
+
+ The primary option is only valid for active-backup mode.
+
+updelay
+
+ Specifies the time, in milliseconds, to wait before enabling a
+ slave after a link recovery has been detected. This option is
+ only valid for the miimon link monitor. The updelay value
+ should be a multiple of the miimon value; if not, it will be
+ rounded down to the nearest multiple. The default value is 0.
+
+use_carrier
+
+ Specifies whether or not miimon should use MII or ETHTOOL
+ ioctls vs. netif_carrier_ok() to determine the link
+ status. The MII or ETHTOOL ioctls are less efficient and
+ utilize a deprecated calling sequence within the kernel. The
+ netif_carrier_ok() relies on the device driver to maintain its
+ state with netif_carrier_on/off; at this writing, most, but
+ not all, device drivers support this facility.
+
+ If bonding insists that the link is up when it should not be,
+ it may be that your network device driver does not support
+ netif_carrier_on/off. The default state for netif_carrier is
+ "carrier on," so if a driver does not support netif_carrier,
+ it will appear as if the link is always up. In this case,
+ setting use_carrier to 0 will cause bonding to revert to the
+ MII / ETHTOOL ioctl method to determine the link state.
+
+ A value of 1 enables the use of netif_carrier_ok(), a value of
+ 0 will use the deprecated MII / ETHTOOL ioctls. The default
+ value is 1.
+
+
+
+3. Configuring Bonding Devices
+==============================
+
+ There are, essentially, two methods for configuring bonding:
+with support from the distro's network initialization scripts, and
+without. Distros generally use one of two packages for the network
+initialization scripts: initscripts or sysconfig. Recent versions of
+these packages have support for bonding, while older versions do not.
+
+ We will first describe the options for configuring bonding for
+distros using versions of initscripts and sysconfig with full or
+partial support for bonding, then provide information on enabling
+bonding without support from the network initialization scripts (i.e.,
+older versions of initscripts or sysconfig).
+
+ If you're unsure whether your distro uses sysconfig or
+initscripts, or don't know if it's new enough, have no fear.
+Determining this is fairly straightforward.
+
+ First, issue the command:
+
+$ rpm -qf /sbin/ifup
+
+ It will respond with a line of text starting with either
+"initscripts" or "sysconfig," followed by some numbers. This is the
+package that provides your network initialization scripts.
+
+ Next, to determine if your installation supports bonding,
+issue the command:
+
+$ grep ifenslave /sbin/ifup
+
+ If this returns any matches, then your initscripts or
+sysconfig has support for bonding.
+
+3.1 Configuration with sysconfig support
+----------------------------------------
+
+ This section applies to distros using a version of sysconfig
+with bonding support, for example, SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 9.
+
+ SuSE SLES 9's networking configuration system does support
+bonding, however, at this writing, the YaST system configuration
+frontend does not provide any means to work with bonding devices.
+Bonding devices can be managed by hand, however, as follows.
+
+ First, if they have not already been configured, configure the
+slave devices. On SLES 9, this is most easily done by running the
+yast2 sysconfig configuration utility. The goal is for to create an
+ifcfg-id file for each slave device. The simplest way to accomplish
+this is to configure the devices for DHCP. The name of the
+configuration file for each device will be of the form:
+
+ifcfg-id-xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx
+
+ Where the "xx" portion will be replaced with the digits from
+the device's permanent MAC address.
+
+ Once the set of ifcfg-id-xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx files has been
+created, it is necessary to edit the configuration files for the slave
+devices (the MAC addresses correspond to those of the slave devices).
+Before editing, the file will contain muliple lines, and will look
+something like this:
+
+BOOTPROTO='dhcp'
+STARTMODE='on'
+USERCTL='no'
+UNIQUE='XNzu.WeZGOGF+4wE'
+_nm_name='bus-pci-0001:61:01.0'
+
+ Change the BOOTPROTO and STARTMODE lines to the following:
+
+BOOTPROTO='none'
+STARTMODE='off'
+
+ Do not alter the UNIQUE or _nm_name lines. Remove any other
+lines (USERCTL, etc).
+
+ Once the ifcfg-id-xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx files have been modified,
+it's time to create the configuration file for the bonding device
+itself. This file is named ifcfg-bondX, where X is the number of the
+bonding device to create, starting at 0. The first such file is
+ifcfg-bond0, the second is ifcfg-bond1, and so on. The sysconfig
+network configuration system will correctly start multiple instances
+of bonding.
+
+ The contents of the ifcfg-bondX file is as follows:
+
+BOOTPROTO="static"
+BROADCAST="10.0.2.255"
+IPADDR="10.0.2.10"
+NETMASK="255.255.0.0"
+NETWORK="10.0.2.0"
+REMOTE_IPADDR=""
+STARTMODE="onboot"
+BONDING_MASTER="yes"
+BONDING_MODULE_OPTS="mode=active-backup miimon=100"
+BONDING_SLAVE0="eth0"
+BONDING_SLAVE1="eth1"
+
+ Replace the sample BROADCAST, IPADDR, NETMASK and NETWORK
+values with the appropriate values for your network.
+
+ Note that configuring the bonding device with BOOTPROTO='dhcp'
+does not work; the scripts attempt to obtain the device address from
+DHCP prior to adding any of the slave devices. Without active slaves,
+the DHCP requests are not sent to the network.
+
+ The STARTMODE specifies when the device is brought online.
+The possible values are:
+
+ onboot: The device is started at boot time. If you're not
+ sure, this is probably what you want.
+
+ manual: The device is started only when ifup is called
+ manually. Bonding devices may be configured this
+ way if you do not wish them to start automatically
+ at boot for some reason.
+
+ hotplug: The device is started by a hotplug event. This is not
+ a valid choice for a bonding device.
+
+ off or ignore: The device configuration is ignored.
+
+ The line BONDING_MASTER='yes' indicates that the device is a
+bonding master device. The only useful value is "yes."
+
+ The contents of BONDING_MODULE_OPTS are supplied to the
+instance of the bonding module for this device. Specify the options
+for the bonding mode, link monitoring, and so on here. Do not include
+the max_bonds bonding parameter; this will confuse the configuration
+system if you have multiple bonding devices.
+
+ Finally, supply one BONDING_SLAVEn="ethX" for each slave,
+where "n" is an increasing value, one for each slave, and "ethX" is
+the name of the slave device (eth0, eth1, etc).
+
+ When all configuration files have been modified or created,
+networking must be restarted for the configuration changes to take
+effect. This can be accomplished via the following:
+
+# /etc/init.d/network restart
+
+ Note that the network control script (/sbin/ifdown) will
+remove the bonding module as part of the network shutdown processing,
+so it is not necessary to remove the module by hand if, e.g., the
+module paramters have changed.
+
+ Also, at this writing, YaST/YaST2 will not manage bonding
+devices (they do not show bonding interfaces on its list of network
+devices). It is necessary to edit the configuration file by hand to
+change the bonding configuration.
+
+ Additional general options and details of the ifcfg file
+format can be found in an example ifcfg template file:
+
+/etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg.template
+
+ Note that the template does not document the various BONDING_
+settings described above, but does describe many of the other options.
+
+3.2 Configuration with initscripts support
+------------------------------------------
+
+ This section applies to distros using a version of initscripts
+with bonding support, for example, Red Hat Linux 9 or Red Hat
+Enterprise Linux version 3. On these systems, the network
+initialization scripts have some knowledge of bonding, and can be
+configured to control bonding devices.
+
+ These distros will not automatically load the network adapter
+driver unless the ethX device is configured with an IP address.
+Because of this constraint, users must manually configure a
+network-script file for all physical adapters that will be members of
+a bondX link. Network script files are located in the directory:
+
+/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
+
+ The file name must be prefixed with "ifcfg-eth" and suffixed
+with the adapter's physical adapter number. For example, the script
+for eth0 would be named /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0.
+Place the following text in the file:
+
+DEVICE=eth0
+USERCTL=no
+ONBOOT=yes
+MASTER=bond0
+SLAVE=yes
+BOOTPROTO=none
+
+ The DEVICE= line will be different for every ethX device and
+must correspond with the name of the file, i.e., ifcfg-eth1 must have
+a device line of DEVICE=eth1. The setting of the MASTER= line will
+also depend on the final bonding interface name chosen for your bond.
+As with other network devices, these typically start at 0, and go up
+one for each device, i.e., the first bonding instance is bond0, the
+second is bond1, and so on.
+
+ Next, create a bond network script. The file name for this
+script will be /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bondX where X is
+the number of the bond. For bond0 the file is named "ifcfg-bond0",
+for bond1 it is named "ifcfg-bond1", and so on. Within that file,
+place the following text:
+
+DEVICE=bond0
+IPADDR=192.168.1.1
+NETMASK=255.255.255.0
+NETWORK=192.168.1.0
+BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
+ONBOOT=yes
+BOOTPROTO=none
+USERCTL=no
+
+ Be sure to change the networking specific lines (IPADDR,
+NETMASK, NETWORK and BROADCAST) to match your network configuration.
+
+ Finally, it is necessary to edit /etc/modules.conf to load the
+bonding module when the bond0 interface is brought up. The following
+sample lines in /etc/modules.conf will load the bonding module, and
+select its options:
+
+alias bond0 bonding
+options bond0 mode=balance-alb miimon=100
+
+ Replace the sample parameters with the appropriate set of
+options for your configuration.
+
+ Finally run "/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart" as root. This
+will restart the networking subsystem and your bond link should be now
+up and running.
+
+
+3.3 Configuring Bonding Manually
+--------------------------------
+
+ This section applies to distros whose network initialization
+scripts (the sysconfig or initscripts package) do not have specific
+knowledge of bonding. One such distro is SuSE Linux Enterprise Server
+version 8.
+
+ The general methodology for these systems is to place the
+bonding module parameters into /etc/modprobe.conf, then add modprobe
+and/or ifenslave commands to the system's global init script. The
+name of the global init script differs; for sysconfig, it is
+/etc/init.d/boot.local and for initscripts it is /etc/rc.d/rc.local.
+
+ For example, if you wanted to make a simple bond of two e100
+devices (presumed to be eth0 and eth1), and have it persist across
+reboots, edit the appropriate file (/etc/init.d/boot.local or
+/etc/rc.d/rc.local), and add the following:
+
+modprobe bonding -obond0 mode=balance-alb miimon=100
+modprobe e100
+ifconfig bond0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
+ifenslave bond0 eth0
+ifenslave bond0 eth1
+
+ Replace the example bonding module parameters and bond0
+network configuration (IP address, netmask, etc) with the appropriate
+values for your configuration. The above example loads the bonding
+module with the name "bond0," this simplifies the naming if multiple
+bonding modules are loaded (each successive instance of the module is
+given a different name, and the module instance names match the
+bonding interface names).
+
+ Unfortunately, this method will not provide support for the
+ifup and ifdown scripts on the bond devices. To reload the bonding
+configuration, it is necessary to run the initialization script, e.g.,
+
+# /etc/init.d/boot.local
+
+ or
+
+# /etc/rc.d/rc.local
+
+ It may be desirable in such a case to create a separate script
+which only initializes the bonding configuration, then call that
+separate script from within boot.local. This allows for bonding to be
+enabled without re-running the entire global init script.
+
+ To shut down the bonding devices, it is necessary to first
+mark the bonding device itself as being down, then remove the
+appropriate device driver modules. For our example above, you can do
+the following:
+
+# ifconfig bond0 down
+# rmmod bond0
+# rmmod e100
+
+ Again, for convenience, it may be desirable to create a script
+with these commands.
+
+
+3.4 Configuring Multiple Bonds
+------------------------------
+
+ This section contains information on configuring multiple
+bonding devices with differing options. If you require multiple
+bonding devices, but all with the same options, see the "max_bonds"
+module paramter, documented above.
+
+ To create multiple bonding devices with differing options, it
+is necessary to load the bonding driver multiple times. Note that
+current versions of the sysconfig network initialization scripts
+handle this automatically; if your distro uses these scripts, no
+special action is needed. See the section Configuring Bonding
+Devices, above, if you're not sure about your network initialization
+scripts.
+
+ To load multiple instances of the module, it is necessary to
+specify a different name for each instance (the module loading system
+requires that every loaded module, even multiple instances of the same
+module, have a unique name). This is accomplished by supplying
+multiple sets of bonding options in /etc/modprobe.conf, for example:
+
+alias bond0 bonding
+options bond0 -o bond0 mode=balance-rr miimon=100
+
+alias bond1 bonding
+options bond1 -o bond1 mode=balance-alb miimon=50
+
+ will load the bonding module two times. The first instance is
+named "bond0" and creates the bond0 device in balance-rr mode with an
+miimon of 100. The second instance is named "bond1" and creates the
+bond1 device in balance-alb mode with an miimon of 50.
+
+ This may be repeated any number of times, specifying a new and
+unique name in place of bond0 or bond1 for each instance.
+
+ When the appropriate module paramters are in place, then
+configure bonding according to the instructions for your distro.
+
+5. Querying Bonding Configuration
+=================================
+
+5.1 Bonding Configuration
+-------------------------
+
+ Each bonding device has a read-only file residing in the
+/proc/net/bonding directory. The file contents include information
+about the bonding configuration, options and state of each slave.
+
+ For example, the contents of /proc/net/bonding/bond0 after the
+driver is loaded with parameters of mode=0 and miimon=1000 is
+generally as follows:
+
+ Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver: 2.6.1 (October 29, 2004)
+ Bonding Mode: load balancing (round-robin)
+ Currently Active Slave: eth0
+ MII Status: up
+ MII Polling Interval (ms): 1000
+ Up Delay (ms): 0
+ Down Delay (ms): 0
+
+ Slave Interface: eth1
+ MII Status: up
+ Link Failure Count: 1
+
+ Slave Interface: eth0
+ MII Status: up
+ Link Failure Count: 1
+
+ The precise format and contents will change depending upon the
+bonding configuration, state, and version of the bonding driver.
+
+5.2 Network configuration
+-------------------------
+
+ The network configuration can be inspected using the ifconfig
+command. Bonding devices will have the MASTER flag set; Bonding slave
+devices will have the SLAVE flag set. The ifconfig output does not
+contain information on which slaves are associated with which masters.
+
+ In the example below, the bond0 interface is the master
+(MASTER) while eth0 and eth1 are slaves (SLAVE). Notice all slaves of
+bond0 have the same MAC address (HWaddr) as bond0 for all modes except
+TLB and ALB that require a unique MAC address for each slave.
+
+# /sbin/ifconfig
+bond0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:C0:F0:1F:37:B4
+ inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.YYY Bcast:XXX.XXX.XXX.255 Mask:255.255.252.0
+ UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
+ RX packets:7224794 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
+ TX packets:3286647 errors:1 dropped:0 overruns:1 carrier:0
+ collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
+
+eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:C0:F0:1F:37:B4
+ inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.YYY Bcast:XXX.XXX.XXX.255 Mask:255.255.252.0
+ UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
+ RX packets:3573025 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
+ TX packets:1643167 errors:1 dropped:0 overruns:1 carrier:0
+ collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
+ Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1080
+
+eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:C0:F0:1F:37:B4
+ inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.YYY Bcast:XXX.XXX.XXX.255 Mask:255.255.252.0
+ UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
+ RX packets:3651769 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
+ TX packets:1643480 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
+ collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
+ Interrupt:9 Base address:0x1400
+
+6. Switch Configuration
+=======================
+
+ For this section, "switch" refers to whatever system the
+bonded devices are directly connected to (i.e., where the other end of
+the cable plugs into). This may be an actual dedicated switch device,
+or it may be another regular system (e.g., another computer running
+Linux),
+
+ The active-backup, balance-tlb and balance-alb modes do not
+require any specific configuration of the switch.
+
+ The 802.3ad mode requires that the switch have the appropriate
+ports configured as an 802.3ad aggregation. The precise method used
+to configure this varies from switch to switch, but, for example, a
+Cisco 3550 series switch requires that the appropriate ports first be
+grouped together in a single etherchannel instance, then that
+etherchannel is set to mode "lacp" to enable 802.3ad (instead of
+standard EtherChannel).
+
+ The balance-rr, balance-xor and broadcast modes generally
+require that the switch have the appropriate ports grouped together.
+The nomenclature for such a group differs between switches, it may be
+called an "etherchannel" (as in the Cisco example, above), a "trunk
+group" or some other similar variation. For these modes, each switch
+will also have its own configuration options for the switch's transmit
+policy to the bond. Typical choices include XOR of either the MAC or
+IP addresses. The transmit policy of the two peers does not need to
+match. For these three modes, the bonding mode really selects a
+transmit policy for an EtherChannel group; all three will interoperate
+with another EtherChannel group.
+
+
+7. 802.1q VLAN Support
+======================
+
+ It is possible to configure VLAN devices over a bond interface
+using the 8021q driver. However, only packets coming from the 8021q
+driver and passing through bonding will be tagged by default. Self
+generated packets, for example, bonding's learning packets or ARP
+packets generated by either ALB mode or the ARP monitor mechanism, are
+tagged internally by bonding itself. As a result, bonding must
+"learn" the VLAN IDs configured above it, and use those IDs to tag
+self generated packets.
+
+ For reasons of simplicity, and to support the use of adapters
+that can do VLAN hardware acceleration offloding, the bonding
+interface declares itself as fully hardware offloaing capable, it gets
+the add_vid/kill_vid notifications to gather the necessary
+information, and it propagates those actions to the slaves. In case
+of mixed adapter types, hardware accelerated tagged packets that
+should go through an adapter that is not offloading capable are
+"un-accelerated" by the bonding driver so the VLAN tag sits in the
+regular location.
+
+ VLAN interfaces *must* be added on top of a bonding interface
+only after enslaving at least one slave. The bonding interface has a
+hardware address of 00:00:00:00:00:00 until the first slave is added.
+If the VLAN interface is created prior to the first enslavement, it
+would pick up the all-zeroes hardware address. Once the first slave
+is attached to the bond, the bond device itself will pick up the
+slave's hardware address, which is then available for the VLAN device.
+
+ Also, be aware that a similar problem can occur if all slaves
+are released from a bond that still has one or more VLAN interfaces on
+top of it. When a new slave is added, the bonding interface will
+obtain its hardware address from the first slave, which might not
+match the hardware address of the VLAN interfaces (which was
+ultimately copied from an earlier slave).
+
+ There are two methods to insure that the VLAN device operates
+with the correct hardware address if all slaves are removed from a
+bond interface:
+
+ 1. Remove all VLAN interfaces then recreate them
+
+ 2. Set the bonding interface's hardware address so that it
+matches the hardware address of the VLAN interfaces.
+
+ Note that changing a VLAN interface's HW address would set the
+underlying device -- i.e. the bonding interface -- to promiscouos
+mode, which might not be what you want.
+
+
+8. Link Monitoring
+==================
+
+ The bonding driver at present supports two schemes for
+monitoring a slave device's link state: the ARP monitor and the MII
+monitor.
+
+ At the present time, due to implementation restrictions in the
+bonding driver itself, it is not possible to enable both ARP and MII
+monitoring simultaneously.
+
+8.1 ARP Monitor Operation
+-------------------------
+
+ The ARP monitor operates as its name suggests: it sends ARP
+queries to one or more designated peer systems on the network, and
+uses the response as an indication that the link is operating. This
+gives some assurance that traffic is actually flowing to and from one
+or more peers on the local network.
+
+ The ARP monitor relies on the device driver itself to verify
+that traffic is flowing. In particular, the driver must keep up to
+date the last receive time, dev->last_rx, and transmit start time,
+dev->trans_start. If these are not updated by the driver, then the
+ARP monitor will immediately fail any slaves using that driver, and
+those slaves will stay down. If networking monitoring (tcpdump, etc)
+shows the ARP requests and replies on the network, then it may be that
+your device driver is not updating last_rx and trans_start.
+
+8.2 Configuring Multiple ARP Targets
+------------------------------------
+
+ While ARP monitoring can be done with just one target, it can
+be useful in a High Availability setup to have several targets to
+monitor. In the case of just one target, the target itself may go
+down or have a problem making it unresponsive to ARP requests. Having
+an additional target (or several) increases the reliability of the ARP
+monitoring.
+
+ Multiple ARP targets must be seperated by commas as follows:
+
+# example options for ARP monitoring with three targets
+alias bond0 bonding
+options bond0 arp_interval=60 arp_ip_target=192.168.0.1,192.168.0.3,192.168.0.9
+
+ For just a single target the options would resemble:
+
+# example options for ARP monitoring with one target
+alias bond0 bonding
+options bond0 arp_interval=60 arp_ip_target=192.168.0.100
+
+
+8.3 MII Monitor Operation
+-------------------------
+
+ The MII monitor monitors only the carrier state of the local
+network interface. It accomplishes this in one of three ways: by
+depending upon the device driver to maintain its carrier state, by
+querying the device's MII registers, or by making an ethtool query to
+the device.
+
+ If the use_carrier module parameter is 1 (the default value),
+then the MII monitor will rely on the driver for carrier state
+information (via the netif_carrier subsystem). As explained in the
+use_carrier parameter information, above, if the MII monitor fails to
+detect carrier loss on the device (e.g., when the cable is physically
+disconnected), it may be that the driver does not support
+netif_carrier.
+
+ If use_carrier is 0, then the MII monitor will first query the
+device's (via ioctl) MII registers and check the link state. If that
+request fails (not just that it returns carrier down), then the MII
+monitor will make an ethtool ETHOOL_GLINK request to attempt to obtain
+the same information. If both methods fail (i.e., the driver either
+does not support or had some error in processing both the MII register
+and ethtool requests), then the MII monitor will assume the link is
+up.
+
+9. Potential Sources of Trouble
+===============================
+
+9.1 Adventures in Routing
+-------------------------
+
+ When bonding is configured, it is important that the slave
+devices not have routes that supercede routes of the master (or,
+generally, not have routes at all). For example, suppose the bonding
+device bond0 has two slaves, eth0 and eth1, and the routing table is
+as follows:
+
+Kernel IP routing table
+Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
+10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 40 0 0 eth0
+10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 40 0 0 eth1
+10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 40 0 0 bond0
+127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 40 0 0 lo
+
+ This routing configuration will likely still update the
+receive/transmit times in the driver (needed by the ARP monitor), but
+may bypass the bonding driver (because outgoing traffic to, in this
+case, another host on network 10 would use eth0 or eth1 before bond0).
+
+ The ARP monitor (and ARP itself) may become confused by this
+configuration, because ARP requests (generated by the ARP monitor)
+will be sent on one interface (bond0), but the corresponding reply
+will arrive on a different interface (eth0). This reply looks to ARP
+as an unsolicited ARP reply (because ARP matches replies on an
+interface basis), and is discarded. The MII monitor is not affected
+by the state of the routing table.
+
+ The solution here is simply to insure that slaves do not have
+routes of their own, and if for some reason they must, those routes do
+not supercede routes of their master. This should generally be the
+case, but unusual configurations or errant manual or automatic static
+route additions may cause trouble.
+
+9.2 Ethernet Device Renaming
+----------------------------
+
+ On systems with network configuration scripts that do not
+associate physical devices directly with network interface names (so
+that the same physical device always has the same "ethX" name), it may
+be necessary to add some special logic to either /etc/modules.conf or
+/etc/modprobe.conf (depending upon which is installed on the system).
+
+ For example, given a modules.conf containing the following:
+
+alias bond0 bonding
+options bond0 mode=some-mode miimon=50
+alias eth0 tg3
+alias eth1 tg3
+alias eth2 e1000
+alias eth3 e1000
+
+ If neither eth0 and eth1 are slaves to bond0, then when the
+bond0 interface comes up, the devices may end up reordered. This
+happens because bonding is loaded first, then its slave device's
+drivers are loaded next. Since no other drivers have been loaded,
+when the e1000 driver loads, it will receive eth0 and eth1 for its
+devices, but the bonding configuration tries to enslave eth2 and eth3
+(which may later be assigned to the tg3 devices).
+
+ Adding the following:
+
+add above bonding e1000 tg3
+
+ causes modprobe to load e1000 then tg3, in that order, when
+bonding is loaded. This command is fully documented in the
+modules.conf manual page.
+
+ On systems utilizing modprobe.conf (or modprobe.conf.local),
+an equivalent problem can occur. In this case, the following can be
+added to modprobe.conf (or modprobe.conf.local, as appropriate), as
+follows (all on one line; it has been split here for clarity):
+
+install bonding /sbin/modprobe tg3; /sbin/modprobe e1000;
+ /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install bonding
+
+ This will, when loading the bonding module, rather than
+performing the normal action, instead execute the provided command.
+This command loads the device drivers in the order needed, then calls
+modprobe with --ingore-install to cause the normal action to then take
+place. Full documentation on this can be found in the modprobe.conf
+and modprobe manual pages.
+
+9.3. Painfully Slow Or No Failed Link Detection By Miimon
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+ By default, bonding enables the use_carrier option, which
+instructs bonding to trust the driver to maintain carrier state.
+
+ As discussed in the options section, above, some drivers do
+not support the netif_carrier_on/_off link state tracking system.
+With use_carrier enabled, bonding will always see these links as up,
+regardless of their actual state.
+
+ Additionally, other drivers do support netif_carrier, but do
+not maintain it in real time, e.g., only polling the link state at
+some fixed interval. In this case, miimon will detect failures, but
+only after some long period of time has expired. If it appears that
+miimon is very slow in detecting link failures, try specifying
+use_carrier=0 to see if that improves the failure detection time. If
+it does, then it may be that the driver checks the carrier state at a
+fixed interval, but does not cache the MII register values (so the
+use_carrier=0 method of querying the registers directly works). If
+use_carrier=0 does not improve the failover, then the driver may cache
+the registers, or the problem may be elsewhere.
+
+ Also, remember that miimon only checks for the device's
+carrier state. It has no way to determine the state of devices on or
+beyond other ports of a switch, or if a switch is refusing to pass
+traffic while still maintaining carrier on.
+
+10. SNMP agents
+===============
+
+ If running SNMP agents, the bonding driver should be loaded
+before any network drivers participating in a bond. This requirement
+is due to the the interface index (ipAdEntIfIndex) being associated to
+the first interface found with a given IP address. That is, there is
+only one ipAdEntIfIndex for each IP address. For example, if eth0 and
+eth1 are slaves of bond0 and the driver for eth0 is loaded before the
+bonding driver, the interface for the IP address will be associated
+with the eth0 interface. This configuration is shown below, the IP
+address 192.168.1.1 has an interface index of 2 which indexes to eth0
+in the ifDescr table (ifDescr.2).
+
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.1 = lo
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 = eth0
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.3 = eth1
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.4 = eth2
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.5 = eth3
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.6 = bond0
+ ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.10.10.10.10 = 5
+ ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.192.168.1.1 = 2
+ ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.10.74.20.94 = 4
+ ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.127.0.0.1 = 1
+
+ This problem is avoided by loading the bonding driver before
+any network drivers participating in a bond. Below is an example of
+loading the bonding driver first, the IP address 192.168.1.1 is
+correctly associated with ifDescr.2.
+
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.1 = lo
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 = bond0
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.3 = eth0
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.4 = eth1
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.5 = eth2
+ interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.6 = eth3
+ ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.10.10.10.10 = 6
+ ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.192.168.1.1 = 2
+ ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.10.74.20.94 = 5
+ ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.127.0.0.1 = 1
+
+ While some distributions may not report the interface name in
+ifDescr, the association between the IP address and IfIndex remains
+and SNMP functions such as Interface_Scan_Next will report that
+association.
+
+11. Promiscuous mode
+====================
+
+ When running network monitoring tools, e.g., tcpdump, it is
+common to enable promiscuous mode on the device, so that all traffic
+is seen (instead of seeing only traffic destined for the local host).
+The bonding driver handles promiscuous mode changes to the bonding
+master device (e.g., bond0), and propogates the setting to the slave
+devices.
+
+ For the balance-rr, balance-xor, broadcast, and 802.3ad modes,
+the promiscuous mode setting is propogated to all slaves.
+
+ For the active-backup, balance-tlb and balance-alb modes, the
+promiscuous mode setting is propogated only to the active slave.
+
+ For balance-tlb mode, the active slave is the slave currently
+receiving inbound traffic.
+
+ For balance-alb mode, the active slave is the slave used as a
+"primary." This slave is used for mode-specific control traffic, for
+sending to peers that are unassigned or if the load is unbalanced.
+
+ For the active-backup, balance-tlb and balance-alb modes, when
+the active slave changes (e.g., due to a link failure), the
+promiscuous setting will be propogated to the new active slave.
+
+12. High Availability Information
+=================================
+
+ High Availability refers to configurations that provide
+maximum network availability by having redundant or backup devices,
+links and switches between the host and the rest of the world.
+
+ There are currently two basic methods for configuring to
+maximize availability. They are dependent on the network topology and
+the primary goal of the configuration, but in general, a configuration
+can be optimized for maximum available bandwidth, or for maximum
+network availability.
+
+12.1 High Availability in a Single Switch Topology
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+ If two hosts (or a host and a switch) are directly connected
+via multiple physical links, then there is no network availability
+penalty for optimizing for maximum bandwidth: there is only one switch
+(or peer), so if it fails, you have no alternative access to fail over
+to.
+
+Example 1 : host to switch (or other host)
+
+ +----------+ +----------+
+ | |eth0 eth0| switch |
+ | Host A +--------------------------+ or |
+ | +--------------------------+ other |
+ | |eth1 eth1| host |
+ +----------+ +----------+
+
+
+12.1.1 Bonding Mode Selection for single switch topology
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+ This configuration is the easiest to set up and to understand,
+although you will have to decide which bonding mode best suits your
+needs. The tradeoffs for each mode are detailed below:
+
+balance-rr: This mode is the only mode that will permit a single
+ TCP/IP connection to stripe traffic across multiple
+ interfaces. It is therefore the only mode that will allow a
+ single TCP/IP stream to utilize more than one interface's
+ worth of throughput. This comes at a cost, however: the
+ striping often results in peer systems receiving packets out
+ of order, causing TCP/IP's congestion control system to kick
+ in, often by retransmitting segments.
+
+ It is possible to adjust TCP/IP's congestion limits by
+ altering the net.ipv4.tcp_reordering sysctl parameter. The
+ usual default value is 3, and the maximum useful value is 127.
+ For a four interface balance-rr bond, expect that a single
+ TCP/IP stream will utilize no more than approximately 2.3
+ interface's worth of throughput, even after adjusting
+ tcp_reordering.
+
+ If you are utilizing protocols other than TCP/IP, UDP for
+ example, and your application can tolerate out of order
+ delivery, then this mode can allow for single stream datagram
+ performance that scales near linearly as interfaces are added
+ to the bond.
+
+ This mode requires the switch to have the appropriate ports
+ configured for "etherchannel" or "trunking."
+
+active-backup: There is not much advantage in this network topology to
+ the active-backup mode, as the inactive backup devices are all
+ connected to the same peer as the primary. In this case, a
+ load balancing mode (with link monitoring) will provide the
+ same level of network availability, but with increased
+ available bandwidth. On the plus side, it does not require
+ any configuration of the switch.
+
+balance-xor: This mode will limit traffic such that packets destined
+ for specific peers will always be sent over the same
+ interface. Since the destination is determined by the MAC
+ addresses involved, this may be desirable if you have a large
+ network with many hosts. It is likely to be suboptimal if all
+ your traffic is passed through a single router, however. As
+ with balance-rr, the switch ports need to be configured for
+ "etherchannel" or "trunking."
+
+broadcast: Like active-backup, there is not much advantage to this
+ mode in this type of network topology.
+
+802.3ad: This mode can be a good choice for this type of network
+ topology. The 802.3ad mode is an IEEE standard, so all peers
+ that implement 802.3ad should interoperate well. The 802.3ad
+ protocol includes automatic configuration of the aggregates,
+ so minimal manual configuration of the switch is needed
+ (typically only to designate that some set of devices is
+ usable for 802.3ad). The 802.3ad standard also mandates that
+ frames be delivered in order (within certain limits), so in
+ general single connections will not see misordering of
+ packets. The 802.3ad mode does have some drawbacks: the
+ standard mandates that all devices in the aggregate operate at
+ the same speed and duplex. Also, as with all bonding load
+ balance modes other than balance-rr, no single connection will
+ be able to utilize more than a single interface's worth of
+ bandwidth. Additionally, the linux bonding 802.3ad
+ implementation distributes traffic by peer (using an XOR of
+ MAC addresses), so in general all traffic to a particular
+ destination will use the same interface. Finally, the 802.3ad
+ mode mandates the use of the MII monitor, therefore, the ARP
+ monitor is not available in this mode.
+
+balance-tlb: This mode is also a good choice for this type of
+ topology. It has no special switch configuration
+ requirements, and balances outgoing traffic by peer, in a
+ vaguely intelligent manner (not a simple XOR as in balance-xor
+ or 802.3ad mode), so that unlucky MAC addresses will not all
+ "bunch up" on a single interface. Interfaces may be of
+ differing speeds. On the down side, in this mode all incoming
+ traffic arrives over a single interface, this mode requires
+ certain ethtool support in the network device driver of the
+ slave interfaces, and the ARP monitor is not available.
+
+balance-alb: This mode is everything that balance-tlb is, and more. It
+ has all of the features (and restrictions) of balance-tlb, and
+ will also balance incoming traffic from peers (as described in
+ the Bonding Module Options section, above). The only extra
+ down side to this mode is that the network device driver must
+ support changing the hardware address while the device is
+ open.
+
+12.1.2 Link Monitoring for Single Switch Topology
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+ The choice of link monitoring may largely depend upon which
+mode you choose to use. The more advanced load balancing modes do not
+support the use of the ARP monitor, and are thus restricted to using
+the MII monitor (which does not provide as high a level of assurance
+as the ARP monitor).
+
+
+12.2 High Availability in a Multiple Switch Topology
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+ With multiple switches, the configuration of bonding and the
+network changes dramatically. In multiple switch topologies, there is
+a tradeoff between network availability and usable bandwidth.
+
+ Below is a sample network, configured to maximize the
+availability of the network:
+
+ | |
+ |port3 port3|
+ +-----+----+ +-----+----+
+ | |port2 ISL port2| |
+ | switch A +--------------------------+ switch B |
+ | | | |
+ +-----+----+ +-----++---+
+ |port1 port1|
+ | +-------+ |
+ +-------------+ host1 +---------------+
+ eth0 +-------+ eth1
+
+ In this configuration, there is a link between the two
+switches (ISL, or inter switch link), and multiple ports connecting to
+the outside world ("port3" on each switch). There is no technical
+reason that this could not be extended to a third switch.
+
+12.2.1 Bonding Mode Selection for Multiple Switch Topology
+----------------------------------------------------------
+
+ In a topology such as this, the active-backup and broadcast
+modes are the only useful bonding modes; the other modes require all
+links to terminate on the same peer for them to behave rationally.
+
+active-backup: This is generally the preferred mode, particularly if
+ the switches have an ISL and play together well. If the
+ network configuration is such that one switch is specifically
+ a backup switch (e.g., has lower capacity, higher cost, etc),
+ then the primary option can be used to insure that the
+ preferred link is always used when it is available.
+
+broadcast: This mode is really a special purpose mode, and is suitable
+ only for very specific needs. For example, if the two
+ switches are not connected (no ISL), and the networks beyond
+ them are totally independant. In this case, if it is
+ necessary for some specific one-way traffic to reach both
+ independent networks, then the broadcast mode may be suitable.
+
+12.2.2 Link Monitoring Selection for Multiple Switch Topology
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ The choice of link monitoring ultimately depends upon your
+switch. If the switch can reliably fail ports in response to other
+failures, then either the MII or ARP monitors should work. For
+example, in the above example, if the "port3" link fails at the remote
+end, the MII monitor has no direct means to detect this. The ARP
+monitor could be configured with a target at the remote end of port3,
+thus detecting that failure without switch support.
+
+ In general, however, in a multiple switch topology, the ARP
+monitor can provide a higher level of reliability in detecting link
+failures. Additionally, it should be configured with multiple targets
+(at least one for each switch in the network). This will insure that,
+regardless of which switch is active, the ARP monitor has a suitable
+target to query.
+
+
+12.3 Switch Behavior Issues for High Availability
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+ You may encounter issues with the timing of link up and down
+reporting by the switch.
+
+ First, when a link comes up, some switches may indicate that
+the link is up (carrier available), but not pass traffic over the
+interface for some period of time. This delay is typically due to
+some type of autonegotiation or routing protocol, but may also occur
+during switch initialization (e.g., during recovery after a switch
+failure). If you find this to be a problem, specify an appropriate
+value to the updelay bonding module option to delay the use of the
+relevant interface(s).
+
+ Second, some switches may "bounce" the link state one or more
+times while a link is changing state. This occurs most commonly while
+the switch is initializing. Again, an appropriate updelay value may
+help, but note that if all links are down, then updelay is ignored
+when any link becomes active (the slave closest to completing its
+updelay is chosen).
+
+ Note that when a bonding interface has no active links, the
+driver will immediately reuse the first link that goes up, even if
+updelay parameter was specified. If there are slave interfaces
+waiting for the updelay timeout to expire, the interface that first
+went into that state will be immediately reused. This reduces down
+time of the network if the value of updelay has been overestimated.
+
+ In addition to the concerns about switch timings, if your
+switches take a long time to go into backup mode, it may be desirable
+to not activate a backup interface immediately after a link goes down.
+Failover may be delayed via the downdelay bonding module option.
+
+13. Hardware Specific Considerations
+====================================
+
+ This section contains additional information for configuring
+bonding on specific hardware platforms, or for interfacing bonding
+with particular switches or other devices.
+
+13.1 IBM BladeCenter
+--------------------
+
+ This applies to the JS20 and similar systems.
+
+ On the JS20 blades, the bonding driver supports only
+balance-rr, active-backup, balance-tlb and balance-alb modes. This is
+largely due to the network topology inside the BladeCenter, detailed
+below.
+
+JS20 network adapter information
+--------------------------------
+
+ All JS20s come with two Broadcom Gigabit Ethernet ports
+integrated on the planar. In the BladeCenter chassis, the eth0 port
+of all JS20 blades is hard wired to I/O Module #1; similarly, all eth1
+ports are wired to I/O Module #2. An add-on Broadcom daughter card
+can be installed on a JS20 to provide two more Gigabit Ethernet ports.
+These ports, eth2 and eth3, are wired to I/O Modules 3 and 4,
+respectively.
+
+ Each I/O Module may contain either a switch or a passthrough
+module (which allows ports to be directly connected to an external
+switch). Some bonding modes require a specific BladeCenter internal
+network topology in order to function; these are detailed below.
+
+ Additional BladeCenter-specific networking information can be
+found in two IBM Redbooks (www.ibm.com/redbooks):
+
+"IBM eServer BladeCenter Networking Options"
+"IBM eServer BladeCenter Layer 2-7 Network Switching"
+
+BladeCenter networking configuration
+------------------------------------
+
+ Because a BladeCenter can be configured in a very large number
+of ways, this discussion will be confined to describing basic
+configurations.
+
+ Normally, Ethernet Switch Modules (ESM) are used in I/O
+modules 1 and 2. In this configuration, the eth0 and eth1 ports of a
+JS20 will be connected to different internal switches (in the
+respective I/O modules).
+
+ An optical passthru module (OPM) connects the I/O module
+directly to an external switch. By using OPMs in I/O module #1 and
+#2, the eth0 and eth1 interfaces of a JS20 can be redirected to the
+outside world and connected to a common external switch.
+
+ Depending upon the mix of ESM and OPM modules, the network
+will appear to bonding as either a single switch topology (all OPM
+modules) or as a multiple switch topology (one or more ESM modules,
+zero or more OPM modules). It is also possible to connect ESM modules
+together, resulting in a configuration much like the example in "High
+Availability in a multiple switch topology."
+
+Requirements for specifc modes
+------------------------------
+
+ The balance-rr mode requires the use of OPM modules for
+devices in the bond, all connected to an common external switch. That
+switch must be configured for "etherchannel" or "trunking" on the
+appropriate ports, as is usual for balance-rr.
+
+ The balance-alb and balance-tlb modes will function with
+either switch modules or passthrough modules (or a mix). The only
+specific requirement for these modes is that all network interfaces
+must be able to reach all destinations for traffic sent over the
+bonding device (i.e., the network must converge at some point outside
+the BladeCenter).
+
+ The active-backup mode has no additional requirements.
+
+Link monitoring issues
+----------------------
+
+ When an Ethernet Switch Module is in place, only the ARP
+monitor will reliably detect link loss to an external switch. This is
+nothing unusual, but examination of the BladeCenter cabinet would
+suggest that the "external" network ports are the ethernet ports for
+the system, when it fact there is a switch between these "external"
+ports and the devices on the JS20 system itself. The MII monitor is
+only able to detect link failures between the ESM and the JS20 system.
+
+ When a passthrough module is in place, the MII monitor does
+detect failures to the "external" port, which is then directly
+connected to the JS20 system.
+
+Other concerns
+--------------
+
+ The Serial Over LAN link is established over the primary
+ethernet (eth0) only, therefore, any loss of link to eth0 will result
+in losing your SoL connection. It will not fail over with other
+network traffic.
+
+ It may be desirable to disable spanning tree on the switch
+(either the internal Ethernet Switch Module, or an external switch) to
+avoid fail-over delays issues when using bonding.
+
+
+14. Frequently Asked Questions
+==============================
+
+1. Is it SMP safe?
+
+ Yes. The old 2.0.xx channel bonding patch was not SMP safe.
+The new driver was designed to be SMP safe from the start.
+
+2. What type of cards will work with it?
+
+ Any Ethernet type cards (you can even mix cards - a Intel
+EtherExpress PRO/100 and a 3com 3c905b, for example). They need not
+be of the same speed.
+
+3. How many bonding devices can I have?
+
+ There is no limit.
+
+4. How many slaves can a bonding device have?
+
+ This is limited only by the number of network interfaces Linux
+supports and/or the number of network cards you can place in your
+system.
+
+5. What happens when a slave link dies?
+
+ If link monitoring is enabled, then the failing device will be
+disabled. The active-backup mode will fail over to a backup link, and
+other modes will ignore the failed link. The link will continue to be
+monitored, and should it recover, it will rejoin the bond (in whatever
+manner is appropriate for the mode). See the section on High
+Availability for additional information.
+
+ Link monitoring can be enabled via either the miimon or
+arp_interval paramters (described in the module paramters section,
+above). In general, miimon monitors the carrier state as sensed by
+the underlying network device, and the arp monitor (arp_interval)
+monitors connectivity to another host on the local network.
+
+ If no link monitoring is configured, the bonding driver will
+be unable to detect link failures, and will assume that all links are
+always available. This will likely result in lost packets, and a
+resulting degredation of performance. The precise performance loss
+depends upon the bonding mode and network configuration.
+
+6. Can bonding be used for High Availability?
+
+ Yes. See the section on High Availability for details.
+
+7. Which switches/systems does it work with?
+
+ The full answer to this depends upon the desired mode.
+
+ In the basic balance modes (balance-rr and balance-xor), it
+works with any system that supports etherchannel (also called
+trunking). Most managed switches currently available have such
+support, and many unmananged switches as well.
+
+ The advanced balance modes (balance-tlb and balance-alb) do
+not have special switch requirements, but do need device drivers that
+support specific features (described in the appropriate section under
+module paramters, above).
+
+ In 802.3ad mode, it works with with systems that support IEEE
+802.3ad Dynamic Link Aggregation. Most managed and many unmanaged
+switches currently available support 802.3ad.
+
+ The active-backup mode should work with any Layer-II switch.
+
+8. Where does a bonding device get its MAC address from?
+
+ If not explicitly configured with ifconfig, the MAC address of
+the bonding device is taken from its first slave device. This MAC
+address is then passed to all following slaves and remains persistent
+(even if the the first slave is removed) until the bonding device is
+brought down or reconfigured.
+
+ If you wish to change the MAC address, you can set it with
+ifconfig:
+
+# ifconfig bond0 hw ether 00:11:22:33:44:55
+
+ The MAC address can be also changed by bringing down/up the
+device and then changing its slaves (or their order):
+
+# ifconfig bond0 down ; modprobe -r bonding
+# ifconfig bond0 .... up
+# ifenslave bond0 eth...
+
+ This method will automatically take the address from the next
+slave that is added.
+
+ To restore your slaves' MAC addresses, you need to detach them
+from the bond (`ifenslave -d bond0 eth0'). The bonding driver will
+then restore the MAC addresses that the slaves had before they were
+enslaved.
+
+15. Resources and Links
+=======================
+
+The latest version of the bonding driver can be found in the latest
+version of the linux kernel, found on http://kernel.org
+
+Discussions regarding the bonding driver take place primarily on the
+bonding-devel mailing list, hosted at sourceforge.net. If you have
+questions or problems, post them to the list.
+
+bonding-devel@lists.sourceforge.net
+
+https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/bonding-devel
+
+There is also a project site on sourceforge.
+
+http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/bonding
+
+Donald Becker's Ethernet Drivers and diag programs may be found at :
+ - http://www.scyld.com/network/
+
+You will also find a lot of information regarding Ethernet, NWay, MII,
+etc. at www.scyld.com.
+
+-- END --
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/bridge.txt b/Documentation/networking/bridge.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdae2db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/bridge.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+In order to use the Ethernet bridging functionality, you'll need the
+userspace tools. These programs and documentation are available
+at http://bridge.sourceforge.net. The download page is
+http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/bridge.
+
+If you still have questions, don't hesitate to post to the mailing list
+(more info http://lists.osdl.org/mailman/listinfo/bridge).
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/comx.txt b/Documentation/networking/comx.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1526eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/comx.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+
+ COMX drivers for the 2.2 kernel
+
+Originally written by: Tivadar Szemethy, <tiv@itc.hu>
+Currently maintained by: Gergely Madarasz <gorgo@itc.hu>
+
+Last change: 21/06/1999.
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+This document describes the software drivers and their use for the
+COMX line of synchronous serial adapters for Linux version 2.2.0 and
+above.
+The cards are produced and sold by ITC-Pro Ltd. Budapest, Hungary
+For further info contact <info@itc.hu>
+or http://www.itc.hu (mostly in Hungarian).
+The firmware files and software are available from ftp://ftp.itc.hu
+
+Currently, the drivers support the following cards and protocols:
+
+COMX (2x64 kbps intelligent board)
+CMX (1x256 + 1x128 kbps intelligent board)
+HiCOMX (2x2Mbps intelligent board)
+LoCOMX (1x512 kbps passive board)
+MixCOM (1x512 or 2x512kbps passive board with a hardware watchdog an
+ optional BRI interface and optional flashROM (1-32M))
+SliceCOM (1x2Mbps channelized E1 board)
+PciCOM (X21)
+
+At the moment of writing this document, the (Cisco)-HDLC, LAPB, SyncPPP and
+Frame Relay (DTE, rfc1294 IP encapsulation with partially implemented Q933a
+LMI) protocols are available as link-level protocol.
+X.25 support is being worked on.
+
+USAGE
+
+Load the comx.o module and the hardware-specific and protocol-specific
+modules you'll need into the running kernel using the insmod utility.
+This creates the /proc/comx directory.
+See the example scripts in the 'etc' directory.
+
+/proc INTERFACE INTRO
+
+The COMX driver set has a new type of user interface based on the /proc
+filesystem which eliminates the need for external user-land software doing
+IOCTL calls.
+Each network interface or device (i.e. those ones you configure with 'ifconfig'
+and 'route' etc.) has a corresponding directory under /proc/comx. You can
+dynamically create a new interface by saying 'mkdir /proc/comx/comx0' (or you
+can name it whatever you want up to 8 characters long, comx[n] is just a
+convention).
+Generally the files contained in these directories are text files, which can
+be viewed by 'cat filename' and you can write a string to such a file by
+saying 'echo _string_ >filename'. This is very similar to the sysctl interface.
+Don't use a text editor to edit these files, always use 'echo' (or 'cat'
+where appropriate).
+When you've created the comx[n] directory, two files are created automagically
+in it: 'boardtype' and 'protocol'. You have to fill in these files correctly
+for your board and protocol you intend to use (see the board and protocol
+descriptions in this file below or the example scripts in the 'etc' directory).
+After filling in these files, other files will appear in the directory for
+setting the various hardware- and protocol-related informations (for example
+irq and io addresses, keepalive values etc.) These files are set to default
+values upon creation, so you don't necessarily have to change all of them.
+
+When you're ready with filling in the files in the comx[n] directory, you can
+configure the corresponding network interface with the standard network
+configuration utilities. If you're unable to bring the interfaces up, look up
+the various kernel log files on your system, and consult the messages for
+a probable reason.
+
+EXAMPLE
+
+To create the interface 'comx0' which is the first channel of a COMX card:
+
+insmod comx
+# insmod comx-hw-comx ; insmod comx-proto-ppp (these are usually
+autoloaded if you use the kernel module loader)
+
+mkdir /proc/comx/comx0
+echo comx >/proc/comx/comx0/boardtype
+echo 0x360 >/proc/comx/comx0/io <- jumper-selectable I/O port
+echo 0x0a >/proc/comx/comx0/irq <- jumper-selectable IRQ line
+echo 0xd000 >/proc/comx/comx0/memaddr <- software-configurable memory
+ address. COMX uses 64 KB, and this
+ can be: 0xa000, 0xb000, 0xc000,
+ 0xd000, 0xe000. Avoid conflicts
+ with other hardware.
+cat </etc/siol1.rom >/proc/comx/comx0/firmware <- the firmware for the card
+echo HDLC >/proc/comx/comx0/protocol <- the data-link protocol
+echo 10 >/proc/comx/comx0/keepalive <- the keepalive for the protocol
+ifconfig comx0 1.2.3.4 pointopoint 5.6.7.8 netmask 255.255.255.255 <-
+ finally configure it with ifconfig
+Check its status:
+cat /proc/comx/comx0/status
+
+If you want to use the second channel of this board:
+
+mkdir /proc/comx/comx1
+echo comx >/proc/comx/comx1/boardtype
+echo 0x360 >/proc/comx/comx1/io
+echo 10 >/proc/comx/comx1/irq
+echo 0xd000 >/proc/comx/comx1/memaddr
+echo 1 >/proc/comx/comx1/channel <- channels are numbered
+ as 0 (default) and 1
+
+Now, check if the driver recognized that you're going to use the other
+channel of the same adapter:
+
+cat /proc/comx/comx0/twin
+comx1
+cat /proc/comx/comx1/twin
+comx0
+
+You don't have to load the firmware twice, if you use both channels of
+an adapter, just write it into the channel 0's /proc firmware file.
+
+Default values: io 0x360 for COMX, 0x320 (HICOMX), irq 10, memaddr 0xd0000
+
+THE LOCOMX HARDWARE DRIVER
+
+The LoCOMX driver doesn't require firmware, and it doesn't use memory either,
+but it uses DMA channels 1 and 3. You can set the clock rate (if enabled by
+jumpers on the board) by writing the kbps value into the file named 'clock'.
+Set it to 'external' (it is the default) if you have external clock source.
+
+(Note: currently the LoCOMX driver does not support the internal clock)
+
+THE COMX, CMX AND HICOMX DRIVERS
+
+On the HICOMX, COMX and CMX, you have to load the firmware (it is different for
+the three cards!). All these adapters can share the same memory
+address (we usually use 0xd0000). On the CMX you can set the internal
+clock rate (if enabled by jumpers on the small adapter boards) by writing
+the kbps value into the 'clock' file. You have to do this before initializing
+the card. If you use both HICOMX and CMX/COMX cards, initialize the HICOMX
+first. The I/O address of the HICOMX board is not configurable by any
+method available to the user: it is hardwired to 0x320, and if you have to
+change it, consult ITC-Pro Ltd.
+
+THE MIXCOM DRIVER
+
+The MixCOM board doesn't require firmware, the driver communicates with
+it through I/O ports. You can have three of these cards in one machine.
+
+THE SLICECOM DRIVER
+
+The SliceCOM board doesn't require firmware. You can have 4 of these cards
+in one machine. The driver doesn't (yet) support shared interrupts, so
+you will need a separate IRQ line for every board.
+Read Documentation/networking/slicecom.txt for help on configuring
+this adapter.
+
+THE HDLC/PPP LINE PROTOCOL DRIVER
+
+The HDLC/SyncPPP line protocol driver uses the kernel's built-in syncppp
+driver (syncppp.o). You don't have to manually select syncppp.o when building
+the kernel, the dependencies compile it in automatically.
+
+
+
+
+EXAMPLE
+(setting up hw parameters, see above)
+
+# using HDLC:
+echo hdlc >/proc/comx/comx0/protocol
+echo 10 >/proc/comx/comx0/keepalive <- not necessary, 10 is the default
+ifconfig comx0 1.2.3.4 pointopoint 5.6.7.8 netmask 255.255.255.255
+
+(setting up hw parameters, see above)
+
+# using PPP:
+echo ppp >/proc/comx/comx0/protocol
+ifconfig comx0 up
+ifconfig comx0 1.2.3.4 pointopoint 5.6.7.8 netmask 255.255.255.255
+
+
+THE LAPB LINE PROTOCOL DRIVER
+
+For this, you'll need to configure LAPB support (See 'LAPB Data Link Driver' in
+'Network options' section) into your kernel (thanks to Jonathan Naylor for his
+excellent implementation).
+comx-proto-lapb.o provides the following files in the appropriate directory
+(the default values in parens): t1 (5), t2 (1), n2 (20), mode (DTE, STD) and
+window (7). Agree with the administrator of your peer router on these
+settings (most people use defaults, but you have to know if you are DTE or
+DCE).
+
+EXAMPLE
+
+(setting up hw parameters, see above)
+echo lapb >/proc/comx/comx0/protocol
+echo dce >/proc/comx/comx0/mode <- DCE interface in this example
+ifconfig comx0 1.2.3.4 pointopoint 5.6.7.8 netmask 255.255.255.255
+
+
+THE FRAME RELAY PROTOCOL DRIVER
+
+You DON'T need any other frame relay related modules from the kernel to use
+COMX-Frame Relay. This protocol is a bit more complicated than the others,
+because it allows to use 'subinterfaces' or DLCIs within one physical device.
+First you have to create the 'master' device (the actual physical interface)
+as you would do for other protocols. Specify 'frad' as protocol type.
+Now you can bring this interface up by saying 'ifconfig comx0 up' (or whatever
+you've named the interface). Do not assign any IP address to this interface
+and do not set any routes through it.
+Then, set up your DLCIs the following way: create a comx interface for each
+DLCI you intend to use (with mkdir), and write 'dlci' to the 'boardtype' file,
+and 'ietf-ip' to the 'protocol' file. Currently, the only supported
+encapsulation type is this (also called as RFC1294/1490 IP encapsulation).
+Write the DLCI number to the 'dlci' file, and write the name of the physical
+COMX device to the file called 'master'.
+Now you can assign an IP address to this interface and set routes using it.
+See the example file for further info and example config script.
+Notes: this driver implements a DTE interface with partially implemented
+Q933a LMI.
+You can find an extensively commented example in the 'etc' directory.
+
+FURTHER /proc FILES
+
+boardtype:
+Type of the hardware. Valid values are:
+ 'comx', 'hicomx', 'locomx', 'cmx', 'slicecom'.
+
+protocol:
+Data-link protocol on this channel. Can be: HDLC, LAPB, PPP, FRAD
+
+status:
+You can read the channel's actual status from the 'status' file, for example
+'cat /proc/comx/comx3/status'.
+
+lineup_delay:
+Interpreted in seconds (default is 1). Used to avoid line jitter: the system
+will consider the line status 'UP' only if it is up for at least this number
+of seconds.
+
+debug:
+You can set various debug options through this file. Valid options are:
+'comx_events', 'comx_tx', 'comx_rx', 'hw_events', 'hw_tx', 'hw_rx'.
+You can enable a debug options by writing its name prepended by a '+' into
+the debug file, for example 'echo +comx_rx >comx0/debug'.
+Disabling an option happens similarly, use the '-' prefix
+(e.g. 'echo -hw_rx >debug').
+Debug results can be read from the debug file, for example:
+tail -f /proc/comx/comx2/debug
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/cops.txt b/Documentation/networking/cops.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e344b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/cops.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+Text File for the COPS LocalTalk Linux driver (cops.c).
+ By Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
+
+This driver has two modes and they are: Dayna mode and Tangent mode.
+Each mode corresponds with the type of card. It has been found
+that there are 2 main types of cards and all other cards are
+the same and just have different names or only have minor differences
+such as more IO ports. As this driver is tested it will
+become more clear exactly what cards are supported.
+
+Right now these cards are known to work with the COPS driver. The
+LT-200 cards work in a somewhat more limited capacity than the
+DL200 cards, which work very well and are in use by many people.
+
+TANGENT driver mode:
+ Tangent ATB-II, Novell NL-1000, Daystar Digital LT-200
+DAYNA driver mode:
+ Dayna DL2000/DaynaTalk PC (Half Length), COPS LT-95,
+ Farallon PhoneNET PC III, Farallon PhoneNET PC II
+Other cards possibly supported mode unknown though:
+ Dayna DL2000 (Full length)
+
+The COPS driver defaults to using Dayna mode. To change the driver's
+mode if you built a driver with dual support use board_type=1 or
+board_type=2 for Dayna or Tangent with insmod.
+
+** Operation/loading of the driver.
+Use modprobe like this: /sbin/modprobe cops.o (IO #) (IRQ #)
+If you do not specify any options the driver will try and use the IO = 0x240,
+IRQ = 5. As of right now I would only use IRQ 5 for the card, if autoprobing.
+
+To load multiple COPS driver Localtalk cards you can do one of the following.
+
+insmod cops io=0x240 irq=5
+insmod -o cops2 cops io=0x260 irq=3
+
+Or in lilo.conf put something like this:
+ append="ether=5,0x240,lt0 ether=3,0x260,lt1"
+
+Then bring up the interface with ifconfig. It will look something like this:
+lt0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-F7-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00
+ inet addr:192.168.1.2 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
+ UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:600 Metric:1
+ RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
+ TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 coll:0
+
+** Netatalk Configuration
+You will need to configure atalkd with something like the following to make
+it work with the cops.c driver.
+
+* For single LTalk card use.
+dummy -seed -phase 2 -net 2000 -addr 2000.10 -zone "1033"
+lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1000 -addr 1000.50 -zone "1033"
+
+* For multiple cards, Ethernet and LocalTalk.
+eth0 -seed -phase 2 -net 3000 -addr 3000.20 -zone "1033"
+lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1000 -addr 1000.50 -zone "1033"
+
+* For multiple LocalTalk cards, and an Ethernet card.
+* Order seems to matter here, Ethernet last.
+lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1000 -addr 1000.10 -zone "LocalTalk1"
+lt1 -seed -phase 1 -net 2000 -addr 2000.20 -zone "LocalTalk2"
+eth0 -seed -phase 2 -net 3000 -addr 3000.30 -zone "EtherTalk"
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/cs89x0.txt b/Documentation/networking/cs89x0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..188beb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/cs89x0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+
+NOTE
+----
+
+This document was contributed by Cirrus Logic for kernel 2.2.5. This version
+has been updated for 2.3.48 by Andrew Morton <andrewm@uow.edu.au>
+
+Cirrus make a copy of this driver available at their website, as
+described below. In general, you should use the driver version which
+comes with your Linux distribution.
+
+
+
+CIRRUS LOGIC LAN CS8900/CS8920 ETHERNET ADAPTERS
+Linux Network Interface Driver ver. 2.00 <kernel 2.3.48>
+===============================================================================
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+1.0 CIRRUS LOGIC LAN CS8900/CS8920 ETHERNET ADAPTERS
+ 1.1 Product Overview
+ 1.2 Driver Description
+ 1.2.1 Driver Name
+ 1.2.2 File in the Driver Package
+ 1.3 System Requirements
+ 1.4 Licensing Information
+
+2.0 ADAPTER INSTALLATION and CONFIGURATION
+ 2.1 CS8900-based Adapter Configuration
+ 2.2 CS8920-based Adapter Configuration
+
+3.0 LOADING THE DRIVER AS A MODULE
+
+4.0 COMPILING THE DRIVER
+ 4.1 Compiling the Driver as a Loadable Module
+ 4.2 Compiling the driver to support memory mode
+ 4.3 Compiling the driver to support Rx DMA
+ 4.4 Compiling the Driver into the Kernel
+
+5.0 TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING
+ 5.1 Known Defects and Limitations
+ 5.2 Testing the Adapter
+ 5.2.1 Diagnostic Self-Test
+ 5.2.2 Diagnostic Network Test
+ 5.3 Using the Adapter's LEDs
+ 5.4 Resolving I/O Conflicts
+
+6.0 TECHNICAL SUPPORT
+ 6.1 Contacting Cirrus Logic's Technical Support
+ 6.2 Information Required Before Contacting Technical Support
+ 6.3 Obtaining the Latest Driver Version
+ 6.4 Current maintainer
+ 6.5 Kernel boot parameters
+
+
+1.0 CIRRUS LOGIC LAN CS8900/CS8920 ETHERNET ADAPTERS
+===============================================================================
+
+
+1.1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW
+
+The CS8900-based ISA Ethernet Adapters from Cirrus Logic follow
+IEEE 802.3 standards and support half or full-duplex operation in ISA bus
+computers on 10 Mbps Ethernet networks. The adapters are designed for operation
+in 16-bit ISA or EISA bus expansion slots and are available in
+10BaseT-only or 3-media configurations (10BaseT, 10Base2, and AUI for 10Base-5
+or fiber networks).
+
+CS8920-based adapters are similar to the CS8900-based adapter with additional
+features for Plug and Play (PnP) support and Wakeup Frame recognition. As
+such, the configuration procedures differ somewhat between the two types of
+adapters. Refer to the "Adapter Configuration" section for details on
+configuring both types of adapters.
+
+
+1.2 DRIVER DESCRIPTION
+
+The CS8900/CS8920 Ethernet Adapter driver for Linux supports the Linux
+v2.3.48 or greater kernel. It can be compiled directly into the kernel
+or loaded at run-time as a device driver module.
+
+1.2.1 Driver Name: cs89x0
+
+1.2.2 Files in the Driver Archive:
+
+The files in the driver at Cirrus' website include:
+
+ readme.txt - this file
+ build - batch file to compile cs89x0.c.
+ cs89x0.c - driver C code
+ cs89x0.h - driver header file
+ cs89x0.o - pre-compiled module (for v2.2.5 kernel)
+ config/Config.in - sample file to include cs89x0 driver in the kernel.
+ config/Makefile - sample file to include cs89x0 driver in the kernel.
+ config/Space.c - sample file to include cs89x0 driver in the kernel.
+
+
+
+1.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
+
+The following hardware is required:
+
+ * Cirrus Logic LAN (CS8900/20-based) Ethernet ISA Adapter
+
+ * IBM or IBM-compatible PC with:
+ * An 80386 or higher processor
+ * 16 bytes of contiguous IO space available between 210h - 370h
+ * One available IRQ (5,10,11,or 12 for the CS8900, 3-7,9-15 for CS8920).
+
+ * Appropriate cable (and connector for AUI, 10BASE-2) for your network
+ topology.
+
+The following software is required:
+
+* LINUX kernel version 2.3.48 or higher
+
+ * CS8900/20 Setup Utility (DOS-based)
+
+ * LINUX kernel sources for your kernel (if compiling into kernel)
+
+ * GNU Toolkit (gcc and make) v2.6 or above (if compiling into kernel
+ or a module)
+
+
+
+1.4 LICENSING INFORMATION
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+Foundation, version 1.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
+more details.
+
+For a full copy of the GNU General Public License, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+
+
+2.0 ADAPTER INSTALLATION and CONFIGURATION
+===============================================================================
+
+Both the CS8900 and CS8920-based adapters can be configured using parameters
+stored in an on-board EEPROM. You must use the DOS-based CS8900/20 Setup
+Utility if you want to change the adapter's configuration in EEPROM.
+
+When loading the driver as a module, you can specify many of the adapter's
+configuration parameters on the command-line to override the EEPROM's settings
+or for interface configuration when an EEPROM is not used. (CS8920-based
+adapters must use an EEPROM.) See Section 3.0 LOADING THE DRIVER AS A MODULE.
+
+Since the CS8900/20 Setup Utility is a DOS-based application, you must install
+and configure the adapter in a DOS-based system using the CS8900/20 Setup
+Utility before installation in the target LINUX system. (Not required if
+installing a CS8900-based adapter and the default configuration is acceptable.)
+
+
+2.1 CS8900-BASED ADAPTER CONFIGURATION
+
+CS8900-based adapters shipped from Cirrus Logic have been configured
+with the following "default" settings:
+
+ Operation Mode: Memory Mode
+ IRQ: 10
+ Base I/O Address: 300
+ Memory Base Address: D0000
+ Optimization: DOS Client
+ Transmission Mode: Half-duplex
+ BootProm: None
+ Media Type: Autodetect (3-media cards) or
+ 10BASE-T (10BASE-T only adapter)
+
+You should only change the default configuration settings if conflicts with
+another adapter exists. To change the adapter's configuration, run the
+CS8900/20 Setup Utility.
+
+
+2.2 CS8920-BASED ADAPTER CONFIGURATION
+
+CS8920-based adapters are shipped from Cirrus Logic configured as Plug
+and Play (PnP) enabled. However, since the cs89x0 driver does NOT
+support PnP, you must install the CS8920 adapter in a DOS-based PC and
+run the CS8900/20 Setup Utility to disable PnP and configure the
+adapter before installation in the target Linux system. Failure to do
+this will leave the adapter inactive and the driver will be unable to
+communicate with the adapter.
+
+
+ ****************************************************************
+ * CS8920-BASED ADAPTERS: *
+ * *
+ * CS8920-BASED ADAPTERS ARE PLUG and PLAY ENABLED BY DEFAULT. *
+ * THE CS89X0 DRIVER DOES NOT SUPPORT PnP. THEREFORE, YOU MUST *
+ * RUN THE CS8900/20 SETUP UTILITY TO DISABLE PnP SUPPORT AND *
+ * TO ACTIVATE THE ADAPTER. *
+ ****************************************************************
+
+
+
+
+3.0 LOADING THE DRIVER AS A MODULE
+===============================================================================
+
+If the driver is compiled as a loadable module, you can load the driver module
+with the 'modprobe' command. Many of the adapter's configuration parameters can
+be specified as command-line arguments to the load command. This facility
+provides a means to override the EEPROM's settings or for interface
+configuration when an EEPROM is not used.
+
+Example:
+
+ insmod cs89x0.o io=0x200 irq=0xA media=aui
+
+This example loads the module and configures the adapter to use an IO port base
+address of 200h, interrupt 10, and use the AUI media connection. The following
+configuration options are available on the command line:
+
+* io=### - specify IO address (200h-360h)
+* irq=## - specify interrupt level
+* use_dma=1 - Enable DMA
+* dma=# - specify dma channel (Driver is compiled to support
+ Rx DMA only)
+* dmasize=# (16 or 64) - DMA size 16K or 64K. Default value is set to 16.
+* media=rj45 - specify media type
+ or media=bnc
+ or media=aui
+ or medai=auto
+* duplex=full - specify forced half/full/autonegotiate duplex
+ or duplex=half
+ or duplex=auto
+* debug=# - debug level (only available if the driver was compiled
+ for debugging)
+
+NOTES:
+
+a) If an EEPROM is present, any specified command-line parameter
+ will override the corresponding configuration value stored in
+ EEPROM.
+
+b) The "io" parameter must be specified on the command-line.
+
+c) The driver's hardware probe routine is designed to avoid
+ writing to I/O space until it knows that there is a cs89x0
+ card at the written addresses. This could cause problems
+ with device probing. To avoid this behaviour, add one
+ to the `io=' module parameter. This doesn't actually change
+ the I/O address, but it is a flag to tell the driver
+ topartially initialise the hardware before trying to
+ identify the card. This could be dangerous if you are
+ not sure that there is a cs89x0 card at the provided address.
+
+ For example, to scan for an adapter located at IO base 0x300,
+ specify an IO address of 0x301.
+
+d) The "duplex=auto" parameter is only supported for the CS8920.
+
+e) The minimum command-line configuration required if an EEPROM is
+ not present is:
+
+ io
+ irq
+ media type (no autodetect)
+
+f) The following additional parameters are CS89XX defaults (values
+ used with no EEPROM or command-line argument).
+
+ * DMA Burst = enabled
+ * IOCHRDY Enabled = enabled
+ * UseSA = enabled
+ * CS8900 defaults to half-duplex if not specified on command-line
+ * CS8920 defaults to autoneg if not specified on command-line
+ * Use reset defaults for other config parameters
+ * dma_mode = 0
+
+g) You can use ifconfig to set the adapter's Ethernet address.
+
+h) Many Linux distributions use the 'modprobe' command to load
+ modules. This program uses the '/etc/conf.modules' file to
+ determine configuration information which is passed to a driver
+ module when it is loaded. All the configuration options which are
+ described above may be placed within /etc/conf.modules.
+
+ For example:
+
+ > cat /etc/conf.modules
+ ...
+ alias eth0 cs89x0
+ options cs89x0 io=0x0200 dma=5 use_dma=1
+ ...
+
+ In this example we are telling the module system that the
+ ethernet driver for this machine should use the cs89x0 driver. We
+ are asking 'modprobe' to pass the 'io', 'dma' and 'use_dma'
+ arguments to the driver when it is loaded.
+
+i) Cirrus recommend that the cs89x0 use the ISA DMA channels 5, 6 or
+ 7. You will probably find that other DMA channels will not work.
+
+j) The cs89x0 supports DMA for receiving only. DMA mode is
+ significantly more efficient. Flooding a 400 MHz Celeron machine
+ with large ping packets consumes 82% of its CPU capacity in non-DMA
+ mode. With DMA this is reduced to 45%.
+
+k) If your Linux kernel was compiled with inbuilt plug-and-play
+ support you will be able to find information about the cs89x0 card
+ with the command
+
+ cat /proc/isapnp
+
+l) If during DMA operation you find erratic behavior or network data
+ corruption you should use your PC's BIOS to slow the EISA bus clock.
+
+m) If the cs89x0 driver is compiled directly into the kernel
+ (non-modular) then its I/O address is automatically determined by
+ ISA bus probing. The IRQ number, media options, etc are determined
+ from the card's EEPROM.
+
+n) If the cs89x0 driver is compiled directly into the kernel, DMA
+ mode may be selected by providing the kernel with a boot option
+ 'cs89x0_dma=N' where 'N' is the desired DMA channel number (5, 6 or 7).
+
+ Kernel boot options may be provided on the LILO command line:
+
+ LILO boot: linux cs89x0_dma=5
+
+ or they may be placed in /etc/lilo.conf:
+
+ image=/boot/bzImage-2.3.48
+ append="cs89x0_dma=5"
+ label=linux
+ root=/dev/hda5
+ read-only
+
+ The DMA Rx buffer size is hardwired to 16 kbytes in this mode.
+ (64k mode is not available).
+
+
+4.0 COMPILING THE DRIVER
+===============================================================================
+
+The cs89x0 driver can be compiled directly into the kernel or compiled into
+a loadable device driver module.
+
+
+4.1 COMPILING THE DRIVER AS A LOADABLE MODULE
+
+To compile the driver into a loadable module, use the following command
+(single command line, without quotes):
+
+"gcc -D__KERNEL__ -I/usr/src/linux/include -I/usr/src/linux/net/inet -Wall
+-Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -DMODULE -DCONFIG_MODVERSIONS
+-c cs89x0.c"
+
+4.2 COMPILING THE DRIVER TO SUPPORT MEMORY MODE
+
+Support for memory mode was not carried over into the 2.3 series kernels.
+
+4.3 COMPILING THE DRIVER TO SUPPORT Rx DMA
+
+The compile-time optionality for DMA was removed in the 2.3 kernel
+series. DMA support is now unconditionally part of the driver. It is
+enabled by the 'use_dma=1' module option.
+
+4.4 COMPILING THE DRIVER INTO THE KERNEL
+
+If your Linux distribution already has support for the cs89x0 driver
+then simply copy the source file to the /usr/src/linux/drivers/net
+directory to replace the original ones and run the make utility to
+rebuild the kernel. See Step 3 for rebuilding the kernel.
+
+If your Linux does not include the cs89x0 driver, you need to edit three
+configuration files, copy the source file to the /usr/src/linux/drivers/net
+directory, and then run the make utility to rebuild the kernel.
+
+1. Edit the following configuration files by adding the statements as
+indicated. (When possible, try to locate the added text to the section of the
+file containing similar statements).
+
+
+a.) In /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/Config.in, add:
+
+tristate 'CS89x0 support' CONFIG_CS89x0
+
+Example:
+
+ if [ "$CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL" = "y" ]; then
+ tristate 'ICL EtherTeam 16i/32 support' CONFIG_ETH16I
+ fi
+
+ tristate 'CS89x0 support' CONFIG_CS89x0
+
+ tristate 'NE2000/NE1000 support' CONFIG_NE2000
+ if [ "$CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL" = "y" ]; then
+ tristate 'NI5210 support' CONFIG_NI52
+
+
+b.) In /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/Makefile, add the following lines:
+
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_CS89x0),y)
+L_OBJS += cs89x0.o
+else
+ ifeq ($(CONFIG_CS89x0),m)
+ M_OBJS += cs89x0.o
+ endif
+endif
+
+
+c.) In /linux/drivers/net/Space.c file, add the line:
+
+extern int cs89x0_probe(struct device *dev);
+
+
+Example:
+
+ extern int ultra_probe(struct device *dev);
+ extern int wd_probe(struct device *dev);
+ extern int el2_probe(struct device *dev);
+
+ extern int cs89x0_probe(struct device *dev);
+
+ extern int ne_probe(struct device *dev);
+ extern int hp_probe(struct device *dev);
+ extern int hp_plus_probe(struct device *dev);
+
+
+Also add:
+
+ #ifdef CONFIG_CS89x0
+ { cs89x0_probe,0 },
+ #endif
+
+
+2.) Copy the driver source files (cs89x0.c and cs89x0.h)
+into the /usr/src/linux/drivers/net directory.
+
+
+3.) Go to /usr/src/linux directory and run 'make config' followed by 'make'
+(or make bzImage) to rebuild the kernel.
+
+4.) Use the DOS 'setup' utility to disable plug and play on the NIC.
+
+
+5.0 TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING
+===============================================================================
+
+5.1 KNOWN DEFECTS and LIMITATIONS
+
+Refer to the RELEASE.TXT file distributed as part of this archive for a list of
+known defects, driver limitations, and work arounds.
+
+
+5.2 TESTING THE ADAPTER
+
+Once the adapter has been installed and configured, the diagnostic option of
+the CS8900/20 Setup Utility can be used to test the functionality of the
+adapter and its network connection. Use the diagnostics 'Self Test' option to
+test the functionality of the adapter with the hardware configuration you have
+assigned. You can use the diagnostics 'Network Test' to test the ability of the
+adapter to communicate across the Ethernet with another PC equipped with a
+CS8900/20-based adapter card (it must also be running the CS8900/20 Setup
+Utility).
+
+ NOTE: The Setup Utility's diagnostics are designed to run in a
+ DOS-only operating system environment. DO NOT run the diagnostics
+ from a DOS or command prompt session under Windows 95, Windows NT,
+ OS/2, or other operating system.
+
+To run the diagnostics tests on the CS8900/20 adapter:
+
+ 1.) Boot DOS on the PC and start the CS8900/20 Setup Utility.
+
+ 2.) The adapter's current configuration is displayed. Hit the ENTER key to
+ get to the main menu.
+
+ 4.) Select 'Diagnostics' (ALT-G) from the main menu.
+ * Select 'Self-Test' to test the adapter's basic functionality.
+ * Select 'Network Test' to test the network connection and cabling.
+
+
+5.2.1 DIAGNOSTIC SELF-TEST
+
+The diagnostic self-test checks the adapter's basic functionality as well as
+its ability to communicate across the ISA bus based on the system resources
+assigned during hardware configuration. The following tests are performed:
+
+ * IO Register Read/Write Test
+ The IO Register Read/Write test insures that the CS8900/20 can be
+ accessed in IO mode, and that the IO base address is correct.
+
+ * Shared Memory Test
+ The Shared Memory test insures the CS8900/20 can be accessed in memory
+ mode and that the range of memory addresses assigned does not conflict
+ with other devices in the system.
+
+ * Interrupt Test
+ The Interrupt test insures there are no conflicts with the assigned IRQ
+ signal.
+
+ * EEPROM Test
+ The EEPROM test insures the EEPROM can be read.
+
+ * Chip RAM Test
+ The Chip RAM test insures the 4K of memory internal to the CS8900/20 is
+ working properly.
+
+ * Internal Loop-back Test
+ The Internal Loop Back test insures the adapter's transmitter and
+ receiver are operating properly. If this test fails, make sure the
+ adapter's cable is connected to the network (check for LED activity for
+ example).
+
+ * Boot PROM Test
+ The Boot PROM test insures the Boot PROM is present, and can be read.
+ Failure indicates the Boot PROM was not successfully read due to a
+ hardware problem or due to a conflicts on the Boot PROM address
+ assignment. (Test only applies if the adapter is configured to use the
+ Boot PROM option.)
+
+Failure of a test item indicates a possible system resource conflict with
+another device on the ISA bus. In this case, you should use the Manual Setup
+option to reconfigure the adapter by selecting a different value for the system
+resource that failed.
+
+
+5.2.2 DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK TEST
+
+The Diagnostic Network Test verifies a working network connection by
+transferring data between two CS8900/20 adapters installed in different PCs
+on the same network. (Note: the diagnostic network test should not be run
+between two nodes across a router.)
+
+This test requires that each of the two PCs have a CS8900/20-based adapter
+installed and have the CS8900/20 Setup Utility running. The first PC is
+configured as a Responder and the other PC is configured as an Initiator.
+Once the Initiator is started, it sends data frames to the Responder which
+returns the frames to the Initiator.
+
+The total number of frames received and transmitted are displayed on the
+Initiator's display, along with a count of the number of frames received and
+transmitted OK or in error. The test can be terminated anytime by the user at
+either PC.
+
+To setup the Diagnostic Network Test:
+
+ 1.) Select a PC with a CS8900/20-based adapter and a known working network
+ connection to act as the Responder. Run the CS8900/20 Setup Utility
+ and select 'Diagnostics -> Network Test -> Responder' from the main
+ menu. Hit ENTER to start the Responder.
+
+ 2.) Return to the PC with the CS8900/20-based adapter you want to test and
+ start the CS8900/20 Setup Utility.
+
+ 3.) From the main menu, Select 'Diagnostic -> Network Test -> Initiator'.
+ Hit ENTER to start the test.
+
+You may stop the test on the Initiator at any time while allowing the Responder
+to continue running. In this manner, you can move to additional PCs and test
+them by starting the Initiator on another PC without having to stop/start the
+Responder.
+
+
+
+5.3 USING THE ADAPTER'S LEDs
+
+The 2 and 3-media adapters have two LEDs visible on the back end of the board
+located near the 10Base-T connector.
+
+Link Integrity LED: A "steady" ON of the green LED indicates a valid 10Base-T
+connection. (Only applies to 10Base-T. The green LED has no significance for
+a 10Base-2 or AUI connection.)
+
+TX/RX LED: The yellow LED lights briefly each time the adapter transmits or
+receives data. (The yellow LED will appear to "flicker" on a typical network.)
+
+
+5.4 RESOLVING I/O CONFLICTS
+
+An IO conflict occurs when two or more adapter use the same ISA resource (IO
+address, memory address or IRQ). You can usually detect an IO conflict in one
+of four ways after installing and or configuring the CS8900/20-based adapter:
+
+ 1.) The system does not boot properly (or at all).
+
+ 2.) The driver can not communicate with the adapter, reporting an "Adapter
+ not found" error message.
+
+ 3.) You cannot connect to the network or the driver will not load.
+
+ 4.) If you have configured the adapter to run in memory mode but the driver
+ reports it is using IO mode when loading, this is an indication of a
+ memory address conflict.
+
+If an IO conflict occurs, run the CS8900/20 Setup Utility and perform a
+diagnostic self-test. Normally, the ISA resource in conflict will fail the
+self-test. If so, reconfigure the adapter selecting another choice for the
+resource in conflict. Run the diagnostics again to check for further IO
+conflicts.
+
+In some cases, such as when the PC will not boot, it may be necessary to remove
+the adapter and reconfigure it by installing it in another PC to run the
+CS8900/20 Setup Utility. Once reinstalled in the target system, run the
+diagnostics self-test to ensure the new configuration is free of conflicts
+before loading the driver again.
+
+When manually configuring the adapter, keep in mind the typical ISA system
+resource usage as indicated in the tables below.
+
+I/O Address Device IRQ Device
+----------- -------- --- --------
+ 200-20F Game I/O adapter 3 COM2, Bus Mouse
+ 230-23F Bus Mouse 4 COM1
+ 270-27F LPT3: third parallel port 5 LPT2
+ 2F0-2FF COM2: second serial port 6 Floppy Disk controller
+ 320-32F Fixed disk controller 7 LPT1
+ 8 Real-time Clock
+ 9 EGA/VGA display adapter
+ 12 Mouse (PS/2)
+Memory Address Device 13 Math Coprocessor
+-------------- --------------------- 14 Hard Disk controller
+A000-BFFF EGA Graphics Adpater
+A000-C7FF VGA Graphics Adpater
+B000-BFFF Mono Graphics Adapter
+B800-BFFF Color Graphics Adapter
+E000-FFFF AT BIOS
+
+
+
+
+6.0 TECHNICAL SUPPORT
+===============================================================================
+
+6.1 CONTACTING CIRRUS LOGIC'S TECHNICAL SUPPORT
+
+Cirrus Logic's CS89XX Technical Application Support can be reached at:
+
+Telephone :(800) 888-5016 (from inside U.S. and Canada)
+ :(512) 442-7555 (from outside the U.S. and Canada)
+Fax :(512) 912-3871
+Email :ethernet@crystal.cirrus.com
+WWW :http://www.cirrus.com
+
+
+6.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED BEFORE CONTACTING TECHNICAL SUPPORT
+
+Before contacting Cirrus Logic for technical support, be prepared to provide as
+Much of the following information as possible.
+
+1.) Adapter type (CRD8900, CDB8900, CDB8920, etc.)
+
+2.) Adapter configuration
+
+ * IO Base, Memory Base, IO or memory mode enabled, IRQ, DMA channel
+ * Plug and Play enabled/disabled (CS8920-based adapters only)
+ * Configured for media auto-detect or specific media type (which type).
+
+3.) PC System's Configuration
+
+ * Plug and Play system (yes/no)
+ * BIOS (make and version)
+ * System make and model
+ * CPU (type and speed)
+ * System RAM
+ * SCSI Adapter
+
+4.) Software
+
+ * CS89XX driver and version
+ * Your network operating system and version
+ * Your system's OS version
+ * Version of all protocol support files
+
+5.) Any Error Message displayed.
+
+
+
+6.3 OBTAINING THE LATEST DRIVER VERSION
+
+You can obtain the latest CS89XX drivers and support software from Cirrus Logic's
+Web site. You can also contact Cirrus Logic's Technical Support (email:
+ethernet@crystal.cirrus.com) and request that you be registered for automatic
+software-update notification.
+
+Cirrus Logic maintains a web page at http://www.cirrus.com with the
+the latest drivers and technical publications.
+
+
+6.4 Current maintainer
+
+In February 2000 the maintenance of this driver was assumed by Andrew
+Morton <akpm@zip.com.au>
+
+6.5 Kernel module parameters
+
+For use in embedded environments with no cs89x0 EEPROM, the kernel boot
+parameter `cs89x0_media=' has been implemented. Usage is:
+
+ cs89x0_media=rj45 or
+ cs89x0_media=aui or
+ cs89x0_media=bnc
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/de4x5.txt b/Documentation/networking/de4x5.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8e4ca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/de4x5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+ Originally, this driver was written for the Digital Equipment
+ Corporation series of EtherWORKS Ethernet cards:
+
+ DE425 TP/COAX EISA
+ DE434 TP PCI
+ DE435 TP/COAX/AUI PCI
+ DE450 TP/COAX/AUI PCI
+ DE500 10/100 PCI Fasternet
+
+ but it will now attempt to support all cards which conform to the
+ Digital Semiconductor SROM Specification. The driver currently
+ recognises the following chips:
+
+ DC21040 (no SROM)
+ DC21041[A]
+ DC21140[A]
+ DC21142
+ DC21143
+
+ So far the driver is known to work with the following cards:
+
+ KINGSTON
+ Linksys
+ ZNYX342
+ SMC8432
+ SMC9332 (w/new SROM)
+ ZNYX31[45]
+ ZNYX346 10/100 4 port (can act as a 10/100 bridge!)
+
+ The driver has been tested on a relatively busy network using the DE425,
+ DE434, DE435 and DE500 cards and benchmarked with 'ttcp': it transferred
+ 16M of data to a DECstation 5000/200 as follows:
+
+ TCP UDP
+ TX RX TX RX
+ DE425 1030k 997k 1170k 1128k
+ DE434 1063k 995k 1170k 1125k
+ DE435 1063k 995k 1170k 1125k
+ DE500 1063k 998k 1170k 1125k in 10Mb/s mode
+
+ All values are typical (in kBytes/sec) from a sample of 4 for each
+ measurement. Their error is +/-20k on a quiet (private) network and also
+ depend on what load the CPU has.
+
+ =========================================================================
+
+ The ability to load this driver as a loadable module has been included
+ and used extensively during the driver development (to save those long
+ reboot sequences). Loadable module support under PCI and EISA has been
+ achieved by letting the driver autoprobe as if it were compiled into the
+ kernel. Do make sure you're not sharing interrupts with anything that
+ cannot accommodate interrupt sharing!
+
+ To utilise this ability, you have to do 8 things:
+
+ 0) have a copy of the loadable modules code installed on your system.
+ 1) copy de4x5.c from the /linux/drivers/net directory to your favourite
+ temporary directory.
+ 2) for fixed autoprobes (not recommended), edit the source code near
+ line 5594 to reflect the I/O address you're using, or assign these when
+ loading by:
+
+ insmod de4x5 io=0xghh where g = bus number
+ hh = device number
+
+ NB: autoprobing for modules is now supported by default. You may just
+ use:
+
+ insmod de4x5
+
+ to load all available boards. For a specific board, still use
+ the 'io=?' above.
+ 3) compile de4x5.c, but include -DMODULE in the command line to ensure
+ that the correct bits are compiled (see end of source code).
+ 4) if you are wanting to add a new card, goto 5. Otherwise, recompile a
+ kernel with the de4x5 configuration turned off and reboot.
+ 5) insmod de4x5 [io=0xghh]
+ 6) run the net startup bits for your new eth?? interface(s) manually
+ (usually /etc/rc.inet[12] at boot time).
+ 7) enjoy!
+
+ To unload a module, turn off the associated interface(s)
+ 'ifconfig eth?? down' then 'rmmod de4x5'.
+
+ Automedia detection is included so that in principle you can disconnect
+ from, e.g. TP, reconnect to BNC and things will still work (after a
+ pause whilst the driver figures out where its media went). My tests
+ using ping showed that it appears to work....
+
+ By default, the driver will now autodetect any DECchip based card.
+ Should you have a need to restrict the driver to DIGITAL only cards, you
+ can compile with a DEC_ONLY define, or if loading as a module, use the
+ 'dec_only=1' parameter.
+
+ I've changed the timing routines to use the kernel timer and scheduling
+ functions so that the hangs and other assorted problems that occurred
+ while autosensing the media should be gone. A bonus for the DC21040
+ auto media sense algorithm is that it can now use one that is more in
+ line with the rest (the DC21040 chip doesn't have a hardware timer).
+ The downside is the 1 'jiffies' (10ms) resolution.
+
+ IEEE 802.3u MII interface code has been added in anticipation that some
+ products may use it in the future.
+
+ The SMC9332 card has a non-compliant SROM which needs fixing - I have
+ patched this driver to detect it because the SROM format used complies
+ to a previous DEC-STD format.
+
+ I have removed the buffer copies needed for receive on Intels. I cannot
+ remove them for Alphas since the Tulip hardware only does longword
+ aligned DMA transfers and the Alphas get alignment traps with non
+ longword aligned data copies (which makes them really slow). No comment.
+
+ I have added SROM decoding routines to make this driver work with any
+ card that supports the Digital Semiconductor SROM spec. This will help
+ all cards running the dc2114x series chips in particular. Cards using
+ the dc2104x chips should run correctly with the basic driver. I'm in
+ debt to <mjacob@feral.com> for the testing and feedback that helped get
+ this feature working. So far we have tested KINGSTON, SMC8432, SMC9332
+ (with the latest SROM complying with the SROM spec V3: their first was
+ broken), ZNYX342 and LinkSys. ZNYX314 (dual 21041 MAC) and ZNYX 315
+ (quad 21041 MAC) cards also appear to work despite their incorrectly
+ wired IRQs.
+
+ I have added a temporary fix for interrupt problems when some SCSI cards
+ share the same interrupt as the DECchip based cards. The problem occurs
+ because the SCSI card wants to grab the interrupt as a fast interrupt
+ (runs the service routine with interrupts turned off) vs. this card
+ which really needs to run the service routine with interrupts turned on.
+ This driver will now add the interrupt service routine as a fast
+ interrupt if it is bounced from the slow interrupt. THIS IS NOT A
+ RECOMMENDED WAY TO RUN THE DRIVER and has been done for a limited time
+ until people sort out their compatibility issues and the kernel
+ interrupt service code is fixed. YOU SHOULD SEPARATE OUT THE FAST
+ INTERRUPT CARDS FROM THE SLOW INTERRUPT CARDS to ensure that they do not
+ run on the same interrupt. PCMCIA/CardBus is another can of worms...
+
+ Finally, I think I have really fixed the module loading problem with
+ more than one DECchip based card. As a side effect, I don't mess with
+ the device structure any more which means that if more than 1 card in
+ 2.0.x is installed (4 in 2.1.x), the user will have to edit
+ linux/drivers/net/Space.c to make room for them. Hence, module loading
+ is the preferred way to use this driver, since it doesn't have this
+ limitation.
+
+ Where SROM media detection is used and full duplex is specified in the
+ SROM, the feature is ignored unless lp->params.fdx is set at compile
+ time OR during a module load (insmod de4x5 args='eth??:fdx' [see
+ below]). This is because there is no way to automatically detect full
+ duplex links except through autonegotiation. When I include the
+ autonegotiation feature in the SROM autoconf code, this detection will
+ occur automatically for that case.
+
+ Command line arguments are now allowed, similar to passing arguments
+ through LILO. This will allow a per adapter board set up of full duplex
+ and media. The only lexical constraints are: the board name (dev->name)
+ appears in the list before its parameters. The list of parameters ends
+ either at the end of the parameter list or with another board name. The
+ following parameters are allowed:
+
+ fdx for full duplex
+ autosense to set the media/speed; with the following
+ sub-parameters:
+ TP, TP_NW, BNC, AUI, BNC_AUI, 100Mb, 10Mb, AUTO
+
+ Case sensitivity is important for the sub-parameters. They *must* be
+ upper case. Examples:
+
+ insmod de4x5 args='eth1:fdx autosense=BNC eth0:autosense=100Mb'.
+
+ For a compiled in driver, in linux/drivers/net/CONFIG, place e.g.
+ DE4X5_OPTS = -DDE4X5_PARM='"eth0:fdx autosense=AUI eth2:autosense=TP"'
+
+ Yes, I know full duplex isn't permissible on BNC or AUI; they're just
+ examples. By default, full duplex is turned off and AUTO is the default
+ autosense setting. In reality, I expect only the full duplex option to
+ be used. Note the use of single quotes in the two examples above and the
+ lack of commas to separate items.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/decnet.txt b/Documentation/networking/decnet.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6bd25f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/decnet.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+ Linux DECnet Networking Layer Information
+ ===========================================
+
+1) Other documentation....
+
+ o Project Home Pages
+ http://www.chygwyn.com/DECnet/ - Kernel info
+ http://linux-decnet.sourceforge.net/ - Userland tools
+ http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/linux-decnet/ - Status page
+
+2) Configuring the kernel
+
+Be sure to turn on the following options:
+
+ CONFIG_DECNET (obviously)
+ CONFIG_PROC_FS (to see what's going on)
+ CONFIG_SYSCTL (for easy configuration)
+
+if you want to try out router support (not properly debugged yet)
+you'll need the following options as well...
+
+ CONFIG_DECNET_ROUTER (to be able to add/delete routes)
+ CONFIG_NETFILTER (will be required for the DECnet routing daemon)
+
+ CONFIG_DECNET_ROUTE_FWMARK is optional
+
+Don't turn on SIOCGIFCONF support for DECnet unless you are really sure
+that you need it, in general you won't and it can cause ifconfig to
+malfunction.
+
+Run time configuration has changed slightly from the 2.4 system. If you
+want to configure an endnode, then the simplified procedure is as follows:
+
+ o Set the MAC address on your ethernet card before starting _any_ other
+ network protocols.
+
+As soon as your network card is brought into the UP state, DECnet should
+start working. If you need something more complicated or are unsure how
+to set the MAC address, see the next section. Also all configurations which
+worked with 2.4 will work under 2.5 with no change.
+
+3) Command line options
+
+You can set a DECnet address on the kernel command line for compatibility
+with the 2.4 configuration procedure, but in general it's not needed any more.
+If you do st a DECnet address on the command line, it has only one purpose
+which is that its added to the addresses on the loopback device.
+
+With 2.4 kernels, DECnet would only recognise addresses as local if they
+were added to the loopback device. In 2.5, any local interface address
+can be used to loop back to the local machine. Of course this does not
+prevent you adding further addresses to the loopback device if you
+want to.
+
+N.B. Since the address list of an interface determines the addresses for
+which "hello" messages are sent, if you don't set an address on the loopback
+interface then you won't see any entries in /proc/net/neigh for the local
+host until such time as you start a connection. This doesn't affect the
+operation of the local communications in any other way though.
+
+The kernel command line takes options looking like the following:
+
+ decnet=1,2
+
+the two numbers are the node address 1,2 = 1.2 For 2.2.xx kernels
+and early 2.3.xx kernels, you must use a comma when specifying the
+DECnet address like this. For more recent 2.3.xx kernels, you may
+use almost any character except space, although a `.` would be the most
+obvious choice :-)
+
+There used to be a third number specifying the node type. This option
+has gone away in favour of a per interface node type. This is now set
+using /proc/sys/net/decnet/conf/<dev>/forwarding. This file can be
+set with a single digit, 0=EndNode, 1=L1 Router and 2=L2 Router.
+
+There are also equivalent options for modules. The node address can
+also be set through the /proc/sys/net/decnet/ files, as can other system
+parameters.
+
+Currently the only supported devices are ethernet and ip_gre. The
+ethernet address of your ethernet card has to be set according to the DECnet
+address of the node in order for it to be autoconfigured (and then appear in
+/proc/net/decnet_dev). There is a utility available at the above
+FTP sites called dn2ethaddr which can compute the correct ethernet
+address to use. The address can be set by ifconfig either before at
+at the time the device is brought up. If you are using RedHat you can
+add the line:
+
+ MACADDR=AA:00:04:00:03:04
+
+or something similar, to /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 or
+wherever your network card's configuration lives. Setting the MAC address
+of your ethernet card to an address starting with "hi-ord" will cause a
+DECnet address which matches to be added to the interface (which you can
+verify with iproute2).
+
+The default device for routing can be set through the /proc filesystem
+by setting /proc/sys/net/decnet/default_device to the
+device you want DECnet to route packets out of when no specific route
+is available. Usually this will be eth0, for example:
+
+ echo -n "eth0" >/proc/sys/net/decnet/default_device
+
+If you don't set the default device, then it will default to the first
+ethernet card which has been autoconfigured as described above. You can
+confirm that by looking in the default_device file of course.
+
+There is a list of what the other files under /proc/sys/net/decnet/ do
+on the kernel patch web site (shown above).
+
+4) Run time kernel configuration
+
+This is either done through the sysctl/proc interface (see the kernel web
+pages for details on what the various options do) or through the iproute2
+package in the same way as IPv4/6 configuration is performed.
+
+Documentation for iproute2 is included with the package, although there is
+as yet no specific section on DECnet, most of the features apply to both
+IP and DECnet, albeit with DECnet addresses instead of IP addresses and
+a reduced functionality.
+
+If you want to configure a DECnet router you'll need the iproute2 package
+since its the _only_ way to add and delete routes currently. Eventually
+there will be a routing daemon to send and receive routing messages for
+each interface and update the kernel routing tables accordingly. The
+routing daemon will use netfilter to listen to routing packets, and
+rtnetlink to update the kernels routing tables.
+
+The DECnet raw socket layer has been removed since it was there purely
+for use by the routing daemon which will now use netfilter (a much cleaner
+and more generic solution) instead.
+
+5) How can I tell if its working ?
+
+Here is a quick guide of what to look for in order to know if your DECnet
+kernel subsystem is working.
+
+ - Is the node address set (see /proc/sys/net/decnet/node_address)
+ - Is the node of the correct type
+ (see /proc/sys/net/decnet/conf/<dev>/forwarding)
+ - Is the Ethernet MAC address of each Ethernet card set to match
+ the DECnet address. If in doubt use the dn2ethaddr utility available
+ at the ftp archive.
+ - If the previous two steps are satisfied, and the Ethernet card is up,
+ you should find that it is listed in /proc/net/decnet_dev and also
+ that it appears as a directory in /proc/sys/net/decnet/conf/. The
+ loopback device (lo) should also appear and is required to communicate
+ within a node.
+ - If you have any DECnet routers on your network, they should appear
+ in /proc/net/decnet_neigh, otherwise this file will only contain the
+ entry for the node itself (if it doesn't check to see if lo is up).
+ - If you want to send to any node which is not listed in the
+ /proc/net/decnet_neigh file, you'll need to set the default device
+ to point to an Ethernet card with connection to a router. This is
+ again done with the /proc/sys/net/decnet/default_device file.
+ - Try starting a simple server and client, like the dnping/dnmirror
+ over the loopback interface. With luck they should communicate.
+ For this step and those after, you'll need the DECnet library
+ which can be obtained from the above ftp sites as well as the
+ actual utilities themselves.
+ - If this seems to work, then try talking to a node on your local
+ network, and see if you can obtain the same results.
+ - At this point you are on your own... :-)
+
+6) How to send a bug report
+
+If you've found a bug and want to report it, then there are several things
+you can do to help me work out exactly what it is that is wrong. Useful
+information (_most_ of which _is_ _essential_) includes:
+
+ - What kernel version are you running ?
+ - What version of the patch are you running ?
+ - How far though the above set of tests can you get ?
+ - What is in the /proc/decnet* files and /proc/sys/net/decnet/* files ?
+ - Which services are you running ?
+ - Which client caused the problem ?
+ - How much data was being transferred ?
+ - Was the network congested ?
+ - If there was a kernel panic, please run the output through ksymoops
+ before sending it to me, otherwise its _useless_.
+ - How can the problem be reproduced ?
+ - Can you use tcpdump to get a trace ? (N.B. Most (all?) versions of
+ tcpdump don't understand how to dump DECnet properly, so including
+ the hex listing of the packet contents is _essential_, usually the -x flag.
+ You may also need to increase the length grabbed with the -s flag. The
+ -e flag also provides very useful information (ethernet MAC addresses))
+
+7) MAC FAQ
+
+A quick FAQ on ethernet MAC addresses to explain how Linux and DECnet
+interact and how to get the best performance from your hardware.
+
+Ethernet cards are designed to normally only pass received network frames
+to a host computer when they are addressed to it, or to the broadcast address.
+
+Linux has an interface which allows the setting of extra addresses for
+an ethernet card to listen to. If the ethernet card supports it, the
+filtering operation will be done in hardware, if not the extra unwanted packets
+received will be discarded by the host computer. In the latter case,
+significant processor time and bus bandwidth can be used up on a busy
+network (see the NAPI documentation for a longer explanation of these
+effects).
+
+DECnet makes use of this interface to allow running DECnet on an ethernet
+card which has already been configured using TCP/IP (presumably using the
+built in MAC address of the card, as usual) and/or to allow multiple DECnet
+addresses on each physical interface. If you do this, be aware that if your
+ethernet card doesn't support perfect hashing in its MAC address filter
+then your computer will be doing more work than required. Some cards
+will simply set themselves into promiscuous mode in order to receive
+packets from the DECnet specified addresses. So if you have one of these
+cards its better to set the MAC address of the card as described above
+to gain the best efficiency. Better still is to use a card which supports
+NAPI as well.
+
+
+8) Mailing list
+
+If you are keen to get involved in development, or want to ask questions
+about configuration, or even just report bugs, then there is a mailing
+list that you can join, details are at:
+
+http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=4993
+
+9) Legal Info
+
+The Linux DECnet project team have placed their code under the GPL. The
+software is provided "as is" and without warranty express or implied.
+DECnet is a trademark of Compaq. This software is not a product of
+Compaq. We acknowledge the help of people at Compaq in providing extra
+documentation above and beyond what was previously publicly available.
+
+Steve Whitehouse <SteveW@ACM.org>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/depca.txt b/Documentation/networking/depca.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24c6b26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/depca.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+
+DE10x
+=====
+
+Memory Addresses:
+
+ SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4
+64K on on on on d0000 dbfff
+ off on on on c0000 cbfff
+ off off on on e0000 ebfff
+
+32K on on off on d8000 dbfff
+ off on off on c8000 cbfff
+ off off off on e8000 ebfff
+
+DBR ROM on on dc000 dffff
+ off on cc000 cffff
+ off off ec000 effff
+
+Note that the 2K mode is set by SW3/SW4 on/off or off/off. Address
+assignment is through the RBSA register.
+
+I/O Address:
+ SW5
+0x300 on
+0x200 off
+
+Remote Boot:
+ SW6
+Disable on
+Enable off
+
+Remote Boot Timeout:
+ SW7
+2.5min on
+30s off
+
+IRQ:
+ SW8 SW9 SW10 SW11 SW12
+2 on off off off off
+3 off on off off off
+4 off off on off off
+5 off off off on off
+7 off off off off on
+
+DE20x
+=====
+
+Memory Size:
+
+ SW3 SW4
+64K on on
+32K off on
+2K on off
+2K off off
+
+Start Addresses:
+
+ SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4
+64K on on on on c0000 cffff
+ on off on on d0000 dffff
+ off on on on e0000 effff
+
+32K on on off off c8000 cffff
+ on off off off d8000 dffff
+ off on off off e8000 effff
+
+Illegal off off - - - -
+
+I/O Address:
+ SW5
+0x300 on
+0x200 off
+
+Remote Boot:
+ SW6
+Disable on
+Enable off
+
+Remote Boot Timeout:
+ SW7
+2.5min on
+30s off
+
+IRQ:
+ SW8 SW9 SW10 SW11 SW12
+5 on off off off off
+9 off on off off off
+10 off off on off off
+11 off off off on off
+15 off off off off on
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/dgrs.txt b/Documentation/networking/dgrs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1aa1bb3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/dgrs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+ The Digi International RightSwitch SE-X (dgrs) Device Driver
+
+This is a Linux driver for the Digi International RightSwitch SE-X
+EISA and PCI boards. These are 4 (EISA) or 6 (PCI) port Ethernet
+switches and a NIC combined into a single board. This driver can
+be compiled into the kernel statically or as a loadable module.
+
+There is also a companion management tool, called "xrightswitch".
+The management tool lets you watch the performance graphically,
+as well as set the SNMP agent IP and IPX addresses, IEEE Spanning
+Tree, and Aging time. These can also be set from the command line
+when the driver is loaded. The driver command line options are:
+
+ debug=NNN Debug printing level
+ dma=0/1 Disable/Enable DMA on PCI card
+ spantree=0/1 Disable/Enable IEEE spanning tree
+ hashexpire=NNN Change address aging time (default 300 seconds)
+ ipaddr=A,B,C,D Set SNMP agent IP address i.e. 199,86,8,221
+ iptrap=A,B,C,D Set SNMP agent IP trap address i.e. 199,86,8,221
+ ipxnet=NNN Set SNMP agent IPX network number
+ nicmode=0/1 Disable/Enable multiple NIC mode
+
+There is also a tool for setting up input and output packet filters
+on each port, called "dgrsfilt".
+
+Both the management tool and the filtering tool are available
+separately from the following FTP site:
+
+ ftp://ftp.dgii.com/drivers/rightswitch/linux/
+
+When nicmode=1, the board and driver operate as 4 or 6 individual
+NIC ports (eth0...eth5) instead of as a switch. All switching
+functions are disabled. In the future, the board firmware may include
+a routing cache when in this mode.
+
+Copyright 1995-1996 Digi International Inc.
+
+This software may be used and distributed according to the terms
+of the GNU General Public License, incorporated herein by reference.
+
+For information on purchasing a RightSwitch SE-4 or SE-6
+board, please contact Digi's sales department at 1-612-912-3444
+or 1-800-DIGIBRD. Outside the U.S., please check our Web page at:
+
+ http://www.dgii.com
+
+for sales offices worldwide. Tech support is also available through
+the channels listed on the Web site, although as long as I am
+employed on networking products at Digi I will be happy to provide
+any bug fixes that may be needed.
+
+-Rick Richardson, rick@dgii.com
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/dl2k.txt b/Documentation/networking/dl2k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4604920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/dl2k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+
+ D-Link DL2000-based Gigabit Ethernet Adapter Installation
+ for Linux
+ May 23, 2002
+
+Contents
+========
+ - Compatibility List
+ - Quick Install
+ - Compiling the Driver
+ - Installing the Driver
+ - Option parameter
+ - Configuration Script Sample
+ - Troubleshooting
+
+
+Compatibility List
+=================
+Adapter Support:
+
+D-Link DGE-550T Gigabit Ethernet Adapter.
+D-Link DGE-550SX Gigabit Ethernet Adapter.
+D-Link DL2000-based Gigabit Ethernet Adapter.
+
+
+The driver support Linux kernel 2.4.7 later. We had tested it
+on the environments below.
+
+ . Red Hat v6.2 (update kernel to 2.4.7)
+ . Red Hat v7.0 (update kernel to 2.4.7)
+ . Red Hat v7.1 (kernel 2.4.7)
+ . Red Hat v7.2 (kernel 2.4.7-10)
+
+
+Quick Install
+=============
+Install linux driver as following command:
+
+1. make all
+2. insmod dl2k.ko
+3. ifconfig eth0 up 10.xxx.xxx.xxx netmask 255.0.0.0
+ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\ ^^^^^^^^\
+ IP NETMASK
+Now eth0 should active, you can test it by "ping" or get more information by
+"ifconfig". If tested ok, continue the next step.
+
+4. cp dl2k.ko /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/net
+5. Add the following line to /etc/modprobe.conf:
+ alias eth0 dl2k
+6. Run "netconfig" or "netconf" to create configuration script ifcfg-eth0
+ located at /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts or create it manually.
+ [see - Configuration Script Sample]
+7. Driver will automatically load and configure at next boot time.
+
+Compiling the Driver
+====================
+ In Linux, NIC drivers are most commonly configured as loadable modules.
+The approach of building a monolithic kernel has become obsolete. The driver
+can be compiled as part of a monolithic kernel, but is strongly discouraged.
+The remainder of this section assumes the driver is built as a loadable module.
+In the Linux environment, it is a good idea to rebuild the driver from the
+source instead of relying on a precompiled version. This approach provides
+better reliability since a precompiled driver might depend on libraries or
+kernel features that are not present in a given Linux installation.
+
+The 3 files necessary to build Linux device driver are dl2k.c, dl2k.h and
+Makefile. To compile, the Linux installation must include the gcc compiler,
+the kernel source, and the kernel headers. The Linux driver supports Linux
+Kernels 2.4.7. Copy the files to a directory and enter the following command
+to compile and link the driver:
+
+CD-ROM drive
+------------
+
+[root@XXX /] mkdir cdrom
+[root@XXX /] mount -r -t iso9660 -o conv=auto /dev/cdrom /cdrom
+[root@XXX /] cd root
+[root@XXX /root] mkdir dl2k
+[root@XXX /root] cd dl2k
+[root@XXX dl2k] cp /cdrom/linux/dl2k.tgz /root/dl2k
+[root@XXX dl2k] tar xfvz dl2k.tgz
+[root@XXX dl2k] make all
+
+Floppy disc drive
+-----------------
+
+[root@XXX /] cd root
+[root@XXX /root] mkdir dl2k
+[root@XXX /root] cd dl2k
+[root@XXX dl2k] mcopy a:/linux/dl2k.tgz /root/dl2k
+[root@XXX dl2k] tar xfvz dl2k.tgz
+[root@XXX dl2k] make all
+
+Installing the Driver
+=====================
+
+ Manual Installation
+ -------------------
+ Once the driver has been compiled, it must be loaded, enabled, and bound
+ to a protocol stack in order to establish network connectivity. To load a
+ module enter the command:
+
+ insmod dl2k.o
+
+ or
+
+ insmod dl2k.o <optional parameter> ; add parameter
+
+ ===============================================================
+ example: insmod dl2k.o media=100mbps_hd
+ or insmod dl2k.o media=3
+ or insmod dl2k.o media=3,2 ; for 2 cards
+ ===============================================================
+
+ Please reference the list of the command line parameters supported by
+ the Linux device driver below.
+
+ The insmod command only loads the driver and gives it a name of the form
+ eth0, eth1, etc. To bring the NIC into an operational state,
+ it is necessary to issue the following command:
+
+ ifconfig eth0 up
+
+ Finally, to bind the driver to the active protocol (e.g., TCP/IP with
+ Linux), enter the following command:
+
+ ifup eth0
+
+ Note that this is meaningful only if the system can find a configuration
+ script that contains the necessary network information. A sample will be
+ given in the next paragraph.
+
+ The commands to unload a driver are as follows:
+
+ ifdown eth0
+ ifconfig eth0 down
+ rmmod dl2k.o
+
+ The following are the commands to list the currently loaded modules and
+ to see the current network configuration.
+
+ lsmod
+ ifconfig
+
+
+ Automated Installation
+ ----------------------
+ This section describes how to install the driver such that it is
+ automatically loaded and configured at boot time. The following description
+ is based on a Red Hat 6.0/7.0 distribution, but it can easily be ported to
+ other distributions as well.
+
+ Red Hat v6.x/v7.x
+ -----------------
+ 1. Copy dl2k.o to the network modules directory, typically
+ /lib/modules/2.x.x-xx/net or /lib/modules/2.x.x/kernel/drivers/net.
+ 2. Locate the boot module configuration file, most commonly modprobe.conf
+ or modules.conf (for 2.4) in the /etc directory. Add the following lines:
+
+ alias ethx dl2k
+ options dl2k <optional parameters>
+
+ where ethx will be eth0 if the NIC is the only ethernet adapter, eth1 if
+ one other ethernet adapter is installed, etc. Refer to the table in the
+ previous section for the list of optional parameters.
+ 3. Locate the network configuration scripts, normally the
+ /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts directory, and create a configuration
+ script named ifcfg-ethx that contains network information.
+ 4. Note that for most Linux distributions, Red Hat included, a configuration
+ utility with a graphical user interface is provided to perform steps 2
+ and 3 above.
+
+
+Parameter Description
+=====================
+You can install this driver without any addtional parameter. However, if you
+are going to have extensive functions then it is necessary to set extra
+parameter. Below is a list of the command line parameters supported by the
+Linux device
+driver.
+
+mtu=packet_size - Specifies the maximum packet size. default
+ is 1500.
+
+media=media_type - Specifies the media type the NIC operates at.
+ autosense Autosensing active media.
+ 10mbps_hd 10Mbps half duplex.
+ 10mbps_fd 10Mbps full duplex.
+ 100mbps_hd 100Mbps half duplex.
+ 100mbps_fd 100Mbps full duplex.
+ 1000mbps_fd 1000Mbps full duplex.
+ 1000mbps_hd 1000Mbps half duplex.
+ 0 Autosensing active media.
+ 1 10Mbps half duplex.
+ 2 10Mbps full duplex.
+ 3 100Mbps half duplex.
+ 4 100Mbps full duplex.
+ 5 1000Mbps half duplex.
+ 6 1000Mbps full duplex.
+
+ By default, the NIC operates at autosense.
+ 1000mbps_fd and 1000mbps_hd types are only
+ available for fiber adapter.
+
+vlan=n - Specifies the VLAN ID. If vlan=0, the
+ Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) function is
+ disable.
+
+jumbo=[0|1] - Specifies the jumbo frame support. If jumbo=1,
+ the NIC accept jumbo frames. By default, this
+ function is disabled.
+ Jumbo frame usually improve the performance
+ int gigabit.
+ This feature need jumbo frame compatible
+ remote.
+
+rx_coalesce=m - Number of rx frame handled each interrupt.
+rx_timeout=n - Rx DMA wait time for an interrupt.
+ If set rx_coalesce > 0, hardware only assert
+ an interrupt for m frames. Hardware won't
+ assert rx interrupt until m frames received or
+ reach timeout of n * 640 nano seconds.
+ Set proper rx_coalesce and rx_timeout can
+ reduce congestion collapse and overload which
+ has been a bottlenect for high speed network.
+
+ For example, rx_coalesce=10 rx_timeout=800.
+ that is, hardware assert only 1 interrupt
+ for 10 frames received or timeout of 512 us.
+
+tx_coalesce=n - Number of tx frame handled each interrupt.
+ Set n > 1 can reduce the interrupts
+ congestion usually lower performance of
+ high speed network card. Default is 16.
+
+tx_flow=[1|0] - Specifies the Tx flow control. If tx_flow=0,
+ the Tx flow control disable else driver
+ autodetect.
+rx_flow=[1|0] - Specifies the Rx flow control. If rx_flow=0,
+ the Rx flow control enable else driver
+ autodetect.
+
+
+Configuration Script Sample
+===========================
+Here is a sample of a simple configuration script:
+
+DEVICE=eth0
+USERCTL=no
+ONBOOT=yes
+POOTPROTO=none
+BROADCAST=207.200.5.255
+NETWORK=207.200.5.0
+NETMASK=255.255.255.0
+IPADDR=207.200.5.2
+
+
+Troubleshooting
+===============
+Q1. Source files contain ^ M behind every line.
+ Make sure all files are Unix file format (no LF). Try the following
+ shell command to convert files.
+
+ cat dl2k.c | col -b > dl2k.tmp
+ mv dl2k.tmp dl2k.c
+
+ OR
+
+ cat dl2k.c | tr -d "\r" > dl2k.tmp
+ mv dl2k.tmp dl2k.c
+
+Q2: Could not find header files (*.h) ?
+ To compile the driver, you need kernel header files. After
+ installing the kernel source, the header files are usually located in
+ /usr/src/linux/include, which is the default include directory configured
+ in Makefile. For some distributions, there is a copy of header files in
+ /usr/src/include/linux and /usr/src/include/asm, that you can change the
+ INCLUDEDIR in Makefile to /usr/include without installing kernel source.
+ Note that RH 7.0 didn't provide correct header files in /usr/include,
+ including those files will make a wrong version driver.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/dmfe.txt b/Documentation/networking/dmfe.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0e8398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/dmfe.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+ dmfe.c: Version 1.28 01/18/2000
+
+ A Davicom DM9102(A)/DM9132/DM9801 fast ethernet driver for Linux.
+ Copyright (C) 1997 Sten Wang
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+ of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+
+ A. Compiler command:
+
+ A-1: For normal single or multiple processor kernel
+ "gcc -DMODULE -D__KERNEL__ -I/usr/src/linux/net/inet -Wall
+ -Wstrict-prototypes -O6 -c dmfe.c"
+
+ A-2: For single or multiple processor with kernel module version function
+ "gcc -DMODULE -DMODVERSIONS -D__KERNEL__ -I/usr/src/linux/net/inet
+ -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O6 -c dmfe.c"
+
+
+ B. The following steps teach you how to activate a DM9102 board:
+
+ 1. Used the upper compiler command to compile dmfe.c
+
+ 2. Insert dmfe module into kernel
+ "insmod dmfe" ;;Auto Detection Mode (Suggest)
+ "insmod dmfe mode=0" ;;Force 10M Half Duplex
+ "insmod dmfe mode=1" ;;Force 100M Half Duplex
+ "insmod dmfe mode=4" ;;Force 10M Full Duplex
+ "insmod dmfe mode=5" ;;Force 100M Full Duplex
+
+ 3. Config a dm9102 network interface
+ "ifconfig eth0 172.22.3.18"
+ ^^^^^^^^^^^ Your IP address
+
+ 4. Activate the IP routing table. For some distributions, it is not
+ necessary. You can type "route" to check.
+
+ "route add default eth0"
+
+
+ 5. Well done. Your DM9102 adapter is now activated.
+
+
+ C. Object files description:
+ 1. dmfe_rh61.o: For Redhat 6.1
+
+ If you can make sure your kernel version, you can rename
+ to dmfe.o and directly use it without re-compiling.
+
+
+ Author: Sten Wang, 886-3-5798797-8517, E-mail: sten_wang@davicom.com.tw
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/driver.txt b/Documentation/networking/driver.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11fd0ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/driver.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+Documents about softnet driver issues in general can be found
+at:
+
+ http://www.firstfloor.org/~andi/softnet/
+
+Transmit path guidelines:
+
+1) The hard_start_xmit method must never return '1' under any
+ normal circumstances. It is considered a hard error unless
+ there is no way your device can tell ahead of time when it's
+ transmit function will become busy.
+
+ Instead it must maintain the queue properly. For example,
+ for a driver implementing scatter-gather this means:
+
+ static int drv_hard_start_xmit(struct sk_buff *skb,
+ struct net_device *dev)
+ {
+ struct drv *dp = dev->priv;
+
+ lock_tx(dp);
+ ...
+ /* This is a hard error log it. */
+ if (TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) <= (skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags + 1)) {
+ netif_stop_queue(dev);
+ unlock_tx(dp);
+ printk(KERN_ERR PFX "%s: BUG! Tx Ring full when queue awake!\n",
+ dev->name);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ ... queue packet to card ...
+ ... update tx consumer index ...
+
+ if (TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) <= (MAX_SKB_FRAGS + 1))
+ netif_stop_queue(dev);
+
+ ...
+ unlock_tx(dp);
+ ...
+ }
+
+ And then at the end of your TX reclaimation event handling:
+
+ if (netif_queue_stopped(dp->dev) &&
+ TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) > (MAX_SKB_FRAGS + 1))
+ netif_wake_queue(dp->dev);
+
+ For a non-scatter-gather supporting card, the three tests simply become:
+
+ /* This is a hard error log it. */
+ if (TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) <= 0)
+
+ and:
+
+ if (TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) == 0)
+
+ and:
+
+ if (netif_queue_stopped(dp->dev) &&
+ TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) > 0)
+ netif_wake_queue(dp->dev);
+
+2) Do not forget to update netdev->trans_start to jiffies after
+ each new tx packet is given to the hardware.
+
+3) Do not forget that once you return 0 from your hard_start_xmit
+ method, it is your driver's responsibility to free up the SKB
+ and in some finite amount of time.
+
+ For example, this means that it is not allowed for your TX
+ mitigation scheme to let TX packets "hang out" in the TX
+ ring unreclaimed forever if no new TX packets are sent.
+ This error can deadlock sockets waiting for send buffer room
+ to be freed up.
+
+ If you return 1 from the hard_start_xmit method, you must not keep
+ any reference to that SKB and you must not attempt to free it up.
+
+Probing guidelines:
+
+1) Any hardware layer address you obtain for your device should
+ be verified. For example, for ethernet check it with
+ linux/etherdevice.h:is_valid_ether_addr()
+
+Close/stop guidelines:
+
+1) After the dev->stop routine has been called, the hardware must
+ not receive or transmit any data. All in flight packets must
+ be aborted. If necessary, poll or wait for completion of
+ any reset commands.
+
+2) The dev->stop routine will be called by unregister_netdevice
+ if device is still UP.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/e100.txt b/Documentation/networking/e100.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ef9f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/e100.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+Linux* Base Driver for the Intel(R) PRO/100 Family of Adapters
+==============================================================
+
+November 17, 2004
+
+
+Contents
+========
+
+- In This Release
+- Identifying Your Adapter
+- Driver Configuration Parameters
+- Additional Configurations
+- Support
+
+
+In This Release
+===============
+
+This file describes the Linux* Base Driver for the Intel(R) PRO/100 Family of
+Adapters, version 3.3.x. This driver supports 2.4.x and 2.6.x kernels.
+
+Identifying Your Adapter
+========================
+
+For more information on how to identify your adapter, go to the Adapter &
+Driver ID Guide at:
+
+ http://support.intel.com/support/network/adapter/pro100/21397.htm
+
+For the latest Intel network drivers for Linux, refer to the following
+website. In the search field, enter your adapter name or type, or use the
+networking link on the left to search for your adapter:
+
+ http://downloadfinder.intel.com/scripts-df/support_intel.asp
+
+Driver Configuration Parameters
+===============================
+
+The default value for each parameter is generally the recommended setting,
+unless otherwise noted.
+
+Rx Descriptors: Number of receive descriptors. A receive descriptor is a data
+ structure that describes a receive buffer and its attributes to the network
+ controller. The data in the descriptor is used by the controller to write
+ data from the controller to host memory. In the 3.0.x driver the valid
+ range for this parameter is 64-256. The default value is 64. This parameter
+ can be changed using the command
+
+ ethtool -G eth? rx n, where n is the number of desired rx descriptors.
+
+Tx Descriptors: Number of transmit descriptors. A transmit descriptor is a
+ data structure that describes a transmit buffer and its attributes to the
+ network controller. The data in the descriptor is used by the controller to
+ read data from the host memory to the controller. In the 3.0.x driver the
+ valid range for this parameter is 64-256. The default value is 64. This
+ parameter can be changed using the command
+
+ ethtool -G eth? tx n, where n is the number of desired tx descriptors.
+
+Speed/Duplex: The driver auto-negotiates the link speed and duplex settings by
+ default. Ethtool can be used as follows to force speed/duplex.
+
+ ethtool -s eth? autoneg off speed {10|100} duplex {full|half}
+
+ NOTE: setting the speed/duplex to incorrect values will cause the link to
+ fail.
+
+Event Log Message Level: The driver uses the message level flag to log events
+ to syslog. The message level can be set at driver load time. It can also be
+ set using the command
+
+ ethtool -s eth? msglvl n
+
+Additional Configurations
+=========================
+
+ Configuring the Driver on Different Distributions
+ -------------------------------------------------
+
+ Configuring a network driver to load properly when the system is started is
+ distribution dependent. Typically, the configuration process involves adding
+ an alias line to /etc/modules.conf as well as editing other system startup
+ scripts and/or configuration files. Many popular Linux distributions ship
+ with tools to make these changes for you. To learn the proper way to
+ configure a network device for your system, refer to your distribution
+ documentation. If during this process you are asked for the driver or module
+ name, the name for the Linux Base Driver for the Intel PRO/100 Family of
+ Adapters is e100.
+
+ As an example, if you install the e100 driver for two PRO/100 adapters
+ (eth0 and eth1), add the following to modules.conf:
+
+ alias eth0 e100
+ alias eth1 e100
+
+ Viewing Link Messages
+ ---------------------
+ In order to see link messages and other Intel driver information on your
+ console, you must set the dmesg level up to six. This can be done by
+ entering the following on the command line before loading the e100 driver:
+
+ dmesg -n 8
+
+ If you wish to see all messages issued by the driver, including debug
+ messages, set the dmesg level to eight.
+
+ NOTE: This setting is not saved across reboots.
+
+ Ethtool
+ -------
+
+ The driver utilizes the ethtool interface for driver configuration and
+ diagnostics, as well as displaying statistical information. Ethtool
+ version 1.6 or later is required for this functionality.
+
+ The latest release of ethtool can be found at:
+ http://sf.net/projects/gkernel.
+
+ NOTE: This driver uses mii support from the kernel. As a result, when
+ there is no link, ethtool will report speed/duplex to be 10/half.
+
+ NOTE: Ethtool 1.6 only supports a limited set of ethtool options. Support
+ for a more complete ethtool feature set can be enabled by upgrading
+ ethtool to ethtool-1.8.1.
+
+ Enabling Wake on LAN* (WoL)
+ ---------------------------
+ WoL is provided through the Ethtool* utility. Ethtool is included with Red
+ Hat* 8.0. For other Linux distributions, download and install Ethtool from
+ the following website: http://sourceforge.net/projects/gkernel.
+
+ For instructions on enabling WoL with Ethtool, refer to the Ethtool man
+ page.
+
+ WoL will be enabled on the system during the next shut down or reboot. For
+ this driver version, in order to enable WoL, the e100 driver must be
+ loaded when shutting down or rebooting the system.
+
+ NAPI
+ ----
+
+ NAPI (Rx polling mode) is supported in the e100 driver.
+
+ See www.cyberus.ca/~hadi/usenix-paper.tgz for more information on NAPI.
+
+Support
+=======
+
+For general information, go to the Intel support website at:
+
+ http://support.intel.com
+
+If an issue is identified with the released source code on the supported
+kernel with a supported adapter, email the specific information related to
+the issue to linux.nics@intel.com.
+
+
+License
+=======
+
+This software program is released under the terms of a license agreement
+between you ('Licensee') and Intel. Do not use or load this software or any
+associated materials (collectively, the 'Software') until you have carefully
+read the full terms and conditions of the LICENSE located in this software
+package. By loading or using the Software, you agree to the terms of this
+Agreement. If you do not agree with the terms of this Agreement, do not
+install or use the Software.
+
+* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/e1000.txt b/Documentation/networking/e1000.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ebd405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/e1000.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+Linux* Base Driver for the Intel(R) PRO/1000 Family of Adapters
+===============================================================
+
+November 17, 2004
+
+
+Contents
+========
+
+- In This Release
+- Identifying Your Adapter
+- Command Line Parameters
+- Speed and Duplex Configuration
+- Additional Configurations
+- Known Issues
+- Support
+
+
+In This Release
+===============
+
+This file describes the Linux* Base Driver for the Intel(R) PRO/1000 Family
+of Adapters, version 5.x.x.
+
+For questions related to hardware requirements, refer to the documentation
+supplied with your Intel PRO/1000 adapter. All hardware requirements listed
+apply to use with Linux.
+
+Native VLANs are now available with supported kernels.
+
+Identifying Your Adapter
+========================
+
+For more information on how to identify your adapter, go to the Adapter &
+Driver ID Guide at:
+
+ http://support.intel.com/support/network/adapter/pro100/21397.htm
+
+For the latest Intel network drivers for Linux, refer to the following
+website. In the search field, enter your adapter name or type, or use the
+networking link on the left to search for your adapter:
+
+ http://downloadfinder.intel.com/scripts-df/support_intel.asp
+
+Command Line Parameters
+=======================
+
+If the driver is built as a module, the following optional parameters are
+used by entering them on the command line with the modprobe or insmod command
+using this syntax:
+
+ modprobe e1000 [<option>=<VAL1>,<VAL2>,...]
+
+ insmod e1000 [<option>=<VAL1>,<VAL2>,...]
+
+For example, with two PRO/1000 PCI adapters, entering:
+
+ insmod e1000 TxDescriptors=80,128
+
+loads the e1000 driver with 80 TX descriptors for the first adapter and 128 TX
+descriptors for the second adapter.
+
+The default value for each parameter is generally the recommended setting,
+unless otherwise noted. Also, if the driver is statically built into the
+kernel, the driver is loaded with the default values for all the parameters.
+Ethtool can be used to change some of the parameters at runtime.
+
+ NOTES: For more information about the AutoNeg, Duplex, and Speed
+ parameters, see the "Speed and Duplex Configuration" section in
+ this document.
+
+ For more information about the InterruptThrottleRate, RxIntDelay,
+ TxIntDelay, RxAbsIntDelay, and TxAbsIntDelay parameters, see the
+ application note at:
+ http://www.intel.com/design/network/applnots/ap450.htm
+
+ A descriptor describes a data buffer and attributes related to the
+ data buffer. This information is accessed by the hardware.
+
+AutoNeg (adapters using copper connections only)
+Valid Range: 0x01-0x0F, 0x20-0x2F
+Default Value: 0x2F
+ This parameter is a bit mask that specifies which speed and duplex
+ settings the board advertises. When this parameter is used, the Speed and
+ Duplex parameters must not be specified.
+ NOTE: Refer to the Speed and Duplex section of this readme for more
+ information on the AutoNeg parameter.
+
+Duplex (adapters using copper connections only)
+Valid Range: 0-2 (0=auto-negotiate, 1=half, 2=full)
+Default Value: 0
+ Defines the direction in which data is allowed to flow. Can be either one
+ or two-directional. If both Duplex and the link partner are set to auto-
+ negotiate, the board auto-detects the correct duplex. If the link partner
+ is forced (either full or half), Duplex defaults to half-duplex.
+
+FlowControl
+Valid Range: 0-3 (0=none, 1=Rx only, 2=Tx only, 3=Rx&Tx)
+Default: Read flow control settings from the EEPROM
+ This parameter controls the automatic generation(Tx) and response(Rx) to
+ Ethernet PAUSE frames.
+
+InterruptThrottleRate
+Valid Range: 100-100000 (0=off, 1=dynamic)
+Default Value: 8000
+ This value represents the maximum number of interrupts per second the
+ controller generates. InterruptThrottleRate is another setting used in
+ interrupt moderation. Dynamic mode uses a heuristic algorithm to adjust
+ InterruptThrottleRate based on the current traffic load.
+Un-supported Adapters: InterruptThrottleRate is NOT supported by 82542, 82543
+ or 82544-based adapters.
+
+ NOTE: InterruptThrottleRate takes precedence over the TxAbsIntDelay and
+ RxAbsIntDelay parameters. In other words, minimizing the receive
+ and/or transmit absolute delays does not force the controller to
+ generate more interrupts than what the Interrupt Throttle Rate
+ allows.
+ CAUTION: If you are using the Intel PRO/1000 CT Network Connection
+ (controller 82547), setting InterruptThrottleRate to a value
+ greater than 75,000, may hang (stop transmitting) adapters under
+ certain network conditions. If this occurs a NETDEV WATCHDOG
+ message is logged in the system event log. In addition, the
+ controller is automatically reset, restoring the network
+ connection. To eliminate the potential for the hang, ensure
+ that InterruptThrottleRate is set no greater than 75,000 and is
+ not set to 0.
+ NOTE: When e1000 is loaded with default settings and multiple adapters are
+ in use simultaneously, the CPU utilization may increase non-linearly.
+ In order to limit the CPU utilization without impacting the overall
+ throughput, we recommend that you load the driver as follows:
+
+ insmod e1000.o InterruptThrottleRate=3000,3000,3000
+
+ This sets the InterruptThrottleRate to 3000 interrupts/sec for the
+ first, second, and third instances of the driver. The range of 2000 to
+ 3000 interrupts per second works on a majority of systems and is a
+ good starting point, but the optimal value will be platform-specific.
+ If CPU utilization is not a concern, use RX_POLLING (NAPI) and default
+ driver settings.
+
+RxDescriptors
+Valid Range: 80-256 for 82542 and 82543-based adapters
+ 80-4096 for all other supported adapters
+Default Value: 256
+ This value is the number of receive descriptors allocated by the driver.
+ Increasing this value allows the driver to buffer more incoming packets.
+ Each descriptor is 16 bytes. A receive buffer is allocated for each
+ descriptor and can either be 2048 or 4096 bytes long, depending on the MTU
+
+ setting. An incoming packet can span one or more receive descriptors.
+ The maximum MTU size is 16110.
+
+ NOTE: MTU designates the frame size. It only needs to be set for Jumbo
+ Frames.
+ NOTE: Depending on the available system resources, the request for a
+ higher number of receive descriptors may be denied. In this case,
+ use a lower number.
+
+RxIntDelay
+Valid Range: 0-65535 (0=off)
+Default Value: 0
+ This value delays the generation of receive interrupts in units of 1.024
+ microseconds. Receive interrupt reduction can improve CPU efficiency if
+ properly tuned for specific network traffic. Increasing this value adds
+ extra latency to frame reception and can end up decreasing the throughput
+ of TCP traffic. If the system is reporting dropped receives, this value
+ may be set too high, causing the driver to run out of available receive
+ descriptors.
+
+ CAUTION: When setting RxIntDelay to a value other than 0, adapters may
+ hang (stop transmitting) under certain network conditions. If
+ this occurs a NETDEV WATCHDOG message is logged in the system
+ event log. In addition, the controller is automatically reset,
+ restoring the network connection. To eliminate the potential for
+ the hang ensure that RxIntDelay is set to 0.
+
+RxAbsIntDelay (82540, 82545 and later adapters only)
+Valid Range: 0-65535 (0=off)
+Default Value: 128
+ This value, in units of 1.024 microseconds, limits the delay in which a
+ receive interrupt is generated. Useful only if RxIntDelay is non-zero,
+ this value ensures that an interrupt is generated after the initial
+ packet is received within the set amount of time. Proper tuning,
+ along with RxIntDelay, may improve traffic throughput in specific network
+ conditions.
+
+Speed (adapters using copper connections only)
+Valid Settings: 0, 10, 100, 1000
+Default Value: 0 (auto-negotiate at all supported speeds)
+ Speed forces the line speed to the specified value in megabits per second
+ (Mbps). If this parameter is not specified or is set to 0 and the link
+ partner is set to auto-negotiate, the board will auto-detect the correct
+ speed. Duplex should also be set when Speed is set to either 10 or 100.
+
+TxDescriptors
+Valid Range: 80-256 for 82542 and 82543-based adapters
+ 80-4096 for all other supported adapters
+Default Value: 256
+ This value is the number of transmit descriptors allocated by the driver.
+ Increasing this value allows the driver to queue more transmits. Each
+ descriptor is 16 bytes.
+
+ NOTE: Depending on the available system resources, the request for a
+ higher number of transmit descriptors may be denied. In this case,
+ use a lower number.
+
+TxIntDelay
+Valid Range: 0-65535 (0=off)
+Default Value: 64
+ This value delays the generation of transmit interrupts in units of
+ 1.024 microseconds. Transmit interrupt reduction can improve CPU
+ efficiency if properly tuned for specific network traffic. If the
+ system is reporting dropped transmits, this value may be set too high
+ causing the driver to run out of available transmit descriptors.
+
+TxAbsIntDelay (82540, 82545 and later adapters only)
+Valid Range: 0-65535 (0=off)
+Default Value: 64
+ This value, in units of 1.024 microseconds, limits the delay in which a
+ transmit interrupt is generated. Useful only if TxIntDelay is non-zero,
+ this value ensures that an interrupt is generated after the initial
+ packet is sent on the wire within the set amount of time. Proper tuning,
+ along with TxIntDelay, may improve traffic throughput in specific
+ network conditions.
+
+XsumRX (not available on the 82542-based adapter)
+Valid Range: 0-1
+Default Value: 1
+ A value of '1' indicates that the driver should enable IP checksum
+ offload for received packets (both UDP and TCP) to the adapter hardware.
+
+Speed and Duplex Configuration
+==============================
+
+Three keywords are used to control the speed and duplex configuration. These
+keywords are Speed, Duplex, and AutoNeg.
+
+If the board uses a fiber interface, these keywords are ignored, and the
+fiber interface board only links at 1000 Mbps full-duplex.
+
+For copper-based boards, the keywords interact as follows:
+
+ The default operation is auto-negotiate. The board advertises all supported
+ speed and duplex combinations, and it links at the highest common speed and
+ duplex mode IF the link partner is set to auto-negotiate.
+
+ If Speed = 1000, limited auto-negotiation is enabled and only 1000 Mbps is
+ advertised (The 1000BaseT spec requires auto-negotiation.)
+
+ If Speed = 10 or 100, then both Speed and Duplex should be set. Auto-
+ negotiation is disabled, and the AutoNeg parameter is ignored. Partner SHOULD
+ also be forced.
+
+The AutoNeg parameter is used when more control is required over the auto-
+negotiation process. When this parameter is used, Speed and Duplex parameters
+must not be specified. The following table describes supported values for the
+AutoNeg parameter:
+
+Speed (Mbps) 1000 100 100 10 10
+Duplex Full Full Half Full Half
+Value (in base 16) 0x20 0x08 0x04 0x02 0x01
+
+Example: insmod e1000 AutoNeg=0x03, loads e1000 and specifies (10 full duplex,
+10 half duplex) for negotiation with the peer.
+
+Note that setting AutoNeg does not guarantee that the board will link at the
+highest specified speed or duplex mode, but the board will link at the
+highest possible speed/duplex of the link partner IF the link partner is also
+set to auto-negotiate. If the link partner is forced speed/duplex, the
+adapter MUST be forced to the same speed/duplex.
+
+
+Additional Configurations
+=========================
+
+ Configuring the Driver on Different Distributions
+ -------------------------------------------------
+
+ Configuring a network driver to load properly when the system is started is
+ distribution dependent. Typically, the configuration process involves adding
+ an alias line to /etc/modules.conf as well as editing other system startup
+ scripts and/or configuration files. Many popular Linux distributions ship
+ with tools to make these changes for you. To learn the proper way to
+ configure a network device for your system, refer to your distribution
+ documentation. If during this process you are asked for the driver or module
+ name, the name for the Linux Base Driver for the Intel PRO/1000 Family of
+ Adapters is e1000.
+
+ As an example, if you install the e1000 driver for two PRO/1000 adapters
+ (eth0 and eth1) and set the speed and duplex to 10full and 100half, add the
+ following to modules.conf:
+
+ alias eth0 e1000
+ alias eth1 e1000
+ options e1000 Speed=10,100 Duplex=2,1
+
+ Viewing Link Messages
+ ---------------------
+
+ Link messages will not be displayed to the console if the distribution is
+ restricting system messages. In order to see network driver link messages on
+ your console, set dmesg to eight by entering the following:
+
+ dmesg -n 8
+
+ NOTE: This setting is not saved across reboots.
+
+ Jumbo Frames
+ ------------
+
+ The driver supports Jumbo Frames for all adapters except 82542-based
+ adapters. Jumbo Frames support is enabled by changing the MTU to a value
+ larger than the default of 1500. Use the ifconfig command to increase the
+ MTU size. For example:
+
+ ifconfig ethx mtu 9000 up
+
+ The maximum MTU setting for Jumbo Frames is 16110. This value coincides
+ with the maximum Jumbo Frames size of 16128.
+
+ NOTE: Jumbo Frames are supported at 1000 Mbps only. Using Jumbo Frames at
+ 10 or 100 Mbps may result in poor performance or loss of link.
+
+
+ NOTE: MTU designates the frame size. To enable Jumbo Frames, increase the
+ MTU size on the interface beyond 1500.
+
+ Ethtool
+ -------
+
+ The driver utilizes the ethtool interface for driver configuration and
+ diagnostics, as well as displaying statistical information. Ethtool
+ version 1.6 or later is required for this functionality.
+
+ The latest release of ethtool can be found from
+ http://sf.net/projects/gkernel.
+
+ NOTE: Ethtool 1.6 only supports a limited set of ethtool options. Support
+ for a more complete ethtool feature set can be enabled by upgrading
+ ethtool to ethtool-1.8.1.
+
+ Enabling Wake on LAN* (WoL)
+ ---------------------------
+
+ WoL is configured through the Ethtool* utility. Ethtool is included with
+ all versions of Red Hat after Red Hat 7.2. For other Linux distributions,
+ download and install Ethtool from the following website:
+ http://sourceforge.net/projects/gkernel.
+
+ For instructions on enabling WoL with Ethtool, refer to the website listed
+ above.
+
+ WoL will be enabled on the system during the next shut down or reboot.
+ For this driver version, in order to enable WoL, the e1000 driver must be
+ loaded when shutting down or rebooting the system.
+
+ NAPI
+ ----
+
+ NAPI (Rx polling mode) is supported in the e1000 driver. NAPI is enabled
+ or disabled based on the configuration of the kernel.
+
+ See www.cyberus.ca/~hadi/usenix-paper.tgz for more information on NAPI.
+
+
+Known Issues
+============
+
+ Jumbo Frames System Requirement
+ -------------------------------
+
+ Memory allocation failures have been observed on Linux systems with 64 MB
+ of RAM or less that are running Jumbo Frames. If you are using Jumbo Frames,
+ your system may require more than the advertised minimum requirement of 64 MB
+ of system memory.
+
+
+Support
+=======
+
+For general information, go to the Intel support website at:
+
+ http://support.intel.com
+
+If an issue is identified with the released source code on the supported
+kernel with a supported adapter, email the specific information related to
+the issue to linux.nics@intel.com.
+
+
+License
+=======
+
+This software program is released under the terms of a license agreement
+between you ('Licensee') and Intel. Do not use or load this software or any
+associated materials (collectively, the 'Software') until you have carefully
+read the full terms and conditions of the LICENSE located in this software
+package. By loading or using the Software, you agree to the terms of this
+Agreement. If you do not agree with the terms of this Agreement, do not
+install or use the Software.
+
+* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/eql.txt b/Documentation/networking/eql.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f15501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/eql.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+ EQL Driver: Serial IP Load Balancing HOWTO
+ Simon "Guru Aleph-Null" Janes, simon@ncm.com
+ v1.1, February 27, 1995
+
+ This is the manual for the EQL device driver. EQL is a software device
+ that lets you load-balance IP serial links (SLIP or uncompressed PPP)
+ to increase your bandwidth. It will not reduce your latency (i.e. ping
+ times) except in the case where you already have lots of traffic on
+ your link, in which it will help them out. This driver has been tested
+ with the 1.1.75 kernel, and is known to have patched cleanly with
+ 1.1.86. Some testing with 1.1.92 has been done with the v1.1 patch
+ which was only created to patch cleanly in the very latest kernel
+ source trees. (Yes, it worked fine.)
+
+ 1. Introduction
+
+ Which is worse? A huge fee for a 56K leased line or two phone lines?
+ It's probably the former. If you find yourself craving more bandwidth,
+ and have a ISP that is flexible, it is now possible to bind modems
+ together to work as one point-to-point link to increase your
+ bandwidth. All without having to have a special black box on either
+ side.
+
+
+ The eql driver has only been tested with the Livingston PortMaster-2e
+ terminal server. I do not know if other terminal servers support load-
+ balancing, but I do know that the PortMaster does it, and does it
+ almost as well as the eql driver seems to do it (-- Unfortunately, in
+ my testing so far, the Livingston PortMaster 2e's load-balancing is a
+ good 1 to 2 KB/s slower than the test machine working with a 28.8 Kbps
+ and 14.4 Kbps connection. However, I am not sure that it really is
+ the PortMaster, or if it's Linux's TCP drivers. I'm told that Linux's
+ TCP implementation is pretty fast though.--)
+
+
+ I suggest to ISPs out there that it would probably be fair to charge
+ a load-balancing client 75% of the cost of the second line and 50% of
+ the cost of the third line etc...
+
+
+ Hey, we can all dream you know...
+
+
+ 2. Kernel Configuration
+
+ Here I describe the general steps of getting a kernel up and working
+ with the eql driver. From patching, building, to installing.
+
+
+ 2.1. Patching The Kernel
+
+ If you do not have or cannot get a copy of the kernel with the eql
+ driver folded into it, get your copy of the driver from
+ ftp://slaughter.ncm.com/pub/Linux/LOAD_BALANCING/eql-1.1.tar.gz.
+ Unpack this archive someplace obvious like /usr/local/src/. It will
+ create the following files:
+
+
+
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+ -rw-r--r-- guru/ncm 198 Jan 19 18:53 1995 eql-1.1/NO-WARRANTY
+ -rw-r--r-- guru/ncm 30620 Feb 27 21:40 1995 eql-1.1/eql-1.1.patch
+ -rwxr-xr-x guru/ncm 16111 Jan 12 22:29 1995 eql-1.1/eql_enslave
+ -rw-r--r-- guru/ncm 2195 Jan 10 21:48 1995 eql-1.1/eql_enslave.c
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ Unpack a recent kernel (something after 1.1.92) someplace convenient
+ like say /usr/src/linux-1.1.92.eql. Use symbolic links to point
+ /usr/src/linux to this development directory.
+
+
+ Apply the patch by running the commands:
+
+
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+ cd /usr/src
+ patch </usr/local/src/eql-1.1/eql-1.1.patch
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+
+
+
+
+ 2.2. Building The Kernel
+
+ After patching the kernel, run make config and configure the kernel
+ for your hardware.
+
+
+ After configuration, make and install according to your habit.
+
+
+ 3. Network Configuration
+
+ So far, I have only used the eql device with the DSLIP SLIP connection
+ manager by Matt Dillon (-- "The man who sold his soul to code so much
+ so quickly."--) . How you configure it for other "connection"
+ managers is up to you. Most other connection managers that I've seen
+ don't do a very good job when it comes to handling more than one
+ connection.
+
+
+ 3.1. /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1
+
+ In rc.inet1, ifconfig the eql device to the IP address you usually use
+ for your machine, and the MTU you prefer for your SLIP lines. One
+ could argue that MTU should be roughly half the usual size for two
+ modems, one-third for three, one-fourth for four, etc... But going
+ too far below 296 is probably overkill. Here is an example ifconfig
+ command that sets up the eql device:
+
+
+
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+ ifconfig eql 198.67.33.239 mtu 1006
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+
+
+
+
+ Once the eql device is up and running, add a static default route to
+ it in the routing table using the cool new route syntax that makes
+ life so much easier:
+
+
+
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+ route add default eql
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+
+ 3.2. Enslaving Devices By Hand
+
+ Enslaving devices by hand requires two utility programs: eql_enslave
+ and eql_emancipate (-- eql_emancipate hasn't been written because when
+ an enslaved device "dies", it is automatically taken out of the queue.
+ I haven't found a good reason to write it yet... other than for
+ completeness, but that isn't a good motivator is it?--)
+
+
+ The syntax for enslaving a device is "eql_enslave <master-name>
+ <slave-name> <estimated-bps>". Here are some example enslavings:
+
+
+
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+ eql_enslave eql sl0 28800
+ eql_enslave eql ppp0 14400
+ eql_enslave eql sl1 57600
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+
+
+
+
+ When you want to free a device from its life of slavery, you can
+ either down the device with ifconfig (eql will automatically bury the
+ dead slave and remove it from its queue) or use eql_emancipate to free
+ it. (-- Or just ifconfig it down, and the eql driver will take it out
+ for you.--)
+
+
+
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+ eql_emancipate eql sl0
+ eql_emancipate eql ppp0
+ eql_emancipate eql sl1
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+
+
+
+
+ 3.3. DSLIP Configuration for the eql Device
+
+ The general idea is to bring up and keep up as many SLIP connections
+ as you need, automatically.
+
+
+ 3.3.1. /etc/slip/runslip.conf
+
+ Here is an example runslip.conf:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+ name sl-line-1
+ enabled
+ baud 38400
+ mtu 576
+ ducmd -e /etc/slip/dialout/cua2-288.xp -t 9
+ command eql_enslave eql $interface 28800
+ address 198.67.33.239
+ line /dev/cua2
+
+ name sl-line-2
+ enabled
+ baud 38400
+ mtu 576
+ ducmd -e /etc/slip/dialout/cua3-288.xp -t 9
+ command eql_enslave eql $interface 28800
+ address 198.67.33.239
+ line /dev/cua3
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+
+
+
+
+ 3.4. Using PPP and the eql Device
+
+ I have not yet done any load-balancing testing for PPP devices, mainly
+ because I don't have a PPP-connection manager like SLIP has with
+ DSLIP. I did find a good tip from LinuxNET:Billy for PPP performance:
+ make sure you have asyncmap set to something so that control
+ characters are not escaped.
+
+
+ I tried to fix up a PPP script/system for redialing lost PPP
+ connections for use with the eql driver the weekend of Feb 25-26 '95
+ (Hereafter known as the 8-hour PPP Hate Festival). Perhaps later this
+ year.
+
+
+ 4. About the Slave Scheduler Algorithm
+
+ The slave scheduler probably could be replaced with a dozen other
+ things and push traffic much faster. The formula in the current set
+ up of the driver was tuned to handle slaves with wildly different
+ bits-per-second "priorities".
+
+
+ All testing I have done was with two 28.8 V.FC modems, one connecting
+ at 28800 bps or slower, and the other connecting at 14400 bps all the
+ time.
+
+
+ One version of the scheduler was able to push 5.3 K/s through the
+ 28800 and 14400 connections, but when the priorities on the links were
+ very wide apart (57600 vs. 14400) the "faster" modem received all
+ traffic and the "slower" modem starved.
+
+
+ 5. Testers' Reports
+
+ Some people have experimented with the eql device with newer
+ kernels (than 1.1.75). I have since updated the driver to patch
+ cleanly in newer kernels because of the removal of the old "slave-
+ balancing" driver config option.
+
+
+ o icee from LinuxNET patched 1.1.86 without any rejects and was able
+ to boot the kernel and enslave a couple of ISDN PPP links.
+
+ 5.1. Randolph Bentson's Test Report
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ From bentson@grieg.seaslug.org Wed Feb 8 19:08:09 1995
+ Date: Tue, 7 Feb 95 22:57 PST
+ From: Randolph Bentson <bentson@grieg.seaslug.org>
+ To: guru@ncm.com
+ Subject: EQL driver tests
+
+
+ I have been checking out your eql driver. (Nice work, that!)
+ Although you may already done this performance testing, here
+ are some data I've discovered.
+
+ Randolph Bentson
+ bentson@grieg.seaslug.org
+
+ ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+ A pseudo-device driver, EQL, written by Simon Janes, can be used
+ to bundle multiple SLIP connections into what appears to be a
+ single connection. This allows one to improve dial-up network
+ connectivity gradually, without having to buy expensive DSU/CSU
+ hardware and services.
+
+ I have done some testing of this software, with two goals in
+ mind: first, to ensure it actually works as described and
+ second, as a method of exercising my device driver.
+
+ The following performance measurements were derived from a set
+ of SLIP connections run between two Linux systems (1.1.84) using
+ a 486DX2/66 with a Cyclom-8Ys and a 486SLC/40 with a Cyclom-16Y.
+ (Ports 0,1,2,3 were used. A later configuration will distribute
+ port selection across the different Cirrus chips on the boards.)
+ Once a link was established, I timed a binary ftp transfer of
+ 289284 bytes of data. If there were no overhead (packet headers,
+ inter-character and inter-packet delays, etc.) the transfers
+ would take the following times:
+
+ bits/sec seconds
+ 345600 8.3
+ 234600 12.3
+ 172800 16.7
+ 153600 18.8
+ 76800 37.6
+ 57600 50.2
+ 38400 75.3
+ 28800 100.4
+ 19200 150.6
+ 9600 301.3
+
+ A single line running at the lower speeds and with large packets
+ comes to within 2% of this. Performance is limited for the higher
+ speeds (as predicted by the Cirrus databook) to an aggregate of
+ about 160 kbits/sec. The next round of testing will distribute
+ the load across two or more Cirrus chips.
+
+ The good news is that one gets nearly the full advantage of the
+ second, third, and fourth line's bandwidth. (The bad news is
+ that the connection establishment seemed fragile for the higher
+ speeds. Once established, the connection seemed robust enough.)
+
+ #lines speed mtu seconds theory actual %of
+ kbit/sec duration speed speed max
+ 3 115200 900 _ 345600
+ 3 115200 400 18.1 345600 159825 46
+ 2 115200 900 _ 230400
+ 2 115200 600 18.1 230400 159825 69
+ 2 115200 400 19.3 230400 149888 65
+ 4 57600 900 _ 234600
+ 4 57600 600 _ 234600
+ 4 57600 400 _ 234600
+ 3 57600 600 20.9 172800 138413 80
+ 3 57600 900 21.2 172800 136455 78
+ 3 115200 600 21.7 345600 133311 38
+ 3 57600 400 22.5 172800 128571 74
+ 4 38400 900 25.2 153600 114795 74
+ 4 38400 600 26.4 153600 109577 71
+ 4 38400 400 27.3 153600 105965 68
+ 2 57600 900 29.1 115200 99410.3 86
+ 1 115200 900 30.7 115200 94229.3 81
+ 2 57600 600 30.2 115200 95789.4 83
+ 3 38400 900 30.3 115200 95473.3 82
+ 3 38400 600 31.2 115200 92719.2 80
+ 1 115200 600 31.3 115200 92423 80
+ 2 57600 400 32.3 115200 89561.6 77
+ 1 115200 400 32.8 115200 88196.3 76
+ 3 38400 400 33.5 115200 86353.4 74
+ 2 38400 900 43.7 76800 66197.7 86
+ 2 38400 600 44 76800 65746.4 85
+ 2 38400 400 47.2 76800 61289 79
+ 4 19200 900 50.8 76800 56945.7 74
+ 4 19200 400 53.2 76800 54376.7 70
+ 4 19200 600 53.7 76800 53870.4 70
+ 1 57600 900 54.6 57600 52982.4 91
+ 1 57600 600 56.2 57600 51474 89
+ 3 19200 900 60.5 57600 47815.5 83
+ 1 57600 400 60.2 57600 48053.8 83
+ 3 19200 600 62 57600 46658.7 81
+ 3 19200 400 64.7 57600 44711.6 77
+ 1 38400 900 79.4 38400 36433.8 94
+ 1 38400 600 82.4 38400 35107.3 91
+ 2 19200 900 84.4 38400 34275.4 89
+ 1 38400 400 86.8 38400 33327.6 86
+ 2 19200 600 87.6 38400 33023.3 85
+ 2 19200 400 91.2 38400 31719.7 82
+ 4 9600 900 94.7 38400 30547.4 79
+ 4 9600 400 106 38400 27290.9 71
+ 4 9600 600 110 38400 26298.5 68
+ 3 9600 900 118 28800 24515.6 85
+ 3 9600 600 120 28800 24107 83
+ 3 9600 400 131 28800 22082.7 76
+ 1 19200 900 155 19200 18663.5 97
+ 1 19200 600 161 19200 17968 93
+ 1 19200 400 170 19200 17016.7 88
+ 2 9600 600 176 19200 16436.6 85
+ 2 9600 900 180 19200 16071.3 83
+ 2 9600 400 181 19200 15982.5 83
+ 1 9600 900 305 9600 9484.72 98
+ 1 9600 600 314 9600 9212.87 95
+ 1 9600 400 332 9600 8713.37 90
+
+
+
+
+
+ 5.2. Anthony Healy's Report
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Date: Mon, 13 Feb 1995 16:17:29 +1100 (EST)
+ From: Antony Healey <ahealey@st.nepean.uws.edu.au>
+ To: Simon Janes <guru@ncm.com>
+ Subject: Re: Load Balancing
+
+ Hi Simon,
+ I've installed your patch and it works great. I have trialed
+ it over twin SL/IP lines, just over null modems, but I was
+ able to data at over 48Kb/s [ISDN link -Simon]. I managed a
+ transfer of up to 7.5 Kbyte/s on one go, but averaged around
+ 6.4 Kbyte/s, which I think is pretty cool. :)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ewrk3.txt b/Documentation/networking/ewrk3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90e9e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ewrk3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+The EtherWORKS 3 driver in this distribution is designed to work with all
+kernels > 1.1.33 (approx) and includes tools in the 'ewrk3tools'
+subdirectory to allow set up of the card, similar to the MSDOS
+'NICSETUP.EXE' tools provided on the DOS drivers disk (type 'make' in that
+subdirectory to make the tools).
+
+The supported cards are DE203, DE204 and DE205. All other cards are NOT
+supported - refer to 'depca.c' for running the LANCE based network cards and
+'de4x5.c' for the DIGITAL Semiconductor PCI chip based adapters from
+Digital.
+
+The ability to load this driver as a loadable module has been included and
+used extensively during the driver development (to save those long reboot
+sequences). To utilise this ability, you have to do 8 things:
+
+ 0) have a copy of the loadable modules code installed on your system.
+ 1) copy ewrk3.c from the /linux/drivers/net directory to your favourite
+ temporary directory.
+ 2) edit the source code near line 1898 to reflect the I/O address and
+ IRQ you're using.
+ 3) compile ewrk3.c, but include -DMODULE in the command line to ensure
+ that the correct bits are compiled (see end of source code).
+ 4) if you are wanting to add a new card, goto 5. Otherwise, recompile a
+ kernel with the ewrk3 configuration turned off and reboot.
+ 5) insmod ewrk3.o
+ [Alan Cox: Changed this so you can insmod ewrk3.o irq=x io=y]
+ [Adam Kropelin: Multiple cards now supported by irq=x1,x2 io=y1,y2]
+ 6) run the net startup bits for your new eth?? interface manually
+ (usually /etc/rc.inet[12] at boot time).
+ 7) enjoy!
+
+ Note that autoprobing is not allowed in loadable modules - the system is
+ already up and running and you're messing with interrupts.
+
+ To unload a module, turn off the associated interface
+ 'ifconfig eth?? down' then 'rmmod ewrk3'.
+
+The performance we've achieved so far has been measured through the 'ttcp'
+tool at 975kB/s. This measures the total TCP stack performance which
+includes the card, so don't expect to get much nearer the 1.25MB/s
+theoretical Ethernet rate.
+
+
+Enjoy!
+
+Dave
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/filter.txt b/Documentation/networking/filter.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbf2005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/filter.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+filter.txt: Linux Socket Filtering
+Written by: Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+ Linux Socket Filtering is derived from the Berkeley
+Packet Filter. There are some distinct differences between
+the BSD and Linux Kernel Filtering.
+
+Linux Socket Filtering (LSF) allows a user-space program to
+attach a filter onto any socket and allow or disallow certain
+types of data to come through the socket. LSF follows exactly
+the same filter code structure as the BSD Berkeley Packet Filter
+(BPF), so referring to the BSD bpf.4 manpage is very helpful in
+creating filters.
+
+LSF is much simpler than BPF. One does not have to worry about
+devices or anything like that. You simply create your filter
+code, send it to the kernel via the SO_ATTACH_FILTER ioctl and
+if your filter code passes the kernel check on it, you then
+immediately begin filtering data on that socket.
+
+You can also detach filters from your socket via the
+SO_DETACH_FILTER ioctl. This will probably not be used much
+since when you close a socket that has a filter on it the
+filter is automagically removed. The other less common case
+may be adding a different filter on the same socket where you had another
+filter that is still running: the kernel takes care of removing
+the old one and placing your new one in its place, assuming your
+filter has passed the checks, otherwise if it fails the old filter
+will remain on that socket.
+
+Examples
+========
+
+Ioctls-
+setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ATTACH_FILTER, &Filter, sizeof(Filter));
+setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DETACH_FILTER, &value, sizeof(value));
+
+See the BSD bpf.4 manpage and the BSD Packet Filter paper written by
+Steven McCanne and Van Jacobson of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/fore200e.txt b/Documentation/networking/fore200e.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1f337f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/fore200e.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+
+FORE Systems PCA-200E/SBA-200E ATM NIC driver
+---------------------------------------------
+
+This driver adds support for the FORE Systems 200E-series ATM adapters
+to the Linux operating system. It is based on the earlier PCA-200E driver
+written by Uwe Dannowski.
+
+The driver simultaneously supports PCA-200E and SBA-200E adapters on
+i386, alpha (untested), powerpc, sparc and sparc64 archs.
+
+The intent is to enable the use of different models of FORE adapters at the
+same time, by hosts that have several bus interfaces (such as PCI+SBUS,
+PCI+MCA or PCI+EISA).
+
+Only PCI and SBUS devices are currently supported by the driver, but support
+for other bus interfaces such as EISA should not be too hard to add (this may
+be more tricky for the MCA bus, though, as FORE made some MCA-specific
+modifications to the adapter's AALI interface).
+
+
+Firmware Copyright Notice
+-------------------------
+
+Please read the fore200e_firmware_copyright file present
+in the linux/drivers/atm directory for details and restrictions.
+
+
+Firmware Updates
+----------------
+
+The FORE Systems 200E-series driver is shipped with firmware data being
+uploaded to the ATM adapters at system boot time or at module loading time.
+The supplied firmware images should work with all adapters.
+
+However, if you encounter problems (the firmware doesn't start or the driver
+is unable to read the PROM data), you may consider trying another firmware
+version. Alternative binary firmware images can be found somewhere on the
+ForeThought CD-ROM supplied with your adapter by FORE Systems.
+
+You can also get the latest firmware images from FORE Systems at
+http://www.fore.com. Register TACTics Online and go to
+the 'software updates' pages. The firmware binaries are part of
+the various ForeThought software distributions.
+
+Notice that different versions of the PCA-200E firmware exist, depending
+on the endianess of the host architecture. The driver is shipped with
+both little and big endian PCA firmware images.
+
+Name and location of the new firmware images can be set at kernel
+configuration time:
+
+1. Copy the new firmware binary files (with .bin, .bin1 or .bin2 suffix)
+ to some directory, such as linux/drivers/atm.
+
+2. Reconfigure your kernel to set the new firmware name and location.
+ Expected pathnames are absolute or relative to the drivers/atm directory.
+
+3. Rebuild and re-install your kernel or your module.
+
+
+Feedback
+--------
+
+Feedback is welcome. Please send success stories/bug reports/
+patches/improvement/comments/flames to <lizzi@cnam.fr>.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/framerelay.txt b/Documentation/networking/framerelay.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a0b720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/framerelay.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Frame Relay (FR) support for linux is built into a two tiered system of device
+drivers. The upper layer implements RFC1490 FR specification, and uses the
+Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) as its hardware address. Usually these
+are assigned by your network supplier, they give you the number/numbers of
+the Virtual Connections (VC) assigned to you.
+
+Each DLCI is a point-to-point link between your machine and a remote one.
+As such, a separate device is needed to accommodate the routing. Within the
+net-tools archives is 'dlcicfg'. This program will communicate with the
+base "DLCI" device, and create new net devices named 'dlci00', 'dlci01'...
+The configuration script will ask you how many DLCIs you need, as well as
+how many DLCIs you want to assign to each Frame Relay Access Device (FRAD).
+
+The DLCI uses a number of function calls to communicate with the FRAD, all
+of which are stored in the FRAD's private data area. assoc/deassoc,
+activate/deactivate and dlci_config. The DLCI supplies a receive function
+to the FRAD to accept incoming packets.
+
+With this initial offering, only 1 FRAD driver is available. With many thanks
+to Sangoma Technologies, David Mandelstam & Gene Kozin, the S502A, S502E &
+S508 are supported. This driver is currently set up for only FR, but as
+Sangoma makes more firmware modules available, it can be updated to provide
+them as well.
+
+Configuration of the FRAD makes use of another net-tools program, 'fradcfg'.
+This program makes use of a configuration file (which dlcicfg can also read)
+to specify the types of boards to be configured as FRADs, as well as perform
+any board specific configuration. The Sangoma module of fradcfg loads the
+FR firmware into the card, sets the irq/port/memory information, and provides
+an initial configuration.
+
+Additional FRAD device drivers can be added as hardware is available.
+
+At this time, the dlcicfg and fradcfg programs have not been incorporated into
+the net-tools distribution. They can be found at ftp.invlogic.com, in
+/pub/linux. Note that with OS/2 FTPD, you end up in /pub by default, so just
+use 'cd linux'. v0.10 is for use on pre-2.0.3 and earlier, v0.15 is for
+pre-2.0.4 and later.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/gen_stats.txt b/Documentation/networking/gen_stats.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3297f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/gen_stats.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+Generic networking statistics for netlink users
+======================================================================
+
+Statistic counters are grouped into structs:
+
+Struct TLV type Description
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+gnet_stats_basic TCA_STATS_BASIC Basic statistics
+gnet_stats_rate_est TCA_STATS_RATE_EST Rate estimator
+gnet_stats_queue TCA_STATS_QUEUE Queue statistics
+none TCA_STATS_APP Application specific
+
+
+Collecting:
+-----------
+
+Declare the statistic structs you need:
+struct mystruct {
+ struct gnet_stats_basic bstats;
+ struct gnet_stats_queue qstats;
+ ...
+};
+
+Update statistics:
+mystruct->tstats.packet++;
+mystruct->qstats.backlog += skb->pkt_len;
+
+
+Export to userspace (Dump):
+---------------------------
+
+my_dumping_routine(struct sk_buff *skb, ...)
+{
+ struct gnet_dump dump;
+
+ if (gnet_stats_start_copy(skb, TCA_STATS2, &mystruct->lock, &dump) < 0)
+ goto rtattr_failure;
+
+ if (gnet_stats_copy_basic(&dump, &mystruct->bstats) < 0 ||
+ gnet_stats_copy_queue(&dump, &mystruct->qstats) < 0 ||
+ gnet_stats_copy_app(&dump, &xstats, sizeof(xstats)) < 0)
+ goto rtattr_failure;
+
+ if (gnet_stats_finish_copy(&dump) < 0)
+ goto rtattr_failure;
+ ...
+}
+
+TCA_STATS/TCA_XSTATS backward compatibility:
+--------------------------------------------
+
+Prior users of struct tc_stats and xstats can maintain backward
+compatibility by calling the compat wrappers to keep providing the
+existing TLV types.
+
+my_dumping_routine(struct sk_buff *skb, ...)
+{
+ if (gnet_stats_start_copy_compat(skb, TCA_STATS2, TCA_STATS,
+ TCA_XSTATS, &mystruct->lock, &dump) < 0)
+ goto rtattr_failure;
+ ...
+}
+
+A struct tc_stats will be filled out during gnet_stats_copy_* calls
+and appended to the skb. TCA_XSTATS is provided if gnet_stats_copy_app
+was called.
+
+
+Locking:
+--------
+
+Locks are taken before writing and released once all statistics have
+been written. Locks are always released in case of an error. You
+are responsible for making sure that the lock is initialized.
+
+
+Rate Estimator:
+--------------
+
+0) Prepare an estimator attribute. Most likely this would be in user
+ space. The value of this TLV should contain a tc_estimator structure.
+ As usual, such a TLV nees to be 32 bit aligned and therefore the
+ length needs to be appropriately set etc. The estimator interval
+ and ewma log need to be converted to the appropriate values.
+ tc_estimator.c::tc_setup_estimator() is advisable to be used as the
+ conversion routine. It does a few clever things. It takes a time
+ interval in microsecs, a time constant also in microsecs and a struct
+ tc_estimator to be populated. The returned tc_estimator can be
+ transported to the kernel. Transfer such a structure in a TLV of type
+ TCA_RATE to your code in the kernel.
+
+In the kernel when setting up:
+1) make sure you have basic stats and rate stats setup first.
+2) make sure you have initialized stats lock that is used to setup such
+ stats.
+3) Now initialize a new estimator:
+
+ int ret = gen_new_estimator(my_basicstats,my_rate_est_stats,
+ mystats_lock, attr_with_tcestimator_struct);
+
+ if ret == 0
+ success
+ else
+ failed
+
+From now on, everytime you dump my_rate_est_stats it will contain
+uptodate info.
+
+Once you are done, call gen_kill_estimator(my_basicstats,
+my_rate_est_stats) Make sure that my_basicstats and my_rate_est_stats
+are still valid (i.e still exist) at the time of making this call.
+
+
+Authors:
+--------
+Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
+Jamal Hadi Salim <hadi@cyberus.ca>
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/generic-hdlc.txt b/Documentation/networking/generic-hdlc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d1dc6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/generic-hdlc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+Generic HDLC layer
+Krzysztof Halasa <khc@pm.waw.pl>
+January, 2003
+
+
+Generic HDLC layer currently supports:
+- Frame Relay (ANSI, CCITT and no LMI), with ARP support (no InARP).
+ Normal (routed) and Ethernet-bridged (Ethernet device emulation)
+ interfaces can share a single PVC.
+- raw HDLC - either IP (IPv4) interface or Ethernet device emulation.
+- Cisco HDLC,
+- PPP (uses syncppp.c),
+- X.25 (uses X.25 routines).
+
+There are hardware drivers for the following cards:
+- C101 by Moxa Technologies Co., Ltd.
+- RISCom/N2 by SDL Communications Inc.
+- and others, some not in the official kernel.
+
+Ethernet device emulation (using HDLC or Frame-Relay PVC) is compatible
+with IEEE 802.1Q (VLANs) and 802.1D (Ethernet bridging).
+
+
+Make sure the hdlc.o and the hardware driver are loaded. It should
+create a number of "hdlc" (hdlc0 etc) network devices, one for each
+WAN port. You'll need the "sethdlc" utility, get it from:
+ http://hq.pm.waw.pl/hdlc/
+
+Compile sethdlc.c utility:
+ gcc -O2 -Wall -o sethdlc sethdlc.c
+Make sure you're using a correct version of sethdlc for your kernel.
+
+Use sethdlc to set physical interface, clock rate, HDLC mode used,
+and add any required PVCs if using Frame Relay.
+Usually you want something like:
+
+ sethdlc hdlc0 clock int rate 128000
+ sethdlc hdlc0 cisco interval 10 timeout 25
+or
+ sethdlc hdlc0 rs232 clock ext
+ sethdlc hdlc0 fr lmi ansi
+ sethdlc hdlc0 create 99
+ ifconfig hdlc0 up
+ ifconfig pvc0 localIP pointopoint remoteIP
+
+In Frame Relay mode, ifconfig master hdlc device up (without assigning
+any IP address to it) before using pvc devices.
+
+
+Setting interface:
+
+* v35 | rs232 | x21 | t1 | e1 - sets physical interface for a given port
+ if the card has software-selectable interfaces
+ loopback - activate hardware loopback (for testing only)
+* clock ext - external clock (uses DTE RX and TX clock)
+* clock int - internal clock (provides clock signal on DCE clock output)
+* clock txint - TX internal, RX external (provides TX clock on DCE output)
+* clock txfromrx - TX clock derived from RX clock (TX clock on DCE output)
+* rate - sets clock rate in bps (not required for external clock or
+ for txfromrx)
+
+Setting protocol:
+
+* hdlc - sets raw HDLC (IP-only) mode
+ nrz / nrzi / fm-mark / fm-space / manchester - sets transmission code
+ no-parity / crc16 / crc16-pr0 (CRC16 with preset zeros) / crc32-itu
+ crc16-itu (CRC16 with ITU-T polynomial) / crc16-itu-pr0 - sets parity
+
+* hdlc-eth - Ethernet device emulation using HDLC. Parity and encoding
+ as above.
+
+* cisco - sets Cisco HDLC mode (IP, IPv6 and IPX supported)
+ interval - time in seconds between keepalive packets
+ timeout - time in seconds after last received keepalive packet before
+ we assume the link is down
+
+* ppp - sets synchronous PPP mode
+
+* x25 - sets X.25 mode
+
+* fr - Frame Relay mode
+ lmi ansi / ccitt / none - LMI (link management) type
+ dce - Frame Relay DCE (network) side LMI instead of default DTE (user).
+ It has nothing to do with clocks!
+ t391 - link integrity verification polling timer (in seconds) - user
+ t392 - polling verification timer (in seconds) - network
+ n391 - full status polling counter - user
+ n392 - error threshold - both user and network
+ n393 - monitored events count - both user and network
+
+Frame-Relay only:
+* create n | delete n - adds / deletes PVC interface with DLCI #n.
+ Newly created interface will be named pvc0, pvc1 etc.
+
+* create ether n | delete ether n - adds a device for Ethernet-bridged
+ frames. The device will be named pvceth0, pvceth1 etc.
+
+
+
+
+Board-specific issues
+---------------------
+
+n2.o and c101.o need parameters to work:
+
+ insmod n2 hw=io,irq,ram,ports[:io,irq,...]
+example:
+ insmod n2 hw=0x300,10,0xD0000,01
+
+or
+ insmod c101 hw=irq,ram[:irq,...]
+example:
+ insmod c101 hw=9,0xdc000
+
+If built into the kernel, these drivers need kernel (command line) parameters:
+ n2.hw=io,irq,ram,ports:...
+or
+ c101.hw=irq,ram:...
+
+
+
+If you have a problem with N2 or C101 card, you can issue the "private"
+command to see port's packet descriptor rings (in kernel logs):
+
+ sethdlc hdlc0 private
+
+The hardware driver has to be build with CONFIG_HDLC_DEBUG_RINGS.
+Attaching this info to bug reports would be helpful. Anyway, let me know
+if you have problems using this.
+
+For patches and other info look at http://hq.pm.waw.pl/hdlc/
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ifenslave.c b/Documentation/networking/ifenslave.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f315d20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ifenslave.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@
+/* Mode: C;
+ * ifenslave.c: Configure network interfaces for parallel routing.
+ *
+ * This program controls the Linux implementation of running multiple
+ * network interfaces in parallel.
+ *
+ * Author: Donald Becker <becker@cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov>
+ * Copyright 1994-1996 Donald Becker
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it
+ * and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * The author may be reached as becker@CESDIS.gsfc.nasa.gov, or C/O
+ * Center of Excellence in Space Data and Information Sciences
+ * Code 930.5, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD 20771
+ *
+ * Changes :
+ * - 2000/10/02 Willy Tarreau <willy at meta-x.org> :
+ * - few fixes. Master's MAC address is now correctly taken from
+ * the first device when not previously set ;
+ * - detach support : call BOND_RELEASE to detach an enslaved interface.
+ * - give a mini-howto from command-line help : # ifenslave -h
+ *
+ * - 2001/02/16 Chad N. Tindel <ctindel at ieee dot org> :
+ * - Master is now brought down before setting the MAC address. In
+ * the 2.4 kernel you can't change the MAC address while the device is
+ * up because you get EBUSY.
+ *
+ * - 2001/09/13 Takao Indoh <indou dot takao at jp dot fujitsu dot com>
+ * - Added the ability to change the active interface on a mode 1 bond
+ * at runtime.
+ *
+ * - 2001/10/23 Chad N. Tindel <ctindel at ieee dot org> :
+ * - No longer set the MAC address of the master. The bond device will
+ * take care of this itself
+ * - Try the SIOC*** versions of the bonding ioctls before using the
+ * old versions
+ * - 2002/02/18 Erik Habbinga <erik_habbinga @ hp dot com> :
+ * - ifr2.ifr_flags was not initialized in the hwaddr_notset case,
+ * SIOCGIFFLAGS now called before hwaddr_notset test
+ *
+ * - 2002/10/31 Tony Cureington <tony.cureington * hp_com> :
+ * - If the master does not have a hardware address when the first slave
+ * is enslaved, the master is assigned the hardware address of that
+ * slave - there is a comment in bonding.c stating "ifenslave takes
+ * care of this now." This corrects the problem of slaves having
+ * different hardware addresses in active-backup mode when
+ * multiple interfaces are specified on a single ifenslave command
+ * (ifenslave bond0 eth0 eth1).
+ *
+ * - 2003/03/18 - Tsippy Mendelson <tsippy.mendelson at intel dot com> and
+ * Shmulik Hen <shmulik.hen at intel dot com>
+ * - Moved setting the slave's mac address and openning it, from
+ * the application to the driver. This enables support of modes
+ * that need to use the unique mac address of each slave.
+ * The driver also takes care of closing the slave and restoring its
+ * original mac address upon release.
+ * In addition, block possibility of enslaving before the master is up.
+ * This prevents putting the system in an undefined state.
+ *
+ * - 2003/05/01 - Amir Noam <amir.noam at intel dot com>
+ * - Added ABI version control to restore compatibility between
+ * new/old ifenslave and new/old bonding.
+ * - Prevent adding an adapter that is already a slave.
+ * Fixes the problem of stalling the transmission and leaving
+ * the slave in a down state.
+ *
+ * - 2003/05/01 - Shmulik Hen <shmulik.hen at intel dot com>
+ * - Prevent enslaving if the bond device is down.
+ * Fixes the problem of leaving the system in unstable state and
+ * halting when trying to remove the module.
+ * - Close socket on all abnormal exists.
+ * - Add versioning scheme that follows that of the bonding driver.
+ * current version is 1.0.0 as a base line.
+ *
+ * - 2003/05/22 - Jay Vosburgh <fubar at us dot ibm dot com>
+ * - ifenslave -c was broken; it's now fixed
+ * - Fixed problem with routes vanishing from master during enslave
+ * processing.
+ *
+ * - 2003/05/27 - Amir Noam <amir.noam at intel dot com>
+ * - Fix backward compatibility issues:
+ * For drivers not using ABI versions, slave was set down while
+ * it should be left up before enslaving.
+ * Also, master was not set down and the default set_mac_address()
+ * would fail and generate an error message in the system log.
+ * - For opt_c: slave should not be set to the master's setting
+ * while it is running. It was already set during enslave. To
+ * simplify things, it is now handeled separately.
+ *
+ * - 2003/12/01 - Shmulik Hen <shmulik.hen at intel dot com>
+ * - Code cleanup and style changes
+ * set version to 1.1.0
+ */
+
+#define APP_VERSION "1.1.0"
+#define APP_RELDATE "December 1, 2003"
+#define APP_NAME "ifenslave"
+
+static char *version =
+APP_NAME ".c:v" APP_VERSION " (" APP_RELDATE ")\n"
+"o Donald Becker (becker@cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov).\n"
+"o Detach support added on 2000/10/02 by Willy Tarreau (willy at meta-x.org).\n"
+"o 2.4 kernel support added on 2001/02/16 by Chad N. Tindel\n"
+" (ctindel at ieee dot org).\n";
+
+static const char *usage_msg =
+"Usage: ifenslave [-f] <master-if> <slave-if> [<slave-if>...]\n"
+" ifenslave -d <master-if> <slave-if> [<slave-if>...]\n"
+" ifenslave -c <master-if> <slave-if>\n"
+" ifenslave --help\n";
+
+static const char *help_msg =
+"\n"
+" To create a bond device, simply follow these three steps :\n"
+" - ensure that the required drivers are properly loaded :\n"
+" # modprobe bonding ; modprobe <3c59x|eepro100|pcnet32|tulip|...>\n"
+" - assign an IP address to the bond device :\n"
+" # ifconfig bond0 <addr> netmask <mask> broadcast <bcast>\n"
+" - attach all the interfaces you need to the bond device :\n"
+" # ifenslave [{-f|--force}] bond0 eth0 [eth1 [eth2]...]\n"
+" If bond0 didn't have a MAC address, it will take eth0's. Then, all\n"
+" interfaces attached AFTER this assignment will get the same MAC addr.\n"
+" (except for ALB/TLB modes)\n"
+"\n"
+" To set the bond device down and automatically release all the slaves :\n"
+" # ifconfig bond0 down\n"
+"\n"
+" To detach a dead interface without setting the bond device down :\n"
+" # ifenslave {-d|--detach} bond0 eth0 [eth1 [eth2]...]\n"
+"\n"
+" To change active slave :\n"
+" # ifenslave {-c|--change-active} bond0 eth0\n"
+"\n"
+" To show master interface info\n"
+" # ifenslave bond0\n"
+"\n"
+" To show all interfaces info\n"
+" # ifenslave {-a|--all-interfaces}\n"
+"\n"
+" To be more verbose\n"
+" # ifenslave {-v|--verbose} ...\n"
+"\n"
+" # ifenslave {-u|--usage} Show usage\n"
+" # ifenslave {-V|--version} Show version\n"
+" # ifenslave {-h|--help} This message\n"
+"\n";
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <net/if_arp.h>
+#include <linux/if_ether.h>
+#include <linux/if_bonding.h>
+#include <linux/sockios.h>
+
+typedef unsigned long long u64; /* hack, so we may include kernel's ethtool.h */
+typedef __uint32_t u32; /* ditto */
+typedef __uint16_t u16; /* ditto */
+typedef __uint8_t u8; /* ditto */
+#include <linux/ethtool.h>
+
+struct option longopts[] = {
+ /* { name has_arg *flag val } */
+ {"all-interfaces", 0, 0, 'a'}, /* Show all interfaces. */
+ {"change-active", 0, 0, 'c'}, /* Change the active slave. */
+ {"detach", 0, 0, 'd'}, /* Detach a slave interface. */
+ {"force", 0, 0, 'f'}, /* Force the operation. */
+ {"help", 0, 0, 'h'}, /* Give help */
+ {"usage", 0, 0, 'u'}, /* Give usage */
+ {"verbose", 0, 0, 'v'}, /* Report each action taken. */
+ {"version", 0, 0, 'V'}, /* Emit version information. */
+ { 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+/* Command-line flags. */
+unsigned int
+opt_a = 0, /* Show-all-interfaces flag. */
+opt_c = 0, /* Change-active-slave flag. */
+opt_d = 0, /* Detach a slave interface. */
+opt_f = 0, /* Force the operation. */
+opt_h = 0, /* Help */
+opt_u = 0, /* Usage */
+opt_v = 0, /* Verbose flag. */
+opt_V = 0; /* Version */
+
+int skfd = -1; /* AF_INET socket for ioctl() calls.*/
+int abi_ver = 0; /* userland - kernel ABI version */
+int hwaddr_set = 0; /* Master's hwaddr is set */
+int saved_errno;
+
+struct ifreq master_mtu, master_flags, master_hwaddr;
+struct ifreq slave_mtu, slave_flags, slave_hwaddr;
+
+struct dev_ifr {
+ struct ifreq *req_ifr;
+ char *req_name;
+ int req_type;
+};
+
+struct dev_ifr master_ifra[] = {
+ {&master_mtu, "SIOCGIFMTU", SIOCGIFMTU},
+ {&master_flags, "SIOCGIFFLAGS", SIOCGIFFLAGS},
+ {&master_hwaddr, "SIOCGIFHWADDR", SIOCGIFHWADDR},
+ {NULL, "", 0}
+};
+
+struct dev_ifr slave_ifra[] = {
+ {&slave_mtu, "SIOCGIFMTU", SIOCGIFMTU},
+ {&slave_flags, "SIOCGIFFLAGS", SIOCGIFFLAGS},
+ {&slave_hwaddr, "SIOCGIFHWADDR", SIOCGIFHWADDR},
+ {NULL, "", 0}
+};
+
+static void if_print(char *ifname);
+static int get_drv_info(char *master_ifname);
+static int get_if_settings(char *ifname, struct dev_ifr ifra[]);
+static int get_slave_flags(char *slave_ifname);
+static int set_master_hwaddr(char *master_ifname, struct sockaddr *hwaddr);
+static int set_slave_hwaddr(char *slave_ifname, struct sockaddr *hwaddr);
+static int set_slave_mtu(char *slave_ifname, int mtu);
+static int set_if_flags(char *ifname, short flags);
+static int set_if_up(char *ifname, short flags);
+static int set_if_down(char *ifname, short flags);
+static int clear_if_addr(char *ifname);
+static int set_if_addr(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname);
+static int change_active(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname);
+static int enslave(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname);
+static int release(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname);
+#define v_print(fmt, args...) \
+ if (opt_v) \
+ fprintf(stderr, fmt, ## args )
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+ char **spp, *master_ifname, *slave_ifname;
+ int c, i, rv;
+ int res = 0;
+ int exclusive = 0;
+
+ while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "acdfhuvV", longopts, 0)) != EOF) {
+ switch (c) {
+ case 'a': opt_a++; exclusive++; break;
+ case 'c': opt_c++; exclusive++; break;
+ case 'd': opt_d++; exclusive++; break;
+ case 'f': opt_f++; exclusive++; break;
+ case 'h': opt_h++; exclusive++; break;
+ case 'u': opt_u++; exclusive++; break;
+ case 'v': opt_v++; break;
+ case 'V': opt_V++; exclusive++; break;
+
+ case '?':
+ fprintf(stderr, usage_msg);
+ res = 2;
+ goto out;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* options check */
+ if (exclusive > 1) {
+ fprintf(stderr, usage_msg);
+ res = 2;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ if (opt_v || opt_V) {
+ printf(version);
+ if (opt_V) {
+ res = 0;
+ goto out;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (opt_u) {
+ printf(usage_msg);
+ res = 0;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ if (opt_h) {
+ printf(usage_msg);
+ printf(help_msg);
+ res = 0;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ /* Open a basic socket */
+ if ((skfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0) {
+ perror("socket");
+ res = 1;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ if (opt_a) {
+ if (optind == argc) {
+ /* No remaining args */
+ /* show all interfaces */
+ if_print((char *)NULL);
+ goto out;
+ } else {
+ /* Just show usage */
+ fprintf(stderr, usage_msg);
+ res = 2;
+ goto out;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* Copy the interface name */
+ spp = argv + optind;
+ master_ifname = *spp++;
+
+ if (master_ifname == NULL) {
+ fprintf(stderr, usage_msg);
+ res = 2;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ /* exchange abi version with bonding module */
+ res = get_drv_info(master_ifname);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Master '%s': Error: handshake with driver failed. "
+ "Aborting\n",
+ master_ifname);
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ slave_ifname = *spp++;
+
+ if (slave_ifname == NULL) {
+ if (opt_d || opt_c) {
+ fprintf(stderr, usage_msg);
+ res = 2;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ /* A single arg means show the
+ * configuration for this interface
+ */
+ if_print(master_ifname);
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ res = get_if_settings(master_ifname, master_ifra);
+ if (res) {
+ /* Probably a good reason not to go on */
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Master '%s': Error: get settings failed: %s. "
+ "Aborting\n",
+ master_ifname, strerror(res));
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ /* check if master is indeed a master;
+ * if not then fail any operation
+ */
+ if (!(master_flags.ifr_flags & IFF_MASTER)) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Illegal operation; the specified interface '%s' "
+ "is not a master. Aborting\n",
+ master_ifname);
+ res = 1;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ /* check if master is up; if not then fail any operation */
+ if (!(master_flags.ifr_flags & IFF_UP)) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Illegal operation; the specified master interface "
+ "'%s' is not up.\n",
+ master_ifname);
+ res = 1;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ /* Only for enslaving */
+ if (!opt_c && !opt_d) {
+ sa_family_t master_family = master_hwaddr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_family;
+ unsigned char *hwaddr =
+ (unsigned char *)master_hwaddr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data;
+
+ /* The family '1' is ARPHRD_ETHER for ethernet. */
+ if (master_family != 1 && !opt_f) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Illegal operation: The specified master "
+ "interface '%s' is not ethernet-like.\n "
+ "This program is designed to work with "
+ "ethernet-like network interfaces.\n "
+ "Use the '-f' option to force the "
+ "operation.\n",
+ master_ifname);
+ res = 1;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ /* Check master's hw addr */
+ for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+ if (hwaddr[i] != 0) {
+ hwaddr_set = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (hwaddr_set) {
+ v_print("current hardware address of master '%s' "
+ "is %2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x, "
+ "type %d\n",
+ master_ifname,
+ hwaddr[0], hwaddr[1],
+ hwaddr[2], hwaddr[3],
+ hwaddr[4], hwaddr[5],
+ master_family);
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* Accepts only one slave */
+ if (opt_c) {
+ /* change active slave */
+ res = get_slave_flags(slave_ifname);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: get flags failed. "
+ "Aborting\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ goto out;
+ }
+ res = change_active(master_ifname, slave_ifname);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Master '%s', Slave '%s': Error: "
+ "Change active failed\n",
+ master_ifname, slave_ifname);
+ }
+ } else {
+ /* Accept multiple slaves */
+ do {
+ if (opt_d) {
+ /* detach a slave interface from the master */
+ rv = get_slave_flags(slave_ifname);
+ if (rv) {
+ /* Can't work with this slave. */
+ /* remember the error and skip it*/
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: get flags "
+ "failed. Skipping\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ res = rv;
+ continue;
+ }
+ rv = release(master_ifname, slave_ifname);
+ if (rv) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Master '%s', Slave '%s': Error: "
+ "Release failed\n",
+ master_ifname, slave_ifname);
+ res = rv;
+ }
+ } else {
+ /* attach a slave interface to the master */
+ rv = get_if_settings(slave_ifname, slave_ifra);
+ if (rv) {
+ /* Can't work with this slave. */
+ /* remember the error and skip it*/
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: get "
+ "settings failed: %s. "
+ "Skipping\n",
+ slave_ifname, strerror(rv));
+ res = rv;
+ continue;
+ }
+ rv = enslave(master_ifname, slave_ifname);
+ if (rv) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Master '%s', Slave '%s': Error: "
+ "Enslave failed\n",
+ master_ifname, slave_ifname);
+ res = rv;
+ }
+ }
+ } while ((slave_ifname = *spp++) != NULL);
+ }
+
+out:
+ if (skfd >= 0) {
+ close(skfd);
+ }
+
+ return res;
+}
+
+static short mif_flags;
+
+/* Get the inteface configuration from the kernel. */
+static int if_getconfig(char *ifname)
+{
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int metric, mtu; /* Parameters of the master interface. */
+ struct sockaddr dstaddr, broadaddr, netmask;
+ unsigned char *hwaddr;
+
+ strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname);
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0)
+ return -1;
+ mif_flags = ifr.ifr_flags;
+ printf("The result of SIOCGIFFLAGS on %s is %x.\n",
+ ifname, ifr.ifr_flags);
+
+ strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname);
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFADDR, &ifr) < 0)
+ return -1;
+ printf("The result of SIOCGIFADDR is %2.2x.%2.2x.%2.2x.%2.2x.\n",
+ ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data[0], ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data[1],
+ ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data[2], ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data[3]);
+
+ strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname);
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &ifr) < 0)
+ return -1;
+
+ /* Gotta convert from 'char' to unsigned for printf(). */
+ hwaddr = (unsigned char *)ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data;
+ printf("The result of SIOCGIFHWADDR is type %d "
+ "%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x.\n",
+ ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_family, hwaddr[0], hwaddr[1],
+ hwaddr[2], hwaddr[3], hwaddr[4], hwaddr[5]);
+
+ strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname);
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFMETRIC, &ifr) < 0) {
+ metric = 0;
+ } else
+ metric = ifr.ifr_metric;
+
+ strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname);
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFMTU, &ifr) < 0)
+ mtu = 0;
+ else
+ mtu = ifr.ifr_mtu;
+
+ strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname);
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFDSTADDR, &ifr) < 0) {
+ memset(&dstaddr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
+ } else
+ dstaddr = ifr.ifr_dstaddr;
+
+ strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname);
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFBRDADDR, &ifr) < 0) {
+ memset(&broadaddr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
+ } else
+ broadaddr = ifr.ifr_broadaddr;
+
+ strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname);
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFNETMASK, &ifr) < 0) {
+ memset(&netmask, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
+ } else
+ netmask = ifr.ifr_netmask;
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void if_print(char *ifname)
+{
+ char buff[1024];
+ struct ifconf ifc;
+ struct ifreq *ifr;
+ int i;
+
+ if (ifname == (char *)NULL) {
+ ifc.ifc_len = sizeof(buff);
+ ifc.ifc_buf = buff;
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFCONF, &ifc) < 0) {
+ perror("SIOCGIFCONF failed");
+ return;
+ }
+
+ ifr = ifc.ifc_req;
+ for (i = ifc.ifc_len / sizeof(struct ifreq); --i >= 0; ifr++) {
+ if (if_getconfig(ifr->ifr_name) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "%s: unknown interface.\n",
+ ifr->ifr_name);
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ if (((mif_flags & IFF_UP) == 0) && !opt_a) continue;
+ /*ife_print(&ife);*/
+ }
+ } else {
+ if (if_getconfig(ifname) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "%s: unknown interface.\n", ifname);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+static int get_drv_info(char *master_ifname)
+{
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ struct ethtool_drvinfo info;
+ char *endptr;
+
+ memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, master_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&info;
+
+ info.cmd = ETHTOOL_GDRVINFO;
+ strncpy(info.driver, "ifenslave", 32);
+ snprintf(info.fw_version, 32, "%d", BOND_ABI_VERSION);
+
+ if (ioctl(skfd, SIOCETHTOOL, &ifr) < 0) {
+ if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP) {
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Master '%s': Error: get bonding info failed %s\n",
+ master_ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ abi_ver = strtoul(info.fw_version, &endptr, 0);
+ if (*endptr) {
+ v_print("Master '%s': Error: got invalid string as an ABI "
+ "version from the bonding module\n",
+ master_ifname);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+out:
+ v_print("ABI ver is %d\n", abi_ver);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static int change_active(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname)
+{
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int res = 0;
+
+ if (!(slave_flags.ifr_flags & IFF_SLAVE)) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Illegal operation: The specified slave interface "
+ "'%s' is not a slave\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, master_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_slave, slave_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ if ((ioctl(skfd, SIOCBONDCHANGEACTIVE, &ifr) < 0) &&
+ (ioctl(skfd, BOND_CHANGE_ACTIVE_OLD, &ifr) < 0)) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Master '%s': Error: SIOCBONDCHANGEACTIVE failed: "
+ "%s\n",
+ master_ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+ res = 1;
+ }
+
+ return res;
+}
+
+static int enslave(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname)
+{
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int res = 0;
+
+ if (slave_flags.ifr_flags & IFF_SLAVE) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Illegal operation: The specified slave interface "
+ "'%s' is already a slave\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ res = set_if_down(slave_ifname, slave_flags.ifr_flags);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: bring interface down failed\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ return res;
+ }
+
+ if (abi_ver < 2) {
+ /* Older bonding versions would panic if the slave has no IP
+ * address, so get the IP setting from the master.
+ */
+ res = set_if_addr(master_ifname, slave_ifname);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: set address failed\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ return res;
+ }
+ } else {
+ res = clear_if_addr(slave_ifname);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: clear address failed\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ return res;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (master_mtu.ifr_mtu != slave_mtu.ifr_mtu) {
+ res = set_slave_mtu(slave_ifname, master_mtu.ifr_mtu);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: set MTU failed\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ return res;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (hwaddr_set) {
+ /* Master already has an hwaddr
+ * so set it's hwaddr to the slave
+ */
+ if (abi_ver < 1) {
+ /* The driver is using an old ABI, so
+ * the application sets the slave's
+ * hwaddr
+ */
+ res = set_slave_hwaddr(slave_ifname,
+ &(master_hwaddr.ifr_hwaddr));
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: set hw address "
+ "failed\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ goto undo_mtu;
+ }
+
+ /* For old ABI the application needs to bring the
+ * slave back up
+ */
+ res = set_if_up(slave_ifname, slave_flags.ifr_flags);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: bring interface "
+ "down failed\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ goto undo_slave_mac;
+ }
+ }
+ /* The driver is using a new ABI,
+ * so the driver takes care of setting
+ * the slave's hwaddr and bringing
+ * it up again
+ */
+ } else {
+ /* No hwaddr for master yet, so
+ * set the slave's hwaddr to it
+ */
+ if (abi_ver < 1) {
+ /* For old ABI, the master needs to be
+ * down before setting it's hwaddr
+ */
+ res = set_if_down(master_ifname, master_flags.ifr_flags);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Master '%s': Error: bring interface "
+ "down failed\n",
+ master_ifname);
+ goto undo_mtu;
+ }
+ }
+
+ res = set_master_hwaddr(master_ifname,
+ &(slave_hwaddr.ifr_hwaddr));
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Master '%s': Error: set hw address "
+ "failed\n",
+ master_ifname);
+ goto undo_mtu;
+ }
+
+ if (abi_ver < 1) {
+ /* For old ABI, bring the master
+ * back up
+ */
+ res = set_if_up(master_ifname, master_flags.ifr_flags);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Master '%s': Error: bring interface "
+ "up failed\n",
+ master_ifname);
+ goto undo_master_mac;
+ }
+ }
+
+ hwaddr_set = 1;
+ }
+
+ /* Do the real thing */
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, master_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_slave, slave_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ if ((ioctl(skfd, SIOCBONDENSLAVE, &ifr) < 0) &&
+ (ioctl(skfd, BOND_ENSLAVE_OLD, &ifr) < 0)) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Master '%s': Error: SIOCBONDENSLAVE failed: %s\n",
+ master_ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+ res = 1;
+ }
+
+ if (res) {
+ goto undo_master_mac;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+
+/* rollback (best effort) */
+undo_master_mac:
+ set_master_hwaddr(master_ifname, &(master_hwaddr.ifr_hwaddr));
+ hwaddr_set = 0;
+ goto undo_mtu;
+undo_slave_mac:
+ set_slave_hwaddr(slave_ifname, &(slave_hwaddr.ifr_hwaddr));
+undo_mtu:
+ set_slave_mtu(slave_ifname, slave_mtu.ifr_mtu);
+ return res;
+}
+
+static int release(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname)
+{
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int res = 0;
+
+ if (!(slave_flags.ifr_flags & IFF_SLAVE)) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Illegal operation: The specified slave interface "
+ "'%s' is not a slave\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, master_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_slave, slave_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ if ((ioctl(skfd, SIOCBONDRELEASE, &ifr) < 0) &&
+ (ioctl(skfd, BOND_RELEASE_OLD, &ifr) < 0)) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Master '%s': Error: SIOCBONDRELEASE failed: %s\n",
+ master_ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+ return 1;
+ } else if (abi_ver < 1) {
+ /* The driver is using an old ABI, so we'll set the interface
+ * down to avoid any conflicts due to same MAC/IP
+ */
+ res = set_if_down(slave_ifname, slave_flags.ifr_flags);
+ if (res) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Slave '%s': Error: bring interface "
+ "down failed\n",
+ slave_ifname);
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* set to default mtu */
+ set_slave_mtu(slave_ifname, 1500);
+
+ return res;
+}
+
+static int get_if_settings(char *ifname, struct dev_ifr ifra[])
+{
+ int i;
+ int res = 0;
+
+ for (i = 0; ifra[i].req_ifr; i++) {
+ strncpy(ifra[i].req_ifr->ifr_name, ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ res = ioctl(skfd, ifra[i].req_type, ifra[i].req_ifr);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Interface '%s': Error: %s failed: %s\n",
+ ifname, ifra[i].req_name,
+ strerror(saved_errno));
+
+ return saved_errno;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static int get_slave_flags(char *slave_ifname)
+{
+ int res = 0;
+
+ strncpy(slave_flags.ifr_name, slave_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ res = ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &slave_flags);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Slave '%s': Error: SIOCGIFFLAGS failed: %s\n",
+ slave_ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+ } else {
+ v_print("Slave %s: flags %04X.\n",
+ slave_ifname, slave_flags.ifr_flags);
+ }
+
+ return res;
+}
+
+static int set_master_hwaddr(char *master_ifname, struct sockaddr *hwaddr)
+{
+ unsigned char *addr = (unsigned char *)hwaddr->sa_data;
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int res = 0;
+
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, master_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ memcpy(&(ifr.ifr_hwaddr), hwaddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
+ res = ioctl(skfd, SIOCSIFHWADDR, &ifr);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Master '%s': Error: SIOCSIFHWADDR failed: %s\n",
+ master_ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+ return res;
+ } else {
+ v_print("Master '%s': hardware address set to "
+ "%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x.\n",
+ master_ifname, addr[0], addr[1], addr[2],
+ addr[3], addr[4], addr[5]);
+ }
+
+ return res;
+}
+
+static int set_slave_hwaddr(char *slave_ifname, struct sockaddr *hwaddr)
+{
+ unsigned char *addr = (unsigned char *)hwaddr->sa_data;
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int res = 0;
+
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, slave_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ memcpy(&(ifr.ifr_hwaddr), hwaddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
+ res = ioctl(skfd, SIOCSIFHWADDR, &ifr);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+
+ v_print("Slave '%s': Error: SIOCSIFHWADDR failed: %s\n",
+ slave_ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+
+ if (saved_errno == EBUSY) {
+ v_print(" The device is busy: it must be idle "
+ "before running this command.\n");
+ } else if (saved_errno == EOPNOTSUPP) {
+ v_print(" The device does not support setting "
+ "the MAC address.\n"
+ " Your kernel likely does not support slave "
+ "devices.\n");
+ } else if (saved_errno == EINVAL) {
+ v_print(" The device's address type does not match "
+ "the master's address type.\n");
+ }
+ return res;
+ } else {
+ v_print("Slave '%s': hardware address set to "
+ "%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x:%2.2x.\n",
+ slave_ifname, addr[0], addr[1], addr[2],
+ addr[3], addr[4], addr[5]);
+ }
+
+ return res;
+}
+
+static int set_slave_mtu(char *slave_ifname, int mtu)
+{
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int res = 0;
+
+ ifr.ifr_mtu = mtu;
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, slave_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+
+ res = ioctl(skfd, SIOCSIFMTU, &ifr);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Slave '%s': Error: SIOCSIFMTU failed: %s\n",
+ slave_ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+ } else {
+ v_print("Slave '%s': MTU set to %d.\n", slave_ifname, mtu);
+ }
+
+ return res;
+}
+
+static int set_if_flags(char *ifname, short flags)
+{
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int res = 0;
+
+ ifr.ifr_flags = flags;
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+
+ res = ioctl(skfd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Interface '%s': Error: SIOCSIFFLAGS failed: %s\n",
+ ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+ } else {
+ v_print("Interface '%s': flags set to %04X.\n", ifname, flags);
+ }
+
+ return res;
+}
+
+static int set_if_up(char *ifname, short flags)
+{
+ return set_if_flags(ifname, flags | IFF_UP);
+}
+
+static int set_if_down(char *ifname, short flags)
+{
+ return set_if_flags(ifname, flags & ~IFF_UP);
+}
+
+static int clear_if_addr(char *ifname)
+{
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int res = 0;
+
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ ifr.ifr_addr.sa_family = AF_INET;
+ memset(ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data, 0, sizeof(ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data));
+
+ res = ioctl(skfd, SIOCSIFADDR, &ifr);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ saved_errno = errno;
+ v_print("Interface '%s': Error: SIOCSIFADDR failed: %s\n",
+ ifname, strerror(saved_errno));
+ } else {
+ v_print("Interface '%s': address cleared\n", ifname);
+ }
+
+ return res;
+}
+
+static int set_if_addr(char *master_ifname, char *slave_ifname)
+{
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int res;
+ unsigned char *ipaddr;
+ int i;
+ struct {
+ char *req_name;
+ char *desc;
+ int g_ioctl;
+ int s_ioctl;
+ } ifra[] = {
+ {"IFADDR", "addr", SIOCGIFADDR, SIOCSIFADDR},
+ {"DSTADDR", "destination addr", SIOCGIFDSTADDR, SIOCSIFDSTADDR},
+ {"BRDADDR", "broadcast addr", SIOCGIFBRDADDR, SIOCSIFBRDADDR},
+ {"NETMASK", "netmask", SIOCGIFNETMASK, SIOCSIFNETMASK},
+ {NULL, NULL, 0, 0},
+ };
+
+ for (i = 0; ifra[i].req_name; i++) {
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, master_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ res = ioctl(skfd, ifra[i].g_ioctl, &ifr);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ int saved_errno = errno;
+
+ v_print("Interface '%s': Error: SIOCG%s failed: %s\n",
+ master_ifname, ifra[i].req_name,
+ strerror(saved_errno));
+
+ ifr.ifr_addr.sa_family = AF_INET;
+ memset(ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data, 0,
+ sizeof(ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data));
+ }
+
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, slave_ifname, IFNAMSIZ);
+ res = ioctl(skfd, ifra[i].s_ioctl, &ifr);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ int saved_errno = errno;
+
+ v_print("Interface '%s': Error: SIOCS%s failed: %s\n",
+ slave_ifname, ifra[i].req_name,
+ strerror(saved_errno));
+
+ return res;
+ }
+
+ ipaddr = ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data;
+ v_print("Interface '%s': set IP %s to %d.%d.%d.%d\n",
+ slave_ifname, ifra[i].desc,
+ ipaddr[0], ipaddr[1], ipaddr[2], ipaddr[3]);
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * version-control: t
+ * kept-new-versions: 5
+ * c-indent-level: 4
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * tab-width: 4
+ * compile-command: "gcc -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O -I/usr/src/linux/include ifenslave.c -o ifenslave"
+ * End:
+ */
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt b/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2c893a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,878 @@
+/proc/sys/net/ipv4/* Variables:
+
+ip_forward - BOOLEAN
+ 0 - disabled (default)
+ not 0 - enabled
+
+ Forward Packets between interfaces.
+
+ This variable is special, its change resets all configuration
+ parameters to their default state (RFC1122 for hosts, RFC1812
+ for routers)
+
+ip_default_ttl - INTEGER
+ default 64
+
+ip_no_pmtu_disc - BOOLEAN
+ Disable Path MTU Discovery.
+ default FALSE
+
+min_pmtu - INTEGER
+ default 562 - minimum discovered Path MTU
+
+mtu_expires - INTEGER
+ Time, in seconds, that cached PMTU information is kept.
+
+min_adv_mss - INTEGER
+ The advertised MSS depends on the first hop route MTU, but will
+ never be lower than this setting.
+
+IP Fragmentation:
+
+ipfrag_high_thresh - INTEGER
+ Maximum memory used to reassemble IP fragments. When
+ ipfrag_high_thresh bytes of memory is allocated for this purpose,
+ the fragment handler will toss packets until ipfrag_low_thresh
+ is reached.
+
+ipfrag_low_thresh - INTEGER
+ See ipfrag_high_thresh
+
+ipfrag_time - INTEGER
+ Time in seconds to keep an IP fragment in memory.
+
+ipfrag_secret_interval - INTEGER
+ Regeneration interval (in seconds) of the hash secret (or lifetime
+ for the hash secret) for IP fragments.
+ Default: 600
+
+INET peer storage:
+
+inet_peer_threshold - INTEGER
+ The approximate size of the storage. Starting from this threshold
+ entries will be thrown aggressively. This threshold also determines
+ entries' time-to-live and time intervals between garbage collection
+ passes. More entries, less time-to-live, less GC interval.
+
+inet_peer_minttl - INTEGER
+ Minimum time-to-live of entries. Should be enough to cover fragment
+ time-to-live on the reassembling side. This minimum time-to-live is
+ guaranteed if the pool size is less than inet_peer_threshold.
+ Measured in jiffies(1).
+
+inet_peer_maxttl - INTEGER
+ Maximum time-to-live of entries. Unused entries will expire after
+ this period of time if there is no memory pressure on the pool (i.e.
+ when the number of entries in the pool is very small).
+ Measured in jiffies(1).
+
+inet_peer_gc_mintime - INTEGER
+ Minimum interval between garbage collection passes. This interval is
+ in effect under high memory pressure on the pool.
+ Measured in jiffies(1).
+
+inet_peer_gc_maxtime - INTEGER
+ Minimum interval between garbage collection passes. This interval is
+ in effect under low (or absent) memory pressure on the pool.
+ Measured in jiffies(1).
+
+TCP variables:
+
+tcp_syn_retries - INTEGER
+ Number of times initial SYNs for an active TCP connection attempt
+ will be retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. Default value
+ is 5, which corresponds to ~180seconds.
+
+tcp_synack_retries - INTEGER
+ Number of times SYNACKs for a passive TCP connection attempt will
+ be retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. Default value
+ is 5, which corresponds to ~180seconds.
+
+tcp_keepalive_time - INTEGER
+ How often TCP sends out keepalive messages when keepalive is enabled.
+ Default: 2hours.
+
+tcp_keepalive_probes - INTEGER
+ How many keepalive probes TCP sends out, until it decides that the
+ connection is broken. Default value: 9.
+
+tcp_keepalive_intvl - INTEGER
+ How frequently the probes are send out. Multiplied by
+ tcp_keepalive_probes it is time to kill not responding connection,
+ after probes started. Default value: 75sec i.e. connection
+ will be aborted after ~11 minutes of retries.
+
+tcp_retries1 - INTEGER
+ How many times to retry before deciding that something is wrong
+ and it is necessary to report this suspicion to network layer.
+ Minimal RFC value is 3, it is default, which corresponds
+ to ~3sec-8min depending on RTO.
+
+tcp_retries2 - INTEGER
+ How may times to retry before killing alive TCP connection.
+ RFC1122 says that the limit should be longer than 100 sec.
+ It is too small number. Default value 15 corresponds to ~13-30min
+ depending on RTO.
+
+tcp_orphan_retries - INTEGER
+ How may times to retry before killing TCP connection, closed
+ by our side. Default value 7 corresponds to ~50sec-16min
+ depending on RTO. If you machine is loaded WEB server,
+ you should think about lowering this value, such sockets
+ may consume significant resources. Cf. tcp_max_orphans.
+
+tcp_fin_timeout - INTEGER
+ Time to hold socket in state FIN-WAIT-2, if it was closed
+ by our side. Peer can be broken and never close its side,
+ or even died unexpectedly. Default value is 60sec.
+ Usual value used in 2.2 was 180 seconds, you may restore
+ it, but remember that if your machine is even underloaded WEB server,
+ you risk to overflow memory with kilotons of dead sockets,
+ FIN-WAIT-2 sockets are less dangerous than FIN-WAIT-1,
+ because they eat maximum 1.5K of memory, but they tend
+ to live longer. Cf. tcp_max_orphans.
+
+tcp_max_tw_buckets - INTEGER
+ Maximal number of timewait sockets held by system simultaneously.
+ If this number is exceeded time-wait socket is immediately destroyed
+ and warning is printed. This limit exists only to prevent
+ simple DoS attacks, you _must_ not lower the limit artificially,
+ but rather increase it (probably, after increasing installed memory),
+ if network conditions require more than default value.
+
+tcp_tw_recycle - BOOLEAN
+ Enable fast recycling TIME-WAIT sockets. Default value is 0.
+ It should not be changed without advice/request of technical
+ experts.
+
+tcp_tw_reuse - BOOLEAN
+ Allow to reuse TIME-WAIT sockets for new connections when it is
+ safe from protocol viewpoint. Default value is 0.
+ It should not be changed without advice/request of technical
+ experts.
+
+tcp_max_orphans - INTEGER
+ Maximal number of TCP sockets not attached to any user file handle,
+ held by system. If this number is exceeded orphaned connections are
+ reset immediately and warning is printed. This limit exists
+ only to prevent simple DoS attacks, you _must_ not rely on this
+ or lower the limit artificially, but rather increase it
+ (probably, after increasing installed memory),
+ if network conditions require more than default value,
+ and tune network services to linger and kill such states
+ more aggressively. Let me to remind again: each orphan eats
+ up to ~64K of unswappable memory.
+
+tcp_abort_on_overflow - BOOLEAN
+ If listening service is too slow to accept new connections,
+ reset them. Default state is FALSE. It means that if overflow
+ occurred due to a burst, connection will recover. Enable this
+ option _only_ if you are really sure that listening daemon
+ cannot be tuned to accept connections faster. Enabling this
+ option can harm clients of your server.
+
+tcp_syncookies - BOOLEAN
+ Only valid when the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_SYNCOOKIES
+ Send out syncookies when the syn backlog queue of a socket
+ overflows. This is to prevent against the common 'syn flood attack'
+ Default: FALSE
+
+ Note, that syncookies is fallback facility.
+ It MUST NOT be used to help highly loaded servers to stand
+ against legal connection rate. If you see synflood warnings
+ in your logs, but investigation shows that they occur
+ because of overload with legal connections, you should tune
+ another parameters until this warning disappear.
+ See: tcp_max_syn_backlog, tcp_synack_retries, tcp_abort_on_overflow.
+
+ syncookies seriously violate TCP protocol, do not allow
+ to use TCP extensions, can result in serious degradation
+ of some services (f.e. SMTP relaying), visible not by you,
+ but your clients and relays, contacting you. While you see
+ synflood warnings in logs not being really flooded, your server
+ is seriously misconfigured.
+
+tcp_stdurg - BOOLEAN
+ Use the Host requirements interpretation of the TCP urg pointer field.
+ Most hosts use the older BSD interpretation, so if you turn this on
+ Linux might not communicate correctly with them.
+ Default: FALSE
+
+tcp_max_syn_backlog - INTEGER
+ Maximal number of remembered connection requests, which are
+ still did not receive an acknowledgment from connecting client.
+ Default value is 1024 for systems with more than 128Mb of memory,
+ and 128 for low memory machines. If server suffers of overload,
+ try to increase this number.
+
+tcp_window_scaling - BOOLEAN
+ Enable window scaling as defined in RFC1323.
+
+tcp_timestamps - BOOLEAN
+ Enable timestamps as defined in RFC1323.
+
+tcp_sack - BOOLEAN
+ Enable select acknowledgments (SACKS).
+
+tcp_fack - BOOLEAN
+ Enable FACK congestion avoidance and fast retransmission.
+ The value is not used, if tcp_sack is not enabled.
+
+tcp_dsack - BOOLEAN
+ Allows TCP to send "duplicate" SACKs.
+
+tcp_ecn - BOOLEAN
+ Enable Explicit Congestion Notification in TCP.
+
+tcp_reordering - INTEGER
+ Maximal reordering of packets in a TCP stream.
+ Default: 3
+
+tcp_retrans_collapse - BOOLEAN
+ Bug-to-bug compatibility with some broken printers.
+ On retransmit try to send bigger packets to work around bugs in
+ certain TCP stacks.
+
+tcp_wmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
+ min: Amount of memory reserved for send buffers for TCP socket.
+ Each TCP socket has rights to use it due to fact of its birth.
+ Default: 4K
+
+ default: Amount of memory allowed for send buffers for TCP socket
+ by default. This value overrides net.core.wmem_default used
+ by other protocols, it is usually lower than net.core.wmem_default.
+ Default: 16K
+
+ max: Maximal amount of memory allowed for automatically selected
+ send buffers for TCP socket. This value does not override
+ net.core.wmem_max, "static" selection via SO_SNDBUF does not use this.
+ Default: 128K
+
+tcp_rmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
+ min: Minimal size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
+ It is guaranteed to each TCP socket, even under moderate memory
+ pressure.
+ Default: 8K
+
+ default: default size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
+ This value overrides net.core.rmem_default used by other protocols.
+ Default: 87380 bytes. This value results in window of 65535 with
+ default setting of tcp_adv_win_scale and tcp_app_win:0 and a bit
+ less for default tcp_app_win. See below about these variables.
+
+ max: maximal size of receive buffer allowed for automatically
+ selected receiver buffers for TCP socket. This value does not override
+ net.core.rmem_max, "static" selection via SO_RCVBUF does not use this.
+ Default: 87380*2 bytes.
+
+tcp_mem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, pressure, max
+ low: below this number of pages TCP is not bothered about its
+ memory appetite.
+
+ pressure: when amount of memory allocated by TCP exceeds this number
+ of pages, TCP moderates its memory consumption and enters memory
+ pressure mode, which is exited when memory consumption falls
+ under "low".
+
+ high: number of pages allowed for queueing by all TCP sockets.
+
+ Defaults are calculated at boot time from amount of available
+ memory.
+
+tcp_app_win - INTEGER
+ Reserve max(window/2^tcp_app_win, mss) of window for application
+ buffer. Value 0 is special, it means that nothing is reserved.
+ Default: 31
+
+tcp_adv_win_scale - INTEGER
+ Count buffering overhead as bytes/2^tcp_adv_win_scale
+ (if tcp_adv_win_scale > 0) or bytes-bytes/2^(-tcp_adv_win_scale),
+ if it is <= 0.
+ Default: 2
+
+tcp_rfc1337 - BOOLEAN
+ If set, the TCP stack behaves conforming to RFC1337. If unset,
+ we are not conforming to RFC, but prevent TCP TIME_WAIT
+ assassination.
+ Default: 0
+
+tcp_low_latency - BOOLEAN
+ If set, the TCP stack makes decisions that prefer lower
+ latency as opposed to higher throughput. By default, this
+ option is not set meaning that higher throughput is preferred.
+ An example of an application where this default should be
+ changed would be a Beowulf compute cluster.
+ Default: 0
+
+tcp_westwood - BOOLEAN
+ Enable TCP Westwood+ congestion control algorithm.
+ TCP Westwood+ is a sender-side only modification of the TCP Reno
+ protocol stack that optimizes the performance of TCP congestion
+ control. It is based on end-to-end bandwidth estimation to set
+ congestion window and slow start threshold after a congestion
+ episode. Using this estimation, TCP Westwood+ adaptively sets a
+ slow start threshold and a congestion window which takes into
+ account the bandwidth used at the time congestion is experienced.
+ TCP Westwood+ significantly increases fairness wrt TCP Reno in
+ wired networks and throughput over wireless links.
+ Default: 0
+
+tcp_vegas_cong_avoid - BOOLEAN
+ Enable TCP Vegas congestion avoidance algorithm.
+ TCP Vegas is a sender-side only change to TCP that anticipates
+ the onset of congestion by estimating the bandwidth. TCP Vegas
+ adjusts the sending rate by modifying the congestion
+ window. TCP Vegas should provide less packet loss, but it is
+ not as aggressive as TCP Reno.
+ Default:0
+
+tcp_bic - BOOLEAN
+ Enable BIC TCP congestion control algorithm.
+ BIC-TCP is a sender-side only change that ensures a linear RTT
+ fairness under large windows while offering both scalability and
+ bounded TCP-friendliness. The protocol combines two schemes
+ called additive increase and binary search increase. When the
+ congestion window is large, additive increase with a large
+ increment ensures linear RTT fairness as well as good
+ scalability. Under small congestion windows, binary search
+ increase provides TCP friendliness.
+ Default: 0
+
+tcp_bic_low_window - INTEGER
+ Sets the threshold window (in packets) where BIC TCP starts to
+ adjust the congestion window. Below this threshold BIC TCP behaves
+ the same as the default TCP Reno.
+ Default: 14
+
+tcp_bic_fast_convergence - BOOLEAN
+ Forces BIC TCP to more quickly respond to changes in congestion
+ window. Allows two flows sharing the same connection to converge
+ more rapidly.
+ Default: 1
+
+tcp_default_win_scale - INTEGER
+ Sets the minimum window scale TCP will negotiate for on all
+ conections.
+ Default: 7
+
+tcp_tso_win_divisor - INTEGER
+ This allows control over what percentage of the congestion window
+ can be consumed by a single TSO frame.
+ The setting of this parameter is a choice between burstiness and
+ building larger TSO frames.
+ Default: 8
+
+tcp_frto - BOOLEAN
+ Enables F-RTO, an enhanced recovery algorithm for TCP retransmission
+ timeouts. It is particularly beneficial in wireless environments
+ where packet loss is typically due to random radio interference
+ rather than intermediate router congestion.
+
+somaxconn - INTEGER
+ Limit of socket listen() backlog, known in userspace as SOMAXCONN.
+ Defaults to 128. See also tcp_max_syn_backlog for additional tuning
+ for TCP sockets.
+
+IP Variables:
+
+ip_local_port_range - 2 INTEGERS
+ Defines the local port range that is used by TCP and UDP to
+ choose the local port. The first number is the first, the
+ second the last local port number. Default value depends on
+ amount of memory available on the system:
+ > 128Mb 32768-61000
+ < 128Mb 1024-4999 or even less.
+ This number defines number of active connections, which this
+ system can issue simultaneously to systems not supporting
+ TCP extensions (timestamps). With tcp_tw_recycle enabled
+ (i.e. by default) range 1024-4999 is enough to issue up to
+ 2000 connections per second to systems supporting timestamps.
+
+ip_nonlocal_bind - BOOLEAN
+ If set, allows processes to bind() to non-local IP addresses,
+ which can be quite useful - but may break some applications.
+ Default: 0
+
+ip_dynaddr - BOOLEAN
+ If set non-zero, enables support for dynamic addresses.
+ If set to a non-zero value larger than 1, a kernel log
+ message will be printed when dynamic address rewriting
+ occurs.
+ Default: 0
+
+icmp_echo_ignore_all - BOOLEAN
+icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts - BOOLEAN
+ If either is set to true, then the kernel will ignore either all
+ ICMP ECHO requests sent to it or just those to broadcast/multicast
+ addresses, respectively.
+
+icmp_ratelimit - INTEGER
+ Limit the maximal rates for sending ICMP packets whose type matches
+ icmp_ratemask (see below) to specific targets.
+ 0 to disable any limiting, otherwise the maximal rate in jiffies(1)
+ Default: 100
+
+icmp_ratemask - INTEGER
+ Mask made of ICMP types for which rates are being limited.
+ Significant bits: IHGFEDCBA9876543210
+ Default mask: 0000001100000011000 (6168)
+
+ Bit definitions (see include/linux/icmp.h):
+ 0 Echo Reply
+ 3 Destination Unreachable *
+ 4 Source Quench *
+ 5 Redirect
+ 8 Echo Request
+ B Time Exceeded *
+ C Parameter Problem *
+ D Timestamp Request
+ E Timestamp Reply
+ F Info Request
+ G Info Reply
+ H Address Mask Request
+ I Address Mask Reply
+
+ * These are rate limited by default (see default mask above)
+
+icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses - BOOLEAN
+ Some routers violate RFC1122 by sending bogus responses to broadcast
+ frames. Such violations are normally logged via a kernel warning.
+ If this is set to TRUE, the kernel will not give such warnings, which
+ will avoid log file clutter.
+ Default: FALSE
+
+igmp_max_memberships - INTEGER
+ Change the maximum number of multicast groups we can subscribe to.
+ Default: 20
+
+conf/interface/* changes special settings per interface (where "interface" is
+ the name of your network interface)
+conf/all/* is special, changes the settings for all interfaces
+
+
+log_martians - BOOLEAN
+ Log packets with impossible addresses to kernel log.
+ log_martians for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
+ conf/{all,interface}/log_martians is set to TRUE,
+ it will be disabled otherwise
+
+accept_redirects - BOOLEAN
+ Accept ICMP redirect messages.
+ accept_redirects for the interface will be enabled if:
+ - both conf/{all,interface}/accept_redirects are TRUE in the case forwarding
+ for the interface is enabled
+ or
+ - at least one of conf/{all,interface}/accept_redirects is TRUE in the case
+ forwarding for the interface is disabled
+ accept_redirects for the interface will be disabled otherwise
+ default TRUE (host)
+ FALSE (router)
+
+forwarding - BOOLEAN
+ Enable IP forwarding on this interface.
+
+mc_forwarding - BOOLEAN
+ Do multicast routing. The kernel needs to be compiled with CONFIG_MROUTE
+ and a multicast routing daemon is required.
+ conf/all/mc_forwarding must also be set to TRUE to enable multicast routing
+ for the interface
+
+medium_id - INTEGER
+ Integer value used to differentiate the devices by the medium they
+ are attached to. Two devices can have different id values when
+ the broadcast packets are received only on one of them.
+ The default value 0 means that the device is the only interface
+ to its medium, value of -1 means that medium is not known.
+
+ Currently, it is used to change the proxy_arp behavior:
+ the proxy_arp feature is enabled for packets forwarded between
+ two devices attached to different media.
+
+proxy_arp - BOOLEAN
+ Do proxy arp.
+ proxy_arp for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
+ conf/{all,interface}/proxy_arp is set to TRUE,
+ it will be disabled otherwise
+
+shared_media - BOOLEAN
+ Send(router) or accept(host) RFC1620 shared media redirects.
+ Overrides ip_secure_redirects.
+ shared_media for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
+ conf/{all,interface}/shared_media is set to TRUE,
+ it will be disabled otherwise
+ default TRUE
+
+secure_redirects - BOOLEAN
+ Accept ICMP redirect messages only for gateways,
+ listed in default gateway list.
+ secure_redirects for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
+ conf/{all,interface}/secure_redirects is set to TRUE,
+ it will be disabled otherwise
+ default TRUE
+
+send_redirects - BOOLEAN
+ Send redirects, if router.
+ send_redirects for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
+ conf/{all,interface}/send_redirects is set to TRUE,
+ it will be disabled otherwise
+ Default: TRUE
+
+bootp_relay - BOOLEAN
+ Accept packets with source address 0.b.c.d destined
+ not to this host as local ones. It is supposed, that
+ BOOTP relay daemon will catch and forward such packets.
+ conf/all/bootp_relay must also be set to TRUE to enable BOOTP relay
+ for the interface
+ default FALSE
+ Not Implemented Yet.
+
+accept_source_route - BOOLEAN
+ Accept packets with SRR option.
+ conf/all/accept_source_route must also be set to TRUE to accept packets
+ with SRR option on the interface
+ default TRUE (router)
+ FALSE (host)
+
+rp_filter - BOOLEAN
+ 1 - do source validation by reversed path, as specified in RFC1812
+ Recommended option for single homed hosts and stub network
+ routers. Could cause troubles for complicated (not loop free)
+ networks running a slow unreliable protocol (sort of RIP),
+ or using static routes.
+
+ 0 - No source validation.
+
+ conf/all/rp_filter must also be set to TRUE to do source validation
+ on the interface
+
+ Default value is 0. Note that some distributions enable it
+ in startup scripts.
+
+arp_filter - BOOLEAN
+ 1 - Allows you to have multiple network interfaces on the same
+ subnet, and have the ARPs for each interface be answered
+ based on whether or not the kernel would route a packet from
+ the ARP'd IP out that interface (therefore you must use source
+ based routing for this to work). In other words it allows control
+ of which cards (usually 1) will respond to an arp request.
+
+ 0 - (default) The kernel can respond to arp requests with addresses
+ from other interfaces. This may seem wrong but it usually makes
+ sense, because it increases the chance of successful communication.
+ IP addresses are owned by the complete host on Linux, not by
+ particular interfaces. Only for more complex setups like load-
+ balancing, does this behaviour cause problems.
+
+ arp_filter for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
+ conf/{all,interface}/arp_filter is set to TRUE,
+ it will be disabled otherwise
+
+arp_announce - INTEGER
+ Define different restriction levels for announcing the local
+ source IP address from IP packets in ARP requests sent on
+ interface:
+ 0 - (default) Use any local address, configured on any interface
+ 1 - Try to avoid local addresses that are not in the target's
+ subnet for this interface. This mode is useful when target
+ hosts reachable via this interface require the source IP
+ address in ARP requests to be part of their logical network
+ configured on the receiving interface. When we generate the
+ request we will check all our subnets that include the
+ target IP and will preserve the source address if it is from
+ such subnet. If there is no such subnet we select source
+ address according to the rules for level 2.
+ 2 - Always use the best local address for this target.
+ In this mode we ignore the source address in the IP packet
+ and try to select local address that we prefer for talks with
+ the target host. Such local address is selected by looking
+ for primary IP addresses on all our subnets on the outgoing
+ interface that include the target IP address. If no suitable
+ local address is found we select the first local address
+ we have on the outgoing interface or on all other interfaces,
+ with the hope we will receive reply for our request and
+ even sometimes no matter the source IP address we announce.
+
+ The max value from conf/{all,interface}/arp_announce is used.
+
+ Increasing the restriction level gives more chance for
+ receiving answer from the resolved target while decreasing
+ the level announces more valid sender's information.
+
+arp_ignore - INTEGER
+ Define different modes for sending replies in response to
+ received ARP requests that resolve local target IP addresses:
+ 0 - (default): reply for any local target IP address, configured
+ on any interface
+ 1 - reply only if the target IP address is local address
+ configured on the incoming interface
+ 2 - reply only if the target IP address is local address
+ configured on the incoming interface and both with the
+ sender's IP address are part from same subnet on this interface
+ 3 - do not reply for local addresses configured with scope host,
+ only resolutions for global and link addresses are replied
+ 4-7 - reserved
+ 8 - do not reply for all local addresses
+
+ The max value from conf/{all,interface}/arp_ignore is used
+ when ARP request is received on the {interface}
+
+app_solicit - INTEGER
+ The maximum number of probes to send to the user space ARP daemon
+ via netlink before dropping back to multicast probes (see
+ mcast_solicit). Defaults to 0.
+
+disable_policy - BOOLEAN
+ Disable IPSEC policy (SPD) for this interface
+
+disable_xfrm - BOOLEAN
+ Disable IPSEC encryption on this interface, whatever the policy
+
+
+
+tag - INTEGER
+ Allows you to write a number, which can be used as required.
+ Default value is 0.
+
+(1) Jiffie: internal timeunit for the kernel. On the i386 1/100s, on the
+Alpha 1/1024s. See the HZ define in /usr/include/asm/param.h for the exact
+value on your system.
+
+Alexey Kuznetsov.
+kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru
+
+Updated by:
+Andi Kleen
+ak@muc.de
+Nicolas Delon
+delon.nicolas@wanadoo.fr
+
+
+
+
+/proc/sys/net/ipv6/* Variables:
+
+IPv6 has no global variables such as tcp_*. tcp_* settings under ipv4/ also
+apply to IPv6 [XXX?].
+
+bindv6only - BOOLEAN
+ Default value for IPV6_V6ONLY socket option,
+ which restricts use of the IPv6 socket to IPv6 communication
+ only.
+ TRUE: disable IPv4-mapped address feature
+ FALSE: enable IPv4-mapped address feature
+
+ Default: FALSE (as specified in RFC2553bis)
+
+IPv6 Fragmentation:
+
+ip6frag_high_thresh - INTEGER
+ Maximum memory used to reassemble IPv6 fragments. When
+ ip6frag_high_thresh bytes of memory is allocated for this purpose,
+ the fragment handler will toss packets until ip6frag_low_thresh
+ is reached.
+
+ip6frag_low_thresh - INTEGER
+ See ip6frag_high_thresh
+
+ip6frag_time - INTEGER
+ Time in seconds to keep an IPv6 fragment in memory.
+
+ip6frag_secret_interval - INTEGER
+ Regeneration interval (in seconds) of the hash secret (or lifetime
+ for the hash secret) for IPv6 fragments.
+ Default: 600
+
+conf/default/*:
+ Change the interface-specific default settings.
+
+
+conf/all/*:
+ Change all the interface-specific settings.
+
+ [XXX: Other special features than forwarding?]
+
+conf/all/forwarding - BOOLEAN
+ Enable global IPv6 forwarding between all interfaces.
+
+ IPv4 and IPv6 work differently here; e.g. netfilter must be used
+ to control which interfaces may forward packets and which not.
+
+ This also sets all interfaces' Host/Router setting
+ 'forwarding' to the specified value. See below for details.
+
+ This referred to as global forwarding.
+
+conf/interface/*:
+ Change special settings per interface.
+
+ The functional behaviour for certain settings is different
+ depending on whether local forwarding is enabled or not.
+
+accept_ra - BOOLEAN
+ Accept Router Advertisements; autoconfigure using them.
+
+ Functional default: enabled if local forwarding is disabled.
+ disabled if local forwarding is enabled.
+
+accept_redirects - BOOLEAN
+ Accept Redirects.
+
+ Functional default: enabled if local forwarding is disabled.
+ disabled if local forwarding is enabled.
+
+autoconf - BOOLEAN
+ Autoconfigure addresses using Prefix Information in Router
+ Advertisements.
+
+ Functional default: enabled if accept_ra is enabled.
+ disabled if accept_ra is disabled.
+
+dad_transmits - INTEGER
+ The amount of Duplicate Address Detection probes to send.
+ Default: 1
+
+forwarding - BOOLEAN
+ Configure interface-specific Host/Router behaviour.
+
+ Note: It is recommended to have the same setting on all
+ interfaces; mixed router/host scenarios are rather uncommon.
+
+ FALSE:
+
+ By default, Host behaviour is assumed. This means:
+
+ 1. IsRouter flag is not set in Neighbour Advertisements.
+ 2. Router Solicitations are being sent when necessary.
+ 3. If accept_ra is TRUE (default), accept Router
+ Advertisements (and do autoconfiguration).
+ 4. If accept_redirects is TRUE (default), accept Redirects.
+
+ TRUE:
+
+ If local forwarding is enabled, Router behaviour is assumed.
+ This means exactly the reverse from the above:
+
+ 1. IsRouter flag is set in Neighbour Advertisements.
+ 2. Router Solicitations are not sent.
+ 3. Router Advertisements are ignored.
+ 4. Redirects are ignored.
+
+ Default: FALSE if global forwarding is disabled (default),
+ otherwise TRUE.
+
+hop_limit - INTEGER
+ Default Hop Limit to set.
+ Default: 64
+
+mtu - INTEGER
+ Default Maximum Transfer Unit
+ Default: 1280 (IPv6 required minimum)
+
+router_solicitation_delay - INTEGER
+ Number of seconds to wait after interface is brought up
+ before sending Router Solicitations.
+ Default: 1
+
+router_solicitation_interval - INTEGER
+ Number of seconds to wait between Router Solicitations.
+ Default: 4
+
+router_solicitations - INTEGER
+ Number of Router Solicitations to send until assuming no
+ routers are present.
+ Default: 3
+
+use_tempaddr - INTEGER
+ Preference for Privacy Extensions (RFC3041).
+ <= 0 : disable Privacy Extensions
+ == 1 : enable Privacy Extensions, but prefer public
+ addresses over temporary addresses.
+ > 1 : enable Privacy Extensions and prefer temporary
+ addresses over public addresses.
+ Default: 0 (for most devices)
+ -1 (for point-to-point devices and loopback devices)
+
+temp_valid_lft - INTEGER
+ valid lifetime (in seconds) for temporary addresses.
+ Default: 604800 (7 days)
+
+temp_prefered_lft - INTEGER
+ Preferred lifetime (in seconds) for temporary addresses.
+ Default: 86400 (1 day)
+
+max_desync_factor - INTEGER
+ Maximum value for DESYNC_FACTOR, which is a random value
+ that ensures that clients don't synchronize with each
+ other and generate new addresses at exactly the same time.
+ value is in seconds.
+ Default: 600
+
+regen_max_retry - INTEGER
+ Number of attempts before give up attempting to generate
+ valid temporary addresses.
+ Default: 5
+
+max_addresses - INTEGER
+ Number of maximum addresses per interface. 0 disables limitation.
+ It is recommended not set too large value (or 0) because it would
+ be too easy way to crash kernel to allow to create too much of
+ autoconfigured addresses.
+ Default: 16
+
+icmp/*:
+ratelimit - INTEGER
+ Limit the maximal rates for sending ICMPv6 packets.
+ 0 to disable any limiting, otherwise the maximal rate in jiffies(1)
+ Default: 100
+
+
+IPv6 Update by:
+Pekka Savola <pekkas@netcore.fi>
+YOSHIFUJI Hideaki / USAGI Project <yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org>
+
+
+/proc/sys/net/bridge/* Variables:
+
+bridge-nf-call-arptables - BOOLEAN
+ 1 : pass bridged ARP traffic to arptables' FORWARD chain.
+ 0 : disable this.
+ Default: 1
+
+bridge-nf-call-iptables - BOOLEAN
+ 1 : pass bridged IPv4 traffic to iptables' chains.
+ 0 : disable this.
+ Default: 1
+
+bridge-nf-call-ip6tables - BOOLEAN
+ 1 : pass bridged IPv6 traffic to ip6tables' chains.
+ 0 : disable this.
+ Default: 1
+
+bridge-nf-filter-vlan-tagged - BOOLEAN
+ 1 : pass bridged vlan-tagged ARP/IP traffic to arptables/iptables.
+ 0 : disable this.
+ Default: 1
+
+
+UNDOCUMENTED:
+
+dev_weight FIXME
+discovery_slots FIXME
+discovery_timeout FIXME
+fast_poll_increase FIXME
+ip6_queue_maxlen FIXME
+lap_keepalive_time FIXME
+lo_cong FIXME
+max_baud_rate FIXME
+max_dgram_qlen FIXME
+max_noreply_time FIXME
+max_tx_data_size FIXME
+max_tx_window FIXME
+min_tx_turn_time FIXME
+mod_cong FIXME
+no_cong FIXME
+no_cong_thresh FIXME
+slot_timeout FIXME
+warn_noreply_time FIXME
+
+$Id: ip-sysctl.txt,v 1.20 2001/12/13 09:00:18 davem Exp $
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ip_dynaddr.txt b/Documentation/networking/ip_dynaddr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45f3c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ip_dynaddr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+IP dynamic address hack-port v0.03
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+This stuff allows diald ONESHOT connections to get established by
+dynamically changing packet source address (and socket's if local procs).
+It is implemented for TCP diald-box connections(1) and IP_MASQuerading(2).
+
+If enabled[*] and forwarding interface has changed:
+ 1) Socket (and packet) source address is rewritten ON RETRANSMISSIONS
+ while in SYN_SENT state (diald-box processes).
+ 2) Out-bounded MASQueraded source address changes ON OUTPUT (when
+ internal host does retransmission) until a packet from outside is
+ received by the tunnel.
+
+This is specially helpful for auto dialup links (diald), where the
+``actual'' outgoing address is unknown at the moment the link is
+going up. So, the *same* (local AND masqueraded) connections requests that
+bring the link up will be able to get established.
+
+[*] At boot, by default no address rewriting is attempted.
+ To enable:
+ # echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr
+ To enable verbose mode:
+ # echo 2 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr
+ To disable (default)
+ # echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr
+
+Enjoy!
+
+-- Juanjo <jjciarla@raiz.uncu.edu.ar>
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ipddp.txt b/Documentation/networking/ipddp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..661a555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ipddp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+Text file for ipddp.c:
+ AppleTalk-IP Decapsulation and AppleTalk-IP Encapsulation
+
+This text file is written by Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+AppleTalk-IP (IPDDP) is the method computers connected to AppleTalk
+networks can use to communicate via IP. AppleTalk-IP is simply IP datagrams
+inside AppleTalk packets.
+
+Through this driver you can either allow your Linux box to communicate
+IP over an AppleTalk network or you can provide IP gatewaying functions
+for your AppleTalk users.
+
+You can currently encapsulate or decapsulate AppleTalk-IP on LocalTalk,
+EtherTalk and PPPTalk. The only limit on the protocol is that of what
+kernel AppleTalk layer and drivers are available.
+
+Each mode requires its own user space software.
+
+Compiling AppleTalk-IP Decapsulation/Encapsulation
+=================================================
+
+AppleTalk-IP decapsulation needs to be compiled into your kernel. You
+will need to turn on AppleTalk-IP driver support. Then you will need to
+select ONE of the two options; IP to AppleTalk-IP encapsulation support or
+AppleTalk-IP to IP decapsulation support. If you compile the driver
+statically you will only be able to use the driver for the function you have
+enabled in the kernel. If you compile the driver as a module you can
+select what mode you want it to run in via a module loading param.
+ipddp_mode=1 for AppleTalk-IP encapsulation and ipddp_mode=2 for
+AppleTalk-IP to IP decapsulation.
+
+Basic instructions for user space tools
+=======================================
+
+To enable AppleTalk-IP decapsulation/encapsulation you will need the
+proper tools. You can get the tools for decapsulation from
+http://spacs1.spacs.k12.wi.us/~jschlst/index.html and for encapsulation
+from http://www.maths.unm.edu/~bradford/ltpc.html
+
+I will briefly describe the operation of the tools, but you will
+need to consult the supporting documentation for each set of tools.
+
+Decapsulation - You will need to download a software package called
+MacGate. In this distribution there will be a tool called MacRoute
+which enables you to add routes to the kernel for your Macs by hand.
+Also the tool MacRegGateWay is included to register the
+proper IP Gateway and IP addresses for your machine. Included in this
+distribution is a patch to netatalk-1.4b2+asun2.0a17.2 (available from
+ftp.u.washington.edu/pub/user-supported/asun/) this patch is optional
+but it allows automatic adding and deleting of routes for Macs. (Handy
+for locations with large Mac installations)
+
+Encapsulation - You will need to download a software daemon called ipddpd.
+This software expects there to be an AppleTalk-IP gateway on the network.
+You will also need to add the proper routes to route your Linux box's IP
+traffic out the ipddp interface.
+
+Common Uses of ipddp.c
+----------------------
+Of course AppleTalk-IP decapsulation and encapsulation, but specifically
+decapsulation is being used most for connecting LocalTalk networks to
+IP networks. Although it has been used on EtherTalk networks to allow
+Macs that are only able to tunnel IP over EtherTalk.
+
+Encapsulation has been used to allow a Linux box stuck on a LocalTalk
+network to use IP. It should work equally well if you are stuck on an
+EtherTalk only network.
+
+Further Assistance
+-------------------
+You can contact me (Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>) with any
+questions regarding decapsulation or encapsulation. Bradford W. Johnson
+<johns393@maroon.tc.umn.edu> originally wrote the ipddp.c driver for IP
+encapsulation in AppleTalk.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/iphase.txt b/Documentation/networking/iphase.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39ccb85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/iphase.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+
+ READ ME FISRT
+ ATM (i)Chip IA Linux Driver Source
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Read This Before You Begin!
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+This is the README file for the Interphase PCI ATM (i)Chip IA Linux driver
+source release.
+
+The features and limitations of this driver are as follows:
+ - A single VPI (VPI value of 0) is supported.
+ - Supports 4K VCs for the server board (with 512K control memory) and 1K
+ VCs for the client board (with 128K control memory).
+ - UBR, ABR and CBR service categories are supported.
+ - Only AAL5 is supported.
+ - Supports setting of PCR on the VCs.
+ - Multiple adapters in a system are supported.
+ - All variants of Interphase ATM PCI (i)Chip adapter cards are supported,
+ including x575 (OC3, control memory 128K , 512K and packet memory 128K,
+ 512K and 1M), x525 (UTP25) and x531 (DS3 and E3). See
+ http://www.iphase.com/products/ClassSheet.cfm?ClassID=ATM
+ for details.
+ - Only x86 platforms are supported.
+ - SMP is supported.
+
+
+Before You Start
+----------------
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+1. Installing the adapters in the system
+ To install the ATM adapters in the system, follow the steps below.
+ a. Login as root.
+ b. Shut down the system and power off the system.
+ c. Install one or more ATM adapters in the system.
+ d. Connect each adapter to a port on an ATM switch. The green 'Link'
+ LED on the front panel of the adapter will be on if the adapter is
+ connected to the switch properly when the system is powered up.
+ e. Power on and boot the system.
+
+2. [ Removed ]
+
+3. Rebuild kernel with ABR support
+ [ a. and b. removed ]
+ c. Reconfigure the kernel, choose the Interphase ia driver through "make
+ menuconfig" or "make xconfig".
+ d. Rebuild the kernel, loadable modules and the atm tools.
+ e. Install the new built kernel and modules and reboot.
+
+4. Load the adapter hardware driver (ia driver) if it is built as a module
+ a. Login as root.
+ b. Change directory to /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/atm.
+ c. Run "insmod suni.o;insmod iphase.o"
+ The yellow 'status' LED on the front panel of the adapter will blink
+ while the driver is loaded in the system.
+ d. To verify that the 'ia' driver is loaded successfully, run the
+ following command:
+
+ cat /proc/atm/devices
+
+ If the driver is loaded successfully, the output of the command will
+ be similar to the following lines:
+
+ Itf Type ESI/"MAC"addr AAL(TX,err,RX,err,drop) ...
+ 0 ia xxxxxxxxx 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 ) 5 ( 0 0 0 0 0 )
+
+ You can also check the system log file /var/log/messages for messages
+ related to the ATM driver.
+
+5. Ia Driver Configuration
+
+5.1 Configuration of adapter buffers
+ The (i)Chip boards have 3 different packet RAM size variants: 128K, 512K and
+ 1M. The RAM size decides the number of buffers and buffer size. The default
+ size and number of buffers are set as following:
+
+ Totol Rx RAM Tx RAM Rx Buf Tx Buf Rx buf Tx buf
+ RAM size size size size size cnt cnt
+ -------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
+ 128K 64K 64K 10K 10K 6 6
+ 512K 256K 256K 10K 10K 25 25
+ 1M 512K 512K 10K 10K 51 51
+
+ These setting should work well in most environments, but can be
+ changed by typing the following command:
+
+ insmod <IA_DIR>/ia.o IA_RX_BUF=<RX_CNT> IA_RX_BUF_SZ=<RX_SIZE> \
+ IA_TX_BUF=<TX_CNT> IA_TX_BUF_SZ=<TX_SIZE>
+ Where:
+ RX_CNT = number of receive buffers in the range (1-128)
+ RX_SIZE = size of receive buffers in the range (48-64K)
+ TX_CNT = number of transmit buffers in the range (1-128)
+ TX_SIZE = size of transmit buffers in the range (48-64K)
+
+ 1. Transmit and receive buffer size must be a multiple of 4.
+ 2. Care should be taken so that the memory required for the
+ transmit and receive buffers is less than or equal to the
+ total adapter packet memory.
+
+5.2 Turn on ia debug trace
+
+ When the ia driver is built with the CONFIG_ATM_IA_DEBUG flag, the driver
+ can provide more debug trace if needed. There is a bit mask variable,
+ IADebugFlag, which controls the output of the traces. You can find the bit
+ map of the IADebugFlag in iphase.h.
+ The debug trace can be turn on through the insmod command line option, for
+ example, "insmod iphase.o IADebugFlag=0xffffffff" can turn on all the debug
+ traces together with loading the driver.
+
+6. Ia Driver Test Using ttcp_atm and PVC
+
+ For the PVC setup, the test machines can either be connected back-to-back or
+ through a switch. If connected through the switch, the switch must be
+ configured for the PVC(s).
+
+ a. For UBR test:
+ At the test machine intended to receive data, type:
+ ttcp_atm -r -a -s 0.100
+ At the other test machine, type:
+ ttcp_atm -t -a -s 0.100 -n 10000
+ Run "ttcp_atm -h" to display more options of the ttcp_atm tool.
+ b. For ABR test:
+ It is the same as the UBR testing, but with an extra command option:
+ -Pabr:max_pcr=<xxx>
+ where:
+ xxx = the maximum peak cell rate, from 170 - 353207.
+ This option must be set on both the machines.
+ c. For CBR test:
+ It is the same as the UBR testing, but with an extra command option:
+ -Pcbr:max_pcr=<xxx>
+ where:
+ xxx = the maximum peak cell rate, from 170 - 353207.
+ This option may only be set on the transmit machine.
+
+
+OUTSTANDING ISSUES
+------------------
+
+
+
+Contact Information
+-------------------
+
+ Customer Support:
+ United States: Telephone: (214) 654-5555
+ Fax: (214) 654-5500
+ E-Mail: intouch@iphase.com
+ Europe: Telephone: 33 (0)1 41 15 44 00
+ Fax: 33 (0)1 41 15 12 13
+ World Wide Web: http://www.iphase.com
+ Anonymous FTP: ftp.iphase.com
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/irda.txt b/Documentation/networking/irda.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e5b8e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/irda.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+To use the IrDA protocols within Linux you will need to get a suitable copy
+of the IrDA Utilities. More detailed information about these and associated
+programs can be found on http://irda.sourceforge.net/
+
+For more information about how to use the IrDA protocol stack, see the
+Linux Infared HOWTO (http://www.tuxmobil.org/Infrared-HOWTO/Infrared-HOWTO.html)
+by Werner Heuser <wehe@tuxmobil.org>
+
+There is an active mailing list for discussing Linux-IrDA matters called
+ irda-users@lists.sourceforge.net
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ixgb.txt b/Documentation/networking/ixgb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c98277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ixgb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+Linux* Base Driver for the Intel(R) PRO/10GbE Family of Adapters
+================================================================
+
+November 17, 2004
+
+
+Contents
+========
+
+- In This Release
+- Identifying Your Adapter
+- Command Line Parameters
+- Improving Performance
+- Support
+
+
+In This Release
+===============
+
+This file describes the Linux* Base Driver for the Intel(R) PRO/10GbE Family
+of Adapters, version 1.0.x.
+
+For questions related to hardware requirements, refer to the documentation
+supplied with your Intel PRO/10GbE adapter. All hardware requirements listed
+apply to use with Linux.
+
+Identifying Your Adapter
+========================
+
+To verify your Intel adapter is supported, find the board ID number on the
+adapter. Look for a label that has a barcode and a number in the format
+A12345-001.
+
+Use the above information and the Adapter & Driver ID Guide at:
+
+ http://support.intel.com/support/network/adapter/pro100/21397.htm
+
+For the latest Intel network drivers for Linux, go to:
+
+ http://downloadfinder.intel.com/scripts-df/support_intel.asp
+
+Command Line Parameters
+=======================
+
+If the driver is built as a module, the following optional parameters are
+used by entering them on the command line with the modprobe or insmod command
+using this syntax:
+
+ modprobe ixgb [<option>=<VAL1>,<VAL2>,...]
+
+ insmod ixgb [<option>=<VAL1>,<VAL2>,...]
+
+For example, with two PRO/10GbE PCI adapters, entering:
+
+ insmod ixgb TxDescriptors=80,128
+
+loads the ixgb driver with 80 TX resources for the first adapter and 128 TX
+resources for the second adapter.
+
+The default value for each parameter is generally the recommended setting,
+unless otherwise noted. Also, if the driver is statically built into the
+kernel, the driver is loaded with the default values for all the parameters.
+Ethtool can be used to change some of the parameters at runtime.
+
+FlowControl
+Valid Range: 0-3 (0=none, 1=Rx only, 2=Tx only, 3=Rx&Tx)
+Default: Read from the EEPROM
+ If EEPROM is not detected, default is 3
+ This parameter controls the automatic generation(Tx) and response(Rx) to
+ Ethernet PAUSE frames.
+
+RxDescriptors
+Valid Range: 64-512
+Default Value: 512
+ This value is the number of receive descriptors allocated by the driver.
+ Increasing this value allows the driver to buffer more incoming packets.
+ Each descriptor is 16 bytes. A receive buffer is also allocated for
+ each descriptor and can be either 2048, 4056, 8192, or 16384 bytes,
+ depending on the MTU setting. When the MTU size is 1500 or less, the
+ receive buffer size is 2048 bytes. When the MTU is greater than 1500 the
+ receive buffer size will be either 4056, 8192, or 16384 bytes. The
+ maximum MTU size is 16114.
+
+RxIntDelay
+Valid Range: 0-65535 (0=off)
+Default Value: 6
+ This value delays the generation of receive interrupts in units of
+ 0.8192 microseconds. Receive interrupt reduction can improve CPU
+ efficiency if properly tuned for specific network traffic. Increasing
+ this value adds extra latency to frame reception and can end up
+ decreasing the throughput of TCP traffic. If the system is reporting
+ dropped receives, this value may be set too high, causing the driver to
+ run out of available receive descriptors.
+
+TxDescriptors
+Valid Range: 64-4096
+Default Value: 256
+ This value is the number of transmit descriptors allocated by the driver.
+ Increasing this value allows the driver to queue more transmits. Each
+ descriptor is 16 bytes.
+
+XsumRX
+Valid Range: 0-1
+Default Value: 1
+ A value of '1' indicates that the driver should enable IP checksum
+ offload for received packets (both UDP and TCP) to the adapter hardware.
+
+XsumTX
+Valid Range: 0-1
+Default Value: 1
+ A value of '1' indicates that the driver should enable IP checksum
+ offload for transmitted packets (both UDP and TCP) to the adapter
+ hardware.
+
+Improving Performance
+=====================
+
+With the Intel PRO/10 GbE adapter, the default Linux configuration will very
+likely limit the total available throughput artificially. There is a set of
+things that when applied together increase the ability of Linux to transmit
+and receive data. The following enhancements were originally acquired from
+settings published at http://www.spec.org/web99 for various submitted results
+using Linux.
+
+NOTE: These changes are only suggestions, and serve as a starting point for
+tuning your network performance.
+
+The changes are made in three major ways, listed in order of greatest effect:
+- Use ifconfig to modify the mtu (maximum transmission unit) and the txqueuelen
+ parameter.
+- Use sysctl to modify /proc parameters (essentially kernel tuning)
+- Use setpci to modify the MMRBC field in PCI-X configuration space to increase
+ transmit burst lengths on the bus.
+
+NOTE: setpci modifies the adapter's configuration registers to allow it to read
+up to 4k bytes at a time (for transmits). However, for some systems the
+behavior after modifying this register may be undefined (possibly errors of some
+kind). A power-cycle, hard reset or explicitly setting the e6 register back to
+22 (setpci -d 8086:1048 e6.b=22) may be required to get back to a stable
+configuration.
+
+- COPY these lines and paste them into ixgb_perf.sh:
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "configuring network performance , edit this file to change the interface"
+# set mmrbc to 4k reads, modify only Intel 10GbE device IDs
+setpci -d 8086:1048 e6.b=2e
+# set the MTU (max transmission unit) - it requires your switch and clients to change too!
+# set the txqueuelen
+# your ixgb adapter should be loaded as eth1 for this to work, change if needed
+ifconfig eth1 mtu 9000 txqueuelen 1000 up
+# call the sysctl utility to modify /proc/sys entries
+sysctl -p ./sysctl_ixgb.conf
+- END ixgb_perf.sh
+
+- COPY these lines and paste them into sysctl_ixgb.conf:
+# some of the defaults may be different for your kernel
+# call this file with sysctl -p <this file>
+# these are just suggested values that worked well to increase throughput in
+# several network benchmark tests, your mileage may vary
+
+### IPV4 specific settings
+net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 # turns TCP timestamp support off, default 1, reduces CPU use
+net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 0 # turn SACK support off, default on
+# on systems with a VERY fast bus -> memory interface this is the big gainer
+net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 10000000 10000000 10000000 # sets min/default/max TCP read buffer, default 4096 87380 174760
+net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 10000000 10000000 10000000 # sets min/pressure/max TCP write buffer, default 4096 16384 131072
+net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 10000000 10000000 10000000 # sets min/pressure/max TCP buffer space, default 31744 32256 32768
+
+### CORE settings (mostly for socket and UDP effect)
+net.core.rmem_max = 524287 # maximum receive socket buffer size, default 131071
+net.core.wmem_max = 524287 # maximum send socket buffer size, default 131071
+net.core.rmem_default = 524287 # default receive socket buffer size, default 65535
+net.core.wmem_default = 524287 # default send socket buffer size, default 65535
+net.core.optmem_max = 524287 # maximum amount of option memory buffers, default 10240
+net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 300000 # number of unprocessed input packets before kernel starts dropping them, default 300
+- END sysctl_ixgb.conf
+
+Edit the ixgb_perf.sh script if necessary to change eth1 to whatever interface
+your ixgb driver is using.
+
+NOTE: Unless these scripts are added to the boot process, these changes will
+only last only until the next system reboot.
+
+
+Resolving Slow UDP Traffic
+--------------------------
+
+If your server does not seem to be able to receive UDP traffic as fast as it
+can receive TCP traffic, it could be because Linux, by default, does not set
+the network stack buffers as large as they need to be to support high UDP
+transfer rates. One way to alleviate this problem is to allow more memory to
+be used by the IP stack to store incoming data.
+
+For instance, use the commands:
+ sysctl -w net.core.rmem_max=262143
+and
+ sysctl -w net.core.rmem_default=262143
+to increase the read buffer memory max and default to 262143 (256k - 1) from
+defaults of max=131071 (128k - 1) and default=65535 (64k - 1). These variables
+will increase the amount of memory used by the network stack for receives, and
+can be increased significantly more if necessary for your application.
+
+Support
+=======
+
+For general information and support, go to the Intel support website at:
+
+ http://support.intel.com
+
+If an issue is identified with the released source code on the supported
+kernel with a supported adapter, email the specific information related to
+the issue to linux.nics@intel.com.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/lapb-module.txt b/Documentation/networking/lapb-module.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4fc8f22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/lapb-module.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+ The Linux LAPB Module Interface 1.3
+
+ Jonathan Naylor 29.12.96
+
+Changed (Henner Eisen, 2000-10-29): int return value for data_indication()
+
+The LAPB module will be a separately compiled module for use by any parts of
+the Linux operating system that require a LAPB service. This document
+defines the interfaces to, and the services provided by this module. The
+term module in this context does not imply that the LAPB module is a
+separately loadable module, although it may be. The term module is used in
+its more standard meaning.
+
+The interface to the LAPB module consists of functions to the module,
+callbacks from the module to indicate important state changes, and
+structures for getting and setting information about the module.
+
+Structures
+----------
+
+Probably the most important structure is the skbuff structure for holding
+received and transmitted data, however it is beyond the scope of this
+document.
+
+The two LAPB specific structures are the LAPB initialisation structure and
+the LAPB parameter structure. These will be defined in a standard header
+file, <linux/lapb.h>. The header file <net/lapb.h> is internal to the LAPB
+module and is not for use.
+
+LAPB Initialisation Structure
+-----------------------------
+
+This structure is used only once, in the call to lapb_register (see below).
+It contains information about the device driver that requires the services
+of the LAPB module.
+
+struct lapb_register_struct {
+ void (*connect_confirmation)(int token, int reason);
+ void (*connect_indication)(int token, int reason);
+ void (*disconnect_confirmation)(int token, int reason);
+ void (*disconnect_indication)(int token, int reason);
+ int (*data_indication)(int token, struct sk_buff *skb);
+ void (*data_transmit)(int token, struct sk_buff *skb);
+};
+
+Each member of this structure corresponds to a function in the device driver
+that is called when a particular event in the LAPB module occurs. These will
+be described in detail below. If a callback is not required (!!) then a NULL
+may be substituted.
+
+
+LAPB Parameter Structure
+------------------------
+
+This structure is used with the lapb_getparms and lapb_setparms functions
+(see below). They are used to allow the device driver to get and set the
+operational parameters of the LAPB implementation for a given connection.
+
+struct lapb_parms_struct {
+ unsigned int t1;
+ unsigned int t1timer;
+ unsigned int t2;
+ unsigned int t2timer;
+ unsigned int n2;
+ unsigned int n2count;
+ unsigned int window;
+ unsigned int state;
+ unsigned int mode;
+};
+
+T1 and T2 are protocol timing parameters and are given in units of 100ms. N2
+is the maximum number of tries on the link before it is declared a failure.
+The window size is the maximum number of outstanding data packets allowed to
+be unacknowledged by the remote end, the value of the window is between 1
+and 7 for a standard LAPB link, and between 1 and 127 for an extended LAPB
+link.
+
+The mode variable is a bit field used for setting (at present) three values.
+The bit fields have the following meanings:
+
+Bit Meaning
+0 LAPB operation (0=LAPB_STANDARD 1=LAPB_EXTENDED).
+1 [SM]LP operation (0=LAPB_SLP 1=LAPB=MLP).
+2 DTE/DCE operation (0=LAPB_DTE 1=LAPB_DCE)
+3-31 Reserved, must be 0.
+
+Extended LAPB operation indicates the use of extended sequence numbers and
+consequently larger window sizes, the default is standard LAPB operation.
+MLP operation is the same as SLP operation except that the addresses used by
+LAPB are different to indicate the mode of operation, the default is Single
+Link Procedure. The difference between DCE and DTE operation is (i) the
+addresses used for commands and responses, and (ii) when the DCE is not
+connected, it sends DM without polls set, every T1. The upper case constant
+names will be defined in the public LAPB header file.
+
+
+Functions
+---------
+
+The LAPB module provides a number of function entry points.
+
+
+int lapb_register(void *token, struct lapb_register_struct);
+
+This must be called before the LAPB module may be used. If the call is
+successful then LAPB_OK is returned. The token must be a unique identifier
+generated by the device driver to allow for the unique identification of the
+instance of the LAPB link. It is returned by the LAPB module in all of the
+callbacks, and is used by the device driver in all calls to the LAPB module.
+For multiple LAPB links in a single device driver, multiple calls to
+lapb_register must be made. The format of the lapb_register_struct is given
+above. The return values are:
+
+LAPB_OK LAPB registered successfully.
+LAPB_BADTOKEN Token is already registered.
+LAPB_NOMEM Out of memory
+
+
+int lapb_unregister(void *token);
+
+This releases all the resources associated with a LAPB link. Any current
+LAPB link will be abandoned without further messages being passed. After
+this call, the value of token is no longer valid for any calls to the LAPB
+function. The valid return values are:
+
+LAPB_OK LAPB unregistered successfully.
+LAPB_BADTOKEN Invalid/unknown LAPB token.
+
+
+int lapb_getparms(void *token, struct lapb_parms_struct *parms);
+
+This allows the device driver to get the values of the current LAPB
+variables, the lapb_parms_struct is described above. The valid return values
+are:
+
+LAPB_OK LAPB getparms was successful.
+LAPB_BADTOKEN Invalid/unknown LAPB token.
+
+
+int lapb_setparms(void *token, struct lapb_parms_struct *parms);
+
+This allows the device driver to set the values of the current LAPB
+variables, the lapb_parms_struct is described above. The values of t1timer,
+t2timer and n2count are ignored, likewise changing the mode bits when
+connected will be ignored. An error implies that none of the values have
+been changed. The valid return values are:
+
+LAPB_OK LAPB getparms was successful.
+LAPB_BADTOKEN Invalid/unknown LAPB token.
+LAPB_INVALUE One of the values was out of its allowable range.
+
+
+int lapb_connect_request(void *token);
+
+Initiate a connect using the current parameter settings. The valid return
+values are:
+
+LAPB_OK LAPB is starting to connect.
+LAPB_BADTOKEN Invalid/unknown LAPB token.
+LAPB_CONNECTED LAPB module is already connected.
+
+
+int lapb_disconnect_request(void *token);
+
+Initiate a disconnect. The valid return values are:
+
+LAPB_OK LAPB is starting to disconnect.
+LAPB_BADTOKEN Invalid/unknown LAPB token.
+LAPB_NOTCONNECTED LAPB module is not connected.
+
+
+int lapb_data_request(void *token, struct sk_buff *skb);
+
+Queue data with the LAPB module for transmitting over the link. If the call
+is successful then the skbuff is owned by the LAPB module and may not be
+used by the device driver again. The valid return values are:
+
+LAPB_OK LAPB has accepted the data.
+LAPB_BADTOKEN Invalid/unknown LAPB token.
+LAPB_NOTCONNECTED LAPB module is not connected.
+
+
+int lapb_data_received(void *token, struct sk_buff *skb);
+
+Queue data with the LAPB module which has been received from the device. It
+is expected that the data passed to the LAPB module has skb->data pointing
+to the beginning of the LAPB data. If the call is successful then the skbuff
+is owned by the LAPB module and may not be used by the device driver again.
+The valid return values are:
+
+LAPB_OK LAPB has accepted the data.
+LAPB_BADTOKEN Invalid/unknown LAPB token.
+
+
+Callbacks
+---------
+
+These callbacks are functions provided by the device driver for the LAPB
+module to call when an event occurs. They are registered with the LAPB
+module with lapb_register (see above) in the structure lapb_register_struct
+(see above).
+
+
+void (*connect_confirmation)(void *token, int reason);
+
+This is called by the LAPB module when a connection is established after
+being requested by a call to lapb_connect_request (see above). The reason is
+always LAPB_OK.
+
+
+void (*connect_indication)(void *token, int reason);
+
+This is called by the LAPB module when the link is established by the remote
+system. The value of reason is always LAPB_OK.
+
+
+void (*disconnect_confirmation)(void *token, int reason);
+
+This is called by the LAPB module when an event occurs after the device
+driver has called lapb_disconnect_request (see above). The reason indicates
+what has happened. In all cases the LAPB link can be regarded as being
+terminated. The values for reason are:
+
+LAPB_OK The LAPB link was terminated normally.
+LAPB_NOTCONNECTED The remote system was not connected.
+LAPB_TIMEDOUT No response was received in N2 tries from the remote
+ system.
+
+
+void (*disconnect_indication)(void *token, int reason);
+
+This is called by the LAPB module when the link is terminated by the remote
+system or another event has occurred to terminate the link. This may be
+returned in response to a lapb_connect_request (see above) if the remote
+system refused the request. The values for reason are:
+
+LAPB_OK The LAPB link was terminated normally by the remote
+ system.
+LAPB_REFUSED The remote system refused the connect request.
+LAPB_NOTCONNECTED The remote system was not connected.
+LAPB_TIMEDOUT No response was received in N2 tries from the remote
+ system.
+
+
+int (*data_indication)(void *token, struct sk_buff *skb);
+
+This is called by the LAPB module when data has been received from the
+remote system that should be passed onto the next layer in the protocol
+stack. The skbuff becomes the property of the device driver and the LAPB
+module will not perform any more actions on it. The skb->data pointer will
+be pointing to the first byte of data after the LAPB header.
+
+This method should return NET_RX_DROP (as defined in the header
+file include/linux/netdevice.h) if and only if the frame was dropped
+before it could be delivered to the upper layer.
+
+
+void (*data_transmit)(void *token, struct sk_buff *skb);
+
+This is called by the LAPB module when data is to be transmitted to the
+remote system by the device driver. The skbuff becomes the property of the
+device driver and the LAPB module will not perform any more actions on it.
+The skb->data pointer will be pointing to the first byte of the LAPB header.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ltpc.txt b/Documentation/networking/ltpc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe2a912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ltpc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+This is the ALPHA version of the ltpc driver.
+
+In order to use it, you will need at least version 1.3.3 of the
+netatalk package, and the Apple or Farallon LocalTalk PC card.
+There are a number of different LocalTalk cards for the PC; this
+driver applies only to the one with the 65c02 processor chip on it.
+
+To include it in the kernel, select the CONFIG_LTPC switch in the
+configuration dialog. You can also compile it as a module.
+
+While the driver will attempt to autoprobe the I/O port address, IRQ
+line, and DMA channel of the card, this does not always work. For
+this reason, you should be prepared to supply these parameters
+yourself. (see "Card Configuration" below for how to determine or
+change the settings on your card)
+
+When the driver is compiled into the kernel, you can add a line such
+as the following to your /etc/lilo.conf:
+
+ append="ltpc=0x240,9,1"
+
+where the parameters (in order) are the port address, IRQ, and DMA
+channel. The second and third values can be omitted, in which case
+the driver will try to determine them itself.
+
+If you load the driver as a module, you can pass the parameters "io=",
+"irq=", and "dma=" on the command line with insmod or modprobe, or add
+them as options in /etc/modprobe.conf:
+
+ alias lt0 ltpc # autoload the module when the interface is configured
+ options ltpc io=0x240 irq=9 dma=1
+
+Before starting up the netatalk demons (perhaps in rc.local), you
+need to add a line such as:
+
+ /sbin/ifconfig lt0 127.0.0.42
+
+The address is unimportant - however, the card needs to be configured
+with ifconfig so that Netatalk can find it.
+
+The appropriate netatalk configuration depends on whether you are
+attached to a network that includes AppleTalk routers or not. If,
+like me, you are simply connecting to your home Macintoshes and
+printers, you need to set up netatalk to "seed". The way I do this
+is to have the lines
+
+ dummy -seed -phase 2 -net 2000 -addr 2000.26 -zone "1033"
+ lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1033 -addr 1033.27 -zone "1033"
+
+in my atalkd.conf. What is going on here is that I need to fool
+netatalk into thinking that there are two AppleTalk interfaces
+present; otherwise, it refuses to seed. This is a hack, and a more
+permanent solution would be to alter the netatalk code. Also, make
+sure you have the correct name for the dummy interface - If it's
+compiled as a module, you will need to refer to it as "dummy0" or some
+such.
+
+If you are attached to an extended AppleTalk network, with routers on
+it, then you don't need to fool around with this -- the appropriate
+line in atalkd.conf is
+
+ lt0 -phase 1
+
+--------------------------------------
+
+Card Configuration:
+
+The interrupts and so forth are configured via the dipswitch on the
+board. Set the switches so as not to conflict with other hardware.
+
+ Interrupts -- set at most one. If none are set, the driver uses
+ polled mode. Because the card was developed in the XT era, the
+ original documentation refers to IRQ2. Since you'll be running
+ this on an AT (or later) class machine, that really means IRQ9.
+
+ SW1 IRQ 4
+ SW2 IRQ 3
+ SW3 IRQ 9 (2 in original card documentation only applies to XT)
+
+
+ DMA -- choose DMA 1 or 3, and set both corresponding switches.
+
+ SW4 DMA 3
+ SW5 DMA 1
+ SW6 DMA 3
+ SW7 DMA 1
+
+
+ I/O address -- choose one.
+
+ SW8 220 / 240
+
+--------------------------------------
+
+IP:
+
+Yes, it is possible to do IP over LocalTalk. However, you can't just
+treat the LocalTalk device like an ordinary Ethernet device, even if
+that's what it looks like to Netatalk.
+
+Instead, you follow the same procedure as for doing IP in EtherTalk.
+See Documentation/networking/ipddp.txt for more information about the
+kernel driver and userspace tools needed.
+
+--------------------------------------
+
+BUGS:
+
+IRQ autoprobing often doesn't work on a cold boot. To get around
+this, either compile the driver as a module, or pass the parameters
+for the card to the kernel as described above.
+
+Also, as usual, autoprobing is not recommended when you use the driver
+as a module. (though it usually works at boot time, at least)
+
+Polled mode is *really* slow sometimes, but this seems to depend on
+the configuration of the network.
+
+It may theoretically be possible to use two LTPC cards in the same
+machine, but this is unsupported, so if you really want to do this,
+you'll probably have to hack the initialization code a bit.
+
+______________________________________
+
+THANKS:
+ Thanks to Alan Cox for helpful discussions early on in this
+work, and to Denis Hainsworth for doing the bleeding-edge testing.
+
+-- Bradford Johnson <bradford@math.umn.edu>
+
+-- Updated 11/09/1998 by David Huggins-Daines <dhd@debian.org>
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/multicast.txt b/Documentation/networking/multicast.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5049a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/multicast.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+Behaviour of Cards Under Multicast
+==================================
+
+This is how they currently behave, not what the hardware can do--for example,
+the Lance driver doesn't use its filter, even though the code for loading
+it is in the DEC Lance-based driver.
+
+The following are requirements for multicasting
+-----------------------------------------------
+AppleTalk Multicast hardware filtering not important but
+ avoid cards only doing promisc
+IP-Multicast Multicast hardware filters really help
+IP-MRoute AllMulti hardware filters are of no help
+
+
+Board Multicast AllMulti Promisc Filter
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+3c501 YES YES YES Software
+3c503 YES YES YES Hardware
+3c505 YES NO YES Hardware
+3c507 NO NO NO N/A
+3c509 YES YES YES Software
+3c59x YES YES YES Software
+ac3200 YES YES YES Hardware
+apricot YES PROMISC YES Hardware
+arcnet NO NO NO N/A
+at1700 PROMISC PROMISC YES Software
+atp PROMISC PROMISC YES Software
+cs89x0 YES YES YES Software
+de4x5 YES YES YES Hardware
+de600 NO NO NO N/A
+de620 PROMISC PROMISC YES Software
+depca YES PROMISC YES Hardware
+dmfe YES YES YES Software(*)
+e2100 YES YES YES Hardware
+eepro YES PROMISC YES Hardware
+eexpress NO NO NO N/A
+ewrk3 YES PROMISC YES Hardware
+hp-plus YES YES YES Hardware
+hp YES YES YES Hardware
+hp100 YES YES YES Hardware
+ibmtr NO NO NO N/A
+ioc3-eth YES YES YES Hardware
+lance YES YES YES Software(#)
+ne YES YES YES Hardware
+ni52 <------------------ Buggy ------------------>
+ni65 YES YES YES Software(#)
+seeq NO NO NO N/A
+sgiseek <------------------ Buggy ------------------>
+sk_g16 NO NO YES N/A
+smc-ultra YES YES YES Hardware
+sunlance YES YES YES Hardware
+tulip YES YES YES Hardware
+wavelan YES PROMISC YES Hardware
+wd YES YES YES Hardware
+xirc2ps_cs YES YES YES Hardware
+znet YES YES YES Software
+
+
+PROMISC = This multicast mode is in fact promiscuous mode. Avoid using
+cards who go PROMISC on any multicast in a multicast kernel.
+
+(#) = Hardware multicast support is not used yet.
+(*) = Hardware support for Davicom 9132 chipset only.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ncsa-telnet b/Documentation/networking/ncsa-telnet
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d77d28b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ncsa-telnet
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+NCSA telnet doesn't work with path MTU discovery enabled. This is due to a
+bug in NCSA that also stops it working with other modern networking code
+such as Solaris.
+
+The following information is courtesy of
+Marek <marekm@i17linuxb.ists.pwr.wroc.pl>
+
+There is a fixed version somewhere on ftp.upe.ac.za (sorry, I don't
+remember the exact pathname, and this site is very slow from here).
+It may or may not be faster for you to get it from
+ftp://ftp.ists.pwr.wroc.pl/pub/msdos/telnet/ncsa_upe/tel23074.zip
+(source is in v230704s.zip). I have tested it with 1.3.79 (with
+path mtu discovery enabled - ncsa 2.3.08 didn't work) and it seems
+to work. I don't know if anyone is working on this code - this
+version is over a year old. Too bad - it's faster and often more
+stable than these windoze telnets, and runs on almost anything...
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/net-modules.txt b/Documentation/networking/net-modules.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3830a83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/net-modules.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+Wed 2-Aug-95 <matti.aarnio@utu.fi>
+
+ Linux network driver modules
+
+ Do not mistake this for "README.modules" at the top-level
+ directory! That document tells about modules in general, while
+ this one tells only about network device driver modules.
+
+ This is a potpourri of INSMOD-time(*) configuration options
+ (if such exists) and their default values of various modules
+ in the Linux network drivers collection.
+
+ Some modules have also hidden (= non-documented) tunable values.
+ The choice of not documenting them is based on general belief, that
+ the less the user needs to know, the better. (There are things that
+ driver developers can use, others should not confuse themselves.)
+
+ In many cases it is highly preferred that insmod:ing is done
+ ONLY with defining an explicit address for the card, AND BY
+ NOT USING AUTO-PROBING!
+
+ Now most cards have some explicitly defined base address that they
+ are compiled with (to avoid auto-probing, among other things).
+ If that compiled value does not match your actual configuration,
+ do use the "io=0xXXX" -parameter for the insmod, and give there
+ a value matching your environment.
+
+ If you are adventurous, you can ask the driver to autoprobe
+ by using the "io=0" parameter, however it is a potentially dangerous
+ thing to do in a live system. (If you don't know where the
+ card is located, you can try autoprobing, and after possible
+ crash recovery, insmod with proper IO-address..)
+
+ --------------------------
+ (*) "INSMOD-time" means when you load module with
+ /sbin/insmod you can feed it optional parameters.
+ See "man insmod".
+ --------------------------
+
+
+ 8390 based Network Modules (Paul Gortmaker, Nov 12, 1995)
+ --------------------------
+
+(Includes: smc-ultra, ne, wd, 3c503, hp, hp-plus, e2100 and ac3200)
+
+The 8390 series of network drivers now support multiple card systems without
+reloading the same module multiple times (memory efficient!) This is done by
+specifying multiple comma separated values, such as:
+
+ insmod 3c503.o io=0x280,0x300,0x330,0x350 xcvr=0,1,0,1
+
+The above would have the one module controlling four 3c503 cards, with card 2
+and 4 using external transceivers. The "insmod" manual describes the usage
+of comma separated value lists.
+
+It is *STRONGLY RECOMMENDED* that you supply "io=" instead of autoprobing.
+If an "io=" argument is not supplied, then the ISA drivers will complain
+about autoprobing being not recommended, and begrudgingly autoprobe for
+a *SINGLE CARD ONLY* -- if you want to use multiple cards you *have* to
+supply an "io=0xNNN,0xQQQ,..." argument.
+
+The ne module is an exception to the above. A NE2000 is essentially an
+8390 chip, some bus glue and some RAM. Because of this, the ne probe is
+more invasive than the rest, and so at boot we make sure the ne probe is
+done last of all the 8390 cards (so that it won't trip over other 8390 based
+cards) With modules we can't ensure that all other non-ne 8390 cards have
+already been found. Because of this, the ne module REQUIRES an "io=0xNNN"
+argument passed in via insmod. It will refuse to autoprobe.
+
+It is also worth noting that auto-IRQ probably isn't as reliable during
+the flurry of interrupt activity on a running machine. Cards such as the
+ne2000 that can't get the IRQ setting from an EEPROM or configuration
+register are probably best supplied with an "irq=M" argument as well.
+
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Card/Module List - Configurable Parameters and Default Values
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+3c501.c:
+ io = 0x280 IO base address
+ irq = 5 IRQ
+ (Probes ports: 0x280, 0x300)
+
+3c503.c:
+ io = 0 (It will complain if you don't supply an "io=0xNNN")
+ irq = 0 (IRQ software selected by driver using autoIRQ)
+ xcvr = 0 (Use xcvr=1 to select external transceiver.)
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x310, 0x330, 0x350, 0x250, 0x280, 0x2A0, 0x2E0)
+
+3c505.c:
+ io = 0
+ irq = 0
+ dma = 6 (not autoprobed)
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x280, 0x310)
+
+3c507.c:
+ io = 0x300
+ irq = 0
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x280)
+
+3c509.c:
+ io = 0
+ irq = 0
+ ( Module load-time probing Works reliably only on EISA, ISA ID-PROBE
+ IS NOT RELIABLE! Compile this driver statically into kernel for
+ now, if you need it auto-probing on an ISA-bus machine. )
+
+8390.c:
+ (No public options, several other modules need this one)
+
+a2065.c:
+ Since this is a Zorro board, it supports full autoprobing, even for
+ multiple boards. (m68k/Amiga)
+
+ac3200.c:
+ io = 0 (Checks 0x1000 to 0x8fff in 0x1000 intervals)
+ irq = 0 (Read from config register)
+ (EISA probing..)
+
+apricot.c:
+ io = 0x300 (Can't be altered!)
+ irq = 10
+
+arcnet.c:
+ io = 0
+ irqnum = 0
+ shmem = 0
+ num = 0
+ DO SET THESE MANUALLY AT INSMOD!
+ (When probing, looks at the following possible addresses:
+ Suggested ones:
+ 0x300, 0x2E0, 0x2F0, 0x2D0
+ Other ones:
+ 0x200, 0x210, 0x220, 0x230, 0x240, 0x250, 0x260, 0x270,
+ 0x280, 0x290, 0x2A0, 0x2B0, 0x2C0,
+ 0x310, 0x320, 0x330, 0x340, 0x350, 0x360, 0x370,
+ 0x380, 0x390, 0x3A0, 0x3E0, 0x3F0 )
+
+ariadne.c:
+ Since this is a Zorro board, it supports full autoprobing, even for
+ multiple boards. (m68k/Amiga)
+
+at1700.c:
+ io = 0x260
+ irq = 0
+ (Probes ports: 0x260, 0x280, 0x2A0, 0x240, 0x340, 0x320, 0x380, 0x300)
+
+atari_bionet.c:
+ Supports full autoprobing. (m68k/Atari)
+
+atari_pamsnet.c:
+ Supports full autoprobing. (m68k/Atari)
+
+atarilance.c:
+ Supports full autoprobing. (m68k/Atari)
+
+atp.c: *Not modularized*
+ (Probes ports: 0x378, 0x278, 0x3BC;
+ fixed IRQs: 5 and 7 )
+
+cops.c:
+ io = 0x240
+ irq = 5
+ nodeid = 0 (AutoSelect = 0, NodeID 1-254 is hand selected.)
+ (Probes ports: 0x240, 0x340, 0x200, 0x210, 0x220, 0x230, 0x260,
+ 0x2A0, 0x300, 0x310, 0x320, 0x330, 0x350, 0x360)
+
+de4x5.c:
+ io = 0x000b
+ irq = 10
+ is_not_dec = 0 -- For non-DEC card using DEC 21040/21041/21140 chip, set this to 1
+ (EISA, and PCI probing)
+
+de600.c:
+ de600_debug = 0
+ (On port 0x378, irq 7 -- lpt1; compile time configurable)
+
+de620.c:
+ bnc = 0, utp = 0 <-- Force media by setting either.
+ io = 0x378 (also compile-time configurable)
+ irq = 7
+
+depca.c:
+ io = 0x200
+ irq = 7
+ (Probes ports: ISA: 0x300, 0x200;
+ EISA: 0x0c00 )
+
+dummy.c:
+ No options
+
+e2100.c:
+ io = 0 (It will complain if you don't supply an "io=0xNNN")
+ irq = 0 (IRQ software selected by driver)
+ mem = 0 (Override default shared memory start of 0xd0000)
+ xcvr = 0 (Use xcvr=1 to select external transceiver.)
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x280, 0x380, 0x220)
+
+eepro.c:
+ io = 0x200
+ irq = 0
+ (Probes ports: 0x200, 0x240, 0x280, 0x2C0, 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360)
+
+eexpress.c:
+ io = 0x300
+ irq = 0 (IRQ value read from EEPROM)
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x270, 0x320, 0x340)
+
+eql.c:
+ (No parameters)
+
+ewrk3.c:
+ io = 0x300
+ irq = 5
+ (With module no autoprobing!
+ On EISA-bus does EISA probing.
+ Static linkage probes ports on ISA bus:
+ 0x100, 0x120, 0x140, 0x160, 0x180, 0x1A0, 0x1C0,
+ 0x200, 0x220, 0x240, 0x260, 0x280, 0x2A0, 0x2C0, 0x2E0,
+ 0x300, 0x340, 0x360, 0x380, 0x3A0, 0x3C0)
+
+hp-plus.c:
+ io = 0 (It will complain if you don't supply an "io=0xNNN")
+ irq = 0 (IRQ read from configuration register)
+ (Probes ports: 0x200, 0x240, 0x280, 0x2C0, 0x300, 0x320, 0x340)
+
+hp.c:
+ io = 0 (It will complain if you don't supply an "io=0xNNN")
+ irq = 0 (IRQ software selected by driver using autoIRQ)
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x280, 0x2C0, 0x200, 0x240)
+
+hp100.c:
+ hp100_port = 0 (IO-base address)
+ (Does EISA-probing, if on EISA-slot;
+ On ISA-bus probes all ports from 0x100 thru to 0x3E0
+ in increments of 0x020)
+
+hydra.c:
+ Since this is a Zorro board, it supports full autoprobing, even for
+ multiple boards. (m68k/Amiga)
+
+ibmtr.c:
+ io = 0xa20, 0xa24 (autoprobed by default)
+ irq = 0 (driver cannot select irq - read from hardware)
+ mem = 0 (shared memory base set at 0xd0000 and not yet
+ able to override thru mem= parameter.)
+
+lance.c: *Not modularized*
+ (PCI, and ISA probing; "CONFIG_PCI" needed for PCI support)
+ (Probes ISA ports: 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360)
+
+loopback.c: *Static kernel component*
+
+ne.c:
+ io = 0 (Explicitly *requires* an "io=0xNNN" value)
+ irq = 0 (Tries to determine configured IRQ via autoIRQ)
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x280, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360)
+
+net_init.c: *Static kernel component*
+
+ni52.c: *Not modularized*
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x280, 0x360, 0x320, 0x340
+ mems: 0xD0000, 0xD2000, 0xC8000, 0xCA000,
+ 0xD4000, 0xD6000, 0xD8000 )
+
+ni65.c: *Not modularized* **16MB MEMORY BARRIER BUG**
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360)
+
+pi2.c: *Not modularized* (well, NON-STANDARD modularization!)
+ Only one card supported at this time.
+ (Probes ports: 0x380, 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360, 0x3A0)
+
+plip.c:
+ io = 0
+ irq = 0 (by default, uses IRQ 5 for port at 0x3bc, IRQ 7
+ for port at 0x378, and IRQ 2 for port at 0x278)
+ (Probes ports: 0x278, 0x378, 0x3bc)
+
+ppp.c:
+ No options (ppp-2.2+ has some, this is based on non-dynamic
+ version from ppp-2.1.2d)
+
+seeq8005.c: *Not modularized*
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360)
+
+sk_g16.c: *Not modularized*
+ (Probes ports: 0x100, 0x180, 0x208, 0x220m 0x288, 0x320, 0x328, 0x390)
+
+skeleton.c: *Skeleton*
+
+slhc.c:
+ No configuration parameters
+
+slip.c:
+ slip_maxdev = 256 (default value from SL_NRUNIT on slip.h)
+
+
+smc-ultra.c:
+ io = 0 (It will complain if you don't supply an "io=0xNNN")
+ irq = 0 (IRQ val. read from EEPROM)
+ (Probes ports: 0x200, 0x220, 0x240, 0x280, 0x300, 0x340, 0x380)
+
+tulip.c: *Partial modularization*
+ (init-time memory allocation makes problems..)
+
+tunnel.c:
+ No insmod parameters
+
+wavelan.c:
+ io = 0x390 (Settable, but change not recommended)
+ irq = 0 (Not honoured, if changed..)
+
+wd.c:
+ io = 0 (It will complain if you don't supply an "io=0xNNN")
+ irq = 0 (IRQ val. read from EEPROM, ancient cards use autoIRQ)
+ mem = 0 (Force shared-memory on address 0xC8000, or whatever..)
+ mem_end = 0 (Force non-std. mem. size via supplying mem_end val.)
+ (eg. for 32k WD8003EBT, use mem=0xd0000 mem_end=0xd8000)
+ (Probes ports: 0x300, 0x280, 0x380, 0x240)
+
+znet.c: *Not modularized*
+ (Only one device on Zenith Z-Note (notebook?) systems,
+ configuration information from (EE)PROM)
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt b/Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53618fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+
+started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>, 2001.09.17
+2.6 port and netpoll api by Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>, Sep 9 2003
+
+Please send bug reports to Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
+
+This module logs kernel printk messages over UDP allowing debugging of
+problem where disk logging fails and serial consoles are impractical.
+
+It can be used either built-in or as a module. As a built-in,
+netconsole initializes immediately after NIC cards and will bring up
+the specified interface as soon as possible. While this doesn't allow
+capture of early kernel panics, it does capture most of the boot
+process.
+
+It takes a string configuration parameter "netconsole" in the
+following format:
+
+ netconsole=[src-port]@[src-ip]/[<dev>],[tgt-port]@<tgt-ip>/[tgt-macaddr]
+
+ where
+ src-port source for UDP packets (defaults to 6665)
+ src-ip source IP to use (interface address)
+ dev network interface (eth0)
+ tgt-port port for logging agent (6666)
+ tgt-ip IP address for logging agent
+ tgt-macaddr ethernet MAC address for logging agent (broadcast)
+
+Examples:
+
+ linux netconsole=4444@10.0.0.1/eth1,9353@10.0.0.2/12:34:56:78:9a:bc
+
+ or
+
+ insmod netconsole netconsole=@/,@10.0.0.2/
+
+Built-in netconsole starts immediately after the TCP stack is
+initialized and attempts to bring up the supplied dev at the supplied
+address.
+
+The remote host can run either 'netcat -u -l -p <port>' or syslogd.
+
+WARNING: the default target ethernet setting uses the broadcast
+ethernet address to send packets, which can cause increased load on
+other systems on the same ethernet segment.
+
+NOTE: the network device (eth1 in the above case) can run any kind
+of other network traffic, netconsole is not intrusive. Netconsole
+might cause slight delays in other traffic if the volume of kernel
+messages is high, but should have no other impact.
+
+Netconsole was designed to be as instantaneous as possible, to
+enable the logging of even the most critical kernel bugs. It works
+from IRQ contexts as well, and does not enable interrupts while
+sending packets. Due to these unique needs, configuration can not
+be more automatic, and some fundamental limitations will remain:
+only IP networks, UDP packets and ethernet devices are supported.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/netdevices.txt b/Documentation/networking/netdevices.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1509f3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/netdevices.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+
+Network Devices, the Kernel, and You!
+
+
+Introduction
+============
+The following is a random collection of documentation regarding
+network devices.
+
+struct net_device allocation rules
+==================================
+Network device structures need to persist even after module is unloaded and
+must be allocated with kmalloc. If device has registered successfully,
+it will be freed on last use by free_netdev. This is required to handle the
+pathologic case cleanly (example: rmmod mydriver </sys/class/net/myeth/mtu )
+
+There are routines in net_init.c to handle the common cases of
+alloc_etherdev, alloc_netdev. These reserve extra space for driver
+private data which gets freed when the network device is freed. If
+separately allocated data is attached to the network device
+(dev->priv) then it is up to the module exit handler to free that.
+
+
+struct net_device synchronization rules
+=======================================
+dev->open:
+ Synchronization: rtnl_lock() semaphore.
+ Context: process
+
+dev->stop:
+ Synchronization: rtnl_lock() semaphore.
+ Context: process
+ Note1: netif_running() is guaranteed false
+ Note2: dev->poll() is guaranteed to be stopped
+
+dev->do_ioctl:
+ Synchronization: rtnl_lock() semaphore.
+ Context: process
+
+dev->get_stats:
+ Synchronization: dev_base_lock rwlock.
+ Context: nominally process, but don't sleep inside an rwlock
+
+dev->hard_start_xmit:
+ Synchronization: dev->xmit_lock spinlock.
+ When the driver sets NETIF_F_LLTX in dev->features this will be
+ called without holding xmit_lock. In this case the driver
+ has to lock by itself when needed. It is recommended to use a try lock
+ for this and return -1 when the spin lock fails.
+ The locking there should also properly protect against
+ set_multicast_list
+ Context: BHs disabled
+ Notes: netif_queue_stopped() is guaranteed false
+ Return codes:
+ o NETDEV_TX_OK everything ok.
+ o NETDEV_TX_BUSY Cannot transmit packet, try later
+ Usually a bug, means queue start/stop flow control is broken in
+ the driver. Note: the driver must NOT put the skb in its DMA ring.
+ o NETDEV_TX_LOCKED Locking failed, please retry quickly.
+ Only valid when NETIF_F_LLTX is set.
+
+dev->tx_timeout:
+ Synchronization: dev->xmit_lock spinlock.
+ Context: BHs disabled
+ Notes: netif_queue_stopped() is guaranteed true
+
+dev->set_multicast_list:
+ Synchronization: dev->xmit_lock spinlock.
+ Context: BHs disabled
+
+dev->poll:
+ Synchronization: __LINK_STATE_RX_SCHED bit in dev->state. See
+ dev_close code and comments in net/core/dev.c for more info.
+ Context: softirq
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/netif-msg.txt b/Documentation/networking/netif-msg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18ad4ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/netif-msg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+
+________________
+NETIF Msg Level
+
+The design of the network interface message level setting.
+
+History
+
+ The design of the debugging message interface was guided and
+ constrained by backwards compatibility previous practice. It is useful
+ to understand the history and evolution in order to understand current
+ practice and relate it to older driver source code.
+
+ From the beginning of Linux, each network device driver has had a local
+ integer variable that controls the debug message level. The message
+ level ranged from 0 to 7, and monotonically increased in verbosity.
+
+ The message level was not precisely defined past level 3, but were
+ always implemented within +-1 of the specified level. Drivers tended
+ to shed the more verbose level messages as they matured.
+ 0 Minimal messages, only essential information on fatal errors.
+ 1 Standard messages, initialization status. No run-time messages
+ 2 Special media selection messages, generally timer-driver.
+ 3 Interface starts and stops, including normal status messages
+ 4 Tx and Rx frame error messages, and abnormal driver operation
+ 5 Tx packet queue information, interrupt events.
+ 6 Status on each completed Tx packet and received Rx packets
+ 7 Initial contents of Tx and Rx packets
+
+ Initially this message level variable was uniquely named in each driver
+ e.g. "lance_debug", so that a kernel symbolic debugger could locate and
+ modify the setting. When kernel modules became common, the variables
+ were consistently renamed to "debug" and allowed to be set as a module
+ parameter.
+
+ This approach worked well. However there is always a demand for
+ additional features. Over the years the following emerged as
+ reasonable and easily implemented enhancements
+ Using an ioctl() call to modify the level.
+ Per-interface rather than per-driver message level setting.
+ More selective control over the type of messages emitted.
+
+ The netif_msg recommandation adds these features with only a minor
+ complexity and code size increase.
+
+ The recommendation is the following points
+ Retaining the per-driver integer variable "debug" as a module
+ parameter with a default level of '1'.
+
+ Adding a per-interface private variable named "msg_enable". The
+ variable is a bit map rather than a level, and is initialized as
+ 1 << debug
+ Or more precisely
+ debug < 0 ? 0 : 1 << min(sizeof(int)-1, debug)
+
+ Messages should changes from
+ if (debug > 1)
+ printk(MSG_DEBUG "%s: ...
+ to
+ if (np->msg_enable & NETIF_MSG_LINK)
+ printk(MSG_DEBUG "%s: ...
+
+
+The set of message levels is named
+ Old level Name Bit position
+ 0 NETIF_MSG_DRV 0x0001
+ 1 NETIF_MSG_PROBE 0x0002
+ 2 NETIF_MSG_LINK 0x0004
+ 2 NETIF_MSG_TIMER 0x0004
+ 3 NETIF_MSG_IFDOWN 0x0008
+ 3 NETIF_MSG_IFUP 0x0008
+ 4 NETIF_MSG_RX_ERR 0x0010
+ 4 NETIF_MSG_TX_ERR 0x0010
+ 5 NETIF_MSG_TX_QUEUED 0x0020
+ 5 NETIF_MSG_INTR 0x0020
+ 6 NETIF_MSG_TX_DONE 0x0040
+ 6 NETIF_MSG_RX_STATUS 0x0040
+ 7 NETIF_MSG_PKTDATA 0x0080
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/olympic.txt b/Documentation/networking/olympic.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c65a940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/olympic.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+
+IBM PCI Pit/Pit-Phy/Olympic CHIPSET BASED TOKEN RING CARDS README
+
+Release 0.2.0 - Release
+ June 8th 1999 Peter De Schrijver & Mike Phillips
+Release 0.9.C - Release
+ April 18th 2001 Mike Phillips
+
+Thanks:
+Erik De Cock, Adrian Bridgett and Frank Fiene for their
+patience and testing.
+Donald Champion for the cardbus support
+Kyle Lucke for the dma api changes.
+Jonathon Bitner for hardware support.
+Everybody on linux-tr for their continued support.
+
+Options:
+
+The driver accepts four options: ringspeed, pkt_buf_sz,
+message_level and network_monitor.
+
+These options can be specified differently for each card found.
+
+ringspeed: Has one of three settings 0 (default), 4 or 16. 0 will
+make the card autosense the ringspeed and join at the appropriate speed,
+this will be the default option for most people. 4 or 16 allow you to
+explicitly force the card to operate at a certain speed. The card will fail
+if you try to insert it at the wrong speed. (Although some hubs will allow
+this so be *very* careful). The main purpose for explicitly setting the ring
+speed is for when the card is first on the ring. In autosense mode, if the card
+cannot detect any active monitors on the ring it will not open, so you must
+re-init the card at the appropriate speed. Unfortunately at present the only
+way of doing this is rmmod and insmod which is a bit tough if it is compiled
+in the kernel.
+
+pkt_buf_sz: This is this initial receive buffer allocation size. This will
+default to 4096 if no value is entered. You may increase performance of the
+driver by setting this to a value larger than the network packet size, although
+the driver now re-sizes buffers based on MTU settings as well.
+
+message_level: Controls level of messages created by the driver. Defaults to 0:
+which only displays start-up and critical messages. Presently any non-zero
+value will display all soft messages as well. NB This does not turn
+debugging messages on, that must be done by modified the source code.
+
+network_monitor: Any non-zero value will provide a quasi network monitoring
+mode. All unexpected MAC frames (beaconing etc.) will be received
+by the driver and the source and destination addresses printed.
+Also an entry will be added in /proc/net called olympic_tr%d, where tr%d
+is the registered device name, i.e tr0, tr1, etc. This displays low
+level information about the configuration of the ring and the adapter.
+This feature has been designed for network administrators to assist in
+the diagnosis of network / ring problems. (This used to OLYMPIC_NETWORK_MONITOR,
+but has now changed to allow each adapter to be configured differently and
+to alleviate the necessity to re-compile olympic to turn the option on).
+
+Multi-card:
+
+The driver will detect multiple cards and will work with shared interrupts,
+each card is assigned the next token ring device, i.e. tr0 , tr1, tr2. The
+driver should also happily reside in the system with other drivers. It has
+been tested with ibmtr.c running, and I personally have had one Olicom PCI
+card and two IBM olympic cards (all on the same interrupt), all running
+together.
+
+Variable MTU size:
+
+The driver can handle a MTU size upto either 4500 or 18000 depending upon
+ring speed. The driver also changes the size of the receive buffers as part
+of the mtu re-sizing, so if you set mtu = 18000, you will need to be able
+to allocate 16 * (sk_buff with 18000 buffer size) call it 18500 bytes per ring
+position = 296,000 bytes of memory space, plus of course anything
+necessary for the tx sk_buff's. Remember this is per card, so if you are
+building routers, gateway's etc, you could start to use a lot of memory
+real fast.
+
+
+6/8/99 Peter De Schrijver and Mike Phillips
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/packet_mmap.txt b/Documentation/networking/packet_mmap.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d4cf78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/packet_mmap.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
++ ABSTRACT
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This file documents the CONFIG_PACKET_MMAP option available with the PACKET
+socket interface on 2.4 and 2.6 kernels. This type of sockets is used for
+capture network traffic with utilities like tcpdump or any other that uses
+the libpcap library.
+
+You can find the latest version of this document at
+
+ http://pusa.uv.es/~ulisses/packet_mmap/
+
+Please send me your comments to
+
+ Ulisses Alonso Camaró <uaca@i.hate.spam.alumni.uv.es>
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
++ Why use PACKET_MMAP
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In Linux 2.4/2.6 if PACKET_MMAP is not enabled, the capture process is very
+inefficient. It uses very limited buffers and requires one system call
+to capture each packet, it requires two if you want to get packet's
+timestamp (like libpcap always does).
+
+In the other hand PACKET_MMAP is very efficient. PACKET_MMAP provides a size
+configurable circular buffer mapped in user space. This way reading packets just
+needs to wait for them, most of the time there is no need to issue a single
+system call. By using a shared buffer between the kernel and the user
+also has the benefit of minimizing packet copies.
+
+It's fine to use PACKET_MMAP to improve the performance of the capture process,
+but it isn't everything. At least, if you are capturing at high speeds (this
+is relative to the cpu speed), you should check if the device driver of your
+network interface card supports some sort of interrupt load mitigation or
+(even better) if it supports NAPI, also make sure it is enabled.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
++ How to use CONFIG_PACKET_MMAP
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+From the user standpoint, you should use the higher level libpcap library, wich
+is a de facto standard, portable across nearly all operating systems
+including Win32.
+
+Said that, at time of this writing, official libpcap 0.8.1 is out and doesn't include
+support for PACKET_MMAP, and also probably the libpcap included in your distribution.
+
+I'm aware of two implementations of PACKET_MMAP in libpcap:
+
+ http://pusa.uv.es/~ulisses/packet_mmap/ (by Simon Patarin, based on libpcap 0.6.2)
+ http://public.lanl.gov/cpw/ (by Phil Wood, based on lastest libpcap)
+
+The rest of this document is intended for people who want to understand
+the low level details or want to improve libpcap by including PACKET_MMAP
+support.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
++ How to use CONFIG_PACKET_MMAP directly
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+From the system calls stand point, the use of PACKET_MMAP involves
+the following process:
+
+
+[setup] socket() -------> creation of the capture socket
+ setsockopt() ---> allocation of the circular buffer (ring)
+ mmap() ---------> maping of the allocated buffer to the
+ user process
+
+[capture] poll() ---------> to wait for incoming packets
+
+[shutdown] close() --------> destruction of the capture socket and
+ deallocation of all associated
+ resources.
+
+
+socket creation and destruction is straight forward, and is done
+the same way with or without PACKET_MMAP:
+
+int fd;
+
+fd= socket(PF_PACKET, mode, htons(ETH_P_ALL))
+
+where mode is SOCK_RAW for the raw interface were link level
+information can be captured or SOCK_DGRAM for the cooked
+interface where link level information capture is not
+supported and a link level pseudo-header is provided
+by the kernel.
+
+The destruction of the socket and all associated resources
+is done by a simple call to close(fd).
+
+Next I will describe PACKET_MMAP settings and it's constraints,
+also the maping of the circular buffer in the user process and
+the use of this buffer.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
++ PACKET_MMAP settings
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+To setup PACKET_MMAP from user level code is done with a call like
+
+ setsockopt(fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RX_RING, (void *) &req, sizeof(req))
+
+The most significant argument in the previous call is the req parameter,
+this parameter must to have the following structure:
+
+ struct tpacket_req
+ {
+ unsigned int tp_block_size; /* Minimal size of contiguous block */
+ unsigned int tp_block_nr; /* Number of blocks */
+ unsigned int tp_frame_size; /* Size of frame */
+ unsigned int tp_frame_nr; /* Total number of frames */
+ };
+
+This structure is defined in /usr/include/linux/if_packet.h and establishes a
+circular buffer (ring) of unswappable memory mapped in the capture process.
+Being mapped in the capture process allows reading the captured frames and
+related meta-information like timestamps without requiring a system call.
+
+Captured frames are grouped in blocks. Each block is a physically contiguous
+region of memory and holds tp_block_size/tp_frame_size frames. The total number
+of blocks is tp_block_nr. Note that tp_frame_nr is a redundant parameter because
+
+ frames_per_block = tp_block_size/tp_frame_size
+
+indeed, packet_set_ring checks that the following condition is true
+
+ frames_per_block * tp_block_nr == tp_frame_nr
+
+
+Lets see an example, with the following values:
+
+ tp_block_size= 4096
+ tp_frame_size= 2048
+ tp_block_nr = 4
+ tp_frame_nr = 8
+
+we will get the following buffer structure:
+
+ block #1 block #2
++---------+---------+ +---------+---------+
+| frame 1 | frame 2 | | frame 3 | frame 4 |
++---------+---------+ +---------+---------+
+
+ block #3 block #4
++---------+---------+ +---------+---------+
+| frame 5 | frame 6 | | frame 7 | frame 8 |
++---------+---------+ +---------+---------+
+
+A frame can be of any size with the only condition it can fit in a block. A block
+can only hold an integer number of frames, or in other words, a frame cannot
+be spawn accross two blocks so there are some datails you have to take into
+account when choosing the frame_size. See "Maping and use of the circular
+buffer (ring)".
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
++ PACKET_MMAP setting constraints
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In kernel versions prior to 2.4.26 (for the 2.4 branch) and 2.6.5 (2.6 branch),
+the PACKET_MMAP buffer could hold only 32768 frames in a 32 bit architecture or
+16384 in a 64 bit architecture. For information on these kernel versions
+see http://pusa.uv.es/~ulisses/packet_mmap/packet_mmap.pre-2.4.26_2.6.5.txt
+
+ Block size limit
+------------------
+
+As stated earlier, each block is a contiguous physical region of memory. These
+memory regions are allocated with calls to the __get_free_pages() function. As
+the name indicates, this function allocates pages of memory, and the second
+argument is "order" or a power of two number of pages, that is
+(for PAGE_SIZE == 4096) order=0 ==> 4096 bytes, order=1 ==> 8192 bytes,
+order=2 ==> 16384 bytes, etc. The maximum size of a
+region allocated by __get_free_pages is determined by the MAX_ORDER macro. More
+precisely the limit can be calculated as:
+
+ PAGE_SIZE << MAX_ORDER
+
+ In a i386 architecture PAGE_SIZE is 4096 bytes
+ In a 2.4/i386 kernel MAX_ORDER is 10
+ In a 2.6/i386 kernel MAX_ORDER is 11
+
+So get_free_pages can allocate as much as 4MB or 8MB in a 2.4/2.6 kernel
+respectively, with an i386 architecture.
+
+User space programs can include /usr/include/sys/user.h and
+/usr/include/linux/mmzone.h to get PAGE_SIZE MAX_ORDER declarations.
+
+The pagesize can also be determined dynamically with the getpagesize (2)
+system call.
+
+
+ Block number limit
+--------------------
+
+To understand the constraints of PACKET_MMAP, we have to see the structure
+used to hold the pointers to each block.
+
+Currently, this structure is a dynamically allocated vector with kmalloc
+called pg_vec, its size limits the number of blocks that can be allocated.
+
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ | x | x | x | x |
+ +---+---+---+---+
+ | | | |
+ | | | v
+ | | v block #4
+ | v block #3
+ v block #2
+ block #1
+
+
+kmalloc allocates any number of bytes of phisically contiguous memory from
+a pool of pre-determined sizes. This pool of memory is mantained by the slab
+allocator wich is at the end the responsible for doing the allocation and
+hence wich imposes the maximum memory that kmalloc can allocate.
+
+In a 2.4/2.6 kernel and the i386 architecture, the limit is 131072 bytes. The
+predetermined sizes that kmalloc uses can be checked in the "size-<bytes>"
+entries of /proc/slabinfo
+
+In a 32 bit architecture, pointers are 4 bytes long, so the total number of
+pointers to blocks is
+
+ 131072/4 = 32768 blocks
+
+
+ PACKET_MMAP buffer size calculator
+------------------------------------
+
+Definitions:
+
+<size-max> : is the maximum size of allocable with kmalloc (see /proc/slabinfo)
+<pointer size>: depends on the architecture -- sizeof(void *)
+<page size> : depends on the architecture -- PAGE_SIZE or getpagesize (2)
+<max-order> : is the value defined with MAX_ORDER
+<frame size> : it's an upper bound of frame's capture size (more on this later)
+
+from these definitions we will derive
+
+ <block number> = <size-max>/<pointer size>
+ <block size> = <pagesize> << <max-order>
+
+so, the max buffer size is
+
+ <block number> * <block size>
+
+and, the number of frames be
+
+ <block number> * <block size> / <frame size>
+
+Suposse the following parameters, wich apply for 2.6 kernel and an
+i386 architecture:
+
+ <size-max> = 131072 bytes
+ <pointer size> = 4 bytes
+ <pagesize> = 4096 bytes
+ <max-order> = 11
+
+and a value for <frame size> of 2048 byteas. These parameters will yield
+
+ <block number> = 131072/4 = 32768 blocks
+ <block size> = 4096 << 11 = 8 MiB.
+
+and hence the buffer will have a 262144 MiB size. So it can hold
+262144 MiB / 2048 bytes = 134217728 frames
+
+
+Actually, this buffer size is not possible with an i386 architecture.
+Remember that the memory is allocated in kernel space, in the case of
+an i386 kernel's memory size is limited to 1GiB.
+
+All memory allocations are not freed until the socket is closed. The memory
+allocations are done with GFP_KERNEL priority, this basically means that
+the allocation can wait and swap other process' memory in order to allocate
+the nececessary memory, so normally limits can be reached.
+
+ Other constraints
+-------------------
+
+If you check the source code you will see that what I draw here as a frame
+is not only the link level frame. At the begining of each frame there is a
+header called struct tpacket_hdr used in PACKET_MMAP to hold link level's frame
+meta information like timestamp. So what we draw here a frame it's really
+the following (from include/linux/if_packet.h):
+
+/*
+ Frame structure:
+
+ - Start. Frame must be aligned to TPACKET_ALIGNMENT=16
+ - struct tpacket_hdr
+ - pad to TPACKET_ALIGNMENT=16
+ - struct sockaddr_ll
+ - Gap, chosen so that packet data (Start+tp_net) alignes to
+ TPACKET_ALIGNMENT=16
+ - Start+tp_mac: [ Optional MAC header ]
+ - Start+tp_net: Packet data, aligned to TPACKET_ALIGNMENT=16.
+ - Pad to align to TPACKET_ALIGNMENT=16
+ */
+
+
+ The following are conditions that are checked in packet_set_ring
+
+ tp_block_size must be a multiple of PAGE_SIZE (1)
+ tp_frame_size must be greater than TPACKET_HDRLEN (obvious)
+ tp_frame_size must be a multiple of TPACKET_ALIGNMENT
+ tp_frame_nr must be exactly frames_per_block*tp_block_nr
+
+Note that tp_block_size should be choosed to be a power of two or there will
+be a waste of memory.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
++ Maping and use of the circular buffer (ring)
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The maping of the buffer in the user process is done with the conventional
+mmap function. Even the circular buffer is compound of several physically
+discontiguous blocks of memory, they are contiguous to the user space, hence
+just one call to mmap is needed:
+
+ mmap(0, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+
+If tp_frame_size is a divisor of tp_block_size frames will be
+contiguosly spaced by tp_frame_size bytes. If not, each
+tp_block_size/tp_frame_size frames there will be a gap between
+the frames. This is because a frame cannot be spawn across two
+blocks.
+
+At the beginning of each frame there is an status field (see
+struct tpacket_hdr). If this field is 0 means that the frame is ready
+to be used for the kernel, If not, there is a frame the user can read
+and the following flags apply:
+
+ from include/linux/if_packet.h
+
+ #define TP_STATUS_COPY 2
+ #define TP_STATUS_LOSING 4
+ #define TP_STATUS_CSUMNOTREADY 8
+
+
+TP_STATUS_COPY : This flag indicates that the frame (and associated
+ meta information) has been truncated because it's
+ larger than tp_frame_size. This packet can be
+ read entirely with recvfrom().
+
+ In order to make this work it must to be
+ enabled previously with setsockopt() and
+ the PACKET_COPY_THRESH option.
+
+ The number of frames than can be buffered to
+ be read with recvfrom is limited like a normal socket.
+ See the SO_RCVBUF option in the socket (7) man page.
+
+TP_STATUS_LOSING : indicates there were packet drops from last time
+ statistics where checked with getsockopt() and
+ the PACKET_STATISTICS option.
+
+TP_STATUS_CSUMNOTREADY: currently it's used for outgoing IP packets wich
+ it's checksum will be done in hardware. So while
+ reading the packet we should not try to check the
+ checksum.
+
+for convenience there are also the following defines:
+
+ #define TP_STATUS_KERNEL 0
+ #define TP_STATUS_USER 1
+
+The kernel initializes all frames to TP_STATUS_KERNEL, when the kernel
+receives a packet it puts in the buffer and updates the status with
+at least the TP_STATUS_USER flag. Then the user can read the packet,
+once the packet is read the user must zero the status field, so the kernel
+can use again that frame buffer.
+
+The user can use poll (any other variant should apply too) to check if new
+packets are in the ring:
+
+ struct pollfd pfd;
+
+ pfd.fd = fd;
+ pfd.revents = 0;
+ pfd.events = POLLIN|POLLRDNORM|POLLERR;
+
+ if (status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL)
+ retval = poll(&pfd, 1, timeout);
+
+It doesn't incur in a race condition to first check the status value and
+then poll for frames.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
++ THANKS
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Jesse Brandeburg, for fixing my grammathical/spelling errors
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/pktgen.txt b/Documentation/networking/pktgen.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc4b4d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/pktgen.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+
+
+ HOWTO for the linux packet generator
+ ------------------------------------
+
+Date: 041221
+
+Enable CONFIG_NET_PKTGEN to compile and build pktgen.o either in kernel
+or as module. Module is preferred. insmod pktgen if needed. Once running
+pktgen creates a thread on each CPU where each thread has affinty it's CPU.
+Monitoring and controlling is done via /proc. Easiest to select a suitable
+a sample script and configure.
+
+On a dual CPU:
+
+ps aux | grep pkt
+root 129 0.3 0.0 0 0 ? SW 2003 523:20 [pktgen/0]
+root 130 0.3 0.0 0 0 ? SW 2003 509:50 [pktgen/1]
+
+
+For montoring and control pktgen creates:
+ /proc/net/pktgen/pgctrl
+ /proc/net/pktgen/kpktgend_X
+ /proc/net/pktgen/ethX
+
+
+Viewing threads
+===============
+/proc/net/pktgen/kpktgend_0
+Name: kpktgend_0 max_before_softirq: 10000
+Running:
+Stopped: eth1
+Result: OK: max_before_softirq=10000
+
+Most important the devices assigend to thread. Note! A device can only belong
+to one thread.
+
+
+Viewing devices
+===============
+
+Parm section holds configured info. Current hold running stats.
+Result is printed after run or after interruption. Example:
+
+/proc/net/pktgen/eth1
+
+Params: count 10000000 min_pkt_size: 60 max_pkt_size: 60
+ frags: 0 delay: 0 clone_skb: 1000000 ifname: eth1
+ flows: 0 flowlen: 0
+ dst_min: 10.10.11.2 dst_max:
+ src_min: src_max:
+ src_mac: 00:00:00:00:00:00 dst_mac: 00:04:23:AC:FD:82
+ udp_src_min: 9 udp_src_max: 9 udp_dst_min: 9 udp_dst_max: 9
+ src_mac_count: 0 dst_mac_count: 0
+ Flags:
+Current:
+ pkts-sofar: 10000000 errors: 39664
+ started: 1103053986245187us stopped: 1103053999346329us idle: 880401us
+ seq_num: 10000011 cur_dst_mac_offset: 0 cur_src_mac_offset: 0
+ cur_saddr: 0x10a0a0a cur_daddr: 0x20b0a0a
+ cur_udp_dst: 9 cur_udp_src: 9
+ flows: 0
+Result: OK: 13101142(c12220741+d880401) usec, 10000000 (60byte,0frags)
+ 763292pps 390Mb/sec (390805504bps) errors: 39664
+
+Confguring threads and devices
+==============================
+This is done via the /proc interface easiest done via pgset in the scripts
+
+Examples:
+
+ pgset "clone_skb 1" sets the number of copies of the same packet
+ pgset "clone_skb 0" use single SKB for all transmits
+ pgset "pkt_size 9014" sets packet size to 9014
+ pgset "frags 5" packet will consist of 5 fragments
+ pgset "count 200000" sets number of packets to send, set to zero
+ for continious sends untill explicitl stopped.
+
+ pgset "delay 5000" adds delay to hard_start_xmit(). nanoseconds
+
+ pgset "dst 10.0.0.1" sets IP destination address
+ (BEWARE! This generator is very aggressive!)
+
+ pgset "dst_min 10.0.0.1" Same as dst
+ pgset "dst_max 10.0.0.254" Set the maximum destination IP.
+ pgset "src_min 10.0.0.1" Set the minimum (or only) source IP.
+ pgset "src_max 10.0.0.254" Set the maximum source IP.
+ pgset "dst6 fec0::1" IPV6 destination address
+ pgset "src6 fec0::2" IPV6 source address
+ pgset "dstmac 00:00:00:00:00:00" sets MAC destination address
+ pgset "srcmac 00:00:00:00:00:00" sets MAC source address
+
+ pgset "src_mac_count 1" Sets the number of MACs we'll range through.
+ The 'minimum' MAC is what you set with srcmac.
+
+ pgset "dst_mac_count 1" Sets the number of MACs we'll range through.
+ The 'minimum' MAC is what you set with dstmac.
+
+ pgset "flag [name]" Set a flag to determine behaviour. Current flags
+ are: IPSRC_RND #IP Source is random (between min/max),
+ IPDST_RND, UDPSRC_RND,
+ UDPDST_RND, MACSRC_RND, MACDST_RND
+
+ pgset "udp_src_min 9" set UDP source port min, If < udp_src_max, then
+ cycle through the port range.
+
+ pgset "udp_src_max 9" set UDP source port max.
+ pgset "udp_dst_min 9" set UDP destination port min, If < udp_dst_max, then
+ cycle through the port range.
+ pgset "udp_dst_max 9" set UDP destination port max.
+
+ pgset stop aborts injection. Also, ^C aborts generator.
+
+
+Example scripts
+===============
+
+A collection of small tutorial scripts for pktgen is in expamples dir.
+
+pktgen.conf-1-1 # 1 CPU 1 dev
+pktgen.conf-1-2 # 1 CPU 2 dev
+pktgen.conf-2-1 # 2 CPU's 1 dev
+pktgen.conf-2-2 # 2 CPU's 2 dev
+pktgen.conf-1-1-rdos # 1 CPU 1 dev w. route DoS
+pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6 # 1 CPU 1 dev ipv6
+pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6-rdos # 1 CPU 1 dev ipv6 w. route DoS
+pktgen.conf-1-1-flows # 1 CPU 1 dev multiple flows.
+
+Run in shell: ./pktgen.conf-X-Y It does all the setup including sending.
+
+
+Interrupt affinity
+===================
+Note when adding devices to a specific CPU there good idea to also assign
+/proc/irq/XX/smp_affinity so the TX-interrupts gets bound to the same CPU.
+as this reduces cache bouncing when freeing skb's.
+
+
+Current commands and configuration options
+==========================================
+
+** Pgcontrol commands:
+
+start
+stop
+
+** Thread commands:
+
+add_device
+rem_device_all
+max_before_softirq
+
+
+** Device commands:
+
+count
+clone_skb
+debug
+
+frags
+delay
+
+src_mac_count
+dst_mac_count
+
+pkt_size
+min_pkt_size
+max_pkt_size
+
+udp_src_min
+udp_src_max
+
+udp_dst_min
+udp_dst_max
+
+flag
+ IPSRC_RND
+ TXSIZE_RND
+ IPDST_RND
+ UDPSRC_RND
+ UDPDST_RND
+ MACSRC_RND
+ MACDST_RND
+
+dst_min
+dst_max
+
+src_min
+src_max
+
+dst_mac
+src_mac
+
+clear_counters
+
+dst6
+src6
+
+flows
+flowlen
+
+References:
+ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/pktgen-testing/
+ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/pktgen-testing/examples/
+
+Paper from Linux-Kongress in Erlangen 2004.
+ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/pktgen-testing/pktgen_paper.pdf
+
+Thanks to:
+Grant Grundler for testing on IA-64 and parisc, Harald Welte, Lennert Buytenhek
+Stephen Hemminger, Andi Kleen, Dave Miller and many others.
+
+
+Good luck with the linux net-development.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/policy-routing.txt b/Documentation/networking/policy-routing.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36f6936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/policy-routing.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+Classes
+-------
+
+ "Class" is a complete routing table in common sense.
+ I.e. it is tree of nodes (destination prefix, tos, metric)
+ with attached information: gateway, device etc.
+ This tree is looked up as specified in RFC1812 5.2.4.3
+ 1. Basic match
+ 2. Longest match
+ 3. Weak TOS.
+ 4. Metric. (should not be in kernel space, but they are)
+ 5. Additional pruning rules. (not in kernel space).
+
+ We have two special type of nodes:
+ REJECT - abort route lookup and return an error value.
+ THROW - abort route lookup in this class.
+
+
+ Currently the number of classes is limited to 255
+ (0 is reserved for "not specified class")
+
+ Three classes are builtin:
+
+ RT_CLASS_LOCAL=255 - local interface addresses,
+ broadcasts, nat addresses.
+
+ RT_CLASS_MAIN=254 - all normal routes are put there
+ by default.
+
+ RT_CLASS_DEFAULT=253 - if ip_fib_model==1, then
+ normal default routes are put there, if ip_fib_model==2
+ all gateway routes are put there.
+
+
+Rules
+-----
+ Rule is a record of (src prefix, src interface, tos, dst prefix)
+ with attached information.
+
+ Rule types:
+ RTP_ROUTE - lookup in attached class
+ RTP_NAT - lookup in attached class and if a match is found,
+ translate packet source address.
+ RTP_MASQUERADE - lookup in attached class and if a match is found,
+ masquerade packet as sourced by us.
+ RTP_DROP - silently drop the packet.
+ RTP_REJECT - drop the packet and send ICMP NET UNREACHABLE.
+ RTP_PROHIBIT - drop the packet and send ICMP COMM. ADM. PROHIBITED.
+
+ Rule flags:
+ RTRF_LOG - log route creations.
+ RTRF_VALVE - One way route (used with masquerading)
+
+Default setup:
+
+root@amber:/pub/ip-routing # iproute -r
+Kernel routing policy rules
+Pref Source Destination TOS Iface Cl
+ 0 default default 00 * 255
+ 254 default default 00 * 254
+ 255 default default 00 * 253
+
+
+Lookup algorithm
+----------------
+
+ We scan rules list, and if a rule is matched, apply it.
+ If a route is found, return it.
+ If it is not found or a THROW node was matched, continue
+ to scan rules.
+
+Applications
+------------
+
+1. Just ignore classes. All the routes are put into MAIN class
+ (and/or into DEFAULT class).
+
+ HOWTO: iproute add PREFIX [ tos TOS ] [ gw GW ] [ dev DEV ]
+ [ metric METRIC ] [ reject ] ... (look at iproute utility)
+
+ or use route utility from current net-tools.
+
+2. Opposite case. Just forget all that you know about routing
+ tables. Every rule is supplied with its own gateway, device
+ info. record. This approach is not appropriate for automated
+ route maintenance, but it is ideal for manual configuration.
+
+ HOWTO: iproute addrule [ from PREFIX ] [ to PREFIX ] [ tos TOS ]
+ [ dev INPUTDEV] [ pref PREFERENCE ] route [ gw GATEWAY ]
+ [ dev OUTDEV ] .....
+
+ Warning: As of now the size of the routing table in this
+ approach is limited to 256. If someone likes this model, I'll
+ relax this limitation.
+
+3. OSPF classes (see RFC1583, RFC1812 E.3.3)
+ Very clean, stable and robust algorithm for OSPF routing
+ domains. Unfortunately, it is not widely used in the Internet.
+
+ Proposed setup:
+ 255 local addresses
+ 254 interface routes
+ 253 ASE routes with external metric
+ 252 ASE routes with internal metric
+ 251 inter-area routes
+ 250 intra-area routes for 1st area
+ 249 intra-area routes for 2nd area
+ etc.
+
+ Rules:
+ iproute addrule class 253
+ iproute addrule class 252
+ iproute addrule class 251
+ iproute addrule to a-prefix-for-1st-area class 250
+ iproute addrule to another-prefix-for-1st-area class 250
+ ...
+ iproute addrule to a-prefix-for-2nd-area class 249
+ ...
+
+ Area classes must be terminated with reject record.
+ iproute add default reject class 250
+ iproute add default reject class 249
+ ...
+
+4. The Variant Router Requirements Algorithm (RFC1812 E.3.2)
+ Create 16 classes for different TOS values.
+ It is a funny, but pretty useless algorithm.
+ I listed it just to show the power of new routing code.
+
+5. All the variety of combinations......
+
+
+GATED
+-----
+
+ Gated does not understand classes, but it will work
+ happily in MAIN+DEFAULT. All policy routes can be set
+ and maintained manually.
+
+IMPORTANT NOTE
+--------------
+ route.c has a compilation time switch CONFIG_IP_LOCAL_RT_POLICY.
+ If it is set, locally originated packets are routed
+ using all the policy list. This is not very convenient and
+ pretty ambiguous when used with NAT and masquerading.
+ I set it to FALSE by default.
+
+
+Alexey Kuznetov
+kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ppp_generic.txt b/Documentation/networking/ppp_generic.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15b5172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ppp_generic.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+ PPP Generic Driver and Channel Interface
+ ----------------------------------------
+
+ Paul Mackerras
+ paulus@samba.org
+ 7 Feb 2002
+
+The generic PPP driver in linux-2.4 provides an implementation of the
+functionality which is of use in any PPP implementation, including:
+
+* the network interface unit (ppp0 etc.)
+* the interface to the networking code
+* PPP multilink: splitting datagrams between multiple links, and
+ ordering and combining received fragments
+* the interface to pppd, via a /dev/ppp character device
+* packet compression and decompression
+* TCP/IP header compression and decompression
+* detecting network traffic for demand dialling and for idle timeouts
+* simple packet filtering
+
+For sending and receiving PPP frames, the generic PPP driver calls on
+the services of PPP `channels'. A PPP channel encapsulates a
+mechanism for transporting PPP frames from one machine to another. A
+PPP channel implementation can be arbitrarily complex internally but
+has a very simple interface with the generic PPP code: it merely has
+to be able to send PPP frames, receive PPP frames, and optionally
+handle ioctl requests. Currently there are PPP channel
+implementations for asynchronous serial ports, synchronous serial
+ports, and for PPP over ethernet.
+
+This architecture makes it possible to implement PPP multilink in a
+natural and straightforward way, by allowing more than one channel to
+be linked to each ppp network interface unit. The generic layer is
+responsible for splitting datagrams on transmit and recombining them
+on receive.
+
+
+PPP channel API
+---------------
+
+See include/linux/ppp_channel.h for the declaration of the types and
+functions used to communicate between the generic PPP layer and PPP
+channels.
+
+Each channel has to provide two functions to the generic PPP layer,
+via the ppp_channel.ops pointer:
+
+* start_xmit() is called by the generic layer when it has a frame to
+ send. The channel has the option of rejecting the frame for
+ flow-control reasons. In this case, start_xmit() should return 0
+ and the channel should call the ppp_output_wakeup() function at a
+ later time when it can accept frames again, and the generic layer
+ will then attempt to retransmit the rejected frame(s). If the frame
+ is accepted, the start_xmit() function should return 1.
+
+* ioctl() provides an interface which can be used by a user-space
+ program to control aspects of the channel's behaviour. This
+ procedure will be called when a user-space program does an ioctl
+ system call on an instance of /dev/ppp which is bound to the
+ channel. (Usually it would only be pppd which would do this.)
+
+The generic PPP layer provides seven functions to channels:
+
+* ppp_register_channel() is called when a channel has been created, to
+ notify the PPP generic layer of its presence. For example, setting
+ a serial port to the PPPDISC line discipline causes the ppp_async
+ channel code to call this function.
+
+* ppp_unregister_channel() is called when a channel is to be
+ destroyed. For example, the ppp_async channel code calls this when
+ a hangup is detected on the serial port.
+
+* ppp_output_wakeup() is called by a channel when it has previously
+ rejected a call to its start_xmit function, and can now accept more
+ packets.
+
+* ppp_input() is called by a channel when it has received a complete
+ PPP frame.
+
+* ppp_input_error() is called by a channel when it has detected that a
+ frame has been lost or dropped (for example, because of a FCS (frame
+ check sequence) error).
+
+* ppp_channel_index() returns the channel index assigned by the PPP
+ generic layer to this channel. The channel should provide some way
+ (e.g. an ioctl) to transmit this back to user-space, as user-space
+ will need it to attach an instance of /dev/ppp to this channel.
+
+* ppp_unit_number() returns the unit number of the ppp network
+ interface to which this channel is connected, or -1 if the channel
+ is not connected.
+
+Connecting a channel to the ppp generic layer is initiated from the
+channel code, rather than from the generic layer. The channel is
+expected to have some way for a user-level process to control it
+independently of the ppp generic layer. For example, with the
+ppp_async channel, this is provided by the file descriptor to the
+serial port.
+
+Generally a user-level process will initialize the underlying
+communications medium and prepare it to do PPP. For example, with an
+async tty, this can involve setting the tty speed and modes, issuing
+modem commands, and then going through some sort of dialog with the
+remote system to invoke PPP service there. We refer to this process
+as `discovery'. Then the user-level process tells the medium to
+become a PPP channel and register itself with the generic PPP layer.
+The channel then has to report the channel number assigned to it back
+to the user-level process. From that point, the PPP negotiation code
+in the PPP daemon (pppd) can take over and perform the PPP
+negotiation, accessing the channel through the /dev/ppp interface.
+
+At the interface to the PPP generic layer, PPP frames are stored in
+skbuff structures and start with the two-byte PPP protocol number.
+The frame does *not* include the 0xff `address' byte or the 0x03
+`control' byte that are optionally used in async PPP. Nor is there
+any escaping of control characters, nor are there any FCS or framing
+characters included. That is all the responsibility of the channel
+code, if it is needed for the particular medium. That is, the skbuffs
+presented to the start_xmit() function contain only the 2-byte
+protocol number and the data, and the skbuffs presented to ppp_input()
+must be in the same format.
+
+The channel must provide an instance of a ppp_channel struct to
+represent the channel. The channel is free to use the `private' field
+however it wishes. The channel should initialize the `mtu' and
+`hdrlen' fields before calling ppp_register_channel() and not change
+them until after ppp_unregister_channel() returns. The `mtu' field
+represents the maximum size of the data part of the PPP frames, that
+is, it does not include the 2-byte protocol number.
+
+If the channel needs some headroom in the skbuffs presented to it for
+transmission (i.e., some space free in the skbuff data area before the
+start of the PPP frame), it should set the `hdrlen' field of the
+ppp_channel struct to the amount of headroom required. The generic
+PPP layer will attempt to provide that much headroom but the channel
+should still check if there is sufficient headroom and copy the skbuff
+if there isn't.
+
+On the input side, channels should ideally provide at least 2 bytes of
+headroom in the skbuffs presented to ppp_input(). The generic PPP
+code does not require this but will be more efficient if this is done.
+
+
+Buffering and flow control
+--------------------------
+
+The generic PPP layer has been designed to minimize the amount of data
+that it buffers in the transmit direction. It maintains a queue of
+transmit packets for the PPP unit (network interface device) plus a
+queue of transmit packets for each attached channel. Normally the
+transmit queue for the unit will contain at most one packet; the
+exceptions are when pppd sends packets by writing to /dev/ppp, and
+when the core networking code calls the generic layer's start_xmit()
+function with the queue stopped, i.e. when the generic layer has
+called netif_stop_queue(), which only happens on a transmit timeout.
+The start_xmit function always accepts and queues the packet which it
+is asked to transmit.
+
+Transmit packets are dequeued from the PPP unit transmit queue and
+then subjected to TCP/IP header compression and packet compression
+(Deflate or BSD-Compress compression), as appropriate. After this
+point the packets can no longer be reordered, as the decompression
+algorithms rely on receiving compressed packets in the same order that
+they were generated.
+
+If multilink is not in use, this packet is then passed to the attached
+channel's start_xmit() function. If the channel refuses to take
+the packet, the generic layer saves it for later transmission. The
+generic layer will call the channel's start_xmit() function again
+when the channel calls ppp_output_wakeup() or when the core
+networking code calls the generic layer's start_xmit() function
+again. The generic layer contains no timeout and retransmission
+logic; it relies on the core networking code for that.
+
+If multilink is in use, the generic layer divides the packet into one
+or more fragments and puts a multilink header on each fragment. It
+decides how many fragments to use based on the length of the packet
+and the number of channels which are potentially able to accept a
+fragment at the moment. A channel is potentially able to accept a
+fragment if it doesn't have any fragments currently queued up for it
+to transmit. The channel may still refuse a fragment; in this case
+the fragment is queued up for the channel to transmit later. This
+scheme has the effect that more fragments are given to higher-
+bandwidth channels. It also means that under light load, the generic
+layer will tend to fragment large packets across all the channels,
+thus reducing latency, while under heavy load, packets will tend to be
+transmitted as single fragments, thus reducing the overhead of
+fragmentation.
+
+
+SMP safety
+----------
+
+The PPP generic layer has been designed to be SMP-safe. Locks are
+used around accesses to the internal data structures where necessary
+to ensure their integrity. As part of this, the generic layer
+requires that the channels adhere to certain requirements and in turn
+provides certain guarantees to the channels. Essentially the channels
+are required to provide the appropriate locking on the ppp_channel
+structures that form the basis of the communication between the
+channel and the generic layer. This is because the channel provides
+the storage for the ppp_channel structure, and so the channel is
+required to provide the guarantee that this storage exists and is
+valid at the appropriate times.
+
+The generic layer requires these guarantees from the channel:
+
+* The ppp_channel object must exist from the time that
+ ppp_register_channel() is called until after the call to
+ ppp_unregister_channel() returns.
+
+* No thread may be in a call to any of ppp_input(), ppp_input_error(),
+ ppp_output_wakeup(), ppp_channel_index() or ppp_unit_number() for a
+ channel at the time that ppp_unregister_channel() is called for that
+ channel.
+
+* ppp_register_channel() and ppp_unregister_channel() must be called
+ from process context, not interrupt or softirq/BH context.
+
+* The remaining generic layer functions may be called at softirq/BH
+ level but must not be called from a hardware interrupt handler.
+
+* The generic layer may call the channel start_xmit() function at
+ softirq/BH level but will not call it at interrupt level. Thus the
+ start_xmit() function may not block.
+
+* The generic layer will only call the channel ioctl() function in
+ process context.
+
+The generic layer provides these guarantees to the channels:
+
+* The generic layer will not call the start_xmit() function for a
+ channel while any thread is already executing in that function for
+ that channel.
+
+* The generic layer will not call the ioctl() function for a channel
+ while any thread is already executing in that function for that
+ channel.
+
+* By the time a call to ppp_unregister_channel() returns, no thread
+ will be executing in a call from the generic layer to that channel's
+ start_xmit() or ioctl() function, and the generic layer will not
+ call either of those functions subsequently.
+
+
+Interface to pppd
+-----------------
+
+The PPP generic layer exports a character device interface called
+/dev/ppp. This is used by pppd to control PPP interface units and
+channels. Although there is only one /dev/ppp, each open instance of
+/dev/ppp acts independently and can be attached either to a PPP unit
+or a PPP channel. This is achieved using the file->private_data field
+to point to a separate object for each open instance of /dev/ppp. In
+this way an effect similar to Solaris' clone open is obtained,
+allowing us to control an arbitrary number of PPP interfaces and
+channels without having to fill up /dev with hundreds of device names.
+
+When /dev/ppp is opened, a new instance is created which is initially
+unattached. Using an ioctl call, it can then be attached to an
+existing unit, attached to a newly-created unit, or attached to an
+existing channel. An instance attached to a unit can be used to send
+and receive PPP control frames, using the read() and write() system
+calls, along with poll() if necessary. Similarly, an instance
+attached to a channel can be used to send and receive PPP frames on
+that channel.
+
+In multilink terms, the unit represents the bundle, while the channels
+represent the individual physical links. Thus, a PPP frame sent by a
+write to the unit (i.e., to an instance of /dev/ppp attached to the
+unit) will be subject to bundle-level compression and to fragmentation
+across the individual links (if multilink is in use). In contrast, a
+PPP frame sent by a write to the channel will be sent as-is on that
+channel, without any multilink header.
+
+A channel is not initially attached to any unit. In this state it can
+be used for PPP negotiation but not for the transfer of data packets.
+It can then be connected to a PPP unit with an ioctl call, which
+makes it available to send and receive data packets for that unit.
+
+The ioctl calls which are available on an instance of /dev/ppp depend
+on whether it is unattached, attached to a PPP interface, or attached
+to a PPP channel. The ioctl calls which are available on an
+unattached instance are:
+
+* PPPIOCNEWUNIT creates a new PPP interface and makes this /dev/ppp
+ instance the "owner" of the interface. The argument should point to
+ an int which is the desired unit number if >= 0, or -1 to assign the
+ lowest unused unit number. Being the owner of the interface means
+ that the interface will be shut down if this instance of /dev/ppp is
+ closed.
+
+* PPPIOCATTACH attaches this instance to an existing PPP interface.
+ The argument should point to an int containing the unit number.
+ This does not make this instance the owner of the PPP interface.
+
+* PPPIOCATTCHAN attaches this instance to an existing PPP channel.
+ The argument should point to an int containing the channel number.
+
+The ioctl calls available on an instance of /dev/ppp attached to a
+channel are:
+
+* PPPIOCDETACH detaches the instance from the channel. This ioctl is
+ deprecated since the same effect can be achieved by closing the
+ instance. In order to prevent possible races this ioctl will fail
+ with an EINVAL error if more than one file descriptor refers to this
+ instance (i.e. as a result of dup(), dup2() or fork()).
+
+* PPPIOCCONNECT connects this channel to a PPP interface. The
+ argument should point to an int containing the interface unit
+ number. It will return an EINVAL error if the channel is already
+ connected to an interface, or ENXIO if the requested interface does
+ not exist.
+
+* PPPIOCDISCONN disconnects this channel from the PPP interface that
+ it is connected to. It will return an EINVAL error if the channel
+ is not connected to an interface.
+
+* All other ioctl commands are passed to the channel ioctl() function.
+
+The ioctl calls that are available on an instance that is attached to
+an interface unit are:
+
+* PPPIOCSMRU sets the MRU (maximum receive unit) for the interface.
+ The argument should point to an int containing the new MRU value.
+
+* PPPIOCSFLAGS sets flags which control the operation of the
+ interface. The argument should be a pointer to an int containing
+ the new flags value. The bits in the flags value that can be set
+ are:
+ SC_COMP_TCP enable transmit TCP header compression
+ SC_NO_TCP_CCID disable connection-id compression for
+ TCP header compression
+ SC_REJ_COMP_TCP disable receive TCP header decompression
+ SC_CCP_OPEN Compression Control Protocol (CCP) is
+ open, so inspect CCP packets
+ SC_CCP_UP CCP is up, may (de)compress packets
+ SC_LOOP_TRAFFIC send IP traffic to pppd
+ SC_MULTILINK enable PPP multilink fragmentation on
+ transmitted packets
+ SC_MP_SHORTSEQ expect short multilink sequence
+ numbers on received multilink fragments
+ SC_MP_XSHORTSEQ transmit short multilink sequence nos.
+
+ The values of these flags are defined in <linux/if_ppp.h>. Note
+ that the values of the SC_MULTILINK, SC_MP_SHORTSEQ and
+ SC_MP_XSHORTSEQ bits are ignored if the CONFIG_PPP_MULTILINK option
+ is not selected.
+
+* PPPIOCGFLAGS returns the value of the status/control flags for the
+ interface unit. The argument should point to an int where the ioctl
+ will store the flags value. As well as the values listed above for
+ PPPIOCSFLAGS, the following bits may be set in the returned value:
+ SC_COMP_RUN CCP compressor is running
+ SC_DECOMP_RUN CCP decompressor is running
+ SC_DC_ERROR CCP decompressor detected non-fatal error
+ SC_DC_FERROR CCP decompressor detected fatal error
+
+* PPPIOCSCOMPRESS sets the parameters for packet compression or
+ decompression. The argument should point to a ppp_option_data
+ structure (defined in <linux/if_ppp.h>), which contains a
+ pointer/length pair which should describe a block of memory
+ containing a CCP option specifying a compression method and its
+ parameters. The ppp_option_data struct also contains a `transmit'
+ field. If this is 0, the ioctl will affect the receive path,
+ otherwise the transmit path.
+
+* PPPIOCGUNIT returns, in the int pointed to by the argument, the unit
+ number of this interface unit.
+
+* PPPIOCSDEBUG sets the debug flags for the interface to the value in
+ the int pointed to by the argument. Only the least significant bit
+ is used; if this is 1 the generic layer will print some debug
+ messages during its operation. This is only intended for debugging
+ the generic PPP layer code; it is generally not helpful for working
+ out why a PPP connection is failing.
+
+* PPPIOCGDEBUG returns the debug flags for the interface in the int
+ pointed to by the argument.
+
+* PPPIOCGIDLE returns the time, in seconds, since the last data
+ packets were sent and received. The argument should point to a
+ ppp_idle structure (defined in <linux/ppp_defs.h>). If the
+ CONFIG_PPP_FILTER option is enabled, the set of packets which reset
+ the transmit and receive idle timers is restricted to those which
+ pass the `active' packet filter.
+
+* PPPIOCSMAXCID sets the maximum connection-ID parameter (and thus the
+ number of connection slots) for the TCP header compressor and
+ decompressor. The lower 16 bits of the int pointed to by the
+ argument specify the maximum connection-ID for the compressor. If
+ the upper 16 bits of that int are non-zero, they specify the maximum
+ connection-ID for the decompressor, otherwise the decompressor's
+ maximum connection-ID is set to 15.
+
+* PPPIOCSNPMODE sets the network-protocol mode for a given network
+ protocol. The argument should point to an npioctl struct (defined
+ in <linux/if_ppp.h>). The `protocol' field gives the PPP protocol
+ number for the protocol to be affected, and the `mode' field
+ specifies what to do with packets for that protocol:
+
+ NPMODE_PASS normal operation, transmit and receive packets
+ NPMODE_DROP silently drop packets for this protocol
+ NPMODE_ERROR drop packets and return an error on transmit
+ NPMODE_QUEUE queue up packets for transmit, drop received
+ packets
+
+ At present NPMODE_ERROR and NPMODE_QUEUE have the same effect as
+ NPMODE_DROP.
+
+* PPPIOCGNPMODE returns the network-protocol mode for a given
+ protocol. The argument should point to an npioctl struct with the
+ `protocol' field set to the PPP protocol number for the protocol of
+ interest. On return the `mode' field will be set to the network-
+ protocol mode for that protocol.
+
+* PPPIOCSPASS and PPPIOCSACTIVE set the `pass' and `active' packet
+ filters. These ioctls are only available if the CONFIG_PPP_FILTER
+ option is selected. The argument should point to a sock_fprog
+ structure (defined in <linux/filter.h>) containing the compiled BPF
+ instructions for the filter. Packets are dropped if they fail the
+ `pass' filter; otherwise, if they fail the `active' filter they are
+ passed but they do not reset the transmit or receive idle timer.
+
+* PPPIOCSMRRU enables or disables multilink processing for received
+ packets and sets the multilink MRRU (maximum reconstructed receive
+ unit). The argument should point to an int containing the new MRRU
+ value. If the MRRU value is 0, processing of received multilink
+ fragments is disabled. This ioctl is only available if the
+ CONFIG_PPP_MULTILINK option is selected.
+
+Last modified: 7-feb-2002
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/proc_net_tcp.txt b/Documentation/networking/proc_net_tcp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59cb915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/proc_net_tcp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+This document describes the interfaces /proc/net/tcp and /proc/net/tcp6.
+
+These /proc interfaces provide information about currently active TCP
+connections, and are implemented by tcp_get_info() in net/ipv4/tcp_ipv4.c and
+tcp6_get_info() in net/ipv6/tcp_ipv6.c, respectively.
+
+It will first list all listening TCP sockets, and next list all established
+TCP connections. A typical entry of /proc/net/tcp would look like this (split
+up into 3 parts because of the length of the line):
+
+ 46: 010310AC:9C4C 030310AC:1770 01
+ | | | | | |--> connection state
+ | | | | |------> remote TCP port number
+ | | | |-------------> remote IPv4 address
+ | | |--------------------> local TCP port number
+ | |---------------------------> local IPv4 address
+ |----------------------------------> number of entry
+
+ 00000150:00000000 01:00000019 00000000
+ | | | | |--> number of unrecovered RTO timeouts
+ | | | |----------> number of jiffies until timer expires
+ | | |----------------> timer_active (see below)
+ | |----------------------> receive-queue
+ |-------------------------------> transmit-queue
+
+ 1000 0 54165785 4 cd1e6040 25 4 27 3 -1
+ | | | | | | | | | |--> slow start size threshold,
+ | | | | | | | | | or -1 if the treshold
+ | | | | | | | | | is >= 0xFFFF
+ | | | | | | | | |----> sending congestion window
+ | | | | | | | |-------> (ack.quick<<1)|ack.pingpong
+ | | | | | | |---------> Predicted tick of soft clock
+ | | | | | | (delayed ACK control data)
+ | | | | | |------------> retransmit timeout
+ | | | | |------------------> location of socket in memory
+ | | | |-----------------------> socket reference count
+ | | |-----------------------------> inode
+ | |----------------------------------> unanswered 0-window probes
+ |---------------------------------------------> uid
+
+timer_active:
+ 0 no timer is pending
+ 1 retransmit-timer is pending
+ 2 another timer (e.g. delayed ack or keepalive) is pending
+ 3 this is a socket in TIME_WAIT state. Not all fields will contain
+ data (or even exist)
+ 4 zero window probe timer is pending
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/pt.txt b/Documentation/networking/pt.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72e888c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/pt.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+This is the README for the Gracilis Packetwin device driver, version 0.5
+ALPHA for Linux 1.3.43.
+
+These files will allow you to talk to the PackeTwin (now know as PT) and
+connect through it just like a pair of TNCs. To do this you will also
+require the AX.25 code in the kernel enabled.
+
+There are four files in this archive; this readme, a patch file, a .c file
+and finally a .h file. The two program files need to be put into the
+drivers/net directory in the Linux source tree, for me this is the
+directory /usr/src/linux/drivers/net. The patch file needs to be patched in
+at the top of the Linux source tree (/usr/src/linux in my case).
+
+You will most probably have to edit the pt.c file to suit your own setup,
+this should just involve changing some of the defines at the top of the file.
+Please note that if you run an external modem you must specify a speed of 0.
+
+The program is currently setup to run a 4800 baud external modem on port A
+and a Kantronics DE-9600 daughter board on port B so if you have this (or
+something similar) then you're right.
+
+To compile in the driver, put the files in the correct place and patch in
+the diff. You will have to re-configure the kernel again before you
+recompile it.
+
+The driver is not real good at the moment for finding the card. You can
+'help' it by changing the order of the potential addresses in the structure
+found in the pt_init() function so the address of where the card is is put
+first.
+
+After compiling, you have to get them going, they are pretty well like any
+other net device and just need ifconfig to get them going.
+As an example, here is my /etc/rc.net
+--------------------------
+
+#
+# Configure the PackeTwin, port A.
+/sbin/ifconfig pt0a 44.136.8.87 hw ax25 vk2xlz mtu 512
+/sbin/ifconfig pt0a 44.136.8.87 broadcast 44.136.8.255 netmask 255.255.255.0
+/sbin/route add -net 44.136.8.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev pt0a
+/sbin/route add -net 44.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 gw 44.136.8.68 dev pt0a
+/sbin/route add -net 138.25.16.0 netmask 255.255.240.0 dev pt0a
+/sbin/route add -host 44.136.8.255 dev pt0a
+#
+# Configure the PackeTwin, port B.
+/sbin/ifconfig pt0b 44.136.8.87 hw ax25 vk2xlz-1 mtu 512
+/sbin/ifconfig pt0b 44.136.8.87 broadcast 44.255.255.255 netmask 255.0.0.0
+/sbin/route add -host 44.136.8.216 dev pt0b
+/sbin/route add -host 44.136.8.95 dev pt0b
+/sbin/route add -host 44.255.255.255 dev pt0b
+
+This version of the driver comes under the GNU GPL. If you have one of my
+previous (non-GPL) versions of the driver, please update to this one.
+
+I hope that this all works well for you. I would be pleased to hear how
+many people use the driver and if it does its job.
+
+ - Craig vk2xlz <csmall@small.dropbear.id.au>
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/ray_cs.txt b/Documentation/networking/ray_cs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1def00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/ray_cs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+September 21, 1999
+
+Copyright (c) 1998 Corey Thomas (corey@world.std.com)
+
+This file is the documentation for the Raylink Wireless LAN card driver for
+Linux. The Raylink wireless LAN card is a PCMCIA card which provides IEEE
+802.11 compatible wireless network connectivity at 1 and 2 megabits/second.
+See http://www.raytheon.com/micro/raylink/ for more information on the Raylink
+card. This driver is in early development and does have bugs. See the known
+bugs and limitations at the end of this document for more information.
+This driver also works with WebGear's Aviator 2.4 and Aviator Pro
+wireless LAN cards.
+
+As of kernel 2.3.18, the ray_cs driver is part of the Linux kernel
+source. My web page for the development of ray_cs is at
+http://world.std.com/~corey/raylink.html and I can be emailed at
+corey@world.std.com
+
+The kernel driver is based on ray_cs-1.62.tgz
+
+The driver at my web page is intended to be used as an add on to
+David Hinds pcmcia package. All the command line parameters are
+available when compiled as a module. When built into the kernel, only
+the essid= string parameter is available via the kernel command line.
+This will change after the method of sorting out parameters for all
+the PCMCIA drivers is agreed upon. If you must have a built in driver
+with nondefault parameters, they can be edited in
+/usr/src/linux/drivers/net/pcmcia/ray_cs.c. Searching for MODULE_PARM
+will find them all.
+
+Information on card services is available at:
+ ftp://hyper.stanford.edu/pub/pcmcia/doc
+ http://hyper.stanford.edu/HyperNews/get/pcmcia/home.html
+
+
+Card services user programs are still required for PCMCIA devices.
+pcmcia-cs-3.1.1 or greater is required for the kernel version of
+the driver.
+
+Currently, ray_cs is not part of David Hinds card services package,
+so the following magic is required.
+
+At the end of the /etc/pcmcia/config.opts file, add the line:
+source ./ray_cs.opts
+This will make card services read the ray_cs.opts file
+when starting. Create the file /etc/pcmcia/ray_cs.opts containing the
+following:
+
+#### start of /etc/pcmcia/ray_cs.opts ###################
+# Configuration options for Raylink Wireless LAN PCMCIA card
+device "ray_cs"
+ class "network" module "misc/ray_cs"
+
+card "RayLink PC Card WLAN Adapter"
+ manfid 0x01a6, 0x0000
+ bind "ray_cs"
+
+module "misc/ray_cs" opts ""
+#### end of /etc/pcmcia/ray_cs.opts #####################
+
+
+To join an existing network with
+different parameters, contact the network administrator for the
+configuration information, and edit /etc/pcmcia/ray_cs.opts.
+Add the parameters below between the empty quotes.
+
+Parameters for ray_cs driver which may be specified in ray_cs.opts:
+
+bc integer 0 = normal mode (802.11 timing)
+ 1 = slow down inter frame timing to allow
+ operation with older breezecom access
+ points.
+
+beacon_period integer beacon period in Kilo-microseconds
+ legal values = must be integer multiple
+ of hop dwell
+ default = 256
+
+country integer 1 = USA (default)
+ 2 = Europe
+ 3 = Japan
+ 4 = Korea
+ 5 = Spain
+ 6 = France
+ 7 = Israel
+ 8 = Australia
+
+essid string ESS ID - network name to join
+ string with maximum length of 32 chars
+ default value = "ADHOC_ESSID"
+
+hop_dwell integer hop dwell time in Kilo-microseconds
+ legal values = 16,32,64,128(default),256
+
+irq_mask integer linux standard 16 bit value 1bit/IRQ
+ lsb is IRQ 0, bit 1 is IRQ 1 etc.
+ Used to restrict choice of IRQ's to use.
+ Recommended method for controlling
+ interrupts is in /etc/pcmcia/config.opts
+
+net_type integer 0 (default) = adhoc network,
+ 1 = infrastructure
+
+phy_addr string string containing new MAC address in
+ hex, must start with x eg
+ x00008f123456
+
+psm integer 0 = continuously active
+ 1 = power save mode (not useful yet)
+
+pc_debug integer (0-5) larger values for more verbose
+ logging. Replaces ray_debug.
+
+ray_debug integer Replaced with pc_debug
+
+ray_mem_speed integer defaults to 500
+
+sniffer integer 0 = not sniffer (default)
+ 1 = sniffer which can be used to record all
+ network traffic using tcpdump or similar,
+ but no normal network use is allowed.
+
+translate integer 0 = no translation (encapsulate frames)
+ 1 = translation (RFC1042/802.1)
+
+
+More on sniffer mode:
+
+tcpdump does not understand 802.11 headers, so it can't
+interpret the contents, but it can record to a file. This is only
+useful for debugging 802.11 lowlevel protocols that are not visible to
+linux. If you want to watch ftp xfers, or do similar things, you
+don't need to use sniffer mode. Also, some packet types are never
+sent up by the card, so you will never see them (ack, rts, cts, probe
+etc.) There is a simple program (showcap) included in the ray_cs
+package which parses the 802.11 headers.
+
+Known Problems and missing features
+
+ Does not work with non x86
+
+ Does not work with SMP
+
+ Support for defragmenting frames is not yet debugged, and in
+ fact is known to not work. I have never encountered a net set
+ up to fragment, but still, it should be fixed.
+
+ The ioctl support is incomplete. The hardware address cannot be set
+ using ifconfig yet. If a different hardware address is needed, it may
+ be set using the phy_addr parameter in ray_cs.opts. This requires
+ a card insertion to take effect.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/routing.txt b/Documentation/networking/routing.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a26838b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/routing.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+The directory ftp.inr.ac.ru:/ip-routing contains:
+
+- iproute.c - "professional" routing table maintenance utility.
+
+- rdisc.tar.gz - rdisc daemon, ported from Sun.
+ STRONGLY RECOMMENDED FOR ALL HOSTS.
+
+- routing.tgz - original Mike McLagan's route by source patch.
+ Currently it is obsolete.
+
+- gated.dif-ss<NEWEST>.gz - gated-R3_6Alpha_2 fixes.
+ Look at README.gated
+
+- mrouted-3.8.dif.gz - mrouted-3.8 fixes.
+
+- rtmon.c - trivial debugging utility: reads and stores netlink.
+
+
+NEWS for user.
+
+- Policy based routing. Routing decisions are made on the basis
+ not only of destination address, but also source address,
+ TOS and incoming interface.
+- Complete set of IP level control messages.
+ Now Linux is the only OS in the world complying to RFC requirements.
+ Great win 8)
+- New interface addressing paradigm.
+ Assignment of address ranges to interface,
+ multiple prefixes etc. etc.
+ Do not bother, it is compatible with the old one. Moreover:
+- You don't need to do "route add aaa.bbb.ccc... eth0" anymore,
+ it is done automatically.
+- "Abstract" UNIX sockets and security enhancements.
+ This is necessary to use TIRPC and TLI emulation library.
+
+NEWS for hacker.
+
+- New destination cache. Flexible, robust and just beautiful.
+- Network stack is reordered, simplified, optimized, a lot of bugs fixed.
+ (well, and new bugs were introduced, but I haven't seen them yet 8))
+ It is difficult to describe all the changes, look into source.
+
+If you see this file, then this patch works 8)
+
+Alexey Kuznetsov.
+kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/s2io.txt b/Documentation/networking/s2io.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6726b52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/s2io.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+S2IO Technologies XFrame 10 Gig adapter.
+-------------------------------------------
+
+I. Module loadable parameters.
+When loaded as a module, the driver provides a host of Module loadable
+parameters, so the device can be tuned as per the users needs.
+A list of the Module params is given below.
+(i) ring_num: This can be used to program the number of
+ receive rings used in the driver.
+(ii) ring_len: This defines the number of descriptors each ring
+ can have. There can be a maximum of 8 rings.
+(iii) frame_len: This is an array of size 8. Using this we can
+ set the maximum size of the received frame that can
+ be steered into the corrsponding receive ring.
+(iv) fifo_num: This defines the number of Tx FIFOs thats used in
+ the driver.
+(v) fifo_len: Each element defines the number of
+ Tx descriptors that can be associated with each
+ corresponding FIFO. There are a maximum of 8 FIFOs.
+(vi) tx_prio: This is a bool, if module is loaded with a non-zero
+ value for tx_prio multi FIFO scheme is activated.
+(vii) rx_prio: This is a bool, if module is loaded with a non-zero
+ value for tx_prio multi RING scheme is activated.
+(viii) latency_timer: The value given against this param will be
+ loaded into the latency timer register in PCI Config
+ space, else the register is left with its reset value.
+
+II. Performance tuning.
+ By changing a few sysctl parameters.
+ Copy the following lines into a file and run the following command,
+ "sysctl -p <file_name>"
+### IPV4 specific settings
+net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 # turns TCP timestamp support off, default 1, reduces CPU use
+net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 0 # turn SACK support off, default on
+# on systems with a VERY fast bus -> memory interface this is the big gainer
+net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 10000000 10000000 10000000 # sets min/default/max TCP read buffer, default 4096 87380 174760
+net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 10000000 10000000 10000000 # sets min/pressure/max TCP write buffer, default 4096 16384 131072
+net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 10000000 10000000 10000000 # sets min/pressure/max TCP buffer space, default 31744 32256 32768
+
+### CORE settings (mostly for socket and UDP effect)
+net.core.rmem_max = 524287 # maximum receive socket buffer size, default 131071
+net.core.wmem_max = 524287 # maximum send socket buffer size, default 131071
+net.core.rmem_default = 524287 # default receive socket buffer size, default 65535
+net.core.wmem_default = 524287 # default send socket buffer size, default 65535
+net.core.optmem_max = 524287 # maximum amount of option memory buffers, default 10240
+net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 300000 # number of unprocessed input packets before kernel starts dropping them, default 300
+---End of performance tuning file---
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/sctp.txt b/Documentation/networking/sctp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c790a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/sctp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Linux Kernel SCTP
+
+This is the current BETA release of the Linux Kernel SCTP reference
+implementation.
+
+SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) is a IP based, message oriented,
+reliable transport protocol, with congestion control, support for
+transparent multi-homing, and multiple ordered streams of messages.
+RFC2960 defines the core protocol. The IETF SIGTRAN working group originally
+developed the SCTP protocol and later handed the protocol over to the
+Transport Area (TSVWG) working group for the continued evolvement of SCTP as a
+general purpose transport.
+
+See the IETF website (http://www.ietf.org) for further documents on SCTP.
+See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2960.txt
+
+The initial project goal is to create an Linux kernel reference implementation
+of SCTP that is RFC 2960 compliant and provides an programming interface
+referred to as the UDP-style API of the Sockets Extensions for SCTP, as
+proposed in IETF Internet-Drafts.
+
+
+Caveats:
+
+-lksctp can be built as statically or as a module. However, be aware that
+module removal of lksctp is not yet a safe activity.
+
+-There is tentative support for IPv6, but most work has gone towards
+implementation and testing lksctp on IPv4.
+
+
+For more information, please visit the lksctp project website:
+ http://www.sf.net/projects/lksctp
+
+Or contact the lksctp developers through the mailing list:
+ <lksctp-developers@lists.sourceforge.net>
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/shaper.txt b/Documentation/networking/shaper.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c4ebb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/shaper.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+Traffic Shaper For Linux
+
+This is the current BETA release of the traffic shaper for Linux. It works
+within the following limits:
+
+o Minimum shaping speed is currently about 9600 baud (it can only
+shape down to 1 byte per clock tick)
+
+o Maximum is about 256K, it will go above this but get a bit blocky.
+
+o If you ifconfig the master device that a shaper is attached to down
+then your machine will follow.
+
+o The shaper must be a module.
+
+
+Setup:
+
+ A shaper device is configured using the shapeconfig program.
+Typically you will do something like this
+
+shapecfg attach shaper0 eth1
+shapecfg speed shaper0 64000
+ifconfig shaper0 myhost netmask 255.255.255.240 broadcast 1.2.3.4.255 up
+route add -net some.network netmask a.b.c.d dev shaper0
+
+The shaper should have the same IP address as the device it is attached to
+for normal use.
+
+Gotchas:
+
+ The shaper shapes transmitted traffic. It's rather impossible to
+shape received traffic except at the end (or a router) transmitting it.
+
+ Gated/routed/rwhod/mrouted all see the shaper as an additional device
+and will treat it as such unless patched. Note that for mrouted you can run
+mrouted tunnels via a traffic shaper to control bandwidth usage.
+
+ The shaper is device/route based. This makes it very easy to use
+with any setup BUT less flexible. You may need to use iproute2 to set up
+multiple route tables to get the flexibility.
+
+ There is no "borrowing" or "sharing" scheme. This is a simple
+traffic limiter. We implement Van Jacobson and Sally Floyd's CBQ
+architecture into Linux 2.2. This is the preferred solution. Shaper is
+for simple or back compatible setups.
+
+Alan
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/sis900.txt b/Documentation/networking/sis900.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bddffd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/sis900.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+
+SiS 900/7016 Fast Ethernet Device Driver
+
+Ollie Lho
+
+Lei Chun Chang
+
+ Copyright © 1999 by Silicon Integrated System Corp.
+
+ This document gives some information on installation and usage of SiS
+ 900/7016 device driver under Linux.
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
+ your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307
+ USA
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+ Table of Contents
+ 1. Introduction
+ 2. Changes
+ 3. Tested Environment
+ 4. Files in This Package
+ 5. Installation
+
+ Building the driver as loadable module
+ Building the driver into kernel
+
+ 6. Known Problems and Bugs
+ 7. Revision History
+ 8. Acknowledgements
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Chapter 1. Introduction
+
+ This document describes the revision 1.06 and 1.07 of SiS 900/7016
+ Fast Ethernet device driver under Linux. The driver is developed by
+ Silicon Integrated System Corp. and distributed freely under the GNU
+ General Public License (GPL). The driver can be compiled as a loadable
+ module and used under Linux kernel version 2.2.x. (rev. 1.06) With
+ minimal changes, the driver can also be used under 2.3.x and 2.4.x
+ kernel (rev. 1.07), please see Chapter 5. If you are intended to use
+ the driver for earlier kernels, you are on your own.
+
+ The driver is tested with usual TCP/IP applications including FTP,
+ Telnet, Netscape etc. and is used constantly by the developers.
+
+ Please send all comments/fixes/questions to Lei-Chun Chang.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Chapter 2. Changes
+
+ Changes made in Revision 1.07
+
+ 1. Separation of sis900.c and sis900.h in order to move most constant
+ definition to sis900.h (many of those constants were corrected)
+ 2. Clean up PCI detection, the pci-scan from Donald Becker were not
+ used, just simple pci_find_*.
+ 3. MII detection is modified to support multiple mii transceiver.
+ 4. Bugs in read_eeprom, mdio_* were removed.
+ 5. Lot of sis900 irrelevant comments were removed/changed and more
+ comments were added to reflect the real situation.
+ 6. Clean up of physical/virtual address space mess in buffer
+ descriptors.
+ 7. Better transmit/receive error handling.
+ 8. The driver now uses zero-copy single buffer management scheme to
+ improve performance.
+ 9. Names of variables were changed to be more consistent.
+ 10. Clean up of auo-negotiation and timer code.
+ 11. Automatic detection and change of PHY on the fly.
+ 12. Bug in mac probing fixed.
+ 13. Fix 630E equalier problem by modifying the equalizer workaround
+ rule.
+ 14. Support for ICS1893 10/100 Interated PHYceiver.
+ 15. Support for media select by ifconfig.
+ 16. Added kernel-doc extratable documentation.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Chapter 3. Tested Environment
+
+ This driver is developed on the following hardware
+
+ * Intel Celeron 500 with SiS 630 (rev 02) chipset
+ * SiS 900 (rev 01) and SiS 7016/7014 Fast Ethernet Card
+
+ and tested with these software environments
+
+ * Red Hat Linux version 6.2
+ * Linux kernel version 2.4.0
+ * Netscape version 4.6
+ * NcFTP 3.0.0 beta 18
+ * Samba version 2.0.3
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Chapter 4. Files in This Package
+
+ In the package you can find these files:
+
+ sis900.c
+ Driver source file in C
+
+ sis900.h
+ Header file for sis900.c
+
+ sis900.sgml
+ DocBook SGML source of the document
+
+ sis900.txt
+ Driver document in plain text
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Chapter 5. Installation
+
+ Silicon Integrated System Corp. is cooperating closely with core Linux
+ Kernel developers. The revisions of SiS 900 driver are distributed by
+ the usuall channels for kernel tar files and patches. Those kernel tar
+ files for official kernel and patches for kernel pre-release can be
+ download at official kernel ftp site and its mirrors. The 1.06
+ revision can be found in kernel version later than 2.3.15 and
+ pre-2.2.14, and 1.07 revision can be found in kernel version 2.4.0. If
+ you have no prior experience in networking under Linux, please read
+ Ethernet HOWTO and Networking HOWTO available from Linux Documentation
+ Project (LDP).
+
+ The driver is bundled in release later than 2.2.11 and 2.3.15 so this
+ is the most easy case. Be sure you have the appropriate packages for
+ compiling kernel source. Those packages are listed in Document/Changes
+ in kernel source distribution. If you have to install the driver other
+ than those bundled in kernel release, you should have your driver file
+ sis900.c and sis900.h copied into /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/ first.
+ There are two alternative ways to install the driver
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Building the driver as loadable module
+
+ To build the driver as a loadable kernel module you have to
+ reconfigure the kernel to activate network support by
+
+make menuconfig
+
+ Choose "Loadable module support --->", then select "Enable loadable
+ module support".
+
+ Choose "Network Device Support --->", select "Ethernet (10 or
+ 100Mbit)". Then select "EISA, VLB, PCI and on board controllers", and
+ choose "SiS 900/7016 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support" to "M".
+
+ After reconfiguring the kernel, you can make the driver module by
+
+make modules
+
+ The driver should be compiled with no errors. After compiling the
+ driver, the driver can be installed to proper place by
+
+make modules_install
+
+ Load the driver into kernel by
+
+insmod sis900
+
+ When loading the driver into memory, some information message can be
+ view by
+
+dmesg
+
+ or
+cat /var/log/message
+
+ If the driver is loaded properly you will have messages similar to
+ this:
+
+sis900.c: v1.07.06 11/07/2000
+eth0: SiS 900 PCI Fast Ethernet at 0xd000, IRQ 10, 00:00:e8:83:7f:a4.
+eth0: SiS 900 Internal MII PHY transceiver found at address 1.
+eth0: Using SiS 900 Internal MII PHY as default
+
+ showing the version of the driver and the results of probing routine.
+
+ Once the driver is loaded, network can be brought up by
+
+/sbin/ifconfig eth0 IPADDR broadcast BROADCAST netmask NETMASK media TYPE
+
+ where IPADDR, BROADCAST, NETMASK are your IP address, broadcast
+ address and netmask respectively. TYPE is used to set medium type used
+ by the device. Typical values are "10baseT"(twisted-pair 10Mbps
+ Ethernet) or "100baseT" (twisted-pair 100Mbps Ethernet). For more
+ information on how to configure network interface, please refer to
+ Networking HOWTO.
+
+ The link status is also shown by kernel messages. For example, after
+ the network interface is activated, you may have the message:
+
+eth0: Media Link On 100mbps full-duplex
+
+ If you try to unplug the twist pair (TP) cable you will get
+
+eth0: Media Link Off
+
+ indicating that the link is failed.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Building the driver into kernel
+
+ If you want to make the driver into kernel, choose "Y" rather than "M"
+ on "SiS 900/7016 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support" when configuring
+ the kernel. Build the kernel image in the usual way
+
+make clean
+
+make bzlilo
+
+ Next time the system reboot, you have the driver in memory.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Chapter 6. Known Problems and Bugs
+
+ There are some known problems and bugs. If you find any other bugs
+ please mail to lcchang@sis.com.tw
+
+ 1. AM79C901 HomePNA PHY is not thoroughly tested, there may be some
+ bugs in the "on the fly" change of transceiver.
+ 2. A bug is hidden somewhere in the receive buffer management code,
+ the bug causes NULL pointer reference in the kernel. This fault is
+ caught before bad things happen and reported with the message:
+ eth0: NULL pointer encountered in Rx ring, skipping which can be
+ viewed with dmesg or cat /var/log/message.
+ 3. The media type change from 10Mbps to 100Mbps twisted-pair ethernet
+ by ifconfig causes the media link down.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Chapter 7. Revision History
+
+ * November 13, 2000, Revision 1.07, seventh release, 630E problem
+ fixed and further clean up.
+ * November 4, 1999, Revision 1.06, Second release, lots of clean up
+ and optimization.
+ * August 8, 1999, Revision 1.05, Initial Public Release
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Chapter 8. Acknowledgements
+
+ This driver was originally derived form Donald Becker's pci-skeleton
+ and rtl8139 drivers. Donald also provided various suggestion regarded
+ with improvements made in revision 1.06.
+
+ The 1.05 revision was created by Jim Huang, AMD 79c901 support was
+ added by Chin-Shan Li.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/sk98lin.txt b/Documentation/networking/sk98lin.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..851fc97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/sk98lin.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+(C)Copyright 1999-2004 Marvell(R).
+All rights reserved
+===========================================================================
+
+sk98lin.txt created 13-Feb-2004
+
+Readme File for sk98lin v6.23
+Marvell Yukon/SysKonnect SK-98xx Gigabit Ethernet Adapter family driver for LINUX
+
+This file contains
+ 1 Overview
+ 2 Required Files
+ 3 Installation
+ 3.1 Driver Installation
+ 3.2 Inclusion of adapter at system start
+ 4 Driver Parameters
+ 4.1 Per-Port Parameters
+ 4.2 Adapter Parameters
+ 5 Large Frame Support
+ 6 VLAN and Link Aggregation Support (IEEE 802.1, 802.1q, 802.3ad)
+ 7 Troubleshooting
+
+===========================================================================
+
+
+1 Overview
+===========
+
+The sk98lin driver supports the Marvell Yukon and SysKonnect
+SK-98xx/SK-95xx compliant Gigabit Ethernet Adapter on Linux. It has
+been tested with Linux on Intel/x86 machines.
+***
+
+
+2 Required Files
+=================
+
+The linux kernel source.
+No additional files required.
+***
+
+
+3 Installation
+===============
+
+It is recommended to download the latest version of the driver from the
+SysKonnect web site www.syskonnect.com. If you have downloaded the latest
+driver, the Linux kernel has to be patched before the driver can be
+installed. For details on how to patch a Linux kernel, refer to the
+patch.txt file.
+
+3.1 Driver Installation
+------------------------
+
+The following steps describe the actions that are required to install
+the driver and to start it manually. These steps should be carried
+out for the initial driver setup. Once confirmed to be ok, they can
+be included in the system start.
+
+NOTE 1: To perform the following tasks you need 'root' access.
+
+NOTE 2: In case of problems, please read the section "Troubleshooting"
+ below.
+
+The driver can either be integrated into the kernel or it can be compiled
+as a module. Select the appropriate option during the kernel
+configuration.
+
+Compile/use the driver as a module
+----------------------------------
+To compile the driver, go to the directory /usr/src/linux and
+execute the command "make menuconfig" or "make xconfig" and proceed as
+follows:
+
+To integrate the driver permanently into the kernel, proceed as follows:
+
+1. Select the menu "Network device support" and then "Ethernet(1000Mbit)"
+2. Mark "Marvell Yukon Chipset / SysKonnect SK-98xx family support"
+ with (*)
+3. Build a new kernel when the configuration of the above options is
+ finished.
+4. Install the new kernel.
+5. Reboot your system.
+
+To use the driver as a module, proceed as follows:
+
+1. Enable 'loadable module support' in the kernel.
+2. For automatic driver start, enable the 'Kernel module loader'.
+3. Select the menu "Network device support" and then "Ethernet(1000Mbit)"
+4. Mark "Marvell Yukon Chipset / SysKonnect SK-98xx family support"
+ with (M)
+5. Execute the command "make modules".
+6. Execute the command "make modules_install".
+ The appropiate modules will be installed.
+7. Reboot your system.
+
+
+Load the module manually
+------------------------
+To load the module manually, proceed as follows:
+
+1. Enter "modprobe sk98lin".
+2. If a Marvell Yukon or SysKonnect SK-98xx adapter is installed in
+ your computer and you have a /proc file system, execute the command:
+ "ls /proc/net/sk98lin/"
+ This should produce an output containing a line with the following
+ format:
+ eth0 eth1 ...
+ which indicates that your adapter has been found and initialized.
+
+ NOTE 1: If you have more than one Marvell Yukon or SysKonnect SK-98xx
+ adapter installed, the adapters will be listed as 'eth0',
+ 'eth1', 'eth2', etc.
+ For each adapter, repeat steps 3 and 4 below.
+
+ NOTE 2: If you have other Ethernet adapters installed, your Marvell
+ Yukon or SysKonnect SK-98xx adapter will be mapped to the
+ next available number, e.g. 'eth1'. The mapping is executed
+ automatically.
+ The module installation message (displayed either in a system
+ log file or on the console) prints a line for each adapter
+ found containing the corresponding 'ethX'.
+
+3. Select an IP address and assign it to the respective adapter by
+ entering:
+ ifconfig eth0 <ip-address>
+ With this command, the adapter is connected to the Ethernet.
+
+ SK-98xx Gigabit Ethernet Server Adapters: The yellow LED on the adapter
+ is now active, the link status LED of the primary port is active and
+ the link status LED of the secondary port (on dual port adapters) is
+ blinking (if the ports are connected to a switch or hub).
+ SK-98xx V2.0 Gigabit Ethernet Adapters: The link status LED is active.
+ In addition, you will receive a status message on the console stating
+ "ethX: network connection up using port Y" and showing the selected
+ connection parameters (x stands for the ethernet device number
+ (0,1,2, etc), y stands for the port name (A or B)).
+
+ NOTE: If you are in doubt about IP addresses, ask your network
+ administrator for assistance.
+
+4. Your adapter should now be fully operational.
+ Use 'ping <otherstation>' to verify the connection to other computers
+ on your network.
+5. To check the adapter configuration view /proc/net/sk98lin/[devicename].
+ For example by executing:
+ "cat /proc/net/sk98lin/eth0"
+
+Unload the module
+-----------------
+To stop and unload the driver modules, proceed as follows:
+
+1. Execute the command "ifconfig eth0 down".
+2. Execute the command "rmmod sk98lin".
+
+3.2 Inclusion of adapter at system start
+-----------------------------------------
+
+Since a large number of different Linux distributions are
+available, we are unable to describe a general installation procedure
+for the driver module.
+Because the driver is now integrated in the kernel, installation should
+be easy, using the standard mechanism of your distribution.
+Refer to the distribution's manual for installation of ethernet adapters.
+
+***
+
+4 Driver Parameters
+====================
+
+Parameters can be set at the command line after the module has been
+loaded with the command 'modprobe'.
+In some distributions, the configuration tools are able to pass parameters
+to the driver module.
+
+If you use the kernel module loader, you can set driver parameters
+in the file /etc/modprobe.conf (or /etc/modules.conf in 2.4 or earlier).
+To set the driver parameters in this file, proceed as follows:
+
+1. Insert a line of the form :
+ options sk98lin ...
+ For "...", the same syntax is required as described for the command
+ line paramaters of modprobe below.
+2. To activate the new parameters, either reboot your computer
+ or
+ unload and reload the driver.
+ The syntax of the driver parameters is:
+
+ modprobe sk98lin parameter=value1[,value2[,value3...]]
+
+ where value1 refers to the first adapter, value2 to the second etc.
+
+NOTE: All parameters are case sensitive. Write them exactly as shown
+ below.
+
+Example:
+Suppose you have two adapters. You want to set auto-negotiation
+on the first adapter to ON and on the second adapter to OFF.
+You also want to set DuplexCapabilities on the first adapter
+to FULL, and on the second adapter to HALF.
+Then, you must enter:
+
+ modprobe sk98lin AutoNeg_A=On,Off DupCap_A=Full,Half
+
+NOTE: The number of adapters that can be configured this way is
+ limited in the driver (file skge.c, constant SK_MAX_CARD_PARAM).
+ The current limit is 16. If you happen to install
+ more adapters, adjust this and recompile.
+
+
+4.1 Per-Port Parameters
+------------------------
+
+These settings are available for each port on the adapter.
+In the following description, '?' stands for the port for
+which you set the parameter (A or B).
+
+Speed
+-----
+Parameter: Speed_?
+Values: 10, 100, 1000, Auto
+Default: Auto
+
+This parameter is used to set the speed capabilities. It is only valid
+for the SK-98xx V2.0 copper adapters.
+Usually, the speed is negotiated between the two ports during link
+establishment. If this fails, a port can be forced to a specific setting
+with this parameter.
+
+Auto-Negotiation
+----------------
+Parameter: AutoNeg_?
+Values: On, Off, Sense
+Default: On
+
+The "Sense"-mode automatically detects whether the link partner supports
+auto-negotiation or not.
+
+Duplex Capabilities
+-------------------
+Parameter: DupCap_?
+Values: Half, Full, Both
+Default: Both
+
+This parameters is only relevant if auto-negotiation for this port is
+not set to "Sense". If auto-negotiation is set to "On", all three values
+are possible. If it is set to "Off", only "Full" and "Half" are allowed.
+This parameter is usefull if your link partner does not support all
+possible combinations.
+
+Flow Control
+------------
+Parameter: FlowCtrl_?
+Values: Sym, SymOrRem, LocSend, None
+Default: SymOrRem
+
+This parameter can be used to set the flow control capabilities the
+port reports during auto-negotiation. It can be set for each port
+individually.
+Possible modes:
+ -- Sym = Symmetric: both link partners are allowed to send
+ PAUSE frames
+ -- SymOrRem = SymmetricOrRemote: both or only remote partner
+ are allowed to send PAUSE frames
+ -- LocSend = LocalSend: only local link partner is allowed
+ to send PAUSE frames
+ -- None = no link partner is allowed to send PAUSE frames
+
+NOTE: This parameter is ignored if auto-negotiation is set to "Off".
+
+Role in Master-Slave-Negotiation (1000Base-T only)
+--------------------------------------------------
+Parameter: Role_?
+Values: Auto, Master, Slave
+Default: Auto
+
+This parameter is only valid for the SK-9821 and SK-9822 adapters.
+For two 1000Base-T ports to communicate, one must take the role of the
+master (providing timing information), while the other must be the
+slave. Usually, this is negotiated between the two ports during link
+establishment. If this fails, a port can be forced to a specific setting
+with this parameter.
+
+
+4.2 Adapter Parameters
+-----------------------
+
+Connection Type (SK-98xx V2.0 copper adapters only)
+---------------
+Parameter: ConType
+Values: Auto, 100FD, 100HD, 10FD, 10HD
+Default: Auto
+
+The parameter 'ConType' is a combination of all five per-port parameters
+within one single parameter. This simplifies the configuration of both ports
+of an adapter card! The different values of this variable reflect the most
+meaningful combinations of port parameters.
+
+The following table shows the values of 'ConType' and the corresponding
+combinations of the per-port parameters:
+
+ ConType | DupCap AutoNeg FlowCtrl Role Speed
+ ----------+------------------------------------------------------
+ Auto | Both On SymOrRem Auto Auto
+ 100FD | Full Off None Auto (ignored) 100
+ 100HD | Half Off None Auto (ignored) 100
+ 10FD | Full Off None Auto (ignored) 10
+ 10HD | Half Off None Auto (ignored) 10
+
+Stating any other port parameter together with this 'ConType' variable
+will result in a merged configuration of those settings. This due to
+the fact, that the per-port parameters (e.g. Speed_? ) have a higher
+priority than the combined variable 'ConType'.
+
+NOTE: This parameter is always used on both ports of the adapter card.
+
+Interrupt Moderation
+--------------------
+Parameter: Moderation
+Values: None, Static, Dynamic
+Default: None
+
+Interrupt moderation is employed to limit the maxmimum number of interrupts
+the driver has to serve. That is, one or more interrupts (which indicate any
+transmit or receive packet to be processed) are queued until the driver
+processes them. When queued interrupts are to be served, is determined by the
+'IntsPerSec' parameter, which is explained later below.
+
+Possible modes:
+
+ -- None - No interrupt moderation is applied on the adapter card.
+ Therefore, each transmit or receive interrupt is served immediately
+ as soon as it appears on the interrupt line of the adapter card.
+
+ -- Static - Interrupt moderation is applied on the adapter card.
+ All transmit and receive interrupts are queued until a complete
+ moderation interval ends. If such a moderation interval ends, all
+ queued interrupts are processed in one big bunch without any delay.
+ The term 'static' reflects the fact, that interrupt moderation is
+ always enabled, regardless how much network load is currently
+ passing via a particular interface. In addition, the duration of
+ the moderation interval has a fixed length that never changes while
+ the driver is operational.
+
+ -- Dynamic - Interrupt moderation might be applied on the adapter card,
+ depending on the load of the system. If the driver detects that the
+ system load is too high, the driver tries to shield the system against
+ too much network load by enabling interrupt moderation. If - at a later
+ time - the CPU utilizaton decreases again (or if the network load is
+ negligible) the interrupt moderation will automatically be disabled.
+
+Interrupt moderation should be used when the driver has to handle one or more
+interfaces with a high network load, which - as a consequence - leads also to a
+high CPU utilization. When moderation is applied in such high network load
+situations, CPU load might be reduced by 20-30%.
+
+NOTE: The drawback of using interrupt moderation is an increase of the round-
+trip-time (RTT), due to the queueing and serving of interrupts at dedicated
+moderation times.
+
+Interrupts per second
+---------------------
+Parameter: IntsPerSec
+Values: 30...40000 (interrupts per second)
+Default: 2000
+
+This parameter is only used, if either static or dynamic interrupt moderation
+is used on a network adapter card. Using this paramter if no moderation is
+applied, will lead to no action performed.
+
+This parameter determines the length of any interrupt moderation interval.
+Assuming that static interrupt moderation is to be used, an 'IntsPerSec'
+parameter value of 2000 will lead to an interrupt moderation interval of
+500 microseconds.
+
+NOTE: The duration of the moderation interval is to be chosen with care.
+At first glance, selecting a very long duration (e.g. only 100 interrupts per
+second) seems to be meaningful, but the increase of packet-processing delay
+is tremendous. On the other hand, selecting a very short moderation time might
+compensate the use of any moderation being applied.
+
+
+Preferred Port
+--------------
+Parameter: PrefPort
+Values: A, B
+Default: A
+
+This is used to force the preferred port to A or B (on dual-port network
+adapters). The preferred port is the one that is used if both are detected
+as fully functional.
+
+RLMT Mode (Redundant Link Management Technology)
+------------------------------------------------
+Parameter: RlmtMode
+Values: CheckLinkState,CheckLocalPort, CheckSeg, DualNet
+Default: CheckLinkState
+
+RLMT monitors the status of the port. If the link of the active port
+fails, RLMT switches immediately to the standby link. The virtual link is
+maintained as long as at least one 'physical' link is up.
+
+Possible modes:
+
+ -- CheckLinkState - Check link state only: RLMT uses the link state
+ reported by the adapter hardware for each individual port to
+ determine whether a port can be used for all network traffic or
+ not.
+
+ -- CheckLocalPort - In this mode, RLMT monitors the network path
+ between the two ports of an adapter by regularly exchanging packets
+ between them. This mode requires a network configuration in which
+ the two ports are able to "see" each other (i.e. there must not be
+ any router between the ports).
+
+ -- CheckSeg - Check local port and segmentation: This mode supports the
+ same functions as the CheckLocalPort mode and additionally checks
+ network segmentation between the ports. Therefore, this mode is only
+ to be used if Gigabit Ethernet switches are installed on the network
+ that have been configured to use the Spanning Tree protocol.
+
+ -- DualNet - In this mode, ports A and B are used as separate devices.
+ If you have a dual port adapter, port A will be configured as eth0
+ and port B as eth1. Both ports can be used independently with
+ distinct IP addresses. The preferred port setting is not used.
+ RLMT is turned off.
+
+NOTE: RLMT modes CLP and CLPSS are designed to operate in configurations
+ where a network path between the ports on one adapter exists.
+ Moreover, they are not designed to work where adapters are connected
+ back-to-back.
+***
+
+
+5 Large Frame Support
+======================
+
+The driver supports large frames (also called jumbo frames). Using large
+frames can result in an improved throughput if transferring large amounts
+of data.
+To enable large frames, set the MTU (maximum transfer unit) of the
+interface to the desired value (up to 9000), execute the following
+command:
+ ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000
+This will only work if you have two adapters connected back-to-back
+or if you use a switch that supports large frames. When using a switch,
+it should be configured to allow large frames and auto-negotiation should
+be set to OFF. The setting must be configured on all adapters that can be
+reached by the large frames. If one adapter is not set to receive large
+frames, it will simply drop them.
+
+You can switch back to the standard ethernet frame size by executing the
+following command:
+ ifconfig eth0 mtu 1500
+
+To permanently configure this setting, add a script with the 'ifconfig'
+line to the system startup sequence (named something like "S99sk98lin"
+in /etc/rc.d/rc2.d).
+***
+
+
+6 VLAN and Link Aggregation Support (IEEE 802.1, 802.1q, 802.3ad)
+==================================================================
+
+The Marvell Yukon/SysKonnect Linux drivers are able to support VLAN and
+Link Aggregation according to IEEE standards 802.1, 802.1q, and 802.3ad.
+These features are only available after installation of open source
+modules available on the Internet:
+For VLAN go to: http://www.candelatech.com/~greear/vlan.html
+For Link Aggregation go to: http://www.st.rim.or.jp/~yumo
+
+NOTE: SysKonnect GmbH does not offer any support for these open source
+ modules and does not take the responsibility for any kind of
+ failures or problems arising in connection with these modules.
+
+NOTE: Configuring Link Aggregation on a SysKonnect dual link adapter may
+ cause problems when unloading the driver.
+
+
+7 Troubleshooting
+==================
+
+If any problems occur during the installation process, check the
+following list:
+
+
+Problem: The SK-98xx adapter can not be found by the driver.
+Solution: In /proc/pci search for the following entry:
+ 'Ethernet controller: SysKonnect SK-98xx ...'
+ If this entry exists, the SK-98xx or SK-98xx V2.0 adapter has
+ been found by the system and should be operational.
+ If this entry does not exist or if the file '/proc/pci' is not
+ found, there may be a hardware problem or the PCI support may
+ not be enabled in your kernel.
+ The adapter can be checked using the diagnostics program which
+ is available on the SysKonnect web site:
+ www.syskonnect.com
+
+ Some COMPAQ machines have problems dealing with PCI under Linux.
+ Linux. This problem is described in the 'PCI howto' document
+ (included in some distributions or available from the
+ web, e.g. at 'www.linux.org').
+
+
+Problem: Programs such as 'ifconfig' or 'route' can not be found or the
+ error message 'Operation not permitted' is displayed.
+Reason: You are not logged in as user 'root'.
+Solution: Logout and login as 'root' or change to 'root' via 'su'.
+
+
+Problem: Upon use of the command 'ping <address>' the message
+ "ping: sendto: Network is unreachable" is displayed.
+Reason: Your route is not set correctly.
+Solution: If you are using RedHat, you probably forgot to set up the
+ route in the 'network configuration'.
+ Check the existing routes with the 'route' command and check
+ if an entry for 'eth0' exists, and if so, if it is set correctly.
+
+
+Problem: The driver can be started, the adapter is connected to the
+ network, but you cannot receive or transmit any packets;
+ e.g. 'ping' does not work.
+Reason: There is an incorrect route in your routing table.
+Solution: Check the routing table with the command 'route' and read the
+ manual help pages dealing with routes (enter 'man route').
+
+NOTE: Although the 2.2.x kernel versions generate the routing entry
+ automatically, problems of this kind may occur here as well. We've
+ come across a situation in which the driver started correctly at
+ system start, but after the driver has been removed and reloaded,
+ the route of the adapter's network pointed to the 'dummy0'device
+ and had to be corrected manually.
+
+
+Problem: Your computer should act as a router between multiple
+ IP subnetworks (using multiple adapters), but computers in
+ other subnetworks cannot be reached.
+Reason: Either the router's kernel is not configured for IP forwarding
+ or the routing table and gateway configuration of at least one
+ computer is not working.
+
+Problem: Upon driver start, the following error message is displayed:
+ "eth0: -- ERROR --
+ Class: internal Software error
+ Nr: 0xcc
+ Msg: SkGeInitPort() cannot init running ports"
+Reason: You are using a driver compiled for single processor machines
+ on a multiprocessor machine with SMP (Symmetric MultiProcessor)
+ kernel.
+Solution: Configure your kernel appropriately and recompile the kernel or
+ the modules.
+
+
+
+If your problem is not listed here, please contact SysKonnect's technical
+support for help (linux@syskonnect.de).
+When contacting our technical support, please ensure that the following
+information is available:
+- System Manufacturer and HW Informations (CPU, Memory... )
+- PCI-Boards in your system
+- Distribution
+- Kernel version
+- Driver version
+***
+
+
+
+***End of Readme File***
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/skfp.txt b/Documentation/networking/skfp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a419ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/skfp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+(C)Copyright 1998-2000 SysKonnect,
+===========================================================================
+
+skfp.txt created 11-May-2000
+
+Readme File for skfp.o v2.06
+
+
+This file contains
+(1) OVERVIEW
+(2) SUPPORTED ADAPTERS
+(3) GENERAL INFORMATION
+(4) INSTALLATION
+(5) INCLUSION OF THE ADAPTER IN SYSTEM START
+(6) TROUBLESHOOTING
+(7) FUNCTION OF THE ADAPTER LEDS
+(8) HISTORY
+
+===========================================================================
+
+
+
+(1) OVERVIEW
+============
+
+This README explains how to use the driver 'skfp' for Linux with your
+network adapter.
+
+Chapter 2: Contains a list of all network adapters that are supported by
+ this driver.
+
+Chapter 3: Gives some general information.
+
+Chapter 4: Describes common problems and solutions.
+
+Chapter 5: Shows the changed functionality of the adapter LEDs.
+
+Chapter 6: History of development.
+
+***
+
+
+(2) SUPPORTED ADAPTERS
+======================
+
+The network driver 'skfp' supports the following network adapters:
+SysKonnect adapters:
+ - SK-5521 (SK-NET FDDI-UP)
+ - SK-5522 (SK-NET FDDI-UP DAS)
+ - SK-5541 (SK-NET FDDI-FP)
+ - SK-5543 (SK-NET FDDI-LP)
+ - SK-5544 (SK-NET FDDI-LP DAS)
+ - SK-5821 (SK-NET FDDI-UP64)
+ - SK-5822 (SK-NET FDDI-UP64 DAS)
+ - SK-5841 (SK-NET FDDI-FP64)
+ - SK-5843 (SK-NET FDDI-LP64)
+ - SK-5844 (SK-NET FDDI-LP64 DAS)
+Compaq adapters (not tested):
+ - Netelligent 100 FDDI DAS Fibre SC
+ - Netelligent 100 FDDI SAS Fibre SC
+ - Netelligent 100 FDDI DAS UTP
+ - Netelligent 100 FDDI SAS UTP
+ - Netelligent 100 FDDI SAS Fibre MIC
+***
+
+
+(3) GENERAL INFORMATION
+=======================
+
+From v2.01 on, the driver is integrated in the linux kernel sources.
+Therefor, the installation is the same as for any other adapter
+supported by the kernel.
+Refer to the manual of your distribution about the installation
+of network adapters.
+Makes my life much easier :-)
+***
+
+
+(4) TROUBLESHOOTING
+===================
+
+If you run into problems during installation, check those items:
+
+Problem: The FDDI adapter can not be found by the driver.
+Reason: Look in /proc/pci for the following entry:
+ 'FDDI network controller: SysKonnect SK-FDDI-PCI ...'
+ If this entry exists, then the FDDI adapter has been
+ found by the system and should be able to be used.
+ If this entry does not exist or if the file '/proc/pci'
+ is not there, then you may have a hardware problem or PCI
+ support may not be enabled in your kernel.
+ The adapter can be checked using the diagnostic program
+ which is available from the SysKonnect web site:
+ www.syskonnect.de
+ Some COMPAQ machines have a problem with PCI under
+ Linux. This is described in the 'PCI howto' document
+ (included in some distributions or available from the
+ www, e.g. at 'www.linux.org') and no workaround is available.
+
+Problem: You want to use your computer as a router between
+ multiple IP subnetworks (using multiple adapters), but
+ you can not reach computers in other subnetworks.
+Reason: Either the router's kernel is not configured for IP
+ forwarding or there is a problem with the routing table
+ and gateway configuration in at least one of the
+ computers.
+
+If your problem is not listed here, please contact our
+technical support for help.
+You can send email to:
+ linux@syskonnect.de
+When contacting our technical support,
+please ensure that the following information is available:
+- System Manufacturer and Model
+- Boards in your system
+- Distribution
+- Kernel version
+
+***
+
+
+(5) FUNCTION OF THE ADAPTER LEDS
+================================
+
+ The functionality of the LED's on the FDDI network adapters was
+ changed in SMT version v2.82. With this new SMT version, the yellow
+ LED works as a ring operational indicator. An active yellow LED
+ indicates that the ring is down. The green LED on the adapter now
+ works as a link indicator where an active GREEN LED indicates that
+ the respective port has a physical connection.
+
+ With versions of SMT prior to v2.82 a ring up was indicated if the
+ yellow LED was off while the green LED(s) showed the connection
+ status of the adapter. During a ring down the green LED was off and
+ the yellow LED was on.
+
+ All implementations indicate that a driver is not loaded if
+ all LEDs are off.
+
+***
+
+
+(6) HISTORY
+===========
+
+v2.06 (20000511) (In-Kernel version)
+ New features:
+ - 64 bit support
+ - new pci dma interface
+ - in kernel 2.3.99
+
+v2.05 (20000217) (In-Kernel version)
+ New features:
+ - Changes for 2.3.45 kernel
+
+v2.04 (20000207) (Standalone version)
+ New features:
+ - Added rx/tx byte counter
+
+v2.03 (20000111) (Standalone version)
+ Problems fixed:
+ - Fixed printk statements from v2.02
+
+v2.02 (991215) (Standalone version)
+ Problems fixed:
+ - Removed unnecessary output
+ - Fixed path for "printver.sh" in makefile
+
+v2.01 (991122) (In-Kernel version)
+ New features:
+ - Integration in Linux kernel sources
+ - Support for memory mapped I/O.
+
+v2.00 (991112)
+ New features:
+ - Full source released under GPL
+
+v1.05 (991023)
+ Problems fixed:
+ - Compilation with kernel version 2.2.13 failed
+
+v1.04 (990427)
+ Changes:
+ - New SMT module included, changing LED functionality
+ Problems fixed:
+ - Synchronization on SMP machines was buggy
+
+v1.03 (990325)
+ Problems fixed:
+ - Interrupt routing on SMP machines could be incorrect
+
+v1.02 (990310)
+ New features:
+ - Support for kernel versions 2.2.x added
+ - Kernel patch instead of private duplicate of kernel functions
+
+v1.01 (980812)
+ Problems fixed:
+ Connection hangup with telnet
+ Slow telnet connection
+
+v1.00 beta 01 (980507)
+ New features:
+ None.
+ Problems fixed:
+ None.
+ Known limitations:
+ - tar archive instead of standard package format (rpm).
+ - FDDI statistic is empty.
+ - not tested with 2.1.xx kernels
+ - integration in kernel not tested
+ - not tested simultaneously with FDDI adapters from other vendors.
+ - only X86 processors supported.
+ - SBA (Synchronous Bandwidth Allocator) parameters can
+ not be configured.
+ - does not work on some COMPAQ machines. See the PCI howto
+ document for details about this problem.
+ - data corruption with kernel versions below 2.0.33.
+
+*** End of information file ***
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/slicecom.hun b/Documentation/networking/slicecom.hun
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5acf191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/slicecom.hun
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+
+SliceCOM adapter felhasznaloi dokumentacioja - 0.51 verziohoz
+
+Bartók István <bartoki@itc.hu>
+Utolso modositas: Wed Aug 29 17:26:58 CEST 2001
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Hasznalata:
+
+Forditas:
+
+Code maturity level options
+ [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
+
+Network device support
+ Wan interfaces
+ <M> MultiGate (COMX) synchronous
+ <M> Support for MUNICH based boards: SliceCOM, PCICOM (NEW)
+ <M> Support for HDLC and syncPPP...
+
+
+A modulok betoltese:
+
+modprobe comx
+
+modprobe comx-proto-ppp # a Cisco-HDLC es a SyncPPP protokollt is
+ # ez a modul adja
+
+modprobe comx-hw-munich # a modul betoltodeskor azonnal jelent a
+ # syslogba a detektalt kartyakrol
+
+
+Konfiguralas:
+
+# Ezen az interfeszen Cisco-HDLC vonali protokoll fog futni
+# Az interfeszhez rendelt idoszeletek: 1,2 (128 kbit/sec-es vonal)
+# (a G.703 keretben az elso adatot vivo idoszelet az 1-es)
+#
+mkdir /proc/comx/comx0.1/
+echo slicecom >/proc/comx/comx0.1/boardtype
+echo hdlc >/proc/comx/comx0.1/protocol
+echo 1 2 >/proc/comx/comx0.1/timeslots
+
+
+# Ezen az interfeszen SyncPPP vonali protokoll fog futni
+# Az interfeszhez rendelt idoszelet: 3 (64 kbit/sec-es vonal)
+#
+mkdir /proc/comx/comx0.2/
+echo slicecom >/proc/comx/comx0.2/boardtype
+echo ppp >/proc/comx/comx0.2/protocol
+echo 3 >/proc/comx/comx0.2/timeslots
+
+...
+
+ifconfig comx0.1 up
+ifconfig comx0.2 up
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+A COMX driverek default 20 csomagnyi transmit queue-t rendelnek a halozati
+interfeszekhez. WAN halozatokban ennel hosszabbat is szokas hasznalni
+(20 es 100 kozott), hogy a vonal kihasznaltsaga nagy terheles eseten jobb
+legyen (bar ezzel megno a varhato kesleltetes a csomagok sorban allasa miatt):
+
+# ifconfig comx0 txqueuelen 50
+
+Ezt a beallitasi lehetoseget csak az ujabb disztribuciok ifconfig parancsa
+tamogatja (amik mar a 2.2 kernelekhez keszultek, mint a RedHat 6.1 vagy a
+Debian 2.2).
+
+A 2.1-es Debian disztribuciohoz a http://www.debian.org/~rcw/2.2/netbase/
+cimrol toltheto le ujabb netbase csomag, ami mar ilyet tamogato ifconfig
+parancsot tartalmaz. Bovebben a 2.2 kernel hasznalatarol Debian 2.1 alatt:
+http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/running-kernel-2.2
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+A kartya LED-jeinek jelentese:
+
+piros - eg, ha Remote Alarm-ot kuld a tuloldal
+zold - eg, ha a vett jelben megtalalja a keretszinkront
+
+Reszletesebben:
+
+piros: zold: jelentes:
+
+- - nincs keretszinkron (nincs jel, vagy rossz a jel)
+- eg "minden rendben"
+eg eg a vetel OK, de a tuloldal Remote Alarm-ot kuld
+eg - ez nincs ertelmezve, egyelore funkcio nelkul
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Reszletesebb leiras a hardver beallitasi lehetosegeirol:
+
+Az altalanos,- es a protokoll-retegek beallitasi lehetosegeirol a 'comx.txt'
+fajlban leirtak SliceCOM kartyanal is ervenyesek, itt csak a hardver-specifikus
+beallitasi lehetosegek vannak osszefoglalva:
+
+Konfiguralasi interfesz a /proc/comx/ alatt:
+
+Minden timeslot-csoportnak kulon comx* interfeszt kell letrehozni mkdir-rel:
+comx0, comx1, .. stb. Itt beallithato, hogy az adott interfesz hanyadik kartya
+melyik timeslotja(i)bol alljon ossze. A Cisco-fele serial3:1 elnevezesek
+(serial3:1 = a 3. kartyaban az 1-es idoszelet-csoport) Linuxon aliasing-ot
+jelentenenek, ezert mi nem tudunk ilyen elnevezest hasznalni.
+
+Tobb kartya eseten a comx0.1, comx0.2, ... vagy slice0.1, slice0.2 nevek
+hasznalhatoak.
+
+Tobb SliceCOM kartya is lehet egy gepben, de sajat interrupt kell mindegyiknek,
+nem tud meg megosztott interruptot kezelni.
+
+Az egesz kartyat erinto beallitasok:
+
+Az ioport es irq beallitas nincs: amit a PCI BIOS kioszt a rendszernek,
+azt hasznalja a driver.
+
+
+comx0/boardnum - hanyadik SliceCOM kartya a gepben (a 'termeszetes' PCI
+ sorrendben ertve: ahogyan a /proc/pci-ban vagy az 'lspci'
+ kimeneteben megjelenik, altalaban az alaplapi PCI meghajto
+ aramkorokhoz kozelebb eso kartyak a kisebb sorszamuak)
+
+ Default: 0 (0-tol kezdodik a szamolas)
+
+
+Bar a kovetkezoket csak egy-egy interfeszen allitjuk at, megis az egesz kartya
+mukodeset egyszerre allitjak. A megkotes hogy csak UP-ban levo interfeszen
+hasznalhatoak, azert van, mert kulonben nem vart eredmenyekre vezetne egy ilyen
+paranccsorozat:
+
+ echo 0 >boardnum
+ echo internal >clock_source
+ echo 1 >boardnum
+
+- Ez a 0-s board clock_source-at allitana at.
+
+Ezek a beallitasok megmaradnak az osszes interfesz torlesekor, de torlodnek
+a driver modul ki/betoltesekor.
+
+
+comx0/clock_source - A Tx orajelforrasa, a Cisco-val hasonlatosra keszult.
+ Hasznalata:
+
+ papaya:# echo line >/proc/comx/comx0/clock_source
+ papaya:# echo internal >/proc/comx/comx0/clock_source
+
+ line - A Tx orajelet a vett adatfolyambol dekodolja, igyekszik
+ igazodni hozza. Ha nem lat orajelet az inputon, akkor
+ atall a sajat orajelgeneratorara.
+ internal - A Tx orajelet a sajat orajelgeneratora szolgaltatja.
+
+ Default: line
+
+ Normal osszeallitas eseten a tavkozlesi szolgaltato eszkoze
+ (pl. HDSL modem) adja az orajelet, ezert ez a default.
+
+
+comx0/framing - A CRC4 ki/be kapcsolasa
+
+ A CRC4: 16 PCM keretet (A PCM keret az, amibe a 32 darab 64
+ kilobites csatorna van bemultiplexalva. Nem osszetevesztendo a HDLC
+ kerettel.) 2x8 -as csoportokra osztanak, es azokhoz 4-4 bites CRC-t
+ szamolnak. Elsosorban a vonal minosegenek a monitorozasara szolgal.
+
+ papaya:~# echo crc4 >/proc/comx/comx0/framing
+ papaya:~# echo no-crc4 >/proc/comx/comx0/framing
+
+ Default a 'crc4', a MATAV vonalak altalaban igy futnak. De ha nem
+ egyforma is a beallitas a vonal ket vegen, attol a forgalom altalaban
+ at tud menni.
+
+
+comx0/linecode - A vonali kodolas beallitasa
+
+ papaya:~# echo hdb3 >/proc/comx/comx0/linecode
+ papaya:~# echo ami >/proc/comx/comx0/linecode
+
+ Default a 'hdb3', a MATAV vonalak igy futnak.
+
+ (az AMI kodolas igen ritka E1-es vonalaknal). Ha ez a beallitas nem
+ egyezik a vonal ket vegen, akkor elofordulhat hogy a keretszinkron
+ osszejon, de CRC4-hibak es a vonalakon atvitt adatokban is hibak
+ keletkeznek (amit a HDLC/SyncPPP szinten CRC-hibaval jelez)
+
+
+comx0/reg - a kartya aramkoreinek, a MUNICH (reg) es a FALC (lbireg)
+comx0/lbireg regisztereinek kozvetlen elerese. Hasznalata:
+
+ echo >reg 0x04 0x0 - a 4-es regiszterbe 0-t ir
+ echo >reg 0x104 - printk()-val kiirja a 4-es regiszter
+ tartalmat a syslogba.
+
+ WARNING: ezek csak a fejleszteshez keszultek, sok galibat
+ lehet veluk okozni!
+
+
+comx0/loopback - A kartya G.703 jelenek a visszahurkolasara is van lehetoseg:
+
+ papaya:# echo none >/proc/comx/comx0/loopback
+ papaya:# echo local >/proc/comx/comx0/loopback
+ papaya:# echo remote >/proc/comx/comx0/loopback
+
+ none - nincs visszahurkolas, normal mukodes
+ local - a kartya a sajat maga altal adott jelet kapja vissza
+ remote - a kartya a kivulrol vett jelet adja kifele
+
+ Default: none
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Az interfeszhez (Cisco terminologiaban 'channel-group') kapcsolodo beallitasok:
+
+comx0/timeslots - mely timeslotok (idoszeletek) tartoznak az adott interfeszhez.
+
+ papaya:~# cat /proc/comx/comx0/timeslots
+ 1 3 4 5 6
+ papaya:~#
+
+ Egy timeslot megkeresese (hanyas interfeszbe tartozik nalunk):
+
+ papaya:~# grep ' 4' /proc/comx/comx*/timeslots
+ /proc/comx/comx0/timeslots:1 3 4 5 6
+ papaya:~#
+
+ Beallitasa:
+ papaya:~# echo '1 5 2 6 7 8' >/proc/comx/comx0/timeslots
+
+ A timeslotok sorrendje nem szamit, '1 3 2' ugyanaz mint az '1 2 3'.
+
+ Beallitashoz az adott interfesznek DOWN-ban kell lennie
+ (ifconfig comx0 down), de ugyanannak a kartyanak a tobbi interfesze
+ uzemelhet kozben.
+
+ Beallitaskor leellenorzi, hogy az uj timeslotok nem utkoznek-e egy
+ masik interfesz timeslotjaival. Ha utkoznek, akkor nem allitja at.
+
+ Mindig 10-es szamrendszerben tortenik a timeslotok ertelmezese, nehogy
+ a 08, 09 alaku felirast rosszul ertelmezze.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Az interfeszek es a kartya allapotanak lekerdezese:
+
+- A ' '-szel kezdodo sorok az eredeti kimenetet, a //-rel kezdodo sorok a
+magyarazatot jelzik.
+
+ papaya:~$ cat /proc/comx/comx1/status
+ Interface administrative status is UP, modem status is UP, protocol is UP
+ Modem status changes: 0, Transmitter status is IDLE, tbusy: 0
+ Interface load (input): 978376 / 947808 / 951024 bits/s (5s/5m/15m)
+ (output): 978376 / 947848 / 951024 bits/s (5s/5m/15m)
+ Debug flags: none
+ RX errors: len: 22, overrun: 1, crc: 0, aborts: 0
+ buffer overrun: 0, pbuffer overrun: 0
+ TX errors: underrun: 0
+ Line keepalive (value: 10) status UP [0]
+
+// Itt kezdodik a hardver-specifikus resz:
+ Controller status:
+ No alarms
+
+// Alarm: hibajelzes:
+//
+// No alarms - minden rendben
+//
+// LOS - Loss Of Signal - nem erzekel jelet a bemeneten.
+// AIS - Alarm Indication Signal - csak egymas utani 1-esek jonnek
+// a bemeneten, a tuloldal igy is jelezheti hogy meghibasodott vagy
+// nincs inicializalva.
+// AUXP - Auxiliary Pattern Indication - 01010101.. sorozat jon a bemeneten.
+// LFA - Loss of Frame Alignment - nincs keretszinkron
+// RRA - Receive Remote Alarm - a tuloldal el, de hibat jelez.
+// LMFA - Loss of CRC4 Multiframe Alignment - nincs CRC4-multikeret-szinkron
+// NMF - No Multiframe alignment Found after 400 msec - ilyen alarm a no-crc4
+// es crc4 keretezesek eseten nincs, lasd lentebb
+//
+// Egyeb lehetseges hibajelzesek:
+//
+// Transmit Line Short - a kartya ugy erzi hogy az adasi kimenete rovidre
+// van zarva, ezert kikapcsolta az adast. (nem feltetlenul veszi eszre
+// a kulso rovidzarat)
+
+// A veteli oldal csomagjainak lancolt listai, debug celokra:
+
+ Rx ring:
+ rafutott: 0
+ lastcheck: 50845731, jiffies: 51314281
+ base: 017b1858
+ rx_desc_ptr: 0
+ rx_desc_ptr: 017b1858
+ hw_curr_ptr: 017b1858
+ 06040000 017b1868 017b1898 c016ff00
+ 06040000 017b1878 017b1e9c c016ff00
+ 46040000 017b1888 017b24a0 c016ff00
+ 06040000 017b1858 017b2aa4 c016ff00
+
+// A kartyat hasznalo tobbi interfesz: a 0-s channel-group a comx1 interfesz,
+// es az 1,2,...,16 timeslotok tartoznak hozza:
+
+ Interfaces using this board: (channel-group, interface, timeslots)
+ 0 comx1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+ 1 comx2: 17
+ 2 comx3: 18
+ 3 comx4: 19
+ 4 comx5: 20
+ 5 comx6: 21
+ 6 comx7: 22
+ 7 comx8: 23
+ 8 comx9: 24
+ 9 comx10: 25
+ 10 comx11: 26
+ 11 comx12: 27
+ 12 comx13: 28
+ 13 comx14: 29
+ 14 comx15: 30
+ 15 comx16: 31
+
+// Hany esemenyt kezelt le a driver egy-egy hardver-interrupt kiszolgalasanal:
+
+ Interrupt work histogram:
+ hist[ 0]: 0 hist[ 1]: 2 hist[ 2]: 18574 hist[ 3]: 79
+ hist[ 4]: 14 hist[ 5]: 1 hist[ 6]: 0 hist[ 7]: 1
+ hist[ 8]: 0 hist[ 9]: 7
+
+// Hany kikuldendo csomag volt mar a Tx-ringben amikor ujabb lett irva bele:
+
+ Tx ring histogram:
+ hist[ 0]: 2329 hist[ 1]: 0 hist[ 2]: 0 hist[ 3]: 0
+
+// Az E1-interfesz hiba-szamlaloi, az rfc2495-nek megfeleloen:
+// (kb. a Cisco routerek "show controllers e1" formatumaban: http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios11/rbook/rinterfc.htm#xtocid25669126)
+
+Data in current interval (91 seconds elapsed):
+ 9516 Line Code Violations, 65 Path Code Violations, 2 E-Bit Errors
+ 0 Slip Secs, 2 Fr Loss Secs, 2 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins
+ 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 11 Unavail Secs
+Data in Interval 1 (15 minutes):
+ 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 E-Bit Errors
+ 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins
+ 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs
+Data in last 4 intervals (1 hour):
+ 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 E-Bit Errors
+ 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins
+ 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs
+Data in last 96 intervals (24 hours):
+ 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 E-Bit Errors
+ 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins
+ 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Nehany kulonlegesebb beallitasi lehetoseg (idovel beepulhetnek majd a driverbe):
+Ezekkel sok galibat lehet okozni, nagyon ovatosan kell oket hasznalni!
+
+ modified CRC-4, for improved interworking of CRC-4 and non-CRC-4
+ devices: (lasd page 107 es g706 Annex B)
+ lbireg[ 0x1b ] |= 0x08
+ lbireg[ 0x1c ] |= 0xc0
+ - ilyenkor ertelmezett az NMF - 'No Multiframe alignment Found after
+ 400 msec' alarm.
+
+ FALC - a vonali meghajto IC
+ local loop - a sajat adasomat halljam vissza
+ remote loop - a kivulrol jovo adast adom vissza
+
+ Egy hibakeresesre hasznalhato dolog:
+ - 1-es timeslot local loop a FALC-ban: echo >lbireg 0x1d 0x21
+ - local loop kikapcsolasa: echo >lbireg 0x1d 0x00
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/slicecom.txt b/Documentation/networking/slicecom.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59cfd95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/slicecom.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+
+SliceCOM adapter user's documentation - for the 0.51 driver version
+
+Written by Bartók István <bartoki@itc.hu>
+
+English translation: Lakatos György <gyuri@itc.hu>
+Mon Dec 11 15:28:42 CET 2000
+
+Last modified: Wed Aug 29 17:25:37 CEST 2001
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Usage:
+
+Compiling the kernel:
+
+Code maturity level options
+ [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
+
+Network device support
+ Wan interfaces
+ <M> MultiGate (COMX) synchronous
+ <M> Support for MUNICH based boards: SliceCOM, PCICOM (NEW)
+ <M> Support for HDLC and syncPPP...
+
+
+Loading the modules:
+
+modprobe comx
+
+modprobe comx-proto-ppp # module for Cisco-HDLC and SyncPPP protocols
+
+modprobe comx-hw-munich # the module logs information by the kernel
+ # about the detected boards
+
+
+Configuring the board:
+
+# This interface will use the Cisco-HDLC line protocol,
+# the timeslices assigned are 1,2 (128 KiBit line speed)
+# (the first data timeslice in the G.703 frame is no. 1)
+#
+mkdir /proc/comx/comx0.1/
+echo slicecom >/proc/comx/comx0.1/boardtype
+echo hdlc >/proc/comx/comx0.1/protocol
+echo 1 2 >/proc/comx/comx0.1/timeslots
+
+
+# This interface uses SyncPPP line protocol, the assigned
+# is no. 3 (64 KiBit line speed)
+#
+mkdir /proc/comx/comx0.2/
+echo slicecom >/proc/comx/comx0.2/boardtype
+echo ppp >/proc/comx/comx0.2/protocol
+echo 3 >/proc/comx/comx0.2/timeslots
+
+...
+
+ifconfig comx0.1 up
+ifconfig comx0.2 up
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The COMX interfaces use a 10 packet transmit queue by default, however WAN
+networks sometimes use bigger values (20 to 100), to utilize the line better
+by large traffic (though the line delay increases because of more packets
+join the queue).
+
+# ifconfig comx0 txqueuelen 50
+
+This option is only supported by the ifconfig command of the later
+distributions, which came with 2.2 kernels, such as RedHat 6.1 or Debian 2.2.
+
+You can download a newer netbase packet from
+http://www.debian.org/~rcw/2.2/netbase/ for Debian 2.1, which has a new
+ifconfig. You can get further information about using 2.2 kernel with
+Debian 2.1 from http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/running-kernel-2.2
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The SliceCom LEDs:
+
+red - on, if the interface is unconfigured, or it gets Remote Alarm-s
+green - on, if the board finds frame-sync in the received signal
+
+A bit more detailed:
+
+red: green: meaning:
+
+- - no frame-sync, no signal received, or signal SNAFU.
+- on "Everything is OK"
+on on Recepion is ok, but the remote end sends Remote Alarm
+on - The interface is unconfigured
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+A more detailed description of the hardware setting options:
+
+The general and the protocol layer options described in the 'comx.txt' file
+apply to the SliceCom as well, I only summarize the SliceCom hardware specific
+settings below.
+
+The '/proc/comx' configuring interface:
+
+An interface directory should be created for every timeslot group with
+'mkdir', e,g: 'comx0', 'comx1' etc. The timeslots can be assigned here to the
+specific interface. The Cisco-like naming convention (serial3:1 - first
+timeslot group of the 3rd. board) can't be used here, because these mean IP
+aliasing in Linux.
+
+You can give any meaningful name to keep the configuration clear;
+e.g: 'comx0.1', 'comx0.2', 'comx1.1', comx1.2', if you have two boards
+with two interfaces each.
+
+Settings, which apply to the board:
+
+Neither 'io' nor 'irq' settings required, the driver uses the resources
+given by the PCI BIOS.
+
+comx0/boardnum - board number of the SliceCom in the PC (using the 'natural'
+ PCI order) as listed in '/proc/pci' or the output of the
+ 'lspci' command, generally the slots nearer to the motherboard
+ PCI driver chips have the lower numbers.
+
+ Default: 0 (the counting starts with 0)
+
+Though the options below are to be set on a single interface, they apply to the
+whole board. The restriction, to use them on 'UP' interfaces, is because the
+command sequence below could lead to unpredicable results.
+
+ # echo 0 >boardnum
+ # echo internal >clock_source
+ # echo 1 >boardnum
+
+The sequence would set the clock source of board 0.
+
+These settings will persist after all the interfaces are cleared, but are
+cleared when the driver module is unloaded and loaded again.
+
+comx0/clock_source - source of the transmit clock
+ Usage:
+
+ # echo line >/proc/comx/comx0/clock_source
+ # echo internal >/proc/comx/comx0/clock_source
+
+ line - The Tx clock is being decoded if the input data stream,
+ if no clock seen on the input, then the board will use it's
+ own clock generator.
+
+ internal - The Tx clock is supplied by the builtin clock generator.
+
+ Default: line
+
+ Normally, the telecommunication company's end device (the HDSL
+ modem) provides the Tx clock, that's why 'line' is the default.
+
+comx0/framing - Switching CRC4 off/on
+
+ CRC4: 16 PCM frames (The 32 64Kibit channels are multiplexed into a
+ PCM frame, nothing to do with HDLC frames) are divided into 2x8
+ groups, each group has a 4 bit CRC.
+
+ # echo crc4 >/proc/comx/comx0/framing
+ # echo no-crc4 >/proc/comx/comx0/framing
+
+ Default is 'crc4', the Hungarian MATAV lines behave like this.
+ The traffic generally passes if this setting on both ends don't match.
+
+comx0/linecode - Setting the line coding
+
+ # echo hdb3 >/proc/comx/comx0/linecode
+ # echo ami >/proc/comx/comx0/linecode
+
+ Default a 'hdb3', MATAV lines use this.
+
+ (AMI coding is rarely used with E1 lines). Frame sync may occur, if
+ this setting doesn't match the other end's, but CRC4 and data errors
+ will come, which will result in CRC errors on HDLC/SyncPPP level.
+
+comx0/reg - direct access to the board's MUNICH (reg) and FALC (lbireg)
+comx0/lbireg circuit's registers
+
+ # echo >reg 0x04 0x0 - write 0 to register 4
+ # echo >reg 0x104 - write the contents of register 4 with
+ printk() to syslog
+
+WARNING! These are only for development purposes, messing with this will
+ result much trouble!
+
+comx0/loopback - Places a loop to the board's G.703 signals
+
+ # echo none >/proc/comx/comx0/loopback
+ # echo local >/proc/comx/comx0/loopback
+ # echo remote >/proc/comx/comx0/loopback
+
+ none - normal operation, no loop
+ local - the board receives it's own output
+ remote - the board sends the received data to the remote side
+
+ Default: none
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Interface (channel group in Cisco terms) settings:
+
+comx0/timeslots - which timeslots belong to the given interface
+
+ Setting:
+
+ # echo '1 5 2 6 7 8' >/proc/comx/comx0/timeslots
+
+ # cat /proc/comx/comx0/timeslots
+ 1 2 5 6 7 8
+ #
+
+ Finding a timeslot:
+
+ # grep ' 4' /proc/comx/comx*/timeslots
+ /proc/comx/comx0/timeslots:1 3 4 5 6
+ #
+
+ The timeslots can be in any order, '1 2 3' is the same as '1 3 2'.
+
+ The interface has to be DOWN during the setting ('ifconfig comx0
+ down'), but the other interfaces could operate normally.
+
+ The driver checks if the assigned timeslots are vacant, if not, then
+ the setting won't be applied.
+
+ The timeslot values are treated as decimal numbers, not to misunderstand
+ values of 08, 09 form.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Checking the interface and board status:
+
+- Lines beginning with ' ' (space) belong to the original output, the lines
+which begin with '//' are the comments.
+
+ papaya:~$ cat /proc/comx/comx1/status
+ Interface administrative status is UP, modem status is UP, protocol is UP
+ Modem status changes: 0, Transmitter status is IDLE, tbusy: 0
+ Interface load (input): 978376 / 947808 / 951024 bits/s (5s/5m/15m)
+ (output): 978376 / 947848 / 951024 bits/s (5s/5m/15m)
+ Debug flags: none
+ RX errors: len: 22, overrun: 1, crc: 0, aborts: 0
+ buffer overrun: 0, pbuffer overrun: 0
+ TX errors: underrun: 0
+ Line keepalive (value: 10) status UP [0]
+
+// The hardware specific part starts here:
+ Controller status:
+ No alarms
+
+// Alarm:
+//
+// No alarms - Everything OK
+//
+// LOS - Loss Of Signal - No signal sensed on the input
+// AIS - Alarm Indication Signal - The remot side sends '11111111'-s,
+// it tells, that there's an error condition, or it's not
+// initialised.
+// AUXP - Auxiliary Pattern Indication - 01010101.. received.
+// LFA - Loss of Frame Alignment - no frame sync received.
+// RRA - Receive Remote Alarm - the remote end's OK, but singnals error cond.
+// LMFA - Loss of CRC4 Multiframe Alignment - no CRC4 multiframe sync.
+// NMF - No Multiframe alignment Found after 400 msec - no such alarm using
+// no-crc4 or crc4 framing, see below.
+//
+// Other possible error messages:
+//
+// Transmit Line Short - the board felt, that it's output is short-circuited,
+// so it switched the transmission off. (The board can't definitely tell,
+// that it's output is short-circuited.)
+
+// Chained list of the received packets, for debug purposes:
+
+ Rx ring:
+ rafutott: 0
+ lastcheck: 50845731, jiffies: 51314281
+ base: 017b1858
+ rx_desc_ptr: 0
+ rx_desc_ptr: 017b1858
+ hw_curr_ptr: 017b1858
+ 06040000 017b1868 017b1898 c016ff00
+ 06040000 017b1878 017b1e9c c016ff00
+ 46040000 017b1888 017b24a0 c016ff00
+ 06040000 017b1858 017b2aa4 c016ff00
+
+// All the interfaces using the board: comx1, using the 1,2,...16 timeslots,
+// comx2, using timeslot 17, etc.
+
+ Interfaces using this board: (channel-group, interface, timeslots)
+ 0 comx1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+ 1 comx2: 17
+ 2 comx3: 18
+ 3 comx4: 19
+ 4 comx5: 20
+ 5 comx6: 21
+ 6 comx7: 22
+ 7 comx8: 23
+ 8 comx9: 24
+ 9 comx10: 25
+ 10 comx11: 26
+ 11 comx12: 27
+ 12 comx13: 28
+ 13 comx14: 29
+ 14 comx15: 30
+ 15 comx16: 31
+
+// The number of events handled by the driver during an interrupt cycle:
+
+ Interrupt work histogram:
+ hist[ 0]: 0 hist[ 1]: 2 hist[ 2]: 18574 hist[ 3]: 79
+ hist[ 4]: 14 hist[ 5]: 1 hist[ 6]: 0 hist[ 7]: 1
+ hist[ 8]: 0 hist[ 9]: 7
+
+// The number of packets to send in the Tx ring, when a new one arrived:
+
+ Tx ring histogram:
+ hist[ 0]: 2329 hist[ 1]: 0 hist[ 2]: 0 hist[ 3]: 0
+
+// The error counters of the E1 interface, according to the RFC2495,
+// (similar to the Cisco "show controllers e1" command's output:
+// http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios11/rbook/rinterfc.htm#xtocid25669126)
+
+Data in current interval (91 seconds elapsed):
+ 9516 Line Code Violations, 65 Path Code Violations, 2 E-Bit Errors
+ 0 Slip Secs, 2 Fr Loss Secs, 2 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins
+ 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 11 Unavail Secs
+Data in Interval 1 (15 minutes):
+ 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 E-Bit Errors
+ 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins
+ 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs
+Data in last 4 intervals (1 hour):
+ 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 E-Bit Errors
+ 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins
+ 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs
+Data in last 96 intervals (24 hours):
+ 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 E-Bit Errors
+ 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins
+ 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Some unique options, (may get into the driver later):
+Treat them very carefully, these can cause much trouble!
+
+ modified CRC-4, for improved interworking of CRC-4 and non-CRC-4
+ devices: (see page 107 and g706 Annex B)
+ lbireg[ 0x1b ] |= 0x08
+ lbireg[ 0x1c ] |= 0xc0
+
+ - The NMF - 'No Multiframe alignment Found after 400 msec' alarm
+ comes into account.
+
+ FALC - the line driver chip.
+ local loop - I hear my transmission back.
+ remote loop - I echo the remote transmission back.
+
+ Something useful for finding errors:
+
+ - local loop for timeslot 1 in the FALC chip:
+
+ # echo >lbireg 0x1d 0x21
+
+ - Swithing the loop off:
+
+ # echo >lbireg 0x1d 0x00
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/smc9.txt b/Documentation/networking/smc9.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1e1507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/smc9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+
+SMC 9xxxx Driver
+Revision 0.12
+3/5/96
+Copyright 1996 Erik Stahlman
+Released under terms of the GNU General Public License.
+
+This file contains the instructions and caveats for my SMC9xxx driver. You
+should not be using the driver without reading this file.
+
+Things to note about installation:
+
+ 1. The driver should work on all kernels from 1.2.13 until 1.3.71.
+ (A kernel patch is supplied for 1.3.71 )
+
+ 2. If you include this into the kernel, you might need to change some
+ options, such as for forcing IRQ.
+
+
+ 3. To compile as a module, run 'make' .
+ Make will give you the appropriate options for various kernel support.
+
+ 4. Loading the driver as a module :
+
+ use: insmod smc9194.o
+ optional parameters:
+ io=xxxx : your base address
+ irq=xx : your irq
+ ifport=x : 0 for whatever is default
+ 1 for twisted pair
+ 2 for AUI ( or BNC on some cards )
+
+How to obtain the latest version?
+
+FTP:
+ ftp://fenris.campus.vt.edu/smc9/smc9-12.tar.gz
+ ftp://sfbox.vt.edu/filebox/F/fenris/smc9/smc9-12.tar.gz
+
+
+Contacting me:
+ erik@mail.vt.edu
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/smctr.txt b/Documentation/networking/smctr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c866f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/smctr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+Text File for the SMC TokenCard TokenRing Linux driver (smctr.c).
+ By Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
+
+The Linux SMC Token Ring driver works with the SMC TokenCard Elite (8115T)
+ISA and SMC TokenCard Elite/A (8115T/A) MCA adapters.
+
+Latest information on this driver can be obtained on the Linux-SNA WWW site.
+Please point your browser to: http://www.linux-sna.org
+
+This driver is rather simple to use. Select Y to Token Ring adapter support
+in the kernel configuration. A choice for SMC Token Ring adapters will
+appear. This drives supports all SMC ISA/MCA adapters. Choose this
+option. I personally recommend compiling the driver as a module (M), but if you
+you would like to compile it staticly answer Y instead.
+
+This driver supports multiple adapters without the need to load multiple copies
+of the driver. You should be able to load up to 7 adapters without any kernel
+modifications, if you are in need of more please contact the maintainer of this
+driver.
+
+Load the driver either by lilo/loadlin or as a module. When a module using the
+following command will suffice for most:
+
+# modprobe smctr
+smctr.c: v1.00 12/6/99 by jschlst@samba.org
+tr0: SMC TokenCard 8115T at Io 0x300, Irq 10, Rom 0xd8000, Ram 0xcc000.
+
+Now just setup the device via ifconfig and set and routes you may have. After
+this you are ready to start sending some tokens.
+
+Errata:
+1). For anyone wondering where to pick up the SMC adapters please browse
+ to http://www.smc.com
+
+2). If you are the first/only Token Ring Client on a Token Ring LAN, please
+ specify the ringspeed with the ringspeed=[4/16] module option. If no
+ ringspeed is specified the driver will attempt to autodetect the ring
+ speed and/or if the adapter is the first/only station on the ring take
+ the appropriate actions.
+
+ NOTE: Default ring speed is 16MB UTP.
+
+3). PnP support for this adapter sucks. I recommend hard setting the
+ IO/MEM/IRQ by the jumpers on the adapter. If this is not possible
+ load the module with the following io=[ioaddr] mem=[mem_addr]
+ irq=[irq_num].
+
+ The following IRQ, IO, and MEM settings are supported.
+
+ IO ports:
+ 0x200, 0x220, 0x240, 0x260, 0x280, 0x2A0, 0x2C0, 0x2E0, 0x300,
+ 0x320, 0x340, 0x360, 0x380.
+
+ IRQs:
+ 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
+
+ Memory addresses:
+ 0xA0000, 0xA4000, 0xA8000, 0xAC000, 0xB0000, 0xB4000,
+ 0xB8000, 0xBC000, 0xC0000, 0xC4000, 0xC8000, 0xCC000,
+ 0xD0000, 0xD4000, 0xD8000, 0xDC000, 0xE0000, 0xE4000,
+ 0xE8000, 0xEC000, 0xF0000, 0xF4000, 0xF8000, 0xFC000
+
+This driver is under the GNU General Public License. Its Firmware image is
+included as an initialized C-array and is licensed by SMC to the Linux
+users of this driver. However no warranty about its fitness is expressed or
+implied by SMC.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/tcp.txt b/Documentation/networking/tcp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7174900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/tcp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+How the new TCP output machine [nyi] works.
+
+
+Data is kept on a single queue. The skb->users flag tells us if the frame is
+one that has been queued already. To add a frame we throw it on the end. Ack
+walks down the list from the start.
+
+We keep a set of control flags
+
+
+ sk->tcp_pend_event
+
+ TCP_PEND_ACK Ack needed
+ TCP_ACK_NOW Needed now
+ TCP_WINDOW Window update check
+ TCP_WINZERO Zero probing
+
+
+ sk->transmit_queue The transmission frame begin
+ sk->transmit_new First new frame pointer
+ sk->transmit_end Where to add frames
+
+ sk->tcp_last_tx_ack Last ack seen
+ sk->tcp_dup_ack Dup ack count for fast retransmit
+
+
+Frames are queued for output by tcp_write. We do our best to send the frames
+off immediately if possible, but otherwise queue and compute the body
+checksum in the copy.
+
+When a write is done we try to clear any pending events and piggy back them.
+If the window is full we queue full sized frames. On the first timeout in
+zero window we split this.
+
+On a timer we walk the retransmit list to send any retransmits, update the
+backoff timers etc. A change of route table stamp causes a change of header
+and recompute. We add any new tcp level headers and refinish the checksum
+before sending.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/tlan.txt b/Documentation/networking/tlan.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e6aa5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/tlan.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+(C) 1997-1998 Caldera, Inc.
+(C) 1998 James Banks
+(C) 1999-2001 Torben Mathiasen <tmm@image.dk, torben.mathiasen@compaq.com>
+
+For driver information/updates visit http://opensource.compaq.com
+
+
+TLAN driver for Linux, version 1.14a
+README
+
+
+I. Supported Devices.
+
+ Only PCI devices will work with this driver.
+
+ Supported:
+ Vendor ID Device ID Name
+ 0e11 ae32 Compaq Netelligent 10/100 TX PCI UTP
+ 0e11 ae34 Compaq Netelligent 10 T PCI UTP
+ 0e11 ae35 Compaq Integrated NetFlex 3/P
+ 0e11 ae40 Compaq Netelligent Dual 10/100 TX PCI UTP
+ 0e11 ae43 Compaq Netelligent Integrated 10/100 TX UTP
+ 0e11 b011 Compaq Netelligent 10/100 TX Embedded UTP
+ 0e11 b012 Compaq Netelligent 10 T/2 PCI UTP/Coax
+ 0e11 b030 Compaq Netelligent 10/100 TX UTP
+ 0e11 f130 Compaq NetFlex 3/P
+ 0e11 f150 Compaq NetFlex 3/P
+ 108d 0012 Olicom OC-2325
+ 108d 0013 Olicom OC-2183
+ 108d 0014 Olicom OC-2326
+
+
+ Caveats:
+
+ I am not sure if 100BaseTX daughterboards (for those cards which
+ support such things) will work. I haven't had any solid evidence
+ either way.
+
+ However, if a card supports 100BaseTx without requiring an add
+ on daughterboard, it should work with 100BaseTx.
+
+ The "Netelligent 10 T/2 PCI UTP/Coax" (b012) device is untested,
+ but I do not expect any problems.
+
+
+II. Driver Options
+ 1. You can append debug=x to the end of the insmod line to get
+ debug messages, where x is a bit field where the bits mean
+ the following:
+
+ 0x01 Turn on general debugging messages.
+ 0x02 Turn on receive debugging messages.
+ 0x04 Turn on transmit debugging messages.
+ 0x08 Turn on list debugging messages.
+
+ 2. You can append aui=1 to the end of the insmod line to cause
+ the adapter to use the AUI interface instead of the 10 Base T
+ interface. This is also what to do if you want to use the BNC
+ connector on a TLAN based device. (Setting this option on a
+ device that does not have an AUI/BNC connector will probably
+ cause it to not function correctly.)
+
+ 3. You can set duplex=1 to force half duplex, and duplex=2 to
+ force full duplex.
+
+ 4. You can set speed=10 to force 10Mbs operation, and speed=100
+ to force 100Mbs operation. (I'm not sure what will happen
+ if a card which only supports 10Mbs is forced into 100Mbs
+ mode.)
+
+ 5. You have to use speed=X duplex=Y together now. If you just
+ do "insmod tlan.o speed=100" the driver will do Auto-Neg.
+ To force a 10Mbps Half-Duplex link do "insmod tlan.o speed=10
+ duplex=1".
+
+ 6. If the driver is built into the kernel, you can use the 3rd
+ and 4th parameters to set aui and debug respectively. For
+ example:
+
+ ether=0,0,0x1,0x7,eth0
+
+ This sets aui to 0x1 and debug to 0x7, assuming eth0 is a
+ supported TLAN device.
+
+ The bits in the third byte are assigned as follows:
+
+ 0x01 = aui
+ 0x02 = use half duplex
+ 0x04 = use full duplex
+ 0x08 = use 10BaseT
+ 0x10 = use 100BaseTx
+
+ You also need to set both speed and duplex settings when forcing
+ speeds with kernel-parameters.
+ ether=0,0,0x12,0,eth0 will force link to 100Mbps Half-Duplex.
+
+ 7. If you have more than one tlan adapter in your system, you can
+ use the above options on a per adapter basis. To force a 100Mbit/HD
+ link with your eth1 adapter use:
+
+ insmod tlan speed=0,100 duplex=0,1
+
+ Now eth0 will use auto-neg and eth1 will be forced to 100Mbit/HD.
+ Note that the tlan driver supports a maximum of 8 adapters.
+
+
+III. Things to try if you have problems.
+ 1. Make sure your card's PCI id is among those listed in
+ section I, above.
+ 2. Make sure routing is correct.
+ 3. Try forcing different speed/duplex settings
+
+
+There is also a tlan mailing list which you can join by sending "subscribe tlan"
+in the body of an email to majordomo@vuser.vu.union.edu.
+There is also a tlan website at http://opensource.compaq.com
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/tms380tr.txt b/Documentation/networking/tms380tr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..179e527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/tms380tr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+Text file for the Linux SysKonnect Token Ring ISA/PCI Adapter Driver.
+ Text file by: Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
+
+The Linux SysKonnect Token Ring driver works with the SysKonnect TR4/16(+) ISA,
+SysKonnect TR4/16(+) PCI, SysKonnect TR4/16 PCI, and older revisions of the
+SK NET TR4/16 ISA card.
+
+Latest information on this driver can be obtained on the Linux-SNA WWW site.
+Please point your browser to:
+http://www.linux-sna.org
+
+Many thanks to Christoph Goos for his excellent work on this driver and
+SysKonnect for donating the adapters to Linux-SNA for the testing and
+maintenance of this device driver.
+
+Important information to be noted:
+1. Adapters can be slow to open (~20 secs) and close (~5 secs), please be
+ patient.
+2. This driver works very well when autoprobing for adapters. Why even
+ think about those nasty io/int/dma settings of modprobe when the driver
+ will do it all for you!
+
+This driver is rather simple to use. Select Y to Token Ring adapter support
+in the kernel configuration. A choice for SysKonnect Token Ring adapters will
+appear. This drives supports all SysKonnect ISA and PCI adapters. Choose this
+option. I personally recommend compiling the driver as a module (M), but if you
+you would like to compile it staticly answer Y instead.
+
+This driver supports multiple adapters without the need to load multiple copies
+of the driver. You should be able to load up to 7 adapters without any kernel
+modifications, if you are in need of more please contact the maintainer of this
+driver.
+
+Load the driver either by lilo/loadlin or as a module. When a module using the
+following command will suffice for most:
+
+# modprobe sktr
+
+This will produce output similar to the following: (Output is user specific)
+
+sktr.c: v1.01 08/29/97 by Christoph Goos
+tr0: SK NET TR 4/16 PCI found at 0x6100, using IRQ 17.
+tr1: SK NET TR 4/16 PCI found at 0x6200, using IRQ 16.
+tr2: SK NET TR 4/16 ISA found at 0xa20, using IRQ 10 and DMA 5.
+
+Now just setup the device via ifconfig and set and routes you may have. After
+this you are ready to start sending some tokens.
+
+Errata:
+For anyone wondering where to pick up the SysKonnect adapters please browse
+to http://www.syskonnect.com
+
+This driver is under the GNU General Public License. Its Firmware image is
+included as an initialized C-array and is licensed by SysKonnect to the Linux
+users of this driver. However no warranty about its fitness is expressed or
+implied by SysKonnect.
+
+Below find attached the setting for the SK NET TR 4/16 ISA adapters
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ ***************************
+ *** C O N T E N T S ***
+ ***************************
+
+ 1) Location of DIP-Switch W1
+ 2) Default settings
+ 3) DIP-Switch W1 description
+
+
+ ==============================================================
+ CHAPTER 1 LOCATION OF DIP-SWITCH
+ ==============================================================
+
+UÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿
+þUÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ UÄÄÄÄÄ¿ UÄÄÄ¿ þ
+þAÄÄÄÄÄÄU W1 AÄÄÄÄÄU UÄÄÄÄ¿ þ þ þ
+þUÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ þ þ þ þ UÄÄÅ¿
+þAÄÄÄÄÄÄU UÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ AÄÄÄÄU þ þ þ þþ
+þUÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ þ þ UÄÄÄ¿ AÄÄÄU AÄÄÅU
+þAÄÄÄÄÄÄU þ TMS380C26 þ þ þ þ
+þUÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ þ þ AÄÄÄU AÄ¿
+þAÄÄÄÄÄÄU þ þ þ þ
+þ AÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄU þ þ
+þ þ þ
+þ AÄU
+þ þ
+þ þ
+þ þ
+þ þ
+AÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄAÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄAÄÄAÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄAÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄU
+ AÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄU AÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄU
+
+ ==============================================================
+ CHAPTER 2 DEFAULT SETTINGS
+ ==============================================================
+
+ W1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ +------------------------------+
+ | ON X |
+ | OFF X X X X X X X |
+ +------------------------------+
+
+ W1.1 = ON Adapter drives address lines SA17..19
+ W1.2 - 1.5 = OFF BootROM disabled
+ W1.6 - 1.8 = OFF I/O address 0A20h
+
+ ==============================================================
+ CHAPTER 3 DIP SWITCH W1 DESCRIPTION
+ ==============================================================
+
+ UÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄ¿ ON
+ þ 1 þ 2 þ 3 þ 4 þ 5 þ 6 þ 7 þ 8 þ
+ AÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄAÄÄÄU OFF
+ |AD | BootROM Addr. | I/O |
+ +-+-+-------+-------+-----+-----+
+ | | |
+ | | +------ 6 7 8
+ | | ON ON ON 1900h
+ | | ON ON OFF 0900h
+ | | ON OFF ON 1980h
+ | | ON OFF OFF 0980h
+ | | OFF ON ON 1b20h
+ | | OFF ON OFF 0b20h
+ | | OFF OFF ON 1a20h
+ | | OFF OFF OFF 0a20h (+)
+ | |
+ | |
+ | +-------- 2 3 4 5
+ | OFF x x x disabled (+)
+ | ON ON ON ON C0000
+ | ON ON ON OFF C4000
+ | ON ON OFF ON C8000
+ | ON ON OFF OFF CC000
+ | ON OFF ON ON D0000
+ | ON OFF ON OFF D4000
+ | ON OFF OFF ON D8000
+ | ON OFF OFF OFF DC000
+ |
+ |
+ +----- 1
+ OFF adapter does NOT drive SA<17..19>
+ ON adapter drives SA<17..19> (+)
+
+
+ (+) means default setting
+
+ ********************************
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/tuntap.txt b/Documentation/networking/tuntap.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec3d109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/tuntap.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+Universal TUN/TAP device driver.
+Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Maxim Krasnyansky <max_mk@yahoo.com>
+
+ Linux, Solaris drivers
+ Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Maxim Krasnyansky <max_mk@yahoo.com>
+
+ FreeBSD TAP driver
+ Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Maksim Yevmenkin <m_evmenkin@yahoo.com>
+
+ Revision of this document 2002 by Florian Thiel <florian.thiel@gmx.net>
+
+1. Description
+ TUN/TAP provides packet reception and transmission for user space programs.
+ It can be seen as a simple Point-to-Point or Ethernet device, which,
+ instead of receiving packets from physical media, receives them from
+ user space program and instead of sending packets via physical media
+ writes them to the user space program.
+
+ In order to use the driver a program has to open /dev/net/tun and issue a
+ corresponding ioctl() to register a network device with the kernel. A network
+ device will appear as tunXX or tapXX, depending on the options chosen. When
+ the program closes the file descriptor, the network device and all
+ corresponding routes will disappear.
+
+ Depending on the type of device chosen the userspace program has to read/write
+ IP packets (with tun) or ethernet frames (with tap). Which one is being used
+ depends on the flags given with the ioctl().
+
+ The package from http://vtun.sourceforge.net/tun contains two simple examples
+ for how to use tun and tap devices. Both programs work like a bridge between
+ two network interfaces.
+ br_select.c - bridge based on select system call.
+ br_sigio.c - bridge based on async io and SIGIO signal.
+ However, the best example is VTun http://vtun.sourceforge.net :))
+
+2. Configuration
+ Create device node:
+ mkdir /dev/net (if it doesn't exist already)
+ mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200
+
+ Set permissions:
+ e.g. chmod 0700 /dev/net/tun
+ if you want the device only accessible by root. Giving regular users the
+ right to assign network devices is NOT a good idea. Users could assign
+ bogus network interfaces to trick firewalls or administrators.
+
+ Driver module autoloading
+
+ Make sure that "Kernel module loader" - module auto-loading
+ support is enabled in your kernel. The kernel should load it on
+ first access.
+
+ Manual loading
+ insert the module by hand:
+ modprobe tun
+
+ If you do it the latter way, you have to load the module every time you
+ need it, if you do it the other way it will be automatically loaded when
+ /dev/net/tun is being opened.
+
+3. Program interface
+ 3.1 Network device allocation:
+
+ char *dev should be the name of the device with a format string (e.g.
+ "tun%d"), but (as far as I can see) this can be any valid network device name.
+ Note that the character pointer becomes overwritten with the real device name
+ (e.g. "tun0")
+
+ #include <linux/if.h>
+ #include <linux/if_tun.h>
+
+ int tun_alloc(char *dev)
+ {
+ struct ifreq ifr;
+ int fd, err;
+
+ if( (fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR)) < 0 )
+ return tun_alloc_old(dev);
+
+ memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
+
+ /* Flags: IFF_TUN - TUN device (no Ethernet headers)
+ * IFF_TAP - TAP device
+ *
+ * IFF_NO_PI - Do not provide packet information
+ */
+ ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TUN;
+ if( *dev )
+ strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, dev, IFNAMSIZ);
+
+ if( (err = ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, (void *) &ifr)) < 0 ){
+ close(fd);
+ return err;
+ }
+ strcpy(dev, ifr.ifr_name);
+ return fd;
+ }
+
+ 3.2 Frame format:
+ If flag IFF_NO_PI is not set each frame format is:
+ Flags [2 bytes]
+ Proto [2 bytes]
+ Raw protocol(IP, IPv6, etc) frame.
+
+Universal TUN/TAP device driver Frequently Asked Question.
+
+1. What platforms are supported by TUN/TAP driver ?
+Currently driver has been written for 3 Unices:
+ Linux kernels 2.2.x, 2.4.x
+ FreeBSD 3.x, 4.x, 5.x
+ Solaris 2.6, 7.0, 8.0
+
+2. What is TUN/TAP driver used for?
+As mentioned above, main purpose of TUN/TAP driver is tunneling.
+It is used by VTun (http://vtun.sourceforge.net).
+
+Another interesting application using TUN/TAP is pipsecd
+(http://perso.enst.fr/~beyssac/pipsec/), an userspace IPSec
+implementation that can use complete kernel routing (unlike FreeS/WAN).
+
+3. How does Virtual network device actually work ?
+Virtual network device can be viewed as a simple Point-to-Point or
+Ethernet device, which instead of receiving packets from a physical
+media, receives them from user space program and instead of sending
+packets via physical media sends them to the user space program.
+
+Let's say that you configured IPX on the tap0, then whenever
+the kernel sends an IPX packet to tap0, it is passed to the application
+(VTun for example). The application encrypts, compresses and sends it to
+the other side over TCP or UDP. The application on the other side decompresses
+and decrypts the data received and writes the packet to the TAP device,
+the kernel handles the packet like it came from real physical device.
+
+4. What is the difference between TUN driver and TAP driver?
+TUN works with IP frames. TAP works with Ethernet frames.
+
+This means that you have to read/write IP packets when you are using tun and
+ethernet frames when using tap.
+
+5. What is the difference between BPF and TUN/TAP driver?
+BFP is an advanced packet filter. It can be attached to existing
+network interface. It does not provide a virtual network interface.
+A TUN/TAP driver does provide a virtual network interface and it is possible
+to attach BPF to this interface.
+
+6. Does TAP driver support kernel Ethernet bridging?
+Yes. Linux and FreeBSD drivers support Ethernet bridging.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/vortex.txt b/Documentation/networking/vortex.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa12a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/vortex.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+Documentation/networking/vortex.txt
+Andrew Morton <andrewm@uow.edu.au>
+30 April 2000
+
+
+This document describes the usage and errata of the 3Com "Vortex" device
+driver for Linux, 3c59x.c.
+
+The driver was written by Donald Becker <becker@scyld.com>
+
+Don is no longer the prime maintainer of this version of the driver.
+Please report problems to one or more of:
+
+ Andrew Morton <andrewm@uow.edu.au>
+ Netdev mailing list <netdev@oss.sgi.com>
+ Linux kernel mailing list <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>
+
+Please note the 'Reporting and Diagnosing Problems' section at the end
+of this file.
+
+
+Since kernel 2.3.99-pre6, this driver incorporates the support for the
+3c575-series Cardbus cards which used to be handled by 3c575_cb.c.
+
+This driver supports the following hardware:
+
+ 3c590 Vortex 10Mbps
+ 3c592 EISA 10mbps Demon/Vortex
+ 3c597 EISA Fast Demon/Vortex
+ 3c595 Vortex 100baseTx
+ 3c595 Vortex 100baseT4
+ 3c595 Vortex 100base-MII
+ 3Com Vortex
+ 3c900 Boomerang 10baseT
+ 3c900 Boomerang 10Mbps Combo
+ 3c900 Cyclone 10Mbps TPO
+ 3c900B Cyclone 10Mbps T
+ 3c900 Cyclone 10Mbps Combo
+ 3c900 Cyclone 10Mbps TPC
+ 3c900B-FL Cyclone 10base-FL
+ 3c905 Boomerang 100baseTx
+ 3c905 Boomerang 100baseT4
+ 3c905B Cyclone 100baseTx
+ 3c905B Cyclone 10/100/BNC
+ 3c905B-FX Cyclone 100baseFx
+ 3c905C Tornado
+ 3c980 Cyclone
+ 3cSOHO100-TX Hurricane
+ 3c555 Laptop Hurricane
+ 3c575 Boomerang CardBus
+ 3CCFE575 Cyclone CardBus
+ 3CCFE575CT Cyclone CardBus
+ 3CCFE656 Cyclone CardBus
+ 3CCFEM656 Cyclone CardBus
+ 3c450 Cyclone/unknown
+
+
+Module parameters
+=================
+
+There are several parameters which may be provided to the driver when
+its module is loaded. These are usually placed in /etc/modprobe.conf
+(/etc/modules.conf in 2.4). Example:
+
+options 3c59x debug=3 rx_copybreak=300
+
+If you are using the PCMCIA tools (cardmgr) then the options may be
+placed in /etc/pcmcia/config.opts:
+
+module "3c59x" opts "debug=3 rx_copybreak=300"
+
+
+The supported parameters are:
+
+debug=N
+
+ Where N is a number from 0 to 7. Anything above 3 produces a lot
+ of output in your system logs. debug=1 is default.
+
+options=N1,N2,N3,...
+
+ Each number in the list provides an option to the corresponding
+ network card. So if you have two 3c905's and you wish to provide
+ them with option 0x204 you would use:
+
+ options=0x204,0x204
+
+ The individual options are composed of a number of bitfields which
+ have the following meanings:
+
+ Possible media type settings
+ 0 10baseT
+ 1 10Mbs AUI
+ 2 undefined
+ 3 10base2 (BNC)
+ 4 100base-TX
+ 5 100base-FX
+ 6 MII (Media Independent Interface)
+ 7 Use default setting from EEPROM
+ 8 Autonegotiate
+ 9 External MII
+ 10 Use default setting from EEPROM
+
+ When generating a value for the 'options' setting, the above media
+ selection values may be OR'ed (or added to) the following:
+
+ 0x8000 Set driver debugging level to 7
+ 0x4000 Set driver debugging level to 2
+ 0x0400 Enable Wake-on-LAN
+ 0x0200 Force full duplex mode.
+ 0x0010 Bus-master enable bit (Old Vortex cards only)
+
+ For example:
+
+ insmod 3c59x options=0x204
+
+ will force full-duplex 100base-TX, rather than allowing the usual
+ autonegotiation.
+
+global_options=N
+
+ Sets the `options' parameter for all 3c59x NICs in the machine.
+ Entries in the `options' array above will override any setting of
+ this.
+
+full_duplex=N1,N2,N3...
+
+ Similar to bit 9 of 'options'. Forces the corresponding card into
+ full-duplex mode. Please use this in preference to the `options'
+ parameter.
+
+ In fact, please don't use this at all! You're better off getting
+ autonegotiation working properly.
+
+global_full_duplex=N1
+
+ Sets full duplex mode for all 3c59x NICs in the machine. Entries
+ in the `full_duplex' array above will override any setting of this.
+
+flow_ctrl=N1,N2,N3...
+
+ Use 802.3x MAC-layer flow control. The 3com cards only support the
+ PAUSE command, which means that they will stop sending packets for a
+ short period if they receive a PAUSE frame from the link partner.
+
+ The driver only allows flow control on a link which is operating in
+ full duplex mode.
+
+ This feature does not appear to work on the 3c905 - only 3c905B and
+ 3c905C have been tested.
+
+ The 3com cards appear to only respond to PAUSE frames which are
+ sent to the reserved destination address of 01:80:c2:00:00:01. They
+ do not honour PAUSE frames which are sent to the station MAC address.
+
+rx_copybreak=M
+
+ The driver preallocates 32 full-sized (1536 byte) network buffers
+ for receiving. When a packet arrives, the driver has to decide
+ whether to leave the packet in its full-sized buffer, or to allocate
+ a smaller buffer and copy the packet across into it.
+
+ This is a speed/space tradeoff.
+
+ The value of rx_copybreak is used to decide when to make the copy.
+ If the packet size is less than rx_copybreak, the packet is copied.
+ The default value for rx_copybreak is 200 bytes.
+
+max_interrupt_work=N
+
+ The driver's interrupt service routine can handle many receive and
+ transmit packets in a single invocation. It does this in a loop.
+ The value of max_interrupt_work governs how mnay times the interrupt
+ service routine will loop. The default value is 32 loops. If this
+ is exceeded the interrupt service routine gives up and generates a
+ warning message "eth0: Too much work in interrupt".
+
+hw_checksums=N1,N2,N3,...
+
+ Recent 3com NICs are able to generate IPv4, TCP and UDP checksums
+ in hardware. Linux has used the Rx checksumming for a long time.
+ The "zero copy" patch which is planned for the 2.4 kernel series
+ allows you to make use of the NIC's DMA scatter/gather and transmit
+ checksumming as well.
+
+ The driver is set up so that, when the zerocopy patch is applied,
+ all Tornado and Cyclone devices will use S/G and Tx checksums.
+
+ This module parameter has been provided so you can override this
+ decision. If you think that Tx checksums are causing a problem, you
+ may disable the feature with `hw_checksums=0'.
+
+ If you think your NIC should be performing Tx checksumming and the
+ driver isn't enabling it, you can force the use of hardware Tx
+ checksumming with `hw_checksums=1'.
+
+ The driver drops a message in the logfiles to indicate whether or
+ not it is using hardware scatter/gather and hardware Tx checksums.
+
+ Scatter/gather and hardware checksums provide considerable
+ performance improvement for the sendfile() system call, but a small
+ decrease in throughput for send(). There is no effect upon receive
+ efficiency.
+
+compaq_ioaddr=N
+compaq_irq=N
+compaq_device_id=N
+
+ "Variables to work-around the Compaq PCI BIOS32 problem"....
+
+watchdog=N
+
+ Sets the time duration (in milliseconds) after which the kernel
+ decides that the transmitter has become stuck and needs to be reset.
+ This is mainly for debugging purposes, although it may be advantageous
+ to increase this value on LANs which have very high collision rates.
+ The default value is 5000 (5.0 seconds).
+
+enable_wol=N1,N2,N3,...
+
+ Enable Wake-on-LAN support for the relevant interface. Donald
+ Becker's `ether-wake' application may be used to wake suspended
+ machines.
+
+ Also enables the NIC's power management support.
+
+global_enable_wol=N
+
+ Sets enable_wol mode for all 3c59x NICs in the machine. Entries in
+ the `enable_wol' array above will override any setting of this.
+
+Media selection
+---------------
+
+A number of the older NICs such as the 3c590 and 3c900 series have
+10base2 and AUI interfaces.
+
+Prior to January, 2001 this driver would autoeselect the 10base2 or AUI
+port if it didn't detect activity on the 10baseT port. It would then
+get stuck on the 10base2 port and a driver reload was necessary to
+switch back to 10baseT. This behaviour could not be prevented with a
+module option override.
+
+Later (current) versions of the driver _do_ support locking of the
+media type. So if you load the driver module with
+
+ modprobe 3c59x options=0
+
+it will permanently select the 10baseT port. Automatic selection of
+other media types does not occur.
+
+
+Transmit error, Tx status register 82
+-------------------------------------
+
+This is a common error which is almost always caused by another host on
+the same network being in full-duplex mode, while this host is in
+half-duplex mode. You need to find that other host and make it run in
+half-duplex mode or fix this host to run in full-duplex mode.
+
+As a last resort, you can force the 3c59x driver into full-duplex mode
+with
+
+ options 3c59x full_duplex=1
+
+but this has to be viewed as a workaround for broken network gear and
+should only really be used for equipment which cannot autonegotiate.
+
+
+Additional resources
+--------------------
+
+Details of the device driver implementation are at the top of the source file.
+
+Additional documentation is available at Don Becker's Linux Drivers site:
+
+ http://www.scyld.com/network/vortex.html
+
+Donald Becker's driver development site:
+
+ http://www.scyld.com/network
+
+Donald's vortex-diag program is useful for inspecting the NIC's state:
+
+ http://www.scyld.com/diag/#pci-diags
+
+Donald's mii-diag program may be used for inspecting and manipulating
+the NIC's Media Independent Interface subsystem:
+
+ http://www.scyld.com/diag/#mii-diag
+
+Donald's wake-on-LAN page:
+
+ http://www.scyld.com/expert/wake-on-lan.html
+
+3Com's documentation for many NICs, including the ones supported by
+this driver is available at
+
+ http://support.3com.com/partners/developer/developer_form.html
+
+3Com's DOS-based application for setting up the NICs EEPROMs:
+
+ ftp://ftp.3com.com/pub/nic/3c90x/3c90xx2.exe
+
+Driver updates and a detailed changelog for the modifications which
+were made for the 2.3/2,4 series kernel is available at
+
+ http://www.uow.edu.au/~andrewm/linux/#3c59x-2.3
+
+
+Autonegotiation notes
+---------------------
+
+ The driver uses a one-minute heartbeat for adapting to changes in
+ the external LAN environment. This means that when, for example, a
+ machine is unplugged from a hubbed 10baseT LAN plugged into a
+ switched 100baseT LAN, the throughput will be quite dreadful for up
+ to sixty seconds. Be patient.
+
+ Cisco interoperability note from Walter Wong <wcw+@CMU.EDU>:
+
+ On a side note, adding HAS_NWAY seems to share a problem with the
+ Cisco 6509 switch. Specifically, you need to change the spanning
+ tree parameter for the port the machine is plugged into to 'portfast'
+ mode. Otherwise, the negotiation fails. This has been an issue
+ we've noticed for a while but haven't had the time to track down.
+
+ Cisco switches (Jeff Busch <jbusch@deja.com>)
+
+ My "standard config" for ports to which PC's/servers connect directly:
+
+ interface FastEthernet0/N
+ description machinename
+ load-interval 30
+ spanning-tree portfast
+
+ If autonegotiation is a problem, you may need to specify "speed
+ 100" and "duplex full" as well (or "speed 10" and "duplex half").
+
+ WARNING: DO NOT hook up hubs/switches/bridges to these
+ specially-configured ports! The switch will become very confused.
+
+
+Reporting and diagnosing problems
+---------------------------------
+
+Maintainers find that accurate and complete problem reports are
+invaluable in resolving driver problems. We are frequently not able to
+reproduce problems and must rely on your patience and efforts to get to
+the bottom of the problem.
+
+If you believe you have a driver problem here are some of the
+steps you should take:
+
+- Is it really a driver problem?
+
+ Eliminate some variables: try different cards, different
+ computers, different cables, different ports on the switch/hub,
+ different versions of the kernel or ofthe driver, etc.
+
+- OK, it's a driver problem.
+
+ You need to generate a report. Typically this is an email to the
+ maintainer and/or linux-net@vger.kernel.org. The maintainer's
+ email address will be inthe driver source or in the MAINTAINERS file.
+
+- The contents of your report will vary a lot depending upon the
+ problem. If it's a kernel crash then you should refer to the
+ REPORTING-BUGS file.
+
+ But for most problems it is useful to provide the following:
+
+ o Kernel version, driver version
+
+ o A copy of the banner message which the driver generates when
+ it is initialised. For example:
+
+ eth0: 3Com PCI 3c905C Tornado at 0xa400, 00:50:da:6a:88:f0, IRQ 19
+ 8K byte-wide RAM 5:3 Rx:Tx split, autoselect/Autonegotiate interface.
+ MII transceiver found at address 24, status 782d.
+ Enabling bus-master transmits and whole-frame receives.
+
+ NOTE: You must provide the `debug=2' modprobe option to generate
+ a full detection message. Please do this:
+
+ modprobe 3c59x debug=2
+
+ o If it is a PCI device, the relevant output from 'lspci -vx', eg:
+
+ 00:09.0 Ethernet controller: 3Com Corporation 3c905C-TX [Fast Etherlink] (rev 74)
+ Subsystem: 3Com Corporation: Unknown device 9200
+ Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 19
+ I/O ports at a400 [size=128]
+ Memory at db000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128]
+ Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled] [size=128K]
+ Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version 2
+ 00: b7 10 00 92 07 00 10 02 74 00 00 02 08 20 00 00
+ 10: 01 a4 00 00 00 00 00 db 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+ 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 b7 10 00 10
+ 30: 00 00 00 00 dc 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 01 0a 0a
+
+ o A description of the environment: 10baseT? 100baseT?
+ full/half duplex? switched or hubbed?
+
+ o Any additional module parameters which you may be providing to the driver.
+
+ o Any kernel logs which are produced. The more the merrier.
+ If this is a large file and you are sending your report to a
+ mailing list, mention that you have the logfile, but don't send
+ it. If you're reporting direct to the maintainer then just send
+ it.
+
+ To ensure that all kernel logs are available, add the
+ following line to /etc/syslog.conf:
+
+ kern.* /var/log/messages
+
+ Then restart syslogd with:
+
+ /etc/rc.d/init.d/syslog restart
+
+ (The above may vary, depending upon which Linux distribution you use).
+
+ o If your problem is reproducible then that's great. Try the
+ following:
+
+ 1) Increase the debug level. Usually this is done via:
+
+ a) modprobe driver debug=7
+ b) In /etc/modprobe.conf (or /etc/modules.conf for 2.4):
+ options driver debug=7
+
+ 2) Recreate the problem with the higher debug level,
+ send all logs to the maintainer.
+
+ 3) Download you card's diagnostic tool from Donald
+ Backer's website http://www.scyld.com/diag. Download
+ mii-diag.c as well. Build these.
+
+ a) Run 'vortex-diag -aaee' and 'mii-diag -v' when the card is
+ working correctly. Save the output.
+
+ b) Run the above commands when the card is malfunctioning. Send
+ both sets of output.
+
+Finally, please be patient and be prepared to do some work. You may end up working on
+this problem for a week or more as the maintainer asks more questions, asks for more
+tests, asks for patches to be applied, etc. At the end of it all, the problem may even
+remain unresolved.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/wan-router.txt b/Documentation/networking/wan-router.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aea20cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/wan-router.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Linux WAN Router Utilities Package
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Version 2.2.1
+Mar 28, 2001
+Author: Nenad Corbic <ncorbic@sangoma.com>
+Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Sangoma Technologies Inc.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Wide Area Networks (WANs) are used to interconnect Local Area Networks (LANs)
+and/or stand-alone hosts over vast distances with data transfer rates
+significantly higher than those achievable with commonly used dial-up
+connections.
+
+Usually an external device called `WAN router' sitting on your local network
+or connected to your machine's serial port provides physical connection to
+WAN. Although router's job may be as simple as taking your local network
+traffic, converting it to WAN format and piping it through the WAN link, these
+devices are notoriously expensive, with prices as much as 2 - 5 times higher
+then the price of a typical PC box.
+
+Alternatively, considering robustness and multitasking capabilities of Linux,
+an internal router can be built (most routers use some sort of stripped down
+Unix-like operating system anyway). With a number of relatively inexpensive WAN
+interface cards available on the market, a perfectly usable router can be
+built for less than half a price of an external router. Yet a Linux box
+acting as a router can still be used for other purposes, such as fire-walling,
+running FTP, WWW or DNS server, etc.
+
+This kernel module introduces the notion of a WAN Link Driver (WLD) to Linux
+operating system and provides generic hardware-independent services for such
+drivers. Why can existing Linux network device interface not be used for
+this purpose? Well, it can. However, there are a few key differences between
+a typical network interface (e.g. Ethernet) and a WAN link.
+
+Many WAN protocols, such as X.25 and frame relay, allow for multiple logical
+connections (known as `virtual circuits' in X.25 terminology) over a single
+physical link. Each such virtual circuit may (and almost always does) lead
+to a different geographical location and, therefore, different network. As a
+result, it is the virtual circuit, not the physical link, that represents a
+route and, therefore, a network interface in Linux terms.
+
+To further complicate things, virtual circuits are usually volatile in nature
+(excluding so called `permanent' virtual circuits or PVCs). With almost no
+time required to set up and tear down a virtual circuit, it is highly desirable
+to implement on-demand connections in order to minimize network charges. So
+unlike a typical network driver, the WAN driver must be able to handle multiple
+network interfaces and cope as multiple virtual circuits come into existence
+and go away dynamically.
+
+Last, but not least, WAN configuration is much more complex than that of say
+Ethernet and may well amount to several dozens of parameters. Some of them
+are "link-wide" while others are virtual circuit-specific. The same holds
+true for WAN statistics which is by far more extensive and extremely useful
+when troubleshooting WAN connections. Extending the ifconfig utility to suit
+these needs may be possible, but does not seem quite reasonable. Therefore, a
+WAN configuration utility and corresponding application programmer's interface
+is needed for this purpose.
+
+Most of these problems are taken care of by this module. Its goal is to
+provide a user with more-or-less standard look and feel for all WAN devices and
+assist a WAN device driver writer by providing common services, such as:
+
+ o User-level interface via /proc file system
+ o Centralized configuration
+ o Device management (setup, shutdown, etc.)
+ o Network interface management (dynamic creation/destruction)
+ o Protocol encapsulation/decapsulation
+
+To ba able to use the Linux WAN Router you will also need a WAN Tools package
+available from
+
+ ftp.sangoma.com/pub/linux/current_wanpipe/wanpipe-X.Y.Z.tgz
+
+where vX.Y.Z represent the wanpipe version number.
+
+For technical questions and/or comments please e-mail to ncorbic@sangoma.com.
+For general inquiries please contact Sangoma Technologies Inc. by
+
+ Hotline: 1-800-388-2475 (USA and Canada, toll free)
+ Phone: (905) 474-1990 ext: 106
+ Fax: (905) 474-9223
+ E-mail: dm@sangoma.com (David Mandelstam)
+ WWW: http://www.sangoma.com
+
+
+INSTALLATION
+
+Please read the WanpipeForLinux.pdf manual on how to
+install the WANPIPE tools and drivers properly.
+
+
+After installing wanpipe package: /usr/local/wanrouter/doc.
+On the ftp.sangoma.com : /linux/current_wanpipe/doc
+
+
+COPYRIGHT AND LICENSING INFORMATION
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass
+Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+This product is based on the WANPIPE(tm) Multiprotocol WAN Router developed
+by Sangoma Technologies Inc. for Linux 2.0.x and 2.2.x. Success of the WANPIPE
+together with the next major release of Linux kernel in summer 1996 commanded
+adequate changes to the WANPIPE code to take full advantage of new Linux
+features.
+
+Instead of continuing developing proprietary interface tied to Sangoma WAN
+cards, we decided to separate all hardware-independent code into a separate
+module and defined two levels of interfaces - one for user-level applications
+and another for kernel-level WAN drivers. WANPIPE is now implemented as a
+WAN driver compliant with the WAN Link Driver interface. Also a general
+purpose WAN configuration utility and a set of shell scripts was developed to
+support WAN router at the user level.
+
+Many useful ideas concerning hardware-independent interface implementation
+were given by Mike McLagan <mike.mclagan@linux.org> and his implementation
+of the Frame Relay router and drivers for Sangoma cards (dlci/sdla).
+
+With the new implementation of the APIs being incorporated into the WANPIPE,
+a special thank goes to Alan Cox in providing insight into BSD sockets.
+
+Special thanks to all the WANPIPE users who performed field-testing, reported
+bugs and made valuable comments and suggestions that help us to improve this
+product.
+
+
+
+NEW IN THIS RELEASE
+
+ o Updated the WANCFG utility
+ Calls the pppconfig to configure the PPPD
+ for async connections.
+
+ o Added the PPPCONFIG utility
+ Used to configure the PPPD dameon for the
+ WANPIPE Async PPP and standard serial port.
+ The wancfg calls the pppconfig to configure
+ the pppd.
+
+ o Fixed the PCI autodetect feature.
+ The SLOT 0 was used as an autodetect option
+ however, some high end PC's slot numbers start
+ from 0.
+
+ o This release has been tested with the new backupd
+ daemon release.
+
+
+PRODUCT COMPONENTS AND RELATED FILES
+
+/etc: (or user defined)
+ wanpipe1.conf default router configuration file
+
+/lib/modules/X.Y.Z/misc:
+ wanrouter.o router kernel loadable module
+ af_wanpipe.o wanpipe api socket module
+
+/lib/modules/X.Y.Z/net:
+ sdladrv.o Sangoma SDLA support module
+ wanpipe.o Sangoma WANPIPE(tm) driver module
+
+/proc/net/wanrouter
+ Config reads current router configuration
+ Status reads current router status
+ {name} reads WAN driver statistics
+
+/usr/sbin:
+ wanrouter wanrouter start-up script
+ wanconfig wanrouter configuration utility
+ sdladump WANPIPE adapter memory dump utility
+ fpipemon Monitor for Frame Relay
+ cpipemon Monitor for Cisco HDLC
+ ppipemon Monitor for PPP
+ xpipemon Monitor for X25
+ wpkbdmon WANPIPE keyboard led monitor/debugger
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter:
+ README this file
+ COPYING GNU General Public License
+ Setup installation script
+ Filelist distribution definition file
+ wanrouter.rc meta-configuration file
+ (used by the Setup and wanrouter script)
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/doc:
+ wanpipeForLinux.pdf WAN Router User's Manual
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/patches:
+ wanrouter-v2213.gz patch for Linux kernels 2.2.11 up to 2.2.13.
+ wanrouter-v2214.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.2.14.
+ wanrouter-v2215.gz patch for Linux kernels 2.2.15 to 2.2.17.
+ wanrouter-v2218.gz patch for Linux kernels 2.2.18 and up.
+ wanrouter-v240.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.4.0.
+ wanrouter-v242.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.4.2 and up.
+ wanrouter-v2034.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.0.34
+ wanrouter-v2036.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.0.36 and up.
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/patches/kdrivers:
+ Sources of the latest WANPIPE device drivers.
+ These are used to UPGRADE the linux kernel to the newest
+ version if the kernel source has already been pathced with
+ WANPIPE drivers.
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/samples:
+ interface sample interface configuration file
+ wanpipe1.cpri CHDLC primary port
+ wanpipe2.csec CHDLC secondary port
+ wanpipe1.fr Frame Relay protocol
+ wanpipe1.ppp PPP protocol )
+ wanpipe1.asy CHDLC ASYNC protocol
+ wanpipe1.x25 X25 protocol
+ wanpipe1.stty Sync TTY driver (Used by Kernel PPPD daemon)
+ wanpipe1.atty Async TTY driver (Used by Kernel PPPD daemon)
+ wanrouter.rc sample meta-configuration file
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/util:
+ * wan-tools utilities source code
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/api/x25:
+ * x25 api sample programs.
+/usr/local/wanrouter/api/chdlc:
+ * chdlc api sample programs.
+/usr/local/wanrouter/api/fr:
+ * fr api sample programs.
+/usr/local/wanrouter/config/wancfg:
+ wancfg WANPIPE GUI configuration program.
+ Creates wanpipe#.conf files.
+/usr/local/wanrouter/config/cfgft1:
+ cfgft1 GUI CSU/DSU configuration program.
+
+/usr/include/linux:
+ wanrouter.h router API definitions
+ wanpipe.h WANPIPE API definitions
+ sdladrv.h SDLA support module API definitions
+ sdlasfm.h SDLA firmware module definitions
+ if_wanpipe.h WANPIPE Socket definitions
+ if_wanpipe_common.h WANPIPE Socket/Driver common definitions.
+ sdlapci.h WANPIPE PCI definitions
+
+
+/usr/src/linux/net/wanrouter:
+ * wanrouter source code
+
+/var/log:
+ wanrouter wanrouter start-up log (created by the Setup script)
+
+/var/lock: (or /var/lock/subsys for RedHat)
+ wanrouter wanrouter lock file (created by the Setup script)
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/firmware:
+ fr514.sfm Frame relay firmware for Sangoma S508/S514 card
+ cdual514.sfm Dual Port Cisco HDLC firmware for Sangoma S508/S514 card
+ ppp514.sfm PPP Firmware for Sangoma S508 and S514 cards
+ x25_508.sfm X25 Firmware for Sangoma S508 card.
+
+
+REVISION HISTORY
+
+1.0.0 December 31, 1996 Initial version
+
+1.0.1 January 30, 1997 Status and statistics can be read via /proc
+ filesystem entries.
+
+1.0.2 April 30, 1997 Added UDP management via monitors.
+
+1.0.3 June 3, 1997 UDP management for multiple boards using Frame
+ Relay and PPP
+ Enabled continuous transmission of Configure
+ Request Packet for PPP (for 508 only)
+ Connection Timeout for PPP changed from 900 to 0
+ Flow Control Problem fixed for Frame Relay
+
+1.0.4 July 10, 1997 S508/FT1 monitoring capability in fpipemon and
+ ppipemon utilities.
+ Configurable TTL for UDP packets.
+ Multicast and Broadcast IP source addresses are
+ silently discarded.
+
+1.0.5 July 28, 1997 Configurable T391,T392,N391,N392,N393 for Frame
+ Relay in router.conf.
+ Configurable Memory Address through router.conf
+ for Frame Relay, PPP and X.25. (commenting this
+ out enables auto-detection).
+ Fixed freeing up received buffers using kfree()
+ for Frame Relay and X.25.
+ Protect sdla_peek() by calling save_flags(),
+ cli() and restore_flags().
+ Changed number of Trace elements from 32 to 20
+ Added DLCI specific data monitoring in FPIPEMON.
+2.0.0 Nov 07, 1997 Implemented protection of RACE conditions by
+ critical flags for FRAME RELAY and PPP.
+ DLCI List interrupt mode implemented.
+ IPX support in FRAME RELAY and PPP.
+ IPX Server Support (MARS)
+ More driver specific stats included in FPIPEMON
+ and PIPEMON.
+
+2.0.1 Nov 28, 1997 Bug Fixes for version 2.0.0.
+ Protection of "enable_irq()" while
+ "disable_irq()" has been enabled from any other
+ routine (for Frame Relay, PPP and X25).
+ Added additional Stats for Fpipemon and Ppipemon
+ Improved Load Sharing for multiple boards
+
+2.0.2 Dec 09, 1997 Support for PAP and CHAP for ppp has been
+ implemented.
+
+2.0.3 Aug 15, 1998 New release supporting Cisco HDLC, CIR for Frame
+ relay, Dynamic IP assignment for PPP and Inverse
+ Arp support for Frame-relay. Man Pages are
+ included for better support and a new utility
+ for configuring FT1 cards.
+
+2.0.4 Dec 09, 1998 Dual Port support for Cisco HDLC.
+ Support for HDLC (LAPB) API.
+ Supports BiSync Streaming code for S502E
+ and S503 cards.
+ Support for Streaming HDLC API.
+ Provides a BSD socket interface for
+ creating applications using BiSync
+ streaming.
+
+2.0.5 Aug 04, 1999 CHDLC initializatin bug fix.
+ PPP interrupt driven driver:
+ Fix to the PPP line hangup problem.
+ New PPP firmware
+ Added comments to the startup SYSTEM ERROR messages
+ Xpipemon debugging application for the X25 protocol
+ New USER_MANUAL.txt
+ Fixed the odd boundary 4byte writes to the board.
+ BiSync Streaming code has been taken out.
+ Available as a patch.
+ Streaming HDLC API has been taken out.
+ Available as a patch.
+
+2.0.6 Aug 17, 1999 Increased debugging in statup scripts
+ Fixed insallation bugs from 2.0.5
+ Kernel patch works for both 2.2.10 and 2.2.11 kernels.
+ There is no functional difference between the two packages
+
+2.0.7 Aug 26, 1999 o Merged X25API code into WANPIPE.
+ o Fixed a memeory leak for X25API
+ o Updated the X25API code for 2.2.X kernels.
+ o Improved NEM handling.
+
+2.1.0 Oct 25, 1999 o New code for S514 PCI Card
+ o New CHDLC and Frame Relay drivers
+ o PPP and X25 are not supported in this release
+
+2.1.1 Nov 30, 1999 o PPP support for S514 PCI Cards
+
+2.1.3 Apr 06, 2000 o Socket based x25api
+ o Socket based chdlc api
+ o Socket based fr api
+ o Dual Port Receive only CHDLC support.
+ o Asynchronous CHDLC support (Secondary Port)
+ o cfgft1 GUI csu/dsu configurator
+ o wancfg GUI configuration file
+ configurator.
+ o Architectual directory changes.
+
+beta-2.1.4 Jul 2000 o Dynamic interface configuration:
+ Network interfaces reflect the state
+ of protocol layer. If the protocol becomes
+ disconnected, driver will bring down
+ the interface. Once the protocol reconnects
+ the interface will be brought up.
+
+ Note: This option is turned off by default.
+
+ o Dynamic wanrouter setup using 'wanconfig':
+ wanconfig utility can be used to
+ shutdown,restart,start or reconfigure
+ a virtual circuit dynamically.
+
+ Frame Relay: Each DLCI can be:
+ created,stopped,restarted and reconfigured
+ dynamically using wanconfig.
+
+ ex: wanconfig card wanpipe1 dev wp1_fr16 up
+
+ o Wanrouter startup via command line arguments:
+ wanconfig also supports wanrouter startup via command line
+ arguments. Thus, there is no need to create a wanpipe#.conf
+ configuration file.
+
+ o Socket based x25api update/bug fixes.
+ Added support for LCN numbers greater than 255.
+ Option to pass up modem messages.
+ Provided a PCI IRQ check, so a single S514
+ card is guaranteed to have a non-sharing interrupt.
+
+ o Fixes to the wancfg utility.
+ o New FT1 debugging support via *pipemon utilities.
+ o Frame Relay ARP support Enabled.
+
+beta3-2.1.4 Jul 2000 o X25 M_BIT Problem fix.
+ o Added the Multi-Port PPP
+ Updated utilites for the Multi-Port PPP.
+
+2.1.4 Aut 2000
+ o In X25API:
+ Maximum packet an application can send
+ to the driver has been extended to 4096 bytes.
+
+ Fixed the x25 startup bug. Enable
+ communications only after all interfaces
+ come up. HIGH SVC/PVC is used to calculate
+ the number of channels.
+ Enable protocol only after all interfaces
+ are enabled.
+
+ o Added an extra state to the FT1 config, kernel module.
+ o Updated the pipemon debuggers.
+
+ o Blocked the Multi-Port PPP from running on kernels
+ 2.2.16 or greater, due to syncppp kernel module
+ change.
+
+beta1-2.1.5 Nov 15 2000
+ o Fixed the MulitPort PPP Support for kernels 2.2.16 and above.
+ 2.2.X kernels only
+
+ o Secured the driver UDP debugging calls
+ - All illegal netowrk debugging calls are reported to
+ the log.
+ - Defined a set of allowed commands, all other denied.
+
+ o Cpipemon
+ - Added set FT1 commands to the cpipemon. Thus CSU/DSU
+ configuraiton can be performed using cpipemon.
+ All systems that cannot run cfgft1 GUI utility should
+ use cpipemon to configure the on board CSU/DSU.
+
+
+ o Keyboard Led Monitor/Debugger
+ - A new utilty /usr/sbin/wpkbdmon uses keyboard leds
+ to convey operatinal statistic information of the
+ Sangoma WANPIPE cards.
+ NUM_LOCK = Line State (On=connected, Off=disconnected)
+ CAPS_LOCK = Tx data (On=transmitting, Off=no tx data)
+ SCROLL_LOCK = Rx data (On=receiving, Off=no rx data
+
+ o Hardware probe on module load and dynamic device allocation
+ - During WANPIPE module load, all Sangoma cards are probed
+ and found information is printed in the /var/log/messages.
+ - If no cards are found, the module load fails.
+ - Appropriate number of devices are dynamically loaded
+ based on the number of Sangoma cards found.
+
+ Note: The kernel configuraiton option
+ CONFIG_WANPIPE_CARDS has been taken out.
+
+ o Fixed the Frame Relay and Chdlc network interfaces so they are
+ compatible with libpcap libraries. Meaning, tcpdump, snort,
+ ethereal, and all other packet sniffers and debuggers work on
+ all WANPIPE netowrk interfaces.
+ - Set the network interface encoding type to ARPHRD_PPP.
+ This tell the sniffers that data obtained from the
+ network interface is in pure IP format.
+ Fix for 2.2.X kernels only.
+
+ o True interface encoding option for Frame Relay and CHDLC
+ - The above fix sets the network interface encoding
+ type to ARPHRD_PPP, however some customers use
+ the encoding interface type to determine the
+ protocol running. Therefore, the TURE ENCODING
+ option will set the interface type back to the
+ original value.
+
+ NOTE: If this option is used with Frame Relay and CHDLC
+ libpcap library support will be broken.
+ i.e. tcpdump will not work.
+ Fix for 2.2.x Kernels only.
+
+ o Ethernet Bridgind over Frame Relay
+ - The Frame Relay bridging has been developed by
+ Kristian Hoffmann and Mark Wells.
+ - The Linux kernel bridge is used to send ethernet
+ data over the frame relay links.
+ For 2.2.X Kernels only.
+
+ o Added extensive 2.0.X support. Most new features of
+ 2.1.5 for protocols Frame Relay, PPP and CHDLC are
+ supported under 2.0.X kernels.
+
+beta1-2.2.0 Dec 30 2000
+ o Updated drivers for 2.4.X kernels.
+ o Updated drivers for SMP support.
+ o X25API is now able to share PCI interrupts.
+ o Took out a general polling routine that was used
+ only by X25API.
+ o Added appropriate locks to the dynamic reconfiguration
+ code.
+ o Fixed a bug in the keyboard debug monitor.
+
+beta2-2.2.0 Jan 8 2001
+ o Patches for 2.4.0 kernel
+ o Patches for 2.2.18 kernel
+ o Minor updates to PPP and CHLDC drivers.
+ Note: No functinal difference.
+
+beta3-2.2.9 Jan 10 2001
+ o I missed the 2.2.18 kernel patches in beta2-2.2.0
+ release. They are included in this release.
+
+Stable Release
+2.2.0 Feb 01 2001
+ o Bug fix in wancfg GUI configurator.
+ The edit function didn't work properly.
+
+
+bata1-2.2.1 Feb 09 2001
+ o WANPIPE TTY Driver emulation.
+ Two modes of operation Sync and Async.
+ Sync: Using the PPPD daemon, kernel SyncPPP layer
+ and the Wanpipe sync TTY driver: a PPP protocol
+ connection can be established via Sangoma adapter, over
+ a T1 leased line.
+
+ The 2.4.0 kernel PPP layer supports MULTILINK
+ protocol, that can be used to bundle any number of Sangoma
+ adapters (T1 lines) into one, under a single IP address.
+ Thus, efficiently obtaining multiple T1 throughput.
+
+ NOTE: The remote side must also implement MULTILINK PPP
+ protocol.
+
+ Async:Using the PPPD daemon, kernel AsyncPPP layer
+ and the WANPIPE async TTY driver: a PPP protocol
+ connection can be established via Sangoma adapter and
+ a modem, over a telephone line.
+
+ Thus, the WANPIPE async TTY driver simulates a serial
+ TTY driver that would normally be used to interface the
+ MODEM to the linux kernel.
+
+ o WANPIPE PPP Backup Utility
+ This utility will monitor the state of the PPP T1 line.
+ In case of failure, a dial up connection will be established
+ via pppd daemon, ether via a serial tty driver (serial port),
+ or a WANPIPE async TTY driver (in case serial port is unavailable).
+
+ Furthermore, while in dial up mode, the primary PPP T1 link
+ will be monitored for signs of life.
+
+ If the PPP T1 link comes back to life, the dial up connection
+ will be shutdown and T1 line re-established.
+
+
+ o New Setup installation script.
+ Option to UPGRADE device drivers if the kernel source has
+ already been patched with WANPIPE.
+
+ Option to COMPILE WANPIPE modules against the currently
+ running kernel, thus no need for manual kernel and module
+ re-compilatin.
+
+ o Updates and Bug Fixes to wancfg utility.
+
+bata2-2.2.1 Feb 20 2001
+
+ o Bug fixes to the CHDLC device drivers.
+ The driver had compilation problems under kernels
+ 2.2.14 or lower.
+
+ o Bug fixes to the Setup installation script.
+ The device drivers compilation options didn't work
+ properly.
+
+ o Update to the wpbackupd daemon.
+ Optimized the cross-over times, between the primary
+ link and the backup dialup.
+
+beta3-2.2.1 Mar 02 2001
+ o Patches for 2.4.2 kernel.
+
+ o Bug fixes to util/ make files.
+ o Bug fixes to the Setup installation script.
+
+ o Took out the backupd support and made it into
+ as separate package.
+
+beta4-2.2.1 Mar 12 2001
+
+ o Fix to the Frame Relay Device driver.
+ IPSAC sends a packet of zero length
+ header to the frame relay driver. The
+ driver tries to push its own 2 byte header
+ into the packet, which causes the driver to
+ crash.
+
+ o Fix the WANPIPE re-configuration code.
+ Bug was found by trying to run the cfgft1 while the
+ interface was already running.
+
+ o Updates to cfgft1.
+ Writes a wanpipe#.cfgft1 configuration file
+ once the CSU/DSU is configured. This file can
+ holds the current CSU/DSU configuration.
+
+
+
+>>>>>> END OF README <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/wanpipe.txt b/Documentation/networking/wanpipe.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aea20cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/wanpipe.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Linux WAN Router Utilities Package
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Version 2.2.1
+Mar 28, 2001
+Author: Nenad Corbic <ncorbic@sangoma.com>
+Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Sangoma Technologies Inc.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Wide Area Networks (WANs) are used to interconnect Local Area Networks (LANs)
+and/or stand-alone hosts over vast distances with data transfer rates
+significantly higher than those achievable with commonly used dial-up
+connections.
+
+Usually an external device called `WAN router' sitting on your local network
+or connected to your machine's serial port provides physical connection to
+WAN. Although router's job may be as simple as taking your local network
+traffic, converting it to WAN format and piping it through the WAN link, these
+devices are notoriously expensive, with prices as much as 2 - 5 times higher
+then the price of a typical PC box.
+
+Alternatively, considering robustness and multitasking capabilities of Linux,
+an internal router can be built (most routers use some sort of stripped down
+Unix-like operating system anyway). With a number of relatively inexpensive WAN
+interface cards available on the market, a perfectly usable router can be
+built for less than half a price of an external router. Yet a Linux box
+acting as a router can still be used for other purposes, such as fire-walling,
+running FTP, WWW or DNS server, etc.
+
+This kernel module introduces the notion of a WAN Link Driver (WLD) to Linux
+operating system and provides generic hardware-independent services for such
+drivers. Why can existing Linux network device interface not be used for
+this purpose? Well, it can. However, there are a few key differences between
+a typical network interface (e.g. Ethernet) and a WAN link.
+
+Many WAN protocols, such as X.25 and frame relay, allow for multiple logical
+connections (known as `virtual circuits' in X.25 terminology) over a single
+physical link. Each such virtual circuit may (and almost always does) lead
+to a different geographical location and, therefore, different network. As a
+result, it is the virtual circuit, not the physical link, that represents a
+route and, therefore, a network interface in Linux terms.
+
+To further complicate things, virtual circuits are usually volatile in nature
+(excluding so called `permanent' virtual circuits or PVCs). With almost no
+time required to set up and tear down a virtual circuit, it is highly desirable
+to implement on-demand connections in order to minimize network charges. So
+unlike a typical network driver, the WAN driver must be able to handle multiple
+network interfaces and cope as multiple virtual circuits come into existence
+and go away dynamically.
+
+Last, but not least, WAN configuration is much more complex than that of say
+Ethernet and may well amount to several dozens of parameters. Some of them
+are "link-wide" while others are virtual circuit-specific. The same holds
+true for WAN statistics which is by far more extensive and extremely useful
+when troubleshooting WAN connections. Extending the ifconfig utility to suit
+these needs may be possible, but does not seem quite reasonable. Therefore, a
+WAN configuration utility and corresponding application programmer's interface
+is needed for this purpose.
+
+Most of these problems are taken care of by this module. Its goal is to
+provide a user with more-or-less standard look and feel for all WAN devices and
+assist a WAN device driver writer by providing common services, such as:
+
+ o User-level interface via /proc file system
+ o Centralized configuration
+ o Device management (setup, shutdown, etc.)
+ o Network interface management (dynamic creation/destruction)
+ o Protocol encapsulation/decapsulation
+
+To ba able to use the Linux WAN Router you will also need a WAN Tools package
+available from
+
+ ftp.sangoma.com/pub/linux/current_wanpipe/wanpipe-X.Y.Z.tgz
+
+where vX.Y.Z represent the wanpipe version number.
+
+For technical questions and/or comments please e-mail to ncorbic@sangoma.com.
+For general inquiries please contact Sangoma Technologies Inc. by
+
+ Hotline: 1-800-388-2475 (USA and Canada, toll free)
+ Phone: (905) 474-1990 ext: 106
+ Fax: (905) 474-9223
+ E-mail: dm@sangoma.com (David Mandelstam)
+ WWW: http://www.sangoma.com
+
+
+INSTALLATION
+
+Please read the WanpipeForLinux.pdf manual on how to
+install the WANPIPE tools and drivers properly.
+
+
+After installing wanpipe package: /usr/local/wanrouter/doc.
+On the ftp.sangoma.com : /linux/current_wanpipe/doc
+
+
+COPYRIGHT AND LICENSING INFORMATION
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass
+Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+This product is based on the WANPIPE(tm) Multiprotocol WAN Router developed
+by Sangoma Technologies Inc. for Linux 2.0.x and 2.2.x. Success of the WANPIPE
+together with the next major release of Linux kernel in summer 1996 commanded
+adequate changes to the WANPIPE code to take full advantage of new Linux
+features.
+
+Instead of continuing developing proprietary interface tied to Sangoma WAN
+cards, we decided to separate all hardware-independent code into a separate
+module and defined two levels of interfaces - one for user-level applications
+and another for kernel-level WAN drivers. WANPIPE is now implemented as a
+WAN driver compliant with the WAN Link Driver interface. Also a general
+purpose WAN configuration utility and a set of shell scripts was developed to
+support WAN router at the user level.
+
+Many useful ideas concerning hardware-independent interface implementation
+were given by Mike McLagan <mike.mclagan@linux.org> and his implementation
+of the Frame Relay router and drivers for Sangoma cards (dlci/sdla).
+
+With the new implementation of the APIs being incorporated into the WANPIPE,
+a special thank goes to Alan Cox in providing insight into BSD sockets.
+
+Special thanks to all the WANPIPE users who performed field-testing, reported
+bugs and made valuable comments and suggestions that help us to improve this
+product.
+
+
+
+NEW IN THIS RELEASE
+
+ o Updated the WANCFG utility
+ Calls the pppconfig to configure the PPPD
+ for async connections.
+
+ o Added the PPPCONFIG utility
+ Used to configure the PPPD dameon for the
+ WANPIPE Async PPP and standard serial port.
+ The wancfg calls the pppconfig to configure
+ the pppd.
+
+ o Fixed the PCI autodetect feature.
+ The SLOT 0 was used as an autodetect option
+ however, some high end PC's slot numbers start
+ from 0.
+
+ o This release has been tested with the new backupd
+ daemon release.
+
+
+PRODUCT COMPONENTS AND RELATED FILES
+
+/etc: (or user defined)
+ wanpipe1.conf default router configuration file
+
+/lib/modules/X.Y.Z/misc:
+ wanrouter.o router kernel loadable module
+ af_wanpipe.o wanpipe api socket module
+
+/lib/modules/X.Y.Z/net:
+ sdladrv.o Sangoma SDLA support module
+ wanpipe.o Sangoma WANPIPE(tm) driver module
+
+/proc/net/wanrouter
+ Config reads current router configuration
+ Status reads current router status
+ {name} reads WAN driver statistics
+
+/usr/sbin:
+ wanrouter wanrouter start-up script
+ wanconfig wanrouter configuration utility
+ sdladump WANPIPE adapter memory dump utility
+ fpipemon Monitor for Frame Relay
+ cpipemon Monitor for Cisco HDLC
+ ppipemon Monitor for PPP
+ xpipemon Monitor for X25
+ wpkbdmon WANPIPE keyboard led monitor/debugger
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter:
+ README this file
+ COPYING GNU General Public License
+ Setup installation script
+ Filelist distribution definition file
+ wanrouter.rc meta-configuration file
+ (used by the Setup and wanrouter script)
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/doc:
+ wanpipeForLinux.pdf WAN Router User's Manual
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/patches:
+ wanrouter-v2213.gz patch for Linux kernels 2.2.11 up to 2.2.13.
+ wanrouter-v2214.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.2.14.
+ wanrouter-v2215.gz patch for Linux kernels 2.2.15 to 2.2.17.
+ wanrouter-v2218.gz patch for Linux kernels 2.2.18 and up.
+ wanrouter-v240.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.4.0.
+ wanrouter-v242.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.4.2 and up.
+ wanrouter-v2034.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.0.34
+ wanrouter-v2036.gz patch for Linux kernel 2.0.36 and up.
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/patches/kdrivers:
+ Sources of the latest WANPIPE device drivers.
+ These are used to UPGRADE the linux kernel to the newest
+ version if the kernel source has already been pathced with
+ WANPIPE drivers.
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/samples:
+ interface sample interface configuration file
+ wanpipe1.cpri CHDLC primary port
+ wanpipe2.csec CHDLC secondary port
+ wanpipe1.fr Frame Relay protocol
+ wanpipe1.ppp PPP protocol )
+ wanpipe1.asy CHDLC ASYNC protocol
+ wanpipe1.x25 X25 protocol
+ wanpipe1.stty Sync TTY driver (Used by Kernel PPPD daemon)
+ wanpipe1.atty Async TTY driver (Used by Kernel PPPD daemon)
+ wanrouter.rc sample meta-configuration file
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/util:
+ * wan-tools utilities source code
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/api/x25:
+ * x25 api sample programs.
+/usr/local/wanrouter/api/chdlc:
+ * chdlc api sample programs.
+/usr/local/wanrouter/api/fr:
+ * fr api sample programs.
+/usr/local/wanrouter/config/wancfg:
+ wancfg WANPIPE GUI configuration program.
+ Creates wanpipe#.conf files.
+/usr/local/wanrouter/config/cfgft1:
+ cfgft1 GUI CSU/DSU configuration program.
+
+/usr/include/linux:
+ wanrouter.h router API definitions
+ wanpipe.h WANPIPE API definitions
+ sdladrv.h SDLA support module API definitions
+ sdlasfm.h SDLA firmware module definitions
+ if_wanpipe.h WANPIPE Socket definitions
+ if_wanpipe_common.h WANPIPE Socket/Driver common definitions.
+ sdlapci.h WANPIPE PCI definitions
+
+
+/usr/src/linux/net/wanrouter:
+ * wanrouter source code
+
+/var/log:
+ wanrouter wanrouter start-up log (created by the Setup script)
+
+/var/lock: (or /var/lock/subsys for RedHat)
+ wanrouter wanrouter lock file (created by the Setup script)
+
+/usr/local/wanrouter/firmware:
+ fr514.sfm Frame relay firmware for Sangoma S508/S514 card
+ cdual514.sfm Dual Port Cisco HDLC firmware for Sangoma S508/S514 card
+ ppp514.sfm PPP Firmware for Sangoma S508 and S514 cards
+ x25_508.sfm X25 Firmware for Sangoma S508 card.
+
+
+REVISION HISTORY
+
+1.0.0 December 31, 1996 Initial version
+
+1.0.1 January 30, 1997 Status and statistics can be read via /proc
+ filesystem entries.
+
+1.0.2 April 30, 1997 Added UDP management via monitors.
+
+1.0.3 June 3, 1997 UDP management for multiple boards using Frame
+ Relay and PPP
+ Enabled continuous transmission of Configure
+ Request Packet for PPP (for 508 only)
+ Connection Timeout for PPP changed from 900 to 0
+ Flow Control Problem fixed for Frame Relay
+
+1.0.4 July 10, 1997 S508/FT1 monitoring capability in fpipemon and
+ ppipemon utilities.
+ Configurable TTL for UDP packets.
+ Multicast and Broadcast IP source addresses are
+ silently discarded.
+
+1.0.5 July 28, 1997 Configurable T391,T392,N391,N392,N393 for Frame
+ Relay in router.conf.
+ Configurable Memory Address through router.conf
+ for Frame Relay, PPP and X.25. (commenting this
+ out enables auto-detection).
+ Fixed freeing up received buffers using kfree()
+ for Frame Relay and X.25.
+ Protect sdla_peek() by calling save_flags(),
+ cli() and restore_flags().
+ Changed number of Trace elements from 32 to 20
+ Added DLCI specific data monitoring in FPIPEMON.
+2.0.0 Nov 07, 1997 Implemented protection of RACE conditions by
+ critical flags for FRAME RELAY and PPP.
+ DLCI List interrupt mode implemented.
+ IPX support in FRAME RELAY and PPP.
+ IPX Server Support (MARS)
+ More driver specific stats included in FPIPEMON
+ and PIPEMON.
+
+2.0.1 Nov 28, 1997 Bug Fixes for version 2.0.0.
+ Protection of "enable_irq()" while
+ "disable_irq()" has been enabled from any other
+ routine (for Frame Relay, PPP and X25).
+ Added additional Stats for Fpipemon and Ppipemon
+ Improved Load Sharing for multiple boards
+
+2.0.2 Dec 09, 1997 Support for PAP and CHAP for ppp has been
+ implemented.
+
+2.0.3 Aug 15, 1998 New release supporting Cisco HDLC, CIR for Frame
+ relay, Dynamic IP assignment for PPP and Inverse
+ Arp support for Frame-relay. Man Pages are
+ included for better support and a new utility
+ for configuring FT1 cards.
+
+2.0.4 Dec 09, 1998 Dual Port support for Cisco HDLC.
+ Support for HDLC (LAPB) API.
+ Supports BiSync Streaming code for S502E
+ and S503 cards.
+ Support for Streaming HDLC API.
+ Provides a BSD socket interface for
+ creating applications using BiSync
+ streaming.
+
+2.0.5 Aug 04, 1999 CHDLC initializatin bug fix.
+ PPP interrupt driven driver:
+ Fix to the PPP line hangup problem.
+ New PPP firmware
+ Added comments to the startup SYSTEM ERROR messages
+ Xpipemon debugging application for the X25 protocol
+ New USER_MANUAL.txt
+ Fixed the odd boundary 4byte writes to the board.
+ BiSync Streaming code has been taken out.
+ Available as a patch.
+ Streaming HDLC API has been taken out.
+ Available as a patch.
+
+2.0.6 Aug 17, 1999 Increased debugging in statup scripts
+ Fixed insallation bugs from 2.0.5
+ Kernel patch works for both 2.2.10 and 2.2.11 kernels.
+ There is no functional difference between the two packages
+
+2.0.7 Aug 26, 1999 o Merged X25API code into WANPIPE.
+ o Fixed a memeory leak for X25API
+ o Updated the X25API code for 2.2.X kernels.
+ o Improved NEM handling.
+
+2.1.0 Oct 25, 1999 o New code for S514 PCI Card
+ o New CHDLC and Frame Relay drivers
+ o PPP and X25 are not supported in this release
+
+2.1.1 Nov 30, 1999 o PPP support for S514 PCI Cards
+
+2.1.3 Apr 06, 2000 o Socket based x25api
+ o Socket based chdlc api
+ o Socket based fr api
+ o Dual Port Receive only CHDLC support.
+ o Asynchronous CHDLC support (Secondary Port)
+ o cfgft1 GUI csu/dsu configurator
+ o wancfg GUI configuration file
+ configurator.
+ o Architectual directory changes.
+
+beta-2.1.4 Jul 2000 o Dynamic interface configuration:
+ Network interfaces reflect the state
+ of protocol layer. If the protocol becomes
+ disconnected, driver will bring down
+ the interface. Once the protocol reconnects
+ the interface will be brought up.
+
+ Note: This option is turned off by default.
+
+ o Dynamic wanrouter setup using 'wanconfig':
+ wanconfig utility can be used to
+ shutdown,restart,start or reconfigure
+ a virtual circuit dynamically.
+
+ Frame Relay: Each DLCI can be:
+ created,stopped,restarted and reconfigured
+ dynamically using wanconfig.
+
+ ex: wanconfig card wanpipe1 dev wp1_fr16 up
+
+ o Wanrouter startup via command line arguments:
+ wanconfig also supports wanrouter startup via command line
+ arguments. Thus, there is no need to create a wanpipe#.conf
+ configuration file.
+
+ o Socket based x25api update/bug fixes.
+ Added support for LCN numbers greater than 255.
+ Option to pass up modem messages.
+ Provided a PCI IRQ check, so a single S514
+ card is guaranteed to have a non-sharing interrupt.
+
+ o Fixes to the wancfg utility.
+ o New FT1 debugging support via *pipemon utilities.
+ o Frame Relay ARP support Enabled.
+
+beta3-2.1.4 Jul 2000 o X25 M_BIT Problem fix.
+ o Added the Multi-Port PPP
+ Updated utilites for the Multi-Port PPP.
+
+2.1.4 Aut 2000
+ o In X25API:
+ Maximum packet an application can send
+ to the driver has been extended to 4096 bytes.
+
+ Fixed the x25 startup bug. Enable
+ communications only after all interfaces
+ come up. HIGH SVC/PVC is used to calculate
+ the number of channels.
+ Enable protocol only after all interfaces
+ are enabled.
+
+ o Added an extra state to the FT1 config, kernel module.
+ o Updated the pipemon debuggers.
+
+ o Blocked the Multi-Port PPP from running on kernels
+ 2.2.16 or greater, due to syncppp kernel module
+ change.
+
+beta1-2.1.5 Nov 15 2000
+ o Fixed the MulitPort PPP Support for kernels 2.2.16 and above.
+ 2.2.X kernels only
+
+ o Secured the driver UDP debugging calls
+ - All illegal netowrk debugging calls are reported to
+ the log.
+ - Defined a set of allowed commands, all other denied.
+
+ o Cpipemon
+ - Added set FT1 commands to the cpipemon. Thus CSU/DSU
+ configuraiton can be performed using cpipemon.
+ All systems that cannot run cfgft1 GUI utility should
+ use cpipemon to configure the on board CSU/DSU.
+
+
+ o Keyboard Led Monitor/Debugger
+ - A new utilty /usr/sbin/wpkbdmon uses keyboard leds
+ to convey operatinal statistic information of the
+ Sangoma WANPIPE cards.
+ NUM_LOCK = Line State (On=connected, Off=disconnected)
+ CAPS_LOCK = Tx data (On=transmitting, Off=no tx data)
+ SCROLL_LOCK = Rx data (On=receiving, Off=no rx data
+
+ o Hardware probe on module load and dynamic device allocation
+ - During WANPIPE module load, all Sangoma cards are probed
+ and found information is printed in the /var/log/messages.
+ - If no cards are found, the module load fails.
+ - Appropriate number of devices are dynamically loaded
+ based on the number of Sangoma cards found.
+
+ Note: The kernel configuraiton option
+ CONFIG_WANPIPE_CARDS has been taken out.
+
+ o Fixed the Frame Relay and Chdlc network interfaces so they are
+ compatible with libpcap libraries. Meaning, tcpdump, snort,
+ ethereal, and all other packet sniffers and debuggers work on
+ all WANPIPE netowrk interfaces.
+ - Set the network interface encoding type to ARPHRD_PPP.
+ This tell the sniffers that data obtained from the
+ network interface is in pure IP format.
+ Fix for 2.2.X kernels only.
+
+ o True interface encoding option for Frame Relay and CHDLC
+ - The above fix sets the network interface encoding
+ type to ARPHRD_PPP, however some customers use
+ the encoding interface type to determine the
+ protocol running. Therefore, the TURE ENCODING
+ option will set the interface type back to the
+ original value.
+
+ NOTE: If this option is used with Frame Relay and CHDLC
+ libpcap library support will be broken.
+ i.e. tcpdump will not work.
+ Fix for 2.2.x Kernels only.
+
+ o Ethernet Bridgind over Frame Relay
+ - The Frame Relay bridging has been developed by
+ Kristian Hoffmann and Mark Wells.
+ - The Linux kernel bridge is used to send ethernet
+ data over the frame relay links.
+ For 2.2.X Kernels only.
+
+ o Added extensive 2.0.X support. Most new features of
+ 2.1.5 for protocols Frame Relay, PPP and CHDLC are
+ supported under 2.0.X kernels.
+
+beta1-2.2.0 Dec 30 2000
+ o Updated drivers for 2.4.X kernels.
+ o Updated drivers for SMP support.
+ o X25API is now able to share PCI interrupts.
+ o Took out a general polling routine that was used
+ only by X25API.
+ o Added appropriate locks to the dynamic reconfiguration
+ code.
+ o Fixed a bug in the keyboard debug monitor.
+
+beta2-2.2.0 Jan 8 2001
+ o Patches for 2.4.0 kernel
+ o Patches for 2.2.18 kernel
+ o Minor updates to PPP and CHLDC drivers.
+ Note: No functinal difference.
+
+beta3-2.2.9 Jan 10 2001
+ o I missed the 2.2.18 kernel patches in beta2-2.2.0
+ release. They are included in this release.
+
+Stable Release
+2.2.0 Feb 01 2001
+ o Bug fix in wancfg GUI configurator.
+ The edit function didn't work properly.
+
+
+bata1-2.2.1 Feb 09 2001
+ o WANPIPE TTY Driver emulation.
+ Two modes of operation Sync and Async.
+ Sync: Using the PPPD daemon, kernel SyncPPP layer
+ and the Wanpipe sync TTY driver: a PPP protocol
+ connection can be established via Sangoma adapter, over
+ a T1 leased line.
+
+ The 2.4.0 kernel PPP layer supports MULTILINK
+ protocol, that can be used to bundle any number of Sangoma
+ adapters (T1 lines) into one, under a single IP address.
+ Thus, efficiently obtaining multiple T1 throughput.
+
+ NOTE: The remote side must also implement MULTILINK PPP
+ protocol.
+
+ Async:Using the PPPD daemon, kernel AsyncPPP layer
+ and the WANPIPE async TTY driver: a PPP protocol
+ connection can be established via Sangoma adapter and
+ a modem, over a telephone line.
+
+ Thus, the WANPIPE async TTY driver simulates a serial
+ TTY driver that would normally be used to interface the
+ MODEM to the linux kernel.
+
+ o WANPIPE PPP Backup Utility
+ This utility will monitor the state of the PPP T1 line.
+ In case of failure, a dial up connection will be established
+ via pppd daemon, ether via a serial tty driver (serial port),
+ or a WANPIPE async TTY driver (in case serial port is unavailable).
+
+ Furthermore, while in dial up mode, the primary PPP T1 link
+ will be monitored for signs of life.
+
+ If the PPP T1 link comes back to life, the dial up connection
+ will be shutdown and T1 line re-established.
+
+
+ o New Setup installation script.
+ Option to UPGRADE device drivers if the kernel source has
+ already been patched with WANPIPE.
+
+ Option to COMPILE WANPIPE modules against the currently
+ running kernel, thus no need for manual kernel and module
+ re-compilatin.
+
+ o Updates and Bug Fixes to wancfg utility.
+
+bata2-2.2.1 Feb 20 2001
+
+ o Bug fixes to the CHDLC device drivers.
+ The driver had compilation problems under kernels
+ 2.2.14 or lower.
+
+ o Bug fixes to the Setup installation script.
+ The device drivers compilation options didn't work
+ properly.
+
+ o Update to the wpbackupd daemon.
+ Optimized the cross-over times, between the primary
+ link and the backup dialup.
+
+beta3-2.2.1 Mar 02 2001
+ o Patches for 2.4.2 kernel.
+
+ o Bug fixes to util/ make files.
+ o Bug fixes to the Setup installation script.
+
+ o Took out the backupd support and made it into
+ as separate package.
+
+beta4-2.2.1 Mar 12 2001
+
+ o Fix to the Frame Relay Device driver.
+ IPSAC sends a packet of zero length
+ header to the frame relay driver. The
+ driver tries to push its own 2 byte header
+ into the packet, which causes the driver to
+ crash.
+
+ o Fix the WANPIPE re-configuration code.
+ Bug was found by trying to run the cfgft1 while the
+ interface was already running.
+
+ o Updates to cfgft1.
+ Writes a wanpipe#.cfgft1 configuration file
+ once the CSU/DSU is configured. This file can
+ holds the current CSU/DSU configuration.
+
+
+
+>>>>>> END OF README <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/wavelan.txt b/Documentation/networking/wavelan.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1acf5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/wavelan.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+ The Wavelan drivers saga
+ ------------------------
+
+ By Jean Tourrilhes <jt@hpl.hp.com>
+
+ The Wavelan is a Radio network adapter designed by
+Lucent. Under this generic name is hidden quite a variety of hardware,
+and many Linux driver to support it.
+ The get the full story on Wireless LANs, please consult :
+ http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/
+
+"wavelan" driver (old ISA Wavelan)
+----------------
+ o Config : Network device -> Wireless LAN -> AT&T WaveLAN
+ o Location : .../drivers/net/wavelan*
+ o in-line doc : .../drivers/net/wavelan.p.h
+ o on-line doc :
+ http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/Wavelan.html
+
+ This is the driver for the ISA version of the first generation
+of the Wavelan, now discontinued. The device is 2 Mb/s, composed of a
+Intel 82586 controller and a Lucent Modem, and is NOT 802.11 compliant.
+ The driver has been tested with the following hardware :
+ o Wavelan ISA 915 MHz (full length ISA card)
+ o Wavelan ISA 915 MHz 2.0 (half length ISA card)
+ o Wavelan ISA 2.4 GHz (full length ISA card, fixed frequency)
+ o Wavelan ISA 2.4 GHz 2.0 (half length ISA card, frequency selectable)
+ o Above cards with the optional DES encryption feature
+
+"wavelan_cs" driver (old Pcmcia Wavelan)
+-------------------
+ o Config : Network device -> PCMCIA network ->
+ Pcmcia Wireless LAN -> AT&T/Lucent WaveLAN
+ o Location : .../drivers/net/pcmcia/wavelan*
+ o in-line doc : .../drivers/net/pcmcia/wavelan_cs.h
+ o on-line doc :
+ http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/Wavelan.html
+
+ This is the driver for the PCMCIA version of the first
+generation of the Wavelan, now discontinued. The device is 2 Mb/s,
+composed of a Intel 82593 controller (totally different from the 82586)
+and a Lucent Modem, and NOT 802.11 compatible.
+ The driver has been tested with the following hardware :
+ o Wavelan Pcmcia 915 MHz 2.0 (Pcmcia card + separate
+ modem/antenna block)
+ o Wavelan Pcmcia 2.4 GHz 2.0 (Pcmcia card + separate
+ modem/antenna block)
+
+"wvlan_cs" driver (Wavelan IEEE, GPL)
+-----------------
+ o Config : Not yet in kernel
+ o Location : Pcmcia package 3.1.10+
+ o on-line doc : http://www.fasta.fh-dortmund.de/users/andy/wvlan/
+
+ This is the driver for the current generation of Wavelan IEEE,
+which is 802.11 compatible. Depending on version, it is 2 Mb/s or 11
+Mb/s, with or without encryption, all implemented in Lucent specific
+DSP (the Hermes).
+ This is a GPL full source PCMCIA driver (ISA is just a Pcmcia
+card with ISA-Pcmcia bridge).
+
+"wavelan2_cs" driver (Wavelan IEEE, binary)
+--------------------
+ o Config : Not yet in kernel
+ o Location : ftp://sourceforge.org/pcmcia/contrib/
+
+ This driver support exactly the same hardware as the previous
+driver, the main difference is that it is based on a binary library
+and supported by Lucent.
+
+ I hope it clears the confusion ;-)
+
+ Jean
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/x25-iface.txt b/Documentation/networking/x25-iface.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..975cc87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/x25-iface.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+ X.25 Device Driver Interface 1.1
+
+ Jonathan Naylor 26.12.96
+
+This is a description of the messages to be passed between the X.25 Packet
+Layer and the X.25 device driver. They are designed to allow for the easy
+setting of the LAPB mode from within the Packet Layer.
+
+The X.25 device driver will be coded normally as per the Linux device driver
+standards. Most X.25 device drivers will be moderately similar to the
+already existing Ethernet device drivers. However unlike those drivers, the
+X.25 device driver has a state associated with it, and this information
+needs to be passed to and from the Packet Layer for proper operation.
+
+All messages are held in sk_buff's just like real data to be transmitted
+over the LAPB link. The first byte of the skbuff indicates the meaning of
+the rest of the skbuff, if any more information does exist.
+
+
+Packet Layer to Device Driver
+-----------------------------
+
+First Byte = 0x00
+
+This indicates that the rest of the skbuff contains data to be transmitted
+over the LAPB link. The LAPB link should already exist before any data is
+passed down.
+
+First Byte = 0x01
+
+Establish the LAPB link. If the link is already established then the connect
+confirmation message should be returned as soon as possible.
+
+First Byte = 0x02
+
+Terminate the LAPB link. If it is already disconnected then the disconnect
+confirmation message should be returned as soon as possible.
+
+First Byte = 0x03
+
+LAPB parameters. To be defined.
+
+
+Device Driver to Packet Layer
+-----------------------------
+
+First Byte = 0x00
+
+This indicates that the rest of the skbuff contains data that has been
+received over the LAPB link.
+
+First Byte = 0x01
+
+LAPB link has been established. The same message is used for both a LAPB
+link connect_confirmation and a connect_indication.
+
+First Byte = 0x02
+
+LAPB link has been terminated. This same message is used for both a LAPB
+link disconnect_confirmation and a disconnect_indication.
+
+First Byte = 0x03
+
+LAPB parameters. To be defined.
+
+
+
+Possible Problems
+=================
+
+(Henner Eisen, 2000-10-28)
+
+The X.25 packet layer protocol depends on a reliable datalink service.
+The LAPB protocol provides such reliable service. But this reliability
+is not preserved by the Linux network device driver interface:
+
+- With Linux 2.4.x (and above) SMP kernels, packet ordering is not
+ preserved. Even if a device driver calls netif_rx(skb1) and later
+ netif_rx(skb2), skb2 might be delivered to the network layer
+ earlier that skb1.
+- Data passed upstream by means of netif_rx() might be dropped by the
+ kernel if the backlog queue is congested.
+
+The X.25 packet layer protocol will detect this and reset the virtual
+call in question. But many upper layer protocols are not designed to
+handle such N-Reset events gracefully. And frequent N-Reset events
+will always degrade performance.
+
+Thus, driver authors should make netif_rx() as reliable as possible:
+
+SMP re-ordering will not occur if the driver's interrupt handler is
+always executed on the same CPU. Thus,
+
+- Driver authors should use irq affinity for the interrupt handler.
+
+The probability of packet loss due to backlog congestion can be
+reduced by the following measures or a combination thereof:
+
+(1) Drivers for kernel versions 2.4.x and above should always check the
+ return value of netif_rx(). If it returns NET_RX_DROP, the
+ driver's LAPB protocol must not confirm reception of the frame
+ to the peer.
+ This will reliably suppress packet loss. The LAPB protocol will
+ automatically cause the peer to re-transmit the dropped packet
+ later.
+ The lapb module interface was modified to support this. Its
+ data_indication() method should now transparently pass the
+ netif_rx() return value to the (lapb mopdule) caller.
+(2) Drivers for kernel versions 2.2.x should always check the global
+ variable netdev_dropping when a new frame is received. The driver
+ should only call netif_rx() if netdev_dropping is zero. Otherwise
+ the driver should not confirm delivery of the frame and drop it.
+ Alternatively, the driver can queue the frame internally and call
+ netif_rx() later when netif_dropping is 0 again. In that case, delivery
+ confirmation should also be deferred such that the internal queue
+ cannot grow to much.
+ This will not reliably avoid packet loss, but the probability
+ of packet loss in netif_rx() path will be significantly reduced.
+(3) Additionally, driver authors might consider to support
+ CONFIG_NET_HW_FLOWCONTROL. This allows the driver to be woken up
+ when a previously congested backlog queue becomes empty again.
+ The driver could uses this for flow-controlling the peer by means
+ of the LAPB protocol's flow-control service.
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/x25.txt b/Documentation/networking/x25.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c91c6d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/x25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+Linux X.25 Project
+
+As my third year dissertation at University I have taken it upon myself to
+write an X.25 implementation for Linux. My aim is to provide a complete X.25
+Packet Layer and a LAPB module to allow for "normal" X.25 to be run using
+Linux. There are two sorts of X.25 cards available, intelligent ones that
+implement LAPB on the card itself, and unintelligent ones that simply do
+framing, bit-stuffing and checksumming. These both need to be handled by the
+system.
+
+I therefore decided to write the implementation such that as far as the
+Packet Layer is concerned, the link layer was being performed by a lower
+layer of the Linux kernel and therefore it did not concern itself with
+implementation of LAPB. Therefore the LAPB modules would be called by
+unintelligent X.25 card drivers and not by intelligent ones, this would
+provide a uniform device driver interface, and simplify configuration.
+
+To confuse matters a little, an 802.2 LLC implementation for Linux is being
+written which will allow X.25 to be run over an Ethernet (or Token Ring) and
+conform with the JNT "Pink Book", this will have a different interface to
+the Packet Layer but there will be no confusion since the class of device
+being served by the LLC will be completely separate from LAPB. The LLC
+implementation is being done as part of another protocol project (SNA) and
+by a different author.
+
+Just when you thought that it could not become more confusing, another
+option appeared, XOT. This allows X.25 Packet Layer frames to operate over
+the Internet using TCP/IP as a reliable link layer. RFC1613 specifies the
+format and behaviour of the protocol. If time permits this option will also
+be actively considered.
+
+A linux-x25 mailing list has been created at vger.kernel.org to support the
+development and use of Linux X.25. It is early days yet, but interested
+parties are welcome to subscribe to it. Just send a message to
+majordomo@vger.kernel.org with the following in the message body:
+
+subscribe linux-x25
+end
+
+The contents of the Subject line are ignored.
+
+Jonathan
+
+g4klx@g4klx.demon.co.uk
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/z8530drv.txt b/Documentation/networking/z8530drv.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2206abb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/networking/z8530drv.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+This is a subset of the documentation. To use this driver you MUST have the
+full package from:
+
+Internet:
+=========
+
+1. ftp://ftp.ccac.rwth-aachen.de/pub/jr/z8530drv-utils_3.0-3.tar.gz
+
+2. ftp://ftp.pspt.fi/pub/ham/linux/ax25/z8530drv-utils_3.0-3.tar.gz
+
+Please note that the information in this document may be hopelessly outdated.
+A new version of the documentation, along with links to other important
+Linux Kernel AX.25 documentation and programs, is available on
+http://yaina.de/jreuter
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+ SCC.C - Linux driver for Z8530 based HDLC cards for AX.25
+
+ ********************************************************************
+
+ (c) 1993,2000 by Joerg Reuter DL1BKE <jreuter@yaina.de>
+
+ portions (c) 1993 Guido ten Dolle PE1NNZ
+
+ for the complete copyright notice see >> Copying.Z8530DRV <<
+
+ ********************************************************************
+
+
+1. Initialization of the driver
+===============================
+
+To use the driver, 3 steps must be performed:
+
+ 1. if compiled as module: loading the module
+ 2. Setup of hardware, MODEM and KISS parameters with sccinit
+ 3. Attach each channel to the Linux kernel AX.25 with "ifconfig"
+
+Unlike the versions below 2.4 this driver is a real network device
+driver. If you want to run xNOS instead of our fine kernel AX.25
+use a 2.x version (available from above sites) or read the
+AX.25-HOWTO on how to emulate a KISS TNC on network device drivers.
+
+
+1.1 Loading the module
+======================
+
+(If you're going to compile the driver as a part of the kernel image,
+ skip this chapter and continue with 1.2)
+
+Before you can use a module, you'll have to load it with
+
+ insmod scc.o
+
+please read 'man insmod' that comes with module-init-tools.
+
+You should include the insmod in one of the /etc/rc.d/rc.* files,
+and don't forget to insert a call of sccinit after that. It
+will read your /etc/z8530drv.conf.
+
+1.2. /etc/z8530drv.conf
+=======================
+
+To setup all parameters you must run /sbin/sccinit from one
+of your rc.*-files. This has to be done BEFORE you can
+"ifconfig" an interface. Sccinit reads the file /etc/z8530drv.conf
+and sets the hardware, MODEM and KISS parameters. A sample file is
+delivered with this package. Change it to your needs.
+
+The file itself consists of two main sections.
+
+1.2.1 configuration of hardware parameters
+==========================================
+
+The hardware setup section defines the following parameters for each
+Z8530:
+
+chip 1
+data_a 0x300 # data port A
+ctrl_a 0x304 # control port A
+data_b 0x301 # data port B
+ctrl_b 0x305 # control port B
+irq 5 # IRQ No. 5
+pclock 4915200 # clock
+board BAYCOM # hardware type
+escc no # enhanced SCC chip? (8580/85180/85280)
+vector 0 # latch for interrupt vector
+special no # address of special function register
+option 0 # option to set via sfr
+
+
+chip - this is just a delimiter to make sccinit a bit simpler to
+ program. A parameter has no effect.
+
+data_a - the address of the data port A of this Z8530 (needed)
+ctrl_a - the address of the control port A (needed)
+data_b - the address of the data port B (needed)
+ctrl_b - the address of the control port B (needed)
+
+irq - the used IRQ for this chip. Different chips can use different
+ IRQs or the same. If they share an interrupt, it needs to be
+ specified within one chip-definition only.
+
+pclock - the clock at the PCLK pin of the Z8530 (option, 4915200 is
+ default), measured in Hertz
+
+board - the "type" of the board:
+
+ SCC type value
+ ---------------------------------
+ PA0HZP SCC card PA0HZP
+ EAGLE card EAGLE
+ PC100 card PC100
+ PRIMUS-PC (DG9BL) card PRIMUS
+ BayCom (U)SCC card BAYCOM
+
+escc - if you want support for ESCC chips (8580, 85180, 85280), set
+ this to "yes" (option, defaults to "no")
+
+vector - address of the vector latch (aka "intack port") for PA0HZP
+ cards. There can be only one vector latch for all chips!
+ (option, defaults to 0)
+
+special - address of the special function register on several cards.
+ (option, defaults to 0)
+
+option - The value you write into that register (option, default is 0)
+
+You can specify up to four chips (8 channels). If this is not enough,
+just change
+
+ #define MAXSCC 4
+
+to a higher value.
+
+Example for the BAYCOM USCC:
+----------------------------
+
+chip 1
+data_a 0x300 # data port A
+ctrl_a 0x304 # control port A
+data_b 0x301 # data port B
+ctrl_b 0x305 # control port B
+irq 5 # IRQ No. 5 (#)
+board BAYCOM # hardware type (*)
+#
+# SCC chip 2
+#
+chip 2
+data_a 0x302
+ctrl_a 0x306
+data_b 0x303
+ctrl_b 0x307
+board BAYCOM
+
+An example for a PA0HZP card:
+-----------------------------
+
+chip 1
+data_a 0x153
+data_b 0x151
+ctrl_a 0x152
+ctrl_b 0x150
+irq 9
+pclock 4915200
+board PA0HZP
+vector 0x168
+escc no
+#
+#
+#
+chip 2
+data_a 0x157
+data_b 0x155
+ctrl_a 0x156
+ctrl_b 0x154
+irq 9
+pclock 4915200
+board PA0HZP
+vector 0x168
+escc no
+
+A DRSI would should probably work with this:
+--------------------------------------------
+(actually: two DRSI cards...)
+
+chip 1
+data_a 0x303
+data_b 0x301
+ctrl_a 0x302
+ctrl_b 0x300
+irq 7
+pclock 4915200
+board DRSI
+escc no
+#
+#
+#
+chip 2
+data_a 0x313
+data_b 0x311
+ctrl_a 0x312
+ctrl_b 0x310
+irq 7
+pclock 4915200
+board DRSI
+escc no
+
+Note that you cannot use the on-board baudrate generator off DRSI
+cards. Use "mode dpll" for clock source (see below).
+
+This is based on information provided by Mike Bilow (and verified
+by Paul Helay)
+
+The utility "gencfg"
+--------------------
+
+If you only know the parameters for the PE1CHL driver for DOS,
+run gencfg. It will generate the correct port addresses (I hope).
+Its parameters are exactly the same as the ones you use with
+the "attach scc" command in net, except that the string "init" must
+not appear. Example:
+
+gencfg 2 0x150 4 2 0 1 0x168 9 4915200
+
+will print a skeleton z8530drv.conf for the OptoSCC to stdout.
+
+gencfg 2 0x300 2 4 5 -4 0 7 4915200 0x10
+
+does the same for the BAYCOM USCC card. In my opinion it is much easier
+to edit scc_config.h...
+
+
+1.2.2 channel configuration
+===========================
+
+The channel definition is divided into three sub sections for each
+channel:
+
+An example for scc0:
+
+# DEVICE
+
+device scc0 # the device for the following params
+
+# MODEM / BUFFERS
+
+speed 1200 # the default baudrate
+clock dpll # clock source:
+ # dpll = normal half duplex operation
+ # external = MODEM provides own Rx/Tx clock
+ # divider = use full duplex divider if
+ # installed (1)
+mode nrzi # HDLC encoding mode
+ # nrzi = 1k2 MODEM, G3RUH 9k6 MODEM
+ # nrz = DF9IC 9k6 MODEM
+ #
+bufsize 384 # size of buffers. Note that this must include
+ # the AX.25 header, not only the data field!
+ # (optional, defaults to 384)
+
+# KISS (Layer 1)
+
+txdelay 36 # (see chapter 1.4)
+persist 64
+slot 8
+tail 8
+fulldup 0
+wait 12
+min 3
+maxkey 7
+idle 3
+maxdef 120
+group 0
+txoff off
+softdcd on
+slip off
+
+The order WITHIN these sections is unimportant. The order OF these
+sections IS important. The MODEM parameters are set with the first
+recognized KISS parameter...
+
+Please note that you can initialize the board only once after boot
+(or insmod). You can change all parameters but "mode" and "clock"
+later with the Sccparam program or through KISS. Just to avoid
+security holes...
+
+(1) this divider is usually mounted on the SCC-PBC (PA0HZP) or not
+ present at all (BayCom). It feeds back the output of the DPLL
+ (digital pll) as transmit clock. Using this mode without a divider
+ installed will normally result in keying the transceiver until
+ maxkey expires --- of course without sending anything (useful).
+
+2. Attachment of a channel by your AX.25 software
+=================================================
+
+2.1 Kernel AX.25
+================
+
+To set up an AX.25 device you can simply type:
+
+ ifconfig scc0 44.128.1.1 hw ax25 dl0tha-7
+
+This will create a network interface with the IP number 44.128.20.107
+and the callsign "dl0tha". If you do not have any IP number (yet) you
+can use any of the 44.128.0.0 network. Note that you do not need
+axattach. The purpose of axattach (like slattach) is to create a KISS
+network device linked to a TTY. Please read the documentation of the
+ax25-utils and the AX.25-HOWTO to learn how to set the parameters of
+the kernel AX.25.
+
+2.2 NOS, NET and TFKISS
+=======================
+
+Since the TTY driver (aka KISS TNC emulation) is gone you need
+to emulate the old behaviour. The cost of using these programs is
+that you probably need to compile the kernel AX.25, regardless of whether
+you actually use it or not. First setup your /etc/ax25/axports,
+for example:
+
+ 9k6 dl0tha-9 9600 255 4 9600 baud port (scc3)
+ axlink dl0tha-15 38400 255 4 Link to NOS
+
+Now "ifconfig" the scc device:
+
+ ifconfig scc3 44.128.1.1 hw ax25 dl0tha-9
+
+You can now axattach a pseudo-TTY:
+
+ axattach /dev/ptys0 axlink
+
+and start your NOS and attach /dev/ptys0 there. The problem is that
+NOS is reachable only via digipeating through the kernel AX.25
+(disastrous on a DAMA controlled channel). To solve this problem,
+configure "rxecho" to echo the incoming frames from "9k6" to "axlink"
+and outgoing frames from "axlink" to "9k6" and start:
+
+ rxecho
+
+Or simply use "kissbridge" coming with z8530drv-utils:
+
+ ifconfig scc3 hw ax25 dl0tha-9
+ kissbridge scc3 /dev/ptys0
+
+
+3. Adjustment and Display of parameters
+=======================================
+
+3.1 Displaying SCC Parameters:
+==============================
+
+Once a SCC channel has been attached, the parameter settings and
+some statistic information can be shown using the param program:
+
+dl1bke-u:~$ sccstat scc0
+
+Parameters:
+
+speed : 1200 baud
+txdelay : 36
+persist : 255
+slottime : 0
+txtail : 8
+fulldup : 1
+waittime : 12
+mintime : 3 sec
+maxkeyup : 7 sec
+idletime : 3 sec
+maxdefer : 120 sec
+group : 0x00
+txoff : off
+softdcd : on
+SLIP : off
+
+Status:
+
+HDLC Z8530 Interrupts Buffers
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Sent : 273 RxOver : 0 RxInts : 125074 Size : 384
+Received : 1095 TxUnder: 0 TxInts : 4684 NoSpace : 0
+RxErrors : 1591 ExInts : 11776
+TxErrors : 0 SpInts : 1503
+Tx State : idle
+
+
+The status info shown is:
+
+Sent - number of frames transmitted
+Received - number of frames received
+RxErrors - number of receive errors (CRC, ABORT)
+TxErrors - number of discarded Tx frames (due to various reasons)
+Tx State - status of the Tx interrupt handler: idle/busy/active/tail (2)
+RxOver - number of receiver overruns
+TxUnder - number of transmitter underruns
+RxInts - number of receiver interrupts
+TxInts - number of transmitter interrupts
+EpInts - number of receiver special condition interrupts
+SpInts - number of external/status interrupts
+Size - maximum size of an AX.25 frame (*with* AX.25 headers!)
+NoSpace - number of times a buffer could not get allocated
+
+An overrun is abnormal. If lots of these occur, the product of
+baudrate and number of interfaces is too high for the processing
+power of your computer. NoSpace errors are unlikely to be caused by the
+driver or the kernel AX.25.
+
+
+3.2 Setting Parameters
+======================
+
+
+The setting of parameters of the emulated KISS TNC is done in the
+same way in the SCC driver. You can change parameters by using
+the kissparms program from the ax25-utils package or use the program
+"sccparam":
+
+ sccparam <device> <paramname> <decimal-|hexadecimal value>
+
+You can change the following parameters:
+
+param : value
+------------------------
+speed : 1200
+txdelay : 36
+persist : 255
+slottime : 0
+txtail : 8
+fulldup : 1
+waittime : 12
+mintime : 3
+maxkeyup : 7
+idletime : 3
+maxdefer : 120
+group : 0x00
+txoff : off
+softdcd : on
+SLIP : off
+
+
+The parameters have the following meaning:
+
+speed:
+ The baudrate on this channel in bits/sec
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc3 speed 9600
+
+txdelay:
+ The delay (in units of 10 ms) after keying of the
+ transmitter, until the first byte is sent. This is usually
+ called "TXDELAY" in a TNC. When 0 is specified, the driver
+ will just wait until the CTS signal is asserted. This
+ assumes the presence of a timer or other circuitry in the
+ MODEM and/or transmitter, that asserts CTS when the
+ transmitter is ready for data.
+ A normal value of this parameter is 30-36.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 txd 20
+
+persist:
+ This is the probability that the transmitter will be keyed
+ when the channel is found to be free. It is a value from 0
+ to 255, and the probability is (value+1)/256. The value
+ should be somewhere near 50-60, and should be lowered when
+ the channel is used more heavily.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc2 persist 20
+
+slottime:
+ This is the time between samples of the channel. It is
+ expressed in units of 10 ms. About 200-300 ms (value 20-30)
+ seems to be a good value.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 slot 20
+
+tail:
+ The time the transmitter will remain keyed after the last
+ byte of a packet has been transferred to the SCC. This is
+ necessary because the CRC and a flag still have to leave the
+ SCC before the transmitter is keyed down. The value depends
+ on the baudrate selected. A few character times should be
+ sufficient, e.g. 40ms at 1200 baud. (value 4)
+ The value of this parameter is in 10 ms units.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc2 4
+
+full:
+ The full-duplex mode switch. This can be one of the following
+ values:
+
+ 0: The interface will operate in CSMA mode (the normal
+ half-duplex packet radio operation)
+ 1: Fullduplex mode, i.e. the transmitter will be keyed at
+ any time, without checking the received carrier. It
+ will be unkeyed when there are no packets to be sent.
+ 2: Like 1, but the transmitter will remain keyed, also
+ when there are no packets to be sent. Flags will be
+ sent in that case, until a timeout (parameter 10)
+ occurs.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 fulldup off
+
+wait:
+ The initial waittime before any transmit attempt, after the
+ frame has been queue for transmit. This is the length of
+ the first slot in CSMA mode. In full duplex modes it is
+ set to 0 for maximum performance.
+ The value of this parameter is in 10 ms units.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc1 wait 4
+
+maxkey:
+ The maximal time the transmitter will be keyed to send
+ packets, in seconds. This can be useful on busy CSMA
+ channels, to avoid "getting a bad reputation" when you are
+ generating a lot of traffic. After the specified time has
+ elapsed, no new frame will be started. Instead, the trans-
+ mitter will be switched off for a specified time (parameter
+ min), and then the selected algorithm for keyup will be
+ started again.
+ The value 0 as well as "off" will disable this feature,
+ and allow infinite transmission time.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 maxk 20
+
+min:
+ This is the time the transmitter will be switched off when
+ the maximum transmission time is exceeded.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc3 min 10
+
+idle
+ This parameter specifies the maximum idle time in full duplex
+ 2 mode, in seconds. When no frames have been sent for this
+ time, the transmitter will be keyed down. A value of 0 is
+ has same result as the fullduplex mode 1. This parameter
+ can be disabled.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc2 idle off # transmit forever
+
+maxdefer
+ This is the maximum time (in seconds) to wait for a free channel
+ to send. When this timer expires the transmitter will be keyed
+ IMMEDIATELY. If you love to get trouble with other users you
+ should set this to a very low value ;-)
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 maxdefer 240 # 2 minutes
+
+
+txoff:
+ When this parameter has the value 0, the transmission of packets
+ is enable. Otherwise it is disabled.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc2 txoff on
+
+group:
+ It is possible to build special radio equipment to use more than
+ one frequency on the same band, e.g. using several receivers and
+ only one transmitter that can be switched between frequencies.
+ Also, you can connect several radios that are active on the same
+ band. In these cases, it is not possible, or not a good idea, to
+ transmit on more than one frequency. The SCC driver provides a
+ method to lock transmitters on different interfaces, using the
+ "param <interface> group <x>" command. This will only work when
+ you are using CSMA mode (parameter full = 0).
+ The number <x> must be 0 if you want no group restrictions, and
+ can be computed as follows to create restricted groups:
+ <x> is the sum of some OCTAL numbers:
+
+ 200 This transmitter will only be keyed when all other
+ transmitters in the group are off.
+ 100 This transmitter will only be keyed when the carrier
+ detect of all other interfaces in the group is off.
+ 0xx A byte that can be used to define different groups.
+ Interfaces are in the same group, when the logical AND
+ between their xx values is nonzero.
+
+ Examples:
+ When 2 interfaces use group 201, their transmitters will never be
+ keyed at the same time.
+ When 2 interfaces use group 101, the transmitters will only key
+ when both channels are clear at the same time. When group 301,
+ the transmitters will not be keyed at the same time.
+
+ Don't forget to convert the octal numbers into decimal before
+ you set the parameter.
+
+ Example: (to be written)
+
+softdcd:
+ use a software dcd instead of the real one... Useful for a very
+ slow squelch.
+
+ Example: sccparam /dev/scc0 soft on
+
+
+4. Problems
+===========
+
+If you have tx-problems with your BayCom USCC card please check
+the manufacturer of the 8530. SGS chips have a slightly
+different timing. Try Zilog... A solution is to write to register 8
+instead to the data port, but this won't work with the ESCC chips.
+*SIGH!*
+
+A very common problem is that the PTT locks until the maxkeyup timer
+expires, although interrupts and clock source are correct. In most
+cases compiling the driver with CONFIG_SCC_DELAY (set with
+make config) solves the problems. For more hints read the (pseudo) FAQ
+and the documentation coming with z8530drv-utils.
+
+I got reports that the driver has problems on some 386-based systems.
+(i.e. Amstrad) Those systems have a bogus AT bus timing which will
+lead to delayed answers on interrupts. You can recognize these
+problems by looking at the output of Sccstat for the suspected
+port. If it shows under- and overruns you own such a system.
+
+Delayed processing of received data: This depends on
+
+- the kernel version
+
+- kernel profiling compiled or not
+
+- a high interrupt load
+
+- a high load of the machine --- running X, Xmorph, XV and Povray,
+ while compiling the kernel... hmm ... even with 32 MB RAM ... ;-)
+ Or running a named for the whole .ampr.org domain on an 8 MB
+ box...
+
+- using information from rxecho or kissbridge.
+
+Kernel panics: please read /linux/README and find out if it
+really occurred within the scc driver.
+
+If you cannot solve a problem, send me
+
+- a description of the problem,
+- information on your hardware (computer system, scc board, modem)
+- your kernel version
+- the output of cat /proc/net/z8530
+
+4. Thor RLC100
+==============
+
+Mysteriously this board seems not to work with the driver. Anyone
+got it up-and-running?
+
+
+Many thanks to Linus Torvalds and Alan Cox for including the driver
+in the Linux standard distribution and their support.
+
+Joerg Reuter ampr-net: dl1bke@db0pra.ampr.org
+ AX-25 : DL1BKE @ DB0ABH.#BAY.DEU.EU
+ Internet: jreuter@yaina.de
+ WWW : http://yaina.de/jreuter
diff --git a/Documentation/nfsroot.txt b/Documentation/nfsroot.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a87d4af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/nfsroot.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+Mounting the root filesystem via NFS (nfsroot)
+===============================================
+
+Written 1996 by Gero Kuhlmann <gero@gkminix.han.de>
+Updated 1997 by Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>
+
+
+
+If you want to use a diskless system, as an X-terminal or printer
+server for example, you have to put your root filesystem onto a
+non-disk device. This can either be a ramdisk (see initrd.txt in
+this directory for further information) or a filesystem mounted
+via NFS. The following text describes on how to use NFS for the
+root filesystem. For the rest of this text 'client' means the
+diskless system, and 'server' means the NFS server.
+
+
+
+
+1.) Enabling nfsroot capabilities
+ -----------------------------
+
+In order to use nfsroot you have to select support for NFS during
+kernel configuration. Note that NFS cannot be loaded as a module
+in this case. The configuration script will then ask you whether
+you want to use nfsroot, and if yes what kind of auto configuration
+system you want to use. Selecting both BOOTP and RARP is safe.
+
+
+
+
+2.) Kernel command line
+ -------------------
+
+When the kernel has been loaded by a boot loader (either by loadlin,
+LILO or a network boot program) it has to be told what root fs device
+to use, and where to find the server and the name of the directory
+on the server to mount as root. This can be established by a couple
+of kernel command line parameters:
+
+
+root=/dev/nfs
+
+ This is necessary to enable the pseudo-NFS-device. Note that it's not a
+ real device but just a synonym to tell the kernel to use NFS instead of
+ a real device.
+
+
+nfsroot=[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
+
+ If the `nfsroot' parameter is NOT given on the command line, the default
+ "/tftpboot/%s" will be used.
+
+ <server-ip> Specifies the IP address of the NFS server. If this field
+ is not given, the default address as determined by the
+ `ip' variable (see below) is used. One use of this
+ parameter is for example to allow using different servers
+ for RARP and NFS. Usually you can leave this blank.
+
+ <root-dir> Name of the directory on the server to mount as root. If
+ there is a "%s" token in the string, the token will be
+ replaced by the ASCII-representation of the client's IP
+ address.
+
+ <nfs-options> Standard NFS options. All options are separated by commas.
+ If the options field is not given, the following defaults
+ will be used:
+ port = as given by server portmap daemon
+ rsize = 1024
+ wsize = 1024
+ timeo = 7
+ retrans = 3
+ acregmin = 3
+ acregmax = 60
+ acdirmin = 30
+ acdirmax = 60
+ flags = hard, nointr, noposix, cto, ac
+
+
+ip=<client-ip>:<server-ip>:<gw-ip>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<device>:<autoconf>
+
+ This parameter tells the kernel how to configure IP addresses of devices
+ and also how to set up the IP routing table. It was originally called `nfsaddrs',
+ but now the boot-time IP configuration works independently of NFS, so it
+ was renamed to `ip' and the old name remained as an alias for compatibility
+ reasons.
+
+ If this parameter is missing from the kernel command line, all fields are
+ assumed to be empty, and the defaults mentioned below apply. In general
+ this means that the kernel tries to configure everything using both
+ RARP and BOOTP (depending on what has been enabled during kernel confi-
+ guration, and if both what protocol answer got in first).
+
+ <client-ip> IP address of the client. If empty, the address will either
+ be determined by RARP or BOOTP. What protocol is used de-
+ pends on what has been enabled during kernel configuration
+ and on the <autoconf> parameter. If this parameter is not
+ empty, neither RARP nor BOOTP will be used.
+
+ <server-ip> IP address of the NFS server. If RARP is used to determine
+ the client address and this parameter is NOT empty only
+ replies from the specified server are accepted. To use
+ different RARP and NFS server, specify your RARP server
+ here (or leave it blank), and specify your NFS server in
+ the `nfsroot' parameter (see above). If this entry is blank
+ the address of the server is used which answered the RARP
+ or BOOTP request.
+
+ <gw-ip> IP address of a gateway if the server is on a different
+ subnet. If this entry is empty no gateway is used and the
+ server is assumed to be on the local network, unless a
+ value has been received by BOOTP.
+
+ <netmask> Netmask for local network interface. If this is empty,
+ the netmask is derived from the client IP address assuming
+ classful addressing, unless overridden in BOOTP reply.
+
+ <hostname> Name of the client. If empty, the client IP address is
+ used in ASCII notation, or the value received by BOOTP.
+
+ <device> Name of network device to use. If this is empty, all
+ devices are used for RARP and BOOTP requests, and the
+ first one we receive a reply on is configured. If you have
+ only one device, you can safely leave this blank.
+
+ <autoconf> Method to use for autoconfiguration. If this is either
+ 'rarp' or 'bootp', the specified protocol is used.
+ If the value is 'both' or empty, both protocols are used
+ so far as they have been enabled during kernel configura-
+ tion. 'off' means no autoconfiguration.
+
+ The <autoconf> parameter can appear alone as the value to the `ip'
+ parameter (without all the ':' characters before) in which case auto-
+ configuration is used.
+
+
+
+
+3.) Kernel loader
+ -------------
+
+To get the kernel into memory different approaches can be used. They
+depend on what facilities are available:
+
+
+3.1) Writing the kernel onto a floppy using dd:
+ As always you can just write the kernel onto a floppy using dd,
+ but then it's not possible to use kernel command lines at all.
+ To substitute the 'root=' parameter, create a dummy device on any
+ linux system with major number 0 and minor number 255 using mknod:
+
+ mknod /dev/boot255 c 0 255
+
+ Then copy the kernel zImage file onto a floppy using dd:
+
+ dd if=/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage of=/dev/fd0
+
+ And finally use rdev to set the root device:
+
+ rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/boot255
+
+ You can then remove the dummy device /dev/boot255 again. There
+ is no real device available for it.
+ The other two kernel command line parameters cannot be substi-
+ tuted with rdev. Therefore, using this method the kernel will
+ by default use RARP and/or BOOTP, and if it gets an answer via
+ RARP will mount the directory /tftpboot/<client-ip>/ as its
+ root. If it got a BOOTP answer the directory name in that answer
+ is used.
+
+
+3.2) Using LILO
+ When using LILO you can specify all necessary command line
+ parameters with the 'append=' command in the LILO configuration
+ file. However, to use the 'root=' command you also need to
+ set up a dummy device as described in 3.1 above. For how to use
+ LILO and its 'append=' command please refer to the LILO
+ documentation.
+
+3.3) Using loadlin
+ When you want to boot Linux from a DOS command prompt without
+ having a local hard disk to mount as root, you can use loadlin.
+ I was told that it works, but haven't used it myself yet. In
+ general you should be able to create a kernel command line simi-
+ lar to how LILO is doing it. Please refer to the loadlin docu-
+ mentation for further information.
+
+3.4) Using a boot ROM
+ This is probably the most elegant way of booting a diskless
+ client. With a boot ROM the kernel gets loaded using the TFTP
+ protocol. As far as I know, no commercial boot ROMs yet
+ support booting Linux over the network, but there are two
+ free implementations of a boot ROM available on sunsite.unc.edu
+ and its mirrors. They are called 'netboot-nfs' and 'etherboot'.
+ Both contain everything you need to boot a diskless Linux client.
+
+
+
+
+4.) Credits
+ -------
+
+ The nfsroot code in the kernel and the RARP support have been written
+ by Gero Kuhlmann <gero@gkminix.han.de>.
+
+ The rest of the IP layer autoconfiguration code has been written
+ by Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>.
+
+ In order to write the initial version of nfsroot I would like to thank
+ Jens-Uwe Mager <jum@anubis.han.de> for his help.
diff --git a/Documentation/nmi_watchdog.txt b/Documentation/nmi_watchdog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c025a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/nmi_watchdog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+
+[NMI watchdog is available for x86 and x86-64 architectures]
+
+Is your system locking up unpredictably? No keyboard activity, just
+a frustrating complete hard lockup? Do you want to help us debugging
+such lockups? If all yes then this document is definitely for you.
+
+On many x86/x86-64 type hardware there is a feature that enables
+us to generate 'watchdog NMI interrupts'. (NMI: Non Maskable Interrupt
+which get executed even if the system is otherwise locked up hard).
+This can be used to debug hard kernel lockups. By executing periodic
+NMI interrupts, the kernel can monitor whether any CPU has locked up,
+and print out debugging messages if so.
+
+In order to use the NMI watchdog, you need to have APIC support in your
+kernel. For SMP kernels, APIC support gets compiled in automatically. For
+UP, enable either CONFIG_X86_UP_APIC (Processor type and features -> Local
+APIC support on uniprocessors) or CONFIG_X86_UP_IOAPIC (Processor type and
+features -> IO-APIC support on uniprocessors) in your kernel config.
+CONFIG_X86_UP_APIC is for uniprocessor machines without an IO-APIC.
+CONFIG_X86_UP_IOAPIC is for uniprocessor with an IO-APIC. [Note: certain
+kernel debugging options, such as Kernel Stack Meter or Kernel Tracer,
+may implicitly disable the NMI watchdog.]
+
+For x86-64, the needed APIC is always compiled in, and the NMI watchdog is
+always enabled with I/O-APIC mode (nmi_watchdog=1). Currently, local APIC
+mode (nmi_watchdog=2) does not work on x86-64.
+
+Using local APIC (nmi_watchdog=2) needs the first performance register, so
+you can't use it for other purposes (such as high precision performance
+profiling.) However, at least oprofile and the perfctr driver disable the
+local APIC NMI watchdog automatically.
+
+To actually enable the NMI watchdog, use the 'nmi_watchdog=N' boot
+parameter. Eg. the relevant lilo.conf entry:
+
+ append="nmi_watchdog=1"
+
+For SMP machines and UP machines with an IO-APIC use nmi_watchdog=1.
+For UP machines without an IO-APIC use nmi_watchdog=2, this only works
+for some processor types. If in doubt, boot with nmi_watchdog=1 and
+check the NMI count in /proc/interrupts; if the count is zero then
+reboot with nmi_watchdog=2 and check the NMI count. If it is still
+zero then log a problem, you probably have a processor that needs to be
+added to the nmi code.
+
+A 'lockup' is the following scenario: if any CPU in the system does not
+execute the period local timer interrupt for more than 5 seconds, then
+the NMI handler generates an oops and kills the process. This
+'controlled crash' (and the resulting kernel messages) can be used to
+debug the lockup. Thus whenever the lockup happens, wait 5 seconds and
+the oops will show up automatically. If the kernel produces no messages
+then the system has crashed so hard (eg. hardware-wise) that either it
+cannot even accept NMI interrupts, or the crash has made the kernel
+unable to print messages.
+
+Be aware that when using local APIC, the frequency of NMI interrupts
+it generates, depends on the system load. The local APIC NMI watchdog,
+lacking a better source, uses the "cycles unhalted" event. As you may
+guess it doesn't tick when the CPU is in the halted state (which happens
+when the system is idle), but if your system locks up on anything but the
+"hlt" processor instruction, the watchdog will trigger very soon as the
+"cycles unhalted" event will happen every clock tick. If it locks up on
+"hlt", then you are out of luck -- the event will not happen at all and the
+watchdog won't trigger. This is a shortcoming of the local APIC watchdog
+-- unfortunately there is no "clock ticks" event that would work all the
+time. The I/O APIC watchdog is driven externally and has no such shortcoming.
+But its NMI frequency is much higher, resulting in a more significant hit
+to the overall system performance.
+
+NOTE: starting with 2.4.2-ac18 the NMI-oopser is disabled by default,
+you have to enable it with a boot time parameter. Prior to 2.4.2-ac18
+the NMI-oopser is enabled unconditionally on x86 SMP boxes.
+
+On x86-64 the NMI oopser is on by default. On 64bit Intel CPUs
+it uses IO-APIC by default and on AMD it uses local APIC.
+
+[ feel free to send bug reports, suggestions and patches to
+ Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> or the Linux SMP mailing
+ list at <linux-smp@vger.kernel.org> ]
+
diff --git a/Documentation/nommu-mmap.txt b/Documentation/nommu-mmap.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b88ebe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/nommu-mmap.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+ =============================
+ NO-MMU MEMORY MAPPING SUPPORT
+ =============================
+
+The kernel has limited support for memory mapping under no-MMU conditions, such
+as are used in uClinux environments. From the userspace point of view, memory
+mapping is made use of in conjunction with the mmap() system call, the shmat()
+call and the execve() system call. From the kernel's point of view, execve()
+mapping is actually performed by the binfmt drivers, which call back into the
+mmap() routines to do the actual work.
+
+Memory mapping behaviour also involves the way fork(), vfork(), clone() and
+ptrace() work. Under uClinux there is no fork(), and clone() must be supplied
+the CLONE_VM flag.
+
+The behaviour is similar between the MMU and no-MMU cases, but not identical;
+and it's also much more restricted in the latter case:
+
+ (*) Anonymous mapping, MAP_PRIVATE
+
+ In the MMU case: VM regions backed by arbitrary pages; copy-on-write
+ across fork.
+
+ In the no-MMU case: VM regions backed by arbitrary contiguous runs of
+ pages.
+
+ (*) Anonymous mapping, MAP_SHARED
+
+ These behave very much like private mappings, except that they're
+ shared across fork() or clone() without CLONE_VM in the MMU case. Since
+ the no-MMU case doesn't support these, behaviour is identical to
+ MAP_PRIVATE there.
+
+ (*) File, MAP_PRIVATE, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC, !PROT_WRITE
+
+ In the MMU case: VM regions backed by pages read from file; changes to
+ the underlying file are reflected in the mapping; copied across fork.
+
+ In the no-MMU case:
+
+ - If one exists, the kernel will re-use an existing mapping to the
+ same segment of the same file if that has compatible permissions,
+ even if this was created by another process.
+
+ - If possible, the file mapping will be directly on the backing device
+ if the backing device has the BDI_CAP_MAP_DIRECT capability and
+ appropriate mapping protection capabilities. Ramfs, romfs, cramfs
+ and mtd might all permit this.
+
+ - If the backing device device can't or won't permit direct sharing,
+ but does have the BDI_CAP_MAP_COPY capability, then a copy of the
+ appropriate bit of the file will be read into a contiguous bit of
+ memory and any extraneous space beyond the EOF will be cleared
+
+ - Writes to the file do not affect the mapping; writes to the mapping
+ are visible in other processes (no MMU protection), but should not
+ happen.
+
+ (*) File, MAP_PRIVATE, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC, PROT_WRITE
+
+ In the MMU case: like the non-PROT_WRITE case, except that the pages in
+ question get copied before the write actually happens. From that point
+ on writes to the file underneath that page no longer get reflected into
+ the mapping's backing pages. The page is then backed by swap instead.
+
+ In the no-MMU case: works much like the non-PROT_WRITE case, except
+ that a copy is always taken and never shared.
+
+ (*) Regular file / blockdev, MAP_SHARED, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC / PROT_WRITE
+
+ In the MMU case: VM regions backed by pages read from file; changes to
+ pages written back to file; writes to file reflected into pages backing
+ mapping; shared across fork.
+
+ In the no-MMU case: not supported.
+
+ (*) Memory backed regular file, MAP_SHARED, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC / PROT_WRITE
+
+ In the MMU case: As for ordinary regular files.
+
+ In the no-MMU case: The filesystem providing the memory-backed file
+ (such as ramfs or tmpfs) may choose to honour an open, truncate, mmap
+ sequence by providing a contiguous sequence of pages to map. In that
+ case, a shared-writable memory mapping will be possible. It will work
+ as for the MMU case. If the filesystem does not provide any such
+ support, then the mapping request will be denied.
+
+ (*) Memory backed blockdev, MAP_SHARED, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC / PROT_WRITE
+
+ In the MMU case: As for ordinary regular files.
+
+ In the no-MMU case: As for memory backed regular files, but the
+ blockdev must be able to provide a contiguous run of pages without
+ truncate being called. The ramdisk driver could do this if it allocated
+ all its memory as a contiguous array upfront.
+
+ (*) Memory backed chardev, MAP_SHARED, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC / PROT_WRITE
+
+ In the MMU case: As for ordinary regular files.
+
+ In the no-MMU case: The character device driver may choose to honour
+ the mmap() by providing direct access to the underlying device if it
+ provides memory or quasi-memory that can be accessed directly. Examples
+ of such are frame buffers and flash devices. If the driver does not
+ provide any such support, then the mapping request will be denied.
+
+
+============================
+FURTHER NOTES ON NO-MMU MMAP
+============================
+
+ (*) A request for a private mapping of less than a page in size may not return
+ a page-aligned buffer. This is because the kernel calls kmalloc() to
+ allocate the buffer, not get_free_page().
+
+ (*) A list of all the mappings on the system is visible through /proc/maps in
+ no-MMU mode.
+
+ (*) Supplying MAP_FIXED or a requesting a particular mapping address will
+ result in an error.
+
+ (*) Files mapped privately usually have to have a read method provided by the
+ driver or filesystem so that the contents can be read into the memory
+ allocated if mmap() chooses not to map the backing device directly. An
+ error will result if they don't. This is most likely to be encountered
+ with character device files, pipes, fifos and sockets.
+
+============================================
+PROVIDING SHAREABLE CHARACTER DEVICE SUPPORT
+============================================
+
+To provide shareable character device support, a driver must provide a
+file->f_op->get_unmapped_area() operation. The mmap() routines will call this
+to get a proposed address for the mapping. This may return an error if it
+doesn't wish to honour the mapping because it's too long, at a weird offset,
+under some unsupported combination of flags or whatever.
+
+The driver should also provide backing device information with capabilities set
+to indicate the permitted types of mapping on such devices. The default is
+assumed to be readable and writable, not executable, and only shareable
+directly (can't be copied).
+
+The file->f_op->mmap() operation will be called to actually inaugurate the
+mapping. It can be rejected at that point. Returning the ENOSYS error will
+cause the mapping to be copied instead if BDI_CAP_MAP_COPY is specified.
+
+The vm_ops->close() routine will be invoked when the last mapping on a chardev
+is removed. An existing mapping will be shared, partially or not, if possible
+without notifying the driver.
+
+It is permitted also for the file->f_op->get_unmapped_area() operation to
+return -ENOSYS. This will be taken to mean that this operation just doesn't
+want to handle it, despite the fact it's got an operation. For instance, it
+might try directing the call to a secondary driver which turns out not to
+implement it. Such is the case for the framebuffer driver which attempts to
+direct the call to the device-specific driver. Under such circumstances, the
+mapping request will be rejected if BDI_CAP_MAP_COPY is not specified, and a
+copy mapped otherwise.
+
+IMPORTANT NOTE:
+
+ Some types of device may present a different appearance to anyone
+ looking at them in certain modes. Flash chips can be like this; for
+ instance if they're in programming or erase mode, you might see the
+ status reflected in the mapping, instead of the data.
+
+ In such a case, care must be taken lest userspace see a shared or a
+ private mapping showing such information when the driver is busy
+ controlling the device. Remember especially: private executable
+ mappings may still be mapped directly off the device under some
+ circumstances!
+
+
+==============================================
+PROVIDING SHAREABLE MEMORY-BACKED FILE SUPPORT
+==============================================
+
+Provision of shared mappings on memory backed files is similar to the provision
+of support for shared mapped character devices. The main difference is that the
+filesystem providing the service will probably allocate a contiguous collection
+of pages and permit mappings to be made on that.
+
+It is recommended that a truncate operation applied to such a file that
+increases the file size, if that file is empty, be taken as a request to gather
+enough pages to honour a mapping. This is required to support POSIX shared
+memory.
+
+Memory backed devices are indicated by the mapping's backing device info having
+the memory_backed flag set.
+
+
+========================================
+PROVIDING SHAREABLE BLOCK DEVICE SUPPORT
+========================================
+
+Provision of shared mappings on block device files is exactly the same as for
+character devices. If there isn't a real device underneath, then the driver
+should allocate sufficient contiguous memory to honour any supported mapping.
diff --git a/Documentation/numastat.txt b/Documentation/numastat.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80133ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/numastat.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+Numa policy hit/miss statistics
+
+/sys/devices/system/node/node*/numastat
+
+All units are pages. Hugepages have separate counters.
+
+numa_hit A process wanted to allocate memory from this node,
+ and succeeded.
+numa_miss A process wanted to allocate memory from this node,
+ but ended up with memory from another.
+numa_foreign A process wanted to allocate on another node,
+ but ended up with memory from this one.
+local_node A process ran on this node and got memory from it.
+other_node A process ran on this node and got memory from another node.
+interleave_hit Interleaving wanted to allocate from this node
+ and succeeded.
+
+For easier reading you can use the numastat utility from the numactl package
+(ftp://ftp.suse.com/pub/people/ak/numa/numactl*). Note that it only works
+well right now on machines with a small number of CPUs.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/oops-tracing.txt b/Documentation/oops-tracing.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da71102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/oops-tracing.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+NOTE: ksymoops is useless on 2.6. Please use the Oops in its original format
+(from dmesg, etc). Ignore any references in this or other docs to "decoding
+the Oops" or "running it through ksymoops". If you post an Oops fron 2.6 that
+has been run through ksymoops, people will just tell you to repost it.
+
+Quick Summary
+-------------
+
+Find the Oops and send it to the maintainer of the kernel area that seems to be
+involved with the problem. Don't worry too much about getting the wrong person.
+If you are unsure send it to the person responsible for the code relevant to
+what you were doing. If it occurs repeatably try and describe how to recreate
+it. That's worth even more than the oops.
+
+If you are totally stumped as to whom to send the report, send it to
+linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org. Thanks for your help in making Linux as
+stable as humanly possible.
+
+Where is the Oops?
+----------------------
+
+Normally the Oops text is read from the kernel buffers by klogd and
+handed to syslogd which writes it to a syslog file, typically
+/var/log/messages (depends on /etc/syslog.conf). Sometimes klogd dies,
+in which case you can run dmesg > file to read the data from the kernel
+buffers and save it. Or you can cat /proc/kmsg > file, however you
+have to break in to stop the transfer, kmsg is a "never ending file".
+If the machine has crashed so badly that you cannot enter commands or
+the disk is not available then you have three options :-
+
+(1) Hand copy the text from the screen and type it in after the machine
+ has restarted. Messy but it is the only option if you have not
+ planned for a crash.
+
+(2) Boot with a serial console (see Documentation/serial-console.txt),
+ run a null modem to a second machine and capture the output there
+ using your favourite communication program. Minicom works well.
+
+(3) Patch the kernel with one of the crash dump patches. These save
+ data to a floppy disk or video rom or a swap partition. None of
+ these are standard kernel patches so you have to find and apply
+ them yourself. Search kernel archives for kmsgdump, lkcd and
+ oops+smram.
+
+
+Full Information
+----------------
+
+NOTE: the message from Linus below applies to 2.4 kernel. I have preserved it
+for historical reasons, and because some of the information in it still
+applies. Especially, please ignore any references to ksymoops.
+
+From: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
+
+How to track down an Oops.. [originally a mail to linux-kernel]
+
+The main trick is having 5 years of experience with those pesky oops
+messages ;-)
+
+Actually, there are things you can do that make this easier. I have two
+separate approaches:
+
+ gdb /usr/src/linux/vmlinux
+ gdb> disassemble <offending_function>
+
+That's the easy way to find the problem, at least if the bug-report is
+well made (like this one was - run through ksymoops to get the
+information of which function and the offset in the function that it
+happened in).
+
+Oh, it helps if the report happens on a kernel that is compiled with the
+same compiler and similar setups.
+
+The other thing to do is disassemble the "Code:" part of the bug report:
+ksymoops will do this too with the correct tools, but if you don't have
+the tools you can just do a silly program:
+
+ char str[] = "\xXX\xXX\xXX...";
+ main(){}
+
+and compile it with gcc -g and then do "disassemble str" (where the "XX"
+stuff are the values reported by the Oops - you can just cut-and-paste
+and do a replace of spaces to "\x" - that's what I do, as I'm too lazy
+to write a program to automate this all).
+
+Finally, if you want to see where the code comes from, you can do
+
+ cd /usr/src/linux
+ make fs/buffer.s # or whatever file the bug happened in
+
+and then you get a better idea of what happens than with the gdb
+disassembly.
+
+Now, the trick is just then to combine all the data you have: the C
+sources (and general knowledge of what it _should_ do), the assembly
+listing and the code disassembly (and additionally the register dump you
+also get from the "oops" message - that can be useful to see _what_ the
+corrupted pointers were, and when you have the assembler listing you can
+also match the other registers to whatever C expressions they were used
+for).
+
+Essentially, you just look at what doesn't match (in this case it was the
+"Code" disassembly that didn't match with what the compiler generated).
+Then you need to find out _why_ they don't match. Often it's simple - you
+see that the code uses a NULL pointer and then you look at the code and
+wonder how the NULL pointer got there, and if it's a valid thing to do
+you just check against it..
+
+Now, if somebody gets the idea that this is time-consuming and requires
+some small amount of concentration, you're right. Which is why I will
+mostly just ignore any panic reports that don't have the symbol table
+info etc looked up: it simply gets too hard to look it up (I have some
+programs to search for specific patterns in the kernel code segment, and
+sometimes I have been able to look up those kinds of panics too, but
+that really requires pretty good knowledge of the kernel just to be able
+to pick out the right sequences etc..)
+
+_Sometimes_ it happens that I just see the disassembled code sequence
+from the panic, and I know immediately where it's coming from. That's when
+I get worried that I've been doing this for too long ;-)
+
+ Linus
+
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Notes on Oops tracing with klogd:
+
+In order to help Linus and the other kernel developers there has been
+substantial support incorporated into klogd for processing protection
+faults. In order to have full support for address resolution at least
+version 1.3-pl3 of the sysklogd package should be used.
+
+When a protection fault occurs the klogd daemon automatically
+translates important addresses in the kernel log messages to their
+symbolic equivalents. This translated kernel message is then
+forwarded through whatever reporting mechanism klogd is using. The
+protection fault message can be simply cut out of the message files
+and forwarded to the kernel developers.
+
+Two types of address resolution are performed by klogd. The first is
+static translation and the second is dynamic translation. Static
+translation uses the System.map file in much the same manner that
+ksymoops does. In order to do static translation the klogd daemon
+must be able to find a system map file at daemon initialization time.
+See the klogd man page for information on how klogd searches for map
+files.
+
+Dynamic address translation is important when kernel loadable modules
+are being used. Since memory for kernel modules is allocated from the
+kernel's dynamic memory pools there are no fixed locations for either
+the start of the module or for functions and symbols in the module.
+
+The kernel supports system calls which allow a program to determine
+which modules are loaded and their location in memory. Using these
+system calls the klogd daemon builds a symbol table which can be used
+to debug a protection fault which occurs in a loadable kernel module.
+
+At the very minimum klogd will provide the name of the module which
+generated the protection fault. There may be additional symbolic
+information available if the developer of the loadable module chose to
+export symbol information from the module.
+
+Since the kernel module environment can be dynamic there must be a
+mechanism for notifying the klogd daemon when a change in module
+environment occurs. There are command line options available which
+allow klogd to signal the currently executing daemon that symbol
+information should be refreshed. See the klogd manual page for more
+information.
+
+A patch is included with the sysklogd distribution which modifies the
+modules-2.0.0 package to automatically signal klogd whenever a module
+is loaded or unloaded. Applying this patch provides essentially
+seamless support for debugging protection faults which occur with
+kernel loadable modules.
+
+The following is an example of a protection fault in a loadable module
+processed by klogd:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address f15e97cc
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: current->tss.cr3 = 0062d000, %cr3 = 0062d000
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: *pde = 00000000
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Oops: 0002
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: CPU: 0
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: EIP: 0010:[oops:_oops+16/3868]
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: EFLAGS: 00010212
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: eax: 315e97cc ebx: 003a6f80 ecx: 001be77b edx: 00237c0c
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: esi: 00000000 edi: bffffdb3 ebp: 00589f90 esp: 00589f8c
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: ds: 0018 es: 0018 fs: 002b gs: 002b ss: 0018
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Process oops_test (pid: 3374, process nr: 21, stackpage=00589000)
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Stack: 315e97cc 00589f98 0100b0b4 bffffed4 0012e38e 00240c64 003a6f80 00000001
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: 00000000 00237810 bfffff00 0010a7fa 00000003 00000001 00000000 bfffff00
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: bffffdb3 bffffed4 ffffffda 0000002b 0007002b 0000002b 0000002b 00000036
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Call Trace: [oops:_oops_ioctl+48/80] [_sys_ioctl+254/272] [_system_call+82/128]
+Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Code: c7 00 05 00 00 00 eb 08 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 ec 5d c3
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Dr. G.W. Wettstein Oncology Research Div. Computing Facility
+Roger Maris Cancer Center INTERNET: greg@wind.rmcc.com
+820 4th St. N.
+Fargo, ND 58122
+Phone: 701-234-7556
+
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Tainted kernels:
+
+Some oops reports contain the string 'Tainted: ' after the program
+counter, this indicates that the kernel has been tainted by some
+mechanism. The string is followed by a series of position sensitive
+characters, each representing a particular tainted value.
+
+ 1: 'G' if all modules loaded have a GPL or compatible license, 'P' if
+ any proprietary module has been loaded. Modules without a
+ MODULE_LICENSE or with a MODULE_LICENSE that is not recognised by
+ insmod as GPL compatible are assumed to be proprietary.
+
+ 2: 'F' if any module was force loaded by insmod -f, ' ' if all
+ modules were loaded normally.
+
+ 3: 'S' if the oops occurred on an SMP kernel running on hardware that
+ hasn't been certified as safe to run multiprocessor.
+ Currently this occurs only on various Athlons that are not
+ SMP capable.
+
+The primary reason for the 'Tainted: ' string is to tell kernel
+debuggers if this is a clean kernel or if anything unusual has
+occurred. Tainting is permanent, even if an offending module is
+unloading the tainted value remains to indicate that the kernel is not
+trustworthy.
diff --git a/Documentation/paride.txt b/Documentation/paride.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e431267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/paride.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+
+ Linux and parallel port IDE devices
+
+PARIDE v1.03 (c) 1997-8 Grant Guenther <grant@torque.net>
+
+1. Introduction
+
+Owing to the simplicity and near universality of the parallel port interface
+to personal computers, many external devices such as portable hard-disk,
+CD-ROM, LS-120 and tape drives use the parallel port to connect to their
+host computer. While some devices (notably scanners) use ad-hoc methods
+to pass commands and data through the parallel port interface, most
+external devices are actually identical to an internal model, but with
+a parallel-port adapter chip added in. Some of the original parallel port
+adapters were little more than mechanisms for multiplexing a SCSI bus.
+(The Iomega PPA-3 adapter used in the ZIP drives is an example of this
+approach). Most current designs, however, take a different approach.
+The adapter chip reproduces a small ISA or IDE bus in the external device
+and the communication protocol provides operations for reading and writing
+device registers, as well as data block transfer functions. Sometimes,
+the device being addressed via the parallel cable is a standard SCSI
+controller like an NCR 5380. The "ditto" family of external tape
+drives use the ISA replicator to interface a floppy disk controller,
+which is then connected to a floppy-tape mechanism. The vast majority
+of external parallel port devices, however, are now based on standard
+IDE type devices, which require no intermediate controller. If one
+were to open up a parallel port CD-ROM drive, for instance, one would
+find a standard ATAPI CD-ROM drive, a power supply, and a single adapter
+that interconnected a standard PC parallel port cable and a standard
+IDE cable. It is usually possible to exchange the CD-ROM device with
+any other device using the IDE interface.
+
+The document describes the support in Linux for parallel port IDE
+devices. It does not cover parallel port SCSI devices, "ditto" tape
+drives or scanners. Many different devices are supported by the
+parallel port IDE subsystem, including:
+
+ MicroSolutions backpack CD-ROM
+ MicroSolutions backpack PD/CD
+ MicroSolutions backpack hard-drives
+ MicroSolutions backpack 8000t tape drive
+ SyQuest EZ-135, EZ-230 & SparQ drives
+ Avatar Shark
+ Imation Superdisk LS-120
+ Maxell Superdisk LS-120
+ FreeCom Power CD
+ Hewlett-Packard 5GB and 8GB tape drives
+ Hewlett-Packard 7100 and 7200 CD-RW drives
+
+as well as most of the clone and no-name products on the market.
+
+To support such a wide range of devices, PARIDE, the parallel port IDE
+subsystem, is actually structured in three parts. There is a base
+paride module which provides a registry and some common methods for
+accessing the parallel ports. The second component is a set of
+high-level drivers for each of the different types of supported devices:
+
+ pd IDE disk
+ pcd ATAPI CD-ROM
+ pf ATAPI disk
+ pt ATAPI tape
+ pg ATAPI generic
+
+(Currently, the pg driver is only used with CD-R drives).
+
+The high-level drivers function according to the relevant standards.
+The third component of PARIDE is a set of low-level protocol drivers
+for each of the parallel port IDE adapter chips. Thanks to the interest
+and encouragement of Linux users from many parts of the world,
+support is available for almost all known adapter protocols:
+
+ aten ATEN EH-100 (HK)
+ bpck Microsolutions backpack (US)
+ comm DataStor (old-type) "commuter" adapter (TW)
+ dstr DataStor EP-2000 (TW)
+ epat Shuttle EPAT (UK)
+ epia Shuttle EPIA (UK)
+ fit2 FIT TD-2000 (US)
+ fit3 FIT TD-3000 (US)
+ friq Freecom IQ cable (DE)
+ frpw Freecom Power (DE)
+ kbic KingByte KBIC-951A and KBIC-971A (TW)
+ ktti KT Technology PHd adapter (SG)
+ on20 OnSpec 90c20 (US)
+ on26 OnSpec 90c26 (US)
+
+
+2. Using the PARIDE subsystem
+
+While configuring the Linux kernel, you may choose either to build
+the PARIDE drivers into your kernel, or to build them as modules.
+
+In either case, you will need to select "Parallel port IDE device support"
+as well as at least one of the high-level drivers and at least one
+of the parallel port communication protocols. If you do not know
+what kind of parallel port adapter is used in your drive, you could
+begin by checking the file names and any text files on your DOS
+installation floppy. Alternatively, you can look at the markings on
+the adapter chip itself. That's usually sufficient to identify the
+correct device.
+
+You can actually select all the protocol modules, and allow the PARIDE
+subsystem to try them all for you.
+
+For the "brand-name" products listed above, here are the protocol
+and high-level drivers that you would use:
+
+ Manufacturer Model Driver Protocol
+
+ MicroSolutions CD-ROM pcd bpck
+ MicroSolutions PD drive pf bpck
+ MicroSolutions hard-drive pd bpck
+ MicroSolutions 8000t tape pt bpck
+ SyQuest EZ, SparQ pd epat
+ Imation Superdisk pf epat
+ Maxell Superdisk pf friq
+ Avatar Shark pd epat
+ FreeCom CD-ROM pcd frpw
+ Hewlett-Packard 5GB Tape pt epat
+ Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD) pcd epat
+ Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD-R) pg epat
+
+2.1 Configuring built-in drivers
+
+We recommend that you get to know how the drivers work and how to
+configure them as loadable modules, before attempting to compile a
+kernel with the drivers built-in.
+
+If you built all of your PARIDE support directly into your kernel,
+and you have just a single parallel port IDE device, your kernel should
+locate it automatically for you. If you have more than one device,
+you may need to give some command line options to your bootloader
+(eg: LILO), how to do that is beyond the scope of this document.
+
+The high-level drivers accept a number of command line parameters, all
+of which are documented in the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride.
+By default, each driver will automatically try all parallel ports it
+can find, and all protocol types that have been installed, until it finds
+a parallel port IDE adapter. Once it finds one, the probe stops. So,
+if you have more than one device, you will need to tell the drivers
+how to identify them. This requires specifying the port address, the
+protocol identification number and, for some devices, the drive's
+chain ID. While your system is booting, a number of messages are
+displayed on the console. Like all such messages, they can be
+reviewed with the 'dmesg' command. Among those messages will be
+some lines like:
+
+ paride: bpck registered as protocol 0
+ paride: epat registered as protocol 1
+
+The numbers will always be the same until you build a new kernel with
+different protocol selections. You should note these numbers as you
+will need them to identify the devices.
+
+If you happen to be using a MicroSolutions backpack device, you will
+also need to know the unit ID number for each drive. This is usually
+the last two digits of the drive's serial number (but read MicroSolutions'
+documentation about this).
+
+As an example, let's assume that you have a MicroSolutions PD/CD drive
+with unit ID number 36 connected to the parallel port at 0x378, a SyQuest
+EZ-135 connected to the chained port on the PD/CD drive and also an
+Imation Superdisk connected to port 0x278. You could give the following
+options on your boot command:
+
+ pd.drive0=0x378,1 pf.drive0=0x278,1 pf.drive1=0x378,0,36
+
+In the last option, pf.drive1 configures device /dev/pf1, the 0x378
+is the parallel port base address, the 0 is the protocol registration
+number and 36 is the chain ID.
+
+Please note: while PARIDE will work both with and without the
+PARPORT parallel port sharing system that is included by the
+"Parallel port support" option, PARPORT must be included and enabled
+if you want to use chains of devices on the same parallel port.
+
+2.2 Loading and configuring PARIDE as modules
+
+It is much faster and simpler to get to understand the PARIDE drivers
+if you use them as loadable kernel modules.
+
+Note 1: using these drivers with the "kerneld" automatic module loading
+system is not recommended for beginners, and is not documented here.
+
+Note 2: if you build PARPORT support as a loadable module, PARIDE must
+also be built as loadable modules, and PARPORT must be loaded before the
+PARIDE modules.
+
+To use PARIDE, you must begin by
+
+ insmod paride
+
+this loads a base module which provides a registry for the protocols,
+among other tasks.
+
+Then, load as many of the protocol modules as you think you might need.
+As you load each module, it will register the protocols that it supports,
+and print a log message to your kernel log file and your console. For
+example:
+
+ # insmod epat
+ paride: epat registered as protocol 0
+ # insmod kbic
+ paride: k951 registered as protocol 1
+ paride: k971 registered as protocol 2
+
+Finally, you can load high-level drivers for each kind of device that
+you have connected. By default, each driver will autoprobe for a single
+device, but you can support up to four similar devices by giving their
+individual co-ordinates when you load the driver.
+
+For example, if you had two no-name CD-ROM drives both using the
+KingByte KBIC-951A adapter, one on port 0x378 and the other on 0x3bc
+you could give the following command:
+
+ # insmod pcd drive0=0x378,1 drive1=0x3bc,1
+
+For most adapters, giving a port address and protocol number is sufficient,
+but check the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride for more
+information. (Hopefully someone will write some man pages one day !).
+
+As another example, here's what happens when PARPORT is installed, and
+a SyQuest EZ-135 is attached to port 0x378:
+
+ # insmod paride
+ paride: version 1.0 installed
+ # insmod epat
+ paride: epat registered as protocol 0
+ # insmod pd
+ pd: pd version 1.0, major 45, cluster 64, nice 0
+ pda: Sharing parport1 at 0x378
+ pda: epat 1.0, Shuttle EPAT chip c3 at 0x378, mode 5 (EPP-32), delay 1
+ pda: SyQuest EZ135A, 262144 blocks [128M], (512/16/32), removable media
+ pda: pda1
+
+Note that the last line is the output from the generic partition table
+scanner - in this case it reports that it has found a disk with one partition.
+
+2.3 Using a PARIDE device
+
+Once the drivers have been loaded, you can access PARIDE devices in the
+same way as their traditional counterparts. You will probably need to
+create the device "special files". Here is a simple script that you can
+cut to a file and execute:
+
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# mkd -- a script to create the device special files for the PARIDE subsystem
+#
+function mkdev {
+ mknod $1 $2 $3 $4 ; chmod 0660 $1 ; chown root:disk $1
+}
+#
+function pd {
+ D=$( printf \\$( printf "x%03x" $[ $1 + 97 ] ) )
+ mkdev pd$D b 45 $[ $1 * 16 ]
+ for P in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
+ do mkdev pd$D$P b 45 $[ $1 * 16 + $P ]
+ done
+}
+#
+cd /dev
+#
+for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do pd $u ; done
+for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pcd$u b 46 $u ; done
+for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pf$u b 47 $u ; done
+for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pt$u c 96 $u ; done
+for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev npt$u c 96 $[ $u + 128 ] ; done
+for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pg$u c 97 $u ; done
+#
+# end of mkd
+
+With the device files and drivers in place, you can access PARIDE devices
+like any other Linux device. For example, to mount a CD-ROM in pcd0, use:
+
+ mount /dev/pcd0 /cdrom
+
+If you have a fresh Avatar Shark cartridge, and the drive is pda, you
+might do something like:
+
+ fdisk /dev/pda -- make a new partition table with
+ partition 1 of type 83
+
+ mke2fs /dev/pda1 -- to build the file system
+
+ mkdir /shark -- make a place to mount the disk
+
+ mount /dev/pda1 /shark
+
+Devices like the Imation superdisk work in the same way, except that
+they do not have a partition table. For example to make a 120MB
+floppy that you could share with a DOS system:
+
+ mkdosfs /dev/pf0
+ mount /dev/pf0 /mnt
+
+
+2.4 The pf driver
+
+The pf driver is intended for use with parallel port ATAPI disk
+devices. The most common devices in this category are PD drives
+and LS-120 drives. Traditionally, media for these devices are not
+partitioned. Consequently, the pf driver does not support partitioned
+media. This may be changed in a future version of the driver.
+
+2.5 Using the pt driver
+
+The pt driver for parallel port ATAPI tape drives is a minimal driver.
+It does not yet support many of the standard tape ioctl operations.
+For best performance, a block size of 32KB should be used. You will
+probably want to set the parallel port delay to 0, if you can.
+
+2.6 Using the pg driver
+
+The pg driver can be used in conjunction with the cdrecord program
+to create CD-ROMs. Please get cdrecord version 1.6.1 or later
+from ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/ . To record CD-R media
+your parallel port should ideally be set to EPP mode, and the "port delay"
+should be set to 0. With those settings it is possible to record at 2x
+speed without any buffer underruns. If you cannot get the driver to work
+in EPP mode, try to use "bidirectional" or "PS/2" mode and 1x speeds only.
+
+
+3. Troubleshooting
+
+3.1 Use EPP mode if you can
+
+The most common problems that people report with the PARIDE drivers
+concern the parallel port CMOS settings. At this time, none of the
+PARIDE protocol modules support ECP mode, or any ECP combination modes.
+If you are able to do so, please set your parallel port into EPP mode
+using your CMOS setup procedure.
+
+3.2 Check the port delay
+
+Some parallel ports cannot reliably transfer data at full speed. To
+offset the errors, the PARIDE protocol modules introduce a "port
+delay" between each access to the i/o ports. Each protocol sets
+a default value for this delay. In most cases, the user can override
+the default and set it to 0 - resulting in somewhat higher transfer
+rates. In some rare cases (especially with older 486 systems) the
+default delays are not long enough. if you experience corrupt data
+transfers, or unexpected failures, you may wish to increase the
+port delay. The delay can be programmed using the "driveN" parameters
+to each of the high-level drivers. Please see the notes above, or
+read the comments at the beginning of the driver source files in
+linux/drivers/block/paride.
+
+3.3 Some drives need a printer reset
+
+There appear to be a number of "noname" external drives on the market
+that do not always power up correctly. We have noticed this with some
+drives based on OnSpec and older Freecom adapters. In these rare cases,
+the adapter can often be reinitialised by issuing a "printer reset" on
+the parallel port. As the reset operation is potentially disruptive in
+multiple device environments, the PARIDE drivers will not do it
+automatically. You can however, force a printer reset by doing:
+
+ insmod lp reset=1
+ rmmod lp
+
+If you have one of these marginal cases, you should probably build
+your paride drivers as modules, and arrange to do the printer reset
+before loading the PARIDE drivers.
+
+3.4 Use the verbose option and dmesg if you need help
+
+While a lot of testing has gone into these drivers to make them work
+as smoothly as possible, problems will arise. If you do have problems,
+please check all the obvious things first: does the drive work in
+DOS with the manufacturer's drivers ? If that doesn't yield any useful
+clues, then please make sure that only one drive is hooked to your system,
+and that either (a) PARPORT is enabled or (b) no other device driver
+is using your parallel port (check in /proc/ioports). Then, load the
+appropriate drivers (you can load several protocol modules if you want)
+as in:
+
+ # insmod paride
+ # insmod epat
+ # insmod bpck
+ # insmod kbic
+ ...
+ # insmod pd verbose=1
+
+(using the correct driver for the type of device you have, of course).
+The verbose=1 parameter will cause the drivers to log a trace of their
+activity as they attempt to locate your drive.
+
+Use 'dmesg' to capture a log of all the PARIDE messages (any messages
+beginning with paride:, a protocol module's name or a driver's name) and
+include that with your bug report. You can submit a bug report in one
+of two ways. Either send it directly to the author of the PARIDE suite,
+by e-mail to grant@torque.net, or join the linux-parport mailing list
+and post your report there.
+
+3.5 For more information or help
+
+You can join the linux-parport mailing list by sending a mail message
+to
+ linux-parport-request@torque.net
+
+with the single word
+
+ subscribe
+
+in the body of the mail message (not in the subject line). Please be
+sure that your mail program is correctly set up when you do this, as
+the list manager is a robot that will subscribe you using the reply
+address in your mail headers. REMOVE any anti-spam gimmicks you may
+have in your mail headers, when sending mail to the list server.
+
+You might also find some useful information on the linux-parport
+web pages (although they are not always up to date) at
+
+ http://www.torque.net/parport/
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/parisc/00-INDEX b/Documentation/parisc/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbd0609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/parisc/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+00-INDEX
+ - this file.
+debugging
+ - some debugging hints for real-mode code
+registers
+ - current/planned usage of registers
diff --git a/Documentation/parisc/debugging b/Documentation/parisc/debugging
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d728594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/parisc/debugging
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+okay, here are some hints for debugging the lower-level parts of
+linux/parisc.
+
+
+1. Absolute addresses
+
+A lot of the assembly code currently runs in real mode, which means
+absolute addresses are used instead of virtual addresses as in the
+rest of the kernel. To translate an absolute address to a virtual
+address you can lookup in System.map, add __PAGE_OFFSET (0x10000000
+currently).
+
+
+2. HPMCs
+
+When real-mode code tries to access non-existent memory, you'll get
+an HPMC instead of a kernel oops. To debug an HPMC, try to find
+the System Responder/Requestor addresses. The System Requestor
+address should match (one of the) processor HPAs (high addresses in
+the I/O range); the System Responder address is the address real-mode
+code tried to access.
+
+Typical values for the System Responder address are addresses larger
+than __PAGE_OFFSET (0x10000000) which mean a virtual address didn't
+get translated to a physical address before real-mode code tried to
+access it.
+
+
+3. Q bit fun
+
+Certain, very critical code has to clear the Q bit in the PSW. What
+happens when the Q bit is cleared is the CPU does not update the
+registers interruption handlers read to find out where the machine
+was interrupted - so if you get an interruption between the instruction
+that clears the Q bit and the RFI that sets it again you don't know
+where exactly it happened. If you're lucky the IAOQ will point to the
+instrucion that cleared the Q bit, if you're not it points anywhere
+at all. Usually Q bit problems will show themselves in unexplainable
+system hangs or running off the end of physical memory.
diff --git a/Documentation/parisc/registers b/Documentation/parisc/registers
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd3cadd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/parisc/registers
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+Register Usage for Linux/PA-RISC
+
+[ an asterisk is used for planned usage which is currently unimplemented ]
+
+ General Registers as specified by ABI
+
+ Control Registers
+
+CR 0 (Recovery Counter) used for ptrace
+CR 1-CR 7(undefined) unused
+CR 8 (Protection ID) per-process value*
+CR 9, 12, 13 (PIDS) unused
+CR10 (CCR) lazy FPU saving*
+CR11 as specified by ABI (SAR)
+CR14 (interruption vector) initialized to fault_vector
+CR15 (EIEM) initialized to all ones*
+CR16 (Interval Timer) read for cycle count/write starts Interval Tmr
+CR17-CR22 interruption parameters
+CR19 Interrupt Instruction Register
+CR20 Interrupt Space Register
+CR21 Interrupt Offset Register
+CR22 Interrupt PSW
+CR23 (EIRR) read for pending interrupts/write clears bits
+CR24 (TR 0) Kernel Space Page Directory Pointer
+CR25 (TR 1) User Space Page Directory Pointer
+CR26 (TR 2) not used
+CR27 (TR 3) Thread descriptor pointer
+CR28 (TR 4) not used
+CR29 (TR 5) not used
+CR30 (TR 6) current / 0
+CR31 (TR 7) Temporary register, used in various places
+
+ Space Registers (kernel mode)
+
+SR0 temporary space register
+SR4-SR7 set to 0
+SR1 temporary space register
+SR2 kernel should not clobber this
+SR3 used for userspace accesses (current process)
+
+ Space Registers (user mode)
+
+SR0 temporary space register
+SR1 temporary space register
+SR2 holds space of linux gateway page
+SR3 holds user address space value while in kernel
+SR4-SR7 Defines short address space for user/kernel
+
+
+ Processor Status Word
+
+W (64-bit addresses) 0
+E (Little-endian) 0
+S (Secure Interval Timer) 0
+T (Taken Branch Trap) 0
+H (Higher-privilege trap) 0
+L (Lower-privilege trap) 0
+N (Nullify next instruction) used by C code
+X (Data memory break disable) 0
+B (Taken Branch) used by C code
+C (code address translation) 1, 0 while executing real-mode code
+V (divide step correction) used by C code
+M (HPMC mask) 0, 1 while executing HPMC handler*
+C/B (carry/borrow bits) used by C code
+O (ordered references) 1*
+F (performance monitor) 0
+R (Recovery Counter trap) 0
+Q (collect interruption state) 1 (0 in code directly preceding an rfi)
+P (Protection Identifiers) 1*
+D (Data address translation) 1, 0 while executing real-mode code
+I (external interrupt mask) used by cli()/sti() macros
+
+ "Invisible" Registers
+
+PSW default W value 0
+PSW default E value 0
+Shadow Registers used by interruption handler code
+TOC enable bit 1
+
+=========================================================================
+Register usage notes, originally from John Marvin, with some additional
+notes from Randolph Chung.
+
+For the general registers:
+
+r1,r2,r19-r26,r28,r29 & r31 can be used without saving them first. And of
+course, you need to save them if you care about them, before calling
+another procedure. Some of the above registers do have special meanings
+that you should be aware of:
+
+ r1: The addil instruction is hardwired to place its result in r1,
+ so if you use that instruction be aware of that.
+
+ r2: This is the return pointer. In general you don't want to
+ use this, since you need the pointer to get back to your
+ caller. However, it is grouped with this set of registers
+ since the caller can't rely on the value being the same
+ when you return, i.e. you can copy r2 to another register
+ and return through that register after trashing r2, and
+ that should not cause a problem for the calling routine.
+
+ r19-r22: these are generally regarded as temporary registers.
+ Note that in 64 bit they are arg7-arg4.
+
+ r23-r26: these are arg3-arg0, i.e. you can use them if you
+ don't care about the values that were passed in anymore.
+
+ r28,r29: are ret0 and ret1. They are what you pass return values
+ in. r28 is the primary return. When returning small structures
+ r29 may also be used to pass data back to the caller.
+
+ r30: stack pointer
+
+ r31: the ble instruction puts the return pointer in here.
+
+
+r3-r18,r27,r30 need to be saved and restored. r3-r18 are just
+ general purpose registers. r27 is the data pointer, and is
+ used to make references to global variables easier. r30 is
+ the stack pointer.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/parport-lowlevel.txt b/Documentation/parport-lowlevel.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d40008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/parport-lowlevel.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1490 @@
+PARPORT interface documentation
+-------------------------------
+
+Time-stamp: <2000-02-24 13:30:20 twaugh>
+
+Described here are the following functions:
+
+Global functions:
+ parport_register_driver
+ parport_unregister_driver
+ parport_enumerate
+ parport_register_device
+ parport_unregister_device
+ parport_claim
+ parport_claim_or_block
+ parport_release
+ parport_yield
+ parport_yield_blocking
+ parport_wait_peripheral
+ parport_poll_peripheral
+ parport_wait_event
+ parport_negotiate
+ parport_read
+ parport_write
+ parport_open
+ parport_close
+ parport_device_id
+ parport_device_num
+ parport_device_coords
+ parport_find_class
+ parport_find_device
+ parport_set_timeout
+
+Port functions (can be overridden by low-level drivers):
+ SPP:
+ port->ops->read_data
+ port->ops->write_data
+ port->ops->read_status
+ port->ops->read_control
+ port->ops->write_control
+ port->ops->frob_control
+ port->ops->enable_irq
+ port->ops->disable_irq
+ port->ops->data_forward
+ port->ops->data_reverse
+
+ EPP:
+ port->ops->epp_write_data
+ port->ops->epp_read_data
+ port->ops->epp_write_addr
+ port->ops->epp_read_addr
+
+ ECP:
+ port->ops->ecp_write_data
+ port->ops->ecp_read_data
+ port->ops->ecp_write_addr
+
+ Other:
+ port->ops->nibble_read_data
+ port->ops->byte_read_data
+ port->ops->compat_write_data
+
+The parport subsystem comprises 'parport' (the core port-sharing
+code), and a variety of low-level drivers that actually do the port
+accesses. Each low-level driver handles a particular style of port
+(PC, Amiga, and so on).
+
+The parport interface to the device driver author can be broken down
+into global functions and port functions.
+
+The global functions are mostly for communicating between the device
+driver and the parport subsystem: acquiring a list of available ports,
+claiming a port for exclusive use, and so on. They also include
+'generic' functions for doing standard things that will work on any
+IEEE 1284-capable architecture.
+
+The port functions are provided by the low-level drivers, although the
+core parport module provides generic 'defaults' for some routines.
+The port functions can be split into three groups: SPP, EPP, and ECP.
+
+SPP (Standard Parallel Port) functions modify so-called 'SPP'
+registers: data, status, and control. The hardware may not actually
+have registers exactly like that, but the PC does and this interface is
+modelled after common PC implementations. Other low-level drivers may
+be able to emulate most of the functionality.
+
+EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) functions are provided for reading and
+writing in IEEE 1284 EPP mode, and ECP (Extended Capabilities Port)
+functions are used for IEEE 1284 ECP mode. (What about BECP? Does
+anyone care?)
+
+Hardware assistance for EPP and/or ECP transfers may or may not be
+available, and if it is available it may or may not be used. If
+hardware is not used, the transfer will be software-driven. In order
+to cope with peripherals that only tenuously support IEEE 1284, a
+low-level driver specific function is provided, for altering 'fudge
+factors'.
+
+GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
+----------------
+
+parport_register_driver - register a device driver with parport
+-----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_driver {
+ const char *name;
+ void (*attach) (struct parport *);
+ void (*detach) (struct parport *);
+ struct parport_driver *next;
+};
+int parport_register_driver (struct parport_driver *driver);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+In order to be notified about parallel ports when they are detected,
+parport_register_driver should be called. Your driver will
+immediately be notified of all ports that have already been detected,
+and of each new port as low-level drivers are loaded.
+
+A 'struct parport_driver' contains the textual name of your driver,
+a pointer to a function to handle new ports, and a pointer to a
+function to handle ports going away due to a low-level driver
+unloading. Ports will only be detached if they are not being used
+(i.e. there are no devices registered on them).
+
+The visible parts of the 'struct parport *' argument given to
+attach/detach are:
+
+struct parport
+{
+ struct parport *next; /* next parport in list */
+ const char *name; /* port's name */
+ unsigned int modes; /* bitfield of hardware modes */
+ struct parport_device_info probe_info;
+ /* IEEE1284 info */
+ int number; /* parport index */
+ struct parport_operations *ops;
+ ...
+};
+
+There are other members of the structure, but they should not be
+touched.
+
+The 'modes' member summarises the capabilities of the underlying
+hardware. It consists of flags which may be bitwise-ored together:
+
+ PARPORT_MODE_PCSPP IBM PC registers are available,
+ i.e. functions that act on data,
+ control and status registers are
+ probably writing directly to the
+ hardware.
+ PARPORT_MODE_TRISTATE The data drivers may be turned off.
+ This allows the data lines to be used
+ for reverse (peripheral to host)
+ transfers.
+ PARPORT_MODE_COMPAT The hardware can assist with
+ compatibility-mode (printer)
+ transfers, i.e. compat_write_block.
+ PARPORT_MODE_EPP The hardware can assist with EPP
+ transfers.
+ PARPORT_MODE_ECP The hardware can assist with ECP
+ transfers.
+ PARPORT_MODE_DMA The hardware can use DMA, so you might
+ want to pass ISA DMA-able memory
+ (i.e. memory allocated using the
+ GFP_DMA flag with kmalloc) to the
+ low-level driver in order to take
+ advantage of it.
+
+There may be other flags in 'modes' as well.
+
+The contents of 'modes' is advisory only. For example, if the
+hardware is capable of DMA, and PARPORT_MODE_DMA is in 'modes', it
+doesn't necessarily mean that DMA will always be used when possible.
+Similarly, hardware that is capable of assisting ECP transfers won't
+necessarily be used.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+Zero on success, otherwise an error code.
+
+ERRORS
+
+None. (Can it fail? Why return int?)
+
+EXAMPLE
+
+static void lp_attach (struct parport *port)
+{
+ ...
+ private = kmalloc (...);
+ dev[count++] = parport_register_device (...);
+ ...
+}
+
+static void lp_detach (struct parport *port)
+{
+ ...
+}
+
+static struct parport_driver lp_driver = {
+ "lp",
+ lp_attach,
+ lp_detach,
+ NULL /* always put NULL here */
+};
+
+int lp_init (void)
+{
+ ...
+ if (parport_register_driver (&lp_driver)) {
+ /* Failed; nothing we can do. */
+ return -EIO;
+ }
+ ...
+}
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_unregister_driver, parport_register_device, parport_enumerate
+
+parport_unregister_driver - tell parport to forget about this driver
+-------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_driver {
+ const char *name;
+ void (*attach) (struct parport *);
+ void (*detach) (struct parport *);
+ struct parport_driver *next;
+};
+void parport_unregister_driver (struct parport_driver *driver);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+This tells parport not to notify the device driver of new ports or of
+ports going away. Registered devices belonging to that driver are NOT
+unregistered: parport_unregister_device must be used for each one.
+
+EXAMPLE
+
+void cleanup_module (void)
+{
+ ...
+ /* Stop notifications. */
+ parport_unregister_driver (&lp_driver);
+
+ /* Unregister devices. */
+ for (i = 0; i < NUM_DEVS; i++)
+ parport_unregister_device (dev[i]);
+ ...
+}
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_register_driver, parport_enumerate
+
+parport_enumerate - retrieve a list of parallel ports (DEPRECATED)
+-----------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport *parport_enumerate (void);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Retrieve the first of a list of valid parallel ports for this machine.
+Successive parallel ports can be found using the 'struct parport
+*next' element of the 'struct parport *' that is returned. If 'next'
+is NULL, there are no more parallel ports in the list. The number of
+ports in the list will not exceed PARPORT_MAX.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+A 'struct parport *' describing a valid parallel port for the machine,
+or NULL if there are none.
+
+ERRORS
+
+This function can return NULL to indicate that there are no parallel
+ports to use.
+
+EXAMPLE
+
+int detect_device (void)
+{
+ struct parport *port;
+
+ for (port = parport_enumerate ();
+ port != NULL;
+ port = port->next) {
+ /* Try to detect a device on the port... */
+ ...
+ }
+ }
+
+ ...
+}
+
+NOTES
+
+parport_enumerate is deprecated; parport_register_driver should be
+used instead.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_register_driver, parport_unregister_driver
+
+parport_register_device - register to use a port
+-----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+typedef int (*preempt_func) (void *handle);
+typedef void (*wakeup_func) (void *handle);
+typedef int (*irq_func) (int irq, void *handle, struct pt_regs *);
+
+struct pardevice *parport_register_device(struct parport *port,
+ const char *name,
+ preempt_func preempt,
+ wakeup_func wakeup,
+ irq_func irq,
+ int flags,
+ void *handle);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Use this function to register your device driver on a parallel port
+('port'). Once you have done that, you will be able to use
+parport_claim and parport_release in order to use the port.
+
+This function will register three callbacks into your driver:
+'preempt', 'wakeup' and 'irq'. Each of these may be NULL in order to
+indicate that you do not want a callback.
+
+When the 'preempt' function is called, it is because another driver
+wishes to use the parallel port. The 'preempt' function should return
+non-zero if the parallel port cannot be released yet -- if zero is
+returned, the port is lost to another driver and the port must be
+re-claimed before use.
+
+The 'wakeup' function is called once another driver has released the
+port and no other driver has yet claimed it. You can claim the
+parallel port from within the 'wakeup' function (in which case the
+claim is guaranteed to succeed), or choose not to if you don't need it
+now.
+
+If an interrupt occurs on the parallel port your driver has claimed,
+the 'irq' function will be called. (Write something about shared
+interrupts here.)
+
+The 'handle' is a pointer to driver-specific data, and is passed to
+the callback functions.
+
+'flags' may be a bitwise combination of the following flags:
+
+ Flag Meaning
+ PARPORT_DEV_EXCL The device cannot share the parallel port at all.
+ Use this only when absolutely necessary.
+
+The typedefs are not actually defined -- they are only shown in order
+to make the function prototype more readable.
+
+The visible parts of the returned 'struct pardevice' are:
+
+struct pardevice {
+ struct parport *port; /* Associated port */
+ void *private; /* Device driver's 'handle' */
+ ...
+};
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+A 'struct pardevice *': a handle to the registered parallel port
+device that can be used for parport_claim, parport_release, etc.
+
+ERRORS
+
+A return value of NULL indicates that there was a problem registering
+a device on that port.
+
+EXAMPLE
+
+static int preempt (void *handle)
+{
+ if (busy_right_now)
+ return 1;
+
+ must_reclaim_port = 1;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void wakeup (void *handle)
+{
+ struct toaster *private = handle;
+ struct pardevice *dev = private->dev;
+ if (!dev) return; /* avoid races */
+
+ if (want_port)
+ parport_claim (dev);
+}
+
+static int toaster_detect (struct toaster *private, struct parport *port)
+{
+ private->dev = parport_register_device (port, "toaster", preempt,
+ wakeup, NULL, 0,
+ private);
+ if (!private->dev)
+ /* Couldn't register with parport. */
+ return -EIO;
+
+ must_reclaim_port = 0;
+ busy_right_now = 1;
+ parport_claim_or_block (private->dev);
+ ...
+ /* Don't need the port while the toaster warms up. */
+ busy_right_now = 0;
+ ...
+ busy_right_now = 1;
+ if (must_reclaim_port) {
+ parport_claim_or_block (private->dev);
+ must_reclaim_port = 0;
+ }
+ ...
+}
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_unregister_device, parport_claim
+
+parport_unregister_device - finish using a port
+-------------------------
+
+SYNPOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+void parport_unregister_device (struct pardevice *dev);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+This function is the opposite of parport_register_device. After using
+parport_unregister_device, 'dev' is no longer a valid device handle.
+
+You should not unregister a device that is currently claimed, although
+if you do it will be released automatically.
+
+EXAMPLE
+
+ ...
+ kfree (dev->private); /* before we lose the pointer */
+ parport_unregister_device (dev);
+ ...
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_unregister_driver
+
+parport_claim, parport_claim_or_block - claim the parallel port for a device
+-------------------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+int parport_claim (struct pardevice *dev);
+int parport_claim_or_block (struct pardevice *dev);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+These functions attempt to gain control of the parallel port on which
+'dev' is registered. 'parport_claim' does not block, but
+'parport_claim_or_block' may do. (Put something here about blocking
+interruptibly or non-interruptibly.)
+
+You should not try to claim a port that you have already claimed.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+A return value of zero indicates that the port was successfully
+claimed, and the caller now has possession of the parallel port.
+
+If 'parport_claim_or_block' blocks before returning successfully, the
+return value is positive.
+
+ERRORS
+
+ -EAGAIN The port is unavailable at the moment, but another attempt
+ to claim it may succeed.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_release
+
+parport_release - release the parallel port
+---------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+void parport_release (struct pardevice *dev);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Once a parallel port device has been claimed, it can be released using
+'parport_release'. It cannot fail, but you should not release a
+device that you do not have possession of.
+
+EXAMPLE
+
+static size_t write (struct pardevice *dev, const void *buf,
+ size_t len)
+{
+ ...
+ written = dev->port->ops->write_ecp_data (dev->port, buf,
+ len);
+ parport_release (dev);
+ ...
+}
+
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+change_mode, parport_claim, parport_claim_or_block, parport_yield
+
+parport_yield, parport_yield_blocking - temporarily release a parallel port
+-------------------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+int parport_yield (struct pardevice *dev)
+int parport_yield_blocking (struct pardevice *dev);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+When a driver has control of a parallel port, it may allow another
+driver to temporarily 'borrow' it. 'parport_yield' does not block;
+'parport_yield_blocking' may do.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+A return value of zero indicates that the caller still owns the port
+and the call did not block.
+
+A positive return value from 'parport_yield_blocking' indicates that
+the caller still owns the port and the call blocked.
+
+A return value of -EAGAIN indicates that the caller no longer owns the
+port, and it must be re-claimed before use.
+
+ERRORS
+
+ -EAGAIN Ownership of the parallel port was given away.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_release
+
+parport_wait_peripheral - wait for status lines, up to 35ms
+-----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+int parport_wait_peripheral (struct parport *port,
+ unsigned char mask,
+ unsigned char val);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Wait for the status lines in mask to match the values in val.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+ -EINTR a signal is pending
+ 0 the status lines in mask have values in val
+ 1 timed out while waiting (35ms elapsed)
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_poll_peripheral
+
+parport_poll_peripheral - wait for status lines, in usec
+-----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+int parport_poll_peripheral (struct parport *port,
+ unsigned char mask,
+ unsigned char val,
+ int usec);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Wait for the status lines in mask to match the values in val.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+ -EINTR a signal is pending
+ 0 the status lines in mask have values in val
+ 1 timed out while waiting (usec microseconds have elapsed)
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_wait_peripheral
+
+parport_wait_event - wait for an event on a port
+------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+int parport_wait_event (struct parport *port, signed long timeout)
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Wait for an event (e.g. interrupt) on a port. The timeout is in
+jiffies.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+ 0 success
+ <0 error (exit as soon as possible)
+ >0 timed out
+
+parport_negotiate - perform IEEE 1284 negotiation
+-----------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+int parport_negotiate (struct parport *, int mode);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Perform IEEE 1284 negotiation.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+ 0 handshake OK; IEEE 1284 peripheral and mode available
+ -1 handshake failed; peripheral not compliant (or none present)
+ 1 handshake OK; IEEE 1284 peripheral present but mode not
+ available
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_read, parport_write
+
+parport_read - read data from device
+------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+ssize_t parport_read (struct parport *, void *buf, size_t len);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Read data from device in current IEEE 1284 transfer mode. This only
+works for modes that support reverse data transfer.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+If negative, an error code; otherwise the number of bytes transferred.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_write, parport_negotiate
+
+parport_write - write data to device
+-------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+ssize_t parport_write (struct parport *, const void *buf, size_t len);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Write data to device in current IEEE 1284 transfer mode. This only
+works for modes that support forward data transfer.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+If negative, an error code; otherwise the number of bytes transferred.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_read, parport_negotiate
+
+parport_open - register device for particular device number
+------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct pardevice *parport_open (int devnum, const char *name,
+ int (*pf) (void *),
+ void (*kf) (void *),
+ void (*irqf) (int, void *,
+ struct pt_regs *),
+ int flags, void *handle);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+This is like parport_register_device but takes a device number instead
+of a pointer to a struct parport.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+See parport_register_device. If no device is associated with devnum,
+NULL is returned.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_register_device, parport_device_num
+
+parport_close - unregister device for particular device number
+-------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+void parport_close (struct pardevice *dev);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+This is the equivalent of parport_unregister_device for parport_open.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_unregister_device, parport_open
+
+parport_device_id - obtain IEEE 1284 Device ID
+-----------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+ssize_t parport_device_id (int devnum, char *buffer, size_t len);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Obtains the IEEE 1284 Device ID associated with a given device.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+If negative, an error code; otherwise, the number of bytes of buffer
+that contain the device ID. The format of the device ID is as
+follows:
+
+[length][ID]
+
+The first two bytes indicate the inclusive length of the entire Device
+ID, and are in big-endian order. The ID is a sequence of pairs of the
+form:
+
+key:value;
+
+NOTES
+
+Many devices have ill-formed IEEE 1284 Device IDs.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_find_class, parport_find_device, parport_device_num
+
+parport_device_num - convert device coordinates to device number
+------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+int parport_device_num (int parport, int mux, int daisy);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Convert between device coordinates (port, multiplexor, daisy chain
+address) and device number (zero-based).
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+Device number, or -1 if no device at given coordinates.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_device_coords, parport_open, parport_device_id
+
+parport_device_coords - convert device number to device coordinates
+------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+int parport_device_coords (int devnum, int *parport, int *mux,
+ int *daisy);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Convert between device number (zero-based) and device coordinates
+(port, multiplexor, daisy chain address).
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+Zero on success, in which case the coordinates are (*parport, *mux,
+*daisy).
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_device_num, parport_open, parport_device_id
+
+parport_find_class - find a device by its class
+------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+typedef enum {
+ PARPORT_CLASS_LEGACY = 0, /* Non-IEEE1284 device */
+ PARPORT_CLASS_PRINTER,
+ PARPORT_CLASS_MODEM,
+ PARPORT_CLASS_NET,
+ PARPORT_CLASS_HDC, /* Hard disk controller */
+ PARPORT_CLASS_PCMCIA,
+ PARPORT_CLASS_MEDIA, /* Multimedia device */
+ PARPORT_CLASS_FDC, /* Floppy disk controller */
+ PARPORT_CLASS_PORTS,
+ PARPORT_CLASS_SCANNER,
+ PARPORT_CLASS_DIGCAM,
+ PARPORT_CLASS_OTHER, /* Anything else */
+ PARPORT_CLASS_UNSPEC, /* No CLS field in ID */
+ PARPORT_CLASS_SCSIADAPTER
+} parport_device_class;
+
+int parport_find_class (parport_device_class cls, int from);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Find a device by class. The search starts from device number from+1.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+The device number of the next device in that class, or -1 if no such
+device exists.
+
+NOTES
+
+Example usage:
+
+int devnum = -1;
+while ((devnum = parport_find_class (PARPORT_CLASS_DIGCAM, devnum)) != -1) {
+ struct pardevice *dev = parport_open (devnum, ...);
+ ...
+}
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_find_device, parport_open, parport_device_id
+
+parport_find_device - find a device by its class
+------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+int parport_find_device (const char *mfg, const char *mdl, int from);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Find a device by vendor and model. The search starts from device
+number from+1.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+The device number of the next device matching the specifications, or
+-1 if no such device exists.
+
+NOTES
+
+Example usage:
+
+int devnum = -1;
+while ((devnum = parport_find_device ("IOMEGA", "ZIP+", devnum)) != -1) {
+ struct pardevice *dev = parport_open (devnum, ...);
+ ...
+}
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+parport_find_class, parport_open, parport_device_id
+
+parport_set_timeout - set the inactivity timeout
+-------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+long parport_set_timeout (struct pardevice *dev, long inactivity);
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Set the inactivity timeout, in jiffies, for a registered device. The
+previous timeout is returned.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+The previous timeout, in jiffies.
+
+NOTES
+
+Some of the port->ops functions for a parport may take time, owing to
+delays at the peripheral. After the peripheral has not responded for
+'inactivity' jiffies, a timeout will occur and the blocking function
+will return.
+
+A timeout of 0 jiffies is a special case: the function must do as much
+as it can without blocking or leaving the hardware in an unknown
+state. If port operations are performed from within an interrupt
+handler, for instance, a timeout of 0 jiffies should be used.
+
+Once set for a registered device, the timeout will remain at the set
+value until set again.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+port->ops->xxx_read/write_yyy
+
+PORT FUNCTIONS
+--------------
+
+The functions in the port->ops structure (struct parport_operations)
+are provided by the low-level driver responsible for that port.
+
+port->ops->read_data - read the data register
+--------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ unsigned char (*read_data) (struct parport *port);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+If port->modes contains the PARPORT_MODE_TRISTATE flag and the
+PARPORT_CONTROL_DIRECTION bit in the control register is set, this
+returns the value on the data pins. If port->modes contains the
+PARPORT_MODE_TRISTATE flag and the PARPORT_CONTROL_DIRECTION bit is
+not set, the return value _may_ be the last value written to the data
+register. Otherwise the return value is undefined.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+write_data, read_status, write_control
+
+port->ops->write_data - write the data register
+---------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ void (*write_data) (struct parport *port, unsigned char d);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Writes to the data register. May have side-effects (a STROBE pulse,
+for instance).
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+read_data, read_status, write_control
+
+port->ops->read_status - read the status register
+----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ unsigned char (*read_status) (struct parport *port);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Reads from the status register. This is a bitmask:
+
+- PARPORT_STATUS_ERROR (printer fault, "nFault")
+- PARPORT_STATUS_SELECT (on-line, "Select")
+- PARPORT_STATUS_PAPEROUT (no paper, "PError")
+- PARPORT_STATUS_ACK (handshake, "nAck")
+- PARPORT_STATUS_BUSY (busy, "Busy")
+
+There may be other bits set.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+read_data, write_data, write_control
+
+port->ops->read_control - read the control register
+-----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ unsigned char (*read_control) (struct parport *port);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Returns the last value written to the control register (either from
+write_control or frob_control). No port access is performed.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+read_data, write_data, read_status, write_control
+
+port->ops->write_control - write the control register
+------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ void (*write_status) (struct parport *port, unsigned char s);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Writes to the control register. This is a bitmask:
+ _______
+- PARPORT_CONTROL_STROBE (nStrobe)
+ _______
+- PARPORT_CONTROL_AUTOFD (nAutoFd)
+ _____
+- PARPORT_CONTROL_INIT (nInit)
+ _________
+- PARPORT_CONTROL_SELECT (nSelectIn)
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+read_data, write_data, read_status, frob_control
+
+port->ops->frob_control - write control register bits
+-----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ void (*frob_control) (struct parport *port,
+ unsigned char mask,
+ unsigned char val);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+This is equivalent to reading from the control register, masking out
+the bits in mask, exclusive-or'ing with the bits in val, and writing
+the result to the control register.
+
+As some ports don't allow reads from the control port, a software copy
+of its contents is maintained, so frob_control is in fact only one
+port access.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+read_data, write_data, read_status, write_control
+
+port->ops->enable_irq - enable interrupt generation
+---------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ void (*enable_irq) (struct parport *port);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+The parallel port hardware is instructed to generate interrupts at
+appropriate moments, although those moments are
+architecture-specific. For the PC architecture, interrupts are
+commonly generated on the rising edge of nAck.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+disable_irq
+
+port->ops->disable_irq - disable interrupt generation
+----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ void (*disable_irq) (struct parport *port);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+The parallel port hardware is instructed not to generate interrupts.
+The interrupt itself is not masked.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+enable_irq
+
+port->ops->data_forward - enable data drivers
+-----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ void (*data_forward) (struct parport *port);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Enables the data line drivers, for 8-bit host-to-peripheral
+communications.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+data_reverse
+
+port->ops->data_reverse - tristate the buffer
+-----------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ void (*data_reverse) (struct parport *port);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Places the data bus in a high impedance state, if port->modes has the
+PARPORT_MODE_TRISTATE bit set.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+data_forward
+
+port->ops->epp_write_data - write EPP data
+-------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*epp_write_data) (struct parport *port, const void *buf,
+ size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Writes data in EPP mode, and returns the number of bytes written.
+
+The 'flags' parameter may be one or more of the following,
+bitwise-or'ed together:
+
+PARPORT_EPP_FAST Use fast transfers. Some chips provide 16-bit and
+ 32-bit registers. However, if a transfer
+ times out, the return value may be unreliable.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+epp_read_data, epp_write_addr, epp_read_addr
+
+port->ops->epp_read_data - read EPP data
+------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*epp_read_data) (struct parport *port, void *buf,
+ size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Reads data in EPP mode, and returns the number of bytes read.
+
+The 'flags' parameter may be one or more of the following,
+bitwise-or'ed together:
+
+PARPORT_EPP_FAST Use fast transfers. Some chips provide 16-bit and
+ 32-bit registers. However, if a transfer
+ times out, the return value may be unreliable.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+epp_write_data, epp_write_addr, epp_read_addr
+
+port->ops->epp_write_addr - write EPP address
+-------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*epp_write_addr) (struct parport *port,
+ const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Writes EPP addresses (8 bits each), and returns the number written.
+
+The 'flags' parameter may be one or more of the following,
+bitwise-or'ed together:
+
+PARPORT_EPP_FAST Use fast transfers. Some chips provide 16-bit and
+ 32-bit registers. However, if a transfer
+ times out, the return value may be unreliable.
+
+(Does PARPORT_EPP_FAST make sense for this function?)
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+epp_write_data, epp_read_data, epp_read_addr
+
+port->ops->epp_read_addr - read EPP address
+------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*epp_read_addr) (struct parport *port, void *buf,
+ size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Reads EPP addresses (8 bits each), and returns the number read.
+
+The 'flags' parameter may be one or more of the following,
+bitwise-or'ed together:
+
+PARPORT_EPP_FAST Use fast transfers. Some chips provide 16-bit and
+ 32-bit registers. However, if a transfer
+ times out, the return value may be unreliable.
+
+(Does PARPORT_EPP_FAST make sense for this function?)
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+epp_write_data, epp_read_data, epp_write_addr
+
+port->ops->ecp_write_data - write a block of ECP data
+-------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*ecp_write_data) (struct parport *port,
+ const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Writes a block of ECP data. The 'flags' parameter is ignored.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+The number of bytes written.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+ecp_read_data, ecp_write_addr
+
+port->ops->ecp_read_data - read a block of ECP data
+------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*ecp_read_data) (struct parport *port,
+ void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Reads a block of ECP data. The 'flags' parameter is ignored.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+The number of bytes read. NB. There may be more unread data in a
+FIFO. Is there a way of stunning the FIFO to prevent this?
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+ecp_write_block, ecp_write_addr
+
+port->ops->ecp_write_addr - write a block of ECP addresses
+-------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*ecp_write_addr) (struct parport *port,
+ const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Writes a block of ECP addresses. The 'flags' parameter is ignored.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+The number of bytes written.
+
+NOTES
+
+This may use a FIFO, and if so shall not return until the FIFO is empty.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+ecp_read_data, ecp_write_data
+
+port->ops->nibble_read_data - read a block of data in nibble mode
+---------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*nibble_read_data) (struct parport *port,
+ void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Reads a block of data in nibble mode. The 'flags' parameter is ignored.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+The number of whole bytes read.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+byte_read_data, compat_write_data
+
+port->ops->byte_read_data - read a block of data in byte mode
+-------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*byte_read_data) (struct parport *port,
+ void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Reads a block of data in byte mode. The 'flags' parameter is ignored.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+The number of bytes read.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+nibble_read_data, compat_write_data
+
+port->ops->compat_write_data - write a block of data in compatibility mode
+----------------------------
+
+SYNOPSIS
+
+#include <linux/parport.h>
+
+struct parport_operations {
+ ...
+ size_t (*compat_write_data) (struct parport *port,
+ const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
+ ...
+};
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+Writes a block of data in compatibility mode. The 'flags' parameter
+is ignored.
+
+RETURN VALUE
+
+The number of bytes written.
+
+SEE ALSO
+
+nibble_read_data, byte_read_data
diff --git a/Documentation/parport.txt b/Documentation/parport.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93a7cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/parport.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+The `parport' code provides parallel-port support under Linux. This
+includes the ability to share one port between multiple device
+drivers.
+
+You can pass parameters to the parport code to override its automatic
+detection of your hardware. This is particularly useful if you want
+to use IRQs, since in general these can't be autoprobed successfully.
+By default IRQs are not used even if they _can_ be probed. This is
+because there are a lot of people using the same IRQ for their
+parallel port and a sound card or network card.
+
+The parport code is split into two parts: generic (which deals with
+port-sharing) and architecture-dependent (which deals with actually
+using the port).
+
+
+Parport as modules
+==================
+
+If you load the parport code as a module, say
+
+ # insmod parport
+
+to load the generic parport code. You then must load the
+architecture-dependent code with (for example):
+
+ # insmod parport_pc io=0x3bc,0x378,0x278 irq=none,7,auto
+
+to tell the parport code that you want three PC-style ports, one at
+0x3bc with no IRQ, one at 0x378 using IRQ 7, and one at 0x278 with an
+auto-detected IRQ. Currently, PC-style (parport_pc), Sun `bpp',
+Amiga, Atari, and MFC3 hardware is supported.
+
+PCI parallel I/O card support comes from parport_pc. Base I/O
+addresses should not be specified for supported PCI cards since they
+are automatically detected.
+
+
+KMod
+----
+
+If you use kmod, you will find it useful to edit /etc/modprobe.conf.
+Here is an example of the lines that need to be added:
+
+ alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc
+ options parport_pc io=0x378,0x278 irq=7,auto
+
+KMod will then automatically load parport_pc (with the options
+"io=0x378,0x278 irq=7,auto") whenever a parallel port device driver
+(such as lp) is loaded.
+
+Note that these are example lines only! You shouldn't in general need
+to specify any options to parport_pc in order to be able to use a
+parallel port.
+
+
+Parport probe [optional]
+-------------
+
+In 2.2 kernels there was a module called parport_probe, which was used
+for collecting IEEE 1284 device ID information. This has now been
+enhanced and now lives with the IEEE 1284 support. When a parallel
+port is detected, the devices that are connected to it are analysed,
+and information is logged like this:
+
+ parport0: Printer, BJC-210 (Canon)
+
+The probe information is available from files in /proc/sys/dev/parport/.
+
+
+Parport linked into the kernel statically
+=========================================
+
+If you compile the parport code into the kernel, then you can use
+kernel boot parameters to get the same effect. Add something like the
+following to your LILO command line:
+
+ parport=0x3bc parport=0x378,7 parport=0x278,auto,nofifo
+
+You can have many `parport=...' statements, one for each port you want
+to add. Adding `parport=0' to the kernel command-line will disable
+parport support entirely. Adding `parport=auto' to the kernel
+command-line will make parport use any IRQ lines or DMA channels that
+it auto-detects.
+
+
+Files in /proc
+==============
+
+If you have configured the /proc filesystem into your kernel, you will
+see a new directory entry: /proc/sys/dev/parport. In there will be a
+directory entry for each parallel port for which parport is
+configured. In each of those directories are a collection of files
+describing that parallel port.
+
+The /proc/sys/dev/parport directory tree looks like:
+
+parport
+|-- default
+| |-- spintime
+| `-- timeslice
+|-- parport0
+| |-- autoprobe
+| |-- autoprobe0
+| |-- autoprobe1
+| |-- autoprobe2
+| |-- autoprobe3
+| |-- devices
+| | |-- active
+| | `-- lp
+| | `-- timeslice
+| |-- base-addr
+| |-- irq
+| |-- dma
+| |-- modes
+| `-- spintime
+`-- parport1
+ |-- autoprobe
+ |-- autoprobe0
+ |-- autoprobe1
+ |-- autoprobe2
+ |-- autoprobe3
+ |-- devices
+ | |-- active
+ | `-- ppa
+ | `-- timeslice
+ |-- base-addr
+ |-- irq
+ |-- dma
+ |-- modes
+ `-- spintime
+
+
+File: Contents:
+
+devices/active A list of the device drivers using that port. A "+"
+ will appear by the name of the device currently using
+ the port (it might not appear against any). The
+ string "none" means that there are no device drivers
+ using that port.
+
+base-addr Parallel port's base address, or addresses if the port
+ has more than one in which case they are separated
+ with tabs. These values might not have any sensible
+ meaning for some ports.
+
+irq Parallel port's IRQ, or -1 if none is being used.
+
+dma Parallel port's DMA channel, or -1 if none is being
+ used.
+
+modes Parallel port's hardware modes, comma-separated,
+ meaning:
+
+ PCSPP PC-style SPP registers are available.
+ TRISTATE Port is bidirectional.
+ COMPAT Hardware acceleration for printers is
+ available and will be used.
+ EPP Hardware acceleration for EPP protocol
+ is available and will be used.
+ ECP Hardware acceleration for ECP protocol
+ is available and will be used.
+ DMA DMA is available and will be used.
+
+ Note that the current implementation will only take
+ advantage of COMPAT and ECP modes if it has an IRQ
+ line to use.
+
+autoprobe Any IEEE-1284 device ID information that has been
+ acquired from the (non-IEEE 1284.3) device.
+
+autoprobe[0-3] IEEE 1284 device ID information retrieved from
+ daisy-chain devices that conform to IEEE 1284.3.
+
+spintime The number of microseconds to busy-loop while waiting
+ for the peripheral to respond. You might find that
+ adjusting this improves performance, depending on your
+ peripherals. This is a port-wide setting, i.e. it
+ applies to all devices on a particular port.
+
+timeslice The number of milliseconds that a device driver is
+ allowed to keep a port claimed for. This is advisory,
+ and driver can ignore it if it must.
+
+default/* The defaults for spintime and timeslice. When a new
+ port is registered, it picks up the default spintime.
+ When a new device is registered, it picks up the
+ default timeslice.
+
+Device drivers
+==============
+
+Once the parport code is initialised, you can attach device drivers to
+specific ports. Normally this happens automatically; if the lp driver
+is loaded it will create one lp device for each port found. You can
+override this, though, by using parameters either when you load the lp
+driver:
+
+ # insmod lp parport=0,2
+
+or on the LILO command line:
+
+ lp=parport0 lp=parport2
+
+Both the above examples would inform lp that you want /dev/lp0 to be
+the first parallel port, and /dev/lp1 to be the _third_ parallel port,
+with no lp device associated with the second port (parport1). Note
+that this is different to the way older kernels worked; there used to
+be a static association between the I/O port address and the device
+name, so /dev/lp0 was always the port at 0x3bc. This is no longer the
+case - if you only have one port, it will default to being /dev/lp0,
+regardless of base address.
+
+Also:
+
+ * If you selected the IEEE 1284 support at compile time, you can say
+ `lp=auto' on the kernel command line, and lp will create devices
+ only for those ports that seem to have printers attached.
+
+ * If you give PLIP the `timid' parameter, either with `plip=timid' on
+ the command line, or with `insmod plip timid=1' when using modules,
+ it will avoid any ports that seem to be in use by other devices.
+
+ * IRQ autoprobing works only for a few port types at the moment.
+
+Reporting printer problems with parport
+=======================================
+
+If you are having problems printing, please go through these steps to
+try to narrow down where the problem area is.
+
+When reporting problems with parport, really you need to give all of
+the messages that parport_pc spits out when it initialises. There are
+several code paths:
+
+o polling
+o interrupt-driven, protocol in software
+o interrupt-driven, protocol in hardware using PIO
+o interrupt-driven, protocol in hardware using DMA
+
+The kernel messages that parport_pc logs give an indication of which
+code path is being used. (They could be a lot better actually..)
+
+For normal printer protocol, having IEEE 1284 modes enabled or not
+should not make a difference.
+
+To turn off the 'protocol in hardware' code paths, disable
+CONFIG_PARPORT_PC_FIFO. Note that when they are enabled they are not
+necessarily _used_; it depends on whether the hardware is available,
+enabled by the BIOS, and detected by the driver.
+
+So, to start with, disable CONFIG_PARPORT_PC_FIFO, and load parport_pc
+with 'irq=none'. See if printing works then. It really should,
+because this is the simplest code path.
+
+If that works fine, try with 'io=0x378 irq=7' (adjust for your
+hardware), to make it use interrupt-driven in-software protocol.
+
+If _that_ works fine, then one of the hardware modes isn't working
+right. Enable CONFIG_PARPORT_PC_FIFO (no, it isn't a module option,
+and yes, it should be), set the port to ECP mode in the BIOS and note
+the DMA channel, and try with:
+
+ io=0x378 irq=7 dma=none (for PIO)
+ io=0x378 irq=7 dma=3 (for DMA)
+--
+philb@gnu.org
+tim@cyberelk.net
diff --git a/Documentation/pci.txt b/Documentation/pci.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67514bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/pci.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+ How To Write Linux PCI Drivers
+
+ by Martin Mares <mj@ucw.cz> on 07-Feb-2000
+
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The world of PCI is vast and it's full of (mostly unpleasant) surprises.
+Different PCI devices have different requirements and different bugs --
+because of this, the PCI support layer in Linux kernel is not as trivial
+as one would wish. This short pamphlet tries to help all potential driver
+authors find their way through the deep forests of PCI handling.
+
+
+0. Structure of PCI drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+There exist two kinds of PCI drivers: new-style ones (which leave most of
+probing for devices to the PCI layer and support online insertion and removal
+of devices [thus supporting PCI, hot-pluggable PCI and CardBus in a single
+driver]) and old-style ones which just do all the probing themselves. Unless
+you have a very good reason to do so, please don't use the old way of probing
+in any new code. After the driver finds the devices it wishes to operate
+on (either the old or the new way), it needs to perform the following steps:
+
+ Enable the device
+ Access device configuration space
+ Discover resources (addresses and IRQ numbers) provided by the device
+ Allocate these resources
+ Communicate with the device
+ Disable the device
+
+Most of these topics are covered by the following sections, for the rest
+look at <linux/pci.h>, it's hopefully well commented.
+
+If the PCI subsystem is not configured (CONFIG_PCI is not set), most of
+the functions described below are defined as inline functions either completely
+empty or just returning an appropriate error codes to avoid lots of ifdefs
+in the drivers.
+
+
+1. New-style drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The new-style drivers just call pci_register_driver during their initialization
+with a pointer to a structure describing the driver (struct pci_driver) which
+contains:
+
+ name Name of the driver
+ id_table Pointer to table of device ID's the driver is
+ interested in. Most drivers should export this
+ table using MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci,...).
+ probe Pointer to a probing function which gets called (during
+ execution of pci_register_driver for already existing
+ devices or later if a new device gets inserted) for all
+ PCI devices which match the ID table and are not handled
+ by the other drivers yet. This function gets passed a
+ pointer to the pci_dev structure representing the device
+ and also which entry in the ID table did the device
+ match. It returns zero when the driver has accepted the
+ device or an error code (negative number) otherwise.
+ This function always gets called from process context,
+ so it can sleep.
+ remove Pointer to a function which gets called whenever a
+ device being handled by this driver is removed (either
+ during deregistration of the driver or when it's
+ manually pulled out of a hot-pluggable slot). This
+ function always gets called from process context, so it
+ can sleep.
+ save_state Save a device's state before it's suspend.
+ suspend Put device into low power state.
+ resume Wake device from low power state.
+ enable_wake Enable device to generate wake events from a low power
+ state.
+
+ (Please see Documentation/power/pci.txt for descriptions
+ of PCI Power Management and the related functions)
+
+The ID table is an array of struct pci_device_id ending with a all-zero entry.
+Each entry consists of:
+
+ vendor, device Vendor and device ID to match (or PCI_ANY_ID)
+ subvendor, Subsystem vendor and device ID to match (or PCI_ANY_ID)
+ subdevice
+ class, Device class to match. The class_mask tells which bits
+ class_mask of the class are honored during the comparison.
+ driver_data Data private to the driver.
+
+Most drivers don't need to use the driver_data field. Best practice
+for use of driver_data is to use it as an index into a static list of
+equivalant device types, not to use it as a pointer.
+
+Have a table entry {PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID}
+to have probe() called for every PCI device known to the system.
+
+New PCI IDs may be added to a device driver at runtime by writing
+to the file /sys/bus/pci/drivers/{driver}/new_id. When added, the
+driver will probe for all devices it can support.
+
+echo "vendor device subvendor subdevice class class_mask driver_data" > \
+ /sys/bus/pci/drivers/{driver}/new_id
+where all fields are passed in as hexadecimal values (no leading 0x).
+Users need pass only as many fields as necessary; vendor, device,
+subvendor, and subdevice fields default to PCI_ANY_ID (FFFFFFFF),
+class and classmask fields default to 0, and driver_data defaults to
+0UL. Device drivers must initialize use_driver_data in the dynids struct
+in their pci_driver struct prior to calling pci_register_driver in order
+for the driver_data field to get passed to the driver. Otherwise, only a
+0 is passed in that field.
+
+When the driver exits, it just calls pci_unregister_driver() and the PCI layer
+automatically calls the remove hook for all devices handled by the driver.
+
+Please mark the initialization and cleanup functions where appropriate
+(the corresponding macros are defined in <linux/init.h>):
+
+ __init Initialization code. Thrown away after the driver
+ initializes.
+ __exit Exit code. Ignored for non-modular drivers.
+ __devinit Device initialization code. Identical to __init if
+ the kernel is not compiled with CONFIG_HOTPLUG, normal
+ function otherwise.
+ __devexit The same for __exit.
+
+Tips:
+ The module_init()/module_exit() functions (and all initialization
+ functions called only from these) should be marked __init/exit.
+ The struct pci_driver shouldn't be marked with any of these tags.
+ The ID table array should be marked __devinitdata.
+ The probe() and remove() functions (and all initialization
+ functions called only from these) should be marked __devinit/exit.
+ If you are sure the driver is not a hotplug driver then use only
+ __init/exit __initdata/exitdata.
+
+ Pointers to functions marked as __devexit must be created using
+ __devexit_p(function_name). That will generate the function
+ name or NULL if the __devexit function will be discarded.
+
+
+2. How to find PCI devices manually (the old style)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+PCI drivers not using the pci_register_driver() interface search
+for PCI devices manually using the following constructs:
+
+Searching by vendor and device ID:
+
+ struct pci_dev *dev = NULL;
+ while (dev = pci_get_device(VENDOR_ID, DEVICE_ID, dev))
+ configure_device(dev);
+
+Searching by class ID (iterate in a similar way):
+
+ pci_get_class(CLASS_ID, dev)
+
+Searching by both vendor/device and subsystem vendor/device ID:
+
+ pci_get_subsys(VENDOR_ID, DEVICE_ID, SUBSYS_VENDOR_ID, SUBSYS_DEVICE_ID, dev).
+
+ You can use the constant PCI_ANY_ID as a wildcard replacement for
+VENDOR_ID or DEVICE_ID. This allows searching for any device from a
+specific vendor, for example.
+
+ These functions are hotplug-safe. They increment the reference count on
+the pci_dev that they return. You must eventually (possibly at module unload)
+decrement the reference count on these devices by calling pci_dev_put().
+
+
+3. Enabling and disabling devices
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Before you do anything with the device you've found, you need to enable
+it by calling pci_enable_device() which enables I/O and memory regions of
+the device, allocates an IRQ if necessary, assigns missing resources if
+needed and wakes up the device if it was in suspended state. Please note
+that this function can fail.
+
+ If you want to use the device in bus mastering mode, call pci_set_master()
+which enables the bus master bit in PCI_COMMAND register and also fixes
+the latency timer value if it's set to something bogus by the BIOS.
+
+ If you want to use the PCI Memory-Write-Invalidate transaction,
+call pci_set_mwi(). This enables the PCI_COMMAND bit for Mem-Wr-Inval
+and also ensures that the cache line size register is set correctly.
+Make sure to check the return value of pci_set_mwi(), not all architectures
+may support Memory-Write-Invalidate.
+
+ If your driver decides to stop using the device (e.g., there was an
+error while setting it up or the driver module is being unloaded), it
+should call pci_disable_device() to deallocate any IRQ resources, disable
+PCI bus-mastering, etc. You should not do anything with the device after
+calling pci_disable_device().
+
+4. How to access PCI config space
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ You can use pci_(read|write)_config_(byte|word|dword) to access the config
+space of a device represented by struct pci_dev *. All these functions return 0
+when successful or an error code (PCIBIOS_...) which can be translated to a text
+string by pcibios_strerror. Most drivers expect that accesses to valid PCI
+devices don't fail.
+
+ If you don't have a struct pci_dev available, you can call
+pci_bus_(read|write)_config_(byte|word|dword) to access a given device
+and function on that bus.
+
+ If you access fields in the standard portion of the config header, please
+use symbolic names of locations and bits declared in <linux/pci.h>.
+
+ If you need to access Extended PCI Capability registers, just call
+pci_find_capability() for the particular capability and it will find the
+corresponding register block for you.
+
+
+5. Addresses and interrupts
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Memory and port addresses and interrupt numbers should NOT be read from the
+config space. You should use the values in the pci_dev structure as they might
+have been remapped by the kernel.
+
+ See Documentation/IO-mapping.txt for how to access device memory.
+
+ You still need to call request_region() for I/O regions and
+request_mem_region() for memory regions to make sure nobody else is using the
+same device.
+
+ All interrupt handlers should be registered with SA_SHIRQ and use the devid
+to map IRQs to devices (remember that all PCI interrupts are shared).
+
+
+6. Other interesting functions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+pci_find_slot() Find pci_dev corresponding to given bus and
+ slot numbers.
+pci_set_power_state() Set PCI Power Management state (0=D0 ... 3=D3)
+pci_find_capability() Find specified capability in device's capability
+ list.
+pci_module_init() Inline helper function for ensuring correct
+ pci_driver initialization and error handling.
+pci_resource_start() Returns bus start address for a given PCI region
+pci_resource_end() Returns bus end address for a given PCI region
+pci_resource_len() Returns the byte length of a PCI region
+pci_set_drvdata() Set private driver data pointer for a pci_dev
+pci_get_drvdata() Return private driver data pointer for a pci_dev
+pci_set_mwi() Enable Memory-Write-Invalidate transactions.
+pci_clear_mwi() Disable Memory-Write-Invalidate transactions.
+
+
+7. Miscellaneous hints
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+When displaying PCI slot names to the user (for example when a driver wants
+to tell the user what card has it found), please use pci_name(pci_dev)
+for this purpose.
+
+Always refer to the PCI devices by a pointer to the pci_dev structure.
+All PCI layer functions use this identification and it's the only
+reasonable one. Don't use bus/slot/function numbers except for very
+special purposes -- on systems with multiple primary buses their semantics
+can be pretty complex.
+
+If you're going to use PCI bus mastering DMA, take a look at
+Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt.
+
+Don't try to turn on Fast Back to Back writes in your driver. All devices
+on the bus need to be capable of doing it, so this is something which needs
+to be handled by platform and generic code, not individual drivers.
+
+
+8. Obsolete functions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+There are several functions which you might come across when trying to
+port an old driver to the new PCI interface. They are no longer present
+in the kernel as they aren't compatible with hotplug or PCI domains or
+having sane locking.
+
+pcibios_present() and Since ages, you don't need to test presence
+pci_present() of PCI subsystem when trying to talk to it.
+ If it's not there, the list of PCI devices
+ is empty and all functions for searching for
+ devices just return NULL.
+pcibios_(read|write)_* Superseded by their pci_(read|write)_*
+ counterparts.
+pcibios_find_* Superseded by their pci_get_* counterparts.
+pci_for_each_dev() Superseded by pci_get_device()
+pci_for_each_dev_reverse() Superseded by pci_find_device_reverse()
+pci_for_each_bus() Superseded by pci_find_next_bus()
+pci_find_device() Superseded by pci_get_device()
+pci_find_subsys() Superseded by pci_get_subsys()
+pcibios_find_class() Superseded by pci_get_class()
+pci_find_class() Superseded by pci_get_class()
+pci_(read|write)_*_nodev() Superseded by pci_bus_(read|write)_*()
diff --git a/Documentation/pm.txt b/Documentation/pm.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc63ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/pm.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+ Linux Power Management Support
+
+This document briefly describes how to use power management with your
+Linux system and how to add power management support to Linux drivers.
+
+APM or ACPI?
+------------
+If you have a relatively recent x86 mobile, desktop, or server system,
+odds are it supports either Advanced Power Management (APM) or
+Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI). ACPI is the newer
+of the two technologies and puts power management in the hands of the
+operating system, allowing for more intelligent power management than
+is possible with BIOS controlled APM.
+
+The best way to determine which, if either, your system supports is to
+build a kernel with both ACPI and APM enabled (as of 2.3.x ACPI is
+enabled by default). If a working ACPI implementation is found, the
+ACPI driver will override and disable APM, otherwise the APM driver
+will be used.
+
+No sorry, you can not have both ACPI and APM enabled and running at
+once. Some people with broken ACPI or broken APM implementations
+would like to use both to get a full set of working features, but you
+simply can not mix and match the two. Only one power management
+interface can be in control of the machine at once. Think about it..
+
+User-space Daemons
+------------------
+Both APM and ACPI rely on user-space daemons, apmd and acpid
+respectively, to be completely functional. Obtain both of these
+daemons from your Linux distribution or from the Internet (see below)
+and be sure that they are started sometime in the system boot process.
+Go ahead and start both. If ACPI or APM is not available on your
+system the associated daemon will exit gracefully.
+
+ apmd: http://worldvisions.ca/~apenwarr/apmd/
+ acpid: http://acpid.sf.net/
+
+Driver Interface -- OBSOLETE, DO NOT USE!
+----------------*************************
+If you are writing a new driver or maintaining an old driver, it
+should include power management support. Without power management
+support, a single driver may prevent a system with power management
+capabilities from ever being able to suspend (safely).
+
+Overview:
+1) Register each instance of a device with "pm_register"
+2) Call "pm_access" before accessing the hardware.
+ (this will ensure that the hardware is awake and ready)
+3) Your "pm_callback" is called before going into a
+ suspend state (ACPI D1-D3) or after resuming (ACPI D0)
+ from a suspend.
+4) Call "pm_dev_idle" when the device is not being used
+ (optional but will improve device idle detection)
+5) When unloaded, unregister the device with "pm_unregister"
+
+/*
+ * Description: Register a device with the power-management subsystem
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ * type - device type (PCI device, system device, ...)
+ * id - instance number or unique identifier
+ * cback - request handler callback (suspend, resume, ...)
+ *
+ * Returns: Registered PM device or NULL on error
+ *
+ * Examples:
+ * dev = pm_register(PM_SYS_DEV, PM_SYS_VGA, vga_callback);
+ *
+ * struct pci_dev *pci_dev = pci_find_dev(...);
+ * dev = pm_register(PM_PCI_DEV, PM_PCI_ID(pci_dev), callback);
+ */
+struct pm_dev *pm_register(pm_dev_t type, unsigned long id, pm_callback cback);
+
+/*
+ * Description: Unregister a device with the power management subsystem
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ * dev - PM device previously returned from pm_register
+ */
+void pm_unregister(struct pm_dev *dev);
+
+/*
+ * Description: Unregister all devices with a matching callback function
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ * cback - previously registered request callback
+ *
+ * Notes: Provided for easier porting from old APM interface
+ */
+void pm_unregister_all(pm_callback cback);
+
+/*
+ * Power management request callback
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ * dev - PM device previously returned from pm_register
+ * rqst - request type
+ * data - data, if any, associated with the request
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 if the request is successful
+ * EINVAL if the request is not supported
+ * EBUSY if the device is now busy and can not handle the request
+ * ENOMEM if the device was unable to handle the request due to memory
+ *
+ * Details: The device request callback will be called before the
+ * device/system enters a suspend state (ACPI D1-D3) or
+ * or after the device/system resumes from suspend (ACPI D0).
+ * For PM_SUSPEND, the ACPI D-state being entered is passed
+ * as the "data" argument to the callback. The device
+ * driver should save (PM_SUSPEND) or restore (PM_RESUME)
+ * device context when the request callback is called.
+ *
+ * Once a driver returns 0 (success) from a suspend
+ * request, it should not process any further requests or
+ * access the device hardware until a call to "pm_access" is made.
+ */
+typedef int (*pm_callback)(struct pm_dev *dev, pm_request_t rqst, void *data);
+
+Driver Details
+--------------
+This is just a quick Q&A as a stopgap until a real driver writers'
+power management guide is available.
+
+Q: When is a device suspended?
+
+Devices can be suspended based on direct user request (eg. laptop lid
+closes), system power policy (eg. sleep after 30 minutes of console
+inactivity), or device power policy (eg. power down device after 5
+minutes of inactivity)
+
+Q: Must a driver honor a suspend request?
+
+No, a driver can return -EBUSY from a suspend request and this
+will stop the system from suspending. When a suspend request
+fails, all suspended devices are resumed and the system continues
+to run. Suspend can be retried at a later time.
+
+Q: Can the driver block suspend/resume requests?
+
+Yes, a driver can delay its return from a suspend or resume
+request until the device is ready to handle requests. It
+is advantageous to return as quickly as possible from a
+request as suspend/resume are done serially.
+
+Q: What context is a suspend/resume initiated from?
+
+A suspend or resume is initiated from a kernel thread context.
+It is safe to block, allocate memory, initiate requests
+or anything else you can do within the kernel.
+
+Q: Will requests continue to arrive after a suspend?
+
+Possibly. It is the driver's responsibility to queue(*),
+fail, or drop any requests that arrive after returning
+success to a suspend request. It is important that the
+driver not access its device until after it receives
+a resume request as the device's bus may no longer
+be active.
+
+(*) If a driver queues requests for processing after
+ resume be aware that the device, network, etc.
+ might be in a different state than at suspend time.
+ It's probably better to drop requests unless
+ the driver is a storage device.
+
+Q: Do I have to manage bus-specific power management registers
+
+No. It is the responsibility of the bus driver to manage
+PCI, USB, etc. power management registers. The bus driver
+or the power management subsystem will also enable any
+wake-on functionality that the device has.
+
+Q: So, really, what do I need to do to support suspend/resume?
+
+You need to save any device context that would
+be lost if the device was powered off and then restore
+it at resume time. When ACPI is active, there are
+three levels of device suspend states; D1, D2, and D3.
+(The suspend state is passed as the "data" argument
+to the device callback.) With D3, the device is powered
+off and loses all context, D1 and D2 are shallower power
+states and require less device context to be saved. To
+play it safe, just save everything at suspend and restore
+everything at resume.
+
+Q: Where do I store device context for suspend?
+
+Anywhere in memory, kmalloc a buffer or store it
+in the device descriptor. You are guaranteed that the
+contents of memory will be restored and accessible
+before resume, even when the system suspends to disk.
+
+Q: What do I need to do for ACPI vs. APM vs. etc?
+
+Drivers need not be aware of the specific power management
+technology that is active. They just need to be aware
+of when the overlying power management system requests
+that they suspend or resume.
+
+Q: What about device dependencies?
+
+When a driver registers a device, the power management
+subsystem uses the information provided to build a
+tree of device dependencies (eg. USB device X is on
+USB controller Y which is on PCI bus Z) When power
+management wants to suspend a device, it first sends
+a suspend request to its driver, then the bus driver,
+and so on up to the system bus. Device resumes
+proceed in the opposite direction.
+
+Q: Who do I contact for additional information about
+ enabling power management for my specific driver/device?
+
+ACPI Development mailing list: acpi-devel@lists.sourceforge.net
+
+System Interface -- OBSOLETE, DO NOT USE!
+----------------*************************
+If you are providing new power management support to Linux (ie.
+adding support for something like APM or ACPI), you should
+communicate with drivers through the existing generic power
+management interface.
+
+/*
+ * Send a request to all devices
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ * rqst - request type
+ * data - data, if any, associated with the request
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 if the request is successful
+ * See "pm_callback" return for errors
+ *
+ * Details: Walk list of registered devices and call pm_send
+ * for each until complete or an error is encountered.
+ * If an error is encountered for a suspend request,
+ * return all devices to the state they were in before
+ * the suspend request.
+ */
+int pm_send_all(pm_request_t rqst, void *data);
+
+/*
+ * Find a matching device
+ *
+ * Parameters:
+ * type - device type (PCI device, system device, or 0 to match all devices)
+ * from - previous match or NULL to start from the beginning
+ *
+ * Returns: Matching device or NULL if none found
+ */
+struct pm_dev *pm_find(pm_dev_t type, struct pm_dev *from);
diff --git a/Documentation/pnp.txt b/Documentation/pnp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af0f6ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/pnp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+Linux Plug and Play Documentation
+by Adam Belay <ambx1@neo.rr.com>
+last updated: Oct. 16, 2002
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+Overview
+--------
+ Plug and Play provides a means of detecting and setting resources for legacy or
+otherwise unconfigurable devices. The Linux Plug and Play Layer provides these
+services to compatible drivers.
+
+
+
+The User Interface
+------------------
+ The Linux Plug and Play user interface provides a means to activate PnP devices
+for legacy and user level drivers that do not support Linux Plug and Play. The
+user interface is integrated into driverfs.
+
+In addition to the standard driverfs file the following are created in each
+device's directory:
+id - displays a list of support EISA IDs
+options - displays possible resource configurations
+resources - displays currently allocated resources and allows resource changes
+
+-activating a device
+
+#echo "auto" > resources
+
+this will invoke the automatic resource config system to activate the device
+
+-manually activating a device
+
+#echo "manual <depnum> <mode>" > resources
+<depnum> - the configuration number
+<mode> - static or dynamic
+ static = for next boot
+ dynamic = now
+
+-disabling a device
+
+#echo "disable" > resources
+
+
+EXAMPLE:
+
+Suppose you need to activate the floppy disk controller.
+1.) change to the proper directory, in my case it is
+/driver/bus/pnp/devices/00:0f
+# cd /driver/bus/pnp/devices/00:0f
+# cat name
+PC standard floppy disk controller
+
+2.) check if the device is already active
+# cat resources
+DISABLED
+
+- Notice the string "DISABLED". THis means the device is not active.
+
+3.) check the device's possible configurations (optional)
+# cat options
+Dependent: 01 - Priority acceptable
+ port 0x3f0-0x3f0, align 0x7, size 0x6, 16-bit address decoding
+ port 0x3f7-0x3f7, align 0x0, size 0x1, 16-bit address decoding
+ irq 6
+ dma 2 8-bit compatible
+Dependent: 02 - Priority acceptable
+ port 0x370-0x370, align 0x7, size 0x6, 16-bit address decoding
+ port 0x377-0x377, align 0x0, size 0x1, 16-bit address decoding
+ irq 6
+ dma 2 8-bit compatible
+
+4.) now activate the device
+# echo "auto" > resources
+
+5.) finally check if the device is active
+# cat resources
+io 0x3f0-0x3f5
+io 0x3f7-0x3f7
+irq 6
+dma 2
+
+also there are a series of kernel parameters:
+pnp_reserve_irq=irq1[,irq2] ....
+pnp_reserve_dma=dma1[,dma2] ....
+pnp_reserve_io=io1,size1[,io2,size2] ....
+pnp_reserve_mem=mem1,size1[,mem2,size2] ....
+
+
+
+The Unified Plug and Play Layer
+-------------------------------
+ All Plug and Play drivers, protocols, and services meet at a central location
+called the Plug and Play Layer. This layer is responsible for the exchange of
+information between PnP drivers and PnP protocols. Thus it automatically
+forwards commands to the proper protocol. This makes writing PnP drivers
+significantly easier.
+
+The following functions are available from the Plug and Play Layer:
+
+pnp_get_protocol
+- increments the number of uses by one
+
+pnp_put_protocol
+- deincrements the number of uses by one
+
+pnp_register_protocol
+- use this to register a new PnP protocol
+
+pnp_unregister_protocol
+- use this function to remove a PnP protocol from the Plug and Play Layer
+
+pnp_register_driver
+- adds a PnP driver to the Plug and Play Layer
+- this includes driver model integration
+
+pnp_unregister_driver
+- removes a PnP driver from the Plug and Play Layer
+
+
+
+Plug and Play Protocols
+-----------------------
+ This section contains information for PnP protocol developers.
+
+The following Protocols are currently available in the computing world:
+- PNPBIOS: used for system devices such as serial and parallel ports.
+- ISAPNP: provides PnP support for the ISA bus
+- ACPI: among its many uses, ACPI provides information about system level
+devices.
+It is meant to replace the PNPBIOS. It is not currently supported by Linux
+Plug and Play but it is planned to be in the near future.
+
+
+Requirements for a Linux PnP protocol:
+1.) the protocol must use EISA IDs
+2.) the protocol must inform the PnP Layer of a devices current configuration
+- the ability to set resources is optional but prefered.
+
+The following are PnP protocol related functions:
+
+pnp_add_device
+- use this function to add a PnP device to the PnP layer
+- only call this function when all wanted values are set in the pnp_dev
+structure
+
+pnp_init_device
+- call this to initialize the PnP structure
+
+pnp_remove_device
+- call this to remove a device from the Plug and Play Layer.
+- it will fail if the device is still in use.
+- automatically will free mem used by the device and related structures
+
+pnp_add_id
+- adds a EISA ID to the list of supported IDs for the specified device
+
+For more information consult the source of a protocol such as
+/drivers/pnp/pnpbios/core.c.
+
+
+
+Linux Plug and Play Drivers
+---------------------------
+ This section contains information for linux PnP driver developers.
+
+The New Way
+...........
+1.) first make a list of supported EISA IDS
+ex:
+static const struct pnp_id pnp_dev_table[] = {
+ /* Standard LPT Printer Port */
+ {.id = "PNP0400", .driver_data = 0},
+ /* ECP Printer Port */
+ {.id = "PNP0401", .driver_data = 0},
+ {.id = ""}
+};
+
+Please note that the character 'X' can be used as a wild card in the function
+portion (last four characters).
+ex:
+ /* Unkown PnP modems */
+ { "PNPCXXX", UNKNOWN_DEV },
+
+Supported PnP card IDs can optionally be defined.
+ex:
+static const struct pnp_id pnp_card_table[] = {
+ { "ANYDEVS", 0 },
+ { "", 0 }
+};
+
+2.) Optionally define probe and remove functions. It may make sense not to
+define these functions if the driver already has a reliable method of detecting
+the resources, such as the parport_pc driver.
+ex:
+static int
+serial_pnp_probe(struct pnp_dev * dev, const struct pnp_id *card_id, const
+ struct pnp_id *dev_id)
+{
+. . .
+
+ex:
+static void serial_pnp_remove(struct pnp_dev * dev)
+{
+. . .
+
+consult /drivers/serial/8250_pnp.c for more information.
+
+3.) create a driver structure
+ex:
+
+static struct pnp_driver serial_pnp_driver = {
+ .name = "serial",
+ .card_id_table = pnp_card_table,
+ .id_table = pnp_dev_table,
+ .probe = serial_pnp_probe,
+ .remove = serial_pnp_remove,
+};
+
+* name and id_table can not be NULL.
+
+4.) register the driver
+ex:
+
+static int __init serial8250_pnp_init(void)
+{
+ return pnp_register_driver(&serial_pnp_driver);
+}
+
+The Old Way
+...........
+
+a series of compatibility functions have been created to make it easy to convert
+
+ISAPNP drivers. They should serve as a temporary solution only.
+
+they are as follows:
+
+struct pnp_card *pnp_find_card(unsigned short vendor,
+ unsigned short device,
+ struct pnp_card *from)
+
+struct pnp_dev *pnp_find_dev(struct pnp_card *card,
+ unsigned short vendor,
+ unsigned short function,
+ struct pnp_dev *from)
+
diff --git a/Documentation/power/devices.txt b/Documentation/power/devices.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d4ae9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/power/devices.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+
+Device Power Management
+
+
+Device power management encompasses two areas - the ability to save
+state and transition a device to a low-power state when the system is
+entering a low-power state; and the ability to transition a device to
+a low-power state while the system is running (and independently of
+any other power management activity).
+
+
+Methods
+
+The methods to suspend and resume devices reside in struct bus_type:
+
+struct bus_type {
+ ...
+ int (*suspend)(struct device * dev, pm_message_t state);
+ int (*resume)(struct device * dev);
+};
+
+Each bus driver is responsible implementing these methods, translating
+the call into a bus-specific request and forwarding the call to the
+bus-specific drivers. For example, PCI drivers implement suspend() and
+resume() methods in struct pci_driver. The PCI core is simply
+responsible for translating the pointers to PCI-specific ones and
+calling the low-level driver.
+
+This is done to a) ease transition to the new power management methods
+and leverage the existing PM code in various bus drivers; b) allow
+buses to implement generic and default PM routines for devices, and c)
+make the flow of execution obvious to the reader.
+
+
+System Power Management
+
+When the system enters a low-power state, the device tree is walked in
+a depth-first fashion to transition each device into a low-power
+state. The ordering of the device tree is guaranteed by the order in
+which devices get registered - children are never registered before
+their ancestors, and devices are placed at the back of the list when
+registered. By walking the list in reverse order, we are guaranteed to
+suspend devices in the proper order.
+
+Devices are suspended once with interrupts enabled. Drivers are
+expected to stop I/O transactions, save device state, and place the
+device into a low-power state. Drivers may sleep, allocate memory,
+etc. at will.
+
+Some devices are broken and will inevitably have problems powering
+down or disabling themselves with interrupts enabled. For these
+special cases, they may return -EAGAIN. This will put the device on a
+list to be taken care of later. When interrupts are disabled, before
+we enter the low-power state, their drivers are called again to put
+their device to sleep.
+
+On resume, the devices that returned -EAGAIN will be called to power
+themselves back on with interrupts disabled. Once interrupts have been
+re-enabled, the rest of the drivers will be called to resume their
+devices. On resume, a driver is responsible for powering back on each
+device, restoring state, and re-enabling I/O transactions for that
+device.
+
+System devices follow a slightly different API, which can be found in
+
+ include/linux/sysdev.h
+ drivers/base/sys.c
+
+System devices will only be suspended with interrupts disabled, and
+after all other devices have been suspended. On resume, they will be
+resumed before any other devices, and also with interrupts disabled.
+
+
+Runtime Power Management
+
+Many devices are able to dynamically power down while the system is
+still running. This feature is useful for devices that are not being
+used, and can offer significant power savings on a running system.
+
+In each device's directory, there is a 'power' directory, which
+contains at least a 'state' file. Reading from this file displays what
+power state the device is currently in. Writing to this file initiates
+a transition to the specified power state, which must be a decimal in
+the range 1-3, inclusive; or 0 for 'On'.
+
+The PM core will call the ->suspend() method in the bus_type object
+that the device belongs to if the specified state is not 0, or
+->resume() if it is.
+
+Nothing will happen if the specified state is the same state the
+device is currently in.
+
+If the device is already in a low-power state, and the specified state
+is another, but different, low-power state, the ->resume() method will
+first be called to power the device back on, then ->suspend() will be
+called again with the new state.
+
+The driver is responsible for saving the working state of the device
+and putting it into the low-power state specified. If this was
+successful, it returns 0, and the device's power_state field is
+updated.
+
+The driver must take care to know whether or not it is able to
+properly resume the device, including all step of reinitialization
+necessary. (This is the hardest part, and the one most protected by
+NDA'd documents).
+
+The driver must also take care not to suspend a device that is
+currently in use. It is their responsibility to provide their own
+exclusion mechanisms.
+
+The runtime power transition happens with interrupts enabled. If a
+device cannot support being powered down with interrupts, it may
+return -EAGAIN (as it would during a system power management
+transition), but it will _not_ be called again, and the transaction
+will fail.
+
+There is currently no way to know what states a device or driver
+supports a priori. This will change in the future.
+
+pm_message_t meaning
+
+pm_message_t has two fields. event ("major"), and flags. If driver
+does not know event code, it aborts the request, returning error. Some
+drivers may need to deal with special cases based on the actual type
+of suspend operation being done at the system level. This is why
+there are flags.
+
+Event codes are:
+
+ON -- no need to do anything except special cases like broken
+HW.
+
+# NOTIFICATION -- pretty much same as ON?
+
+FREEZE -- stop DMA and interrupts, and be prepared to reinit HW from
+scratch. That probably means stop accepting upstream requests, the
+actual policy of what to do with them beeing specific to a given
+driver. It's acceptable for a network driver to just drop packets
+while a block driver is expected to block the queue so no request is
+lost. (Use IDE as an example on how to do that). FREEZE requires no
+power state change, and it's expected for drivers to be able to
+quickly transition back to operating state.
+
+SUSPEND -- like FREEZE, but also put hardware into low-power state. If
+there's need to distinguish several levels of sleep, additional flag
+is probably best way to do that.
+
+Transitions are only from a resumed state to a suspended state, never
+between 2 suspended states. (ON -> FREEZE or ON -> SUSPEND can happen,
+FREEZE -> SUSPEND or SUSPEND -> FREEZE can not).
+
+All events are:
+
+[NOTE NOTE NOTE: If you are driver author, you should not care; you
+should only look at event, and ignore flags.]
+
+#Prepare for suspend -- userland is still running but we are going to
+#enter suspend state. This gives drivers chance to load firmware from
+#disk and store it in memory, or do other activities taht require
+#operating userland, ability to kmalloc GFP_KERNEL, etc... All of these
+#are forbiden once the suspend dance is started.. event = ON, flags =
+#PREPARE_TO_SUSPEND
+
+Apm standby -- prepare for APM event. Quiesce devices to make life
+easier for APM BIOS. event = FREEZE, flags = APM_STANDBY
+
+Apm suspend -- same as APM_STANDBY, but it we should probably avoid
+spinning down disks. event = FREEZE, flags = APM_SUSPEND
+
+System halt, reboot -- quiesce devices to make life easier for BIOS. event
+= FREEZE, flags = SYSTEM_HALT or SYSTEM_REBOOT
+
+System shutdown -- at least disks need to be spun down, or data may be
+lost. Quiesce devices, just to make life easier for BIOS. event =
+FREEZE, flags = SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN
+
+Kexec -- turn off DMAs and put hardware into some state where new
+kernel can take over. event = FREEZE, flags = KEXEC
+
+Powerdown at end of swsusp -- very similar to SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN, except wake
+may need to be enabled on some devices. This actually has at least 3
+subtypes, system can reboot, enter S4 and enter S5 at the end of
+swsusp. event = FREEZE, flags = SWSUSP and one of SYSTEM_REBOOT,
+SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN, SYSTEM_S4
+
+Suspend to ram -- put devices into low power state. event = SUSPEND,
+flags = SUSPEND_TO_RAM
+
+Freeze for swsusp snapshot -- stop DMA and interrupts. No need to put
+devices into low power mode, but you must be able to reinitialize
+device from scratch in resume method. This has two flavors, its done
+once on suspending kernel, once on resuming kernel. event = FREEZE,
+flags = DURING_SUSPEND or DURING_RESUME
+
+Device detach requested from /sys -- deinitialize device; proably same as
+SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN, I do not understand this one too much. probably event
+= FREEZE, flags = DEV_DETACH.
+
+#These are not really events sent:
+#
+#System fully on -- device is working normally; this is probably never
+#passed to suspend() method... event = ON, flags = 0
+#
+#Ready after resume -- userland is now running, again. Time to free any
+#memory you ate during prepare to suspend... event = ON, flags =
+#READY_AFTER_RESUME
+#
+
+Driver Detach Power Management
+
+The kernel now supports the ability to place a device in a low-power
+state when it is detached from its driver, which happens when its
+module is removed.
+
+Each device contains a 'detach_state' file in its sysfs directory
+which can be used to control this state. Reading from this file
+displays what the current detach state is set to. This is 0 (On) by
+default. A user may write a positive integer value to this file in the
+range of 1-4 inclusive.
+
+A value of 1-3 will indicate the device should be placed in that
+low-power state, which will cause ->suspend() to be called for that
+device. A value of 4 indicates that the device should be shutdown, so
+->shutdown() will be called for that device.
+
+The driver is responsible for reinitializing the device when the
+module is re-inserted during it's ->probe() (or equivalent) method.
+The driver core will not call any extra functions when binding the
+device to the driver.
+
+pm_message_t meaning
+
+pm_message_t has two fields. event ("major"), and flags. If driver
+does not know event code, it aborts the request, returning error. Some
+drivers may need to deal with special cases based on the actual type
+of suspend operation being done at the system level. This is why
+there are flags.
+
+Event codes are:
+
+ON -- no need to do anything except special cases like broken
+HW.
+
+# NOTIFICATION -- pretty much same as ON?
+
+FREEZE -- stop DMA and interrupts, and be prepared to reinit HW from
+scratch. That probably means stop accepting upstream requests, the
+actual policy of what to do with them being specific to a given
+driver. It's acceptable for a network driver to just drop packets
+while a block driver is expected to block the queue so no request is
+lost. (Use IDE as an example on how to do that). FREEZE requires no
+power state change, and it's expected for drivers to be able to
+quickly transition back to operating state.
+
+SUSPEND -- like FREEZE, but also put hardware into low-power state. If
+there's need to distinguish several levels of sleep, additional flag
+is probably best way to do that.
+
+Transitions are only from a resumed state to a suspended state, never
+between 2 suspended states. (ON -> FREEZE or ON -> SUSPEND can happen,
+FREEZE -> SUSPEND or SUSPEND -> FREEZE can not).
+
+All events are:
+
+[NOTE NOTE NOTE: If you are driver author, you should not care; you
+should only look at event, and ignore flags.]
+
+#Prepare for suspend -- userland is still running but we are going to
+#enter suspend state. This gives drivers chance to load firmware from
+#disk and store it in memory, or do other activities taht require
+#operating userland, ability to kmalloc GFP_KERNEL, etc... All of these
+#are forbiden once the suspend dance is started.. event = ON, flags =
+#PREPARE_TO_SUSPEND
+
+Apm standby -- prepare for APM event. Quiesce devices to make life
+easier for APM BIOS. event = FREEZE, flags = APM_STANDBY
+
+Apm suspend -- same as APM_STANDBY, but it we should probably avoid
+spinning down disks. event = FREEZE, flags = APM_SUSPEND
+
+System halt, reboot -- quiesce devices to make life easier for BIOS. event
+= FREEZE, flags = SYSTEM_HALT or SYSTEM_REBOOT
+
+System shutdown -- at least disks need to be spun down, or data may be
+lost. Quiesce devices, just to make life easier for BIOS. event =
+FREEZE, flags = SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN
+
+Kexec -- turn off DMAs and put hardware into some state where new
+kernel can take over. event = FREEZE, flags = KEXEC
+
+Powerdown at end of swsusp -- very similar to SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN, except wake
+may need to be enabled on some devices. This actually has at least 3
+subtypes, system can reboot, enter S4 and enter S5 at the end of
+swsusp. event = FREEZE, flags = SWSUSP and one of SYSTEM_REBOOT,
+SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN, SYSTEM_S4
+
+Suspend to ram -- put devices into low power state. event = SUSPEND,
+flags = SUSPEND_TO_RAM
+
+Freeze for swsusp snapshot -- stop DMA and interrupts. No need to put
+devices into low power mode, but you must be able to reinitialize
+device from scratch in resume method. This has two flavors, its done
+once on suspending kernel, once on resuming kernel. event = FREEZE,
+flags = DURING_SUSPEND or DURING_RESUME
+
+Device detach requested from /sys -- deinitialize device; proably same as
+SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN, I do not understand this one too much. probably event
+= FREEZE, flags = DEV_DETACH.
+
+#These are not really events sent:
+#
+#System fully on -- device is working normally; this is probably never
+#passed to suspend() method... event = ON, flags = 0
+#
+#Ready after resume -- userland is now running, again. Time to free any
+#memory you ate during prepare to suspend... event = ON, flags =
+#READY_AFTER_RESUME
+#
diff --git a/Documentation/power/interface.txt b/Documentation/power/interface.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5ebda5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/power/interface.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+Power Management Interface
+
+
+The power management subsystem provides a unified sysfs interface to
+userspace, regardless of what architecture or platform one is
+running. The interface exists in /sys/power/ directory (assuming sysfs
+is mounted at /sys).
+
+/sys/power/state controls system power state. Reading from this file
+returns what states are supported, which is hard-coded to 'standby'
+(Power-On Suspend), 'mem' (Suspend-to-RAM), and 'disk'
+(Suspend-to-Disk).
+
+Writing to this file one of those strings causes the system to
+transition into that state. Please see the file
+Documentation/power/states.txt for a description of each of those
+states.
+
+
+/sys/power/disk controls the operating mode of the suspend-to-disk
+mechanism. Suspend-to-disk can be handled in several ways. The
+greatest distinction is who writes memory to disk - the firmware or
+the kernel. If the firmware does it, we assume that it also handles
+suspending the system.
+
+If the kernel does it, then we have three options for putting the system
+to sleep - using the platform driver (e.g. ACPI or other PM
+registers), powering off the system or rebooting the system (for
+testing). The system will support either 'firmware' or 'platform', and
+that is known a priori. But, the user may choose 'shutdown' or
+'reboot' as alternatives.
+
+Reading from this file will display what the mode is currently set
+to. Writing to this file will accept one of
+
+ 'firmware'
+ 'platform'
+ 'shutdown'
+ 'reboot'
+
+It will only change to 'firmware' or 'platform' if the system supports
+it.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/power/kernel_threads.txt b/Documentation/power/kernel_threads.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60b5481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/power/kernel_threads.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+KERNEL THREADS
+
+
+Freezer
+
+Upon entering a suspended state the system will freeze all
+tasks. This is done by delivering pseudosignals. This affects
+kernel threads, too. To successfully freeze a kernel thread
+the thread has to check for the pseudosignal and enter the
+refrigerator. Code to do this looks like this:
+
+ do {
+ hub_events();
+ wait_event_interruptible(khubd_wait, !list_empty(&hub_event_list));
+ if (current->flags & PF_FREEZE)
+ refrigerator(PF_FREEZE);
+ } while (!signal_pending(current));
+
+from drivers/usb/core/hub.c::hub_thread()
+
+
+The Unfreezable
+
+Some kernel threads however, must not be frozen. The kernel must
+be able to finish pending IO operations and later on be able to
+write the memory image to disk. Kernel threads needed to do IO
+must stay awake. Such threads must mark themselves unfreezable
+like this:
+
+ /*
+ * This thread doesn't need any user-level access,
+ * so get rid of all our resources.
+ */
+ daemonize("usb-storage");
+
+ current->flags |= PF_NOFREEZE;
+
+from drivers/usb/storage/usb.c::usb_stor_control_thread()
+
+Such drivers are themselves responsible for staying quiet during
+the actual snapshotting.
diff --git a/Documentation/power/pci.txt b/Documentation/power/pci.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c85428e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/power/pci.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+
+PCI Power Management
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An overview of the concepts and the related functions in the Linux kernel
+
+Patrick Mochel <mochel@transmeta.com>
+(and others)
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+1. Overview
+2. How the PCI Subsystem Does Power Management
+3. PCI Utility Functions
+4. PCI Device Drivers
+5. Resources
+
+1. Overview
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The PCI Power Management Specification was introduced between the PCI 2.1 and
+PCI 2.2 Specifications. It a standard interface for controlling various
+power management operations.
+
+Implementation of the PCI PM Spec is optional, as are several sub-components of
+it. If a device supports the PCI PM Spec, the device will have an 8 byte
+capability field in its PCI configuration space. This field is used to describe
+and control the standard PCI power management features.
+
+The PCI PM spec defines 4 operating states for devices (D0 - D3) and for buses
+(B0 - B3). The higher the number, the less power the device consumes. However,
+the higher the number, the longer the latency is for the device to return to
+an operational state (D0).
+
+There are actually two D3 states. When someone talks about D3, they usually
+mean D3hot, which corresponds to an ACPI D2 state (power is reduced, the
+device may lose some context). But they may also mean D3cold, which is an
+ACPI D3 state (power is fully off, all state was discarded); or both.
+
+Bus power management is not covered in this version of this document.
+
+Note that all PCI devices support D0 and D3cold by default, regardless of
+whether or not they implement any of the PCI PM spec.
+
+The possible state transitions that a device can undergo are:
+
++---------------------------+
+| Current State | New State |
++---------------------------+
+| D0 | D1, D2, D3|
++---------------------------+
+| D1 | D2, D3 |
++---------------------------+
+| D2 | D3 |
++---------------------------+
+| D1, D2, D3 | D0 |
++---------------------------+
+
+Note that when the system is entering a global suspend state, all devices will
+be placed into D3 and when resuming, all devices will be placed into D0.
+However, when the system is running, other state transitions are possible.
+
+2. How The PCI Subsystem Handles Power Management
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The PCI suspend/resume functionality is accessed indirectly via the Power
+Management subsystem. At boot, the PCI driver registers a power management
+callback with that layer. Upon entering a suspend state, the PM layer iterates
+through all of its registered callbacks. This currently takes place only during
+APM state transitions.
+
+Upon going to sleep, the PCI subsystem walks its device tree twice. Both times,
+it does a depth first walk of the device tree. The first walk saves each of the
+device's state and checks for devices that will prevent the system from entering
+a global power state. The next walk then places the devices in a low power
+state.
+
+The first walk allows a graceful recovery in the event of a failure, since none
+of the devices have actually been powered down.
+
+In both walks, in particular the second, all children of a bridge are touched
+before the actual bridge itself. This allows the bridge to retain power while
+its children are being accessed.
+
+Upon resuming from sleep, just the opposite must be true: all bridges must be
+powered on and restored before their children are powered on. This is easily
+accomplished with a breadth-first walk of the PCI device tree.
+
+
+3. PCI Utility Functions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+These are helper functions designed to be called by individual device drivers.
+Assuming that a device behaves as advertised, these should be applicable in most
+cases. However, results may vary.
+
+Note that these functions are never implicitly called for the driver. The driver
+is always responsible for deciding when and if to call these.
+
+
+pci_save_state
+--------------
+
+Usage:
+ pci_save_state(dev, buffer);
+
+Description:
+ Save first 64 bytes of PCI config space. Buffer must be allocated by
+ caller.
+
+
+pci_restore_state
+-----------------
+
+Usage:
+ pci_restore_state(dev, buffer);
+
+Description:
+ Restore previously saved config space. (First 64 bytes only);
+
+ If buffer is NULL, then restore what information we know about the
+ device from bootup: BARs and interrupt line.
+
+
+pci_set_power_state
+-------------------
+
+Usage:
+ pci_set_power_state(dev, state);
+
+Description:
+ Transition device to low power state using PCI PM Capabilities
+ registers.
+
+ Will fail under one of the following conditions:
+ - If state is less than current state, but not D0 (illegal transition)
+ - Device doesn't support PM Capabilities
+ - Device does not support requested state
+
+
+pci_enable_wake
+---------------
+
+Usage:
+ pci_enable_wake(dev, state, enable);
+
+Description:
+ Enable device to generate PME# during low power state using PCI PM
+ Capabilities.
+
+ Checks whether if device supports generating PME# from requested state
+ and fail if it does not, unless enable == 0 (request is to disable wake
+ events, which is implicit if it doesn't even support it in the first
+ place).
+
+ Note that the PMC Register in the device's PM Capabilties has a bitmask
+ of the states it supports generating PME# from. D3hot is bit 3 and
+ D3cold is bit 4. So, while a value of 4 as the state may not seem
+ semantically correct, it is.
+
+
+4. PCI Device Drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+These functions are intended for use by individual drivers, and are defined in
+struct pci_driver:
+
+ int (*save_state) (struct pci_dev *dev, u32 state);
+ int (*suspend) (struct pci_dev *dev, u32 state);
+ int (*resume) (struct pci_dev *dev);
+ int (*enable_wake) (struct pci_dev *dev, u32 state, int enable);
+
+
+save_state
+----------
+
+Usage:
+
+if (dev->driver && dev->driver->save_state)
+ dev->driver->save_state(dev,state);
+
+The driver should use this callback to save device state. It should take into
+account the current state of the device and the requested state in order to
+avoid any unnecessary operations.
+
+For example, a video card that supports all 4 states (D0-D3), all controller
+context is preserved when entering D1, but the screen is placed into a low power
+state (blanked).
+
+The driver can also interpret this function as a notification that it may be
+entering a sleep state in the near future. If it knows that the device cannot
+enter the requested state, either because of lack of support for it, or because
+the device is middle of some critical operation, then it should fail.
+
+This function should not be used to set any state in the device or the driver
+because the device may not actually enter the sleep state (e.g. another driver
+later causes causes a global state transition to fail).
+
+Note that in intermediate low power states, a device's I/O and memory spaces may
+be disabled and may not be available in subsequent transitions to lower power
+states.
+
+
+suspend
+-------
+
+Usage:
+
+if (dev->driver && dev->driver->suspend)
+ dev->driver->suspend(dev,state);
+
+A driver uses this function to actually transition the device into a low power
+state. This should include disabling I/O, IRQs, and bus-mastering, as well as
+physically transitioning the device to a lower power state; it may also include
+calls to pci_enable_wake().
+
+Bus mastering may be disabled by doing:
+
+pci_disable_device(dev);
+
+For devices that support the PCI PM Spec, this may be used to set the device's
+power state to match the suspend() parameter:
+
+pci_set_power_state(dev,state);
+
+The driver is also responsible for disabling any other device-specific features
+(e.g blanking screen, turning off on-card memory, etc).
+
+The driver should be sure to track the current state of the device, as it may
+obviate the need for some operations.
+
+The driver should update the current_state field in its pci_dev structure in
+this function, except for PM-capable devices when pci_set_power_state is used.
+
+resume
+------
+
+Usage:
+
+if (dev->driver && dev->driver->suspend)
+ dev->driver->resume(dev)
+
+The resume callback may be called from any power state, and is always meant to
+transition the device to the D0 state.
+
+The driver is responsible for reenabling any features of the device that had
+been disabled during previous suspend calls, such as IRQs and bus mastering,
+as well as calling pci_restore_state().
+
+If the device is currently in D3, it may need to be reinitialized in resume().
+
+ * Some types of devices, like bus controllers, will preserve context in D3hot
+ (using Vcc power). Their drivers will often want to avoid re-initializing
+ them after re-entering D0 (perhaps to avoid resetting downstream devices).
+
+ * Other kinds of devices in D3hot will discard device context as part of a
+ soft reset when re-entering the D0 state.
+
+ * Devices resuming from D3cold always go through a power-on reset. Some
+ device context can also be preserved using Vaux power.
+
+ * Some systems hide D3cold resume paths from drivers. For example, on PCs
+ the resume path for suspend-to-disk often runs BIOS powerup code, which
+ will sometimes re-initialize the device.
+
+To handle resets during D3 to D0 transitions, it may be convenient to share
+device initialization code between probe() and resume(). Device parameters
+can also be saved before the driver suspends into D3, avoiding re-probe.
+
+If the device supports the PCI PM Spec, it can use this to physically transition
+the device to D0:
+
+pci_set_power_state(dev,0);
+
+Note that if the entire system is transitioning out of a global sleep state, all
+devices will be placed in the D0 state, so this is not necessary. However, in
+the event that the device is placed in the D3 state during normal operation,
+this call is necessary. It is impossible to determine which of the two events is
+taking place in the driver, so it is always a good idea to make that call.
+
+The driver should take note of the state that it is resuming from in order to
+ensure correct (and speedy) operation.
+
+The driver should update the current_state field in its pci_dev structure in
+this function, except for PM-capable devices when pci_set_power_state is used.
+
+
+enable_wake
+-----------
+
+Usage:
+
+if (dev->driver && dev->driver->enable_wake)
+ dev->driver->enable_wake(dev,state,enable);
+
+This callback is generally only relevant for devices that support the PCI PM
+spec and have the ability to generate a PME# (Power Management Event Signal)
+to wake the system up. (However, it is possible that a device may support
+some non-standard way of generating a wake event on sleep.)
+
+Bits 15:11 of the PMC (Power Mgmt Capabilities) Register in a device's
+PM Capabilties describe what power states the device supports generating a
+wake event from:
+
++------------------+
+| Bit | State |
++------------------+
+| 11 | D0 |
+| 12 | D1 |
+| 13 | D2 |
+| 14 | D3hot |
+| 15 | D3cold |
++------------------+
+
+A device can use this to enable wake events:
+
+ pci_enable_wake(dev,state,enable);
+
+Note that to enable PME# from D3cold, a value of 4 should be passed to
+pci_enable_wake (since it uses an index into a bitmask). If a driver gets
+a request to enable wake events from D3, two calls should be made to
+pci_enable_wake (one for both D3hot and D3cold).
+
+
+5. Resources
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+PCI Local Bus Specification
+PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification
+
+ http://pcisig.org
+
diff --git a/Documentation/power/states.txt b/Documentation/power/states.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e5e5d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/power/states.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+
+System Power Management States
+
+
+The kernel supports three power management states generically, though
+each is dependent on platform support code to implement the low-level
+details for each state. This file describes each state, what they are
+commonly called, what ACPI state they map to, and what string to write
+to /sys/power/state to enter that state
+
+
+State: Standby / Power-On Suspend
+ACPI State: S1
+String: "standby"
+
+This state offers minimal, though real, power savings, while providing
+a very low-latency transition back to a working system. No operating
+state is lost (the CPU retains power), so the system easily starts up
+again where it left off.
+
+We try to put devices in a low-power state equivalent to D1, which
+also offers low power savings, but low resume latency. Not all devices
+support D1, and those that don't are left on.
+
+A transition from Standby to the On state should take about 1-2
+seconds.
+
+
+State: Suspend-to-RAM
+ACPI State: S3
+String: "mem"
+
+This state offers significant power savings as everything in the
+system is put into a low-power state, except for memory, which is
+placed in self-refresh mode to retain its contents.
+
+System and device state is saved and kept in memory. All devices are
+suspended and put into D3. In many cases, all peripheral buses lose
+power when entering STR, so devices must be able to handle the
+transition back to the On state.
+
+For at least ACPI, STR requires some minimal boot-strapping code to
+resume the system from STR. This may be true on other platforms.
+
+A transition from Suspend-to-RAM to the On state should take about
+3-5 seconds.
+
+
+State: Suspend-to-disk
+ACPI State: S4
+String: "disk"
+
+This state offers the greatest power savings, and can be used even in
+the absence of low-level platform support for power management. This
+state operates similarly to Suspend-to-RAM, but includes a final step
+of writing memory contents to disk. On resume, this is read and memory
+is restored to its pre-suspend state.
+
+STD can be handled by the firmware or the kernel. If it is handled by
+the firmware, it usually requires a dedicated partition that must be
+setup via another operating system for it to use. Despite the
+inconvenience, this method requires minimal work by the kernel, since
+the firmware will also handle restoring memory contents on resume.
+
+If the kernel is responsible for persistantly saving state, a mechanism
+called 'swsusp' (Swap Suspend) is used to write memory contents to
+free swap space. swsusp has some restrictive requirements, but should
+work in most cases. Some, albeit outdated, documentation can be found
+in Documentation/power/swsusp.txt.
+
+Once memory state is written to disk, the system may either enter a
+low-power state (like ACPI S4), or it may simply power down. Powering
+down offers greater savings, and allows this mechanism to work on any
+system. However, entering a real low-power state allows the user to
+trigger wake up events (e.g. pressing a key or opening a laptop lid).
+
+A transition from Suspend-to-Disk to the On state should take about 30
+seconds, though it's typically a bit more with the current
+implementation.
diff --git a/Documentation/power/swsusp.txt b/Documentation/power/swsusp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7c3459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/power/swsusp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+From kernel/suspend.c:
+
+ * BIG FAT WARNING *********************************************************
+ *
+ * If you have unsupported (*) devices using DMA...
+ * ...say goodbye to your data.
+ *
+ * If you touch anything on disk between suspend and resume...
+ * ...kiss your data goodbye.
+ *
+ * If your disk driver does not support suspend... (IDE does)
+ * ...you'd better find out how to get along
+ * without your data.
+ *
+ * If you change kernel command line between suspend and resume...
+ * ...prepare for nasty fsck or worse.
+ *
+ * If you change your hardware while system is suspended...
+ * ...well, it was not good idea.
+ *
+ * (*) suspend/resume support is needed to make it safe.
+
+You need to append resume=/dev/your_swap_partition to kernel command
+line. Then you suspend by
+
+echo shutdown > /sys/power/disk; echo disk > /sys/power/state
+
+. If you feel ACPI works pretty well on your system, you might try
+
+echo platform > /sys/power/disk; echo disk > /sys/power/state
+
+
+
+Article about goals and implementation of Software Suspend for Linux
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Author: Gábor Kuti
+Last revised: 2003-10-20 by Pavel Machek
+
+Idea and goals to achieve
+
+Nowadays it is common in several laptops that they have a suspend button. It
+saves the state of the machine to a filesystem or to a partition and switches
+to standby mode. Later resuming the machine the saved state is loaded back to
+ram and the machine can continue its work. It has two real benefits. First we
+save ourselves the time machine goes down and later boots up, energy costs
+are real high when running from batteries. The other gain is that we don't have to
+interrupt our programs so processes that are calculating something for a long
+time shouldn't need to be written interruptible.
+
+swsusp saves the state of the machine into active swaps and then reboots or
+powerdowns. You must explicitly specify the swap partition to resume from with
+``resume='' kernel option. If signature is found it loads and restores saved
+state. If the option ``noresume'' is specified as a boot parameter, it skips
+the resuming.
+
+In the meantime while the system is suspended you should not add/remove any
+of the hardware, write to the filesystems, etc.
+
+Sleep states summary
+====================
+
+There are three different interfaces you can use, /proc/acpi should
+work like this:
+
+In a really perfect world:
+echo 1 > /proc/acpi/sleep # for standby
+echo 2 > /proc/acpi/sleep # for suspend to ram
+echo 3 > /proc/acpi/sleep # for suspend to ram, but with more power conservative
+echo 4 > /proc/acpi/sleep # for suspend to disk
+echo 5 > /proc/acpi/sleep # for shutdown unfriendly the system
+
+and perhaps
+echo 4b > /proc/acpi/sleep # for suspend to disk via s4bios
+
+Frequently Asked Questions
+==========================
+
+Q: well, suspending a server is IMHO a really stupid thing,
+but... (Diego Zuccato):
+
+A: You bought new UPS for your server. How do you install it without
+bringing machine down? Suspend to disk, rearrange power cables,
+resume.
+
+You have your server on UPS. Power died, and UPS is indicating 30
+seconds to failure. What do you do? Suspend to disk.
+
+Ethernet card in your server died. You want to replace it. Your
+server is not hotplug capable. What do you do? Suspend to disk,
+replace ethernet card, resume. If you are fast your users will not
+even see broken connections.
+
+
+Q: Maybe I'm missing something, but why don't the regular I/O paths work?
+
+A: We do use the regular I/O paths. However we cannot restore the data
+to its original location as we load it. That would create an
+inconsistent kernel state which would certainly result in an oops.
+Instead, we load the image into unused memory and then atomically copy
+it back to it original location. This implies, of course, a maximum
+image size of half the amount of memory.
+
+There are two solutions to this:
+
+* require half of memory to be free during suspend. That way you can
+read "new" data onto free spots, then cli and copy
+
+* assume we had special "polling" ide driver that only uses memory
+between 0-640KB. That way, I'd have to make sure that 0-640KB is free
+during suspending, but otherwise it would work...
+
+suspend2 shares this fundamental limitation, but does not include user
+data and disk caches into "used memory" by saving them in
+advance. That means that the limitation goes away in practice.
+
+Q: Does linux support ACPI S4?
+
+A: Yes. That's what echo platform > /sys/power/disk does.
+
+Q: My machine doesn't work with ACPI. How can I use swsusp than ?
+
+A: Do a reboot() syscall with right parameters. Warning: glibc gets in
+its way, so check with strace:
+
+reboot(LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2, 0xd000fce2)
+
+(Thanks to Peter Osterlund:)
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <syscall.h>
+
+#define LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1 0xfee1dead
+#define LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2 672274793
+#define LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_SW_SUSPEND 0xD000FCE2
+
+int main()
+{
+ syscall(SYS_reboot, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2,
+ LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_SW_SUSPEND, 0);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+Also /sys/ interface should be still present.
+
+Q: What is 'suspend2'?
+
+A: suspend2 is 'Software Suspend 2', a forked implementation of
+suspend-to-disk which is available as separate patches for 2.4 and 2.6
+kernels from swsusp.sourceforge.net. It includes support for SMP, 4GB
+highmem and preemption. It also has a extensible architecture that
+allows for arbitrary transformations on the image (compression,
+encryption) and arbitrary backends for writing the image (eg to swap
+or an NFS share[Work In Progress]). Questions regarding suspend2
+should be sent to the mailing list available through the suspend2
+website, and not to the Linux Kernel Mailing List. We are working
+toward merging suspend2 into the mainline kernel.
+
+Q: A kernel thread must voluntarily freeze itself (call 'refrigerator').
+I found some kernel threads that don't do it, and they don't freeze
+so the system can't sleep. Is this a known behavior?
+
+A: All such kernel threads need to be fixed, one by one. Select the
+place where the thread is safe to be frozen (no kernel semaphores
+should be held at that point and it must be safe to sleep there), and
+add:
+
+ if (current->flags & PF_FREEZE)
+ refrigerator(PF_FREEZE);
+
+If the thread is needed for writing the image to storage, you should
+instead set the PF_NOFREEZE process flag when creating the thread.
+
+
+Q: What is the difference between between "platform", "shutdown" and
+"firmware" in /sys/power/disk?
+
+A:
+
+shutdown: save state in linux, then tell bios to powerdown
+
+platform: save state in linux, then tell bios to powerdown and blink
+ "suspended led"
+
+firmware: tell bios to save state itself [needs BIOS-specific suspend
+ partition, and has very little to do with swsusp]
+
+"platform" is actually right thing to do, but "shutdown" is most
+reliable.
+
+Q: I do not understand why you have such strong objections to idea of
+selective suspend.
+
+A: Do selective suspend during runtime power managment, that's okay. But
+its useless for suspend-to-disk. (And I do not see how you could use
+it for suspend-to-ram, I hope you do not want that).
+
+Lets see, so you suggest to
+
+* SUSPEND all but swap device and parents
+* Snapshot
+* Write image to disk
+* SUSPEND swap device and parents
+* Powerdown
+
+Oh no, that does not work, if swap device or its parents uses DMA,
+you've corrupted data. You'd have to do
+
+* SUSPEND all but swap device and parents
+* FREEZE swap device and parents
+* Snapshot
+* UNFREEZE swap device and parents
+* Write
+* SUSPEND swap device and parents
+
+Which means that you still need that FREEZE state, and you get more
+complicated code. (And I have not yet introduce details like system
+devices).
+
+Q: There don't seem to be any generally useful behavioral
+distinctions between SUSPEND and FREEZE.
+
+A: Doing SUSPEND when you are asked to do FREEZE is always correct,
+but it may be unneccessarily slow. If you want USB to stay simple,
+slowness may not matter to you. It can always be fixed later.
+
+For devices like disk it does matter, you do not want to spindown for
+FREEZE.
+
+Q: After resuming, system is paging heavilly, leading to very bad interactivity.
+
+A: Try running
+
+cat `cat /proc/[0-9]*/maps | grep / | sed 's:.* /:/:' | sort -u` > /dev/null
+
+after resume. swapoff -a; swapon -a may also be usefull.
diff --git a/Documentation/power/tricks.txt b/Documentation/power/tricks.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6d58d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/power/tricks.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+ swsusp/S3 tricks
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz>
+
+If you want to trick swsusp/S3 into working, you might want to try:
+
+* go with minimal config, turn off drivers like USB, AGP you don't
+ really need
+
+* turn off APIC and preempt
+
+* use ext2. At least it has working fsck. [If something seemes to go
+ wrong, force fsck when you have a chance]
+
+* turn off modules
+
+* use vga text console, shut down X. [If you really want X, you might
+ want to try vesafb later]
+
+* try running as few processes as possible, preferably go to single
+ user mode.
+
+* due to video issues, swsusp should be easier to get working than
+ S3. Try that first.
+
+When you make it work, try to find out what exactly was it that broke
+suspend, and preferably fix that.
diff --git a/Documentation/power/video.txt b/Documentation/power/video.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8686968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/power/video.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+
+ Video issues with S3 resume
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ 2003-2005, Pavel Machek
+
+During S3 resume, hardware needs to be reinitialized. For most
+devices, this is easy, and kernel driver knows how to do
+it. Unfortunately there's one exception: video card. Those are usually
+initialized by BIOS, and kernel does not have enough information to
+boot video card. (Kernel usually does not even contain video card
+driver -- vesafb and vgacon are widely used).
+
+This is not problem for swsusp, because during swsusp resume, BIOS is
+run normally so video card is normally initialized. S3 has absolutely
+no chance of working with SMP/HT. Be sure it to turn it off before
+testing (swsusp should work ok, OTOH).
+
+There are a few types of systems where video works after S3 resume:
+
+(1) systems where video state is preserved over S3.
+
+(2) systems where it is possible to call the video BIOS during S3
+ resume. Unfortunately, it is not correct to call the video BIOS at
+ that point, but it happens to work on some machines. Use
+ acpi_sleep=s3_bios.
+
+(3) systems that initialize video card into vga text mode and where
+ the BIOS works well enough to be able to set video mode. Use
+ acpi_sleep=s3_mode on these.
+
+(4) on some systems s3_bios kicks video into text mode, and
+ acpi_sleep=s3_bios,s3_mode is needed.
+
+(5) radeon systems, where X can soft-boot your video card. You'll need
+ new enough X, and plain text console (no vesafb or radeonfb), see
+ http://www.doesi.gmxhome.de/linux/tm800s3/s3.html. Actually you
+ should probably use vbetool (6) instead.
+
+(6) other radeon systems, where vbetool is enough to bring system back
+ to life. It needs text console to be working. Do vbetool vbestate
+ save > /tmp/delme; echo 3 > /proc/acpi/sleep; vbetool post; vbetool
+ vbestate restore < /tmp/delme; setfont <whatever>, and your video
+ should work.
+
+(7) on some systems, it is possible to boot most of kernel, and then
+ POSTing bios works. Ole Rohne has patch to do just that at
+ http://dev.gentoo.org/~marineam/patch-radeonfb-2.6.11-rc2-mm2.
+
+Now, if you pass acpi_sleep=something, and it does not work with your
+bios, you'll get a hard crash during resume. Be careful. Also it is
+safest to do your experiments with plain old VGA console. The vesafb
+and radeonfb (etc) drivers have a tendency to crash the machine during
+resume.
+
+You may have a system where none of above works. At that point you
+either invent another ugly hack that works, or write proper driver for
+your video card (good luck getting docs :-(). Maybe suspending from X
+(proper X, knowing your hardware, not XF68_FBcon) might have better
+chance of working.
+
+Table of known working systems:
+
+Model hack (or "how to do it")
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Acer Aspire 1406LC ole's late BIOS init (7), turn off DRI
+Acer TM 242FX vbetool (6)
+Acer TM C300 vga=normal (only suspend on console, not in X), vbetool (6)
+Acer TM 4052LCi s3_bios (2)
+Acer TM 636Lci s3_bios vga=normal (2)
+Acer TM 650 (Radeon M7) vga=normal plus boot-radeon (5) gets text console back
+Acer TM 660 ??? (*)
+Acer TM 800 vga=normal, X patches, see webpage (5) or vbetool (6)
+Acer TM 803 vga=normal, X patches, see webpage (5) or vbetool (6)
+Acer TM 803LCi vga=normal, vbetool (6)
+Arima W730a vbetool needed (6)
+Asus L2400D s3_mode (3)(***) (S1 also works OK)
+Asus L3800C (Radeon M7) s3_bios (2) (S1 also works OK)
+Asus M6NE ??? (*)
+Athlon64 desktop prototype s3_bios (2)
+Compal CL-50 ??? (*)
+Compaq Armada E500 - P3-700 none (1) (S1 also works OK)
+Compaq Evo N620c vga=normal, s3_bios (2)
+Dell 600m, ATI R250 Lf none (1), but needs xorg-x11-6.8.1.902-1
+Dell D600, ATI RV250 vga=normal and X, or try vbestate (6)
+Dell Inspiron 4000 ??? (*)
+Dell Inspiron 500m ??? (*)
+Dell Inspiron 600m ??? (*)
+Dell Inspiron 8200 ??? (*)
+Dell Inspiron 8500 ??? (*)
+Dell Inspiron 8600 ??? (*)
+eMachines athlon64 machines vbetool needed (6) (someone please get me model #s)
+HP NC6000 s3_bios, may not use radeonfb (2); or vbetool (6)
+HP NX7000 ??? (*)
+HP Pavilion ZD7000 vbetool post needed, need open-source nv driver for X
+HP Omnibook XE3 athlon version none (1)
+HP Omnibook XE3GC none (1), video is S3 Savage/IX-MV
+IBM TP T20, model 2647-44G none (1), video is S3 Inc. 86C270-294 Savage/IX-MV, vesafb gets "interesting" but X work.
+IBM TP A31 / Type 2652-M5G s3_mode (3) [works ok with BIOS 1.04 2002-08-23, but not at all with BIOS 1.11 2004-11-05 :-(]
+IBM TP R32 / Type 2658-MMG none (1)
+IBM TP R40 2722B3G ??? (*)
+IBM TP R50p / Type 1832-22U s3_bios (2)
+IBM TP R51 ??? (*)
+IBM TP T30 236681A ??? (*)
+IBM TP T40 / Type 2373-MU4 none (1)
+IBM TP T40p none (1)
+IBM TP R40p s3_bios (2)
+IBM TP T41p s3_bios (2), switch to X after resume
+IBM TP T42 ??? (*)
+IBM ThinkPad T42p (2373-GTG) s3_bios (2)
+IBM TP X20 ??? (*)
+IBM TP X30 ??? (*)
+IBM TP X31 / Type 2672-XXH none (1), use radeontool (http://fdd.com/software/radeon/) to turn off backlight.
+IBM Thinkpad X40 Type 2371-7JG s3_bios,s3_mode (4)
+Medion MD4220 ??? (*)
+Samsung P35 vbetool needed (6)
+Sharp PC-AR10 (ATI rage) none (1)
+Sony Vaio PCG-F403 ??? (*)
+Sony Vaio PCG-N505SN ??? (*)
+Sony Vaio vgn-s260 X or boot-radeon can init it (5)
+Toshiba Libretto L5 none (1)
+Toshiba Satellite 4030CDT s3_mode (3)
+Toshiba Satellite 4080XCDT s3_mode (3)
+Toshiba Satellite 4090XCDT ??? (*)
+Toshiba Satellite P10-554 s3_bios,s3_mode (4)(****)
+Uniwill 244IIO ??? (*)
+
+
+(*) from http://www.ubuntulinux.org/wiki/HoaryPMResults, not sure
+ which options to use. If you know, please tell me.
+
+(***) To be tested with a newer kernel.
+
+(****) Not with SMP kernel, UP only.
+
+VBEtool details
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+(with thanks to Carl-Daniel Hailfinger)
+
+First, boot into X and run the following script ONCE:
+#!/bin/bash
+statedir=/root/s3/state
+mkdir -p $statedir
+chvt 2
+sleep 1
+vbetool vbestate save >$statedir/vbe
+
+
+To suspend and resume properly, call the following script as root:
+#!/bin/bash
+statedir=/root/s3/state
+curcons=`fgconsole`
+fuser /dev/tty$curcons 2>/dev/null|xargs ps -o comm= -p|grep -q X && chvt 2
+cat /dev/vcsa >$statedir/vcsa
+sync
+echo 3 >/proc/acpi/sleep
+sync
+vbetool post
+vbetool vbestate restore <$statedir/vbe
+cat $statedir/vcsa >/dev/vcsa
+rckbd restart
+chvt $[curcons%6+1]
+chvt $curcons
+
+
+Unless you change your graphics card or other hardware configuration,
+the state once saved will be OK for every resume afterwards.
+NOTE: The "rckbd restart" command may be different for your
+distribution. Simply replace it with the command you would use to
+set the fonts on screen.
diff --git a/Documentation/power/video_extension.txt b/Documentation/power/video_extension.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e33d7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/power/video_extension.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+This driver implement the ACPI Extensions For Display Adapters
+for integrated graphics devices on motherboard, as specified in
+ACPI 2.0 Specification, Appendix B, allowing to perform some basic
+control like defining the video POST device, retrieving EDID information
+or to setup a video output, etc. Note that this is an ref. implementation only.
+It may or may not work for your integrated video device.
+
+Interfaces exposed to userland through /proc/acpi/video:
+
+VGA/info : display the supported video bus device capability like ,Video ROM, CRT/LCD/TV.
+VGA/ROM : Used to get a copy of the display devices' ROM data (up to 4k).
+VGA/POST_info : Used to determine what options are implemented.
+VGA/POST : Used to get/set POST device.
+VGA/DOS : Used to get/set ownership of output switching:
+ Please refer ACPI spec B.4.1 _DOS
+VGA/CRT : CRT output
+VGA/LCD : LCD output
+VGA/TV : TV output
+VGA/*/brightness : Used to get/set brightness of output device
+
+Notify event through /proc/acpi/event:
+
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_SWITCH 0x80
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_PROBE 0x81
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_CYCLE 0x82
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_NEXT_OUTPUT 0x83
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_PREV_OUTPUT 0x84
+
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_CYCLE_BRIGHTNESS 0x82
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_INC_BRIGHTNESS 0x83
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_DEC_BRIGHTNESS 0x84
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_ZERO_BRIGHTNESS 0x85
+#define ACPI_VIDEO_NOTIFY_DISPLAY_OFF 0x86
+
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/00-INDEX b/Documentation/powerpc/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7bea0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Index of files in Documentation/powerpc. If you think something about
+Linux/PPC needs an entry here, needs correction or you've written one
+please mail me.
+ Cort Dougan (cort@fsmlabs.com)
+
+00-INDEX
+ - this file
+cpu_features.txt
+ - info on how we support a variety of CPUs with minimal compile-time
+ options.
+ppc_htab.txt
+ - info about the Linux/PPC /proc/ppc_htab entry
+smp.txt
+ - use and state info about Linux/PPC on MP machines
+SBC8260_memory_mapping.txt
+ - EST SBC8260 board info
+sound.txt
+ - info on sound support under Linux/PPC
+zImage_layout.txt
+ - info on the kernel images for Linux/PPC
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/SBC8260_memory_mapping.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/SBC8260_memory_mapping.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6e9ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/SBC8260_memory_mapping.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+Please mail me (Jon Diekema, diekema_jon@si.com or diekema@cideas.com)
+if you have questions, comments or corrections.
+
+ * EST SBC8260 Linux memory mapping rules
+
+ http://www.estc.com/
+ http://www.estc.com/products/boards/SBC8260-8240_ds.html
+
+ Initial conditions:
+ -------------------
+
+ Tasks that need to be perform by the boot ROM before control is
+ transferred to zImage (compressed Linux kernel):
+
+ - Define the IMMR to 0xf0000000
+
+ - Initialize the memory controller so that RAM is available at
+ physical address 0x00000000. On the SBC8260 is this 16M (64M)
+ SDRAM.
+
+ - The boot ROM should only clear the RAM that it is using.
+
+ The reason for doing this is to enhances the chances of a
+ successful post mortem on a Linux panic. One of the first
+ items to examine is the 16k (LOG_BUF_LEN) circular console
+ buffer called log_buf which is defined in kernel/printk.c.
+
+ - To enhance boot ROM performance, the I-cache can be enabled.
+
+ Date: Mon, 22 May 2000 14:21:10 -0700
+ From: Neil Russell <caret@c-side.com>
+
+ LiMon (LInux MONitor) runs with and starts Linux with MMU
+ off, I-cache enabled, D-cache disabled. The I-cache doesn't
+ need hints from the MMU to work correctly as the D-cache
+ does. No D-cache means no special code to handle devices in
+ the presence of cache (no snooping, etc). The use of the
+ I-cache means that the monitor can run acceptably fast
+ directly from ROM, rather than having to copy it to RAM.
+
+ - Build the board information structure (see
+ include/asm-ppc/est8260.h for its definition)
+
+ - The compressed Linux kernel (zImage) contains a bootstrap loader
+ that is position independent; you can load it into any RAM,
+ ROM or FLASH memory address >= 0x00500000 (above 5 MB), or
+ at its link address of 0x00400000 (4 MB).
+
+ Note: If zImage is loaded at its link address of 0x00400000 (4 MB),
+ then zImage will skip the step of moving itself to
+ its link address.
+
+ - Load R3 with the address of the board information structure
+
+ - Transfer control to zImage
+
+ - The Linux console port is SMC1, and the baud rate is controlled
+ from the bi_baudrate field of the board information structure.
+ On thing to keep in mind when picking the baud rate, is that
+ there is no flow control on the SMC ports. I would stick
+ with something safe and standard like 19200.
+
+ On the EST SBC8260, the SMC1 port is on the COM1 connector of
+ the board.
+
+
+ EST SBC8260 defaults:
+ ---------------------
+
+ Chip
+ Memory Sel Bus Use
+ --------------------- --- --- ----------------------------------
+ 0x00000000-0x03FFFFFF CS2 60x (16M or 64M)/64M SDRAM
+ 0x04000000-0x04FFFFFF CS4 local 4M/16M SDRAM (soldered to the board)
+ 0x21000000-0x21000000 CS7 60x 1B/64K Flash present detect (from the flash SIMM)
+ 0x21000001-0x21000001 CS7 60x 1B/64K Switches (read) and LEDs (write)
+ 0x22000000-0x2200FFFF CS5 60x 8K/64K EEPROM
+ 0xFC000000-0xFCFFFFFF CS6 60x 2M/16M flash (8 bits wide, soldered to the board)
+ 0xFE000000-0xFFFFFFFF CS0 60x 4M/16M flash (SIMM)
+
+ Notes:
+ ------
+
+ - The chip selects can map 32K blocks and up (powers of 2)
+
+ - The SDRAM machine can handled up to 128Mbytes per chip select
+
+ - Linux uses the 60x bus memory (the SDRAM DIMM) for the
+ communications buffers.
+
+ - BATs can map 128K-256Mbytes each. There are four data BATs and
+ four instruction BATs. Generally the data and instruction BATs
+ are mapped the same.
+
+ - The IMMR must be set above the kernel virtual memory addresses,
+ which start at 0xC0000000. Otherwise, the kernel may crash as
+ soon as you start any threads or processes due to VM collisions
+ in the kernel or user process space.
+
+
+ Details from Dan Malek <dan_malek@mvista.com> on 10/29/1999:
+
+ The user application virtual space consumes the first 2 Gbytes
+ (0x00000000 to 0x7FFFFFFF). The kernel virtual text starts at
+ 0xC0000000, with data following. There is a "protection hole"
+ between the end of kernel data and the start of the kernel
+ dynamically allocated space, but this space is still within
+ 0xCxxxxxxx.
+
+ Obviously the kernel can't map any physical addresses 1:1 in
+ these ranges.
+
+
+ Details from Dan Malek <dan_malek@mvista.com> on 5/19/2000:
+
+ During the early kernel initialization, the kernel virtual
+ memory allocator is not operational. Prior to this KVM
+ initialization, we choose to map virtual to physical addresses
+ 1:1. That is, the kernel virtual address exactly matches the
+ physical address on the bus. These mappings are typically done
+ in arch/ppc/kernel/head.S, or arch/ppc/mm/init.c. Only
+ absolutely necessary mappings should be done at this time, for
+ example board control registers or a serial uart. Normal device
+ driver initialization should map resources later when necessary.
+
+ Although platform dependent, and certainly the case for embedded
+ 8xx, traditionally memory is mapped at physical address zero,
+ and I/O devices above physical address 0x80000000. The lowest
+ and highest (above 0xf0000000) I/O addresses are traditionally
+ used for devices or registers we need to map during kernel
+ initialization and prior to KVM operation. For this reason,
+ and since it followed prior PowerPC platform examples, I chose
+ to map the embedded 8xx kernel to the 0xc0000000 virtual address.
+ This way, we can enable the MMU to map the kernel for proper
+ operation, and still map a few windows before the KVM is operational.
+
+ On some systems, you could possibly run the kernel at the
+ 0x80000000 or any other virtual address. It just depends upon
+ mapping that must be done prior to KVM operational. You can never
+ map devices or kernel spaces that overlap with the user virtual
+ space. This is why default IMMR mapping used by most BDM tools
+ won't work. They put the IMMR at something like 0x10000000 or
+ 0x02000000 for example. You simply can't map these addresses early
+ in the kernel, and continue proper system operation.
+
+ The embedded 8xx/82xx kernel is mature enough that all you should
+ need to do is map the IMMR someplace at or above 0xf0000000 and it
+ should boot far enough to get serial console messages and KGDB
+ connected on any platform. There are lots of other subtle memory
+ management design features that you simply don't need to worry
+ about. If you are changing functions related to MMU initialization,
+ you are likely breaking things that are known to work and are
+ heading down a path of disaster and frustration. Your changes
+ should be to make the flexibility of the processor fit Linux,
+ not force arbitrary and non-workable memory mappings into Linux.
+
+ - You don't want to change KERNELLOAD or KERNELBASE, otherwise the
+ virtual memory and MMU code will get confused.
+
+ arch/ppc/Makefile:KERNELLOAD = 0xc0000000
+
+ include/asm-ppc/page.h:#define PAGE_OFFSET 0xc0000000
+ include/asm-ppc/page.h:#define KERNELBASE PAGE_OFFSET
+
+ - RAM is at physical address 0x00000000, and gets mapped to
+ virtual address 0xC0000000 for the kernel.
+
+
+ Physical addresses used by the Linux kernel:
+ --------------------------------------------
+
+ 0x00000000-0x3FFFFFFF 1GB reserved for RAM
+ 0xF0000000-0xF001FFFF 128K IMMR 64K used for dual port memory,
+ 64K for 8260 registers
+
+
+ Logical addresses used by the Linux kernel:
+ -------------------------------------------
+
+ 0xF0000000-0xFFFFFFFF 256M BAT0 (IMMR: dual port RAM, registers)
+ 0xE0000000-0xEFFFFFFF 256M BAT1 (I/O space for custom boards)
+ 0xC0000000-0xCFFFFFFF 256M BAT2 (RAM)
+ 0xD0000000-0xDFFFFFFF 256M BAT3 (if RAM > 256MByte)
+
+
+ EST SBC8260 Linux mapping:
+ --------------------------
+
+ DBAT0, IBAT0, cache inhibited:
+
+ Chip
+ Memory Sel Use
+ --------------------- --- ---------------------------------
+ 0xF0000000-0xF001FFFF n/a IMMR: dual port RAM, registers
+
+ DBAT1, IBAT1, cache inhibited:
+
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/cpu_features.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/cpu_features.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4727398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/cpu_features.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Hollis Blanchard <hollis@austin.ibm.com>
+5 Jun 2002
+
+This document describes the system (including self-modifying code) used in the
+PPC Linux kernel to support a variety of PowerPC CPUs without requiring
+compile-time selection.
+
+Early in the boot process the ppc32 kernel detects the current CPU type and
+chooses a set of features accordingly. Some examples include Altivec support,
+split instruction and data caches, and if the CPU supports the DOZE and NAP
+sleep modes.
+
+Detection of the feature set is simple. A list of processors can be found in
+arch/ppc/kernel/cputable.c. The PVR register is masked and compared with each
+value in the list. If a match is found, the cpu_features of cur_cpu_spec is
+assigned to the feature bitmask for this processor and a __setup_cpu function
+is called.
+
+C code may test 'cur_cpu_spec[smp_processor_id()]->cpu_features' for a
+particular feature bit. This is done in quite a few places, for example
+in ppc_setup_l2cr().
+
+Implementing cpufeatures in assembly is a little more involved. There are
+several paths that are performance-critical and would suffer if an array
+index, structure dereference, and conditional branch were added. To avoid the
+performance penalty but still allow for runtime (rather than compile-time) CPU
+selection, unused code is replaced by 'nop' instructions. This nop'ing is
+based on CPU 0's capabilities, so a multi-processor system with non-identical
+processors will not work (but such a system would likely have other problems
+anyways).
+
+After detecting the processor type, the kernel patches out sections of code
+that shouldn't be used by writing nop's over it. Using cpufeatures requires
+just 2 macros (found in include/asm-ppc/cputable.h), as seen in head.S
+transfer_to_handler:
+
+ #ifdef CONFIG_ALTIVEC
+ BEGIN_FTR_SECTION
+ mfspr r22,SPRN_VRSAVE /* if G4, save vrsave register value */
+ stw r22,THREAD_VRSAVE(r23)
+ END_FTR_SECTION_IFSET(CPU_FTR_ALTIVEC)
+ #endif /* CONFIG_ALTIVEC */
+
+If CPU 0 supports Altivec, the code is left untouched. If it doesn't, both
+instructions are replaced with nop's.
+
+The END_FTR_SECTION macro has two simpler variations: END_FTR_SECTION_IFSET
+and END_FTR_SECTION_IFCLR. These simply test if a flag is set (in
+cur_cpu_spec[0]->cpu_features) or is cleared, respectively. These two macros
+should be used in the majority of cases.
+
+The END_FTR_SECTION macros are implemented by storing information about this
+code in the '__ftr_fixup' ELF section. When do_cpu_ftr_fixups
+(arch/ppc/kernel/misc.S) is invoked, it will iterate over the records in
+__ftr_fixup, and if the required feature is not present it will loop writing
+nop's from each BEGIN_FTR_SECTION to END_FTR_SECTION.
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/eeh-pci-error-recovery.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/eeh-pci-error-recovery.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bfe71b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/eeh-pci-error-recovery.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+
+
+ PCI Bus EEH Error Recovery
+ --------------------------
+ Linas Vepstas
+ <linas@austin.ibm.com>
+ 12 January 2005
+
+
+Overview:
+---------
+The IBM POWER-based pSeries and iSeries computers include PCI bus
+controller chips that have extended capabilities for detecting and
+reporting a large variety of PCI bus error conditions. These features
+go under the name of "EEH", for "Extended Error Handling". The EEH
+hardware features allow PCI bus errors to be cleared and a PCI
+card to be "rebooted", without also having to reboot the operating
+system.
+
+This is in contrast to traditional PCI error handling, where the
+PCI chip is wired directly to the CPU, and an error would cause
+a CPU machine-check/check-stop condition, halting the CPU entirely.
+Another "traditional" technique is to ignore such errors, which
+can lead to data corruption, both of user data or of kernel data,
+hung/unresponsive adapters, or system crashes/lockups. Thus,
+the idea behind EEH is that the operating system can become more
+reliable and robust by protecting it from PCI errors, and giving
+the OS the ability to "reboot"/recover individual PCI devices.
+
+Future systems from other vendors, based on the PCI-E specification,
+may contain similar features.
+
+
+Causes of EEH Errors
+--------------------
+EEH was originally designed to guard against hardware failure, such
+as PCI cards dying from heat, humidity, dust, vibration and bad
+electrical connections. The vast majority of EEH errors seen in
+"real life" are due to eithr poorly seated PCI cards, or,
+unfortunately quite commonly, due device driver bugs, device firmware
+bugs, and sometimes PCI card hardware bugs.
+
+The most common software bug, is one that causes the device to
+attempt to DMA to a location in system memory that has not been
+reserved for DMA access for that card. This is a powerful feature,
+as it prevents what; otherwise, would have been silent memory
+corruption caused by the bad DMA. A number of device driver
+bugs have been found and fixed in this way over the past few
+years. Other possible causes of EEH errors include data or
+address line parity errors (for example, due to poor electrical
+connectivity due to a poorly seated card), and PCI-X split-completion
+errors (due to software, device firmware, or device PCI hardware bugs).
+The vast majority of "true hardware failures" can be cured by
+physically removing and re-seating the PCI card.
+
+
+Detection and Recovery
+----------------------
+In the following discussion, a generic overview of how to detect
+and recover from EEH errors will be presented. This is followed
+by an overview of how the current implementation in the Linux
+kernel does it. The actual implementation is subject to change,
+and some of the finer points are still being debated. These
+may in turn be swayed if or when other architectures implement
+similar functionality.
+
+When a PCI Host Bridge (PHB, the bus controller connecting the
+PCI bus to the system CPU electronics complex) detects a PCI error
+condition, it will "isolate" the affected PCI card. Isolation
+will block all writes (either to the card from the system, or
+from the card to the system), and it will cause all reads to
+return all-ff's (0xff, 0xffff, 0xffffffff for 8/16/32-bit reads).
+This value was chosen because it is the same value you would
+get if the device was physically unplugged from the slot.
+This includes access to PCI memory, I/O space, and PCI config
+space. Interrupts; however, will continued to be delivered.
+
+Detection and recovery are performed with the aid of ppc64
+firmware. The programming interfaces in the Linux kernel
+into the firmware are referred to as RTAS (Run-Time Abstraction
+Services). The Linux kernel does not (should not) access
+the EEH function in the PCI chipsets directly, primarily because
+there are a number of different chipsets out there, each with
+different interfaces and quirks. The firmware provides a
+uniform abstraction layer that will work with all pSeries
+and iSeries hardware (and be forwards-compatible).
+
+If the OS or device driver suspects that a PCI slot has been
+EEH-isolated, there is a firmware call it can make to determine if
+this is the case. If so, then the device driver should put itself
+into a consistent state (given that it won't be able to complete any
+pending work) and start recovery of the card. Recovery normally
+would consist of reseting the PCI device (holding the PCI #RST
+line high for two seconds), followed by setting up the device
+config space (the base address registers (BAR's), latency timer,
+cache line size, interrupt line, and so on). This is followed by a
+reinitialization of the device driver. In a worst-case scenario,
+the power to the card can be toggled, at least on hot-plug-capable
+slots. In principle, layers far above the device driver probably
+do not need to know that the PCI card has been "rebooted" in this
+way; ideally, there should be at most a pause in Ethernet/disk/USB
+I/O while the card is being reset.
+
+If the card cannot be recovered after three or four resets, the
+kernel/device driver should assume the worst-case scenario, that the
+card has died completely, and report this error to the sysadmin.
+In addition, error messages are reported through RTAS and also through
+syslogd (/var/log/messages) to alert the sysadmin of PCI resets.
+The correct way to deal with failed adapters is to use the standard
+PCI hotplug tools to remove and replace the dead card.
+
+
+Current PPC64 Linux EEH Implementation
+--------------------------------------
+At this time, a generic EEH recovery mechanism has been implemented,
+so that individual device drivers do not need to be modified to support
+EEH recovery. This generic mechanism piggy-backs on the PCI hotplug
+infrastructure, and percolates events up through the hotplug/udev
+infrastructure. Followiing is a detailed description of how this is
+accomplished.
+
+EEH must be enabled in the PHB's very early during the boot process,
+and if a PCI slot is hot-plugged. The former is performed by
+eeh_init() in arch/ppc64/kernel/eeh.c, and the later by
+drivers/pci/hotplug/pSeries_pci.c calling in to the eeh.c code.
+EEH must be enabled before a PCI scan of the device can proceed.
+Current Power5 hardware will not work unless EEH is enabled;
+although older Power4 can run with it disabled. Effectively,
+EEH can no longer be turned off. PCI devices *must* be
+registered with the EEH code; the EEH code needs to know about
+the I/O address ranges of the PCI device in order to detect an
+error. Given an arbitrary address, the routine
+pci_get_device_by_addr() will find the pci device associated
+with that address (if any).
+
+The default include/asm-ppc64/io.h macros readb(), inb(), insb(),
+etc. include a check to see if the the i/o read returned all-0xff's.
+If so, these make a call to eeh_dn_check_failure(), which in turn
+asks the firmware if the all-ff's value is the sign of a true EEH
+error. If it is not, processing continues as normal. The grand
+total number of these false alarms or "false positives" can be
+seen in /proc/ppc64/eeh (subject to change). Normally, almost
+all of these occur during boot, when the PCI bus is scanned, where
+a large number of 0xff reads are part of the bus scan procedure.
+
+If a frozen slot is detected, code in arch/ppc64/kernel/eeh.c will
+print a stack trace to syslog (/var/log/messages). This stack trace
+has proven to be very useful to device-driver authors for finding
+out at what point the EEH error was detected, as the error itself
+usually occurs slightly beforehand.
+
+Next, it uses the Linux kernel notifier chain/work queue mechanism to
+allow any interested parties to find out about the failure. Device
+drivers, or other parts of the kernel, can use
+eeh_register_notifier(struct notifier_block *) to find out about EEH
+events. The event will include a pointer to the pci device, the
+device node and some state info. Receivers of the event can "do as
+they wish"; the default handler will be described further in this
+section.
+
+To assist in the recovery of the device, eeh.c exports the
+following functions:
+
+rtas_set_slot_reset() -- assert the PCI #RST line for 1/8th of a second
+rtas_configure_bridge() -- ask firmware to configure any PCI bridges
+ located topologically under the pci slot.
+eeh_save_bars() and eeh_restore_bars(): save and restore the PCI
+ config-space info for a device and any devices under it.
+
+
+A handler for the EEH notifier_block events is implemented in
+drivers/pci/hotplug/pSeries_pci.c, called handle_eeh_events().
+It saves the device BAR's and then calls rpaphp_unconfig_pci_adapter().
+This last call causes the device driver for the card to be stopped,
+which causes hotplug events to go out to user space. This triggers
+user-space scripts that might issue commands such as "ifdown eth0"
+for ethernet cards, and so on. This handler then sleeps for 5 seconds,
+hoping to give the user-space scripts enough time to complete.
+It then resets the PCI card, reconfigures the device BAR's, and
+any bridges underneath. It then calls rpaphp_enable_pci_slot(),
+which restarts the device driver and triggers more user-space
+events (for example, calling "ifup eth0" for ethernet cards).
+
+
+Device Shutdown and User-Space Events
+-------------------------------------
+This section documents what happens when a pci slot is unconfigured,
+focusing on how the device driver gets shut down, and on how the
+events get delivered to user-space scripts.
+
+Following is an example sequence of events that cause a device driver
+close function to be called during the first phase of an EEH reset.
+The following sequence is an example of the pcnet32 device driver.
+
+ rpa_php_unconfig_pci_adapter (struct slot *) // in rpaphp_pci.c
+ {
+ calls
+ pci_remove_bus_device (struct pci_dev *) // in /drivers/pci/remove.c
+ {
+ calls
+ pci_destroy_dev (struct pci_dev *)
+ {
+ calls
+ device_unregister (&dev->dev) // in /drivers/base/core.c
+ {
+ calls
+ device_del (struct device *)
+ {
+ calls
+ bus_remove_device() // in /drivers/base/bus.c
+ {
+ calls
+ device_release_driver()
+ {
+ calls
+ struct device_driver->remove() which is just
+ pci_device_remove() // in /drivers/pci/pci_driver.c
+ {
+ calls
+ struct pci_driver->remove() which is just
+ pcnet32_remove_one() // in /drivers/net/pcnet32.c
+ {
+ calls
+ unregister_netdev() // in /net/core/dev.c
+ {
+ calls
+ dev_close() // in /net/core/dev.c
+ {
+ calls dev->stop();
+ which is just pcnet32_close() // in pcnet32.c
+ {
+ which does what you wanted
+ to stop the device
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ which
+ frees pcnet32 device driver memory
+ }
+ }}}}}}
+
+
+ in drivers/pci/pci_driver.c,
+ struct device_driver->remove() is just pci_device_remove()
+ which calls struct pci_driver->remove() which is pcnet32_remove_one()
+ which calls unregister_netdev() (in net/core/dev.c)
+ which calls dev_close() (in net/core/dev.c)
+ which calls dev->stop() which is pcnet32_close()
+ which then does the appropriate shutdown.
+
+---
+Following is the analogous stack trace for events sent to user-space
+when the pci device is unconfigured.
+
+rpa_php_unconfig_pci_adapter() { // in rpaphp_pci.c
+ calls
+ pci_remove_bus_device (struct pci_dev *) { // in /drivers/pci/remove.c
+ calls
+ pci_destroy_dev (struct pci_dev *) {
+ calls
+ device_unregister (&dev->dev) { // in /drivers/base/core.c
+ calls
+ device_del(struct device * dev) { // in /drivers/base/core.c
+ calls
+ kobject_del() { //in /libs/kobject.c
+ calls
+ kobject_hotplug() { // in /libs/kobject.c
+ calls
+ kset_hotplug() { // in /lib/kobject.c
+ calls
+ kset->hotplug_ops->hotplug() which is really just
+ a call to
+ dev_hotplug() { // in /drivers/base/core.c
+ calls
+ dev->bus->hotplug() which is really just a call to
+ pci_hotplug () { // in drivers/pci/hotplug.c
+ which prints device name, etc....
+ }
+ }
+ then kset_hotplug() calls
+ call_usermodehelper () with
+ argv[0]=hotplug_path[] which is "/sbin/hotplug"
+ --> event to userspace,
+ }
+ }
+ kobject_del() then calls sysfs_remove_dir(), which would
+ trigger any user-space daemon that was watching /sysfs,
+ and notice the delete event.
+
+
+Pro's and Con's of the Current Design
+-------------------------------------
+There are several issues with the current EEH software recovery design,
+which may be addressed in future revisions. But first, note that the
+big plus of the current design is that no changes need to be made to
+individual device drivers, so that the current design throws a wide net.
+The biggest negative of the design is that it potentially disturbs
+network daemons and file systems that didn't need to be disturbed.
+
+-- A minor complaint is that resetting the network card causes
+ user-space back-to-back ifdown/ifup burps that potentially disturb
+ network daemons, that didn't need to even know that the pci
+ card was being rebooted.
+
+-- A more serious concern is that the same reset, for SCSI devices,
+ causes havoc to mounted file systems. Scripts cannot post-facto
+ unmount a file system without flushing pending buffers, but this
+ is impossible, because I/O has already been stopped. Thus,
+ ideally, the reset should happen at or below the block layer,
+ so that the file systems are not disturbed.
+
+ Reiserfs does not tolerate errors returned from the block device.
+ Ext3fs seems to be tolerant, retrying reads/writes until it does
+ succeed. Both have been only lightly tested in this scenario.
+
+ The SCSI-generic subsystem already has built-in code for performing
+ SCSI device resets, SCSI bus resets, and SCSI host-bus-adapter
+ (HBA) resets. These are cascaded into a chain of attempted
+ resets if a SCSI command fails. These are completely hidden
+ from the block layer. It would be very natural to add an EEH
+ reset into this chain of events.
+
+-- If a SCSI error occurs for the root device, all is lost unless
+ the sysadmin had the foresight to run /bin, /sbin, /etc, /var
+ and so on, out of ramdisk/tmpfs.
+
+
+Conclusions
+-----------
+There's forward progress ...
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/hvcs.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/hvcs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0a62e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/hvcs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+===========================================================================
+ HVCS
+ IBM "Hypervisor Virtual Console Server" Installation Guide
+ for Linux Kernel 2.6.4+
+ Copyright (C) 2004 IBM Corporation
+
+===========================================================================
+NOTE:Eight space tabs are the optimum editor setting for reading this file.
+===========================================================================
+
+ Author(s) : Ryan S. Arnold <rsa@us.ibm.com>
+ Date Created: March, 02, 2004
+ Last Changed: August, 24, 2004
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Table of contents:
+
+ 1. Driver Introduction:
+ 2. System Requirements
+ 3. Build Options:
+ 3.1 Built-in:
+ 3.2 Module:
+ 4. Installation:
+ 5. Connection:
+ 6. Disconnection:
+ 7. Configuration:
+ 8. Questions & Answers:
+ 9. Reporting Bugs:
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+1. Driver Introduction:
+
+This is the device driver for the IBM Hypervisor Virtual Console Server,
+"hvcs". The IBM hvcs provides a tty driver interface to allow Linux user
+space applications access to the system consoles of logically partitioned
+operating systems (Linux and AIX) running on the same partitioned Power5
+ppc64 system. Physical hardware consoles per partition are not practical
+on this hardware so system consoles are accessed by this driver using
+firmware interfaces to virtual terminal devices.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+2. System Requirements:
+
+This device driver was written using 2.6.4 Linux kernel APIs and will only
+build and run on kernels of this version or later.
+
+This driver was written to operate solely on IBM Power5 ppc64 hardware
+though some care was taken to abstract the architecture dependent firmware
+calls from the driver code.
+
+Sysfs must be mounted on the system so that the user can determine which
+major and minor numbers are associated with each vty-server. Directions
+for sysfs mounting are outside the scope of this document.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+3. Build Options:
+
+The hvcs driver registers itself as a tty driver. The tty layer
+dynamically allocates a block of major and minor numbers in a quantity
+requested by the registering driver. The hvcs driver asks the tty layer
+for 64 of these major/minor numbers by default to use for hvcs device node
+entries.
+
+If the default number of device entries is adequate then this driver can be
+built into the kernel. If not, the default can be over-ridden by inserting
+the driver as a module with insmod parameters.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+3.1 Built-in:
+
+The following menuconfig example demonstrates selecting to build this
+driver into the kernel.
+
+ Device Drivers --->
+ Character devices --->
+ <*> IBM Hypervisor Virtual Console Server Support
+
+Begin the kernel make process.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+3.2 Module:
+
+The following menuconfig example demonstrates selecting to build this
+driver as a kernel module.
+
+ Device Drivers --->
+ Character devices --->
+ <M> IBM Hypervisor Virtual Console Server Support
+
+The make process will build the following kernel modules:
+
+ hvcs.ko
+ hvcserver.ko
+
+To insert the module with the default allocation execute the following
+commands in the order they appear:
+
+ insmod hvcserver.ko
+ insmod hvcs.ko
+
+The hvcserver module contains architecture specific firmware calls and must
+be inserted first, otherwise the hvcs module will not find some of the
+symbols it expects.
+
+To override the default use an insmod parameter as follows (requesting 4
+tty devices as an example):
+
+ insmod hvcs.ko hvcs_parm_num_devs=4
+
+There is a maximum number of dev entries that can be specified on insmod.
+We think that 1024 is currently a decent maximum number of server adapters
+to allow. This can always be changed by modifying the constant in the
+source file before building.
+
+NOTE: The length of time it takes to insmod the driver seems to be related
+to the number of tty interfaces the registering driver requests.
+
+In order to remove the driver module execute the following command:
+
+ rmmod hvcs.ko
+
+The recommended method for installing hvcs as a module is to use depmod to
+build a current modules.dep file in /lib/modules/`uname -r` and then
+execute:
+
+modprobe hvcs hvcs_parm_num_devs=4
+
+The modules.dep file indicates that hvcserver.ko needs to be inserted
+before hvcs.ko and modprobe uses this file to smartly insert the modules in
+the proper order.
+
+The following modprobe command is used to remove hvcs and hvcserver in the
+proper order:
+
+modprobe -r hvcs
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+4. Installation:
+
+The tty layer creates sysfs entries which contain the major and minor
+numbers allocated for the hvcs driver. The following snippet of "tree"
+output of the sysfs directory shows where these numbers are presented:
+
+ sys/
+ |-- *other sysfs base dirs*
+ |
+ |-- class
+ | |-- *other classes of devices*
+ | |
+ | `-- tty
+ | |-- *other tty devices*
+ | |
+ | |-- hvcs0
+ | | `-- dev
+ | |-- hvcs1
+ | | `-- dev
+ | |-- hvcs2
+ | | `-- dev
+ | |-- hvcs3
+ | | `-- dev
+ | |
+ | |-- *other tty devices*
+ |
+ |-- *other sysfs base dirs*
+
+For the above examples the following output is a result of cat'ing the
+"dev" entry in the hvcs directory:
+
+ Pow5:/sys/class/tty/hvcs0/ # cat dev
+ 254:0
+
+ Pow5:/sys/class/tty/hvcs1/ # cat dev
+ 254:1
+
+ Pow5:/sys/class/tty/hvcs2/ # cat dev
+ 254:2
+
+ Pow5:/sys/class/tty/hvcs3/ # cat dev
+ 254:3
+
+The output from reading the "dev" attribute is the char device major and
+minor numbers that the tty layer has allocated for this driver's use. Most
+systems running hvcs will already have the device entries created or udev
+will do it automatically.
+
+Given the example output above, to manually create a /dev/hvcs* node entry
+mknod can be used as follows:
+
+ mknod /dev/hvcs0 c 254 0
+ mknod /dev/hvcs1 c 254 1
+ mknod /dev/hvcs2 c 254 2
+ mknod /dev/hvcs3 c 254 3
+
+Using mknod to manually create the device entries makes these device nodes
+persistent. Once created they will exist prior to the driver insmod.
+
+Attempting to connect an application to /dev/hvcs* prior to insertion of
+the hvcs module will result in an error message similar to the following:
+
+ "/dev/hvcs*: No such device".
+
+NOTE: Just because there is a device node present doesn't mean that there
+is a vty-server device configured for that node.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+5. Connection
+
+Since this driver controls devices that provide a tty interface a user can
+interact with the device node entries using any standard tty-interactive
+method (e.g. "cat", "dd", "echo"). The intent of this driver however, is
+to provide real time console interaction with a Linux partition's console,
+which requires the use of applications that provide bi-directional,
+interactive I/O with a tty device.
+
+Applications (e.g. "minicom" and "screen") that act as terminal emulators
+or perform terminal type control sequence conversion on the data being
+passed through them are NOT acceptable for providing interactive console
+I/O. These programs often emulate antiquated terminal types (vt100 and
+ANSI) and expect inbound data to take the form of one of these supported
+terminal types but they either do not convert, or do not _adequately_
+convert, outbound data into the terminal type of the terminal which invoked
+them (though screen makes an attempt and can apparently be configured with
+much termcap wrestling.)
+
+For this reason kermit and cu are two of the recommended applications for
+interacting with a Linux console via an hvcs device. These programs simply
+act as a conduit for data transfer to and from the tty device. They do not
+require inbound data to take the form of a particular terminal type, nor do
+they cook outbound data to a particular terminal type.
+
+In order to ensure proper functioning of console applications one must make
+sure that once connected to a /dev/hvcs console that the console's $TERM
+env variable is set to the exact terminal type of the terminal emulator
+used to launch the interactive I/O application. If one is using xterm and
+kermit to connect to /dev/hvcs0 when the console prompt becomes available
+one should "export TERM=xterm" on the console. This tells ncurses
+applications that are invoked from the console that they should output
+control sequences that xterm can understand.
+
+As a precautionary measure an hvcs user should always "exit" from their
+session before disconnecting an application such as kermit from the device
+node. If this is not done, the next user to connect to the console will
+continue using the previous user's logged in session which includes
+using the $TERM variable that the previous user supplied.
+
+Hotplug add and remove of vty-server adapters affects which /dev/hvcs* node
+is used to connect to each vty-server adapter. In order to determine which
+vty-server adapter is associated with which /dev/hvcs* node a special sysfs
+attribute has been added to each vty-server sysfs entry. This entry is
+called "index" and showing it reveals an integer that refers to the
+/dev/hvcs* entry to use to connect to that device. For instance cating the
+index attribute of vty-server adapter 30000004 shows the following.
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000004 # cat index
+ 2
+
+This index of '2' means that in order to connect to vty-server adapter
+30000004 the user should interact with /dev/hvcs2.
+
+It should be noted that due to the system hotplug I/O capabilities of a
+system the /dev/hvcs* entry that interacts with a particular vty-server
+adapter is not guarenteed to remain the same across system reboots. Look
+in the Q & A section for more on this issue.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+6. Disconnection
+
+As a security feature to prevent the delivery of stale data to an
+unintended target the Power5 system firmware disables the fetching of data
+and discards that data when a connection between a vty-server and a vty has
+been severed. As an example, when a vty-server is immediately disconnected
+from a vty following output of data to the vty the vty adapter may not have
+enough time between when it received the data interrupt and when the
+connection was severed to fetch the data from firmware before the fetch is
+disabled by firmware.
+
+When hvcs is being used to serve consoles this behavior is not a huge issue
+because the adapter stays connected for large amounts of time following
+almost all data writes. When hvcs is being used as a tty conduit to tunnel
+data between two partitions [see Q & A below] this is a huge problem
+because the standard Linux behavior when cat'ing or dd'ing data to a device
+is to open the tty, send the data, and then close the tty. If this driver
+manually terminated vty-server connections on tty close this would close
+the vty-server and vty connection before the target vty has had a chance to
+fetch the data.
+
+Additionally, disconnecting a vty-server and vty only on module removal or
+adapter removal is impractical because other vty-servers in other
+partitions may require the usage of the target vty at any time.
+
+Due to this behavioral restriction disconnection of vty-servers from the
+connected vty is a manual procedure using a write to a sysfs attribute
+outlined below, on the other hand the initial vty-server connection to a
+vty is established automatically by this driver. Manual vty-server
+connection is never required.
+
+In order to terminate the connection between a vty-server and vty the
+"vterm_state" sysfs attribute within each vty-server's sysfs entry is used.
+Reading this attribute reveals the current connection state of the
+vty-server adapter. A zero means that the vty-server is not connected to a
+vty. A one indicates that a connection is active.
+
+Writing a '0' (zero) to the vterm_state attribute will disconnect the VTERM
+connection between the vty-server and target vty ONLY if the vterm_state
+previously read '1'. The write directive is ignored if the vterm_state
+read '0' or if any value other than '0' was written to the vterm_state
+attribute. The following example will show the method used for verifying
+the vty-server connection status and disconnecting a vty-server connection.
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000004 # cat vterm_state
+ 1
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000004 # echo 0 > vterm_state
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000004 # cat vterm_state
+ 0
+
+All vty-server connections are automatically terminated when the device is
+hotplug removed and when the module is removed.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+7. Configuration
+
+Each vty-server has a sysfs entry in the /sys/devices/vio directory, which
+is symlinked in several other sysfs tree directories, notably under the
+hvcs driver entry, which looks like the following example:
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs # ls
+ . .. 30000003 30000004 rescan
+
+By design, firmware notifies the hvcs driver of vty-server lifetimes and
+partner vty removals but not the addition of partner vtys. Since an HMC
+Super Admin can add partner info dynamically we have provided the hvcs
+driver sysfs directory with the "rescan" update attribute which will query
+firmware and update the partner info for all the vty-servers that this
+driver manages. Writing a '1' to the attribute triggers the update. An
+explicit example follows:
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs # echo 1 > rescan
+
+Reading the attribute will indicate a state of '1' or '0'. A one indicates
+that an update is in process. A zero indicates that an update has
+completed or was never executed.
+
+Vty-server entries in this directory are a 32 bit partition unique unit
+address that is created by firmware. An example vty-server sysfs entry
+looks like the following:
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000004 # ls
+ . current_vty devspec name partner_vtys
+ .. detach_state index partner_clcs vterm_state
+
+Each entry is provided, by default with a "name" attribute. Reading the
+"name" attribute will reveal the device type as shown in the following
+example:
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000003 # cat name
+ vty-server
+
+Each entry is also provided, by default, with a "devspec" attribute which
+reveals the full device specification when read, as shown in the following
+example:
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000004 # cat devspec
+ /vdevice/vty-server@30000004
+
+Each vty-server sysfs dir is provided with two read-only attributes that
+provide lists of easily parsed partner vty data: "partner_vtys" and
+"partner_clcs".
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000004 # cat partner_vtys
+ 30000000
+ 30000001
+ 30000002
+ 30000000
+ 30000000
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000004 # cat partner_clcs
+ U5112.428.103048A-V3-C0
+ U5112.428.103048A-V3-C2
+ U5112.428.103048A-V3-C3
+ U5112.428.103048A-V4-C0
+ U5112.428.103048A-V5-C0
+
+Reading partner_vtys returns a list of partner vtys. Vty unit address
+numbering is only per-partition-unique so entries will frequently repeat.
+
+Reading partner_clcs returns a list of "converged location codes" which are
+composed of a system serial number followed by "-V*", where the '*' is the
+target partition number, and "-C*", where the '*' is the slot of the
+adapter. The first vty partner corresponds to the first clc item, the
+second vty partner to the second clc item, etc.
+
+A vty-server can only be connected to a single vty at a time. The entry,
+"current_vty" prints the clc of the currently selected partner vty when
+read.
+
+The current_vty can be changed by writing a valid partner clc to the entry
+as in the following example:
+
+ Pow5:/sys/bus/vio/drivers/hvcs/30000004 # echo U5112.428.10304
+ 8A-V4-C0 > current_vty
+
+Changing the current_vty when a vty-server is already connected to a vty
+does not affect the current connection. The change takes effect when the
+currently open connection is freed.
+
+Information on the "vterm_state" attribute was covered earlier on the
+chapter entitled "disconnection".
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+8. Questions & Answers:
+===========================================================================
+Q: What are the security concerns involving hvcs?
+
+A: There are three main security concerns:
+
+ 1. The creator of the /dev/hvcs* nodes has the ability to restrict
+ the access of the device entries to certain users or groups. It
+ may be best to create a special hvcs group privilege for providing
+ access to system consoles.
+
+ 2. To provide network security when grabbing the console it is
+ suggested that the user connect to the console hosting partition
+ using a secure method, such as SSH or sit at a hardware console.
+
+ 3. Make sure to exit the user session when done with a console or
+ the next vty-server connection (which may be from another
+ partition) will experience the previously logged in session.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Q: How do I multiplex a console that I grab through hvcs so that other
+people can see it:
+
+A: You can use "screen" to directly connect to the /dev/hvcs* device and
+setup a session on your machine with the console group privileges. As
+pointed out earlier by default screen doesn't provide the termcap settings
+for most terminal emulators to provide adequate character conversion from
+term type "screen" to others. This means that curses based programs may
+not display properly in screen sessions.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Q: Why are the colors all messed up?
+Q: Why are the control characters acting strange or not working?
+Q: Why is the console output all strange and unintelligible?
+
+A: Please see the preceding section on "Connection" for a discussion of how
+applications can affect the display of character control sequences.
+Additionally, just because you logged into the console using and xterm
+doesn't mean someone else didn't log into the console with the HMC console
+(vt320) before you and leave the session logged in. The best thing to do
+is to export TERM to the terminal type of your terminal emulator when you
+get the console. Additionally make sure to "exit" the console before you
+disconnect from the console. This will ensure that the next user gets
+their own TERM type set when they login.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Q: When I try to CONNECT kermit to an hvcs device I get:
+"Sorry, can't open connection: /dev/hvcs*"What is happening?
+
+A: Some other Power5 console mechanism has a connection to the vty and
+isn't giving it up. You can try to force disconnect the consoles from the
+HMC by right clicking on the partition and then selecting "close terminal".
+Otherwise you have to hunt down the people who have console authority. It
+is possible that you already have the console open using another kermit
+session and just forgot about it. Please review the console options for
+Power5 systems to determine the many ways a system console can be held.
+
+OR
+
+A: Another user may not have a connectivity method currently attached to a
+/dev/hvcs device but the vterm_state may reveal that they still have the
+vty-server connection established. They need to free this using the method
+outlined in the section on "Disconnection" in order for others to connect
+to the target vty.
+
+OR
+
+A: The user profile you are using to execute kermit probably doesn't have
+permissions to use the /dev/hvcs* device.
+
+OR
+
+A: You probably haven't inserted the hvcs.ko module yet but the /dev/hvcs*
+entry still exists (on systems without udev).
+
+OR
+
+A: There is not a corresponding vty-server device that maps to an existing
+/dev/hvcs* entry.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Q: When I try to CONNECT kermit to an hvcs device I get:
+"Sorry, write access to UUCP lockfile directory denied."
+
+A: The /dev/hvcs* entry you have specified doesn't exist where you said it
+does? Maybe you haven't inserted the module (on systems with udev).
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Q: If I already have one Linux partition installed can I use hvcs on said
+partition to provide the console for the install of a second Linux
+partition?
+
+A: Yes granted that your are connected to the /dev/hvcs* device using
+kermit or cu or some other program that doesn't provide terminal emulation.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Q: Can I connect to more than one partition's console at a time using this
+driver?
+
+A: Yes. Of course this means that there must be more than one vty-server
+configured for this partition and each must point to a disconnected vty.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Q: Does the hvcs driver support dynamic (hotplug) addition of devices?
+
+A: Yes, if you have dlpar and hotplug enabled for your system and it has
+been built into the kernel the hvcs drivers is configured to dynamically
+handle additions of new devices and removals of unused devices.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Q: For some reason /dev/hvcs* doesn't map to the same vty-server adapter
+after a reboot. What happened?
+
+A: Assignment of vty-server adapters to /dev/hvcs* entries is always done
+in the order that the adapters are exposed. Due to hotplug capabilities of
+this driver assignment of hotplug added vty-servers may be in a different
+order than how they would be exposed on module load. Rebooting or
+reloading the module after dynamic addition may result in the /dev/hvcs*
+and vty-server coupling changing if a vty-server adapter was added in a
+slot inbetween two other vty-server adapters. Refer to the section above
+on how to determine which vty-server goes with which /dev/hvcs* node.
+Hint; look at the sysfs "index" attribute for the vty-server.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Q: Can I use /dev/hvcs* as a conduit to another partition and use a tty
+device on that partition as the other end of the pipe?
+
+A: Yes, on Power5 platforms the hvc_console driver provides a tty interface
+for extra /dev/hvc* devices (where /dev/hvc0 is most likely the console).
+In order to get a tty conduit working between the two partitions the HMC
+Super Admin must create an additional "serial server" for the target
+partition with the HMC gui which will show up as /dev/hvc* when the target
+partition is rebooted.
+
+The HMC Super Admin then creates an additional "serial client" for the
+current partition and points this at the target partition's newly created
+"serial server" adapter (remember the slot). This shows up as an
+additional /dev/hvcs* device.
+
+Now a program on the target system can be configured to read or write to
+/dev/hvc* and another program on the current partition can be configured to
+read or write to /dev/hvcs*. Now you have a tty conduit between two
+partitions.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+9. Reporting Bugs:
+
+The proper channel for reporting bugs is either through the Linux OS
+distribution company that provided your OS or by posting issues to the
+ppc64 development mailing list at:
+
+linuxppc64-dev@lists.linuxppc.org
+
+This request is to provide a documented and searchable public exchange
+of the problems and solutions surrounding this driver for the benefit of
+all users.
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/mpc52xx.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/mpc52xx.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10dd4ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/mpc52xx.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Linux 2.6.x on MPC52xx family
+-----------------------------
+
+For the latest info, go to http://www.246tNt.com/mpc52xx/
+
+To compile/use :
+
+ - U-Boot:
+ # <edit Makefile to set ARCH=ppc & CROSS_COMPILE=... ( also EXTRAVERSION
+ if you wish to ).
+ # make lite5200_defconfig
+ # make uImage
+
+ then, on U-boot:
+ => tftpboot 200000 uImage
+ => tftpboot 400000 pRamdisk
+ => bootm 200000 400000
+
+ - DBug:
+ # <edit Makefile to set ARCH=ppc & CROSS_COMPILE=... ( also EXTRAVERSION
+ if you wish to ).
+ # make lite5200_defconfig
+ # cp your_initrd.gz arch/ppc/boot/images/ramdisk.image.gz
+ # make zImage.initrd
+ # make
+
+ then in DBug:
+ DBug> dn -i zImage.initrd.lite5200
+
+
+Some remarks :
+ - The port is named mpc52xxx, and config options are PPC_MPC52xx. The MGT5100
+ is not supported, and I'm not sure anyone is interesting in working on it
+ so. I didn't took 5xxx because there's apparently a lot of 5xxx that have
+ nothing to do with the MPC5200. I also included the 'MPC' for the same
+ reason.
+ - Of course, I inspired myself from the 2.4 port. If you think I forgot to
+ mention you/your company in the copyright of some code, I'll correct it
+ ASAP.
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b8c7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+ Information about /proc/ppc_htab
+=====================================================================
+
+This document and the related code was written by me (Cort Dougan), please
+email me (cort@fsmlabs.com) if you have questions, comments or corrections.
+
+Last Change: 2.16.98
+
+This entry in the proc directory is readable by all users but only
+writable by root.
+
+The ppc_htab interface is a user level way of accessing the
+performance monitoring registers as well as providing information
+about the PTE hash table.
+
+1. Reading
+
+ Reading this file will give you information about the memory management
+ hash table that serves as an extended tlb for page translation on the
+ powerpc. It will also give you information about performance measurement
+ specific to the cpu that you are using.
+
+ Explanation of the 604 Performance Monitoring Fields:
+ MMCR0 - the current value of the MMCR0 register
+ PMC1
+ PMC2 - the value of the performance counters and a
+ description of what events they are counting
+ which are based on MMCR0 bit settings.
+ Explanation of the PTE Hash Table fields:
+
+ Size - hash table size in Kb.
+ Buckets - number of buckets in the table.
+ Address - the virtual kernel address of the hash table base.
+ Entries - the number of ptes that can be stored in the hash table.
+ User/Kernel - how many pte's are in use by the kernel or user at that time.
+ Overflows - How many of the entries are in their secondary hash location.
+ Percent full - ratio of free pte entries to in use entries.
+ Reloads - Count of how many hash table misses have occurred
+ that were fixed with a reload from the linux tables.
+ Should always be 0 on 603 based machines.
+ Non-error Misses - Count of how many hash table misses have occurred
+ that were completed with the creation of a pte in the linux
+ tables with a call to do_page_fault().
+ Error Misses - Number of misses due to errors such as bad address
+ and permission violations. This includes kernel access of
+ bad user addresses that are fixed up by the trap handler.
+
+ Note that calculation of the data displayed from /proc/ppc_htab takes
+ a long time and spends a great deal of time in the kernel. It would
+ be quite hard on performance to read this file constantly. In time
+ there may be a counter in the kernel that allows successive reads from
+ this file only after a given amount of time has passed to reduce the
+ possibility of a user slowing the system by reading this file.
+
+2. Writing
+
+ Writing to the ppc_htab allows you to change the characteristics of
+ the powerpc PTE hash table and setup performance monitoring.
+
+ Resizing the PTE hash table is not enabled right now due to many
+ complications with moving the hash table, rehashing the entries
+ and many many SMP issues that would have to be dealt with.
+
+ Write options to ppc_htab:
+
+ - To set the size of the hash table to 64Kb:
+
+ echo 'size 64' > /proc/ppc_htab
+
+ The size must be a multiple of 64 and must be greater than or equal to
+ 64.
+
+ - To turn off performance monitoring:
+
+ echo 'off' > /proc/ppc_htab
+
+ - To reset the counters without changing what they're counting:
+
+ echo 'reset' > /proc/ppc_htab
+
+ Note that counting will continue after the reset if it is enabled.
+
+ - To count only events in user mode or only in kernel mode:
+
+ echo 'user' > /proc/ppc_htab
+ ...or...
+ echo 'kernel' > /proc/ppc_htab
+
+ Note that these two options are exclusive of one another and the
+ lack of either of these options counts user and kernel.
+ Using 'reset' and 'off' reset these flags.
+
+ - The 604 has 2 performance counters which can each count events from
+ a specific set of events. These sets are disjoint so it is not
+ possible to count _any_ combination of 2 events. One event can
+ be counted by PMC1 and one by PMC2.
+
+ To start counting a particular event use:
+
+ echo 'event' > /proc/ppc_htab
+
+ and choose from these events:
+
+ PMC1
+ ----
+ 'ic miss' - instruction cache misses
+ 'dtlb' - data tlb misses (not hash table misses)
+
+ PMC2
+ ----
+ 'dc miss' - data cache misses
+ 'itlb' - instruction tlb misses (not hash table misses)
+ 'load miss time' - cycles to complete a load miss
+
+3. Bugs
+
+ The PMC1 and PMC2 counters can overflow and give no indication of that
+ in /proc/ppc_htab.
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/smp.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/smp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b581b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/smp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+ Information about Linux/PPC SMP mode
+=====================================================================
+
+This document and the related code was written by me
+(Cort Dougan, cort@fsmlabs.com) please email me if you have questions,
+comments or corrections.
+
+Last Change: 3.31.99
+
+If you want to help by writing code or testing different hardware please
+email me!
+
+1. State of Supported Hardware
+
+ PowerSurge Architecture - tested on UMAX s900, Apple 9600
+ The second processor on this machine boots up just fine and
+ enters its idle loop. Hopefully a completely working SMP kernel
+ on this machine will be done shortly.
+
+ The code makes the assumption of only two processors. The changes
+ necessary to work with any number would not be overly difficult but
+ I don't have any machines with >2 processors so it's not high on my
+ list of priorities. If anyone else would like do to the work email
+ me and I can point out the places that need changed. If you have >2
+ processors and don't want to add support yourself let me know and I
+ can take a look into it.
+
+ BeBox
+ BeBox support hasn't been added to the 2.1.X kernels from 2.0.X
+ but work is being done and SMP support for BeBox is in the works.
+
+ CHRP
+ CHRP SMP works and is fairly solid. It's been tested on the IBM F50
+ with 4 processors for quite some time now.
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/sound.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/sound.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df23d95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/sound.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+ Information about PowerPC Sound support
+=====================================================================
+
+Please mail me (Cort Dougan, cort@fsmlabs.com) if you have questions,
+comments or corrections.
+
+Last Change: 6.16.99
+
+This just covers sound on the PReP and CHRP systems for now and later
+will contain information on the PowerMac's.
+
+Sound on PReP has been tested and is working with the PowerStack and IBM
+Power Series onboard sound systems which are based on the cs4231(2) chip.
+The sound options when doing the make config are a bit different from
+the default, though.
+
+The I/O base, irq and dma lines that you enter during the make config
+are ignored and are set when booting according to the machine type.
+This is so that one binary can be used for Motorola and IBM machines
+which use different values and isn't allowed by the driver, so things
+are hacked together in such a way as to allow this information to be
+set automatically on boot.
+
+1. Motorola PowerStack PReP machines
+
+ Enable support for "Crystal CS4232 based (PnP) cards" and for the
+ Microsoft Sound System. The MSS isn't used, but some of the routines
+ that the CS4232 driver uses are in it.
+
+ Although the options you set are ignored and determined automatically
+ on boot these are included for information only:
+
+ (830) CS4232 audio I/O base 530, 604, E80 or F40
+ (10) CS4232 audio IRQ 5, 7, 9, 11, 12 or 15
+ (6) CS4232 audio DMA 0, 1 or 3
+ (7) CS4232 second (duplex) DMA 0, 1 or 3
+
+ This will allow simultaneous record and playback, as 2 different dma
+ channels are used.
+
+ The sound will be all left channel and very low volume since the
+ auxiliary input isn't muted by default. I had the changes necessary
+ for this in the kernel but the sound driver maintainer didn't want
+ to include them since it wasn't common in other machines. To fix this
+ you need to mute it using a mixer utility of some sort (if you find one
+ please let me know) or by patching the driver yourself and recompiling.
+
+ There is a problem on the PowerStack 2's (PowerStack Pro's) using a
+ different irq/drq than the kernel expects. Unfortunately, I don't know
+ which irq/drq it is so if anyone knows please email me.
+
+ Midi is not supported since the cs4232 driver doesn't support midi yet.
+
+2. IBM PowerPersonal PReP machines
+
+ I've only tested sound on the Power Personal Series of IBM workstations
+ so if you try it on others please let me know the result. I'm especially
+ interested in the 43p's sound system, which I know nothing about.
+
+ Enable support for "Crystal CS4232 based (PnP) cards" and for the
+ Microsoft Sound System. The MSS isn't used, but some of the routines
+ that the CS4232 driver uses are in it.
+
+ Although the options you set are ignored and determined automatically
+ on boot these are included for information only:
+
+ (530) CS4232 audio I/O base 530, 604, E80 or F40
+ (5) CS4232 audio IRQ 5, 7, 9, 11, 12 or 15
+ (1) CS4232 audio DMA 0, 1 or 3
+ (7) CS4232 second (duplex) DMA 0, 1 or 3
+ (330) CS4232 MIDI I/O base 330, 370, 3B0 or 3F0
+ (9) CS4232 MIDI IRQ 5, 7, 9, 11, 12 or 15
+
+ This setup does _NOT_ allow for recording yet.
+
+ Midi is not supported since the cs4232 driver doesn't support midi yet.
+
+2. IBM CHRP
+
+ I have only tested this on the 43P-150. Build the kernel with the cs4232
+ set as a module and load the module with irq=9 dma=1 dma2=2 io=0x550
diff --git a/Documentation/powerpc/zImage_layout.txt b/Documentation/powerpc/zImage_layout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..048e015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/powerpc/zImage_layout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+ Information about the Linux/PPC kernel images
+=====================================================================
+
+Please mail me (Cort Dougan, cort@fsmlabs.com) if you have questions,
+comments or corrections.
+
+This document is meant to answer several questions I've had about how
+the PReP system boots and how Linux/PPC interacts with that mechanism.
+It would be nice if we could have information on how other architectures
+boot here as well. If you have anything to contribute, please
+let me know.
+
+
+1. PReP boot file
+
+ This is the file necessary to boot PReP systems from floppy or
+ hard drive. The firmware reads the PReP partition table entry
+ and will load the image accordingly.
+
+ To boot the zImage, copy it onto a floppy with dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0h1440
+ or onto a PReP hard drive partition with dd if=zImage of=/dev/sda4
+ assuming you've created a PReP partition (type 0x41) with fdisk on
+ /dev/sda4.
+
+ The layout of the image format is:
+
+ 0x0 +------------+
+ | | PReP partition table entry
+ | |
+ 0x400 +------------+
+ | | Bootstrap program code + data
+ | |
+ | |
+ +------------+
+ | | compressed kernel, elf header removed
+ +------------+
+ | | initrd (if loaded)
+ +------------+
+ | | Elf section table for bootstrap program
+ +------------+
+
+
+2. MBX boot file
+
+ The MBX boards can load an elf image, and relocate it to the
+ proper location in memory - it copies the image to the location it was
+ linked at.
diff --git a/Documentation/preempt-locking.txt b/Documentation/preempt-locking.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57883ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/preempt-locking.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+ Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel:
+ Keeping Kernel Code Preempt-Safe
+ Robert Love <rml@tech9.net>
+ Last Updated: 28 Aug 2002
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+A preemptible kernel creates new locking issues. The issues are the same as
+those under SMP: concurrency and reentrancy. Thankfully, the Linux preemptible
+kernel model leverages existing SMP locking mechanisms. Thus, the kernel
+requires explicit additional locking for very few additional situations.
+
+This document is for all kernel hackers. Developing code in the kernel
+requires protecting these situations.
+
+
+RULE #1: Per-CPU data structures need explicit protection
+
+
+Two similar problems arise. An example code snippet:
+
+ struct this_needs_locking tux[NR_CPUS];
+ tux[smp_processor_id()] = some_value;
+ /* task is preempted here... */
+ something = tux[smp_processor_id()];
+
+First, since the data is per-CPU, it may not have explicit SMP locking, but
+require it otherwise. Second, when a preempted task is finally rescheduled,
+the previous value of smp_processor_id may not equal the current. You must
+protect these situations by disabling preemption around them.
+
+You can also use put_cpu() and get_cpu(), which will disable preemption.
+
+
+RULE #2: CPU state must be protected.
+
+
+Under preemption, the state of the CPU must be protected. This is arch-
+dependent, but includes CPU structures and state not preserved over a context
+switch. For example, on x86, entering and exiting FPU mode is now a critical
+section that must occur while preemption is disabled. Think what would happen
+if the kernel is executing a floating-point instruction and is then preempted.
+Remember, the kernel does not save FPU state except for user tasks. Therefore,
+upon preemption, the FPU registers will be sold to the lowest bidder. Thus,
+preemption must be disabled around such regions.
+
+Note, some FPU functions are already explicitly preempt safe. For example,
+kernel_fpu_begin and kernel_fpu_end will disable and enable preemption.
+However, math_state_restore must be called with preemption disabled.
+
+
+RULE #3: Lock acquire and release must be performed by same task
+
+
+A lock acquired in one task must be released by the same task. This
+means you can't do oddball things like acquire a lock and go off to
+play while another task releases it. If you want to do something
+like this, acquire and release the task in the same code path and
+have the caller wait on an event by the other task.
+
+
+SOLUTION
+
+
+Data protection under preemption is achieved by disabling preemption for the
+duration of the critical region.
+
+preempt_enable() decrement the preempt counter
+preempt_disable() increment the preempt counter
+preempt_enable_no_resched() decrement, but do not immediately preempt
+preempt_check_resched() if needed, reschedule
+preempt_count() return the preempt counter
+
+The functions are nestable. In other words, you can call preempt_disable
+n-times in a code path, and preemption will not be reenabled until the n-th
+call to preempt_enable. The preempt statements define to nothing if
+preemption is not enabled.
+
+Note that you do not need to explicitly prevent preemption if you are holding
+any locks or interrupts are disabled, since preemption is implicitly disabled
+in those cases.
+
+But keep in mind that 'irqs disabled' is a fundamentally unsafe way of
+disabling preemption - any spin_unlock() decreasing the preemption count
+to 0 might trigger a reschedule. A simple printk() might trigger a reschedule.
+So use this implicit preemption-disabling property only if you know that the
+affected codepath does not do any of this. Best policy is to use this only for
+small, atomic code that you wrote and which calls no complex functions.
+
+Example:
+
+ cpucache_t *cc; /* this is per-CPU */
+ preempt_disable();
+ cc = cc_data(searchp);
+ if (cc && cc->avail) {
+ __free_block(searchp, cc_entry(cc), cc->avail);
+ cc->avail = 0;
+ }
+ preempt_enable();
+ return 0;
+
+Notice how the preemption statements must encompass every reference of the
+critical variables. Another example:
+
+ int buf[NR_CPUS];
+ set_cpu_val(buf);
+ if (buf[smp_processor_id()] == -1) printf(KERN_INFO "wee!\n");
+ spin_lock(&buf_lock);
+ /* ... */
+
+This code is not preempt-safe, but see how easily we can fix it by simply
+moving the spin_lock up two lines.
+
+
+PREVENTING PREEMPTION USING INTERRUPT DISABLING
+
+
+It is possible to prevent a preemption event using local_irq_disable and
+local_irq_save. Note, when doing so, you must be very careful to not cause
+an event that would set need_resched and result in a preemption check. When
+in doubt, rely on locking or explicit preemption disabling.
+
+Note in 2.5 interrupt disabling is now only per-CPU (e.g. local).
+
+An additional concern is proper usage of local_irq_disable and local_irq_save.
+These may be used to protect from preemption, however, on exit, if preemption
+may be enabled, a test to see if preemption is required should be done. If
+these are called from the spin_lock and read/write lock macros, the right thing
+is done. They may also be called within a spin-lock protected region, however,
+if they are ever called outside of this context, a test for preemption should
+be made. Do note that calls from interrupt context or bottom half/ tasklets
+are also protected by preemption locks and so may use the versions which do
+not check preemption.
diff --git a/Documentation/prio_tree.txt b/Documentation/prio_tree.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fbb0c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/prio_tree.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+The prio_tree.c code indexes vmas using 3 different indexes:
+ * heap_index = vm_pgoff + vm_size_in_pages : end_vm_pgoff
+ * radix_index = vm_pgoff : start_vm_pgoff
+ * size_index = vm_size_in_pages
+
+A regular radix-priority-search-tree indexes vmas using only heap_index and
+radix_index. The conditions for indexing are:
+ * ->heap_index >= ->left->heap_index &&
+ ->heap_index >= ->right->heap_index
+ * if (->heap_index == ->left->heap_index)
+ then ->radix_index < ->left->radix_index;
+ * if (->heap_index == ->right->heap_index)
+ then ->radix_index < ->right->radix_index;
+ * nodes are hashed to left or right subtree using radix_index
+ similar to a pure binary radix tree.
+
+A regular radix-priority-search-tree helps to store and query
+intervals (vmas). However, a regular radix-priority-search-tree is only
+suitable for storing vmas with different radix indices (vm_pgoff).
+
+Therefore, the prio_tree.c extends the regular radix-priority-search-tree
+to handle many vmas with the same vm_pgoff. Such vmas are handled in
+2 different ways: 1) All vmas with the same radix _and_ heap indices are
+linked using vm_set.list, 2) if there are many vmas with the same radix
+index, but different heap indices and if the regular radix-priority-search
+tree cannot index them all, we build an overflow-sub-tree that indexes such
+vmas using heap and size indices instead of heap and radix indices. For
+example, in the figure below some vmas with vm_pgoff = 0 (zero) are
+indexed by regular radix-priority-search-tree whereas others are pushed
+into an overflow-subtree. Note that all vmas in an overflow-sub-tree have
+the same vm_pgoff (radix_index) and if necessary we build different
+overflow-sub-trees to handle each possible radix_index. For example,
+in figure we have 3 overflow-sub-trees corresponding to radix indices
+0, 2, and 4.
+
+In the final tree the first few (prio_tree_root->index_bits) levels
+are indexed using heap and radix indices whereas the overflow-sub-trees below
+those levels (i.e. levels prio_tree_root->index_bits + 1 and higher) are
+indexed using heap and size indices. In overflow-sub-trees the size_index
+is used for hashing the nodes to appropriate places.
+
+Now, an example prio_tree:
+
+ vmas are represented [radix_index, size_index, heap_index]
+ i.e., [start_vm_pgoff, vm_size_in_pages, end_vm_pgoff]
+
+level prio_tree_root->index_bits = 3
+-----
+ _
+ 0 [0,7,7] |
+ / \ |
+ ------------------ ------------ | Regular
+ / \ | radix priority
+ 1 [1,6,7] [4,3,7] | search tree
+ / \ / \ |
+ ------- ----- ------ ----- | heap-and-radix
+ / \ / \ | indexed
+ 2 [0,6,6] [2,5,7] [5,2,7] [6,1,7] |
+ / \ / \ / \ / \ |
+ 3 [0,5,5] [1,5,6] [2,4,6] [3,4,7] [4,2,6] [5,1,6] [6,0,6] [7,0,7] |
+ / / / _
+ / / / _
+ 4 [0,4,4] [2,3,5] [4,1,5] |
+ / / / |
+ 5 [0,3,3] [2,2,4] [4,0,4] | Overflow-sub-trees
+ / / |
+ 6 [0,2,2] [2,1,3] | heap-and-size
+ / / | indexed
+ 7 [0,1,1] [2,0,2] |
+ / |
+ 8 [0,0,0] |
+ _
+
+Note that we use prio_tree_root->index_bits to optimize the height
+of the heap-and-radix indexed tree. Since prio_tree_root->index_bits is
+set according to the maximum end_vm_pgoff mapped, we are sure that all
+bits (in vm_pgoff) above prio_tree_root->index_bits are 0 (zero). Therefore,
+we only use the first prio_tree_root->index_bits as radix_index.
+Whenever index_bits is increased in prio_tree_expand, we shuffle the tree
+to make sure that the first prio_tree_root->index_bits levels of the tree
+is indexed properly using heap and radix indices.
+
+We do not optimize the height of overflow-sub-trees using index_bits.
+The reason is: there can be many such overflow-sub-trees and all of
+them have to be suffled whenever the index_bits increases. This may involve
+walking the whole prio_tree in prio_tree_insert->prio_tree_expand code
+path which is not desirable. Hence, we do not optimize the height of the
+heap-and-size indexed overflow-sub-trees using prio_tree->index_bits.
+Instead the overflow sub-trees are indexed using full BITS_PER_LONG bits
+of size_index. This may lead to skewed sub-trees because most of the
+higher significant bits of the size_index are likely to be be 0 (zero). In
+the example above, all 3 overflow-sub-trees are skewed. This may marginally
+affect the performance. However, processes rarely map many vmas with the
+same start_vm_pgoff but different end_vm_pgoffs. Therefore, we normally
+do not require overflow-sub-trees to index all vmas.
+
+From the above discussion it is clear that the maximum height of
+a prio_tree can be prio_tree_root->index_bits + BITS_PER_LONG.
+However, in most of the common cases we do not need overflow-sub-trees,
+so the tree height in the common cases will be prio_tree_root->index_bits.
+
+It is fair to mention here that the prio_tree_root->index_bits
+is increased on demand, however, the index_bits is not decreased when
+vmas are removed from the prio_tree. That's tricky to do. Hence, it's
+left as a home work problem.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/ramdisk.txt b/Documentation/ramdisk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c25584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ramdisk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+Using the RAM disk block device with Linux
+------------------------------------------
+
+Contents:
+
+ 1) Overview
+ 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
+ 3) Using "rdev -r"
+ 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
+
+
+1) Overview
+-----------
+
+The RAM disk driver is a way to use main system memory as a block device. It
+is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules
+in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/initrd.txt). It can
+also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents
+are erased on reboot.
+
+The RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using
+RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty
+so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later.
+
+Also, the RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks out of the box, and can
+be reconfigured to support up to 255 RAM disks - change "#define NUM_RAMDISKS"
+in drivers/block/rd.c. To use RAM disk support with your system, run
+'./MAKEDEV ram' from the /dev directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and
+start with minor number 0 for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use
+/dev/ram0 for an initrd.
+
+The old "ramdisk=<ram_size>" has been changed to "ramdisk_size=<ram_size>" to
+make it clearer. The original "ramdisk=<ram_size>" has been kept around for
+compatibility reasons, but it may be removed in the future.
+
+The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images,
+allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or
+rescue floppy disk.
+
+
+2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
+---------------------------------
+
+ ramdisk_size=N
+ ==============
+
+This parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The
+default is 4096 (4 MB) (8192 (8 MB) on S390).
+
+ ramdisk_blocksize=N
+ ===================
+
+This parameter tells the RAM disk driver how many bytes to use per block. The
+default is 512.
+
+
+3) Using "rdev -r"
+------------------
+
+The usage of the word (two bytes) that "rdev -r" sets in the kernel image is
+as follows. The low 11 bits (0 -> 10) specify an offset (in 1 k blocks) of up
+to 2 MB (2^11) of where to find the RAM disk (this used to be the size). Bit
+14 indicates that a RAM disk is to be loaded, and bit 15 indicates whether a
+prompt/wait sequence is to be given before trying to read the RAM disk. Since
+the RAM disk dynamically grows as data is being written into it, a size field
+is not required. Bits 11 to 13 are not currently used and may as well be zero.
+These numbers are no magical secrets, as seen below:
+
+./arch/i386/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
+./arch/i386/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
+./arch/i386/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
+
+Consider a typical two floppy disk setup, where you will have the
+kernel on disk one, and have already put a RAM disk image onto disk #2.
+
+Hence you want to set bits 0 to 13 as 0, meaning that your RAM disk
+starts at an offset of 0 kB from the beginning of the floppy.
+The command line equivalent is: "ramdisk_start=0"
+
+You want bit 14 as one, indicating that a RAM disk is to be loaded.
+The command line equivalent is: "load_ramdisk=1"
+
+You want bit 15 as one, indicating that you want a prompt/keypress
+sequence so that you have a chance to switch floppy disks.
+The command line equivalent is: "prompt_ramdisk=1"
+
+Putting that together gives 2^15 + 2^14 + 0 = 49152 for an rdev word.
+So to create disk one of the set, you would do:
+
+ /usr/src/linux# cat arch/i386/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0
+ /usr/src/linux# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
+ /usr/src/linux# rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152
+
+If you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use:
+ append = "ramdisk_start=0 load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=1"
+Since the default start = 0 and the default prompt = 1, you could use:
+ append = "load_ramdisk=1"
+
+
+4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
+----------------------------------------------
+
+To create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to
+construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an
+unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this
+example, we will use the RAM disk device, "/dev/ram0".
+
+Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB
+of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this
+restriction does not apply.
+
+a) Decide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example.
+ Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently
+ required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the
+ area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for
+ the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create.
+
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048
+
+b) Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example.
+
+ mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048
+
+c) Mount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...)
+ and unmount it again.
+
+d) Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression
+ will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused
+ space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing.
+
+ dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz
+
+e) Put the kernel onto the floppy
+
+ dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
+
+f) Put the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset
+ that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another
+ (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping
+ the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in
+ size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is
+ not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB).
+
+ dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400
+
+g) Use "rdev" to set the boot device, RAM disk offset, prompt flag, etc.
+ For prompt_ramdisk=1, load_ramdisk=1, ramdisk_start=400, one would
+ have 2^15 + 2^14 + 400 = 49552.
+
+ rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
+ rdev -r /dev/fd0 49552
+
+That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some
+users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Paul Gortmaker 12/95
+
+Changelog:
+----------
+
+10-22-04 : Updated to reflect changes in command line options, remove
+ obsolete references, general cleanup.
+ James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com)
+
+
+12-95 : Original Document
diff --git a/Documentation/riscom8.txt b/Documentation/riscom8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14f61fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/riscom8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+* NOTE - this is an unmaintained driver. The original author cannot be located.
+
+SDL Communications is now SBS Technologies, and does not have any
+information on these ancient ISA cards on their website.
+
+James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com> - 12-12-2004
+
+ This is the README for RISCom/8 multi-port serial driver
+ (C) 1994-1996 D.Gorodchanin
+ See file LICENSE for terms and conditions.
+
+NOTE: English is not my native language.
+ I'm sorry for any mistakes in this text.
+
+Misc. notes for RISCom/8 serial driver, in no particular order :)
+
+1) This driver can support up to 4 boards at time.
+ Use string "riscom8=0xXXX,0xXXX,0xXXX,0xXXX" at LILO prompt, for
+ setting I/O base addresses for boards. If you compile driver
+ as module use modprobe options "iobase=0xXXX iobase1=0xXXX iobase2=..."
+
+2) The driver partially supports famous 'setserial' program, you can use almost
+ any of its options, excluding port & irq settings.
+
+3) There are some misc. defines at the beginning of riscom8.c, please read the
+ comments and try to change some of them in case of problems.
+
+4) I consider the current state of the driver as BETA.
+
+5) SDL Communications WWW page is http://www.sdlcomm.com.
+
+6) You can use the MAKEDEV program to create RISCom/8 /dev/ttyL* entries.
+
+7) Minor numbers for first board are 0-7, for second 8-15, etc.
+
+22 Apr 1996.
diff --git a/Documentation/rocket.txt b/Documentation/rocket.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a106780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/rocket.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+Comtrol(tm) RocketPort(R)/RocketModem(TM) Series
+Device Driver for the Linux Operating System
+
+=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
+
+PRODUCT OVERVIEW
+----------------
+
+This driver provides a loadable kernel driver for the Comtrol RocketPort
+and RocketModem PCI boards. These boards provide, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32
+high-speed serial ports or modems. This driver supports up to a combination
+of four RocketPort or RocketModems boards in one machine simultaneously.
+This file assumes that you are using the RocketPort driver which is
+integrated into the kernel sources.
+
+The driver can also be installed as an external module using the usual
+"make;make install" routine. This external module driver, obtainable
+from the Comtrol website listed below, is useful for updating the driver
+or installing it into kernels which do not have the driver configured
+into them. Installations instructions for the external module
+are in the included README and HW_INSTALL files.
+
+RocketPort ISA and RocketModem II PCI boards currently are only supported by
+this driver in module form.
+
+The RocketPort ISA board requires I/O ports to be configured by the DIP
+switches on the board. See the section "ISA Rocketport Boards" below for
+information on how to set the DIP switches.
+
+You pass the I/O port to the driver using the following module parameters:
+
+board1 : I/O port for the first ISA board
+board2 : I/O port for the second ISA board
+board3 : I/O port for the third ISA board
+board4 : I/O port for the fourth ISA board
+
+There is a set of utilities and scripts provided with the external driver
+( downloadable from http://www.comtrol.com ) that ease the configuration and
+setup of the ISA cards.
+
+The RocketModem II PCI boards require firmware to be loaded into the card
+before it will function. The driver has only been tested as a module for this
+board.
+
+=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
+
+INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
+-----------------------
+
+RocketPort/RocketModem PCI cards require no driver configuration, they are
+automatically detected and configured.
+
+The RocketPort driver can be installed as a module (recommended) or built
+into the kernel. This is selected, as for other drivers, through the `make config`
+command from the root of the Linux source tree during the kernel build process.
+
+The RocketPort/RocketModem serial ports installed by this driver are assigned
+device major number 46, and will be named /dev/ttyRx, where x is the port number
+starting at zero (ex. /dev/ttyR0, /devttyR1, ...). If you have multiple cards
+installed in the system, the mapping of port names to serial ports is displayed
+in the system log at /var/log/messages.
+
+If installed as a module, the module must be loaded. This can be done
+manually by entering "modprobe rocket". To have the module loaded automatically
+upon system boot, edit the /etc/modprobe.conf file and add the line
+"alias char-major-46 rocket".
+
+In order to use the ports, their device names (nodes) must be created with mknod.
+This is only required once, the system will retain the names once created. To
+create the RocketPort/RocketModem device names, use the command
+"mknod /dev/ttyRx c 46 x" where x is the port number starting at zero. For example:
+
+>mknod /dev/ttyR0 c 46 0
+>mknod /dev/ttyR1 c 46 1
+>mknod /dev/ttyR2 c 46 2
+
+The Linux script MAKEDEV will create the first 16 ttyRx device names (nodes)
+for you:
+
+>/dev/MAKEDEV ttyR
+
+=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
+
+ISA Rocketport Boards
+---------------------
+
+You must assign and configure the I/O addresses used by the ISA Rocketport
+card before installing and using it. This is done by setting a set of DIP
+switches on the Rocketport board.
+
+
+SETTING THE I/O ADDRESS
+-----------------------
+
+Before installing RocketPort(R) or RocketPort RA boards, you must find
+a range of I/O addresses for it to use. The first RocketPort card
+requires a 68-byte contiguous block of I/O addresses, starting at one
+of the following: 0x100h, 0x140h, 0x180h, 0x200h, 0x240h, 0x280h,
+0x300h, 0x340h, 0x380h. This I/O address must be reflected in the DIP
+switiches of *all* of the Rocketport cards.
+
+The second, third, and fourth RocketPort cards require a 64-byte
+contiguous block of I/O addresses, starting at one of the following
+I/O addresses: 0x100h, 0x140h, 0x180h, 0x1C0h, 0x200h, 0x240h, 0x280h,
+0x2C0h, 0x300h, 0x340h, 0x380h, 0x3C0h. The I/O address used by the
+second, third, and fourth Rocketport cards (if present) are set via
+software control. The DIP switch settings for the I/O address must be
+set to the value of the first Rocketport cards.
+
+In order to destinguish each of the card from the others, each card
+must have a unique board ID set on the dip switches. The first
+Rocketport board must be set with the DIP switches corresponding to
+the first board, the second board must be set with the DIP switches
+corresponding to the second board, etc. IMPORTANT: The board ID is
+the only place where the DIP switch settings should differ between the
+various Rocketport boards in a system.
+
+The I/O address range used by any of the RocketPort cards must not
+conflict with any other cards in the system, including other
+RocketPort cards. Below, you will find a list of commonly used I/O
+address ranges which may be in use by other devices in your system.
+On a Linux system, "cat /proc/ioports" will also be helpful in
+identifying what I/O addresses are being used by devics on your
+system.
+
+Remember, the FIRST RocketPort uses 68 I/O addresses. So, if you set it
+for 0x100, it will occupy 0x100 to 0x143. This would mean that you
+CAN NOT set the second, third or fourth board for address 0x140 since
+the first 4 bytes of that range are used by the first board. You would
+need to set the second, third, or fourth board to one of the next available
+blocks such as 0x180.
+
+=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
+
+RocketPort and RocketPort RA SW1 Settings:
+
+ +-------------------------------+
+ | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
+ +-------+-------+---------------+
+ | Unused| Card | I/O Port Block|
+ +-------------------------------+
+
+DIP Switches DIP Switches
+7 8 6 5
+=================== ===================
+On On UNUSED, MUST BE ON. On On First Card <==== Default
+ On Off Second Card
+ Off On Third Card
+ Off Off Fourth Card
+
+DIP Switches I/O Address Range
+4 3 2 1 Used by the First Card
+=====================================
+On Off On Off 100-143
+On Off Off On 140-183
+On Off Off Off 180-1C3 <==== Default
+Off On On Off 200-243
+Off On Off On 240-283
+Off On Off Off 280-2C3
+Off Off On Off 300-343
+Off Off Off On 340-383
+Off Off Off Off 380-3C3
+
+=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
+
+REPORTING BUGS
+--------------
+
+For technical support, please provide the following
+information: Driver version, kernel release, distribution of
+kernel, and type of board you are using. Error messages and log
+printouts port configuration details are especially helpful.
+
+USA
+ Phone: (612) 494-4100
+ FAX: (612) 494-4199
+ email: support@comtrol.com
+
+Comtrol Europe
+ Phone: +44 (0) 1 869 323-220
+ FAX: +44 (0) 1 869 323-211
+ email: support@comtrol.co.uk
+
+Web: http://www.comtrol.com
+FTP: ftp.comtrol.com
+
+=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/rpc-cache.txt b/Documentation/rpc-cache.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b5d443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/rpc-cache.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+This document gives a brief introduction to the caching
+mechanisms in the sunrpc layer that is used, in particular,
+for NFS authentication.
+
+CACHES
+======
+The caching replaces the old exports table and allows for
+a wide variety of values to be caches.
+
+There are a number of caches that are similar in structure though
+quite possibly very different in content and use. There is a corpus
+of common code for managing these caches.
+
+Examples of caches that are likely to be needed are:
+ - mapping from IP address to client name
+ - mapping from client name and filesystem to export options
+ - mapping from UID to list of GIDs, to work around NFS's limitation
+ of 16 gids.
+ - mappings between local UID/GID and remote UID/GID for sites that
+ do not have uniform uid assignment
+ - mapping from network identify to public key for crypto authentication.
+
+The common code handles such things as:
+ - general cache lookup with correct locking
+ - supporting 'NEGATIVE' as well as positive entries
+ - allowing an EXPIRED time on cache items, and removing
+ items after they expire, and are no longe in-use.
+
+ Future code extensions are expect to handle
+ - making requests to user-space to fill in cache entries
+ - allowing user-space to directly set entries in the cache
+ - delaying RPC requests that depend on as-yet incomplete
+ cache entries, and replaying those requests when the cache entry
+ is complete.
+ - maintaining last-access times on cache entries
+ - clean out old entries when the caches become full
+
+The code for performing a cache lookup is also common, but in the form
+of a template. i.e. a #define.
+Each cache defines a lookup function by using the DefineCacheLookup
+macro, or the simpler DefineSimpleCacheLookup macro
+
+Creating a Cache
+----------------
+
+1/ A cache needs a datum to cache. This is in the form of a
+ structure definition that must contain a
+ struct cache_head
+ as an element, usually the first.
+ It will also contain a key and some content.
+ Each cache element is reference counted and contains
+ expiry and update times for use in cache management.
+2/ A cache needs a "cache_detail" structure that
+ describes the cache. This stores the hash table, and some
+ parameters for cache management.
+3/ A cache needs a lookup function. This is created using
+ the DefineCacheLookup macro. This lookup function is used both
+ to find entries and to update entries. The normal mode for
+ updating an entry is to replace the old entry with a new
+ entry. However it is possible to allow update-in-place
+ for those caches where it makes sense (no atomicity issues
+ or indirect reference counting issue)
+4/ A cache needs to be registered using cache_register(). This
+ includes in on a list of caches that will be regularly
+ cleaned to discard old data. For this to work, some
+ thread must periodically call cache_clean
+
+Using a cache
+-------------
+
+To find a value in a cache, call the lookup function passing it a the
+datum which contains key, and possibly content, and a flag saying
+whether to update the cache with new data from the datum. Depending
+on how the cache lookup function was defined, it may take an extra
+argument to identify the particular cache in question.
+
+Except in cases of kmalloc failure, the lookup function
+will return a new datum which will store the key and
+may contain valid content, or may not.
+This datum is typically passed to cache_check which determines the
+validity of the datum and may later initiate an upcall to fill
+in the data.
+
+cache_check can be passed a "struct cache_req *". This structure is
+typically embedded in the actual request and can be used to create a
+deferred copy of the request (struct cache_deferred_req). This is
+done when the found cache item is not uptodate, but the is reason to
+believe that userspace might provide information soon. When the cache
+item does become valid, the deferred copy of the request will be
+revisited (->revisit). It is expected that this method will
+reschedule the request for processing.
+
+
+Populating a cache
+------------------
+
+Each cache has a name, and when the cache is registered, a directory
+with that name is created in /proc/net/rpc
+
+This directory contains a file called 'channel' which is a channel
+for communicating between kernel and user for populating the cache.
+This directory may later contain other files of interacting
+with the cache.
+
+The 'channel' works a bit like a datagram socket. Each 'write' is
+passed as a whole to the cache for parsing and interpretation.
+Each cache can treat the write requests differently, but it is
+expected that a message written will contain:
+ - a key
+ - an expiry time
+ - a content.
+with the intention that an item in the cache with the give key
+should be create or updated to have the given content, and the
+expiry time should be set on that item.
+
+Reading from a channel is a bit more interesting. When a cache
+lookup fail, or when it suceeds but finds an entry that may soon
+expiry, a request is lodged for that cache item to be updated by
+user-space. These requests appear in the channel file.
+
+Successive reads will return successive requests.
+If there are no more requests to return, read will return EOF, but a
+select or poll for read will block waiting for another request to be
+added.
+
+Thus a user-space helper is likely to:
+ open the channel.
+ select for readable
+ read a request
+ write a response
+ loop.
+
+If it dies and needs to be restarted, any requests that have not be
+answered will still appear in the file and will be read by the new
+instance of the helper.
+
+Each cache should define a "cache_parse" method which takes a message
+written from user-space and processes it. It should return an error
+(which propagates back to the write syscall) or 0.
+
+Each cache should also define a "cache_request" method which
+takes a cache item and encodes a request into the buffer
+provided.
+
+
+Note: If a cache has no active readers on the channel, and has had not
+active readers for more than 60 seconds, further requests will not be
+added to the channel but instead all looks that do not find a valid
+entry will fail. This is partly for backward compatibility: The
+previous nfs exports table was deemed to be authoritative and a
+failed lookup meant a definite 'no'.
+
+request/response format
+-----------------------
+
+While each cache is free to use it's own format for requests
+and responses over channel, the following is recommended are
+appropriate and support routines are available to help:
+Each request or response record should be printable ASCII
+with precisely one newline character which should be at the end.
+Fields within the record should be separated by spaces, normally one.
+If spaces, newlines, or nul characters are needed in a field they
+much be quotes. two mechanisms are available:
+1/ If a field begins '\x' then it must contain an even number of
+ hex digits, and pairs of these digits provide the bytes in the
+ field.
+2/ otherwise a \ in the field must be followed by 3 octal digits
+ which give the code for a byte. Other characters are treated
+ as them selves. At the very least, space, newlines nul, and
+ '\' must be quoted in this way.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/rtc.txt b/Documentation/rtc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95d17b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/rtc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+
+ Real Time Clock Driver for Linux
+ ================================
+
+All PCs (even Alpha machines) have a Real Time Clock built into them.
+Usually they are built into the chipset of the computer, but some may
+actually have a Motorola MC146818 (or clone) on the board. This is the
+clock that keeps the date and time while your computer is turned off.
+
+However it can also be used to generate signals from a slow 2Hz to a
+relatively fast 8192Hz, in increments of powers of two. These signals
+are reported by interrupt number 8. (Oh! So *that* is what IRQ 8 is
+for...) It can also function as a 24hr alarm, raising IRQ 8 when the
+alarm goes off. The alarm can also be programmed to only check any
+subset of the three programmable values, meaning that it could be set to
+ring on the 30th second of the 30th minute of every hour, for example.
+The clock can also be set to generate an interrupt upon every clock
+update, thus generating a 1Hz signal.
+
+The interrupts are reported via /dev/rtc (major 10, minor 135, read only
+character device) in the form of an unsigned long. The low byte contains
+the type of interrupt (update-done, alarm-rang, or periodic) that was
+raised, and the remaining bytes contain the number of interrupts since
+the last read. Status information is reported through the pseudo-file
+/proc/driver/rtc if the /proc filesystem was enabled. The driver has
+built in locking so that only one process is allowed to have the /dev/rtc
+interface open at a time.
+
+A user process can monitor these interrupts by doing a read(2) or a
+select(2) on /dev/rtc -- either will block/stop the user process until
+the next interrupt is received. This is useful for things like
+reasonably high frequency data acquisition where one doesn't want to
+burn up 100% CPU by polling gettimeofday etc. etc.
+
+At high frequencies, or under high loads, the user process should check
+the number of interrupts received since the last read to determine if
+there has been any interrupt "pileup" so to speak. Just for reference, a
+typical 486-33 running a tight read loop on /dev/rtc will start to suffer
+occasional interrupt pileup (i.e. > 1 IRQ event since last read) for
+frequencies above 1024Hz. So you really should check the high bytes
+of the value you read, especially at frequencies above that of the
+normal timer interrupt, which is 100Hz.
+
+Programming and/or enabling interrupt frequencies greater than 64Hz is
+only allowed by root. This is perhaps a bit conservative, but we don't want
+an evil user generating lots of IRQs on a slow 386sx-16, where it might have
+a negative impact on performance. Note that the interrupt handler is only
+a few lines of code to minimize any possibility of this effect.
+
+Also, if the kernel time is synchronized with an external source, the
+kernel will write the time back to the CMOS clock every 11 minutes. In
+the process of doing this, the kernel briefly turns off RTC periodic
+interrupts, so be aware of this if you are doing serious work. If you
+don't synchronize the kernel time with an external source (via ntp or
+whatever) then the kernel will keep its hands off the RTC, allowing you
+exclusive access to the device for your applications.
+
+The alarm and/or interrupt frequency are programmed into the RTC via
+various ioctl(2) calls as listed in ./include/linux/rtc.h
+Rather than write 50 pages describing the ioctl() and so on, it is
+perhaps more useful to include a small test program that demonstrates
+how to use them, and demonstrates the features of the driver. This is
+probably a lot more useful to people interested in writing applications
+that will be using this driver.
+
+ Paul Gortmaker
+
+-------------------- 8< ---------------- 8< -----------------------------
+
+/*
+ * Real Time Clock Driver Test/Example Program
+ *
+ * Compile with:
+ * gcc -s -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes rtctest.c -o rtctest
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 1996, Paul Gortmaker.
+ *
+ * Released under the GNU General Public License, version 2,
+ * included herein by reference.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <linux/rtc.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+
+int i, fd, retval, irqcount = 0;
+unsigned long tmp, data;
+struct rtc_time rtc_tm;
+
+fd = open ("/dev/rtc", O_RDONLY);
+
+if (fd == -1) {
+ perror("/dev/rtc");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+
+fprintf(stderr, "\n\t\t\tRTC Driver Test Example.\n\n");
+
+/* Turn on update interrupts (one per second) */
+retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_UIE_ON, 0);
+if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+
+fprintf(stderr, "Counting 5 update (1/sec) interrupts from reading /dev/rtc:");
+fflush(stderr);
+for (i=1; i<6; i++) {
+ /* This read will block */
+ retval = read(fd, &data, sizeof(unsigned long));
+ if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("read");
+ exit(errno);
+ }
+ fprintf(stderr, " %d",i);
+ fflush(stderr);
+ irqcount++;
+}
+
+fprintf(stderr, "\nAgain, from using select(2) on /dev/rtc:");
+fflush(stderr);
+for (i=1; i<6; i++) {
+ struct timeval tv = {5, 0}; /* 5 second timeout on select */
+ fd_set readfds;
+
+ FD_ZERO(&readfds);
+ FD_SET(fd, &readfds);
+ /* The select will wait until an RTC interrupt happens. */
+ retval = select(fd+1, &readfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+ if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("select");
+ exit(errno);
+ }
+ /* This read won't block unlike the select-less case above. */
+ retval = read(fd, &data, sizeof(unsigned long));
+ if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("read");
+ exit(errno);
+ }
+ fprintf(stderr, " %d",i);
+ fflush(stderr);
+ irqcount++;
+}
+
+/* Turn off update interrupts */
+retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_UIE_OFF, 0);
+if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+
+/* Read the RTC time/date */
+retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_RD_TIME, &rtc_tm);
+if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+
+fprintf(stderr, "\n\nCurrent RTC date/time is %d-%d-%d, %02d:%02d:%02d.\n",
+ rtc_tm.tm_mday, rtc_tm.tm_mon + 1, rtc_tm.tm_year + 1900,
+ rtc_tm.tm_hour, rtc_tm.tm_min, rtc_tm.tm_sec);
+
+/* Set the alarm to 5 sec in the future, and check for rollover */
+rtc_tm.tm_sec += 5;
+if (rtc_tm.tm_sec >= 60) {
+ rtc_tm.tm_sec %= 60;
+ rtc_tm.tm_min++;
+}
+if (rtc_tm.tm_min == 60) {
+ rtc_tm.tm_min = 0;
+ rtc_tm.tm_hour++;
+}
+if (rtc_tm.tm_hour == 24)
+ rtc_tm.tm_hour = 0;
+
+retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_ALM_SET, &rtc_tm);
+if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+
+/* Read the current alarm settings */
+retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_ALM_READ, &rtc_tm);
+if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+
+fprintf(stderr, "Alarm time now set to %02d:%02d:%02d.\n",
+ rtc_tm.tm_hour, rtc_tm.tm_min, rtc_tm.tm_sec);
+
+/* Enable alarm interrupts */
+retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_AIE_ON, 0);
+if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+
+fprintf(stderr, "Waiting 5 seconds for alarm...");
+fflush(stderr);
+/* This blocks until the alarm ring causes an interrupt */
+retval = read(fd, &data, sizeof(unsigned long));
+if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("read");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+irqcount++;
+fprintf(stderr, " okay. Alarm rang.\n");
+
+/* Disable alarm interrupts */
+retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_AIE_OFF, 0);
+if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+
+/* Read periodic IRQ rate */
+retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_IRQP_READ, &tmp);
+if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+}
+fprintf(stderr, "\nPeriodic IRQ rate was %ldHz.\n", tmp);
+
+fprintf(stderr, "Counting 20 interrupts at:");
+fflush(stderr);
+
+/* The frequencies 128Hz, 256Hz, ... 8192Hz are only allowed for root. */
+for (tmp=2; tmp<=64; tmp*=2) {
+
+ retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_IRQP_SET, tmp);
+ if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+ }
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "\n%ldHz:\t", tmp);
+ fflush(stderr);
+
+ /* Enable periodic interrupts */
+ retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_PIE_ON, 0);
+ if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+ }
+
+ for (i=1; i<21; i++) {
+ /* This blocks */
+ retval = read(fd, &data, sizeof(unsigned long));
+ if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("read");
+ exit(errno);
+ }
+ fprintf(stderr, " %d",i);
+ fflush(stderr);
+ irqcount++;
+ }
+
+ /* Disable periodic interrupts */
+ retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_PIE_OFF, 0);
+ if (retval == -1) {
+ perror("ioctl");
+ exit(errno);
+ }
+}
+
+fprintf(stderr, "\n\n\t\t\t *** Test complete ***\n");
+fprintf(stderr, "\nTyping \"cat /proc/interrupts\" will show %d more events on IRQ 8.\n\n",
+ irqcount);
+
+close(fd);
+return 0;
+
+} /* end main */
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/3270.ChangeLog b/Documentation/s390/3270.ChangeLog
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..031c360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/3270.ChangeLog
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+ChangeLog for the UTS Global 3270-support patch
+
+Sep 2002: Get bootup colors right on 3270 console
+ * In tubttybld.c, substantially revise ESC processing so that
+ ESC sequences (especially coloring ones) and the strings
+ they affect work as right as 3270 can get them. Also, set
+ screen height to omit the two rows used for input area, in
+ tty3270_open() in tubtty.c.
+
+Sep 2002: Dynamically get 3270 input buffer
+ * Oversize 3270 screen widths may exceed GEOM_MAXINPLEN columns,
+ so get input-area buffer dynamically when sizing the device in
+ tubmakemin() in tuball.c (if it's the console) or tty3270_open()
+ in tubtty.c (if needed). Change tubp->tty_input to be a
+ pointer rather than an array, in tubio.h.
+
+Sep 2002: Fix tubfs kmalloc()s
+ * Do read and write lengths correctly in fs3270_read()
+ and fs3270_write(), whilst never asking kmalloc()
+ for more than 0x800 bytes. Affects tubfs.c and tubio.h.
+
+Sep 2002: Recognize 3270 control unit type 3174
+ * Recognize control-unit type 0x3174 as well as 0x327?.
+ The IBM 2047 device emulates a 3174 control unit.
+ Modularize control-unit recognition in tuball.c by
+ adding and invoking new tub3270_is_ours().
+
+Apr 2002: Fix 3270 console reboot loop
+ * (Belated log entry) Fixed reboot loop if 3270 console,
+ in tubtty.c:ttu3270_bh().
+
+Feb 6, 2001:
+ * This changelog is new
+ * tub3270 now supports 3270 console:
+ Specify y for CONFIG_3270 and y for CONFIG_3270_CONSOLE.
+ Support for 3215 will not appear if 3270 console support
+ is chosen.
+ NOTE: The default is 3270 console support, NOT 3215.
+ * the components are remodularized: added source modules are
+ tubttybld.c and tubttyscl.c, for screen-building code and
+ scroll-timeout code.
+ * tub3270 source for this (2.4.0) version is #ifdeffed to
+ build with both 2.4.0 and 2.2.16.2.
+ * color support and minimal other ESC-sequence support is added.
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/3270.txt b/Documentation/s390/3270.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a044e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/3270.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+IBM 3270 Display System support
+
+This file describes the driver that supports local channel attachment
+of IBM 3270 devices. It consists of three sections:
+ * Introduction
+ * Installation
+ * Operation
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+This paper describes installing and operating 3270 devices under
+Linux/390. A 3270 device is a block-mode rows-and-columns terminal of
+which I'm sure hundreds of millions were sold by IBM and clonemakers
+twenty and thirty years ago.
+
+You may have 3270s in-house and not know it. If you're using the
+VM-ESA operating system, define a 3270 to your virtual machine by using
+the command "DEF GRAF <hex-address>" This paper presumes you will be
+defining four 3270s with the CP/CMS commands
+
+ DEF GRAF 620
+ DEF GRAF 621
+ DEF GRAF 622
+ DEF GRAF 623
+
+Your network connection from VM-ESA allows you to use x3270, tn3270, or
+another 3270 emulator, started from an xterm window on your PC or
+workstation. With the DEF GRAF command, an application such as xterm,
+and this Linux-390 3270 driver, you have another way of talking to your
+Linux box.
+
+This paper covers installation of the driver and operation of a
+dialed-in x3270.
+
+
+INSTALLATION.
+
+You install the driver by installing a patch, doing a kernel build, and
+running the configuration script (config3270.sh, in this directory).
+
+WARNING: If you are using 3270 console support, you must rerun the
+configuration script every time you change the console's address (perhaps
+by using the condev= parameter in silo's /boot/parmfile). More precisely,
+you should rerun the configuration script every time your set of 3270s,
+including the console 3270, changes subchannel identifier relative to
+one another. ReIPL as soon as possible after running the configuration
+script and the resulting /tmp/mkdev3270.
+
+If you have chosen to make tub3270 a module, you add a line to
+/etc/modprobe.conf. If you are working on a VM virtual machine, you
+can use DEF GRAF to define virtual 3270 devices.
+
+You may generate both 3270 and 3215 console support, or one or the
+other, or neither. If you generate both, the console type under VM is
+not changed. Use #CP Q TERM to see what the current console type is.
+Use #CP TERM CONMODE 3270 to change it to 3270. If you generate only
+3270 console support, then the driver automatically converts your console
+at boot time to a 3270 if it is a 3215.
+
+In brief, these are the steps:
+ 1. Install the tub3270 patch
+ 2. (If a module) add a line to /etc/modprobe.conf
+ 3. (If VM) define devices with DEF GRAF
+ 4. Reboot
+ 5. Configure
+
+To test that everything works, assuming VM and x3270,
+ 1. Bring up an x3270 window.
+ 2. Use the DIAL command in that window.
+ 3. You should immediately see a Linux login screen.
+
+Here are the installation steps in detail:
+
+ 1. The 3270 driver is a part of the official Linux kernel
+ source. Build a tree with the kernel source and any necessary
+ patches. Then do
+ make oldconfig
+ (If you wish to disable 3215 console support, edit
+ .config; change CONFIG_TN3215's value to "n";
+ and rerun "make oldconfig".)
+ make image
+ make modules
+ make modules_install
+
+ 2. (Perform this step only if you have configured tub3270 as a
+ module.) Add a line to /etc/modprobe.conf to automatically
+ load the driver when it's needed. With this line added,
+ you will see login prompts appear on your 3270s as soon as
+ boot is complete (or with emulated 3270s, as soon as you dial
+ into your vm guest using the command "DIAL <vmguestname>").
+ Since the line-mode major number is 227, the line to add to
+ /etc/modprobe.conf should be:
+ alias char-major-227 tub3270
+
+ 3. Define graphic devices to your vm guest machine, if you
+ haven't already. Define them before you reboot (reipl):
+ DEFINE GRAF 620
+ DEFINE GRAF 621
+ DEFINE GRAF 622
+ DEFINE GRAF 623
+
+ 4. Reboot. The reboot process scans hardware devices, including
+ 3270s, and this enables the tub3270 driver once loaded to respond
+ correctly to the configuration requests of the next step. If
+ you have chosen 3270 console support, your console now behaves
+ as a 3270, not a 3215.
+
+ 5. Run the 3270 configuration script config3270. It is
+ distributed in this same directory, Documentation/s390, as
+ config3270.sh. Inspect the output script it produces,
+ /tmp/mkdev3270, and then run that script. This will create the
+ necessary character special device files and make the necessary
+ changes to /etc/inittab. If you have selected DEVFS, the driver
+ itself creates the device files, and /tmp/mkdev3270 only changes
+ /etc/inittab.
+
+ Then notify /sbin/init that /etc/inittab has changed, by issuing
+ the telinit command with the q operand:
+ cd Documentation/s390
+ sh config3270.sh
+ sh /tmp/mkdev3270
+ telinit q
+
+ This should be sufficient for your first time. If your 3270
+ configuration has changed and you're reusing config3270, you
+ should follow these steps:
+ Change 3270 configuration
+ Reboot
+ Run config3270 and /tmp/mkdev3270
+ Reboot
+
+Here are the testing steps in detail:
+
+ 1. Bring up an x3270 window, or use an actual hardware 3278 or
+ 3279, or use the 3270 emulator of your choice. You would be
+ running the emulator on your PC or workstation. You would use
+ the command, for example,
+ x3270 vm-esa-domain-name &
+ if you wanted a 3278 Model 4 with 43 rows of 80 columns, the
+ default model number. The driver does not take advantage of
+ extended attributes.
+
+ The screen you should now see contains a VM logo with input
+ lines near the bottom. Use TAB to move to the bottom line,
+ probably labeled "COMMAND ===>".
+
+ 2. Use the DIAL command instead of the LOGIN command to connect
+ to one of the virtual 3270s you defined with the DEF GRAF
+ commands:
+ dial my-vm-guest-name
+
+ 3. You should immediately see a login prompt from your
+ Linux-390 operating system. If that does not happen, you would
+ see instead the line "DIALED TO my-vm-guest-name 0620".
+
+ To troubleshoot: do these things.
+
+ A. Is the driver loaded? Use the lsmod command (no operands)
+ to find out. Probably it isn't. Try loading it manually, with
+ the command "insmod tub3270". Does that command give error
+ messages? Ha! There's your problem.
+
+ B. Is the /etc/inittab file modified as in installation step 3
+ above? Use the grep command to find out; for instance, issue
+ "grep 3270 /etc/inittab". Nothing found? There's your
+ problem!
+
+ C. Are the device special files created, as in installation
+ step 2 above? Use the ls -l command to find out; for instance,
+ issue "ls -l /dev/3270/tty620". The output should start with the
+ letter "c" meaning character device and should contain "227, 1"
+ just to the left of the device name. No such file? no "c"?
+ Wrong major number? Wrong minor number? There's your
+ problem!
+
+ D. Do you get the message
+ "HCPDIA047E my-vm-guest-name 0620 does not exist"?
+ If so, you must issue the command "DEF GRAF 620" from your VM
+ 3215 console and then reboot the system.
+
+
+
+OPERATION.
+
+The driver defines three areas on the 3270 screen: the log area, the
+input area, and the status area.
+
+The log area takes up all but the bottom two lines of the screen. The
+driver writes terminal output to it, starting at the top line and going
+down. When it fills, the status area changes from "Linux Running" to
+"Linux More...". After a scrolling timeout of (default) 5 sec, the
+screen clears and more output is written, from the top down.
+
+The input area extends from the beginning of the second-to-last screen
+line to the start of the status area. You type commands in this area
+and hit ENTER to execute them.
+
+The status area initializes to "Linux Running" to give you a warm
+fuzzy feeling. When the log area fills up and output awaits, it
+changes to "Linux More...". At this time you can do several things or
+nothing. If you do nothing, the screen will clear in (default) 5 sec
+and more output will appear. You may hit ENTER with nothing typed in
+the input area to toggle between "Linux More..." and "Linux Holding",
+which indicates no scrolling will occur. (If you hit ENTER with "Linux
+Running" and nothing typed, the application receives a newline.)
+
+You may change the scrolling timeout value. For example, the following
+command line:
+ echo scrolltime=60 > /proc/tty/driver/tty3270
+changes the scrolling timeout value to 60 sec. Set scrolltime to 0 if
+you wish to prevent scrolling entirely.
+
+Other things you may do when the log area fills up are: hit PA2 to
+clear the log area and write more output to it, or hit CLEAR to clear
+the log area and the input area and write more output to the log area.
+
+Some of the Program Function (PF) and Program Attention (PA) keys are
+preassigned special functions. The ones that are not yield an alarm
+when pressed.
+
+PA1 causes a SIGINT to the currently running application. You may do
+the same thing from the input area, by typing "^C" and hitting ENTER.
+
+PA2 causes the log area to be cleared. If output awaits, it is then
+written to the log area.
+
+PF3 causes an EOF to be received as input by the application. You may
+cause an EOF also by typing "^D" and hitting ENTER.
+
+No PF key is preassigned to cause a job suspension, but you may cause a
+job suspension by typing "^Z" and hitting ENTER. You may wish to
+assign this function to a PF key. To make PF7 cause job suspension,
+execute the command:
+ echo pf7=^z > /proc/tty/driver/tty3270
+
+If the input you type does not end with the two characters "^n", the
+driver appends a newline character and sends it to the tty driver;
+otherwise the driver strips the "^n" and does not append a newline.
+The IBM 3215 driver behaves similarly.
+
+Pf10 causes the most recent command to be retrieved from the tube's
+command stack (default depth 20) and displayed in the input area. You
+may hit PF10 again for the next-most-recent command, and so on. A
+command is entered into the stack only when the input area is not made
+invisible (such as for password entry) and it is not identical to the
+current top entry. PF10 rotates backward through the command stack;
+PF11 rotates forward. You may assign the backward function to any PF
+key (or PA key, for that matter), say, PA3, with the command:
+ echo -e pa3=\\033k > /proc/tty/driver/tty3270
+This assigns the string ESC-k to PA3. Similarly, the string ESC-j
+performs the forward function. (Rationale: In bash with vi-mode line
+editing, ESC-k and ESC-j retrieve backward and forward history.
+Suggestions welcome.)
+
+Is a stack size of twenty commands not to your liking? Change it on
+the fly. To change to saving the last 100 commands, execute the
+command:
+ echo recallsize=100 > /proc/tty/driver/tty3270
+
+Have a command you issue frequently? Assign it to a PF or PA key! Use
+the command
+ echo pf24="mkdir foobar; cd foobar" > /proc/tty/driver/tty3270
+to execute the commands mkdir foobar and cd foobar immediately when you
+hit PF24. Want to see the command line first, before you execute it?
+Use the -n option of the echo command:
+ echo -n pf24="mkdir foo; cd foo" > /proc/tty/driver/tty3270
+
+
+
+Happy testing! I welcome any and all comments about this document, the
+driver, etc etc.
+
+Dick Hitt <rbh00@utsglobal.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/CommonIO b/Documentation/s390/CommonIO
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a831d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/CommonIO
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+S/390 common I/O-Layer - command line parameters and /proc entries
+==================================================================
+
+Command line parameters
+-----------------------
+
+* cio_msg = yes | no
+
+ Determines whether information on found devices and sensed device
+ characteristics should be shown during startup, i. e. messages of the types
+ "Detected device 0.0.4711 on subchannel 0.0.0042" and "SenseID: Device
+ 0.0.4711 reports: ...".
+
+ Default is off.
+
+
+* cio_ignore = {all} |
+ {<device> | <range of devices>} |
+ {!<device> | !<range of devices>}
+
+ The given devices will be ignored by the common I/O-layer; no detection
+ and device sensing will be done on any of those devices. The subchannel to
+ which the device in question is attached will be treated as if no device was
+ attached.
+
+ An ignored device can be un-ignored later; see the "/proc entries"-section for
+ details.
+
+ The devices must be given either as bus ids (0.0.abcd) or as hexadecimal
+ device numbers (0xabcd or abcd, for 2.4 backward compatibility).
+ You can use the 'all' keyword to ignore all devices.
+ The '!' operator will cause the I/O-layer to _not_ ignore a device.
+ The order on the command line is not important.
+
+ For example,
+ cio_ignore=0.0.0023-0.0.0042,0.0.4711
+ will ignore all devices ranging from 0.0.0023 to 0.0.0042 and the device
+ 0.0.4711, if detected.
+ As another example,
+ cio_ignore=all,!0.0.4711,!0.0.fd00-0.0.fd02
+ will ignore all devices but 0.0.4711, 0.0.fd00, 0.0.fd01, 0.0.fd02.
+
+ By default, no devices are ignored.
+
+
+/proc entries
+-------------
+
+* /proc/cio_ignore
+
+ Lists the ranges of devices (by bus id) which are ignored by common I/O.
+
+ You can un-ignore certain or all devices by piping to /proc/cio_ignore.
+ "free all" will un-ignore all ignored devices,
+ "free <device range>, <device range>, ..." will un-ignore the specified
+ devices.
+
+ For example, if devices 0.0.0023 to 0.0.0042 and 0.0.4711 are ignored,
+ - echo free 0.0.0030-0.0.0032 > /proc/cio_ignore
+ will un-ignore devices 0.0.0030 to 0.0.0032 and will leave devices 0.0.0023
+ to 0.0.002f, 0.0.0033 to 0.0.0042 and 0.0.4711 ignored;
+ - echo free 0.0.0041 > /proc/cio_ignore will furthermore un-ignore device
+ 0.0.0041;
+ - echo free all > /proc/cio_ignore will un-ignore all remaining ignored
+ devices.
+
+ When a device is un-ignored, device recognition and sensing is performed and
+ the device driver will be notified if possible, so the device will become
+ available to the system.
+
+ You can also add ranges of devices to be ignored by piping to
+ /proc/cio_ignore; "add <device range>, <device range>, ..." will ignore the
+ specified devices.
+
+ Note: Already known devices cannot be ignored.
+
+ For example, if device 0.0.abcd is already known and all other devices
+ 0.0.a000-0.0.afff are not known,
+ "echo add 0.0.a000-0.0.accc, 0.0.af00-0.0.afff > /proc/cio_ignore"
+ will add 0.0.a000-0.0.abcc, 0.0.abce-0.0.accc and 0.0.af00-0.0.afff to the
+ list of ignored devices and skip 0.0.abcd.
+
+ The devices can be specified either by bus id (0.0.abcd) or, for 2.4 backward
+ compatibilty, by the device number in hexadecimal (0xabcd or abcd).
+
+
+* /proc/s390dbf/cio_*/ (S/390 debug feature)
+
+ Some views generated by the debug feature to hold various debug outputs.
+
+ - /proc/s390dbf/cio_crw/sprintf
+ Messages from the processing of pending channel report words (machine check
+ handling), which will also show when CONFIG_DEBUG_CRW is defined.
+
+ - /proc/s390dbf/cio_msg/sprintf
+ Various debug messages from the common I/O-layer; generally, messages which
+ will also show when CONFIG_DEBUG_IO is defined.
+
+ - /proc/s390dbf/cio_trace/hex_ascii
+ Logs the calling of functions in the common I/O-layer and, if applicable,
+ which subchannel they were called for.
+
+ The level of logging can be changed to be more or less verbose by piping to
+ /proc/s390dbf/cio_*/level a number between 0 and 6; see the documentation on
+ the S/390 debug feature (Documentation/s390/s390dbf.txt) for details.
+
+* For some of the information present in the /proc filesystem in 2.4 (namely,
+ /proc/subchannels and /proc/chpids), see driver-model.txt.
+ Information formerly in /proc/irq_count is now in /proc/interrupts.
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/DASD b/Documentation/s390/DASD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9963f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/DASD
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+DASD device driver
+
+S/390's disk devices (DASDs) are managed by Linux via the DASD device
+driver. It is valid for all types of DASDs and represents them to
+Linux as block devices, namely "dd". Currently the DASD driver uses a
+single major number (254) and 4 minor numbers per volume (1 for the
+physical volume and 3 for partitions). With respect to partitions see
+below. Thus you may have up to 64 DASD devices in your system.
+
+The kernel parameter 'dasd=from-to,...' may be issued arbitrary times
+in the kernel's parameter line or not at all. The 'from' and 'to'
+parameters are to be given in hexadecimal notation without a leading
+0x.
+If you supply kernel parameters the different instances are processed
+in order of appearance and a minor number is reserved for any device
+covered by the supplied range up to 64 volumes. Additional DASDs are
+ignored. If you do not supply the 'dasd=' kernel parameter at all, the
+DASD driver registers all supported DASDs of your system to a minor
+number in ascending order of the subchannel number.
+
+The driver currently supports ECKD-devices and there are stubs for
+support of the FBA and CKD architectures. For the FBA architecture
+only some smart data structures are missing to make the support
+complete.
+We performed our testing on 3380 and 3390 type disks of different
+sizes, under VM and on the bare hardware (LPAR), using internal disks
+of the multiprise as well as a RAMAC virtual array. Disks exported by
+an Enterprise Storage Server (Seascape) should work fine as well.
+
+We currently implement one partition per volume, which is the whole
+volume, skipping the first blocks up to the volume label. These are
+reserved for IPL records and IBM's volume label to assure
+accessibility of the DASD from other OSs. In a later stage we will
+provide support of partitions, maybe VTOC oriented or using a kind of
+partition table in the label record.
+
+USAGE
+
+-Low-level format (?CKD only)
+For using an ECKD-DASD as a Linux harddisk you have to low-level
+format the tracks by issuing the BLKDASDFORMAT-ioctl on that
+device. This will erase any data on that volume including IBM volume
+labels, VTOCs etc. The ioctl may take a 'struct format_data *' or
+'NULL' as an argument.
+typedef struct {
+ int start_unit;
+ int stop_unit;
+ int blksize;
+} format_data_t;
+When a NULL argument is passed to the BLKDASDFORMAT ioctl the whole
+disk is formatted to a blocksize of 1024 bytes. Otherwise start_unit
+and stop_unit are the first and last track to be formatted. If
+stop_unit is -1 it implies that the DASD is formatted from start_unit
+up to the last track. blksize can be any power of two between 512 and
+4096. We recommend no blksize lower than 1024 because the ext2fs uses
+1kB blocks anyway and you gain approx. 50% of capacity increasing your
+blksize from 512 byte to 1kB.
+
+-Make a filesystem
+Then you can mk??fs the filesystem of your choice on that volume or
+partition. For reasons of sanity you should build your filesystem on
+the partition /dev/dd?1 instead of the whole volume. You only lose 3kB
+but may be sure that you can reuse your data after introduction of a
+real partition table.
+
+BUGS:
+- Performance sometimes is rather low because we don't fully exploit clustering
+
+TODO-List:
+- Add IBM'S Disk layout to genhd
+- Enhance driver to use more than one major number
+- Enable usage as a module
+- Support Cache fast write and DASD fast write (ECKD)
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/Debugging390.txt b/Documentation/s390/Debugging390.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adbfe62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/Debugging390.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2536 @@
+
+ Debugging on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
+ by
+ Denis Joseph Barrow (djbarrow@de.ibm.com,barrow_dj@yahoo.com)
+ Copyright (C) 2000-2001 IBM Deutschland Entwicklung GmbH, IBM Corporation
+ Best viewed with fixed width fonts
+
+Overview of Document:
+=====================
+This document is intended to give an good overview of how to debug
+Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture it isn't intended as a complete reference & not a
+tutorial on the fundamentals of C & assembly, it dosen't go into
+390 IO in any detail. It is intended to complement the documents in the
+reference section below & any other worthwhile references you get.
+
+It is intended like the Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Reference Summary
+to be printed out & used as a quick cheat sheet self help style reference when
+problems occur.
+
+Contents
+========
+Register Set
+Address Spaces on Intel Linux
+Address Spaces on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
+The Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture Kernel Task Structure
+Register Usage & Stackframes on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
+A sample program with comments
+Compiling programs for debugging on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
+Figuring out gcc compile errors
+Debugging Tools
+objdump
+strace
+Performance Debugging
+Debugging under VM
+s/390 & z/Architecture IO Overview
+Debugging IO on s/390 & z/Architecture under VM
+GDB on s/390 & z/Architecture
+Stack chaining in gdb by hand
+Examining core dumps
+ldd
+Debugging modules
+The proc file system
+Starting points for debugging scripting languages etc.
+Dumptool & Lcrash
+SysRq
+References
+Special Thanks
+
+Register Set
+============
+The current architectures have the following registers.
+
+16 General propose registers, 32 bit on s/390 64 bit on z/Architecture, r0-r15 or gpr0-gpr15 used for arithmetic & addressing.
+
+16 Control registers, 32 bit on s/390 64 bit on z/Architecture, ( cr0-cr15 kernel usage only ) used for memory management,
+interrupt control,debugging control etc.
+
+16 Access registers ( ar0-ar15 ) 32 bit on s/390 & z/Architecture
+not used by normal programs but potentially could
+be used as temporary storage. Their main purpose is their 1 to 1
+association with general purpose registers and are used in
+the kernel for copying data between kernel & user address spaces.
+Access register 0 ( & access register 1 on z/Architecture ( needs 64 bit
+pointer ) ) is currently used by the pthread library as a pointer to
+the current running threads private area.
+
+16 64 bit floating point registers (fp0-fp15 ) IEEE & HFP floating
+point format compliant on G5 upwards & a Floating point control reg (FPC)
+4 64 bit registers (fp0,fp2,fp4 & fp6) HFP only on older machines.
+Note:
+Linux (currently) always uses IEEE & emulates G5 IEEE format on older machines,
+( provided the kernel is configured for this ).
+
+
+The PSW is the most important register on the machine it
+is 64 bit on s/390 & 128 bit on z/Architecture & serves the roles of
+a program counter (pc), condition code register,memory space designator.
+In IBM standard notation I am counting bit 0 as the MSB.
+It has several advantages over a normal program counter
+in that you can change address translation & program counter
+in a single instruction. To change address translation,
+e.g. switching address translation off requires that you
+have a logical=physical mapping for the address you are
+currently running at.
+
+ Bit Value
+s/390 z/Architecture
+0 0 Reserved ( must be 0 ) otherwise specification exception occurs.
+
+1 1 Program Event Recording 1 PER enabled,
+ PER is used to facilititate debugging e.g. single stepping.
+
+2-4 2-4 Reserved ( must be 0 ).
+
+5 5 Dynamic address translation 1=DAT on.
+
+6 6 Input/Output interrupt Mask
+
+7 7 External interrupt Mask used primarily for interprocessor signalling &
+ clock interrupts.
+
+8-11 8-11 PSW Key used for complex memory protection mechanism not used under linux
+
+12 12 1 on s/390 0 on z/Architecture
+
+13 13 Machine Check Mask 1=enable machine check interrupts
+
+14 14 Wait State set this to 1 to stop the processor except for interrupts & give
+ time to other LPARS used in CPU idle in the kernel to increase overall
+ usage of processor resources.
+
+15 15 Problem state ( if set to 1 certain instructions are disabled )
+ all linux user programs run with this bit 1
+ ( useful info for debugging under VM ).
+
+16-17 16-17 Address Space Control
+
+ 00 Primary Space Mode when DAT on
+ The linux kernel currently runs in this mode, CR1 is affiliated with
+ this mode & points to the primary segment table origin etc.
+
+ 01 Access register mode this mode is used in functions to
+ copy data between kernel & user space.
+
+ 10 Secondary space mode not used in linux however CR7 the
+ register affiliated with this mode is & this & normally
+ CR13=CR7 to allow us to copy data between kernel & user space.
+ We do this as follows:
+ We set ar2 to 0 to designate its
+ affiliated gpr ( gpr2 )to point to primary=kernel space.
+ We set ar4 to 1 to designate its
+ affiliated gpr ( gpr4 ) to point to secondary=home=user space
+ & then essentially do a memcopy(gpr2,gpr4,size) to
+ copy data between the address spaces, the reason we use home space for the
+ kernel & don't keep secondary space free is that code will not run in
+ secondary space.
+
+ 11 Home Space Mode all user programs run in this mode.
+ it is affiliated with CR13.
+
+18-19 18-19 Condition codes (CC)
+
+20 20 Fixed point overflow mask if 1=FPU exceptions for this event
+ occur ( normally 0 )
+
+21 21 Decimal overflow mask if 1=FPU exceptions for this event occur
+ ( normally 0 )
+
+22 22 Exponent underflow mask if 1=FPU exceptions for this event occur
+ ( normally 0 )
+
+23 23 Significance Mask if 1=FPU exceptions for this event occur
+ ( normally 0 )
+
+24-31 24-30 Reserved Must be 0.
+
+ 31 Extended Addressing Mode
+ 32 Basic Addressing Mode
+ Used to set addressing mode
+ PSW 31 PSW 32
+ 0 0 24 bit
+ 0 1 31 bit
+ 1 1 64 bit
+
+32 1=31 bit addressing mode 0=24 bit addressing mode (for backward
+ compatibility ), linux always runs with this bit set to 1
+
+33-64 Instruction address.
+ 33-63 Reserved must be 0
+ 64-127 Address
+ In 24 bits mode bits 64-103=0 bits 104-127 Address
+ In 31 bits mode bits 64-96=0 bits 97-127 Address
+ Note: unlike 31 bit mode on s/390 bit 96 must be zero
+ when loading the address with LPSWE otherwise a
+ specification exception occurs, LPSW is fully backward
+ compatible.
+
+
+Prefix Page(s)
+--------------
+This per cpu memory area is too intimately tied to the processor not to mention.
+It exists between the real addresses 0-4096 on s/390 & 0-8192 z/Architecture & is exchanged
+with a 1 page on s/390 or 2 pages on z/Architecture in absolute storage by the set
+prefix instruction in linux'es startup.
+This page is mapped to a different prefix for each processor in an SMP configuration
+( assuming the os designer is sane of course :-) ).
+Bytes 0-512 ( 200 hex ) on s/390 & 0-512,4096-4544,4604-5119 currently on z/Architecture
+are used by the processor itself for holding such information as exception indications &
+entry points for exceptions.
+Bytes after 0xc00 hex are used by linux for per processor globals on s/390 & z/Architecture
+( there is a gap on z/Architecure too currently between 0xc00 & 1000 which linux uses ).
+The closest thing to this on traditional architectures is the interrupt
+vector table. This is a good thing & does simplify some of the kernel coding
+however it means that we now cannot catch stray NULL pointers in the
+kernel without hard coded checks.
+
+
+
+Address Spaces on Intel Linux
+=============================
+
+The traditional Intel Linux is approximately mapped as follows forgive
+the ascii art.
+0xFFFFFFFF 4GB Himem *****************
+ * *
+ * Kernel Space *
+ * *
+ ***************** ****************
+User Space Himem (typically 0xC0000000 3GB )* User Stack * * *
+ ***************** * *
+ * Shared Libs * * Next Process *
+ ***************** * to *
+ * * <== * Run * <==
+ * User Program * * *
+ * Data BSS * * *
+ * Text * * *
+ * Sections * * *
+0x00000000 ***************** ****************
+
+Now it is easy to see that on Intel it is quite easy to recognise a kernel address
+as being one greater than user space himem ( in this case 0xC0000000).
+& addresses of less than this are the ones in the current running program on this
+processor ( if an smp box ).
+If using the virtual machine ( VM ) as a debugger it is quite difficult to
+know which user process is running as the address space you are looking at
+could be from any process in the run queue.
+
+The limitation of Intels addressing technique is that the linux
+kernel uses a very simple real address to virtual addressing technique
+of Real Address=Virtual Address-User Space Himem.
+This means that on Intel the kernel linux can typically only address
+Himem=0xFFFFFFFF-0xC0000000=1GB & this is all the RAM these machines
+can typically use.
+They can lower User Himem to 2GB or lower & thus be
+able to use 2GB of RAM however this shrinks the maximum size
+of User Space from 3GB to 2GB they have a no win limit of 4GB unless
+they go to 64 Bit.
+
+
+On 390 our limitations & strengths make us slightly different.
+For backward compatibility we are only allowed use 31 bits (2GB)
+of our 32 bit addresses,however, we use entirely separate address
+spaces for the user & kernel.
+
+This means we can support 2GB of non Extended RAM on s/390, & more
+with the Extended memory management swap device &
+currently 4TB of physical memory currently on z/Architecture.
+
+
+Address Spaces on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
+==================================================
+
+Our addressing scheme is as follows
+
+
+Himem 0x7fffffff 2GB on s/390 ***************** ****************
+currently 0x3ffffffffff (2^42)-1 * User Stack * * *
+on z/Architecture. ***************** * *
+ * Shared Libs * * *
+ ***************** * *
+ * * * Kernel *
+ * User Program * * *
+ * Data BSS * * *
+ * Text * * *
+ * Sections * * *
+0x00000000 ***************** ****************
+
+This also means that we need to look at the PSW problem state bit
+or the addressing mode to decide whether we are looking at
+user or kernel space.
+
+Virtual Addresses on s/390 & z/Architecture
+===========================================
+
+A virtual address on s/390 is made up of 3 parts
+The SX ( segment index, roughly corresponding to the PGD & PMD in linux terminology )
+being bits 1-11.
+The PX ( page index, corresponding to the page table entry (pte) in linux terminology )
+being bits 12-19.
+The remaining bits BX (the byte index are the offset in the page )
+i.e. bits 20 to 31.
+
+On z/Architecture in linux we currently make up an address from 4 parts.
+The region index bits (RX) 0-32 we currently use bits 22-32
+The segment index (SX) being bits 33-43
+The page index (PX) being bits 44-51
+The byte index (BX) being bits 52-63
+
+Notes:
+1) s/390 has no PMD so the PMD is really the PGD also.
+A lot of this stuff is defined in pgtable.h.
+
+2) Also seeing as s/390's page indexes are only 1k in size
+(bits 12-19 x 4 bytes per pte ) we use 1 ( page 4k )
+to make the best use of memory by updating 4 segment indices
+entries each time we mess with a PMD & use offsets
+0,1024,2048 & 3072 in this page as for our segment indexes.
+On z/Architecture our page indexes are now 2k in size
+( bits 12-19 x 8 bytes per pte ) we do a similar trick
+but only mess with 2 segment indices each time we mess with
+a PMD.
+
+3) As z/Architecture supports upto a massive 5-level page table lookup we
+can only use 3 currently on Linux ( as this is all the generic kernel
+currently supports ) however this may change in future
+this allows us to access ( according to my sums )
+4TB of virtual storage per process i.e.
+4096*512(PTES)*1024(PMDS)*2048(PGD) = 4398046511104 bytes,
+enough for another 2 or 3 of years I think :-).
+to do this we use a region-third-table designation type in
+our address space control registers.
+
+
+The Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture Kernel Task Structure
+==========================================================
+Each process/thread under Linux for S390 has its own kernel task_struct
+defined in linux/include/linux/sched.h
+The S390 on initialisation & resuming of a process on a cpu sets
+the __LC_KERNEL_STACK variable in the spare prefix area for this cpu
+( which we use for per processor globals).
+
+The kernel stack pointer is intimately tied with the task stucture for
+each processor as follows.
+
+ s/390
+ ************************
+ * 1 page kernel stack *
+ * ( 4K ) *
+ ************************
+ * 1 page task_struct *
+ * ( 4K ) *
+8K aligned ************************
+
+ z/Architecture
+ ************************
+ * 2 page kernel stack *
+ * ( 8K ) *
+ ************************
+ * 2 page task_struct *
+ * ( 8K ) *
+16K aligned ************************
+
+What this means is that we don't need to dedicate any register or global variable
+to point to the current running process & can retrieve it with the following
+very simple construct for s/390 & one very similar for z/Architecture.
+
+static inline struct task_struct * get_current(void)
+{
+ struct task_struct *current;
+ __asm__("lhi %0,-8192\n\t"
+ "nr %0,15"
+ : "=r" (current) );
+ return current;
+}
+
+i.e. just anding the current kernel stack pointer with the mask -8192.
+Thankfully because Linux dosen't have support for nested IO interrupts
+& our devices have large buffers can survive interrupts being shut for
+short amounts of time we don't need a separate stack for interrupts.
+
+
+
+
+Register Usage & Stackframes on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
+=================================================================
+Overview:
+---------
+This is the code that gcc produces at the top & the bottom of
+each function, it usually is fairly consistent & similar from
+function to function & if you know its layout you can probalby
+make some headway in finding the ultimate cause of a problem
+after a crash without a source level debugger.
+
+Note: To follow stackframes requires a knowledge of C or Pascal &
+limited knowledge of one assembly language.
+
+It should be noted that there are some differences between the
+s/390 & z/Architecture stack layouts as the z/Architecture stack layout didn't have
+to maintain compatibility with older linkage formats.
+
+Glossary:
+---------
+alloca:
+This is a built in compiler function for runtime allocation
+of extra space on the callers stack which is obviously freed
+up on function exit ( e.g. the caller may choose to allocate nothing
+of a buffer of 4k if required for temporary purposes ), it generates
+very efficient code ( a few cycles ) when compared to alternatives
+like malloc.
+
+automatics: These are local variables on the stack,
+i.e they aren't in registers & they aren't static.
+
+back-chain:
+This is a pointer to the stack pointer before entering a
+framed functions ( see frameless function ) prologue got by
+deferencing the address of the current stack pointer,
+ i.e. got by accessing the 32 bit value at the stack pointers
+current location.
+
+base-pointer:
+This is a pointer to the back of the literal pool which
+is an area just behind each procedure used to store constants
+in each function.
+
+call-clobbered: The caller probably needs to save these registers if there
+is something of value in them, on the stack or elsewhere before making a
+call to another procedure so that it can restore it later.
+
+epilogue:
+The code generated by the compiler to return to the caller.
+
+frameless-function
+A frameless function in Linux for s390 & z/Architecture is one which doesn't
+need more than the register save area ( 96 bytes on s/390, 160 on z/Architecture )
+given to it by the caller.
+A frameless function never:
+1) Sets up a back chain.
+2) Calls alloca.
+3) Calls other normal functions
+4) Has automatics.
+
+GOT-pointer:
+This is a pointer to the global-offset-table in ELF
+( Executable Linkable Format, Linux'es most common executable format ),
+all globals & shared library objects are found using this pointer.
+
+lazy-binding
+ELF shared libraries are typically only loaded when routines in the shared
+library are actually first called at runtime. This is lazy binding.
+
+procedure-linkage-table
+This is a table found from the GOT which contains pointers to routines
+in other shared libraries which can't be called to by easier means.
+
+prologue:
+The code generated by the compiler to set up the stack frame.
+
+outgoing-args:
+This is extra area allocated on the stack of the calling function if the
+parameters for the callee's cannot all be put in registers, the same
+area can be reused by each function the caller calls.
+
+routine-descriptor:
+A COFF executable format based concept of a procedure reference
+actually being 8 bytes or more as opposed to a simple pointer to the routine.
+This is typically defined as follows
+Routine Descriptor offset 0=Pointer to Function
+Routine Descriptor offset 4=Pointer to Table of Contents
+The table of contents/TOC is roughly equivalent to a GOT pointer.
+& it means that shared libraries etc. can be shared between several
+environments each with their own TOC.
+
+
+static-chain: This is used in nested functions a concept adopted from pascal
+by gcc not used in ansi C or C++ ( although quite useful ), basically it
+is a pointer used to reference local variables of enclosing functions.
+You might come across this stuff once or twice in your lifetime.
+
+e.g.
+The function below should return 11 though gcc may get upset & toss warnings
+about unused variables.
+int FunctionA(int a)
+{
+ int b;
+ FunctionC(int c)
+ {
+ b=c+1;
+ }
+ FunctionC(10);
+ return(b);
+}
+
+
+s/390 & z/Architecture Register usage
+=====================================
+r0 used by syscalls/assembly call-clobbered
+r1 used by syscalls/assembly call-clobbered
+r2 argument 0 / return value 0 call-clobbered
+r3 argument 1 / return value 1 (if long long) call-clobbered
+r4 argument 2 call-clobbered
+r5 argument 3 call-clobbered
+r6 argument 5 saved
+r7 pointer-to arguments 5 to ... saved
+r8 this & that saved
+r9 this & that saved
+r10 static-chain ( if nested function ) saved
+r11 frame-pointer ( if function used alloca ) saved
+r12 got-pointer saved
+r13 base-pointer saved
+r14 return-address saved
+r15 stack-pointer saved
+
+f0 argument 0 / return value ( float/double ) call-clobbered
+f2 argument 1 call-clobbered
+f4 z/Architecture argument 2 saved
+f6 z/Architecture argument 3 saved
+The remaining floating points
+f1,f3,f5 f7-f15 are call-clobbered.
+
+Notes:
+------
+1) The only requirement is that registers which are used
+by the callee are saved, e.g. the compiler is perfectly
+capible of using r11 for purposes other than a frame a
+frame pointer if a frame pointer is not needed.
+2) In functions with variable arguments e.g. printf the calling procedure
+is identical to one without variable arguments & the same number of
+parameters. However, the prologue of this function is somewhat more
+hairy owing to it having to move these parameters to the stack to
+get va_start, va_arg & va_end to work.
+3) Access registers are currently unused by gcc but are used in
+the kernel. Possibilities exist to use them at the moment for
+temporary storage but it isn't recommended.
+4) Only 4 of the floating point registers are used for
+parameter passing as older machines such as G3 only have only 4
+& it keeps the stack frame compatible with other compilers.
+However with IEEE floating point emulation under linux on the
+older machines you are free to use the other 12.
+5) A long long or double parameter cannot be have the
+first 4 bytes in a register & the second four bytes in the
+outgoing args area. It must be purely in the outgoing args
+area if crossing this boundary.
+6) Floating point parameters are mixed with outgoing args
+on the outgoing args area in the order the are passed in as parameters.
+7) Floating point arguments 2 & 3 are saved in the outgoing args area for
+z/Architecture
+
+
+Stack Frame Layout
+------------------
+s/390 z/Architecture
+0 0 back chain ( a 0 here signifies end of back chain )
+4 8 eos ( end of stack, not used on Linux for S390 used in other linkage formats )
+8 16 glue used in other s/390 linkage formats for saved routine descriptors etc.
+12 24 glue used in other s/390 linkage formats for saved routine descriptors etc.
+16 32 scratch area
+20 40 scratch area
+24 48 saved r6 of caller function
+28 56 saved r7 of caller function
+32 64 saved r8 of caller function
+36 72 saved r9 of caller function
+40 80 saved r10 of caller function
+44 88 saved r11 of caller function
+48 96 saved r12 of caller function
+52 104 saved r13 of caller function
+56 112 saved r14 of caller function
+60 120 saved r15 of caller function
+64 128 saved f4 of caller function
+72 132 saved f6 of caller function
+80 undefined
+96 160 outgoing args passed from caller to callee
+96+x 160+x possible stack alignment ( 8 bytes desirable )
+96+x+y 160+x+y alloca space of caller ( if used )
+96+x+y+z 160+x+y+z automatics of caller ( if used )
+0 back-chain
+
+A sample program with comments.
+===============================
+
+Comments on the function test
+-----------------------------
+1) It didn't need to set up a pointer to the constant pool gpr13 as it isn't used
+( :-( ).
+2) This is a frameless function & no stack is bought.
+3) The compiler was clever enough to recognise that it could return the
+value in r2 as well as use it for the passed in parameter ( :-) ).
+4) The basr ( branch relative & save ) trick works as follows the instruction
+has a special case with r0,r0 with some instruction operands is understood as
+the literal value 0, some risc architectures also do this ). So now
+we are branching to the next address & the address new program counter is
+in r13,so now we subtract the size of the function prologue we have executed
++ the size of the literal pool to get to the top of the literal pool
+0040037c int test(int b)
+{ # Function prologue below
+ 40037c: 90 de f0 34 stm %r13,%r14,52(%r15) # Save registers r13 & r14
+ 400380: 0d d0 basr %r13,%r0 # Set up pointer to constant pool using
+ 400382: a7 da ff fa ahi %r13,-6 # basr trick
+ return(5+b);
+ # Huge main program
+ 400386: a7 2a 00 05 ahi %r2,5 # add 5 to r2
+
+ # Function epilogue below
+ 40038a: 98 de f0 34 lm %r13,%r14,52(%r15) # restore registers r13 & 14
+ 40038e: 07 fe br %r14 # return
+}
+
+Comments on the function main
+-----------------------------
+1) The compiler did this function optimally ( 8-) )
+
+Literal pool for main.
+400390: ff ff ff ec .long 0xffffffec
+main(int argc,char *argv[])
+{ # Function prologue below
+ 400394: 90 bf f0 2c stm %r11,%r15,44(%r15) # Save necessary registers
+ 400398: 18 0f lr %r0,%r15 # copy stack pointer to r0
+ 40039a: a7 fa ff a0 ahi %r15,-96 # Make area for callee saving
+ 40039e: 0d d0 basr %r13,%r0 # Set up r13 to point to
+ 4003a0: a7 da ff f0 ahi %r13,-16 # literal pool
+ 4003a4: 50 00 f0 00 st %r0,0(%r15) # Save backchain
+
+ return(test(5)); # Main Program Below
+ 4003a8: 58 e0 d0 00 l %r14,0(%r13) # load relative address of test from
+ # literal pool
+ 4003ac: a7 28 00 05 lhi %r2,5 # Set first parameter to 5
+ 4003b0: 4d ee d0 00 bas %r14,0(%r14,%r13) # jump to test setting r14 as return
+ # address using branch & save instruction.
+
+ # Function Epilogue below
+ 4003b4: 98 bf f0 8c lm %r11,%r15,140(%r15)# Restore necessary registers.
+ 4003b8: 07 fe br %r14 # return to do program exit
+}
+
+
+Compiler updates
+----------------
+
+main(int argc,char *argv[])
+{
+ 4004fc: 90 7f f0 1c stm %r7,%r15,28(%r15)
+ 400500: a7 d5 00 04 bras %r13,400508 <main+0xc>
+ 400504: 00 40 04 f4 .long 0x004004f4
+ # compiler now puts constant pool in code to so it saves an instruction
+ 400508: 18 0f lr %r0,%r15
+ 40050a: a7 fa ff a0 ahi %r15,-96
+ 40050e: 50 00 f0 00 st %r0,0(%r15)
+ return(test(5));
+ 400512: 58 10 d0 00 l %r1,0(%r13)
+ 400516: a7 28 00 05 lhi %r2,5
+ 40051a: 0d e1 basr %r14,%r1
+ # compiler adds 1 extra instruction to epilogue this is done to
+ # avoid processor pipeline stalls owing to data dependencies on g5 &
+ # above as register 14 in the old code was needed directly after being loaded
+ # by the lm %r11,%r15,140(%r15) for the br %14.
+ 40051c: 58 40 f0 98 l %r4,152(%r15)
+ 400520: 98 7f f0 7c lm %r7,%r15,124(%r15)
+ 400524: 07 f4 br %r4
+}
+
+
+Hartmut ( our compiler developer ) also has been threatening to take out the
+stack backchain in optimised code as this also causes pipeline stalls, you
+have been warned.
+
+64 bit z/Architecture code disassembly
+--------------------------------------
+
+If you understand the stuff above you'll understand the stuff
+below too so I'll avoid repeating myself & just say that
+some of the instructions have g's on the end of them to indicate
+they are 64 bit & the stack offsets are a bigger,
+the only other difference you'll find between 32 & 64 bit is that
+we now use f4 & f6 for floating point arguments on 64 bit.
+00000000800005b0 <test>:
+int test(int b)
+{
+ return(5+b);
+ 800005b0: a7 2a 00 05 ahi %r2,5
+ 800005b4: b9 14 00 22 lgfr %r2,%r2 # downcast to integer
+ 800005b8: 07 fe br %r14
+ 800005ba: 07 07 bcr 0,%r7
+
+
+}
+
+00000000800005bc <main>:
+main(int argc,char *argv[])
+{
+ 800005bc: eb bf f0 58 00 24 stmg %r11,%r15,88(%r15)
+ 800005c2: b9 04 00 1f lgr %r1,%r15
+ 800005c6: a7 fb ff 60 aghi %r15,-160
+ 800005ca: e3 10 f0 00 00 24 stg %r1,0(%r15)
+ return(test(5));
+ 800005d0: a7 29 00 05 lghi %r2,5
+ # brasl allows jumps > 64k & is overkill here bras would do fune
+ 800005d4: c0 e5 ff ff ff ee brasl %r14,800005b0 <test>
+ 800005da: e3 40 f1 10 00 04 lg %r4,272(%r15)
+ 800005e0: eb bf f0 f8 00 04 lmg %r11,%r15,248(%r15)
+ 800005e6: 07 f4 br %r4
+}
+
+
+
+Compiling programs for debugging on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
+====================================================================
+-gdwarf-2 now works it should be considered the default debugging
+format for s/390 & z/Architecture as it is more reliable for debugging
+shared libraries, normal -g debugging works much better now
+Thanks to the IBM java compiler developers bug reports.
+
+This is typically done adding/appending the flags -g or -gdwarf-2 to the
+CFLAGS & LDFLAGS variables Makefile of the program concerned.
+
+If using gdb & you would like accurate displays of registers &
+ stack traces compile without optimisation i.e make sure
+that there is no -O2 or similar on the CFLAGS line of the Makefile &
+the emitted gcc commands, obviously this will produce worse code
+( not advisable for shipment ) but it is an aid to the debugging process.
+
+This aids debugging because the compiler will copy parameters passed in
+in registers onto the stack so backtracing & looking at passed in
+parameters will work, however some larger programs which use inline functions
+will not compile without optimisation.
+
+Debugging with optimisation has since much improved after fixing
+some bugs, please make sure you are using gdb-5.0 or later developed
+after Nov'2000.
+
+Figuring out gcc compile errors
+===============================
+If you are getting a lot of syntax errors compiling a program & the problem
+isn't blatantly obvious from the source.
+It often helps to just preprocess the file, this is done with the -E
+option in gcc.
+What this does is that it runs through the very first phase of compilation
+( compilation in gcc is done in several stages & gcc calls many programs to
+achieve its end result ) with the -E option gcc just calls the gcc preprocessor (cpp).
+The c preprocessor does the following, it joins all the files #included together
+recursively ( #include files can #include other files ) & also the c file you wish to compile.
+It puts a fully qualified path of the #included files in a comment & it
+does macro expansion.
+This is useful for debugging because
+1) You can double check whether the files you expect to be included are the ones
+that are being included ( e.g. double check that you aren't going to the i386 asm directory ).
+2) Check that macro definitions aren't clashing with typedefs,
+3) Check that definitons aren't being used before they are being included.
+4) Helps put the line emitting the error under the microscope if it contains macros.
+
+For convenience the Linux kernel's makefile will do preprocessing automatically for you
+by suffixing the file you want built with .i ( instead of .o )
+
+e.g.
+from the linux directory type
+make arch/s390/kernel/signal.i
+this will build
+
+s390-gcc -D__KERNEL__ -I/home1/barrow/linux/include -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer
+-fno-strict-aliasing -D__SMP__ -pipe -fno-strength-reduce -E arch/s390/kernel/signal.c
+> arch/s390/kernel/signal.i
+
+Now look at signal.i you should see something like.
+
+
+# 1 "/home1/barrow/linux/include/asm/types.h" 1
+typedef unsigned short umode_t;
+typedef __signed__ char __s8;
+typedef unsigned char __u8;
+typedef __signed__ short __s16;
+typedef unsigned short __u16;
+
+If instead you are getting errors further down e.g.
+unknown instruction:2515 "move.l" or better still unknown instruction:2515
+"Fixme not implemented yet, call Martin" you are probably are attempting to compile some code
+meant for another architecture or code that is simply not implemented, with a fixme statement
+stuck into the inline assembly code so that the author of the file now knows he has work to do.
+To look at the assembly emitted by gcc just before it is about to call gas ( the gnu assembler )
+use the -S option.
+Again for your convenience the Linux kernel's Makefile will hold your hand &
+do all this donkey work for you also by building the file with the .s suffix.
+e.g.
+from the Linux directory type
+make arch/s390/kernel/signal.s
+
+s390-gcc -D__KERNEL__ -I/home1/barrow/linux/include -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer
+-fno-strict-aliasing -D__SMP__ -pipe -fno-strength-reduce -S arch/s390/kernel/signal.c
+-o arch/s390/kernel/signal.s
+
+
+This will output something like, ( please note the constant pool & the useful comments
+in the prologue to give you a hand at interpreting it ).
+
+.LC54:
+ .string "misaligned (__u16 *) in __xchg\n"
+.LC57:
+ .string "misaligned (__u32 *) in __xchg\n"
+.L$PG1: # Pool sys_sigsuspend
+.LC192:
+ .long -262401
+.LC193:
+ .long -1
+.LC194:
+ .long schedule-.L$PG1
+.LC195:
+ .long do_signal-.L$PG1
+ .align 4
+.globl sys_sigsuspend
+ .type sys_sigsuspend,@function
+sys_sigsuspend:
+# leaf function 0
+# automatics 16
+# outgoing args 0
+# need frame pointer 0
+# call alloca 0
+# has varargs 0
+# incoming args (stack) 0
+# function length 168
+ STM 8,15,32(15)
+ LR 0,15
+ AHI 15,-112
+ BASR 13,0
+.L$CO1: AHI 13,.L$PG1-.L$CO1
+ ST 0,0(15)
+ LR 8,2
+ N 5,.LC192-.L$PG1(13)
+
+Adding -g to the above output makes the output even more useful
+e.g. typing
+make CC:="s390-gcc -g" kernel/sched.s
+
+which compiles.
+s390-gcc -g -D__KERNEL__ -I/home/barrow/linux-2.3/include -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -pipe -fno-strength-reduce -S kernel/sched.c -o kernel/sched.s
+
+also outputs stabs ( debugger ) info, from this info you can find out the
+offsets & sizes of various elements in structures.
+e.g. the stab for the structure
+struct rlimit {
+ unsigned long rlim_cur;
+ unsigned long rlim_max;
+};
+is
+.stabs "rlimit:T(151,2)=s8rlim_cur:(0,5),0,32;rlim_max:(0,5),32,32;;",128,0,0,0
+from this stab you can see that
+rlimit_cur starts at bit offset 0 & is 32 bits in size
+rlimit_max starts at bit offset 32 & is 32 bits in size.
+
+
+Debugging Tools:
+================
+
+objdump
+=======
+This is a tool with many options the most useful being ( if compiled with -g).
+objdump --source <victim program or object file> > <victims debug listing >
+
+
+The whole kernel can be compiled like this ( Doing this will make a 17MB kernel
+& a 200 MB listing ) however you have to strip it before building the image
+using the strip command to make it a more reasonable size to boot it.
+
+A source/assembly mixed dump of the kernel can be done with the line
+objdump --source vmlinux > vmlinux.lst
+Also if the file isn't compiled -g this will output as much debugging information
+as it can ( e.g. function names ), however, this is very slow as it spends lots
+of time searching for debugging info, the following self explanitory line should be used
+instead if the code isn't compiled -g.
+objdump --disassemble-all --syms vmlinux > vmlinux.lst
+as it is much faster
+
+As hard drive space is valuble most of us use the following approach.
+1) Look at the emitted psw on the console to find the crash address in the kernel.
+2) Look at the file System.map ( in the linux directory ) produced when building
+the kernel to find the closest address less than the current PSW to find the
+offending function.
+3) use grep or similar to search the source tree looking for the source file
+ with this function if you don't know where it is.
+4) rebuild this object file with -g on, as an example suppose the file was
+( /arch/s390/kernel/signal.o )
+5) Assuming the file with the erroneous function is signal.c Move to the base of the
+Linux source tree.
+6) rm /arch/s390/kernel/signal.o
+7) make /arch/s390/kernel/signal.o
+8) watch the gcc command line emitted
+9) type it in again or alernatively cut & paste it on the console adding the -g option.
+10) objdump --source arch/s390/kernel/signal.o > signal.lst
+This will output the source & the assembly intermixed, as the snippet below shows
+This will unfortunately output addresses which aren't the same
+as the kernel ones you should be able to get around the mental arithmetic
+by playing with the --adjust-vma parameter to objdump.
+
+
+
+
+extern inline void spin_lock(spinlock_t *lp)
+{
+ a0: 18 34 lr %r3,%r4
+ a2: a7 3a 03 bc ahi %r3,956
+ __asm__ __volatile(" lhi 1,-1\n"
+ a6: a7 18 ff ff lhi %r1,-1
+ aa: 1f 00 slr %r0,%r0
+ ac: ba 01 30 00 cs %r0,%r1,0(%r3)
+ b0: a7 44 ff fd jm aa <sys_sigsuspend+0x2e>
+ saveset = current->blocked;
+ b4: d2 07 f0 68 mvc 104(8,%r15),972(%r4)
+ b8: 43 cc
+ return (set->sig[0] & mask) != 0;
+}
+
+6) If debugging under VM go down to that section in the document for more info.
+
+
+I now have a tool which takes the pain out of --adjust-vma
+& you are able to do something like
+make /arch/s390/kernel/traps.lst
+& it automatically generates the correctly relocated entries for
+the text segment in traps.lst.
+This tool is now standard in linux distro's in scripts/makelst
+
+strace:
+-------
+Q. What is it ?
+A. It is a tool for intercepting calls to the kernel & logging them
+to a file & on the screen.
+
+Q. What use is it ?
+A. You can used it to find out what files a particular program opens.
+
+
+
+Example 1
+---------
+If you wanted to know does ping work but didn't have the source
+strace ping -c 1 127.0.0.1
+& then look at the man pages for each of the syscalls below,
+( In fact this is sometimes easier than looking at some spagetti
+source which conditionally compiles for several architectures )
+Not everything that it throws out needs to make sense immeadiately
+
+Just looking quickly you can see that it is making up a RAW socket
+for the ICMP protocol.
+Doing an alarm(10) for a 10 second timeout
+& doing a gettimeofday call before & after each read to see
+how long the replies took, & writing some text to stdout so the user
+has an idea what is going on.
+
+socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP) = 3
+getuid() = 0
+setuid(0) = 0
+stat("/usr/share/locale/C/libc.cat", 0xbffff134) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
+stat("/usr/share/locale/libc/C", 0xbffff134) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
+stat("/usr/local/share/locale/C/libc.cat", 0xbffff134) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
+getpid() = 353
+setsockopt(3, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, [1], 4) = 0
+setsockopt(3, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, [49152], 4) = 0
+fstat(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(3, 1), ...}) = 0
+mmap(0, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40008000
+ioctl(1, TCGETS, {B9600 opost isig icanon echo ...}) = 0
+write(1, "PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1): 56 d"..., 42PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
+) = 42
+sigaction(SIGINT, {0x8049ba0, [], SA_RESTART}, {SIG_DFL}) = 0
+sigaction(SIGALRM, {0x8049600, [], SA_RESTART}, {SIG_DFL}) = 0
+gettimeofday({948904719, 138951}, NULL) = 0
+sendto(3, "\10\0D\201a\1\0\0\17#\2178\307\36"..., 64, 0, {sin_family=AF_INET,
+sin_port=htons(0), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = 64
+sigaction(SIGALRM, {0x8049600, [], SA_RESTART}, {0x8049600, [], SA_RESTART}) = 0
+sigaction(SIGALRM, {0x8049ba0, [], SA_RESTART}, {0x8049600, [], SA_RESTART}) = 0
+alarm(10) = 0
+recvfrom(3, "E\0\0T\0005\0\0@\1|r\177\0\0\1\177"..., 192, 0,
+{sin_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(50882), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, [16]) = 84
+gettimeofday({948904719, 160224}, NULL) = 0
+recvfrom(3, "E\0\0T\0006\0\0\377\1\275p\177\0"..., 192, 0,
+{sin_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(50882), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, [16]) = 84
+gettimeofday({948904719, 166952}, NULL) = 0
+write(1, "64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_se"...,
+5764 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=28.0 ms
+
+Example 2
+---------
+strace passwd 2>&1 | grep open
+produces the following output
+open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3
+open("/opt/kde/lib/libc.so.5", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
+open("/lib/libc.so.5", O_RDONLY) = 3
+open("/dev", O_RDONLY) = 3
+open("/var/run/utmp", O_RDONLY) = 3
+open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY) = 3
+open("/etc/shadow", O_RDONLY) = 3
+open("/etc/login.defs", O_RDONLY) = 4
+open("/dev/tty", O_RDONLY) = 4
+
+The 2>&1 is done to redirect stderr to stdout & grep is then filtering this input
+through the pipe for each line containing the string open.
+
+
+Example 3
+---------
+Getting sophistocated
+telnetd crashes on & I don't know why
+Steps
+-----
+1) Replace the following line in /etc/inetd.conf
+telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/in.telnetd -h
+with
+telnet stream tcp nowait root /blah
+
+2) Create the file /blah with the following contents to start tracing telnetd
+#!/bin/bash
+/usr/bin/strace -o/t1 -f /usr/sbin/in.telnetd -h
+3) chmod 700 /blah to make it executable only to root
+4)
+killall -HUP inetd
+or ps aux | grep inetd
+get inetd's process id
+& kill -HUP inetd to restart it.
+
+Important options
+-----------------
+-o is used to tell strace to output to a file in our case t1 in the root directory
+-f is to follow children i.e.
+e.g in our case above telnetd will start the login process & subsequently a shell like bash.
+You will be able to tell which is which from the process ID's listed on the left hand side
+of the strace output.
+-p<pid> will tell strace to attach to a running process, yup this can be done provided
+ it isn't being traced or debugged already & you have enough privileges,
+the reason 2 processes cannot trace or debug the same program is that strace
+becomes the parent process of the one being debugged & processes ( unlike people )
+can have only one parent.
+
+
+However the file /t1 will get big quite quickly
+to test it telnet 127.0.0.1
+
+now look at what files in.telnetd execve'd
+413 execve("/usr/sbin/in.telnetd", ["/usr/sbin/in.telnetd", "-h"], [/* 17 vars */]) = 0
+414 execve("/bin/login", ["/bin/login", "-h", "localhost", "-p"], [/* 2 vars */]) = 0
+
+Whey it worked!.
+
+
+Other hints:
+------------
+If the program is not very interactive ( i.e. not much keyboard input )
+& is crashing in one architecture but not in another you can do
+an strace of both programs under as identical a scenario as you can
+on both architectures outputting to a file then.
+do a diff of the two traces using the diff program
+i.e.
+diff output1 output2
+& maybe you'll be able to see where the call paths differed, this
+is possibly near the cause of the crash.
+
+More info
+---------
+Look at man pages for strace & the various syscalls
+e.g. man strace, man alarm, man socket.
+
+
+Performance Debugging
+=====================
+gcc is capible of compiling in profiling code just add the -p option
+to the CFLAGS, this obviously affects program size & performance.
+This can be used by the gprof gnu profiling tool or the
+gcov the gnu code coverage tool ( code coverage is a means of testing
+code quality by checking if all the code in an executable in exercised by
+a tester ).
+
+
+Using top to find out where processes are sleeping in the kernel
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+To do this copy the System.map from the root directory where
+the linux kernel was built to the /boot directory on your
+linux machine.
+Start top
+Now type fU<return>
+You should see a new field called WCHAN which
+tells you where each process is sleeping here is a typical output.
+
+ 6:59pm up 41 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
+28 processes: 27 sleeping, 1 running, 0 zombie, 0 stopped
+CPU states: 0.0% user, 0.1% system, 0.0% nice, 99.8% idle
+Mem: 254900K av, 45976K used, 208924K free, 0K shrd, 28636K buff
+Swap: 0K av, 0K used, 0K free 8620K cached
+
+ PID USER PRI NI SIZE RSS SHARE WCHAN STAT LIB %CPU %MEM TIME COMMAND
+ 750 root 12 0 848 848 700 do_select S 0 0.1 0.3 0:00 in.telnetd
+ 767 root 16 0 1140 1140 964 R 0 0.1 0.4 0:00 top
+ 1 root 8 0 212 212 180 do_select S 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 init
+ 2 root 9 0 0 0 0 down_inte SW 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 kmcheck
+
+The time command
+----------------
+Another related command is the time command which gives you an indication
+of where a process is spending the majority of its time.
+e.g.
+time ping -c 5 nc
+outputs
+real 0m4.054s
+user 0m0.010s
+sys 0m0.010s
+
+Debugging under VM
+==================
+
+Notes
+-----
+Addresses & values in the VM debugger are always hex never decimal
+Address ranges are of the format <HexValue1>-<HexValue2> or <HexValue1>.<HexValue2>
+e.g. The address range 0x2000 to 0x3000 can be described described as
+2000-3000 or 2000.1000
+
+The VM Debugger is case insensitive.
+
+VM's strengths are usually other debuggers weaknesses you can get at any resource
+no matter how sensitive e.g. memory management resources,change address translation
+in the PSW. For kernel hacking you will reap dividends if you get good at it.
+
+The VM Debugger displays operators but not operands, probably because some
+of it was written when memory was expensive & the programmer was probably proud that
+it fitted into 2k of memory & the programmers & didn't want to shock hardcore VM'ers by
+changing the interface :-), also the debugger displays useful information on the same line &
+the author of the code probably felt that it was a good idea not to go over
+the 80 columns on the screen.
+
+As some of you are probably in a panic now this isn't as unintuitive as it may seem
+as the 390 instructions are easy to decode mentally & you can make a good guess at a lot
+of them as all the operands are nibble ( half byte aligned ) & if you have an objdump listing
+also it is quite easy to follow, if you don't have an objdump listing keep a copy of
+the s/390 Reference Summary & look at between pages 2 & 7 or alternatively the
+s/390 principles of operation.
+e.g. even I can guess that
+0001AFF8' LR 180F CC 0
+is a ( load register ) lr r0,r15
+
+Also it is very easy to tell the length of a 390 instruction from the 2 most significant
+bits in the instruction ( not that this info is really useful except if you are trying to
+make sense of a hexdump of code ).
+Here is a table
+Bits Instruction Length
+------------------------------------------
+00 2 Bytes
+01 4 Bytes
+10 4 Bytes
+11 6 Bytes
+
+
+
+
+The debugger also displays other useful info on the same line such as the
+addresses being operated on destination addresses of branches & condition codes.
+e.g.
+00019736' AHI A7DAFF0E CC 1
+000198BA' BRC A7840004 -> 000198C2' CC 0
+000198CE' STM 900EF068 >> 0FA95E78 CC 2
+
+
+
+Useful VM debugger commands
+---------------------------
+
+I suppose I'd better mention this before I start
+to list the current active traces do
+Q TR
+there can be a maximum of 255 of these per set
+( more about trace sets later ).
+To stop traces issue a
+TR END.
+To delete a particular breakpoint issue
+TR DEL <breakpoint number>
+
+The PA1 key drops to CP mode so you can issue debugger commands,
+Doing alt c (on my 3270 console at least ) clears the screen.
+hitting b <enter> comes back to the running operating system
+from cp mode ( in our case linux ).
+It is typically useful to add shortcuts to your profile.exec file
+if you have one ( this is roughly equivalent to autoexec.bat in DOS ).
+file here are a few from mine.
+/* this gives me command history on issuing f12 */
+set pf12 retrieve
+/* this continues */
+set pf8 imm b
+/* goes to trace set a */
+set pf1 imm tr goto a
+/* goes to trace set b */
+set pf2 imm tr goto b
+/* goes to trace set c */
+set pf3 imm tr goto c
+
+
+
+Instruction Tracing
+-------------------
+Setting a simple breakpoint
+TR I PSWA <address>
+To debug a particular function try
+TR I R <function address range>
+TR I on its own will single step.
+TR I DATA <MNEMONIC> <OPTIONAL RANGE> will trace for particular mnemonics
+e.g.
+TR I DATA 4D R 0197BC.4000
+will trace for BAS'es ( opcode 4D ) in the range 0197BC.4000
+if you were inclined you could add traces for all branch instructions &
+suffix them with the run prefix so you would have a backtrace on screen
+when a program crashes.
+TR BR <INTO OR FROM> will trace branches into or out of an address.
+e.g.
+TR BR INTO 0 is often quite useful if a program is getting awkward & deciding
+to branch to 0 & crashing as this will stop at the address before in jumps to 0.
+TR I R <address range> RUN cmd d g
+single steps a range of addresses but stays running &
+displays the gprs on each step.
+
+
+
+Displaying & modifying Registers
+--------------------------------
+D G will display all the gprs
+Adding a extra G to all the commands is necessary to access the full 64 bit
+content in VM on z/Architecture obviously this isn't required for access registers
+as these are still 32 bit.
+e.g. DGG instead of DG
+D X will display all the control registers
+D AR will display all the access registers
+D AR4-7 will display access registers 4 to 7
+CPU ALL D G will display the GRPS of all CPUS in the configuration
+D PSW will display the current PSW
+st PSW 2000 will put the value 2000 into the PSW &
+cause crash your machine.
+D PREFIX displays the prefix offset
+
+
+Displaying Memory
+-----------------
+To display memory mapped using the current PSW's mapping try
+D <range>
+To make VM display a message each time it hits a particular address & continue try
+D I<range> will disassemble/display a range of instructions.
+ST addr 32 bit word will store a 32 bit aligned address
+D T<range> will display the EBCDIC in an address ( if you are that way inclined )
+D R<range> will display real addresses ( without DAT ) but with prefixing.
+There are other complex options to display if you need to get at say home space
+but are in primary space the easiest thing to do is to temporarily
+modify the PSW to the other addressing mode, display the stuff & then
+restore it.
+
+
+
+Hints
+-----
+If you want to issue a debugger command without halting your virtual machine with the
+PA1 key try prefixing the command with #CP e.g.
+#cp tr i pswa 2000
+also suffixing most debugger commands with RUN will cause them not
+to stop just display the mnemonic at the current instruction on the console.
+If you have several breakpoints you want to put into your program &
+you get fed up of cross referencing with System.map
+you can do the following trick for several symbols.
+grep do_signal System.map
+which emits the following among other things
+0001f4e0 T do_signal
+now you can do
+
+TR I PSWA 0001f4e0 cmd msg * do_signal
+This sends a message to your own console each time do_signal is entered.
+( As an aside I wrote a perl script once which automatically generated a REXX
+script with breakpoints on every kernel procedure, this isn't a good idea
+because there are thousands of these routines & VM can only set 255 breakpoints
+at a time so you nearly had to spend as long pruning the file down as you would
+entering the msg's by hand ),however, the trick might be useful for a single object file.
+On linux'es 3270 emulator x3270 there is a very useful option under the file ment
+Save Screens In File this is very good of keeping a copy of traces.
+
+From CMS help <command name> will give you online help on a particular command.
+e.g.
+HELP DISPLAY
+
+Also CP has a file called profile.exec which automatically gets called
+on startup of CMS ( like autoexec.bat ), keeping on a DOS analogy session
+CP has a feature similar to doskey, it may be useful for you to
+use profile.exec to define some keystrokes.
+e.g.
+SET PF9 IMM B
+This does a single step in VM on pressing F8.
+SET PF10 ^
+This sets up the ^ key.
+which can be used for ^c (ctrl-c),^z (ctrl-z) which can't be typed directly into some 3270 consoles.
+SET PF11 ^-
+This types the starting keystrokes for a sysrq see SysRq below.
+SET PF12 RETRIEVE
+This retrieves command history on pressing F12.
+
+
+Sometimes in VM the display is set up to scroll automatically this
+can be very annoying if there are messages you wish to look at
+to stop this do
+TERM MORE 255 255
+This will nearly stop automatic screen updates, however it will
+cause a denial of service if lots of messages go to the 3270 console,
+so it would be foolish to use this as the default on a production machine.
+
+
+Tracing particular processes
+----------------------------
+The kernel's text segment is intentionally at an address in memory that it will
+very seldom collide with text segments of user programs ( thanks Martin ),
+this simplifies debugging the kernel.
+However it is quite common for user processes to have addresses which collide
+this can make debugging a particular process under VM painful under normal
+circumstances as the process may change when doing a
+TR I R <address range>.
+Thankfully after reading VM's online help I figured out how to debug
+I particular process.
+
+Your first problem is to find the STD ( segment table designation )
+of the program you wish to debug.
+There are several ways you can do this here are a few
+1) objdump --syms <program to be debugged> | grep main
+To get the address of main in the program.
+tr i pswa <address of main>
+Start the program, if VM drops to CP on what looks like the entry
+point of the main function this is most likely the process you wish to debug.
+Now do a D X13 or D XG13 on z/Architecture.
+On 31 bit the STD is bits 1-19 ( the STO segment table origin )
+& 25-31 ( the STL segment table length ) of CR13.
+now type
+TR I R STD <CR13's value> 0.7fffffff
+e.g.
+TR I R STD 8F32E1FF 0.7fffffff
+Another very useful variation is
+TR STORE INTO STD <CR13's value> <address range>
+for finding out when a particular variable changes.
+
+An alternative way of finding the STD of a currently running process
+is to do the following, ( this method is more complex but
+could be quite convient if you aren't updating the kernel much &
+so your kernel structures will stay constant for a reasonable period of
+time ).
+
+grep task /proc/<pid>/status
+from this you should see something like
+task: 0f160000 ksp: 0f161de8 pt_regs: 0f161f68
+This now gives you a pointer to the task structure.
+Now make CC:="s390-gcc -g" kernel/sched.s
+To get the task_struct stabinfo.
+( task_struct is defined in include/linux/sched.h ).
+Now we want to look at
+task->active_mm->pgd
+on my machine the active_mm in the task structure stab is
+active_mm:(4,12),672,32
+its offset is 672/8=84=0x54
+the pgd member in the mm_struct stab is
+pgd:(4,6)=*(29,5),96,32
+so its offset is 96/8=12=0xc
+
+so we'll
+hexdump -s 0xf160054 /dev/mem | more
+i.e. task_struct+active_mm offset
+to look at the active_mm member
+f160054 0fee cc60 0019 e334 0000 0000 0000 0011
+hexdump -s 0x0feecc6c /dev/mem | more
+i.e. active_mm+pgd offset
+feecc6c 0f2c 0000 0000 0001 0000 0001 0000 0010
+we get something like
+now do
+TR I R STD <pgd|0x7f> 0.7fffffff
+i.e. the 0x7f is added because the pgd only
+gives the page table origin & we need to set the low bits
+to the maximum possible segment table length.
+TR I R STD 0f2c007f 0.7fffffff
+on z/Architecture you'll probably need to do
+TR I R STD <pgd|0x7> 0.ffffffffffffffff
+to set the TableType to 0x1 & the Table length to 3.
+
+
+
+Tracing Program Exceptions
+--------------------------
+If you get a crash which says something like
+illegal operation or specification exception followed by a register dump
+You can restart linux & trace these using the tr prog <range or value> trace option.
+
+
+
+The most common ones you will normally be tracing for is
+1=operation exception
+2=privileged operation exception
+4=protection exception
+5=addressing exception
+6=specification exception
+10=segment translation exception
+11=page translation exception
+
+The full list of these is on page 22 of the current s/390 Reference Summary.
+e.g.
+tr prog 10 will trace segment translation exceptions.
+tr prog on its own will trace all program interruption codes.
+
+Trace Sets
+----------
+On starting VM you are initially in the INITIAL trace set.
+You can do a Q TR to verify this.
+If you have a complex tracing situation where you wish to wait for instance
+till a driver is open before you start tracing IO, but know in your
+heart that you are going to have to make several runs through the code till you
+have a clue whats going on.
+
+What you can do is
+TR I PSWA <Driver open address>
+hit b to continue till breakpoint
+reach the breakpoint
+now do your
+TR GOTO B
+TR IO 7c08-7c09 inst int run
+or whatever the IO channels you wish to trace are & hit b
+
+To got back to the initial trace set do
+TR GOTO INITIAL
+& the TR I PSWA <Driver open address> will be the only active breakpoint again.
+
+
+Tracing linux syscalls under VM
+-------------------------------
+Syscalls are implemented on Linux for S390 by the Supervisor call instruction (SVC) there 256
+possibilities of these as the instruction is made up of a 0xA opcode & the second byte being
+the syscall number. They are traced using the simple command.
+TR SVC <Optional value or range>
+the syscalls are defined in linux/include/asm-s390/unistd.h
+e.g. to trace all file opens just do
+TR SVC 5 ( as this is the syscall number of open )
+
+
+SMP Specific commands
+---------------------
+To find out how many cpus you have
+Q CPUS displays all the CPU's available to your virtual machine
+To find the cpu that the current cpu VM debugger commands are being directed at do
+Q CPU to change the current cpu cpu VM debugger commands are being directed at do
+CPU <desired cpu no>
+
+On a SMP guest issue a command to all CPUs try prefixing the command with cpu all.
+To issue a command to a particular cpu try cpu <cpu number> e.g.
+CPU 01 TR I R 2000.3000
+If you are running on a guest with several cpus & you have a IO related problem
+& cannot follow the flow of code but you know it isnt smp related.
+from the bash prompt issue
+shutdown -h now or halt.
+do a Q CPUS to find out how many cpus you have
+detach each one of them from cp except cpu 0
+by issuing a
+DETACH CPU 01-(number of cpus in configuration)
+& boot linux again.
+TR SIGP will trace inter processor signal processor instructions.
+DEFINE CPU 01-(number in configuration)
+will get your guests cpus back.
+
+
+Help for displaying ascii textstrings
+-------------------------------------
+On the very latest VM Nucleus'es VM can now display ascii
+( thanks Neale for the hint ) by doing
+D TX<lowaddr>.<len>
+e.g.
+D TX0.100
+
+Alternatively
+=============
+Under older VM debuggers ( I love EBDIC too ) you can use this little program I wrote which
+will convert a command line of hex digits to ascii text which can be compiled under linux &
+you can copy the hex digits from your x3270 terminal to your xterm if you are debugging
+from a linuxbox.
+
+This is quite useful when looking at a parameter passed in as a text string
+under VM ( unless you are good at decoding ASCII in your head ).
+
+e.g. consider tracing an open syscall
+TR SVC 5
+We have stopped at a breakpoint
+000151B0' SVC 0A05 -> 0001909A' CC 0
+
+D 20.8 to check the SVC old psw in the prefix area & see was it from userspace
+( for the layout of the prefix area consult P18 of the s/390 390 Reference Summary
+if you have it available ).
+V00000020 070C2000 800151B2
+The problem state bit wasn't set & it's also too early in the boot sequence
+for it to be a userspace SVC if it was we would have to temporarily switch the
+psw to user space addressing so we could get at the first parameter of the open in
+gpr2.
+Next do a
+D G2
+GPR 2 = 00014CB4
+Now display what gpr2 is pointing to
+D 00014CB4.20
+V00014CB4 2F646576 2F636F6E 736F6C65 00001BF5
+V00014CC4 FC00014C B4001001 E0001000 B8070707
+Now copy the text till the first 00 hex ( which is the end of the string
+to an xterm & do hex2ascii on it.
+hex2ascii 2F646576 2F636F6E 736F6C65 00
+outputs
+Decoded Hex:=/ d e v / c o n s o l e 0x00
+We were opening the console device,
+
+You can compile the code below yourself for practice :-),
+/*
+ * hex2ascii.c
+ * a useful little tool for converting a hexadecimal command line to ascii
+ *
+ * Author(s): Denis Joseph Barrow (djbarrow@de.ibm.com,barrow_dj@yahoo.com)
+ * (C) 2000 IBM Deutschland Entwicklung GmbH, IBM Corporation.
+ */
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main(int argc,char *argv[])
+{
+ int cnt1,cnt2,len,toggle=0;
+ int startcnt=1;
+ unsigned char c,hex;
+
+ if(argc>1&&(strcmp(argv[1],"-a")==0))
+ startcnt=2;
+ printf("Decoded Hex:=");
+ for(cnt1=startcnt;cnt1<argc;cnt1++)
+ {
+ len=strlen(argv[cnt1]);
+ for(cnt2=0;cnt2<len;cnt2++)
+ {
+ c=argv[cnt1][cnt2];
+ if(c>='0'&&c<='9')
+ c=c-'0';
+ if(c>='A'&&c<='F')
+ c=c-'A'+10;
+ if(c>='a'&&c<='f')
+ c=c-'a'+10;
+ switch(toggle)
+ {
+ case 0:
+ hex=c<<4;
+ toggle=1;
+ break;
+ case 1:
+ hex+=c;
+ if(hex<32||hex>127)
+ {
+ if(startcnt==1)
+ printf("0x%02X ",(int)hex);
+ else
+ printf(".");
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ printf("%c",hex);
+ if(startcnt==1)
+ printf(" ");
+ }
+ toggle=0;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ printf("\n");
+}
+
+
+
+
+Stack tracing under VM
+----------------------
+A basic backtrace
+-----------------
+
+Here are the tricks I use 9 out of 10 times it works pretty well,
+
+When your backchain reaches a dead end
+--------------------------------------
+This can happen when an exception happens in the kernel & the kernel is entered twice
+if you reach the NULL pointer at the end of the back chain you should be
+able to sniff further back if you follow the following tricks.
+1) A kernel address should be easy to recognise since it is in
+primary space & the problem state bit isn't set & also
+The Hi bit of the address is set.
+2) Another backchain should also be easy to recognise since it is an
+address pointing to another address approximately 100 bytes or 0x70 hex
+behind the current stackpointer.
+
+
+Here is some practice.
+boot the kernel & hit PA1 at some random time
+d g to display the gprs, this should display something like
+GPR 0 = 00000001 00156018 0014359C 00000000
+GPR 4 = 00000001 001B8888 000003E0 00000000
+GPR 8 = 00100080 00100084 00000000 000FE000
+GPR 12 = 00010400 8001B2DC 8001B36A 000FFED8
+Note that GPR14 is a return address but as we are real men we are going to
+trace the stack.
+display 0x40 bytes after the stack pointer.
+
+V000FFED8 000FFF38 8001B838 80014C8E 000FFF38
+V000FFEE8 00000000 00000000 000003E0 00000000
+V000FFEF8 00100080 00100084 00000000 000FE000
+V000FFF08 00010400 8001B2DC 8001B36A 000FFED8
+
+
+Ah now look at whats in sp+56 (sp+0x38) this is 8001B36A our saved r14 if
+you look above at our stackframe & also agrees with GPR14.
+
+now backchain
+d 000FFF38.40
+we now are taking the contents of SP to get our first backchain.
+
+V000FFF38 000FFFA0 00000000 00014995 00147094
+V000FFF48 00147090 001470A0 000003E0 00000000
+V000FFF58 00100080 00100084 00000000 001BF1D0
+V000FFF68 00010400 800149BA 80014CA6 000FFF38
+
+This displays a 2nd return address of 80014CA6
+
+now do d 000FFFA0.40 for our 3rd backchain
+
+V000FFFA0 04B52002 0001107F 00000000 00000000
+V000FFFB0 00000000 00000000 FF000000 0001107F
+V000FFFC0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
+V000FFFD0 00010400 80010802 8001085A 000FFFA0
+
+
+our 3rd return address is 8001085A
+
+as the 04B52002 looks suspiciously like rubbish it is fair to assume that the kernel entry routines
+for the sake of optimisation dont set up a backchain.
+
+now look at System.map to see if the addresses make any sense.
+
+grep -i 0001b3 System.map
+outputs among other things
+0001b304 T cpu_idle
+so 8001B36A
+is cpu_idle+0x66 ( quiet the cpu is asleep, don't wake it )
+
+
+grep -i 00014 System.map
+produces among other things
+00014a78 T start_kernel
+so 0014CA6 is start_kernel+some hex number I can't add in my head.
+
+grep -i 00108 System.map
+this produces
+00010800 T _stext
+so 8001085A is _stext+0x5a
+
+Congrats you've done your first backchain.
+
+
+
+s/390 & z/Architecture IO Overview
+==================================
+
+I am not going to give a course in 390 IO architecture as this would take me quite a
+while & I'm no expert. Instead I'll give a 390 IO architecture summary for Dummies if you have
+the s/390 principles of operation available read this instead. If nothing else you may find a few
+useful keywords in here & be able to use them on a web search engine like altavista to find
+more useful information.
+
+Unlike other bus architectures modern 390 systems do their IO using mostly
+fibre optics & devices such as tapes & disks can be shared between several mainframes,
+also S390 can support upto 65536 devices while a high end PC based system might be choking
+with around 64. Here is some of the common IO terminology
+
+Subchannel:
+This is the logical number most IO commands use to talk to an IO device there can be upto
+0x10000 (65536) of these in a configuration typically there is a few hundred. Under VM
+for simplicity they are allocated contiguously, however on the native hardware they are not
+they typically stay consistent between boots provided no new hardware is inserted or removed.
+Under Linux for 390 we use these as IRQ's & also when issuing an IO command (CLEAR SUBCHANNEL,
+HALT SUBCHANNEL,MODIFY SUBCHANNEL,RESUME SUBCHANNEL,START SUBCHANNEL,STORE SUBCHANNEL &
+TEST SUBCHANNEL ) we use this as the ID of the device we wish to talk to, the most
+important of these instructions are START SUBCHANNEL ( to start IO ), TEST SUBCHANNEL ( to check
+whether the IO completed successfully ), & HALT SUBCHANNEL ( to kill IO ), a subchannel
+can have up to 8 channel paths to a device this offers redunancy if one is not available.
+
+
+Device Number:
+This number remains static & Is closely tied to the hardware, there are 65536 of these
+also they are made up of a CHPID ( Channel Path ID, the most significant 8 bits )
+& another lsb 8 bits. These remain static even if more devices are inserted or removed
+from the hardware, there is a 1 to 1 mapping between Subchannels & Device Numbers provided
+devices arent inserted or removed.
+
+Channel Control Words:
+CCWS are linked lists of instructions initially pointed to by an operation request block (ORB),
+which is initially given to Start Subchannel (SSCH) command along with the subchannel number
+for the IO subsystem to process while the CPU continues executing normal code.
+These come in two flavours, Format 0 ( 24 bit for backward )
+compatibility & Format 1 ( 31 bit ). These are typically used to issue read & write
+( & many other instructions ) they consist of a length field & an absolute address field.
+For each IO typically get 1 or 2 interrupts one for channel end ( primary status ) when the
+channel is idle & the second for device end ( secondary status ) sometimes you get both
+concurrently, you check how the IO went on by issuing a TEST SUBCHANNEL at each interrupt,
+from which you receive an Interruption response block (IRB). If you get channel & device end
+status in the IRB without channel checks etc. your IO probably went okay. If you didn't you
+probably need a doctorto examine the IRB & extended status word etc.
+If an error occurs more sophistocated control units have a facitity known as
+concurrent sense this means that if an error occurs Extended sense information will
+be presented in the Extended status word in the IRB if not you have to issue a
+subsequent SENSE CCW command after the test subchannel.
+
+
+TPI( Test pending interrupt) can also be used for polled IO but in multitasking multiprocessor
+systems it isn't recommended except for checking special cases ( i.e. non looping checks for
+pending IO etc. ).
+
+Store Subchannel & Modify Subchannel can be used to examine & modify operating characteristics
+of a subchannel ( e.g. channel paths ).
+
+Other IO related Terms:
+Sysplex: S390's Clustering Technology
+QDIO: S390's new high speed IO architecture to support devices such as gigabit ethernet,
+this architecture is also designed to be forward compatible with up & coming 64 bit machines.
+
+
+General Concepts
+
+Input Output Processors (IOP's) are responsible for communicating between
+the mainframe CPU's & the channel & relieve the mainframe CPU's from the
+burden of communicating with IO devices directly, this allows the CPU's to
+concentrate on data processing.
+
+IOP's can use one or more links ( known as channel paths ) to talk to each
+IO device. It first checks for path availability & chooses an available one,
+then starts ( & sometimes terminates IO ).
+There are two types of channel path ESCON & the Paralell IO interface.
+
+IO devices are attached to control units, control units provide the
+logic to interface the channel paths & channel path IO protocols to
+the IO devices, they can be integrated with the devices or housed separately
+& often talk to several similar devices ( typical examples would be raid
+controllers or a control unit which connects to 1000 3270 terminals ).
+
+
+ +---------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +----------+ +----------+ |
+ | | CPU | | CPU | | CPU | | CPU | | Main | | Expanded | |
+ | | | | | | | | | | Memory | | Storage | |
+ | +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +----------+ +----------+ |
+ |---------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | IOP | IOP | IOP |
+ |---------------------------------------------------------------
+ | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C |
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------
+ || ||
+ || Bus & Tag Channel Path || ESCON
+ || ====================== || Channel
+ || || || || Path
+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+ | | | | | |
+ | CU | | CU | | CU |
+ | | | | | |
+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+ | | | | |
++----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+|I/O Device| |I/O Device| |I/O Device| |I/O Device| |I/O Device|
++----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+ CPU = Central Processing Unit
+ C = Channel
+ IOP = IP Processor
+ CU = Control Unit
+
+The 390 IO systems come in 2 flavours the current 390 machines support both
+
+The Older 360 & 370 Interface,sometimes called the paralell I/O interface,
+sometimes called Bus-and Tag & sometimes Original Equipment Manufacturers
+Interface (OEMI).
+
+This byte wide paralell channel path/bus has parity & data on the "Bus" cable
+& control lines on the "Tag" cable. These can operate in byte multiplex mode for
+sharing between several slow devices or burst mode & monopolize the channel for the
+whole burst. Upto 256 devices can be addressed on one of these cables. These cables are
+about one inch in diameter. The maximum unextended length supported by these cables is
+125 Meters but this can be extended up to 2km with a fibre optic channel extended
+such as a 3044. The maximum burst speed supported is 4.5 megabytes per second however
+some really old processors support only transfer rates of 3.0, 2.0 & 1.0 MB/sec.
+One of these paths can be daisy chained to up to 8 control units.
+
+
+ESCON if fibre optic it is also called FICON
+Was introduced by IBM in 1990. Has 2 fibre optic cables & uses either leds or lasers
+for communication at a signaling rate of upto 200 megabits/sec. As 10bits are transferred
+for every 8 bits info this drops to 160 megabits/sec & to 18.6 Megabytes/sec once
+control info & CRC are added. ESCON only operates in burst mode.
+
+ESCONs typical max cable length is 3km for the led version & 20km for the laser version
+known as XDF ( extended distance facility ). This can be further extended by using an
+ESCON director which triples the above mentioned ranges. Unlike Bus & Tag as ESCON is
+serial it uses a packet switching architecture the standard Bus & Tag control protocol
+is however present within the packets. Upto 256 devices can be attached to each control
+unit that uses one of these interfaces.
+
+Common 390 Devices include:
+Network adapters typically OSA2,3172's,2116's & OSA-E gigabit ethernet adapters,
+Consoles 3270 & 3215 ( a teletype emulated under linux for a line mode console ).
+DASD's direct access storage devices ( otherwise known as hard disks ).
+Tape Drives.
+CTC ( Channel to Channel Adapters ),
+ESCON or Paralell Cables used as a very high speed serial link
+between 2 machines. We use 2 cables under linux to do a bi-directional serial link.
+
+
+Debugging IO on s/390 & z/Architecture under VM
+===============================================
+
+Now we are ready to go on with IO tracing commands under VM
+
+A few self explanatory queries:
+Q OSA
+Q CTC
+Q DISK ( This command is CMS specific )
+Q DASD
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Q OSA on my machine returns
+OSA 7C08 ON OSA 7C08 SUBCHANNEL = 0000
+OSA 7C09 ON OSA 7C09 SUBCHANNEL = 0001
+OSA 7C14 ON OSA 7C14 SUBCHANNEL = 0002
+OSA 7C15 ON OSA 7C15 SUBCHANNEL = 0003
+
+If you have a guest with certain priviliges you may be able to see devices
+which don't belong to you to avoid this do add the option V.
+e.g.
+Q V OSA
+
+Now using the device numbers returned by this command we will
+Trace the io starting up on the first device 7c08 & 7c09
+In our simplest case we can trace the
+start subchannels
+like TR SSCH 7C08-7C09
+or the halt subchannels
+or TR HSCH 7C08-7C09
+MSCH's ,STSCH's I think you can guess the rest
+
+Ingo's favourite trick is tracing all the IO's & CCWS & spooling them into the reader of another
+VM guest so he can ftp the logfile back to his own machine.I'll do a small bit of this & give you
+ a look at the output.
+
+1) Spool stdout to VM reader
+SP PRT TO (another vm guest ) or * for the local vm guest
+2) Fill the reader with the trace
+TR IO 7c08-7c09 INST INT CCW PRT RUN
+3) Start up linux
+i 00c
+4) Finish the trace
+TR END
+5) close the reader
+C PRT
+6) list reader contents
+RDRLIST
+7) copy it to linux4's minidisk
+RECEIVE / LOG TXT A1 ( replace
+8)
+filel & press F11 to look at it
+You should see someting like.
+
+00020942' SSCH B2334000 0048813C CC 0 SCH 0000 DEV 7C08
+ CPA 000FFDF0 PARM 00E2C9C4 KEY 0 FPI C0 LPM 80
+ CCW 000FFDF0 E4200100 00487FE8 0000 E4240100 ........
+ IDAL 43D8AFE8
+ IDAL 0FB76000
+00020B0A' I/O DEV 7C08 -> 000197BC' SCH 0000 PARM 00E2C9C4
+00021628' TSCH B2354000 >> 00488164 CC 0 SCH 0000 DEV 7C08
+ CCWA 000FFDF8 DEV STS 0C SCH STS 00 CNT 00EC
+ KEY 0 FPI C0 CC 0 CTLS 4007
+00022238' STSCH B2344000 >> 00488108 CC 0 SCH 0000 DEV 7C08
+
+If you don't like messing up your readed ( because you possibly booted from it )
+you can alternatively spool it to another readers guest.
+
+
+Other common VM device related commands
+---------------------------------------------
+These commands are listed only because they have
+been of use to me in the past & may be of use to
+you too. For more complete info on each of the commands
+use type HELP <command> from CMS.
+detaching devices
+DET <devno range>
+ATT <devno range> <guest>
+attach a device to guest * for your own guest
+READY <devno> cause VM to issue a fake interrupt.
+
+The VARY command is normally only available to VM administrators.
+VARY ON PATH <path> TO <devno range>
+VARY OFF PATH <PATH> FROM <devno range>
+This is used to switch on or off channel paths to devices.
+
+Q CHPID <channel path ID>
+This displays state of devices using this channel path
+D SCHIB <subchannel>
+This displays the subchannel information SCHIB block for the device.
+this I believe is also only available to administrators.
+DEFINE CTC <devno>
+defines a virtual CTC channel to channel connection
+2 need to be defined on each guest for the CTC driver to use.
+COUPLE devno userid remote devno
+Joins a local virtual device to a remote virtual device
+( commonly used for the CTC driver ).
+
+Building a VM ramdisk under CMS which linux can use
+def vfb-<blocksize> <subchannel> <number blocks>
+blocksize is commonly 4096 for linux.
+Formatting it
+format <subchannel> <driver letter e.g. x> (blksize <blocksize>
+
+Sharing a disk between multiple guests
+LINK userid devno1 devno2 mode password
+
+
+
+GDB on S390
+===========
+N.B. if compiling for debugging gdb works better without optimisation
+( see Compiling programs for debugging )
+
+invocation
+----------
+gdb <victim program> <optional corefile>
+
+Online help
+-----------
+help: gives help on commands
+e.g.
+help
+help display
+Note gdb's online help is very good use it.
+
+
+Assembly
+--------
+info registers: displays registers other than floating point.
+info all-registers: displays floating points as well.
+disassemble: dissassembles
+e.g.
+disassemble without parameters will disassemble the current function
+disassemble $pc $pc+10
+
+Viewing & modifying variables
+-----------------------------
+print or p: displays variable or register
+e.g. p/x $sp will display the stack pointer
+
+display: prints variable or register each time program stops
+e.g.
+display/x $pc will display the program counter
+display argc
+
+undisplay : undo's display's
+
+info breakpoints: shows all current breakpoints
+
+info stack: shows stack back trace ( if this dosent work too well, I'll show you the
+stacktrace by hand below ).
+
+info locals: displays local variables.
+
+info args: display current procedure arguments.
+
+set args: will set argc & argv each time the victim program is invoked.
+
+set <variable>=value
+set argc=100
+set $pc=0
+
+
+
+Modifying execution
+-------------------
+step: steps n lines of sourcecode
+step steps 1 line.
+step 100 steps 100 lines of code.
+
+next: like step except this will not step into subroutines
+
+stepi: steps a single machine code instruction.
+e.g. stepi 100
+
+nexti: steps a single machine code instruction but will not step into subroutines.
+
+finish: will run until exit of the current routine
+
+run: (re)starts a program
+
+cont: continues a program
+
+quit: exits gdb.
+
+
+breakpoints
+------------
+
+break
+sets a breakpoint
+e.g.
+
+break main
+
+break *$pc
+
+break *0x400618
+
+heres a really useful one for large programs
+rbr
+Set a breakpoint for all functions matching REGEXP
+e.g.
+rbr 390
+will set a breakpoint with all functions with 390 in their name.
+
+info breakpoints
+lists all breakpoints
+
+delete: delete breakpoint by number or delete them all
+e.g.
+delete 1 will delete the first breakpoint
+delete will delete them all
+
+watch: This will set a watchpoint ( usually hardware assisted ),
+This will watch a variable till it changes
+e.g.
+watch cnt, will watch the variable cnt till it changes.
+As an aside unfortunately gdb's, architecture independent watchpoint code
+is inconsistent & not very good, watchpoints usually work but not always.
+
+info watchpoints: Display currently active watchpoints
+
+condition: ( another useful one )
+Specify breakpoint number N to break only if COND is true.
+Usage is `condition N COND', where N is an integer and COND is an
+expression to be evaluated whenever breakpoint N is reached.
+
+
+
+User defined functions/macros
+-----------------------------
+define: ( Note this is very very useful,simple & powerful )
+usage define <name> <list of commands> end
+
+examples which you should consider putting into .gdbinit in your home directory
+define d
+stepi
+disassemble $pc $pc+10
+end
+
+define e
+nexti
+disassemble $pc $pc+10
+end
+
+
+Other hard to classify stuff
+----------------------------
+signal n:
+sends the victim program a signal.
+e.g. signal 3 will send a SIGQUIT.
+
+info signals:
+what gdb does when the victim receives certain signals.
+
+list:
+e.g.
+list lists current function source
+list 1,10 list first 10 lines of curret file.
+list test.c:1,10
+
+
+directory:
+Adds directories to be searched for source if gdb cannot find the source.
+(note it is a bit sensititive about slashes )
+e.g. To add the root of the filesystem to the searchpath do
+directory //
+
+
+call <function>
+This calls a function in the victim program, this is pretty powerful
+e.g.
+(gdb) call printf("hello world")
+outputs:
+$1 = 11
+
+You might now be thinking that the line above didn't work, something extra had to be done.
+(gdb) call fflush(stdout)
+hello world$2 = 0
+As an aside the debugger also calls malloc & free under the hood
+to make space for the "hello world" string.
+
+
+
+hints
+-----
+1) command completion works just like bash
+( if you are a bad typist like me this really helps )
+e.g. hit br <TAB> & cursor up & down :-).
+
+2) if you have a debugging problem that takes a few steps to recreate
+put the steps into a file called .gdbinit in your current working directory
+if you have defined a few extra useful user defined commands put these in
+your home directory & they will be read each time gdb is launched.
+
+A typical .gdbinit file might be.
+break main
+run
+break runtime_exception
+cont
+
+
+stack chaining in gdb by hand
+-----------------------------
+This is done using a the same trick described for VM
+p/x (*($sp+56))&0x7fffffff get the first backchain.
+
+For z/Architecture
+Replace 56 with 112 & ignore the &0x7fffffff
+in the macros below & do nasty casts to longs like the following
+as gdb unfortunately deals with printed arguments as ints which
+messes up everything.
+i.e. here is a 3rd backchain dereference
+p/x *(long *)(***(long ***)$sp+112)
+
+
+this outputs
+$5 = 0x528f18
+on my machine.
+Now you can use
+info symbol (*($sp+56))&0x7fffffff
+you might see something like.
+rl_getc + 36 in section .text telling you what is located at address 0x528f18
+Now do.
+p/x (*(*$sp+56))&0x7fffffff
+This outputs
+$6 = 0x528ed0
+Now do.
+info symbol (*(*$sp+56))&0x7fffffff
+rl_read_key + 180 in section .text
+now do
+p/x (*(**$sp+56))&0x7fffffff
+& so on.
+
+Disassembling instructions without debug info
+---------------------------------------------
+gdb typically compains if there is a lack of debugging
+symbols in the disassemble command with
+"No function contains specified address." to get around
+this do
+x/<number lines to disassemble>xi <address>
+e.g.
+x/20xi 0x400730
+
+
+
+Note: Remember gdb has history just like bash you don't need to retype the
+whole line just use the up & down arrows.
+
+
+
+For more info
+-------------
+From your linuxbox do
+man gdb or info gdb.
+
+core dumps
+----------
+What a core dump ?,
+A core dump is a file generated by the kernel ( if allowed ) which contains the registers,
+& all active pages of the program which has crashed.
+From this file gdb will allow you to look at the registers & stack trace & memory of the
+program as if it just crashed on your system, it is usually called core & created in the
+current working directory.
+This is very useful in that a customer can mail a core dump to a technical support department
+& the technical support department can reconstruct what happened.
+Provided the have an identical copy of this program with debugging symbols compiled in &
+the source base of this build is available.
+In short it is far more useful than something like a crash log could ever hope to be.
+
+In theory all that is missing to restart a core dumped program is a kernel patch which
+will do the following.
+1) Make a new kernel task structure
+2) Reload all the dumped pages back into the kernel's memory management structures.
+3) Do the required clock fixups
+4) Get all files & network connections for the process back into an identical state ( really difficult ).
+5) A few more difficult things I haven't thought of.
+
+
+
+Why have I never seen one ?.
+Probably because you haven't used the command
+ulimit -c unlimited in bash
+to allow core dumps, now do
+ulimit -a
+to verify that the limit was accepted.
+
+A sample core dump
+To create this I'm going to do
+ulimit -c unlimited
+gdb
+to launch gdb (my victim app. ) now be bad & do the following from another
+telnet/xterm session to the same machine
+ps -aux | grep gdb
+kill -SIGSEGV <gdb's pid>
+or alternatively use killall -SIGSEGV gdb if you have the killall command.
+Now look at the core dump.
+./gdb ./gdb core
+Displays the following
+GNU gdb 4.18
+Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
+welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
+Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
+There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
+This GDB was configured as "s390-ibm-linux"...
+Core was generated by `./gdb'.
+Program terminated with signal 11, Segmentation fault.
+Reading symbols from /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4...done.
+Reading symbols from /lib/libm.so.6...done.
+Reading symbols from /lib/libc.so.6...done.
+Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done.
+#0 0x40126d1a in read () from /lib/libc.so.6
+Setting up the environment for debugging gdb.
+Breakpoint 1 at 0x4dc6f8: file utils.c, line 471.
+Breakpoint 2 at 0x4d87a4: file top.c, line 2609.
+(top-gdb) info stack
+#0 0x40126d1a in read () from /lib/libc.so.6
+#1 0x528f26 in rl_getc (stream=0x7ffffde8) at input.c:402
+#2 0x528ed0 in rl_read_key () at input.c:381
+#3 0x5167e6 in readline_internal_char () at readline.c:454
+#4 0x5168ee in readline_internal_charloop () at readline.c:507
+#5 0x51692c in readline_internal () at readline.c:521
+#6 0x5164fe in readline (prompt=0x7ffff810 "\177ÿøx\177ÿ÷Ø\177ÿøxÀ")
+ at readline.c:349
+#7 0x4d7a8a in command_line_input (prrompt=0x564420 "(gdb) ", repeat=1,
+ annotation_suffix=0x4d6b44 "prompt") at top.c:2091
+#8 0x4d6cf0 in command_loop () at top.c:1345
+#9 0x4e25bc in main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffdf4) at main.c:635
+
+
+LDD
+===
+This is a program which lists the shared libraries which a library needs,
+Note you also get the relocations of the shared library text segments which
+help when using objdump --source.
+e.g.
+ ldd ./gdb
+outputs
+libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x40018000)
+libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0x4005e000)
+libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40084000)
+/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
+
+
+Debugging shared libraries
+==========================
+Most programs use shared libraries, however it can be very painful
+when you single step instruction into a function like printf for the
+first time & you end up in functions like _dl_runtime_resolve this is
+the ld.so doing lazy binding, lazy binding is a concept in ELF where
+shared library functions are not loaded into memory unless they are
+actually used, great for saving memory but a pain to debug.
+To get around this either relink the program -static or exit gdb type
+export LD_BIND_NOW=true this will stop lazy binding & restart the gdb'ing
+the program in question.
+
+
+
+Debugging modules
+=================
+As modules are dynamically loaded into the kernel their address can be
+anywhere to get around this use the -m option with insmod to emit a load
+map which can be piped into a file if required.
+
+The proc file system
+====================
+What is it ?.
+It is a filesystem created by the kernel with files which are created on demand
+by the kernel if read, or can be used to modify kernel parameters,
+it is a powerful concept.
+
+e.g.
+
+cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
+On my machine outputs
+0
+telling me ip_forwarding is not on to switch it on I can do
+echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
+cat it again
+cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
+On my machine now outputs
+1
+IP forwarding is on.
+There is a lot of useful info in here best found by going in & having a look around,
+so I'll take you through some entries I consider important.
+
+All the processes running on the machine have there own entry defined by
+/proc/<pid>
+So lets have a look at the init process
+cd /proc/1
+
+cat cmdline
+emits
+init [2]
+
+cd /proc/1/fd
+This contains numerical entries of all the open files,
+some of these you can cat e.g. stdout (2)
+
+cat /proc/29/maps
+on my machine emits
+
+00400000-00478000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 4103 /bin/bash
+00478000-0047e000 rw-p 00077000 5f:00 4103 /bin/bash
+0047e000-00492000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0
+40000000-40015000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 14382 /lib/ld-2.1.2.so
+40015000-40016000 rw-p 00014000 5f:00 14382 /lib/ld-2.1.2.so
+40016000-40017000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0
+40017000-40018000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
+40018000-4001b000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 14435 /lib/libtermcap.so.2.0.8
+4001b000-4001c000 rw-p 00002000 5f:00 14435 /lib/libtermcap.so.2.0.8
+4001c000-4010d000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 14387 /lib/libc-2.1.2.so
+4010d000-40111000 rw-p 000f0000 5f:00 14387 /lib/libc-2.1.2.so
+40111000-40114000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
+40114000-4011e000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 14408 /lib/libnss_files-2.1.2.so
+4011e000-4011f000 rw-p 00009000 5f:00 14408 /lib/libnss_files-2.1.2.so
+7fffd000-80000000 rwxp ffffe000 00:00 0
+
+
+Showing us the shared libraries init uses where they are in memory
+& memory access permissions for each virtual memory area.
+
+/proc/1/cwd is a softlink to the current working directory.
+/proc/1/root is the root of the filesystem for this process.
+
+/proc/1/mem is the current running processes memory which you
+can read & write to like a file.
+strace uses this sometimes as it is a bit faster than the
+rather inefficent ptrace interface for peeking at DATA.
+
+
+cat status
+
+Name: init
+State: S (sleeping)
+Pid: 1
+PPid: 0
+Uid: 0 0 0 0
+Gid: 0 0 0 0
+Groups:
+VmSize: 408 kB
+VmLck: 0 kB
+VmRSS: 208 kB
+VmData: 24 kB
+VmStk: 8 kB
+VmExe: 368 kB
+VmLib: 0 kB
+SigPnd: 0000000000000000
+SigBlk: 0000000000000000
+SigIgn: 7fffffffd7f0d8fc
+SigCgt: 00000000280b2603
+CapInh: 00000000fffffeff
+CapPrm: 00000000ffffffff
+CapEff: 00000000fffffeff
+
+User PSW: 070de000 80414146
+task: 004b6000 tss: 004b62d8 ksp: 004b7ca8 pt_regs: 004b7f68
+User GPRS:
+00000400 00000000 0000000b 7ffffa90
+00000000 00000000 00000000 0045d9f4
+0045cafc 7ffffa90 7fffff18 0045cb08
+00010400 804039e8 80403af8 7ffff8b0
+User ACRS:
+00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
+00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000
+00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
+00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
+Kernel BackChain CallChain BackChain CallChain
+ 004b7ca8 8002bd0c 004b7d18 8002b92c
+ 004b7db8 8005cd50 004b7e38 8005d12a
+ 004b7f08 80019114
+Showing among other things memory usage & status of some signals &
+the processes'es registers from the kernel task_structure
+as well as a backchain which may be useful if a process crashes
+in the kernel for some unknown reason.
+
+Some driver debugging techniques
+================================
+debug feature
+-------------
+Some of our drivers now support a "debug feature" in
+/proc/s390dbf see s390dbf.txt in the linux/Documentation directory
+for more info.
+e.g.
+to switch on the lcs "debug feature"
+echo 5 > /proc/s390dbf/lcs/level
+& then after the error occurred.
+cat /proc/s390dbf/lcs/sprintf >/logfile
+the logfile now contains some information which may help
+tech support resolve a problem in the field.
+
+
+
+high level debugging network drivers
+------------------------------------
+ifconfig is a quite useful command
+it gives the current state of network drivers.
+
+If you suspect your network device driver is dead
+one way to check is type
+ifconfig <network device>
+e.g. tr0
+You should see something like
+tr0 Link encap:16/4 Mbps Token Ring (New) HWaddr 00:04:AC:20:8E:48
+ inet addr:9.164.185.132 Bcast:9.164.191.255 Mask:255.255.224.0
+ UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:2000 Metric:1
+ RX packets:246134 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
+ TX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
+ collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
+
+if the device doesn't say up
+try
+/etc/rc.d/init.d/network start
+( this starts the network stack & hopefully calls ifconfig tr0 up ).
+ifconfig looks at the output of /proc/net/dev & presents it in a more presentable form
+Now ping the device from a machine in the same subnet.
+if the RX packets count & TX packets counts don't increment you probably
+have problems.
+next
+cat /proc/net/arp
+Do you see any hardware addresses in the cache if not you may have problems.
+Next try
+ping -c 5 <broadcast_addr> i.e. the Bcast field above in the output of
+ifconfig. Do you see any replies from machines other than the local machine
+if not you may have problems. also if the TX packets count in ifconfig
+hasn't incremented either you have serious problems in your driver
+(e.g. the txbusy field of the network device being stuck on )
+or you may have multiple network devices connected.
+
+
+chandev
+-------
+There is a new device layer for channel devices, some
+drivers e.g. lcs are registered with this layer.
+If the device uses the channel device layer you'll be
+able to find what interrupts it uses & the current state
+of the device.
+See the manpage chandev.8 &type cat /proc/chandev for more info.
+
+
+
+Starting points for debugging scripting languages etc.
+======================================================
+
+bash/sh
+
+bash -x <scriptname>
+e.g. bash -x /usr/bin/bashbug
+displays the following lines as it executes them.
++ MACHINE=i586
++ OS=linux-gnu
++ CC=gcc
++ CFLAGS= -DPROGRAM='bash' -DHOSTTYPE='i586' -DOSTYPE='linux-gnu' -DMACHTYPE='i586-pc-linux-gnu' -DSHELL -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I./lib -O2 -pipe
++ RELEASE=2.01
++ PATCHLEVEL=1
++ RELSTATUS=release
++ MACHTYPE=i586-pc-linux-gnu
+
+perl -d <scriptname> runs the perlscript in a fully intercative debugger
+<like gdb>.
+Type 'h' in the debugger for help.
+
+for debugging java type
+jdb <filename> another fully interactive gdb style debugger.
+& type ? in the debugger for help.
+
+
+
+Dumptool & Lcrash ( lkcd )
+==========================
+Michael Holzheu & others here at IBM have a fairly mature port of
+SGI's lcrash tool which allows one to look at kernel structures in a
+running kernel.
+
+It also complements a tool called dumptool which dumps all the kernel's
+memory pages & registers to either a tape or a disk.
+This can be used by tech support or an ambitious end user do
+post mortem debugging of a machine like gdb core dumps.
+
+Going into how to use this tool in detail will be explained
+in other documentation supplied by IBM with the patches & the
+lcrash homepage http://oss.sgi.com/projects/lkcd/ & the lcrash manpage.
+
+How they work
+-------------
+Lcrash is a perfectly normal program,however, it requires 2
+additional files, Kerntypes which is built using a patch to the
+linux kernel sources in the linux root directory & the System.map.
+
+Kerntypes is an an objectfile whose sole purpose in life
+is to provide stabs debug info to lcrash, to do this
+Kerntypes is built from kerntypes.c which just includes the most commonly
+referenced header files used when debugging, lcrash can then read the
+.stabs section of this file.
+
+Debugging a live system it uses /dev/mem
+alternatively for post mortem debugging it uses the data
+collected by dumptool.
+
+
+
+SysRq
+=====
+This is now supported by linux for s/390 & z/Architecture.
+To enable it do compile the kernel with
+Kernel Hacking -> Magic SysRq Key Enabled
+echo "1" > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
+also type
+echo "8" >/proc/sys/kernel/printk
+To make printk output go to console.
+On 390 all commands are prefixed with
+^-
+e.g.
+^-t will show tasks.
+^-? or some unknown command will display help.
+The sysrq key reading is very picky ( I have to type the keys in an
+ xterm session & paste them into the x3270 console )
+& it may be wise to predefine the keys as described in the VM hints above
+
+This is particularly useful for syncing disks unmounting & rebooting
+if the machine gets partially hung.
+
+Read Documentation/sysrq.txt for more info
+
+References:
+===========
+Enterprise Systems Architecture Reference Summary
+Enterprise Systems Architecture Principles of Operation
+Hartmut Penners s390 stack frame sheet.
+IBM Mainframe Channel Attachment a technology brief from a CISCO webpage
+Various bits of man & info pages of Linux.
+Linux & GDB source.
+Various info & man pages.
+CMS Help on tracing commands.
+Linux for s/390 Elf Application Binary Interface
+Linux for z/Series Elf Application Binary Interface ( Both Highly Recommended )
+z/Architecture Principles of Operation SA22-7832-00
+Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Reference Summary SA22-7209-01 & the
+Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Principles of Operation SA22-7201-05
+
+Special Thanks
+==============
+Special thanks to Neale Ferguson who maintains a much
+prettier HTML version of this page at
+http://penguinvm.princeton.edu/notes.html#Debug390
+Bob Grainger Stefan Bader & others for reporting bugs
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/TAPE b/Documentation/s390/TAPE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c639aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/TAPE
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+Channel attached Tape device driver
+
+-----------------------------WARNING-----------------------------------------
+This driver is considered to be EXPERIMENTAL. Do NOT use it in
+production environments. Feel free to test it and report problems back to us.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The LINUX for zSeries tape device driver manages channel attached tape drives
+which are compatible to IBM 3480 or IBM 3490 magnetic tape subsystems. This
+includes various models of these devices (for example the 3490E).
+
+
+Tape driver features
+
+The device driver supports a maximum of 128 tape devices.
+No official LINUX device major number is assigned to the zSeries tape device
+driver. It allocates major numbers dynamically and reports them on system
+startup.
+Typically it will get major number 254 for both the character device front-end
+and the block device front-end.
+
+The tape device driver needs no kernel parameters. All supported devices
+present are detected on driver initialization at system startup or module load.
+The devices detected are ordered by their subchannel numbers. The device with
+the lowest subchannel number becomes device 0, the next one will be device 1
+and so on.
+
+
+Tape character device front-end
+
+The usual way to read or write to the tape device is through the character
+device front-end. The zSeries tape device driver provides two character devices
+for each physical device -- the first of these will rewind automatically when
+it is closed, the second will not rewind automatically.
+
+The character device nodes are named /dev/rtibm0 (rewinding) and /dev/ntibm0
+(non-rewinding) for the first device, /dev/rtibm1 and /dev/ntibm1 for the
+second, and so on.
+
+The character device front-end can be used as any other LINUX tape device. You
+can write to it and read from it using LINUX facilities such as GNU tar. The
+tool mt can be used to perform control operations, such as rewinding the tape
+or skipping a file.
+
+Most LINUX tape software should work with either tape character device.
+
+
+Tape block device front-end
+
+The tape device may also be accessed as a block device in read-only mode.
+This could be used for software installation in the same way as it is used with
+other operation systems on the zSeries platform (and most LINUX
+distributions are shipped on compact disk using ISO9660 filesystems).
+
+One block device node is provided for each physical device. These are named
+/dev/btibm0 for the first device, /dev/btibm1 for the second and so on.
+You should only use the ISO9660 filesystem on LINUX for zSeries tapes because
+the physical tape devices cannot perform fast seeks and the ISO9660 system is
+optimized for this situation.
+
+
+Tape block device example
+
+In this example a tape with an ISO9660 filesystem is created using the first
+tape device. ISO9660 filesystem support must be built into your system kernel
+for this.
+The mt command is used to issue tape commands and the mkisofs command to
+create an ISO9660 filesystem:
+
+- create a LINUX directory (somedir) with the contents of the filesystem
+ mkdir somedir
+ cp contents somedir
+
+- insert a tape
+
+- ensure the tape is at the beginning
+ mt -f /dev/ntibm0 rewind
+
+- set the blocksize of the character driver. The blocksize 2048 bytes
+ is commonly used on ISO9660 CD-Roms
+ mt -f /dev/ntibm0 setblk 2048
+
+- write the filesystem to the character device driver
+ mkisofs -o /dev/ntibm0 somedir
+
+- rewind the tape again
+ mt -f /dev/ntibm0 rewind
+
+- Now you can mount your new filesystem as a block device:
+ mount -t iso9660 -o ro,block=2048 /dev/btibm0 /mnt
+
+TODO List
+
+ - Driver has to be stabilized still
+
+BUGS
+
+This driver is considered BETA, which means some weaknesses may still
+be in it.
+If an error occurs which cannot be handled by the code you will get a
+sense-data dump.In that case please do the following:
+
+1. set the tape driver debug level to maximum:
+ echo 6 >/proc/s390dbf/tape/level
+
+2. re-perform the actions which produced the bug. (Hopefully the bug will
+ reappear.)
+
+3. get a snapshot from the debug-feature:
+ cat /proc/s390dbf/tape/hex_ascii >somefile
+
+4. Now put the snapshot together with a detailed description of the situation
+ that led to the bug:
+ - Which tool did you use?
+ - Which hardware do you have?
+ - Was your tape unit online?
+ - Is it a shared tape unit?
+
+5. Send an email with your bug report to:
+ mailto:Linux390@de.ibm.com
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/cds.txt b/Documentation/s390/cds.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d939717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/cds.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+Linux for S/390 and zSeries
+
+Common Device Support (CDS)
+Device Driver I/O Support Routines
+
+Authors : Ingo Adlung
+ Cornelia Huck
+
+Copyright, IBM Corp. 1999-2002
+
+Introduction
+
+This document describes the common device support routines for Linux/390.
+Different than other hardware architectures, ESA/390 has defined a unified
+I/O access method. This gives relief to the device drivers as they don't
+have to deal with different bus types, polling versus interrupt
+processing, shared versus non-shared interrupt processing, DMA versus port
+I/O (PIO), and other hardware features more. However, this implies that
+either every single device driver needs to implement the hardware I/O
+attachment functionality itself, or the operating system provides for a
+unified method to access the hardware, providing all the functionality that
+every single device driver would have to provide itself.
+
+The document does not intend to explain the ESA/390 hardware architecture in
+every detail.This information can be obtained from the ESA/390 Principles of
+Operation manual (IBM Form. No. SA22-7201).
+
+In order to build common device support for ESA/390 I/O interfaces, a
+functional layer was introduced that provides generic I/O access methods to
+the hardware.
+
+The common device support layer comprises the I/O support routines defined
+below. Some of them implement common Linux device driver interfaces, while
+some of them are ESA/390 platform specific.
+
+Note:
+In order to write a driver for S/390, you also need to look into the interface
+described in Documentation/s390/driver-model.txt.
+
+Note for porting drivers from 2.4:
+The major changes are:
+* The functions use a ccw_device instead of an irq (subchannel).
+* All drivers must define a ccw_driver (see driver-model.txt) and the associated
+ functions.
+* request_irq() and free_irq() are no longer done by the driver.
+* The oper_handler is (kindof) replaced by the probe() and set_online() functions
+ of the ccw_driver.
+* The not_oper_handler is (kindof) replaced by the remove() and set_offline()
+ functions of the ccw_driver.
+* The channel device layer is gone.
+* The interrupt handlers must be adapted to use a ccw_device as argument.
+ Moreover, they don't return a devstat, but an irb.
+* Before initiating an io, the options must be set via ccw_device_set_options().
+
+read_dev_chars()
+ read device characteristics
+
+read_conf_data()
+ read configuration data.
+
+ccw_device_get_ciw()
+ get commands from extended sense data.
+
+ccw_device_start()
+ initiate an I/O request.
+
+ccw_device_resume()
+ resume channel program execution.
+
+ccw_device_halt()
+ terminate the current I/O request processed on the device.
+
+do_IRQ()
+ generic interrupt routine. This function is called by the interrupt entry
+ routine whenever an I/O interrupt is presented to the system. The do_IRQ()
+ routine determines the interrupt status and calls the device specific
+ interrupt handler according to the rules (flags) defined during I/O request
+ initiation with do_IO().
+
+The next chapters describe the functions other than do_IRQ() in more details.
+The do_IRQ() interface is not described, as it is called from the Linux/390
+first level interrupt handler only and does not comprise a device driver
+callable interface. Instead, the functional description of do_IO() also
+describes the input to the device specific interrupt handler.
+
+Note: All explanations apply also to the 64 bit architecture s390x.
+
+
+Common Device Support (CDS) for Linux/390 Device Drivers
+
+General Information
+
+The following chapters describe the I/O related interface routines the
+Linux/390 common device support (CDS) provides to allow for device specific
+driver implementations on the IBM ESA/390 hardware platform. Those interfaces
+intend to provide the functionality required by every device driver
+implementaion to allow to drive a specific hardware device on the ESA/390
+platform. Some of the interface routines are specific to Linux/390 and some
+of them can be found on other Linux platforms implementations too.
+Miscellaneous function prototypes, data declarations, and macro definitions
+can be found in the architecture specific C header file
+linux/include/asm-s390/irq.h.
+
+Overview of CDS interface concepts
+
+Different to other hardware platforms, the ESA/390 architecture doesn't define
+interrupt lines managed by a specific interrupt controller and bus systems
+that may or may not allow for shared interrupts, DMA processing, etc.. Instead,
+the ESA/390 architecture has implemented a so called channel subsystem, that
+provides a unified view of the devices physically attached to the systems.
+Though the ESA/390 hardware platform knows about a huge variety of different
+peripheral attachments like disk devices (aka. DASDs), tapes, communication
+controllers, etc. they can all by accessed by a well defined access method and
+they are presenting I/O completion a unified way : I/O interruptions. Every
+single device is uniquely identified to the system by a so called subchannel,
+where the ESA/390 architecture allows for 64k devices be attached.
+
+Linux, however, was first built on the Intel PC architecture, with its two
+cascaded 8259 programmable interrupt controllers (PICs), that allow for a
+maximum of 15 different interrupt lines. All devices attached to such a system
+share those 15 interrupt levels. Devices attached to the ISA bus system must
+not share interrupt levels (aka. IRQs), as the ISA bus bases on edge triggered
+interrupts. MCA, EISA, PCI and other bus systems base on level triggered
+interrupts, and therewith allow for shared IRQs. However, if multiple devices
+present their hardware status by the same (shared) IRQ, the operating system
+has to call every single device driver registered on this IRQ in order to
+determine the device driver owning the device that raised the interrupt.
+
+In order not to introduce a new I/O concept to the common Linux code,
+Linux/390 preserves the IRQ concept and semantically maps the ESA/390
+subchannels to Linux as IRQs. This allows Linux/390 to support up to 64k
+different IRQs, uniquely representig a single device each.
+
+Up to kernel 2.4, Linux/390 used to provide interfaces via the IRQ (subchannel).
+For internal use of the common I/O layer, these are still there. However,
+device drivers should use the new calling interface via the ccw_device only.
+
+During its startup the Linux/390 system checks for peripheral devices. Each
+of those devices is uniquely defined by a so called subchannel by the ESA/390
+channel subsystem. While the subchannel numbers are system generated, each
+subchannel also takes a user defined attribute, the so called device number.
+Both subchannel number and device number can not exceed 65535. During driverfs
+initialisation, the information about control unit type and device types that
+imply specific I/O commands (channel command words - CCWs) in order to operate
+the device are gathered. Device drivers can retrieve this set of hardware
+information during their initialization step to recognize the devices they
+support using the information saved in the struct ccw_device given to them.
+This methods implies that Linux/390 doesn't require to probe for free (not
+armed) interrupt request lines (IRQs) to drive its devices with. Where
+applicable, the device drivers can use the read_dev_chars() to retrieve device
+characteristics. This can be done without having to request device ownership
+previously.
+
+In order to allow for easy I/O initiation the CDS layer provides a
+ccw_device_start() interface that takes a device specific channel program (one
+or more CCWs) as input sets up the required architecture specific control blocks
+and initiates an I/O request on behalf of the device driver. The
+ccw_device_start() routine allows to specify whether it expects the CDS layer
+to notify the device driver for every interrupt it observes, or with final status
+only. See ccw_device_start() for more details. A device driver must never issue
+ESA/390 I/O commands itself, but must use the Linux/390 CDS interfaces instead.
+
+For long running I/O request to be canceled, the CDS layer provides the
+ccw_device_halt() function. Some devices require to initially issue a HALT
+SUBCHANNEL (HSCH) command without having pending I/O requests. This function is
+also covered by ccw_device_halt().
+
+
+read_dev_chars() - Read Device Characteristics
+
+This routine returns the characteristics for the device specified.
+
+The function is meant to be called with an irq handler in place; that is,
+at earliest during set_online() processing.
+
+While the request is procesed synchronously, the device interrupt
+handler is called for final ending status. In case of error situations the
+interrupt handler may recover appropriately. The device irq handler can
+recognize the corresponding interrupts by the interruption parameter be
+0x00524443.The ccw_device must not be locked prior to calling read_dev_chars().
+
+The function may be called enabled or disabled.
+
+int read_dev_chars(struct ccw_device *cdev, void **buffer, int length );
+
+cdev - the ccw_device the information is requested for.
+buffer - pointer to a buffer pointer. The buffer pointer itself
+ must contain a valid buffer area.
+length - length of the buffer provided.
+
+The read_dev_chars() function returns :
+
+ 0 - successful completion
+-ENODEV - cdev invalid
+-EINVAL - an invalid parameter was detected, or the function was called early.
+-EBUSY - an irrecoverable I/O error occurred or the device is not
+ operational.
+
+
+read_conf_data() - Read Configuration Data
+
+Retrieve the device dependent configuration data. Please have a look at your
+device dependent I/O commands for the device specific layout of the node
+descriptor elements.
+
+The function is meant to be called with an irq handler in place; that is,
+at earliest during set_online() processing.
+
+The function may be called enabled or disabled, but the device must not be
+locked
+
+int read_conf_data(struct ccw_device, void **buffer, int *length, __u8 lpm);
+
+cdev - the ccw_device the data is requested for.
+buffer - Pointer to a buffer pointer. The read_conf_data() routine
+ will allocate a buffer and initialize the buffer pointer
+ accordingly. It's the device driver's responsibility to
+ release the kernel memory if no longer needed.
+length - Length of the buffer allocated and retrieved.
+lpm - Logical path mask to be used for retrieving the data. If
+ zero the data is retrieved on the next path available.
+
+The read_conf_data() function returns :
+ 0 - Successful completion
+-ENODEV - cdev invalid.
+-EINVAL - An invalid parameter was detected, or the function was called early.
+-EIO - An irrecoverable I/O error occurred or the device is
+ not operational.
+-ENOMEM - The read_conf_data() routine couldn't obtain storage.
+-EOPNOTSUPP - The device doesn't support the read configuration
+ data command.
+
+
+get_ciw() - get command information word
+
+This call enables a device driver to get information about supported commands
+from the extended SenseID data.
+
+struct ciw *
+ccw_device_get_ciw(struct ccw_device *cdev, __u32 cmd);
+
+cdev - The ccw_device for which the command is to be retrieved.
+cmd - The command type to be retrieved.
+
+ccw_device_get_ciw() returns:
+NULL - No extended data available, invalid device or command not found.
+!NULL - The command requested.
+
+
+ccw_device_start() - Initiate I/O Request
+
+The ccw_device_start() routines is the I/O request front-end processor. All
+device driver I/O requests must be issued using this routine. A device driver
+must not issue ESA/390 I/O commands itself. Instead the ccw_device_start()
+routine provides all interfaces required to drive arbitrary devices.
+
+This description also covers the status information passed to the device
+driver's interrupt handler as this is related to the rules (flags) defined
+with the associated I/O request when calling ccw_device_start().
+
+int ccw_device_start(struct ccw_device *cdev,
+ struct ccw1 *cpa,
+ unsigned long intparm,
+ __u8 lpm,
+ unsigned long flags);
+
+cdev : ccw_device the I/O is destined for
+cpa : logical start address of channel program
+user_intparm : user specific interrupt information; will be presented
+ back to the device driver's interrupt handler. Allows a
+ device driver to associate the interrupt with a
+ particular I/O request.
+lpm : defines the channel path to be used for a specific I/O
+ request. A value of 0 will make cio use the opm.
+flag : defines the action to be performed for I/O processing
+
+Possible flag values are :
+
+DOIO_ALLOW_SUSPEND - channel program may become suspended
+DOIO_DENY_PREFETCH - don't allow for CCW prefetch; usually
+ this implies the channel program might
+ become modified
+DOIO_SUPPRESS_INTER - don't call the handler on intermediate status
+
+The cpa parameter points to the first format 1 CCW of a channel program :
+
+struct ccw1 {
+ __u8 cmd_code;/* command code */
+ __u8 flags; /* flags, like IDA addressing, etc. */
+ __u16 count; /* byte count */
+ __u32 cda; /* data address */
+} __attribute__ ((packed,aligned(8)));
+
+with the following CCW flags values defined :
+
+CCW_FLAG_DC - data chaining
+CCW_FLAG_CC - command chaining
+CCW_FLAG_SLI - suppress incorrct length
+CCW_FLAG_SKIP - skip
+CCW_FLAG_PCI - PCI
+CCW_FLAG_IDA - indirect addressing
+CCW_FLAG_SUSPEND - suspend
+
+
+Via ccw_device_set_options(), the device driver may specify the following
+options for the device:
+
+DOIO_EARLY_NOTIFICATION - allow for early interrupt notification
+DOIO_REPORT_ALL - report all interrupt conditions
+
+
+The ccw_device_start() function returns :
+
+ 0 - successful completion or request successfully initiated
+-EBUSY - The device is currently processing a previous I/O request, or ther is
+ a status pending at the device.
+-ENODEV - cdev is invalid, the device is not operational or the ccw_device is
+ not online.
+
+When the I/O request completes, the CDS first level interrupt handler will
+accumalate the status in a struct irb and then call the device interrupt handler.
+The intparm field will contain the value the device driver has associated with a
+particular I/O request. If a pending device status was recognized,
+intparm will be set to 0 (zero). This may happen during I/O initiation or delayed
+by an alert status notification. In any case this status is not related to the
+current (last) I/O request. In case of a delayed status notification no special
+interrupt will be presented to indicate I/O completion as the I/O request was
+never started, even though ccw_device_start() returned with successful completion.
+
+If the concurrent sense flag in the extended status word in the irb is set, the
+field irb->scsw.count describes the numer of device specific sense bytes
+available in the extended control word irb->scsw.ecw[0]. No device sensing by
+the device driver itself is required.
+
+The device interrupt handler can use the following definitions to investigate
+the primary unit check source coded in sense byte 0 :
+
+SNS0_CMD_REJECT 0x80
+SNS0_INTERVENTION_REQ 0x40
+SNS0_BUS_OUT_CHECK 0x20
+SNS0_EQUIPMENT_CHECK 0x10
+SNS0_DATA_CHECK 0x08
+SNS0_OVERRUN 0x04
+SNS0_INCOMPL_DOMAIN 0x01
+
+Depending on the device status, multiple of those values may be set together.
+Please refer to the device specific documentation for details.
+
+The irb->scsw.cstat field provides the (accumulated) subchannel status :
+
+SCHN_STAT_PCI - program controlled interrupt
+SCHN_STAT_INCORR_LEN - incorrect length
+SCHN_STAT_PROG_CHECK - program check
+SCHN_STAT_PROT_CHECK - protection check
+SCHN_STAT_CHN_DATA_CHK - channel data check
+SCHN_STAT_CHN_CTRL_CHK - channel control check
+SCHN_STAT_INTF_CTRL_CHK - interface control check
+SCHN_STAT_CHAIN_CHECK - chaining check
+
+The irb->scsw.dstat field provides the (accumulated) device status :
+
+DEV_STAT_ATTENTION - attention
+DEV_STAT_STAT_MOD - status modifier
+DEV_STAT_CU_END - control unit end
+DEV_STAT_BUSY - busy
+DEV_STAT_CHN_END - channel end
+DEV_STAT_DEV_END - device end
+DEV_STAT_UNIT_CHECK - unit check
+DEV_STAT_UNIT_EXCEP - unit exception
+
+Please see the ESA/390 Principles of Operation manual for details on the
+individual flag meanings.
+
+Usage Notes :
+
+Prior to call ccw_device_start() the device driver must assure disabled state,
+i.e. the I/O mask value in the PSW must be disabled. This can be accomplished
+by calling local_save_flags( flags). The current PSW flags are preserved and
+can be restored by local_irq_restore( flags) at a later time.
+
+If the device driver violates this rule while running in a uni-processor
+environment an interrupt might be presented prior to the ccw_device_start()
+routine returning to the device driver main path. In this case we will end in a
+deadlock situation as the interrupt handler will try to obtain the irq
+lock the device driver still owns (see below) !
+
+The driver must assure to hold the device specific lock. This can be
+accomplished by
+
+(i) spin_lock(get_ccwdev_lock(cdev)), or
+(ii) spin_lock_irqsave(get_ccwdev_lock(cdev), flags)
+
+Option (i) should be used if the calling routine is running disabled for
+I/O interrupts (see above) already. Option (ii) obtains the device gate und
+puts the CPU into I/O disabled state by preserving the current PSW flags.
+
+The device driver is allowed to issue the next ccw_device_start() call from
+within its interrupt handler already. It is not required to schedule a
+bottom-half, unless an non deterministicly long running error recovery procedure
+or similar needs to be scheduled. During I/O processing the Linux/390 generic
+I/O device driver support has already obtained the IRQ lock, i.e. the handler
+must not try to obtain it again when calling ccw_device_start() or we end in a
+deadlock situation!
+
+If a device driver relies on an I/O request to be completed prior to start the
+next it can reduce I/O processing overhead by chaining a NoOp I/O command
+CCW_CMD_NOOP to the end of the submitted CCW chain. This will force Channel-End
+and Device-End status to be presented together, with a single interrupt.
+However, this should be used with care as it implies the channel will remain
+busy, not being able to process I/O requests for other devices on the same
+channel. Therefore e.g. read commands should never use this technique, as the
+result will be presented by a single interrupt anyway.
+
+In order to minimize I/O overhead, a device driver should use the
+DOIO_REPORT_ALL only if the device can report intermediate interrupt
+information prior to device-end the device driver urgently relies on. In this
+case all I/O interruptions are presented to the device driver until final
+status is recognized.
+
+If a device is able to recover from asynchronosly presented I/O errors, it can
+perform overlapping I/O using the DOIO_EARLY_NOTIFICATION flag. While some
+devices always report channel-end and device-end together, with a single
+interrupt, others present primary status (channel-end) when the channel is
+ready for the next I/O request and secondary status (device-end) when the data
+transmission has been completed at the device.
+
+Above flag allows to exploit this feature, e.g. for communication devices that
+can handle lost data on the network to allow for enhanced I/O processing.
+
+Unless the channel subsystem at any time presents a secondary status interrupt,
+exploiting this feature will cause only primary status interrupts to be
+presented to the device driver while overlapping I/O is performed. When a
+secondary status without error (alert status) is presented, this indicates
+successful completion for all overlapping ccw_device_start() requests that have
+been issued since the last secondary (final) status.
+
+Channel programs that intend to set the suspend flag on a channel command word
+(CCW) must start the I/O operation with the DOIO_ALLOW_SUSPEND option or the
+suspend flag will cause a channel program check. At the time the channel program
+becomes suspended an intermediate interrupt will be generated by the channel
+subsystem.
+
+ccw_device_resume() - Resume Channel Program Execution
+
+If a device driver chooses to suspend the current channel program execution by
+setting the CCW suspend flag on a particular CCW, the channel program execution
+is suspended. In order to resume channel program execution the CIO layer
+provides the ccw_device_resume() routine.
+
+int ccw_device_resume(struct ccw_device *cdev);
+
+cdev - ccw_device the resume operation is requested for
+
+The resume_IO() function returns:
+
+ 0 - suspended channel program is resumed
+-EBUSY - status pending
+-ENODEV - cdev invalid or not-operational subchannel
+-EINVAL - resume function not applicable
+-ENOTCONN - there is no I/O request pending for completion
+
+Usage Notes:
+Please have a look at the ccw_device_start() usage notes for more details on
+suspended channel programs.
+
+ccw_device_halt() - Halt I/O Request Processing
+
+Sometimes a device driver might need a possibility to stop the processing of
+a long-running channel program or the device might require to initially issue
+a halt subchannel (HSCH) I/O command. For those purposes the ccw_device_halt()
+command is provided.
+
+int ccw_device_halt(struct ccw_device *cdev,
+ unsigned long intparm);
+
+cdev : ccw_device the halt operation is requested for
+intparm : interruption parameter; value is only used if no I/O
+ is outstanding, otherwise the intparm associated with
+ the I/O request is returned
+
+The ccw_device_halt() function returns :
+
+ 0 - successful completion or request successfully initiated
+-EBUSY - the device is currently busy, or status pending.
+-ENODEV - cdev invalid.
+-EINVAL - The device is not operational or the ccw device is not online.
+
+Usage Notes :
+
+A device driver may write a never-ending channel program by writing a channel
+program that at its end loops back to its beginning by means of a transfer in
+channel (TIC) command (CCW_CMD_TIC). Usually this is performed by network
+device drivers by setting the PCI CCW flag (CCW_FLAG_PCI). Once this CCW is
+executed a program controlled interrupt (PCI) is generated. The device driver
+can then perform an appropriate action. Prior to interrupt of an outstanding
+read to a network device (with or without PCI flag) a ccw_device_halt()
+is required to end the pending operation.
+
+
+Miscellaneous Support Routines
+
+This chapter describes various routines to be used in a Linux/390 device
+driver programming environment.
+
+get_ccwdev_lock()
+
+Get the address of the device specific lock. This is then used in
+spin_lock() / spin_unlock() calls.
+
+
+__u8 ccw_device_get_path_mask(struct ccw_device *cdev);
+
+Get the mask of the path currently available for cdev.
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/config3270.sh b/Documentation/s390/config3270.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..515e2f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/config3270.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# config3270 -- Autoconfigure /dev/3270/* and /etc/inittab
+#
+# Usage:
+# config3270
+#
+# Output:
+# /tmp/mkdev3270
+#
+# Operation:
+# 1. Run this script
+# 2. Run the script it produces: /tmp/mkdev3270
+# 3. Issue "telinit q" or reboot, as appropriate.
+#
+P=/proc/tty/driver/tty3270
+ROOT=
+D=$ROOT/dev
+SUBD=3270
+TTY=$SUBD/tty
+TUB=$SUBD/tub
+SCR=$ROOT/tmp/mkdev3270
+SCRTMP=$SCR.a
+GETTYLINE=:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty
+INITTAB=$ROOT/etc/inittab
+NINITTAB=$ROOT/etc/NEWinittab
+OINITTAB=$ROOT/etc/OLDinittab
+ADDNOTE=\\"# Additional mingettys for the 3270/tty* driver, tub3270 ---\\"
+
+if ! ls $P > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+ modprobe tub3270 > /dev/null 2>&1
+fi
+ls $P > /dev/null 2>&1 || exit 1
+
+# Initialize two files, one for /dev/3270 commands and one
+# to replace the /etc/inittab file (old one saved in OLDinittab)
+echo "#!/bin/sh" > $SCR || exit 1
+echo " " >> $SCR
+echo "# Script built by /sbin/config3270" >> $SCR
+if [ ! -d /dev/dasd ]; then
+ echo rm -rf "$D/$SUBD/*" >> $SCR
+fi
+echo "grep -v $TTY $INITTAB > $NINITTAB" > $SCRTMP || exit 1
+echo "echo $ADDNOTE >> $NINITTAB" >> $SCRTMP
+if [ ! -d /dev/dasd ]; then
+ echo mkdir -p $D/$SUBD >> $SCR
+fi
+
+# Now query the tub3270 driver for 3270 device information
+# and add appropriate mknod and mingetty lines to our files
+echo what=config > $P
+while read devno maj min;do
+ if [ $min = 0 ]; then
+ fsmaj=$maj
+ if [ ! -d /dev/dasd ]; then
+ echo mknod $D/$TUB c $fsmaj 0 >> $SCR
+ echo chmod 666 $D/$TUB >> $SCR
+ fi
+ elif [ $maj = CONSOLE ]; then
+ if [ ! -d /dev/dasd ]; then
+ echo mknod $D/$TUB$devno c $fsmaj $min >> $SCR
+ fi
+ else
+ if [ ! -d /dev/dasd ]; then
+ echo mknod $D/$TTY$devno c $maj $min >>$SCR
+ echo mknod $D/$TUB$devno c $fsmaj $min >> $SCR
+ fi
+ echo "echo t$min$GETTYLINE $TTY$devno >> $NINITTAB" >> $SCRTMP
+ fi
+done < $P
+
+echo mv $INITTAB $OINITTAB >> $SCRTMP || exit 1
+echo mv $NINITTAB $INITTAB >> $SCRTMP
+cat $SCRTMP >> $SCR
+rm $SCRTMP
+exit 0
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/crypto/crypto-API.txt b/Documentation/s390/crypto/crypto-API.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78a7762
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/crypto/crypto-API.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+crypto-API support for z990 Message Security Assist (MSA) instructions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+AUTHOR: Thomas Spatzier (tspat@de.ibm.com)
+
+
+1. Introduction crypto-API
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+See Documentation/crypto/api-intro.txt for an introduction/description of the
+kernel crypto API.
+According to api-intro.txt support for z990 crypto instructions has been added
+in the algorithm api layer of the crypto API. Several files containing z990
+optimized implementations of crypto algorithms are placed in the
+arch/s390/crypto directory.
+
+
+2. Probing for availability of MSA
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+It should be possible to use Kernels with the z990 crypto implementations both
+on machines with MSA available an on those without MSA (pre z990 or z990
+without MSA). Therefore a simple probing mechanisms has been implemented:
+In the init function of each crypto module the availability of MSA and of the
+respective crypto algorithm in particular will be tested. If the algorithm is
+available the module will load and register its algorithm with the crypto API.
+
+If the respective crypto algorithm is not available, the init function will
+return -ENOSYS. In that case a fallback to the standard software implementation
+of the crypto algorithm must be taken ( -> the standard crypto modules are
+also build when compiling the kernel).
+
+
+3. Ensuring z990 crypto module preference
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+If z990 crypto instructions are available the optimized modules should be
+preferred instead of standard modules.
+
+3.1. compiled-in modules
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+For compiled-in modules it has to be ensured that the z990 modules are linked
+before the standard crypto modules. Then, on system startup the init functions
+of z990 crypto modules will be called first and query for availability of z990
+crypto instructions. If instruction is available, the z990 module will register
+its crypto algorithm implementation -> the load of the standard module will fail
+since the algorithm is already registered.
+If z990 crypto instruction is not available the load of the z990 module will
+fail -> the standard module will load and register its algorithm.
+
+3.2. dynamic modules
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+A system administrator has to take care of giving preference to z990 crypto
+modules. If MSA is available appropriate lines have to be added to
+/etc/modprobe.conf.
+
+Example: z990 crypto instruction for SHA1 algorithm is available
+
+ add the following line to /etc/modprobe.conf (assuming the
+ z990 crypto modules for SHA1 is called sha1_z990):
+
+ alias sha1 sha1_z990
+
+ -> when the sha1 algorithm is requested through the crypto API
+ (which has a module autoloader) the z990 module will be loaded.
+
+TBD: a userspace module probin mechanism
+ something like 'probe sha1 sha1_z990 sha1' in modprobe.conf
+ -> try module sha1_z990, if it fails to load load standard module sha1
+ the 'probe' statement is currently not supported in modprobe.conf
+
+
+4. Currently implemented z990 crypto algorithms
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The following crypto algorithms with z990 MSA support are currently implemented.
+The name of each algorithm under which it is registered in crypto API and the
+name of the respective module is given in square brackets.
+
+- SHA1 Digest Algorithm [sha1 -> sha1_z990]
+- DES Encrypt/Decrypt Algorithm (64bit key) [des -> des_z990]
+- Tripple DES Encrypt/Decrypt Algorithm (128bit key) [des3_ede128 -> des_z990]
+- Tripple DES Encrypt/Decrypt Algorithm (192bit key) [des3_ede -> des_z990]
+
+In order to load, for example, the sha1_z990 module when the sha1 algorithm is
+requested (see 3.2.) add 'alias sha1 sha1_z990' to /etc/modprobe.conf.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/driver-model.txt b/Documentation/s390/driver-model.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1946195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/driver-model.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+S/390 driver model interfaces
+-----------------------------
+
+1. CCW devices
+--------------
+
+All devices which can be addressed by means of ccws are called 'CCW devices' -
+even if they aren't actually driven by ccws.
+
+All ccw devices are accessed via a subchannel, this is reflected in the
+structures under root/:
+
+root/
+ - sys
+ - legacy
+ - css0/
+ - 0.0.0000/0.0.0815/
+ - 0.0.0001/0.0.4711/
+ - 0.0.0002/
+ ...
+
+In this example, device 0815 is accessed via subchannel 0, device 4711 via
+subchannel 1, and subchannel 2 is a non-I/O subchannel.
+
+You should address a ccw device via its bus id (e.g. 0.0.4711); the device can
+be found under bus/ccw/devices/.
+
+All ccw devices export some data via sysfs.
+
+cutype: The control unit type / model.
+
+devtype: The device type / model, if applicable.
+
+availability: Can be 'good' or 'boxed'; 'no path' or 'no device' for
+ disconnected devices.
+
+online: An interface to set the device online and offline.
+ In the special case of the device being disconnected (see the
+ notify function under 1.2), piping 0 to online will focibly delete
+ the device.
+
+The device drivers can add entries to export per-device data and interfaces.
+
+There is also some data exported on a per-subchannel basis (see under
+bus/css/devices/):
+
+chpids: Via which chpids the device is connected.
+
+pimpampom: The path installed, path available and path operational masks.
+
+There also might be additional data, for example for block devices.
+
+
+1.1 Bringing up a ccw device
+----------------------------
+
+This is done in several steps.
+
+a. Each driver can provide one or more parameter interfaces where parameters can
+ be specified. These interfaces are also in the driver's responsibility.
+b. After a. has been performed, if necessary, the device is finally brought up
+ via the 'online' interface.
+
+
+1.2 Writing a driver for ccw devices
+------------------------------------
+
+The basic struct ccw_device and struct ccw_driver data structures can be found
+under include/asm/ccwdev.h.
+
+struct ccw_device {
+ spinlock_t *ccwlock;
+ struct ccw_device_private *private;
+ struct ccw_device_id id;
+
+ struct ccw_driver *drv;
+ struct device dev;
+ int online;
+
+ void (*handler) (struct ccw_device *dev, unsigned long intparm,
+ struct irb *irb);
+};
+
+struct ccw_driver {
+ struct module *owner;
+ struct ccw_device_id *ids;
+ int (*probe) (struct ccw_device *);
+ int (*remove) (struct ccw_device *);
+ int (*set_online) (struct ccw_device *);
+ int (*set_offline) (struct ccw_device *);
+ int (*notify) (struct ccw_device *, int);
+ struct device_driver driver;
+ char *name;
+};
+
+The 'private' field contains data needed for internal i/o operation only, and
+is not available to the device driver.
+
+Each driver should declare in a MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE into which CU types/models
+and/or device types/models it is interested. This information can later be found
+found in the struct ccw_device_id fields:
+
+struct ccw_device_id {
+ __u16 match_flags;
+
+ __u16 cu_type;
+ __u16 dev_type;
+ __u8 cu_model;
+ __u8 dev_model;
+
+ unsigned long driver_info;
+};
+
+The functions in ccw_driver should be used in the following way:
+probe: This function is called by the device layer for each device the driver
+ is interested in. The driver should only allocate private structures
+ to put in dev->driver_data and create attributes (if needed). Also,
+ the interrupt handler (see below) should be set here.
+
+int (*probe) (struct ccw_device *cdev);
+
+Parameters: cdev - the device to be probed.
+
+
+remove: This function is called by the device layer upon removal of the driver,
+ the device or the module. The driver should perform cleanups here.
+
+int (*remove) (struct ccw_device *cdev);
+
+Parameters: cdev - the device to be removed.
+
+
+set_online: This function is called by the common I/O layer when the device is
+ activated via the 'online' attribute. The driver should finally
+ setup and activate the device here.
+
+int (*set_online) (struct ccw_device *);
+
+Parameters: cdev - the device to be activated. The common layer has
+ verified that the device is not already online.
+
+
+set_offline: This function is called by the common I/O layer when the device is
+ de-activated via the 'online' attribute. The driver should shut
+ down the device, but not de-allocate its private data.
+
+int (*set_offline) (struct ccw_device *);
+
+Parameters: cdev - the device to be deactivated. The common layer has
+ verified that the device is online.
+
+
+notify: This function is called by the common I/O layer for some state changes
+ of the device.
+ Signalled to the driver are:
+ * In online state, device detached (CIO_GONE) or last path gone
+ (CIO_NO_PATH). The driver must return !0 to keep the device; for
+ return code 0, the device will be deleted as usual (also when no
+ notify function is registerd). If the driver wants to keep the
+ device, it is moved into disconnected state.
+ * In disconnected state, device operational again (CIO_OPER). The
+ common I/O layer performs some sanity checks on device number and
+ Device / CU to be reasonably sure if it is still the same device.
+ If not, the old device is removed and a new one registered. By the
+ return code of the notify function the device driver signals if it
+ wants the device back: !0 for keeping, 0 to make the device being
+ removed and re-registered.
+
+int (*notify) (struct ccw_device *, int);
+
+Parameters: cdev - the device whose state changed.
+ event - the event that happened. This can be one of CIO_GONE,
+ CIO_NO_PATH or CIO_OPER.
+
+The handler field of the struct ccw_device is meant to be set to the interrupt
+handler for the device. In order to accommodate drivers which use several
+distinct handlers (e.g. multi subchannel devices), this is a member of ccw_device
+instead of ccw_driver.
+The handler is registered with the common layer during set_online() processing
+before the driver is called, and is deregistered during set_offline() after the
+driver has been called. Also, after registering / before deregistering, path
+grouping resp. disbanding of the path group (if applicable) are performed.
+
+void (*handler) (struct ccw_device *dev, unsigned long intparm, struct irb *irb);
+
+Parameters: dev - the device the handler is called for
+ intparm - the intparm which allows the device driver to identify
+ the i/o the interrupt is associated with, or to recognize
+ the interrupt as unsolicited.
+ irb - interruption response block which contains the accumulated
+ status.
+
+The device driver is called from the common ccw_device layer and can retrieve
+information about the interrupt from the irb parameter.
+
+
+1.3 ccwgroup devices
+--------------------
+
+The ccwgroup mechanism is designed to handle devices consisting of multiple ccw
+devices, like lcs or ctc.
+
+The ccw driver provides a 'group' attribute. Piping bus ids of ccw devices to
+this attributes creates a ccwgroup device consisting of these ccw devices (if
+possible). This ccwgroup device can be set online or offline just like a normal
+ccw device.
+
+Each ccwgroup device also provides an 'ungroup' attribute to destroy the device
+again (only when offline). This is a generic ccwgroup mechanism (the driver does
+not need to implement anything beyond normal removal routines).
+
+To implement a ccwgroup driver, please refer to include/asm/ccwgroup.h. Keep in
+mind that most drivers will need to implement both a ccwgroup and a ccw driver
+(unless you have a meta ccw driver, like cu3088 for lcs and ctc).
+
+
+2. Channel paths
+-----------------
+
+Channel paths show up, like subchannels, under the channel subsystem root (css0)
+and are called 'chp0.<chpid>'. They have no driver and do not belong to any bus.
+Please note, that unlike /proc/chpids in 2.4, the channel path objects reflect
+only the logical state and not the physical state, since we cannot track the
+latter consistently due to lacking machine support (we don't need to be aware
+of anyway).
+
+status - Can be 'online' or 'offline'.
+ Piping 'on' or 'off' sets the chpid logically online/offline.
+ Piping 'on' to an online chpid triggers path reprobing for all devices
+ the chpid connects to. This can be used to force the kernel to re-use
+ a channel path the user knows to be online, but the machine hasn't
+ created a machine check for.
+
+
+3. System devices
+-----------------
+
+Note: cpus may yet be added here.
+
+3.1 xpram
+---------
+
+xpram shows up under sys/ as 'xpram'.
+
+
+4. Other devices
+----------------
+
+4.1 Netiucv
+-----------
+
+The netiucv driver creates an attribute 'connection' under
+bus/iucv/drivers/netiucv. Piping to this attibute creates a new netiucv
+connection to the specified host.
+
+Netiucv connections show up under devices/iucv/ as "netiucv<ifnum>". The interface
+number is assigned sequentially to the connections defined via the 'connection'
+attribute.
+
+user - shows the connection partner.
+
+buffer - maximum buffer size.
+ Pipe to it to change buffer size.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/monreader.txt b/Documentation/s390/monreader.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d843bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/monreader.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+
+Date : 2004-Nov-26
+Author: Gerald Schaefer (geraldsc@de.ibm.com)
+
+
+ Linux API for read access to z/VM Monitor Records
+ =================================================
+
+
+Description
+===========
+This item delivers a new Linux API in the form of a misc char device that is
+useable from user space and allows read access to the z/VM Monitor Records
+collected by the *MONITOR System Service of z/VM.
+
+
+User Requirements
+=================
+The z/VM guest on which you want to access this API needs to be configured in
+order to allow IUCV connections to the *MONITOR service, i.e. it needs the
+IUCV *MONITOR statement in its user entry. If the monitor DCSS to be used is
+restricted (likely), you also need the NAMESAVE <DCSS NAME> statement.
+This item will use the IUCV device driver to access the z/VM services, so you
+need a kernel with IUCV support. You also need z/VM version 4.4 or 5.1.
+
+There are two options for being able to load the monitor DCSS (examples assume
+that the monitor DCSS begins at 144 MB and ends at 152 MB). You can query the
+location of the monitor DCSS with the Class E privileged CP command Q NSS MAP
+(the values BEGPAG and ENDPAG are given in units of 4K pages).
+
+See also "CP Command and Utility Reference" (SC24-6081-00) for more information
+on the DEF STOR and Q NSS MAP commands, as well as "Saved Segments Planning
+and Administration" (SC24-6116-00) for more information on DCSSes.
+
+1st option:
+-----------
+You can use the CP command DEF STOR CONFIG to define a "memory hole" in your
+guest virtual storage around the address range of the DCSS.
+
+Example: DEF STOR CONFIG 0.140M 200M.200M
+
+This defines two blocks of storage, the first is 140MB in size an begins at
+address 0MB, the second is 200MB in size and begins at address 200MB,
+resulting in a total storage of 340MB. Note that the first block should
+always start at 0 and be at least 64MB in size.
+
+2nd option:
+-----------
+Your guest virtual storage has to end below the starting address of the DCSS
+and you have to specify the "mem=" kernel parameter in your parmfile with a
+value greater than the ending address of the DCSS.
+
+Example: DEF STOR 140M
+
+This defines 140MB storage size for your guest, the parameter "mem=160M" is
+added to the parmfile.
+
+
+User Interface
+==============
+The char device is implemented as a kernel module named "monreader",
+which can be loaded via the modprobe command, or it can be compiled into the
+kernel instead. There is one optional module (or kernel) parameter, "mondcss",
+to specify the name of the monitor DCSS. If the module is compiled into the
+kernel, the kernel parameter "monreader.mondcss=<DCSS NAME>" can be specified
+in the parmfile.
+
+The default name for the DCSS is "MONDCSS" if none is specified. In case that
+there are other users already connected to the *MONITOR service (e.g.
+Performance Toolkit), the monitor DCSS is already defined and you have to use
+the same DCSS. The CP command Q MONITOR (Class E privileged) shows the name
+of the monitor DCSS, if already defined, and the users connected to the
+*MONITOR service.
+Refer to the "z/VM Performance" book (SC24-6109-00) on how to create a monitor
+DCSS if your z/VM doesn't have one already, you need Class E privileges to
+define and save a DCSS.
+
+Example:
+--------
+modprobe monreader mondcss=MYDCSS
+
+This loads the module and sets the DCSS name to "MYDCSS".
+
+NOTE:
+-----
+This API provides no interface to control the *MONITOR service, e.g. specifiy
+which data should be collected. This can be done by the CP command MONITOR
+(Class E privileged), see "CP Command and Utility Reference".
+
+Device nodes with udev:
+-----------------------
+After loading the module, a char device will be created along with the device
+node /<udev directory>/monreader.
+
+Device nodes without udev:
+--------------------------
+If your distribution does not support udev, a device node will not be created
+automatically and you have to create it manually after loading the module.
+Therefore you need to know the major and minor numbers of the device. These
+numbers can be found in /sys/class/misc/monreader/dev.
+Typing cat /sys/class/misc/monreader/dev will give an output of the form
+<major>:<minor>. The device node can be created via the mknod command, enter
+mknod <name> c <major> <minor>, where <name> is the name of the device node
+to be created.
+
+Example:
+--------
+# modprobe monreader
+# cat /sys/class/misc/monreader/dev
+10:63
+# mknod /dev/monreader c 10 63
+
+This loads the module with the default monitor DCSS (MONDCSS) and creates a
+device node.
+
+File operations:
+----------------
+The following file operations are supported: open, release, read, poll.
+There are two alternative methods for reading: either non-blocking read in
+conjunction with polling, or blocking read without polling. IOCTLs are not
+supported.
+
+Read:
+-----
+Reading from the device provides a 12 Byte monitor control element (MCE),
+followed by a set of one or more contiguous monitor records (similar to the
+output of the CMS utility MONWRITE without the 4K control blocks). The MCE
+contains information on the type of the following record set (sample/event
+data), the monitor domains contained within it and the start and end address
+of the record set in the monitor DCSS. The start and end address can be used
+to determine the size of the record set, the end address is the address of the
+last byte of data. The start address is needed to handle "end-of-frame" records
+correctly (domain 1, record 13), i.e. it can be used to determine the record
+start offset relative to a 4K page (frame) boundary.
+
+See "Appendix A: *MONITOR" in the "z/VM Performance" document for a description
+of the monitor control element layout. The layout of the monitor records can
+be found here (z/VM 5.1): http://www.vm.ibm.com/pubs/mon510/index.html
+
+The layout of the data stream provided by the monreader device is as follows:
+...
+<0 byte read>
+<first MCE> \
+<first set of records> |
+... |- data set
+<last MCE> |
+<last set of records> /
+<0 byte read>
+...
+
+There may be more than one combination of MCE and corresponding record set
+within one data set and the end of each data set is indicated by a successful
+read with a return value of 0 (0 byte read).
+Any received data must be considered invalid until a complete set was
+read successfully, including the closing 0 byte read. Therefore you should
+always read the complete set into a buffer before processing the data.
+
+The maximum size of a data set can be as large as the size of the
+monitor DCSS, so design the buffer adequately or use dynamic memory allocation.
+The size of the monitor DCSS will be printed into syslog after loading the
+module. You can also use the (Class E privileged) CP command Q NSS MAP to
+list all available segments and information about them.
+
+As with most char devices, error conditions are indicated by returning a
+negative value for the number of bytes read. In this case, the errno variable
+indicates the error condition:
+
+EIO: reply failed, read data is invalid and the application
+ should discard the data read since the last successful read with 0 size.
+EFAULT: copy_to_user failed, read data is invalid and the application should
+ discard the data read since the last successful read with 0 size.
+EAGAIN: occurs on a non-blocking read if there is no data available at the
+ moment. There is no data missing or corrupted, just try again or rather
+ use polling for non-blocking reads.
+EOVERFLOW: message limit reached, the data read since the last successful
+ read with 0 size is valid but subsequent records may be missing.
+
+In the last case (EOVERFLOW) there may be missing data, in the first two cases
+(EIO, EFAULT) there will be missing data. It's up to the application if it will
+continue reading subsequent data or rather exit.
+
+Open:
+-----
+Only one user is allowed to open the char device. If it is already in use, the
+open function will fail (return a negative value) and set errno to EBUSY.
+The open function may also fail if an IUCV connection to the *MONITOR service
+cannot be established. In this case errno will be set to EIO and an error
+message with an IPUSER SEVER code will be printed into syslog. The IPUSER SEVER
+codes are described in the "z/VM Performance" book, Appendix A.
+
+NOTE:
+-----
+As soon as the device is opened, incoming messages will be accepted and they
+will account for the message limit, i.e. opening the device without reading
+from it will provoke the "message limit reached" error (EOVERFLOW error code)
+eventually.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/s390/s390dbf.txt b/Documentation/s390/s390dbf.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d1cd93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/s390/s390dbf.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+S390 Debug Feature
+==================
+
+files: arch/s390/kernel/debug.c
+ include/asm-s390/debug.h
+
+Description:
+------------
+The goal of this feature is to provide a kernel debug logging API
+where log records can be stored efficiently in memory, where each component
+(e.g. device drivers) can have one separate debug log.
+One purpose of this is to inspect the debug logs after a production system crash
+in order to analyze the reason for the crash.
+If the system still runs but only a subcomponent which uses dbf failes,
+it is possible to look at the debug logs on a live system via the Linux proc
+filesystem.
+The debug feature may also very useful for kernel and driver development.
+
+Design:
+-------
+Kernel components (e.g. device drivers) can register themselves at the debug
+feature with the function call debug_register(). This function initializes a
+debug log for the caller. For each debug log exists a number of debug areas
+where exactly one is active at one time. Each debug area consists of contiguous
+pages in memory. In the debug areas there are stored debug entries (log records)
+which are written by event- and exception-calls.
+
+An event-call writes the specified debug entry to the active debug
+area and updates the log pointer for the active area. If the end
+of the active debug area is reached, a wrap around is done (ring buffer)
+and the next debug entry will be written at the beginning of the active
+debug area.
+
+An exception-call writes the specified debug entry to the log and
+switches to the next debug area. This is done in order to be sure
+that the records which describe the origin of the exception are not
+overwritten when a wrap around for the current area occurs.
+
+The debug areas itselve are also ordered in form of a ring buffer.
+When an exception is thrown in the last debug area, the following debug
+entries are then written again in the very first area.
+
+There are three versions for the event- and exception-calls: One for
+logging raw data, one for text and one for numbers.
+
+Each debug entry contains the following data:
+
+- Timestamp
+- Cpu-Number of calling task
+- Level of debug entry (0...6)
+- Return Address to caller
+- Flag, if entry is an exception or not
+
+The debug logs can be inspected in a live system through entries in
+the proc-filesystem. Under the path /proc/s390dbf there is
+a directory for each registered component, which is named like the
+corresponding component.
+
+The content of the directories are files which represent different views
+to the debug log. Each component can decide which views should be
+used through registering them with the function debug_register_view().
+Predefined views for hex/ascii, sprintf and raw binary data are provided.
+It is also possible to define other views. The content of
+a view can be inspected simply by reading the corresponding proc file.
+
+All debug logs have an an actual debug level (range from 0 to 6).
+The default level is 3. Event and Exception functions have a 'level'
+parameter. Only debug entries with a level that is lower or equal
+than the actual level are written to the log. This means, when
+writing events, high priority log entries should have a low level
+value whereas low priority entries should have a high one.
+The actual debug level can be changed with the help of the proc-filesystem
+through writing a number string "x" to the 'level' proc file which is
+provided for every debug log. Debugging can be switched off completely
+by using "-" on the 'level' proc file.
+
+Example:
+
+> echo "-" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level
+
+It is also possible to deactivate the debug feature globally for every
+debug log. You can change the behavior using 2 sysctl parameters in
+/proc/sys/s390dbf:
+There are currently 2 possible triggers, which stop the debug feature
+globally. The first possbility is to use the "debug_active" sysctl. If
+set to 1 the debug feature is running. If "debug_active" is set to 0 the
+debug feature is turned off.
+The second trigger which stops the debug feature is an kernel oops.
+That prevents the debug feature from overwriting debug information that
+happened before the oops. After an oops you can reactivate the debug feature
+by piping 1 to /proc/sys/s390dbf/debug_active. Nevertheless, its not
+suggested to use an oopsed kernel in an production environment.
+If you want to disallow the deactivation of the debug feature, you can use
+the "debug_stoppable" sysctl. If you set "debug_stoppable" to 0 the debug
+feature cannot be stopped. If the debug feature is already stopped, it
+will stay deactivated.
+
+Kernel Interfaces:
+------------------
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+debug_info_t *debug_register(char *name, int pages_index, int nr_areas,
+ int buf_size);
+
+Parameter: name: Name of debug log (e.g. used for proc entry)
+ pages_index: 2^pages_index pages will be allocated per area
+ nr_areas: number of debug areas
+ buf_size: size of data area in each debug entry
+
+Return Value: Handle for generated debug area
+ NULL if register failed
+
+Description: Allocates memory for a debug log
+ Must not be called within an interrupt handler
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+void debug_unregister (debug_info_t * id);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+
+Return Value: none
+
+Description: frees memory for a debug log
+ Must not be called within an interrupt handler
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+void debug_set_level (debug_info_t * id, int new_level);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ new_level: new debug level
+
+Return Value: none
+
+Description: Sets new actual debug level if new_level is valid.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
++void debug_stop_all(void);
+
+Parameter: none
+
+Return Value: none
+
+Description: stops the debug feature if stopping is allowed. Currently
+ used in case of a kernel oops.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+debug_entry_t* debug_event (debug_info_t* id, int level, void* data,
+ int length);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ level: debug level
+ data: pointer to data for debug entry
+ length: length of data in bytes
+
+Return Value: Address of written debug entry
+
+Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
+ debug level)
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+debug_entry_t* debug_int_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
+ unsigned int data);
+debug_entry_t* debug_long_event(debug_info_t * id, int level,
+ unsigned long data);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ level: debug level
+ data: integer value for debug entry
+
+Return Value: Address of written debug entry
+
+Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
+ debug level)
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+debug_entry_t* debug_text_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
+ const char* data);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ level: debug level
+ data: string for debug entry
+
+Return Value: Address of written debug entry
+
+Description: writes debug entry in ascii format to active debug area
+ (if level <= actual debug level)
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+debug_entry_t* debug_sprintf_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
+ char* string,...);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ level: debug level
+ string: format string for debug entry
+ ...: varargs used as in sprintf()
+
+Return Value: Address of written debug entry
+
+Description: writes debug entry with format string and varargs (longs) to
+ active debug area (if level $<=$ actual debug level).
+ floats and long long datatypes cannot be used as varargs.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+debug_entry_t* debug_exception (debug_info_t* id, int level, void* data,
+ int length);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ level: debug level
+ data: pointer to data for debug entry
+ length: length of data in bytes
+
+Return Value: Address of written debug entry
+
+Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
+ debug level) and switches to next debug area
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+debug_entry_t* debug_int_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
+ unsigned int data);
+debug_entry_t* debug_long_exception(debug_info_t * id, int level,
+ unsigned long data);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ level: debug level
+ data: integer value for debug entry
+
+Return Value: Address of written debug entry
+
+Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
+ debug level) and switches to next debug area
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+debug_entry_t* debug_text_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
+ const char* data);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ level: debug level
+ data: string for debug entry
+
+Return Value: Address of written debug entry
+
+Description: writes debug entry in ascii format to active debug area
+ (if level <= actual debug level) and switches to next debug
+ area
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+debug_entry_t* debug_sprintf_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
+ char* string,...);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ level: debug level
+ string: format string for debug entry
+ ...: varargs used as in sprintf()
+
+Return Value: Address of written debug entry
+
+Description: writes debug entry with format string and varargs (longs) to
+ active debug area (if level $<=$ actual debug level) and
+ switches to next debug area.
+ floats and long long datatypes cannot be used as varargs.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+int debug_register_view (debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ view: pointer to debug view struct
+
+Return Value: 0 : ok
+ < 0: Error
+
+Description: registers new debug view and creates proc dir entry
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+int debug_unregister_view (debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view);
+
+Parameter: id: handle for debug log
+ view: pointer to debug view struct
+
+Return Value: 0 : ok
+ < 0: Error
+
+Description: unregisters debug view and removes proc dir entry
+
+
+
+Predefined views:
+-----------------
+
+extern struct debug_view debug_hex_ascii_view;
+extern struct debug_view debug_raw_view;
+extern struct debug_view debug_sprintf_view;
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+/*
+ * hex_ascii- + raw-view Example
+ */
+
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <asm/debug.h>
+
+static debug_info_t* debug_info;
+
+static int init(void)
+{
+ /* register 4 debug areas with one page each and 4 byte data field */
+
+ debug_info = debug_register ("test", 0, 4, 4 );
+ debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_hex_ascii_view);
+ debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_raw_view);
+
+ debug_text_event(debug_info, 4 , "one ");
+ debug_int_exception(debug_info, 4, 4711);
+ debug_event(debug_info, 3, &debug_info, 4);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void cleanup(void)
+{
+ debug_unregister (debug_info);
+}
+
+module_init(init);
+module_exit(cleanup);
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/*
+ * sprintf-view Example
+ */
+
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <asm/debug.h>
+
+static debug_info_t* debug_info;
+
+static int init(void)
+{
+ /* register 4 debug areas with one page each and data field for */
+ /* format string pointer + 2 varargs (= 3 * sizeof(long)) */
+
+ debug_info = debug_register ("test", 0, 4, sizeof(long) * 3);
+ debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_sprintf_view);
+
+ debug_sprintf_event(debug_info, 2 , "first event in %s:%i\n",__FILE__,__LINE__);
+ debug_sprintf_exception(debug_info, 1, "pointer to debug info: %p\n",&debug_info);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void cleanup(void)
+{
+ debug_unregister (debug_info);
+}
+
+module_init(init);
+module_exit(cleanup);
+
+
+
+ProcFS Interface
+----------------
+Views to the debug logs can be investigated through reading the corresponding
+proc-files:
+
+Example:
+
+> ls /proc/s390dbf/dasd
+flush hex_ascii level raw
+> cat /proc/s390dbf/dasd/hex_ascii | sort +1
+00 00974733272:680099 2 - 02 0006ad7e 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
+00 00974733272:682210 2 - 02 0006ade6 46 52 45 45 | FREE
+00 00974733272:682213 2 - 02 0006adf6 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
+00 00974733272:682281 1 * 02 0006ab08 41 4c 4c 43 | EXCP
+01 00974733272:682284 2 - 02 0006ab16 45 43 4b 44 | ECKD
+01 00974733272:682287 2 - 02 0006ab28 00 00 00 04 | ....
+01 00974733272:682289 2 - 02 0006ab3e 00 00 00 20 | ...
+01 00974733272:682297 2 - 02 0006ad7e 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
+01 00974733272:684384 2 - 00 0006ade6 46 52 45 45 | FREE
+01 00974733272:684388 2 - 00 0006adf6 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
+
+See section about predefined views for explanation of the above output!
+
+Changing the debug level
+------------------------
+
+Example:
+
+
+> cat /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level
+3
+> echo "5" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level
+> cat /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level
+5
+
+Flushing debug areas
+--------------------
+Debug areas can be flushed with piping the number of the desired
+area (0...n) to the proc file "flush". When using "-" all debug areas
+are flushed.
+
+Examples:
+
+1. Flush debug area 0:
+> echo "0" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/flush
+
+2. Flush all debug areas:
+> echo "-" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/flush
+
+Stooping the debug feature
+--------------------------
+Example:
+
+1. Check if stopping is allowed
+> cat /proc/sys/s390dbf/debug_stoppable
+2. Stop debug feature
+> echo 0 > /proc/sys/s390dbf/debug_active
+
+lcrash Interface
+----------------
+It is planned that the dump analysis tool lcrash gets an additional command
+'s390dbf' to display all the debug logs. With this tool it will be possible
+to investigate the debug logs on a live system and with a memory dump after
+a system crash.
+
+Investigating raw memory
+------------------------
+One last possibility to investigate the debug logs at a live
+system and after a system crash is to look at the raw memory
+under VM or at the Service Element.
+It is possible to find the anker of the debug-logs through
+the 'debug_area_first' symbol in the System map. Then one has
+to follow the correct pointers of the data-structures defined
+in debug.h and find the debug-areas in memory.
+Normally modules which use the debug feature will also have
+a global variable with the pointer to the debug-logs. Following
+this pointer it will also be possible to find the debug logs in
+memory.
+
+For this method it is recommended to use '16 * x + 4' byte (x = 0..n)
+for the length of the data field in debug_register() in
+order to see the debug entries well formatted.
+
+
+Predefined Views
+----------------
+
+There are three predefined views: hex_ascii, raw and sprintf.
+The hex_ascii view shows the data field in hex and ascii representation
+(e.g. '45 43 4b 44 | ECKD').
+The raw view returns a bytestream as the debug areas are stored in memory.
+
+The sprintf view formats the debug entries in the same way as the sprintf
+function would do. The sprintf event/expection fuctions write to the
+debug entry a pointer to the format string (size = sizeof(long))
+and for each vararg a long value. So e.g. for a debug entry with a format
+string plus two varargs one would need to allocate a (3 * sizeof(long))
+byte data area in the debug_register() function.
+
+
+NOTE: If using the sprintf view do NOT use other event/exception functions
+than the sprintf-event and -exception functions.
+
+The format of the hex_ascii and sprintf view is as follows:
+- Number of area
+- Timestamp (formatted as seconds and microseconds since 00:00:00 Coordinated
+ Universal Time (UTC), January 1, 1970)
+- level of debug entry
+- Exception flag (* = Exception)
+- Cpu-Number of calling task
+- Return Address to caller
+- data field
+
+The format of the raw view is:
+- Header as described in debug.h
+- datafield
+
+A typical line of the hex_ascii view will look like the following (first line
+is only for explanation and will not be displayed when 'cating' the view):
+
+area time level exception cpu caller data (hex + ascii)
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+00 00964419409:440690 1 - 00 88023fe
+
+
+Defining views
+--------------
+
+Views are specified with the 'debug_view' structure. There are defined
+callback functions which are used for reading and writing the proc files:
+
+struct debug_view {
+ char name[DEBUG_MAX_PROCF_LEN];
+ debug_prolog_proc_t* prolog_proc;
+ debug_header_proc_t* header_proc;
+ debug_format_proc_t* format_proc;
+ debug_input_proc_t* input_proc;
+ void* private_data;
+};
+
+where
+
+typedef int (debug_header_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
+ struct debug_view* view,
+ int area,
+ debug_entry_t* entry,
+ char* out_buf);
+
+typedef int (debug_format_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
+ struct debug_view* view, char* out_buf,
+ const char* in_buf);
+typedef int (debug_prolog_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
+ struct debug_view* view,
+ char* out_buf);
+typedef int (debug_input_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
+ struct debug_view* view,
+ struct file* file, const char* user_buf,
+ size_t in_buf_size, loff_t* offset);
+
+
+The "private_data" member can be used as pointer to view specific data.
+It is not used by the debug feature itself.
+
+The output when reading a debug-proc file is structured like this:
+
+"prolog_proc output"
+
+"header_proc output 1" "format_proc output 1"
+"header_proc output 2" "format_proc output 2"
+"header_proc output 3" "format_proc output 3"
+...
+
+When a view is read from the proc fs, the Debug Feature calls the
+'prolog_proc' once for writing the prolog.
+Then 'header_proc' and 'format_proc' are called for each
+existing debug entry.
+
+The input_proc can be used to implement functionality when it is written to
+the view (e.g. like with 'echo "0" > /proc/s390dbf/dasd/level).
+
+For header_proc there can be used the default function
+debug_dflt_header_fn() which is defined in in debug.h.
+and which produces the same header output as the predefined views.
+E.g:
+00 00964419409:440761 2 - 00 88023ec
+
+In order to see how to use the callback functions check the implementation
+of the default views!
+
+Example
+
+#include <asm/debug.h>
+
+#define UNKNOWNSTR "data: %08x"
+
+const char* messages[] =
+{"This error...........\n",
+ "That error...........\n",
+ "Problem..............\n",
+ "Something went wrong.\n",
+ "Everything ok........\n",
+ NULL
+};
+
+static int debug_test_format_fn(
+ debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view,
+ char *out_buf, const char *in_buf
+)
+{
+ int i, rc = 0;
+
+ if(id->buf_size >= 4) {
+ int msg_nr = *((int*)in_buf);
+ if(msg_nr < sizeof(messages)/sizeof(char*) - 1)
+ rc += sprintf(out_buf, "%s", messages[msg_nr]);
+ else
+ rc += sprintf(out_buf, UNKNOWNSTR, msg_nr);
+ }
+ out:
+ return rc;
+}
+
+struct debug_view debug_test_view = {
+ "myview", /* name of view */
+ NULL, /* no prolog */
+ &debug_dflt_header_fn, /* default header for each entry */
+ &debug_test_format_fn, /* our own format function */
+ NULL, /* no input function */
+ NULL /* no private data */
+};
+
+=====
+test:
+=====
+debug_info_t *debug_info;
+...
+debug_info = debug_register ("test", 0, 4, 4 ));
+debug_register_view(debug_info, &debug_test_view);
+for(i = 0; i < 10; i ++) debug_int_event(debug_info, 1, i);
+
+> cat /proc/s390dbf/test/myview
+00 00964419734:611402 1 - 00 88042ca This error...........
+00 00964419734:611405 1 - 00 88042ca That error...........
+00 00964419734:611408 1 - 00 88042ca Problem..............
+00 00964419734:611411 1 - 00 88042ca Something went wrong.
+00 00964419734:611414 1 - 00 88042ca Everything ok........
+00 00964419734:611417 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000005
+00 00964419734:611419 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000006
+00 00964419734:611422 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000007
+00 00964419734:611425 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000008
+00 00964419734:611428 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000009
diff --git a/Documentation/sched-coding.txt b/Documentation/sched-coding.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b75ef67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sched-coding.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+ Reference for various scheduler-related methods in the O(1) scheduler
+ Robert Love <rml@tech9.net>, MontaVista Software
+
+
+Note most of these methods are local to kernel/sched.c - this is by design.
+The scheduler is meant to be self-contained and abstracted away. This document
+is primarily for understanding the scheduler, not interfacing to it. Some of
+the discussed interfaces, however, are general process/scheduling methods.
+They are typically defined in include/linux/sched.h.
+
+
+Main Scheduling Methods
+-----------------------
+
+void load_balance(runqueue_t *this_rq, int idle)
+ Attempts to pull tasks from one cpu to another to balance cpu usage,
+ if needed. This method is called explicitly if the runqueues are
+ inbalanced or periodically by the timer tick. Prior to calling,
+ the current runqueue must be locked and interrupts disabled.
+
+void schedule()
+ The main scheduling function. Upon return, the highest priority
+ process will be active.
+
+
+Locking
+-------
+
+Each runqueue has its own lock, rq->lock. When multiple runqueues need
+to be locked, lock acquires must be ordered by ascending &runqueue value.
+
+A specific runqueue is locked via
+
+ task_rq_lock(task_t pid, unsigned long *flags)
+
+which disables preemption, disables interrupts, and locks the runqueue pid is
+running on. Likewise,
+
+ task_rq_unlock(task_t pid, unsigned long *flags)
+
+unlocks the runqueue pid is running on, restores interrupts to their previous
+state, and reenables preemption.
+
+The routines
+
+ double_rq_lock(runqueue_t *rq1, runqueue_t *rq2)
+
+and
+
+ double_rq_unlock(runqueue_t *rq1, runqueue_t *rq2)
+
+safely lock and unlock, respectively, the two specified runqueues. They do
+not, however, disable and restore interrupts. Users are required to do so
+manually before and after calls.
+
+
+Values
+------
+
+MAX_PRIO
+ The maximum priority of the system, stored in the task as task->prio.
+ Lower priorities are higher. Normal (non-RT) priorities range from
+ MAX_RT_PRIO to (MAX_PRIO - 1).
+MAX_RT_PRIO
+ The maximum real-time priority of the system. Valid RT priorities
+ range from 0 to (MAX_RT_PRIO - 1).
+MAX_USER_RT_PRIO
+ The maximum real-time priority that is exported to user-space. Should
+ always be equal to or less than MAX_RT_PRIO. Setting it less allows
+ kernel threads to have higher priorities than any user-space task.
+MIN_TIMESLICE
+MAX_TIMESLICE
+ Respectively, the minimum and maximum timeslices (quanta) of a process.
+
+Data
+----
+
+struct runqueue
+ The main per-CPU runqueue data structure.
+struct task_struct
+ The main per-process data structure.
+
+
+General Methods
+---------------
+
+cpu_rq(cpu)
+ Returns the runqueue of the specified cpu.
+this_rq()
+ Returns the runqueue of the current cpu.
+task_rq(pid)
+ Returns the runqueue which holds the specified pid.
+cpu_curr(cpu)
+ Returns the task currently running on the given cpu.
+rt_task(pid)
+ Returns true if pid is real-time, false if not.
+
+
+Process Control Methods
+-----------------------
+
+void set_user_nice(task_t *p, long nice)
+ Sets the "nice" value of task p to the given value.
+int setscheduler(pid_t pid, int policy, struct sched_param *param)
+ Sets the scheduling policy and parameters for the given pid.
+int set_cpus_allowed(task_t *p, unsigned long new_mask)
+ Sets a given task's CPU affinity and migrates it to a proper cpu.
+ Callers must have a valid reference to the task and assure the
+ task not exit prematurely. No locks can be held during the call.
+set_task_state(tsk, state_value)
+ Sets the given task's state to the given value.
+set_current_state(state_value)
+ Sets the current task's state to the given value.
+void set_tsk_need_resched(struct task_struct *tsk)
+ Sets need_resched in the given task.
+void clear_tsk_need_resched(struct task_struct *tsk)
+ Clears need_resched in the given task.
+void set_need_resched()
+ Sets need_resched in the current task.
+void clear_need_resched()
+ Clears need_resched in the current task.
+int need_resched()
+ Returns true if need_resched is set in the current task, false
+ otherwise.
+yield()
+ Place the current process at the end of the runqueue and call schedule.
diff --git a/Documentation/sched-design.txt b/Documentation/sched-design.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d04e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sched-design.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+ Goals, Design and Implementation of the
+ new ultra-scalable O(1) scheduler
+
+
+ This is an edited version of an email Ingo Molnar sent to
+ lkml on 4 Jan 2002. It describes the goals, design, and
+ implementation of Ingo's new ultra-scalable O(1) scheduler.
+ Last Updated: 18 April 2002.
+
+
+Goal
+====
+
+The main goal of the new scheduler is to keep all the good things we know
+and love about the current Linux scheduler:
+
+ - good interactive performance even during high load: if the user
+ types or clicks then the system must react instantly and must execute
+ the user tasks smoothly, even during considerable background load.
+
+ - good scheduling/wakeup performance with 1-2 runnable processes.
+
+ - fairness: no process should stay without any timeslice for any
+ unreasonable amount of time. No process should get an unjustly high
+ amount of CPU time.
+
+ - priorities: less important tasks can be started with lower priority,
+ more important tasks with higher priority.
+
+ - SMP efficiency: no CPU should stay idle if there is work to do.
+
+ - SMP affinity: processes which run on one CPU should stay affine to
+ that CPU. Processes should not bounce between CPUs too frequently.
+
+ - plus additional scheduler features: RT scheduling, CPU binding.
+
+and the goal is also to add a few new things:
+
+ - fully O(1) scheduling. Are you tired of the recalculation loop
+ blowing the L1 cache away every now and then? Do you think the goodness
+ loop is taking a bit too long to finish if there are lots of runnable
+ processes? This new scheduler takes no prisoners: wakeup(), schedule(),
+ the timer interrupt are all O(1) algorithms. There is no recalculation
+ loop. There is no goodness loop either.
+
+ - 'perfect' SMP scalability. With the new scheduler there is no 'big'
+ runqueue_lock anymore - it's all per-CPU runqueues and locks - two
+ tasks on two separate CPUs can wake up, schedule and context-switch
+ completely in parallel, without any interlocking. All
+ scheduling-relevant data is structured for maximum scalability.
+
+ - better SMP affinity. The old scheduler has a particular weakness that
+ causes the random bouncing of tasks between CPUs if/when higher
+ priority/interactive tasks, this was observed and reported by many
+ people. The reason is that the timeslice recalculation loop first needs
+ every currently running task to consume its timeslice. But when this
+ happens on eg. an 8-way system, then this property starves an
+ increasing number of CPUs from executing any process. Once the last
+ task that has a timeslice left has finished using up that timeslice,
+ the recalculation loop is triggered and other CPUs can start executing
+ tasks again - after having idled around for a number of timer ticks.
+ The more CPUs, the worse this effect.
+
+ Furthermore, this same effect causes the bouncing effect as well:
+ whenever there is such a 'timeslice squeeze' of the global runqueue,
+ idle processors start executing tasks which are not affine to that CPU.
+ (because the affine tasks have finished off their timeslices already.)
+
+ The new scheduler solves this problem by distributing timeslices on a
+ per-CPU basis, without having any global synchronization or
+ recalculation.
+
+ - batch scheduling. A significant proportion of computing-intensive tasks
+ benefit from batch-scheduling, where timeslices are long and processes
+ are roundrobin scheduled. The new scheduler does such batch-scheduling
+ of the lowest priority tasks - so nice +19 jobs will get
+ 'batch-scheduled' automatically. With this scheduler, nice +19 jobs are
+ in essence SCHED_IDLE, from an interactiveness point of view.
+
+ - handle extreme loads more smoothly, without breakdown and scheduling
+ storms.
+
+ - O(1) RT scheduling. For those RT folks who are paranoid about the
+ O(nr_running) property of the goodness loop and the recalculation loop.
+
+ - run fork()ed children before the parent. Andrea has pointed out the
+ advantages of this a few months ago, but patches for this feature
+ do not work with the old scheduler as well as they should,
+ because idle processes often steal the new child before the fork()ing
+ CPU gets to execute it.
+
+
+Design
+======
+
+the core of the new scheduler are the following mechanizms:
+
+ - *two*, priority-ordered 'priority arrays' per CPU. There is an 'active'
+ array and an 'expired' array. The active array contains all tasks that
+ are affine to this CPU and have timeslices left. The expired array
+ contains all tasks which have used up their timeslices - but this array
+ is kept sorted as well. The active and expired array is not accessed
+ directly, it's accessed through two pointers in the per-CPU runqueue
+ structure. If all active tasks are used up then we 'switch' the two
+ pointers and from now on the ready-to-go (former-) expired array is the
+ active array - and the empty active array serves as the new collector
+ for expired tasks.
+
+ - there is a 64-bit bitmap cache for array indices. Finding the highest
+ priority task is thus a matter of two x86 BSFL bit-search instructions.
+
+the split-array solution enables us to have an arbitrary number of active
+and expired tasks, and the recalculation of timeslices can be done
+immediately when the timeslice expires. Because the arrays are always
+access through the pointers in the runqueue, switching the two arrays can
+be done very quickly.
+
+this is a hybride priority-list approach coupled with roundrobin
+scheduling and the array-switch method of distributing timeslices.
+
+ - there is a per-task 'load estimator'.
+
+one of the toughest things to get right is good interactive feel during
+heavy system load. While playing with various scheduler variants i found
+that the best interactive feel is achieved not by 'boosting' interactive
+tasks, but by 'punishing' tasks that want to use more CPU time than there
+is available. This method is also much easier to do in an O(1) fashion.
+
+to establish the actual 'load' the task contributes to the system, a
+complex-looking but pretty accurate method is used: there is a 4-entry
+'history' ringbuffer of the task's activities during the last 4 seconds.
+This ringbuffer is operated without much overhead. The entries tell the
+scheduler a pretty accurate load-history of the task: has it used up more
+CPU time or less during the past N seconds. [the size '4' and the interval
+of 4x 1 seconds was found by lots of experimentation - this part is
+flexible and can be changed in both directions.]
+
+the penalty a task gets for generating more load than the CPU can handle
+is a priority decrease - there is a maximum amount to this penalty
+relative to their static priority, so even fully CPU-bound tasks will
+observe each other's priorities, and will share the CPU accordingly.
+
+the SMP load-balancer can be extended/switched with additional parallel
+computing and cache hierarchy concepts: NUMA scheduling, multi-core CPUs
+can be supported easily by changing the load-balancer. Right now it's
+tuned for my SMP systems.
+
+i skipped the prev->mm == next->mm advantage - no workload i know of shows
+any sensitivity to this. It can be added back by sacrificing O(1)
+schedule() [the current and one-lower priority list can be searched for a
+that->mm == current->mm condition], but costs a fair number of cycles
+during a number of important workloads, so i wanted to avoid this as much
+as possible.
+
+- the SMP idle-task startup code was still racy and the new scheduler
+triggered this. So i streamlined the idle-setup code a bit. We do not call
+into schedule() before all processors have started up fully and all idle
+threads are in place.
+
+- the patch also cleans up a number of aspects of sched.c - moves code
+into other areas of the kernel where it's appropriate, and simplifies
+certain code paths and data constructs. As a result, the new scheduler's
+code is smaller than the old one.
+
+ Ingo
diff --git a/Documentation/sched-domains.txt b/Documentation/sched-domains.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9e990a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sched-domains.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+Each CPU has a "base" scheduling domain (struct sched_domain). These are
+accessed via cpu_sched_domain(i) and this_sched_domain() macros. The domain
+hierarchy is built from these base domains via the ->parent pointer. ->parent
+MUST be NULL terminated, and domain structures should be per-CPU as they
+are locklessly updated.
+
+Each scheduling domain spans a number of CPUs (stored in the ->span field).
+A domain's span MUST be a superset of it child's span (this restriction could
+be relaxed if the need arises), and a base domain for CPU i MUST span at least
+i. The top domain for each CPU will generally span all CPUs in the system
+although strictly it doesn't have to, but this could lead to a case where some
+CPUs will never be given tasks to run unless the CPUs allowed mask is
+explicitly set. A sched domain's span means "balance process load among these
+CPUs".
+
+Each scheduling domain must have one or more CPU groups (struct sched_group)
+which are organised as a circular one way linked list from the ->groups
+pointer. The union of cpumasks of these groups MUST be the same as the
+domain's span. The intersection of cpumasks from any two of these groups
+MUST be the empty set. The group pointed to by the ->groups pointer MUST
+contain the CPU to which the domain belongs. Groups may be shared among
+CPUs as they contain read only data after they have been set up.
+
+Balancing within a sched domain occurs between groups. That is, each group
+is treated as one entity. The load of a group is defined as the sum of the
+load of each of its member CPUs, and only when the load of a group becomes
+out of balance are tasks moved between groups.
+
+In kernel/sched.c, rebalance_tick is run periodically on each CPU. This
+function takes its CPU's base sched domain and checks to see if has reached
+its rebalance interval. If so, then it will run load_balance on that domain.
+rebalance_tick then checks the parent sched_domain (if it exists), and the
+parent of the parent and so forth.
+
+*** Implementing sched domains ***
+The "base" domain will "span" the first level of the hierarchy. In the case
+of SMT, you'll span all siblings of the physical CPU, with each group being
+a single virtual CPU.
+
+In SMP, the parent of the base domain will span all physical CPUs in the
+node. Each group being a single physical CPU. Then with NUMA, the parent
+of the SMP domain will span the entire machine, with each group having the
+cpumask of a node. Or, you could do multi-level NUMA or Opteron, for example,
+might have just one domain covering its one NUMA level.
+
+The implementor should read comments in include/linux/sched.h:
+struct sched_domain fields, SD_FLAG_*, SD_*_INIT to get an idea of
+the specifics and what to tune.
+
+For SMT, the architecture must define CONFIG_SCHED_SMT and provide a
+cpumask_t cpu_sibling_map[NR_CPUS], where cpu_sibling_map[i] is the mask of
+all "i"'s siblings as well as "i" itself.
+
+Architectures may retain the regular override the default SD_*_INIT flags
+while using the generic domain builder in kernel/sched.c if they wish to
+retain the traditional SMT->SMP->NUMA topology (or some subset of that). This
+can be done by #define'ing ARCH_HASH_SCHED_TUNE.
+
+Alternatively, the architecture may completely override the generic domain
+builder by #define'ing ARCH_HASH_SCHED_DOMAIN, and exporting your
+arch_init_sched_domains function. This function will attach domains to all
+CPUs using cpu_attach_domain.
+
+Implementors should change the line
+#undef SCHED_DOMAIN_DEBUG
+to
+#define SCHED_DOMAIN_DEBUG
+in kernel/sched.c as this enables an error checking parse of the sched domains
+which should catch most possible errors (described above). It also prints out
+the domain structure in a visual format.
diff --git a/Documentation/sched-stats.txt b/Documentation/sched-stats.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f72021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sched-stats.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+Version 10 of schedstats includes support for sched_domains, which
+hit the mainline kernel in 2.6.7. Some counters make more sense to be
+per-runqueue; other to be per-domain. Note that domains (and their associated
+information) will only be pertinent and available on machines utilizing
+CONFIG_SMP.
+
+In version 10 of schedstat, there is at least one level of domain
+statistics for each cpu listed, and there may well be more than one
+domain. Domains have no particular names in this implementation, but
+the highest numbered one typically arbitrates balancing across all the
+cpus on the machine, while domain0 is the most tightly focused domain,
+sometimes balancing only between pairs of cpus. At this time, there
+are no architectures which need more than three domain levels. The first
+field in the domain stats is a bit map indicating which cpus are affected
+by that domain.
+
+These fields are counters, and only increment. Programs which make use
+of these will need to start with a baseline observation and then calculate
+the change in the counters at each subsequent observation. A perl script
+which does this for many of the fields is available at
+
+ http://eaglet.rain.com/rick/linux/schedstat/
+
+Note that any such script will necessarily be version-specific, as the main
+reason to change versions is changes in the output format. For those wishing
+to write their own scripts, the fields are described here.
+
+CPU statistics
+--------------
+cpu<N> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
+
+NOTE: In the sched_yield() statistics, the active queue is considered empty
+ if it has only one process in it, since obviously the process calling
+ sched_yield() is that process.
+
+First four fields are sched_yield() statistics:
+ 1) # of times both the active and the expired queue were empty
+ 2) # of times just the active queue was empty
+ 3) # of times just the expired queue was empty
+ 4) # of times sched_yield() was called
+
+Next four are schedule() statistics:
+ 5) # of times the active queue had at least one other process on it
+ 6) # of times we switched to the expired queue and reused it
+ 7) # of times schedule() was called
+ 8) # of times schedule() left the processor idle
+
+Next four are active_load_balance() statistics:
+ 9) # of times active_load_balance() was called
+ 10) # of times active_load_balance() caused this cpu to gain a task
+ 11) # of times active_load_balance() caused this cpu to lose a task
+ 12) # of times active_load_balance() tried to move a task and failed
+
+Next three are try_to_wake_up() statistics:
+ 13) # of times try_to_wake_up() was called
+ 14) # of times try_to_wake_up() successfully moved the awakening task
+ 15) # of times try_to_wake_up() attempted to move the awakening task
+
+Next two are wake_up_new_task() statistics:
+ 16) # of times wake_up_new_task() was called
+ 17) # of times wake_up_new_task() successfully moved the new task
+
+Next one is a sched_migrate_task() statistic:
+ 18) # of times sched_migrate_task() was called
+
+Next one is a sched_balance_exec() statistic:
+ 19) # of times sched_balance_exec() was called
+
+Next three are statistics describing scheduling latency:
+ 20) sum of all time spent running by tasks on this processor (in ms)
+ 21) sum of all time spent waiting to run by tasks on this processor (in ms)
+ 22) # of tasks (not necessarily unique) given to the processor
+
+The last six are statistics dealing with pull_task():
+ 23) # of times pull_task() moved a task to this cpu when newly idle
+ 24) # of times pull_task() stole a task from this cpu when another cpu
+ was newly idle
+ 25) # of times pull_task() moved a task to this cpu when idle
+ 26) # of times pull_task() stole a task from this cpu when another cpu
+ was idle
+ 27) # of times pull_task() moved a task to this cpu when busy
+ 28) # of times pull_task() stole a task from this cpu when another cpu
+ was busy
+
+
+Domain statistics
+-----------------
+One of these is produced per domain for each cpu described. (Note that if
+CONFIG_SMP is not defined, *no* domains are utilized and these lines
+will not appear in the output.)
+
+domain<N> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
+
+The first field is a bit mask indicating what cpus this domain operates over.
+
+The next fifteen are a variety of load_balance() statistics:
+
+ 1) # of times in this domain load_balance() was called when the cpu
+ was idle
+ 2) # of times in this domain load_balance() was called when the cpu
+ was busy
+ 3) # of times in this domain load_balance() was called when the cpu
+ was just becoming idle
+ 4) # of times in this domain load_balance() tried to move one or more
+ tasks and failed, when the cpu was idle
+ 5) # of times in this domain load_balance() tried to move one or more
+ tasks and failed, when the cpu was busy
+ 6) # of times in this domain load_balance() tried to move one or more
+ tasks and failed, when the cpu was just becoming idle
+ 7) sum of imbalances discovered (if any) with each call to
+ load_balance() in this domain when the cpu was idle
+ 8) sum of imbalances discovered (if any) with each call to
+ load_balance() in this domain when the cpu was busy
+ 9) sum of imbalances discovered (if any) with each call to
+ load_balance() in this domain when the cpu was just becoming idle
+ 10) # of times in this domain load_balance() was called but did not find
+ a busier queue while the cpu was idle
+ 11) # of times in this domain load_balance() was called but did not find
+ a busier queue while the cpu was busy
+ 12) # of times in this domain load_balance() was called but did not find
+ a busier queue while the cpu was just becoming idle
+ 13) # of times in this domain a busier queue was found while the cpu was
+ idle but no busier group was found
+ 14) # of times in this domain a busier queue was found while the cpu was
+ busy but no busier group was found
+ 15) # of times in this domain a busier queue was found while the cpu was
+ just becoming idle but no busier group was found
+
+Next two are sched_balance_exec() statistics:
+ 17) # of times in this domain sched_balance_exec() successfully pushed
+ a task to a new cpu
+ 18) # of times in this domain sched_balance_exec() tried but failed to
+ push a task to a new cpu
+
+Next two are try_to_wake_up() statistics:
+ 19) # of times in this domain try_to_wake_up() tried to move a task based
+ on affinity and cache warmth
+ 20) # of times in this domain try_to_wake_up() tried to move a task based
+ on load balancing
+
+
+/proc/<pid>/schedstat
+----------------
+schedstats also adds a new /proc/<pid/schedstat file to include some of
+the same information on a per-process level. There are three fields in
+this file correlating to fields 20, 21, and 22 in the CPU fields, but
+they only apply for that process.
+
+A program could be easily written to make use of these extra fields to
+report on how well a particular process or set of processes is faring
+under the scheduler's policies. A simple version of such a program is
+available at
+ http://eaglet.rain.com/rick/linux/schedstat/v10/latency.c
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/00-INDEX b/Documentation/scsi/00-INDEX
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9cb5bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/00-INDEX
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+00-INDEX
+ - this file
+53c700.txt
+ - info on driver for 53c700 based adapters
+AM53C974.txt
+ - info on driver for AM53c974 based adapters
+BusLogic.txt
+ - info on driver for adapters with BusLogic chips
+ChangeLog
+ - Changes to scsi files, if not listed elsewhere
+ChangeLog.ips
+ - IBM ServeRAID driver Changelog
+ChangeLog.ncr53c8xx
+ - Changes to ncr53c8xx driver
+ChangeLog.sym53c8xx
+ - Changes to sym53c8xx driver
+ChangeLog.sym53c8xx_2
+ - Changes to second generation of sym53c8xx driver
+FlashPoint.txt
+ - info on driver for BusLogic FlashPoint adapters
+LICENSE.FlashPoint
+ - Licence of the Flashpoint driver
+Mylex.txt
+ - info on driver for Mylex adapters
+NinjaSCSI.txt
+ - info on WorkBiT NinjaSCSI-32/32Bi driver
+aha152x.txt
+ - info on driver for Adaptec AHA152x based adapters
+aic7xxx.txt
+ - info on driver for Adaptec controllers
+aic7xxx_old.txt
+ - info on driver for Adaptec controllers, old generation
+cpqfc.txt
+ - info on driver for Compaq Tachyon TS adapters
+dpti.txt
+ - info on driver for DPT SmartRAID and Adaptec I2O RAID based adapters
+dtc3x80.txt
+ - info on driver for DTC 2x80 based adapters
+g_NCR5380.txt
+ - info on driver for NCR5380 and NCR53c400 based adapters
+ibmmca.txt
+ - info on driver for IBM adapters with MCA bus
+in2000.txt
+ - info on in2000 driver
+ncr53c7xx.txt
+ - info on driver for NCR53c7xx based adapters
+ncr53c8xx.txt
+ - info on driver for NCR53c8xx based adapters
+osst.txt
+ - info on driver for OnStream SC-x0 SCSI tape
+ppa.txt
+ - info on driver for IOmega zip drive
+qlogicfas.txt
+ - info on driver for QLogic FASxxx based adapters
+qlogicisp.txt
+ - info on driver for QLogic ISP 1020 based adapters
+scsi-generic.txt
+ - info on the sg driver for generic (non-disk/CD/tape) SCSI devices.
+scsi.txt
+ - short blurb on using SCSI support as a module.
+scsi_mid_low_api.txt
+ - info on API between SCSI layer and low level drivers
+st.txt
+ - info on scsi tape driver
+sym53c500_cs.txt
+ - info on PCMCIA driver for Symbios Logic 53c500 based adapters
+sym53c8xx_2.txt
+ - info on second generation driver for sym53c8xx based adapters
+tmscsim.txt
+ - info on driver for AM53c974 based adapters
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/53c700.txt b/Documentation/scsi/53c700.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0da681d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/53c700.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+General Description
+===================
+
+This driver supports the 53c700 and 53c700-66 chips. It also supports
+the 53c710 but only in 53c700 emulation mode. It is full featured and
+does sync (-66 and 710 only), disconnects and tag command queueing.
+
+Since the 53c700 must be interfaced to a bus, you need to wrapper the
+card detector around this driver. For an example, see the
+NCR_D700.[ch] or lasi700.[ch] files.
+
+The comments in the 53c700.[ch] files tell you which parts you need to
+fill in to get the driver working.
+
+
+Compile Time Flags
+==================
+
+The driver may be either io mapped or memory mapped. This is
+selectable by configuration flags:
+
+CONFIG_53C700_MEM_MAPPED
+
+define if the driver is memory mapped.
+
+CONFIG_53C700_IO_MAPPED
+
+define if the driver is to be io mapped.
+
+One or other of the above flags *must* be defined.
+
+Other flags are:
+
+CONFIG_53C700_LE_ON_BE
+
+define if the chipset must be supported in little endian mode on a big
+endian architecture (used for the 700 on parisc).
+
+CONFIG_53C700_USE_CONSISTENT
+
+allocate consistent memory (should only be used if your architecture
+has a mixture of consistent and inconsistent memory). Fully
+consistent or fully inconsistent architectures should not define this.
+
+
+Using the Chip Core Driver
+==========================
+
+In order to plumb the 53c700 chip core driver into a working SCSI
+driver, you need to know three things about the way the chip is wired
+into your system (or expansion card).
+
+1. The clock speed of the SCSI core
+2. The interrupt line used
+3. The memory (or io space) location of the 53c700 registers.
+
+Optionally, you may also need to know other things, like how to read
+the SCSI Id from the card bios or whether the chip is wired for
+differential operation.
+
+Usually you can find items 2. and 3. from general spec. documents or
+even by examining the configuration of a working driver under another
+operating system.
+
+The clock speed is usually buried deep in the technical literature.
+It is required because it is used to set up both the synchronous and
+asynchronous dividers for the chip. As a general rule of thumb,
+manufacturers set the clock speed at the lowest possible setting
+consistent with the best operation of the chip (although some choose
+to drive it off the CPU or bus clock rather than going to the expense
+of an extra clock chip). The best operation clock speeds are:
+
+53c700 - 25MHz
+53c700-66 - 50MHz
+53c710 - 40Mhz
+
+Writing Your Glue Driver
+========================
+
+This will be a standard SCSI driver (I don't know of a good document
+describing this, just copy from some other driver) with at least a
+detect and release entry.
+
+In the detect routine, you need to allocate a struct
+NCR_700_Host_Parameters sized memory area and clear it (so that the
+default values for everything are 0). Then you must fill in the
+parameters that matter to you (see below), plumb the NCR_700_intr
+routine into the interrupt line and call NCR_700_detect with the host
+template and the new parameters as arguments. You should also call
+the relevant request_*_region function and place the register base
+address into the `base' pointer of the host parameters.
+
+In the release routine, you must free the NCR_700_Host_Parameters that
+you allocated, call the corresponding release_*_region and free the
+interrupt.
+
+Handling Interrupts
+-------------------
+
+In general, you should just plumb the card's interrupt line in with
+
+request_irq(irq, NCR_700_intr, <irq flags>, <driver name>, host);
+
+where host is the return from the relevant NCR_700_detect() routine.
+
+You may also write your own interrupt handling routine which calls
+NCR_700_intr() directly. However, you should only really do this if
+you have a card with more than one chip on it and you can read a
+register to tell which set of chips wants the interrupt.
+
+Settable NCR_700_Host_Parameters
+--------------------------------
+
+The following are a list of the user settable parameters:
+
+clock: (MANDATORY)
+
+Set to the clock speed of the chip in MHz.
+
+base: (MANDATORY)
+
+set to the base of the io or mem region for the register set. On 64
+bit architectures this is only 32 bits wide, so the registers must be
+mapped into the low 32 bits of memory.
+
+pci_dev: (OPTIONAL)
+
+set to the PCI board device. Leave NULL for a non-pci board. This is
+used for the pci_alloc_consistent() and pci_map_*() functions.
+
+dmode_extra: (OPTIONAL, 53c710 only)
+
+extra flags for the DMODE register. These are used to control bus
+output pins on the 710. The settings should be a combination of
+DMODE_FC1 and DMODE_FC2. What these pins actually do is entirely up
+to the board designer. Usually it is safe to ignore this setting.
+
+differential: (OPTIONAL)
+
+set to 1 if the chip drives a differential bus.
+
+force_le_on_be: (OPTIONAL, only if CONFIG_53C700_LE_ON_BE is set)
+
+set to 1 if the chip is operating in little endian mode on a big
+endian architecture.
+
+chip710: (OPTIONAL)
+
+set to 1 if the chip is a 53c710.
+
+burst_disable: (OPTIONAL, 53c710 only)
+
+disable 8 byte bursting for DMA transfers.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/BusLogic.txt b/Documentation/scsi/BusLogic.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98023ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/BusLogic.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+ BusLogic MultiMaster and FlashPoint SCSI Driver for Linux
+
+ Version 2.0.15 for Linux 2.0
+ Version 2.1.15 for Linux 2.1
+
+ PRODUCTION RELEASE
+
+ 17 August 1998
+
+ Leonard N. Zubkoff
+ Dandelion Digital
+ lnz@dandelion.com
+
+ Copyright 1995-1998 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+
+
+ INTRODUCTION
+
+BusLogic, Inc. designed and manufactured a variety of high performance SCSI
+host adapters which share a common programming interface across a diverse
+collection of bus architectures by virtue of their MultiMaster ASIC technology.
+BusLogic was acquired by Mylex Corporation in February 1996, but the products
+supported by this driver originated under the BusLogic name and so that name is
+retained in the source code and documentation.
+
+This driver supports all present BusLogic MultiMaster Host Adapters, and should
+support any future MultiMaster designs with little or no modification. More
+recently, BusLogic introduced the FlashPoint Host Adapters, which are less
+costly and rely on the host CPU, rather than including an onboard processor.
+Despite not having an onboard CPU, the FlashPoint Host Adapters perform very
+well and have very low command latency. BusLogic has recently provided me with
+the FlashPoint Driver Developer's Kit, which comprises documentation and freely
+redistributable source code for the FlashPoint SCCB Manager. The SCCB Manager
+is the library of code that runs on the host CPU and performs functions
+analogous to the firmware on the MultiMaster Host Adapters. Thanks to their
+having provided the SCCB Manager, this driver now supports the FlashPoint Host
+Adapters as well.
+
+My primary goals in writing this completely new BusLogic driver for Linux are
+to achieve the full performance that BusLogic SCSI Host Adapters and modern
+SCSI peripherals are capable of, and to provide a highly robust driver that can
+be depended upon for high performance mission critical applications. All of
+the major performance features can be configured from the Linux kernel command
+line or at module initialization time, allowing individual installations to
+tune driver performance and error recovery to their particular needs.
+
+The latest information on Linux support for BusLogic SCSI Host Adapters, as
+well as the most recent release of this driver and the latest firmware for the
+BT-948/958/958D, will always be available from my Linux Home Page at URL
+"http://www.dandelion.com/Linux/".
+
+Bug reports should be sent via electronic mail to "lnz@dandelion.com". Please
+include with the bug report the complete configuration messages reported by the
+driver and SCSI subsystem at startup, along with any subsequent system messages
+relevant to SCSI operations, and a detailed description of your system's
+hardware configuration.
+
+Mylex has been an excellent company to work with and I highly recommend their
+products to the Linux community. In November 1995, I was offered the
+opportunity to become a beta test site for their latest MultiMaster product,
+the BT-948 PCI Ultra SCSI Host Adapter, and then again for the BT-958 PCI Wide
+Ultra SCSI Host Adapter in January 1996. This was mutually beneficial since
+Mylex received a degree and kind of testing that their own testing group cannot
+readily achieve, and the Linux community has available high performance host
+adapters that have been well tested with Linux even before being brought to
+market. This relationship has also given me the opportunity to interact
+directly with their technical staff, to understand more about the internal
+workings of their products, and in turn to educate them about the needs and
+potential of the Linux community.
+
+More recently, Mylex has reaffirmed the company's interest in supporting the
+Linux community, and I am now working on a Linux driver for the DAC960 PCI RAID
+Controllers. Mylex's interest and support is greatly appreciated.
+
+Unlike some other vendors, if you contact Mylex Technical Support with a
+problem and are running Linux, they will not tell you that your use of their
+products is unsupported. Their latest product marketing literature even states
+"Mylex SCSI host adapters are compatible with all major operating systems
+including: ... Linux ...".
+
+Mylex Corporation is located at 34551 Ardenwood Blvd., Fremont, California
+94555, USA and can be reached at 510/796-6100 or on the World Wide Web at
+http://www.mylex.com. Mylex HBA Technical Support can be reached by electronic
+mail at techsup@mylex.com, by Voice at 510/608-2400, or by FAX at 510/745-7715.
+Contact information for offices in Europe and Japan is available on the Web
+site.
+
+
+ DRIVER FEATURES
+
+o Configuration Reporting and Testing
+
+ During system initialization, the driver reports extensively on the host
+ adapter hardware configuration, including the synchronous transfer parameters
+ requested and negotiated with each target device. AutoSCSI settings for
+ Synchronous Negotiation, Wide Negotiation, and Disconnect/Reconnect are
+ reported for each target device, as well as the status of Tagged Queuing.
+ If the same setting is in effect for all target devices, then a single word
+ or phrase is used; otherwise, a letter is provided for each target device to
+ indicate the individual status. The following examples
+ should clarify this reporting format:
+
+ Synchronous Negotiation: Ultra
+
+ Synchronous negotiation is enabled for all target devices and the host
+ adapter will attempt to negotiate for 20.0 mega-transfers/second.
+
+ Synchronous Negotiation: Fast
+
+ Synchronous negotiation is enabled for all target devices and the host
+ adapter will attempt to negotiate for 10.0 mega-transfers/second.
+
+ Synchronous Negotiation: Slow
+
+ Synchronous negotiation is enabled for all target devices and the host
+ adapter will attempt to negotiate for 5.0 mega-transfers/second.
+
+ Synchronous Negotiation: Disabled
+
+ Synchronous negotiation is disabled and all target devices are limited to
+ asynchronous operation.
+
+ Synchronous Negotiation: UFSNUUU#UUUUUUUU
+
+ Synchronous negotiation to Ultra speed is enabled for target devices 0
+ and 4 through 15, to Fast speed for target device 1, to Slow speed for
+ target device 2, and is not permitted to target device 3. The host
+ adapter's SCSI ID is represented by the "#".
+
+ The status of Wide Negotiation, Disconnect/Reconnect, and Tagged Queuing
+ are reported as "Enabled", Disabled", or a sequence of "Y" and "N" letters.
+
+o Performance Features
+
+ BusLogic SCSI Host Adapters directly implement SCSI-2 Tagged Queuing, and so
+ support has been included in the driver to utilize tagged queuing with any
+ target devices that report having the tagged queuing capability. Tagged
+ queuing allows for multiple outstanding commands to be issued to each target
+ device or logical unit, and can improve I/O performance substantially. In
+ addition, BusLogic's Strict Round Robin Mode is used to optimize host adapter
+ performance, and scatter/gather I/O can support as many segments as can be
+ effectively utilized by the Linux I/O subsystem. Control over the use of
+ tagged queuing for each target device as well as individual selection of the
+ tagged queue depth is available through driver options provided on the kernel
+ command line or at module initialization time. By default, the queue depth
+ is determined automatically based on the host adapter's total queue depth and
+ the number, type, speed, and capabilities of the target devices found. In
+ addition, tagged queuing is automatically disabled whenever the host adapter
+ firmware version is known not to implement it correctly, or whenever a tagged
+ queue depth of 1 is selected. Tagged queuing is also disabled for individual
+ target devices if disconnect/reconnect is disabled for that device.
+
+o Robustness Features
+
+ The driver implements extensive error recovery procedures. When the higher
+ level parts of the SCSI subsystem request that a timed out command be reset,
+ a selection is made between a full host adapter hard reset and SCSI bus reset
+ versus sending a bus device reset message to the individual target device
+ based on the recommendation of the SCSI subsystem. Error recovery strategies
+ are selectable through driver options individually for each target device,
+ and also include sending a bus device reset to the specific target device
+ associated with the command being reset, as well as suppressing error
+ recovery entirely to avoid perturbing an improperly functioning device. If
+ the bus device reset error recovery strategy is selected and sending a bus
+ device reset does not restore correct operation, the next command that is
+ reset will force a full host adapter hard reset and SCSI bus reset. SCSI bus
+ resets caused by other devices and detected by the host adapter are also
+ handled by issuing a soft reset to the host adapter and re-initialization.
+ Finally, if tagged queuing is active and more than one command reset occurs
+ in a 10 minute interval, or if a command reset occurs within the first 10
+ minutes of operation, then tagged queuing will be disabled for that target
+ device. These error recovery options improve overall system robustness by
+ preventing individual errant devices from causing the system as a whole to
+ lock up or crash, and thereby allowing a clean shutdown and restart after the
+ offending component is removed.
+
+o PCI Configuration Support
+
+ On PCI systems running kernels compiled with PCI BIOS support enabled, this
+ driver will interrogate the PCI configuration space and use the I/O port
+ addresses assigned by the system BIOS, rather than the ISA compatible I/O
+ port addresses. The ISA compatible I/O port address is then disabled by the
+ driver. On PCI systems it is also recommended that the AutoSCSI utility be
+ used to disable the ISA compatible I/O port entirely as it is not necessary.
+ The ISA compatible I/O port is disabled by default on the BT-948/958/958D.
+
+o /proc File System Support
+
+ Copies of the host adapter configuration information together with updated
+ data transfer and error recovery statistics are available through the
+ /proc/scsi/BusLogic/<N> interface.
+
+o Shared Interrupts Support
+
+ On systems that support shared interrupts, any number of BusLogic Host
+ Adapters may share the same interrupt request channel.
+
+
+ SUPPORTED HOST ADAPTERS
+
+The following list comprises the supported BusLogic SCSI Host Adapters as of
+the date of this document. It is recommended that anyone purchasing a BusLogic
+Host Adapter not in the following table contact the author beforehand to verify
+that it is or will be supported.
+
+FlashPoint Series PCI Host Adapters:
+
+FlashPoint LT (BT-930) Ultra SCSI-3
+FlashPoint LT (BT-930R) Ultra SCSI-3 with RAIDPlus
+FlashPoint LT (BT-920) Ultra SCSI-3 (BT-930 without BIOS)
+FlashPoint DL (BT-932) Dual Channel Ultra SCSI-3
+FlashPoint DL (BT-932R) Dual Channel Ultra SCSI-3 with RAIDPlus
+FlashPoint LW (BT-950) Wide Ultra SCSI-3
+FlashPoint LW (BT-950R) Wide Ultra SCSI-3 with RAIDPlus
+FlashPoint DW (BT-952) Dual Channel Wide Ultra SCSI-3
+FlashPoint DW (BT-952R) Dual Channel Wide Ultra SCSI-3 with RAIDPlus
+
+MultiMaster "W" Series Host Adapters:
+
+BT-948 PCI Ultra SCSI-3
+BT-958 PCI Wide Ultra SCSI-3
+BT-958D PCI Wide Differential Ultra SCSI-3
+
+MultiMaster "C" Series Host Adapters:
+
+BT-946C PCI Fast SCSI-2
+BT-956C PCI Wide Fast SCSI-2
+BT-956CD PCI Wide Differential Fast SCSI-2
+BT-445C VLB Fast SCSI-2
+BT-747C EISA Fast SCSI-2
+BT-757C EISA Wide Fast SCSI-2
+BT-757CD EISA Wide Differential Fast SCSI-2
+BT-545C ISA Fast SCSI-2
+BT-540CF ISA Fast SCSI-2
+
+MultiMaster "S" Series Host Adapters:
+
+BT-445S VLB Fast SCSI-2
+BT-747S EISA Fast SCSI-2
+BT-747D EISA Differential Fast SCSI-2
+BT-757S EISA Wide Fast SCSI-2
+BT-757D EISA Wide Differential Fast SCSI-2
+BT-545S ISA Fast SCSI-2
+BT-542D ISA Differential Fast SCSI-2
+BT-742A EISA SCSI-2 (742A revision H)
+BT-542B ISA SCSI-2 (542B revision H)
+
+MultiMaster "A" Series Host Adapters:
+
+BT-742A EISA SCSI-2 (742A revisions A - G)
+BT-542B ISA SCSI-2 (542B revisions A - G)
+
+AMI FastDisk Host Adapters that are true BusLogic MultiMaster clones are also
+supported by this driver.
+
+BusLogic SCSI Host Adapters are available packaged both as bare boards and as
+retail kits. The BT- model numbers above refer to the bare board packaging.
+The retail kit model numbers are found by replacing BT- with KT- in the above
+list. The retail kit includes the bare board and manual as well as cabling and
+driver media and documentation that are not provided with bare boards.
+
+
+ FLASHPOINT INSTALLATION NOTES
+
+o RAIDPlus Support
+
+ FlashPoint Host Adapters now include RAIDPlus, Mylex's bootable software
+ RAID. RAIDPlus is not supported on Linux, and there are no plans to support
+ it. The MD driver in Linux 2.0 provides for concatenation (LINEAR) and
+ striping (RAID-0), and support for mirroring (RAID-1), fixed parity (RAID-4),
+ and distributed parity (RAID-5) is available separately. The built-in Linux
+ RAID support is generally more flexible and is expected to perform better
+ than RAIDPlus, so there is little impetus to include RAIDPlus support in the
+ BusLogic driver.
+
+o Enabling UltraSCSI Transfers
+
+ FlashPoint Host Adapters ship with their configuration set to "Factory
+ Default" settings that are conservative and do not allow for UltraSCSI speed
+ to be negotiated. This results in fewer problems when these host adapters
+ are installed in systems with cabling or termination that is not sufficient
+ for UltraSCSI operation, or where existing SCSI devices do not properly
+ respond to synchronous transfer negotiation for UltraSCSI speed. AutoSCSI
+ may be used to load "Optimum Performance" settings which allow UltraSCSI
+ speed to be negotiated with all devices, or UltraSCSI speed can be enabled on
+ an individual basis. It is recommended that SCAM be manually disabled after
+ the "Optimum Performance" settings are loaded.
+
+
+ BT-948/958/958D INSTALLATION NOTES
+
+The BT-948/958/958D PCI Ultra SCSI Host Adapters have some features which may
+require attention in some circumstances when installing Linux.
+
+o PCI I/O Port Assignments
+
+ When configured to factory default settings, the BT-948/958/958D will only
+ recognize the PCI I/O port assignments made by the motherboard's PCI BIOS.
+ The BT-948/958/958D will not respond to any of the ISA compatible I/O ports
+ that previous BusLogic SCSI Host Adapters respond to. This driver supports
+ the PCI I/O port assignments, so this is the preferred configuration.
+ However, if the obsolete BusLogic driver must be used for any reason, such as
+ a Linux distribution that does not yet use this driver in its boot kernel,
+ BusLogic has provided an AutoSCSI configuration option to enable a legacy ISA
+ compatible I/O port.
+
+ To enable this backward compatibility option, invoke the AutoSCSI utility via
+ Ctrl-B at system startup and select "Adapter Configuration", "View/Modify
+ Configuration", and then change the "ISA Compatible Port" setting from
+ "Disable" to "Primary" or "Alternate". Once this driver has been installed,
+ the "ISA Compatible Port" option should be set back to "Disable" to avoid
+ possible future I/O port conflicts. The older BT-946C/956C/956CD also have
+ this configuration option, but the factory default setting is "Primary".
+
+o PCI Slot Scanning Order
+
+ In systems with multiple BusLogic PCI Host Adapters, the order in which the
+ PCI slots are scanned may appear reversed with the BT-948/958/958D as
+ compared to the BT-946C/956C/956CD. For booting from a SCSI disk to work
+ correctly, it is necessary that the host adapter's BIOS and the kernel agree
+ on which disk is the boot device, which requires that they recognize the PCI
+ host adapters in the same order. The motherboard's PCI BIOS provides a
+ standard way of enumerating the PCI host adapters, which is used by the Linux
+ kernel. Some PCI BIOS implementations enumerate the PCI slots in order of
+ increasing bus number and device number, while others do so in the opposite
+ direction.
+
+ Unfortunately, Microsoft decided that Windows 95 would always enumerate the
+ PCI slots in order of increasing bus number and device number regardless of
+ the PCI BIOS enumeration, and requires that their scheme be supported by the
+ host adapter's BIOS to receive Windows 95 certification. Therefore, the
+ factory default settings of the BT-948/958/958D enumerate the host adapters
+ by increasing bus number and device number. To disable this feature, invoke
+ the AutoSCSI utility via Ctrl-B at system startup and select "Adapter
+ Configuration", "View/Modify Configuration", press Ctrl-F10, and then change
+ the "Use Bus And Device # For PCI Scanning Seq." option to OFF.
+
+ This driver will interrogate the setting of the PCI Scanning Sequence option
+ so as to recognize the host adapters in the same order as they are enumerated
+ by the host adapter's BIOS.
+
+o Enabling UltraSCSI Transfers
+
+ The BT-948/958/958D ship with their configuration set to "Factory Default"
+ settings that are conservative and do not allow for UltraSCSI speed to be
+ negotiated. This results in fewer problems when these host adapters are
+ installed in systems with cabling or termination that is not sufficient for
+ UltraSCSI operation, or where existing SCSI devices do not properly respond
+ to synchronous transfer negotiation for UltraSCSI speed. AutoSCSI may be
+ used to load "Optimum Performance" settings which allow UltraSCSI speed to be
+ negotiated with all devices, or UltraSCSI speed can be enabled on an
+ individual basis. It is recommended that SCAM be manually disabled after the
+ "Optimum Performance" settings are loaded.
+
+
+ DRIVER OPTIONS
+
+BusLogic Driver Options may be specified either via the Linux Kernel Command
+Line or via the Loadable Kernel Module Installation Facility. Driver Options
+for multiple host adapters may be specified either by separating the option
+strings by a semicolon, or by specifying multiple "BusLogic=" strings on the
+command line. Individual option specifications for a single host adapter are
+separated by commas. The Probing and Debugging Options apply to all host
+adapters whereas the remaining options apply individually only to the
+selected host adapter.
+
+The BusLogic Driver Probing Options comprise the following:
+
+IO:<integer>
+
+ The "IO:" option specifies an ISA I/O Address to be probed for a non-PCI
+ MultiMaster Host Adapter. If neither "IO:" nor "NoProbeISA" options are
+ specified, then the standard list of BusLogic MultiMaster ISA I/O Addresses
+ will be probed (0x330, 0x334, 0x230, 0x234, 0x130, and 0x134). Multiple
+ "IO:" options may be specified to precisely determine the I/O Addresses to
+ be probed, but the probe order will always follow the standard list.
+
+NoProbe
+
+ The "NoProbe" option disables all probing and therefore no BusLogic Host
+ Adapters will be detected.
+
+NoProbeISA
+
+ The "NoProbeISA" option disables probing of the standard BusLogic ISA I/O
+ Addresses and therefore only PCI MultiMaster and FlashPoint Host Adapters
+ will be detected.
+
+NoProbePCI
+
+ The "NoProbePCI" options disables the interrogation of PCI Configuration
+ Space and therefore only ISA Multimaster Host Adapters will be detected, as
+ well as PCI Multimaster Host Adapters that have their ISA Compatible I/O
+ Port set to "Primary" or "Alternate".
+
+NoSortPCI
+
+ The "NoSortPCI" option forces PCI MultiMaster Host Adapters to be
+ enumerated in the order provided by the PCI BIOS, ignoring any setting of
+ the AutoSCSI "Use Bus And Device # For PCI Scanning Seq." option.
+
+MultiMasterFirst
+
+ The "MultiMasterFirst" option forces MultiMaster Host Adapters to be probed
+ before FlashPoint Host Adapters. By default, if both FlashPoint and PCI
+ MultiMaster Host Adapters are present, this driver will probe for
+ FlashPoint Host Adapters first unless the BIOS primary disk is controlled
+ by the first PCI MultiMaster Host Adapter, in which case MultiMaster Host
+ Adapters will be probed first.
+
+FlashPointFirst
+
+ The "FlashPointFirst" option forces FlashPoint Host Adapters to be probed
+ before MultiMaster Host Adapters.
+
+The BusLogic Driver Tagged Queuing Options allow for explicitly specifying
+the Queue Depth and whether Tagged Queuing is permitted for each Target
+Device (assuming that the Target Device supports Tagged Queuing). The Queue
+Depth is the number of SCSI Commands that are allowed to be concurrently
+presented for execution (either to the Host Adapter or Target Device). Note
+that explicitly enabling Tagged Queuing may lead to problems; the option to
+enable or disable Tagged Queuing is provided primarily to allow disabling
+Tagged Queuing on Target Devices that do not implement it correctly. The
+following options are available:
+
+QueueDepth:<integer>
+
+ The "QueueDepth:" or QD:" option specifies the Queue Depth to use for all
+ Target Devices that support Tagged Queuing, as well as the maximum Queue
+ Depth for devices that do not support Tagged Queuing. If no Queue Depth
+ option is provided, the Queue Depth will be determined automatically based
+ on the Host Adapter's Total Queue Depth and the number, type, speed, and
+ capabilities of the detected Target Devices. For Host Adapters that
+ require ISA Bounce Buffers, the Queue Depth is automatically set by default
+ to BusLogic_TaggedQueueDepthBB or BusLogic_UntaggedQueueDepthBB to avoid
+ excessive preallocation of DMA Bounce Buffer memory. Target Devices that
+ do not support Tagged Queuing always have their Queue Depth set to
+ BusLogic_UntaggedQueueDepth or BusLogic_UntaggedQueueDepthBB, unless a
+ lower Queue Depth option is provided. A Queue Depth of 1 automatically
+ disables Tagged Queuing.
+
+QueueDepth:[<integer>,<integer>...]
+
+ The "QueueDepth:[...]" or "QD:[...]" option specifies the Queue Depth
+ individually for each Target Device. If an <integer> is omitted, the
+ associated Target Device will have its Queue Depth selected automatically.
+
+TaggedQueuing:Default
+
+ The "TaggedQueuing:Default" or "TQ:Default" option permits Tagged Queuing
+ based on the firmware version of the BusLogic Host Adapter and based on
+ whether the Queue Depth allows queuing multiple commands.
+
+TaggedQueuing:Enable
+
+ The "TaggedQueuing:Enable" or "TQ:Enable" option enables Tagged Queuing for
+ all Target Devices on this Host Adapter, overriding any limitation that
+ would otherwise be imposed based on the Host Adapter firmware version.
+
+TaggedQueuing:Disable
+
+ The "TaggedQueuing:Disable" or "TQ:Disable" option disables Tagged Queuing
+ for all Target Devices on this Host Adapter.
+
+TaggedQueuing:<Target-Spec>
+
+ The "TaggedQueuing:<Target-Spec>" or "TQ:<Target-Spec>" option controls
+ Tagged Queuing individually for each Target Device. <Target-Spec> is a
+ sequence of "Y", "N", and "X" characters. "Y" enables Tagged Queuing, "N"
+ disables Tagged Queuing, and "X" accepts the default based on the firmware
+ version. The first character refers to Target Device 0, the second to
+ Target Device 1, and so on; if the sequence of "Y", "N", and "X" characters
+ does not cover all the Target Devices, unspecified characters are assumed
+ to be "X".
+
+The BusLogic Driver Miscellaneous Options comprise the following:
+
+BusSettleTime:<seconds>
+
+ The "BusSettleTime:" or "BST:" option specifies the Bus Settle Time in
+ seconds. The Bus Settle Time is the amount of time to wait between a Host
+ Adapter Hard Reset which initiates a SCSI Bus Reset and issuing any SCSI
+ Commands. If unspecified, it defaults to BusLogic_DefaultBusSettleTime.
+
+InhibitTargetInquiry
+
+ The "InhibitTargetInquiry" option inhibits the execution of an Inquire
+ Target Devices or Inquire Installed Devices command on MultiMaster Host
+ Adapters. This may be necessary with some older Target Devices that do not
+ respond correctly when Logical Units above 0 are addressed.
+
+The BusLogic Driver Debugging Options comprise the following:
+
+TraceProbe
+
+ The "TraceProbe" option enables tracing of Host Adapter Probing.
+
+TraceHardwareReset
+
+ The "TraceHardwareReset" option enables tracing of Host Adapter Hardware
+ Reset.
+
+TraceConfiguration
+
+ The "TraceConfiguration" option enables tracing of Host Adapter
+ Configuration.
+
+TraceErrors
+
+ The "TraceErrors" option enables tracing of SCSI Commands that return an
+ error from the Target Device. The CDB and Sense Data will be printed for
+ each SCSI Command that fails.
+
+Debug
+
+ The "Debug" option enables all debugging options.
+
+The following examples demonstrate setting the Queue Depth for Target Devices
+1 and 2 on the first host adapter to 7 and 15, the Queue Depth for all Target
+Devices on the second host adapter to 31, and the Bus Settle Time on the
+second host adapter to 30 seconds.
+
+Linux Kernel Command Line:
+
+ linux BusLogic=QueueDepth:[,7,15];QueueDepth:31,BusSettleTime:30
+
+LILO Linux Boot Loader (in /etc/lilo.conf):
+
+ append = "BusLogic=QueueDepth:[,7,15];QueueDepth:31,BusSettleTime:30"
+
+INSMOD Loadable Kernel Module Installation Facility:
+
+ insmod BusLogic.o \
+ 'BusLogic="QueueDepth:[,7,15];QueueDepth:31,BusSettleTime:30"'
+
+NOTE: Module Utilities 2.1.71 or later is required for correct parsing
+ of driver options containing commas.
+
+
+ DRIVER INSTALLATION
+
+This distribution was prepared for Linux kernel version 2.0.35, but should be
+compatible with 2.0.4 or any later 2.0 series kernel.
+
+To install the new BusLogic SCSI driver, you may use the following commands,
+replacing "/usr/src" with wherever you keep your Linux kernel source tree:
+
+ cd /usr/src
+ tar -xvzf BusLogic-2.0.15.tar.gz
+ mv README.* LICENSE.* BusLogic.[ch] FlashPoint.c linux/drivers/scsi
+ patch -p0 < BusLogic.patch (only for 2.0.33 and below)
+ cd linux
+ make config
+ make zImage
+
+Then install "arch/i386/boot/zImage" as your standard kernel, run lilo if
+appropriate, and reboot.
+
+
+ BUSLOGIC ANNOUNCEMENTS MAILING LIST
+
+The BusLogic Announcements Mailing List provides a forum for informing Linux
+users of new driver releases and other announcements regarding Linux support
+for BusLogic SCSI Host Adapters. To join the mailing list, send a message to
+"buslogic-announce-request@dandelion.com" with the line "subscribe" in the
+message body.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.1992-1997 b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.1992-1997
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc88ee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.1992-1997
@@ -0,0 +1,2023 @@
+Sat Jan 18 15:51:45 1997 Richard Henderson <rth@tamu.edu>
+
+ * Don't play with usage_count directly, instead hand around
+ the module header and use the module macros.
+
+Fri May 17 00:00:00 1996 Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+
+ * BusLogic Driver Version 2.0.3 Released.
+
+Tue Apr 16 21:00:00 1996 Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+
+ * BusLogic Driver Version 1.3.2 Released.
+
+Sun Dec 31 23:26:00 1995 Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+
+ * BusLogic Driver Version 1.3.1 Released.
+
+Fri Nov 10 15:29:49 1995 Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
+
+ * Released new BusLogic driver.
+
+Wed Aug 9 22:37:04 1995 Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
+
+ As a preparation for new device code, separated the various
+ functions the request->dev field had into the device proper,
+ request->rq_dev and a status field request->rq_status.
+
+ The 2nd argument of bios_param is now a kdev_t.
+
+Wed Jul 19 10:43:15 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_proc_info): /proc/scsi/scsi now also lists all
+ attached devices.
+
+ * scsi_proc.c (proc_print_scsidevice): Added. Used by scsi.c and
+ eata_dma_proc.c to produce some device info for /proc/scsi.
+
+ * eata_dma.c (eata_queue)(eata_int_handler)(eata_scsi_done):
+ Changed handling of internal SCSI commands send to the HBA.
+
+
+Wed Jul 19 10:09:17 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * Linux 1.3.11 released.
+
+ * eata_dma.c (eata_queue)(eata_int_handler): Added code to do
+ command latency measurements if requested by root through
+ /proc/scsi interface.
+ Throughout Use HZ constant for time references.
+
+ * eata_pio.c: Use HZ constant for time references.
+
+ * aic7xxx.c, aic7xxx.h, aic7xxx_asm.c: Changed copyright from BSD
+ to GNU style.
+
+ * scsi.h: Added READ_12 command opcode constant
+
+Wed Jul 19 09:25:30 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * Linux 1.3.10 released.
+
+ * scsi_proc.c (dispatch_scsi_info): Removed unused variable.
+
+Wed Jul 19 09:25:30 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * Linux 1.3.9 released.
+
+ * scsi.c Blacklist concept expanded to 'support' more device
+ deficiencies. blacklist[] renamed to device_list[]
+ (scan_scsis): Code cleanup.
+
+ * scsi_debug.c (scsi_debug_proc_info): Added support to control
+ device lockup simulation via /proc/scsi interface.
+
+
+Wed Jul 19 09:22:34 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * Linux 1.3.7 released.
+
+ * scsi_proc.c: Fixed a number of bugs in directory handling
+
+Wed Jul 19 09:18:28 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * Linux 1.3.5 released.
+
+ * Native wide, multichannel and /proc/scsi support now in official
+ kernel distribution.
+
+ * scsi.c/h, hosts.c/h et al reindented to increase readability
+ (especially on 80 column wide terminals).
+
+ * scsi.c, scsi_proc.c, ../../fs/proc/inode.c: Added
+ /proc/scsi/scsi which allows root to scan for hotplugged devices.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_proc_info): Added, to support /proc/scsi/scsi.
+ (scan_scsis): Added some 'spaghetti' code to allow scanning for
+ single devices.
+
+
+Thu Jun 20 15:20:27 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * proc.c: Renamed to scsi_proc.c
+
+Mon Jun 12 20:32:45 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * Linux 1.3.0 released.
+
+Mon May 15 19:33:14 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * scsi.c: Added native multichannel and wide scsi support.
+
+ * proc.c (dispatch_scsi_info) (build_proc_dir_hba_entries):
+ Updated /proc/scsi interface.
+
+Thu May 4 17:58:48 1995 Michael Neuffer <neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ * sd.c (requeue_sd_request): Zero out the scatterlist only if
+ scsi_malloc returned memory for it.
+
+ * eata_dma.c (register_HBA) (eata_queue): Add support for
+ large scatter/gather tables and set use_clustering accordingly
+
+ * hosts.c: Make use_clustering changeable in the Scsi_Host structure.
+
+Wed Apr 12 15:25:52 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.2.5 released.
+
+ * buslogic.c: Update to version 1.15 (From Leonard N. Zubkoff).
+ Fixed interrupt routine to avoid races when handling multiple
+ complete commands per interrupt. Seems to come up with faster
+ cards.
+
+ * eata_dma.c: Update to 2.3.5r. Modularize. Improved error handling
+ throughout and fixed bug interrupt routine which resulted in shifted
+ status bytes. Added blink LED state checks for ISA and EISA HBAs.
+ Memory management bug seems to have disappeared ==> increasing
+ C_P_L_CURRENT_MAX to 16 for now. Decreasing C_P_L_DIV to 3 for
+ performance reasons.
+
+ * scsi.c: If we get a FMK, EOM, or ILI when attempting to scan
+ the bus, assume that it was just noise on the bus, and ignore
+ the device.
+
+ * scsi.h: Update and add a bunch of missing commands which we
+ were never using.
+
+ * sd.c: Use restore_flags in do_sd_request - this may result in
+ latency conditions, but it gets rid of races and crashes.
+ Do not save flags again when searching for a second command to
+ queue.
+
+ * st.c: Use bytes, not STP->buffer->buffer_size when reading
+ from tape.
+
+
+Tue Apr 4 09:42:08 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.2.4 released.
+
+ * st.c: Fix typo - restoring wrong flags.
+
+Wed Mar 29 06:55:12 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.2.3 released.
+
+ * st.c: Perform some waiting operations with interrupts off.
+ Is this correct???
+
+Wed Mar 22 10:34:26 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.2.2 released.
+
+ * aha152x.c: Modularize. Add support for PCMCIA.
+
+ * eata.c: Update to version 2.0. Fixed bug preventing media
+ detection. If scsi_register_host returns NULL, fail gracefully.
+
+ * scsi.c: Detect as NEC (for photo-cd purposes) for the 84
+ and 25 models as "NEC_OLDCDR".
+
+ * scsi.h: Add define for NEC_OLDCDR
+
+ * sr.c: Add handling for NEC_OLDCDR. Treat as unknown.
+
+ * u14-34f.c: Update to version 2.0. Fixed same bug as in
+ eata.c.
+
+
+Mon Mar 6 11:11:20 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.2.0 released. Yeah!!!
+
+ * Minor spelling/punctuation changes throughout. Nothing
+ substantive.
+
+Mon Feb 20 21:33:03 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.95 released.
+
+ * qlogic.c: Update to version 0.41.
+
+ * seagate.c: Change some message to be more descriptive about what
+ we detected.
+
+ * sr.c: spelling/whitespace changes.
+
+Mon Feb 20 21:33:03 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.94 released.
+
+Mon Feb 20 08:57:17 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.93 released.
+
+ * hosts.h: Change io_port to long int from short.
+
+ * 53c7,8xx.c: crash on AEN fixed, SCSI reset is no longer a NOP,
+ NULL pointer panic on odd UDCs fixed, two bugs in diagnostic output
+ fixed, should initialize correctly if left running, now loadable,
+ new memory allocation, extraneous diagnostic output suppressed,
+ splx() replaced with save/restore flags. [ Drew ]
+
+ * hosts.c, hosts.h, scsi_ioctl.c, sd.c, sd_ioctl.c, sg.c, sr.c,
+ sr_ioctl.c: Add special junk at end that Emacs will use for
+ formatting the file.
+
+ * qlogic.c: Update to v0.40a. Improve parity handling.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add Hitachi DK312C to blacklist. Change "};" to "}" in
+ many places. Use scsi_init_malloc to get command block - may
+ need this to be dma compatible for some host adapters.
+ Restore interrupts after unregistering a host.
+
+ * sd.c: Use sti instead of restore flags - causes latency problems.
+
+ * seagate.c: Use controller_type to determine string used when
+ registering irq.
+
+ * sr.c: More photo-cd hacks to make sure we get the xa stuff right.
+ * sr.h, sr.c: Change is_xa to xa_flags field.
+
+ * st.c: Disable retries for write operations.
+
+Wed Feb 15 10:52:56 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.92 released.
+
+ * eata.c: Update to 1.17.
+
+ * eata_dma.c: Update to 2.31a. Add more support for /proc/scsi.
+ Continuing modularization. Less crashes because of the bug in the
+ memory management ==> increase C_P_L_CURRENT_MAX to 10
+ and decrease C_P_L_DIV to 4.
+
+ * hosts.c: If we remove last host registered, reuse host number.
+ When freeing memory from host being deregistered, free extra_bytes
+ too.
+
+ * scsi.c (scan_scsis): memset(SDpnt, 0) and set SCmd.device to SDpnt.
+ Change memory allocation to work around bugs in __get_dma_pages.
+ Do not free host if usage count is not zero (for modules).
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Increase IOCTL_TIMEOUT to 3000.
+
+ * st.c: Allow for ST_EXTRA_DEVS in st data structures.
+
+ * u14-34f.c: Update to 1.17.
+
+Thu Feb 9 10:11:16 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.91 released.
+
+ * eata.c: Update to 1.16. Use wish_block instead of host->block.
+
+ * hosts.c: Initialize wish_block to 0.
+
+ * hosts.h: Add wish_block.
+
+ * scsi.c: Use wish_block as indicator that the host should be added
+ to block list.
+
+ * sg.c: Add SG_EXTRA_DEVS to number of slots.
+
+ * u14-34f.c: Use wish_block.
+
+Tue Feb 7 11:46:04 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.90 released.
+
+ * eata.c: Change naming from eata_* to eata2x_*. Now at vers 1.15.
+ Update interrupt handler to take pt_regs as arg. Allow blocking
+ even if loaded as module. Initialize target_time_out array.
+ Do not put sti(); in timing loop.
+
+ * hosts.c: Do not reuse host numbers.
+ Use scsi_make_blocked_list to generate blocking list.
+
+ * script_asm.pl: Beats me. Don't know perl. Something to do with
+ phase index.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_make_blocked_list): New function - code copied from
+ hosts.c.
+
+ * scsi.c: Update code to disable photo CD for Toshiba cdroms.
+ Use just manufacturer name, not model number.
+
+ * sr.c: Fix setting density for Toshiba drives.
+
+ * u14-34f.c: Clear target_time_out array during reset.
+
+Wed Feb 1 09:20:45 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.89 released.
+
+ * Makefile, u14-34f.c: Modularize.
+
+ * Makefile, eata.c: Modularize. Now version 1.14
+
+ * NCR5380.c: Update interrupt handler with new arglist. Minor
+ cleanups.
+
+ * eata_dma.c: Begin to modularize. Add hooks for /proc/scsi.
+ New version 2.3.0a. Add code in interrupt handler to allow
+ certain CDROM drivers to be detected which return a
+ CHECK_CONDITION during SCSI bus scan. Add opcode check to get
+ all DATA IN and DATA OUT phases right. Utilize HBA_interpret flag.
+ Improvements in HBA identification. Various other minor stuff.
+
+ * hosts.c: Initialize ->dma_channel and ->io_port when registering
+ a new host.
+
+ * qlogic.c: Modularize and add PCMCIA support.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add Hitachi to blacklist.
+
+ * scsi.c: Change default to no lun scan (too many problem devices).
+
+ * scsi.h: Define QUEUE_FULL condition.
+
+ * sd.c: Do not check for non-existent partition until after
+ new media check.
+
+ * sg.c: Undo previous change which was wrong.
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Increase IOCTL_TIMEOUT to 2000.
+
+ * st.c: Patches from Kai - improve filemark handling.
+
+Tue Jan 31 17:32:12 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.88 released.
+
+ * Throughout - spelling/grammar fixups.
+
+ * scsi.c: Make sure that all buffers are 16 byte aligned - some
+ drivers (buslogic) need this.
+
+ * scsi.c (scan_scsis): Remove message printed.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_init): Move message here.
+
+Mon Jan 30 06:40:25 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.87 released.
+
+ * sr.c: Photo-cd related changes. (Gerd Knorr??).
+
+ * st.c: Changes from Kai related to EOM detection.
+
+Mon Jan 23 23:53:10 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.86 released.
+
+ * 53c7,8xx.h: Change SG size to 127.
+
+ * eata_dma: Update to version 2.10i. Remove bug in the registration
+ of multiple HBAs and channels. Minor other improvements and stylistic
+ changes.
+
+ * scsi.c: Test for Toshiba XM-3401TA and exclude from detection
+ as toshiba drive - photo cd does not work with this drive.
+
+ * sr.c: Update photocd code.
+
+Mon Jan 23 23:53:10 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.85 released.
+
+ * st.c, st_ioctl.c, sg.c, sd_ioctl.c, scsi_ioctl.c, hosts.c:
+ include linux/mm.h
+
+ * qlogic.c, buslogic.c, aha1542.c: Include linux/module.h.
+
+Sun Jan 22 22:08:46 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.84 released.
+
+ * Makefile: Support for loadable QLOGIC boards.
+
+ * aha152x.c: Update to version 1.8 from Juergen.
+
+ * eata_dma.c: Update from Michael Neuffer.
+ Remove hard limit of 2 commands per lun and make it better
+ configurable. Improvements in HBA identification.
+
+ * in2000.c: Fix biosparam to support large disks.
+
+ * qlogic.c: Minor changes (change sti -> restore_flags).
+
+Wed Jan 18 23:33:09 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.83 released.
+
+ * aha1542.c(aha1542_intr_handle): Use arguments handed down to find
+ which irq.
+
+ * buslogic.c: Likewise.
+
+ * eata_dma.c: Use min of 2 cmd_per_lun for OCS_enabled boards.
+
+ * scsi.c: Make RECOVERED_ERROR a SUGGEST_IS_OK.
+
+ * sd.c: Fail if we are opening a non-existent partition.
+
+ * sr.c: Bump SR_TIMEOUT to 15000.
+ Do not probe for media size at boot time(hard on changers).
+ Flag device as needing sector size instead.
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Remove CDROMMULTISESSION_SYS ioctl.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Fix bug in call to ultrastor_interrupt (wrong #args).
+
+Mon Jan 16 07:18:23 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.82 released.
+
+ Throughout.
+ - Change all interrupt handlers to accept new calling convention.
+ In particular, we now receive the irq number as one of the arguments.
+
+ * More minor spelling corrections in some of the new files.
+
+ * aha1542.c, buslogic.c: Clean up interrupt handler a little now
+ that we receive the irq as an arg.
+
+ * aha274x.c: s/snarf_region/request_region/
+
+ * eata.c: Update to version 1.12. Fix some comments and display a
+ message if we cannot reserve the port addresses.
+
+ * u14-34f.c: Update to version 1.13. Fix some comments and display a
+ message if we cannot reserve the port addresses.
+
+ * eata_dma.c: Define get_board_data function (send INQUIRY command).
+ Use to improve detection of variants of different DPT boards. Change
+ version subnumber to "0g".
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 5.26. Improve detection of some boards
+ repackaged by IBM.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_register_host): Change "name" to const char *.
+
+ * sr.c: Fix problem in set mode command for Toshiba drives.
+
+ * sr.c: Fix typo from patch 81.
+
+Fri Jan 13 12:54:46 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.81 released. Codefreeze for 1.2 release announced.
+
+ Big changes here.
+
+ * eata_dma.*: New files from Michael Neuffer.
+ (neuffer@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de). Should support
+ all eata/dpt cards.
+
+ * hosts.c, Makefile: Add eata_dma.
+
+ * README.st: Document MTEOM.
+
+ Patches from me (ERY) to finish support for low-level loadable scsi.
+ It now works, and is actually useful.
+
+ * Throughout - add new argument to scsi_init_malloc that takes an
+ additional parameter. This is used as a priority to kmalloc,
+ and you can specify the GFP_DMA flag if you need DMA-able memory.
+
+ * Makefile: For source files that are loadable, always add name
+ to SCSI_SRCS. Fill in modules: target.
+
+ * hosts.c: Change next_host to next_scsi_host, and make global.
+ Print hosts after we have identified all of them. Use info()
+ function if present, otherwise use name field.
+
+ * hosts.h: Change attach function to return int, not void.
+ Define number of device slots to allow for loadable devices.
+ Define tags to tell scsi module code what type of module we
+ are loading.
+
+ * scsi.c: Fix scan_scsis so that it can be run by a user process.
+ Do not use waiting loops - use up and down mechanism as long
+ as current != task[0].
+
+ * scsi.c(scan_scsis): Do not use stack variables for I/O - this
+ could be > 16Mb if we are loading a module at runtime (i.e. use
+ scsi_init_malloc to get some memory we know will be safe).
+
+ * scsi.c: Change dma freelist to be a set of pages. This allows
+ us to dynamically adjust the size of the list by adding more pages
+ to the pagelist. Fix scsi_malloc and scsi_free accordingly.
+
+ * scsi_module.c: Fix include.
+
+ * sd.c: Declare detach function. Increment/decrement module usage
+ count as required. Fix init functions to allow loaded devices.
+ Revalidate all new disks so we get the partition tables. Define
+ detach function.
+
+ * sr.c: Likewise.
+
+ * sg.c: Declare detach function. Allow attachment of devices on
+ loaded drivers.
+
+ * st.c: Declare detach function. Increment/decrement module usage
+ count as required.
+
+Tue Jan 10 10:09:58 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.79 released.
+
+ Patch from some undetermined individual who needs to get a life :-).
+
+ * sr.c: Attacked by spelling bee...
+
+ Patches from Gerd Knorr:
+
+ * sr.c: make printk messages for photoCD a little more informative.
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Fix CDROMMULTISESSION_SYS ioctl.
+
+Mon Jan 9 10:01:37 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.78 released.
+
+ * Makefile: Add empty modules: target.
+
+ * Wheee. Now change register_iomem to request_region.
+
+ * in2000.c: Bugfix - apparently this is the fix that we have
+ all been waiting for. It fixes a problem whereby the driver
+ is not stable under heavy load. Race condition and all that.
+ Patch from Peter Lu.
+
+Wed Jan 4 21:17:40 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.77 released.
+
+ * 53c7,8xx.c: Fix from Linus - emulate splx.
+
+ Throughout:
+
+ Change "snarf_region" with "register_iomem".
+
+ * scsi_module.c: New file. Contains support for low-level loadable
+ scsi drivers. [ERY].
+
+ * sd.c: More s/int/long/ changes.
+
+ * seagate.c: Explicitly include linux/config.h
+
+ * sg.c: Increment/decrement module usage count on open/close.
+
+ * sg.c: Be a bit more careful about the user not supplying enough
+ information for a valid command. Pass correct size down to
+ scsi_do_cmd.
+
+ * sr.c: More changes for Photo-CD. This apparently breaks NEC drives.
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Support CDROMMULTISESSION ioctl.
+
+
+Sun Jan 1 19:55:21 1995 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.76 released.
+
+ * constants.c: Add type cast in switch statement.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_free): Change datatype of "offset" to long.
+ (scsi_malloc): Change a few more variables to long. Who
+ did this and why was it important? 64 bit machines?
+
+
+ Lots of changes to use save_state/restore_state instead of cli/sti.
+ Files changed include:
+
+ * aha1542.c:
+ * aha1740.c:
+ * buslogic.c:
+ * in2000.c:
+ * scsi.c:
+ * scsi_debug.c:
+ * sd.c:
+ * sr.c:
+ * st.c:
+
+Wed Dec 28 16:38:29 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.75 released.
+
+ * buslogic.c: Spelling fix.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add HP C1790A and C2500A scanjet to blacklist.
+
+ * scsi.c: Spelling fixup.
+
+ * sd.c: Add support for sd_hardsizes (hard sector sizes).
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Use save_flags/restore_flags instead of cli/sti.
+
+Fri Dec 23 13:36:25 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.74 released.
+
+ * README.st: Update from Kai Makisara.
+
+ * eata.c: New version from Dario - version 1.11.
+ use scsicam bios_param routine. Add support for 2011
+ and 2021 boards.
+
+ * hosts.c: Add support for blocking. Linked list automatically
+ generated when shpnt->block is set.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add sankyo & HP scanjet to blacklist. Add support for
+ kicking things loose when we deadlock.
+
+ * scsi.c: Recognize scanners and processors in scan_scsis.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.h: Increase timeout to 9 seconds.
+
+ * st.c: New version from Kai - add better support for backspace.
+
+ * u14-34f.c: New version from Dario. Supports blocking.
+
+Wed Dec 14 14:46:30 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.73 released.
+
+ * buslogic.c: Update from Dave Gentzel. Version 1.14.
+ Add module related stuff. More fault tolerant if out of
+ DMA memory.
+
+ * fdomain.c: New version from Rik Faith - version 5.22. Add support
+ for ISA-200S SCSI adapter.
+
+ * hosts.c: Spelling.
+
+ * qlogic.c: Update to version 0.38a. Add more support for PCMCIA.
+
+ * scsi.c: Mask device type with 0x1f during scan_scsis.
+ Add support for deadlocking, err, make that getting out of
+ deadlock situations that are created when we allow the user
+ to limit requests to one host adapter at a time.
+
+ * scsi.c: Bugfix - pass pid, not SCpnt as second arg to
+ scsi_times_out.
+
+ * scsi.c: Restore interrupt state to previous value instead of using
+ cli/sti pairs.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add a bunch of module stuff (all commented out for now).
+
+ * scsi.c: Clean up scsi_dump_status.
+
+Tue Dec 6 12:34:20 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.72 released.
+
+ * sg.c: Bugfix - always use sg_free, since we might have big buff.
+
+Fri Dec 2 11:24:53 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.71 released.
+
+ * sg.c: Clear buff field when not in use. Only call scsi_free if
+ non-null.
+
+ * scsi.h: Call wake_up(&wait_for_request) when done with a
+ command.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_times_out): Pass pid down so that we can protect
+ against race conditions.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_abort): Zero timeout field if we get the
+ NOT_RUNNING message back from low-level driver.
+
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_done): Restore cmd_len, use_sg here.
+
+ * scsi.c (request_sense): Not here.
+
+ * hosts.h: Add new forbidden_addr, forbidden_size fields. Who
+ added these and why????
+
+ * hosts.c (scsi_mem_init): Mark pages as reserved if they fall in
+ the forbidden regions. I am not sure - I think this is so that
+ we can deal with boards that do incomplete decoding of their
+ address lines for the bios chips, but I am not entirely sure.
+
+ * buslogic.c: Set forbidden_addr stuff if using a buggy board.
+
+ * aha1740.c: Test for NULL pointer in SCtmp. This should not
+ occur, but a nice message is better than a kernel segfault.
+
+ * 53c7,8xx.c: Add new PCI chip ID for 815.
+
+Fri Dec 2 11:24:53 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.70 released.
+
+ * ChangeLog, st.c: Spelling.
+
+Tue Nov 29 18:48:42 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.69 released.
+
+ * u14-34f.h: Non-functional change. [Dario].
+
+ * u14-34f.c: Use block field in Scsi_Host to prevent commands from
+ being queued to more than one host at the same time (used when
+ motherboard does not deal with multiple bus-masters very well).
+ Only when SINGLE_HOST_OPERATIONS is defined.
+ Use new cmd_per_lun field. [Dario]
+
+ * eata.c: Likewise.
+
+ * st.c: More changes from Kai. Add ready flag to indicate drive
+ status.
+
+ * README.st: Document this.
+
+ * sr.c: Bugfix (do not subtract CD_BLOCK_OFFSET) for photo-cd
+ code.
+
+ * sg.c: Bugfix - fix problem where opcode is not correctly set up.
+
+ * seagate.[c,h]: Use #defines to set driver name.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c: Zero buffer before executing command.
+
+ * scsi.c: Use new cmd_per_lun field in Scsi_Hosts as appropriate.
+ Add Sony CDU55S to blacklist.
+
+ * hosts.h: Add new cmd_per_lun field to Scsi_Hosts.
+
+ * hosts.c: Initialize cmd_per_lun in Scsi_Hosts from template.
+
+ * buslogic.c: Use cmd_per_lun field - initialize to different
+ values depending upon bus type (i.e. use 1 if ISA, so we do not
+ hog memory). Use other patches which got lost from 1.1.68.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Spelling.
+
+Tue Nov 29 15:43:50 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.aib.com)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.68 released.
+
+ Add support for 12 byte vendor specific commands in scsi-generics,
+ more (i.e. the last mandatory) low-level changes to support
+ loadable modules, plus a few other changes people have requested
+ lately. Changes by me (ERY) unless otherwise noted. Spelling
+ changes appear from some unknown corner of the universe.
+
+ * Throughout: Change COMMAND_SIZE() to use SCpnt->cmd_len.
+
+ * Throughout: Change info() low level function to take a Scsi_Host
+ pointer. This way the info function can return specific
+ information about the host in question, if desired.
+
+ * All low-level drivers: Add NULL in initializer for the
+ usage_count field added to Scsi_Host_Template.
+
+ * aha152x.[c,h]: Remove redundant info() function.
+
+ * aha1542.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * aha1740.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * aha274x.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * eata.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * pas16.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * scsi_debug.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * t128.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * u14-34f.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * ultrastor.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * wd7000.[c,h]: Likewise.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Add support for command line options with lilo to set
+ DMA parameters, I/O port. From Matt Aarnio.
+
+ * buslogic.[c,h]: New version (1.13) from Dave Gentzel.
+
+ * hosts.h: Add new field to Scsi_Hosts "block" to allow blocking
+ all I/O to certain other cards. Helps prevent problems with some
+ ISA motherboards.
+
+ * hosts.h: Add usage_count to Scsi_Host_Template.
+
+ * hosts.h: Add n_io_port to Scsi_Host (used when releasing module).
+
+ * hosts.c: Initialize block field.
+
+ * in2000.c: Remove "static" declarations from exported functions.
+
+ * in2000.h: Likewise.
+
+ * scsi.c: Correctly set cmd_len field as required. Save and
+ change setting when doing a request_sense, restore when done.
+ Move abort timeout message. Fix panic in request_queueable to
+ print correct function name.
+
+ * scsi.c: When incrementing usage count, walk block linked list
+ for host, and or in SCSI_HOST_BLOCK bit. When decrementing usage
+ count to 0, clear this bit to allow usage to continue, wake up
+ processes waiting.
+
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c: If we have an info() function, call it, otherwise
+ if we have a "name" field, use it, else do nothing.
+
+ * sd.c, sr.c: Clear cmd_len field prior to each command we
+ generate.
+
+ * sd.h: Add "has_part_table" bit to rscsi_disks.
+
+ * sg.[c,h]: Add support for vendor specific 12 byte commands (i.e.
+ override command length in COMMAND_SIZE).
+
+ * sr.c: Bugfix from Gerd in photocd code.
+
+ * sr.c: Bugfix in get_sectorsize - always use scsi_malloc buffer -
+ we cannot guarantee that the stack is < 16Mb.
+
+Tue Nov 22 15:40:46 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.aib.com)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.67 released.
+
+ * sr.c: Change spelling of manufactor to manufacturer.
+
+ * scsi.h: Likewise.
+
+ * scsi.c: Likewise.
+
+ * qlogic.c: Spelling corrections.
+
+ * in2000.h: Spelling corrections.
+
+ * in2000.c: Update from Bill Earnest, change from
+ jshiffle@netcom.com. Support new bios versions.
+
+ * README.qlogic: Spelling correction.
+
+Tue Nov 22 15:40:46 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.aib.com)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.66 released.
+
+ * u14-34f.c: Spelling corrections.
+
+ * sr.[h,c]: Add support for multi-session CDs from Gerd Knorr.
+
+ * scsi.h: Add manufactor field for keeping track of device
+ manufacturer.
+
+ * scsi.c: More spelling corrections.
+
+ * qlogic.h, qlogic.c, README.qlogic: New driver from Tom Zerucha.
+
+ * in2000.c, in2000.h: New driver from Brad McLean/Bill Earnest.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Spelling correction.
+
+ * eata.c: Spelling correction.
+
+Fri Nov 18 15:22:44 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.aib.com)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.65 released.
+
+ * eata.h: Update version string to 1.08.00.
+
+ * eata.c: Set sg_tablesize correctly for DPT PM2012 boards.
+
+ * aha274x.seq: Spell checking.
+
+ * README.st: Likewise.
+
+ * README.aha274x: Likewise.
+
+ * ChangeLog: Likewise.
+
+Tue Nov 15 15:35:08 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.aib.com)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.64 released.
+
+ * u14-34f.h: Update version number to 1.10.01.
+
+ * u14-34f.c: Use Scsi_Host can_queue variable instead of one from template.
+
+ * eata.[c,h]: New driver for DPT boards from Dario Ballabio.
+
+ * buslogic.c: Use can_queue field.
+
+Wed Nov 30 12:09:09 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.aib.com)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.63 released.
+
+ * sd.c: Give I/O error if we attempt 512 byte I/O to a disk with
+ 1024 byte sectors.
+
+ * scsicam.c: Make sure we do read from whole disk (mask off
+ partition).
+
+ * scsi.c: Use can_queue in Scsi_Host structure.
+ Fix panic message about invalid host.
+
+ * hosts.c: Initialize can_queue from template.
+
+ * hosts.h: Add can_queue to Scsi_Host structure.
+
+ * aha1740.c: Print out warning about NULL ecbptr.
+
+Fri Nov 4 12:40:30 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.aib.com)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.62 released.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 5.20. (From Rik Faith). Support
+ BIOS version 3.5.
+
+ * st.h: Add ST_EOD symbol.
+
+ * st.c: Patches from Kai Makisara - support additional densities,
+ add support for MTFSS, MTBSS, MTWSM commands.
+
+ * README.st: Update to document new commands.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add Mediavision CDR-H93MV to blacklist.
+
+Sat Oct 29 20:57:36 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.aib.com)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.60 released.
+
+ * u14-34f.[c,h]: New driver from Dario Ballabio.
+
+ * aic7770.c, aha274x_seq.h, aha274x.seq, aha274x.h, aha274x.c,
+ README.aha274x: New files, new driver from John Aycock.
+
+
+Tue Oct 11 08:47:39 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.54 released.
+
+ * Add third PCI chip id. [Drew]
+
+ * buslogic.c: Set BUSLOGIC_CMDLUN back to 1 [Eric].
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Fix asm directives for new GCC.
+
+ * sr.c, sd.c: Use new end_scsi_request function.
+
+ * scsi.h(end_scsi_request): Return pointer to block if still
+ active, else return NULL if inactive. Fixes race condition.
+
+Sun Oct 9 20:23:14 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.53 released.
+
+ * scsi.c: Do not allocate dma bounce buffers if we have exactly
+ 16Mb.
+
+Fri Sep 9 05:35:30 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.51 released.
+
+ * aha152x.c: Add support for disabling the parity check. Update
+ to version 1.4. [Juergen].
+
+ * seagate.c: Tweak debugging message.
+
+Wed Aug 31 10:15:55 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.50 released.
+
+ * aha152x.c: Add eb800 for Vtech Platinum SMP boards. [Juergen].
+
+ * scsi.c: Add Quantum PD1225S to blacklist.
+
+Fri Aug 26 09:38:45 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.49 released.
+
+ * sd.c: Fix bug when we were deleting the wrong entry if we
+ get an unsupported sector size device.
+
+ * sr.c: Another spelling patch.
+
+Thu Aug 25 09:15:27 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.48 released.
+
+ * Throughout: Use new semantics for request_dma, as appropriate.
+
+ * sr.c: Print correct device number.
+
+Sun Aug 21 17:49:23 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.47 released.
+
+ * NCR5380.c: Add support for LIMIT_TRANSFERSIZE.
+
+ * constants.h: Add prototype for print_Scsi_Cmnd.
+
+ * pas16.c: Some more minor tweaks. Test for Mediavision board.
+ Allow for disks > 1Gb. [Drew??]
+
+ * sr.c: Set SCpnt->transfersize.
+
+Tue Aug 16 17:29:35 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.46 released.
+
+ * Throughout: More spelling fixups.
+
+ * buslogic.c: Add a few more fixups from Dave. Disk translation
+ mainly.
+
+ * pas16.c: Add a few patches (Drew?).
+
+
+Thu Aug 11 20:45:15 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.44 released.
+
+ * hosts.c: Add type casts for scsi_init_malloc.
+
+ * scsicam.c: Add type cast.
+
+Wed Aug 10 19:23:01 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.43 released.
+
+ * Throughout: Spelling cleanups. [??]
+
+ * aha152x.c, NCR53*.c, fdomain.c, g_NCR5380.c, pas16.c, seagate.c,
+ t128.c: Use request_irq, not irqaction. [??]
+
+ * aha1542.c: Move test for shost before we start to use shost.
+
+ * aha1542.c, aha1740.c, ultrastor.c, wd7000.c: Use new
+ calling sequence for request_irq.
+
+ * buslogic.c: Update from Dave Gentzel.
+
+Tue Aug 9 09:32:59 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.42 released.
+
+ * NCR5380.c: Change NCR5380_print_status to static.
+
+ * seagate.c: A few more bugfixes. Only Drew knows what they are
+ for.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Tweak some __asm__ directives so that it works
+ with newer compilers. [??]
+
+Sat Aug 6 21:29:36 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.40 released.
+
+ * NCR5380.c: Return SCSI_RESET_WAKEUP from reset function.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Reset mailbox status after a bus device reset.
+
+ * constants.c: Fix typo (;;).
+
+ * g_NCR5380.c:
+ * pas16.c: Correct usage of NCR5380_init.
+
+ * scsi.c: Remove redundant (and unused variables).
+
+ * sd.c: Use memset to clear all of rscsi_disks before we use it.
+
+ * sg.c: Ditto, except for scsi_generics.
+
+ * sr.c: Ditto, except for scsi_CDs.
+
+ * st.c: Initialize STp->device.
+
+ * seagate.c: Fix bug. [Drew]
+
+Thu Aug 4 08:47:27 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@andante)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.39 released.
+
+ * Makefile: Fix typo in NCR53C7xx.
+
+ * st.c: Print correct number for device.
+
+Tue Aug 2 11:29:14 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.38 released.
+
+ Lots of changes in 1.1.38. All from Drew unless otherwise noted.
+
+ * 53c7,8xx.c: New file from Drew. PCI driver.
+
+ * 53c7,8xx.h: Likewise.
+
+ * 53c7,8xx.scr: Likewise.
+
+ * 53c8xx_d.h, 53c8xx_u.h, script_asm.pl: Likewise.
+
+ * scsicam.c: New file from Drew. Read block 0 on the disk and
+ read the partition table. Attempt to deduce the geometry from
+ the partition table if possible. Only used by 53c[7,8]xx right
+ now, but could be used by any device for which we have no way
+ of identifying the geometry.
+
+ * sd.c: Use device letters instead of sd%d in a lot of messages.
+
+ * seagate.c: Fix bug that resulted in lockups with some devices.
+
+ * sr.c (sr_open): Return -EROFS, not -EACCES if we attempt to open
+ device for write.
+
+ * hosts.c, Makefile: Update for new driver.
+
+ * NCR5380.c, NCR5380.h, g_NCR5380.h: Update from Drew to support
+ 53C400 chip.
+
+ * constants.c: Define CONST_CMND and CONST_MSG. Other minor
+ cleanups along the way. Improve handling of CONST_MSG.
+
+ * fdomain.c, fdomain.h: New version from Rik Faith. Update to
+ 5.18. Should now support TMC-3260 PCI card with 18C30 chip.
+
+ * pas16.c: Update with new irq initialization.
+
+ * t128.c: Update with minor cleanups.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_pid): New variable - gives each command a unique
+ id. Add Quantum LPS5235S to blacklist. Change in_scan to
+ in_scan_scsis and make global.
+
+ * scsi.h: Add some defines for extended message handling,
+ INITIATE/RELEASE_RECOVERY. Add a few new fields to support sync
+ transfers.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.h: Add ioctl to request synchronous transfers.
+
+
+Tue Jul 26 21:36:58 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.37 released.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Always call aha1542_mbenable, use new udelay
+ mechanism so we do not wait a long time if the board does not
+ implement this command.
+
+ * g_NCR5380.c: Remove #include <linux/config.h> and #if
+ defined(CONFIG_SCSI_*).
+
+ * seagate.c: Likewise.
+
+ Next round of changes to support loadable modules. Getting closer
+ now, still not possible to do anything remotely usable.
+
+ hosts.c: Create a linked list of detected high level devices.
+ (scsi_register_device): New function to insert into this list.
+ (scsi_init): Call scsi_register_device for each of the known high
+ level drivers.
+
+ hosts.h: Add prototype for linked list header. Add structure
+ definition for device template structure which defines the linked
+ list.
+
+ scsi.c: (scan_scsis): Use linked list instead of knowledge about
+ existing high level device drivers.
+ (scsi_dev_init): Use init functions for drivers on linked list
+ instead of explicit list to initialize and attach devices to high
+ level drivers.
+
+ scsi.h: Add new field "attached" to scsi_device - count of number
+ of high level devices attached.
+
+ sd.c, sr.c, sg.c, st.c: Adjust init/attach functions to use new
+ scheme.
+
+Sat Jul 23 13:03:17 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.35 released.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Change constraint on asm() operand so that it works
+ with gcc 2.6.0.
+
+Thu Jul 21 10:37:39 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.33 released.
+
+ * sr.c(sr_open): Do not allow opens with write access.
+
+Mon Jul 18 09:51:22 1994 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.31 released.
+
+ * sd.c: Increase SD_TIMEOUT from 300 to 600.
+
+ * sr.c: Remove stray task_struct* variable that was no longer
+ used.
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Fix typo in up() call.
+
+Sun Jul 17 16:25:29 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.30 released.
+
+ * scsi.c (scan_scsis): Fix detection of some Toshiba CDROM drives
+ that report themselves as disk drives.
+
+ * (Throughout): Use request.sem instead of request.waiting.
+ Should fix swap problem with fdomain.
+
+Thu Jul 14 10:51:42 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.29 released.
+
+ * scsi.c (scan_scsis): Add new devices to end of linked list, not
+ to the beginning.
+
+ * scsi.h (SCSI_SLEEP): Remove brain dead hack to try to save
+ the task state before sleeping.
+
+Sat Jul 9 15:01:03 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ More changes to eventually support loadable modules. Mainly
+ we want to use linked lists instead of arrays because it is easier
+ to dynamically add and remove things this way.
+
+ Quite a bit more work is needed before loadable modules are
+ possible (and usable) with scsi, but this is most of the grunge
+ work.
+
+ * Linux 1.1.28 released.
+
+ * scsi.c, scsi.h (allocate_device, request_queueable): Change
+ argument from index into scsi_devices to a pointer to the
+ Scsi_Device struct.
+
+ * Throughout: Change all calls to allocate_device,
+ request_queueable to use new calling sequence.
+
+ * Throughout: Use SCpnt->device instead of
+ scsi_devices[SCpnt->index]. Ugh - the pointer was there all along
+ - much cleaner this way.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_init_malloc, scsi_free_malloc): New functions -
+ allow us to pretend that we have a working malloc when we
+ initialize. Use this instead of passing memory_start, memory_end
+ around all over the place.
+
+ * scsi.h, st.c, sr.c, sd.c, sg.c: Change *_init1 functions to use
+ scsi_init_malloc, remove all arguments, no return value.
+
+ * scsi.h: Remove index field from Scsi_Device and Scsi_Cmnd
+ structs.
+
+ * scsi.c (scsi_dev_init): Set up for scsi_init_malloc.
+ (scan_scsis): Get SDpnt from scsi_init_malloc, and refresh
+ when we discover a device. Free pointer before returning.
+ Change scsi_devices into a linked list.
+
+ * scsi.c (scan_scsis): Change to only scan one host.
+ (scsi_dev_init): Loop over all detected hosts, and scan them.
+
+ * hosts.c (scsi_init_free): Change so that number of extra bytes
+ is stored in struct, and we do not have to pass it each time.
+
+ * hosts.h: Change Scsi_Host_Template struct to include "next" and
+ "release" functions. Initialize to NULL in all low level
+ adapters.
+
+ * hosts.c: Rename scsi_hosts to builtin_scsi_hosts, create linked
+ list scsi_hosts, linked together with the new "next" field.
+
+Wed Jul 6 05:45:02 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.25 released.
+
+ * aha152x.c: Changes from Juergen - cleanups and updates.
+
+ * sd.c, sr.c: Use new check_media_change and revalidate
+ file_operations fields.
+
+ * st.c, st.h: Add changes from Kai Makisara, dated Jun 22.
+
+ * hosts.h: Change SG_ALL back to 0xff. Apparently soft error
+ in /dev/brain resulted in having this bumped up.
+ Change first parameter in bios_param function to be Disk * instead
+ of index into rscsi_disks.
+
+ * sd_ioctl.c: Pass pointer to rscsi_disks element instead of index
+ to array.
+
+ * sd.h: Add struct name "scsi_disk" to typedef for Scsi_Disk.
+
+ * scsi.c: Remove redundant Maxtor XT8760S from blacklist.
+ In scsi_reset, add printk when DEBUG defined.
+
+ * All low level drivers: Modify definitions of bios_param in
+ appropriate way.
+
+Thu Jun 16 10:31:59 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.20 released.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c: Only pass down the actual number of characters
+ required to scsi_do_cmd, not the one rounded up to a even number
+ of sectors.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Changes from Caleb Epstein for 24f cards. Support
+ larger SG lists.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Changes from me - use scsi_register to register
+ host. Add some consistency checking,
+
+Wed Jun 1 21:12:13 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.19 released.
+
+ * scsi.h: Add new return code for reset() function:
+ SCSI_RESET_PUNT.
+
+ * scsi.c: Make SCSI_RESET_PUNT the same as SCSI_RESET_WAKEUP for
+ now.
+
+ * aha1542.c: If the command responsible for the reset is not
+ pending, return SCSI_RESET_PUNT.
+
+ * aha1740.c, buslogic.c, wd7000.c, ultrastor.c: Return
+ SCSI_RESET_PUNT instead of SCSI_RESET_SNOOZE.
+
+Tue May 31 19:36:01 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * buslogic.c: Do not print out message about "must be Adaptec"
+ if we have detected a buslogic card. Print out a warning message
+ if we are configuring for >16Mb, since the 445S at board level
+ D or earlier does not work right. The "D" level board can be made
+ to work by flipping an undocumented switch, but this is too subtle.
+
+ Changes based upon patches in Yggdrasil distribution.
+
+ * sg.c, sg.h: Return sense data to user.
+
+ * aha1542.c, aha1740.c, buslogic.c: Do not panic if
+ sense buffer is wrong size.
+
+ * hosts.c: Test for ultrastor card before any of the others.
+
+ * scsi.c: Allow boot-time option for max_scsi_luns=? so that
+ buggy firmware has an easy work-around.
+
+Sun May 15 20:24:34 1994 Eric Youngdale (eric@esp22)
+
+ * Linux 1.1.15 released.
+
+ Post-codefreeze thaw...
+
+ * buslogic.[c,h]: New driver from David Gentzel.
+
+ * hosts.h: Add use_clustering field to explicitly say whether
+ clustering should be used for devices attached to this host
+ adapter. The buslogic board apparently supports large SG lists,
+ but it is apparently faster if sd.c condenses this into a smaller
+ list.
+
+ * sd.c: Use this field instead of heuristic.
+
+ * All host adapter include files: Add appropriate initializer for
+ use_clustering field.
+
+ * scsi.h: Add #defines for return codes for the abort and reset
+ functions. There are now a specific set of return codes to fully
+ specify all of the possible things that the low-level adapter
+ could do.
+
+ * scsi.c: Act based upon return codes from abort/reset functions.
+
+ * All host adapter abort/reset functions: Return new return code.
+
+ * Add code in scsi.c to help debug timeouts. Use #define
+ DEBUG_TIMEOUT to enable this.
+
+ * scsi.c: If the host->irq field is set, use
+ disable_irq/enable_irq before calling queuecommand if we
+ are not already in an interrupt. Reduce races, and we
+ can be sloppier about cli/sti in the interrupt routines now
+ (reduce interrupt latency).
+
+ * constants.c: Fix some things to eliminate warnings. Add some
+ sense descriptions that were omitted before.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Watch for SCRD from host adapter - if we see it, set
+ a flag. Currently we only print out the number of pending
+ commands that might need to be restarted.
+
+ * aha1542.c (aha1542_abort): Look for lost interrupts, OGMB still
+ full, and attempt to recover. Otherwise give up.
+
+ * aha1542.c (aha1542_reset): Try BUS DEVICE RESET, and then pass
+ DID_RESET back up to the upper level code for all commands running
+ on this target (even on different LUNs).
+
+Sat May 7 14:54:01 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.1.12 released.
+
+ * st.c, st.h: New version from Kai. Supports boot time
+ specification of number of buffers.
+
+ * wd7000.[c,h]: Updated driver from John Boyd. Now supports
+ more than one wd7000 board in machine at one time, among other things.
+
+Wed Apr 20 22:20:35 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.1.8 released.
+
+ * sd.c: Add a few type casts where scsi_malloc is called.
+
+Wed Apr 13 12:53:29 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.1.4 released.
+
+ * scsi.c: Clean up a few printks (use %p to print pointers).
+
+Wed Apr 13 11:33:02 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.1.3 released.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 5.16 (Handle different FIFO sizes
+ better).
+
+Fri Apr 8 08:57:19 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.1.2 released.
+
+ * Throughout: SCSI portion of cluster diffs added.
+
+Tue Apr 5 07:41:50 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.1 development tree initiated.
+
+ * The linux 1.0 development tree is now effectively frozen except
+ for obvious bugfixes.
+
+******************************************************************
+******************************************************************
+******************************************************************
+******************************************************************
+
+Sun Apr 17 00:17:39 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.0, patchlevel 9 released.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 5.16 (Handle different FIFO sizes
+ better).
+
+Thu Apr 7 08:36:20 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.0, patchlevel8 released.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 5.15 from 5.9. Handles 3.4 bios.
+
+Sun Apr 3 14:43:03 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.0, patchlevel6 released.
+
+ * wd7000.c: Make stab at fixing race condition.
+
+Sat Mar 26 14:14:50 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.0, patchlevel5 released.
+
+ * aha152x.c, Makefile: Fix a few bugs (too much data message).
+ Add a few more bios signatures. (Patches from Juergen).
+
+ * aha1542.c: Fix race condition in aha1542_out.
+
+Mon Mar 21 16:36:20 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.0, patchlevel3 released.
+
+ * sd.c, st.c, sr.c, sg.c: Return -ENXIO, not -ENODEV if we attempt
+ to open a non-existent device.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add Chinon cdrom to blacklist.
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Check return status of verify_area.
+
+Sat Mar 6 16:06:19 1994
+
+ * Linux 1.0 released (technically a pre-release).
+
+ * scsi.c: Add IMS CDD521, Maxtor XT-8760S to blacklist.
+
+Tue Feb 15 10:58:20 1994
+
+ * pl15e released.
+
+ * aha1542.c: For 1542C, allow dynamic device scan with >1Gb turned
+ off.
+
+ * constants.c: Fix typo in definition of CONSTANTS.
+
+ * pl15d released.
+
+Fri Feb 11 10:10:16 1994
+
+ * pl15c released.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add Maxtor XT-3280 and Rodime RO3000S to blacklist.
+
+ * scsi.c: Allow tagged queueing for scsi 3 devices as well.
+ Some really old devices report a version number of 0. Disallow
+ LUN != 0 for these.
+
+Thu Feb 10 09:48:57 1994
+
+ * pl15b released.
+
+Sun Feb 6 12:19:46 1994
+
+ * pl15a released.
+
+Fri Feb 4 09:02:17 1994
+
+ * scsi.c: Add Teac cdrom to blacklist.
+
+Thu Feb 3 14:16:43 1994
+
+ * pl15 released.
+
+Tue Feb 1 15:47:43 1994
+
+ * pl14w released.
+
+ * wd7000.c (wd_bases): Fix typo in last change.
+
+Mon Jan 24 17:37:23 1994
+
+ * pl14u released.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Support 1542CF/extended bios. Different from 1542C
+
+ * wd7000.c: Allow bios at 0xd8000 as well.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Do not truncate cylinders to 1024.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 5.9 (add new bios signature).
+
+ * NCR5380.c: Update from Drew - should work a lot better now.
+
+Sat Jan 8 15:13:10 1994
+
+ * pl14o released.
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Zero reserved field before trying to set audio volume.
+
+Wed Jan 5 13:21:10 1994
+
+ * pl14m released.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 5.8. No functional difference???
+
+Tue Jan 4 14:26:13 1994
+
+ * pl14l released.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Remove outl, inl functions (now provided elsewhere).
+
+Mon Jan 3 12:27:25 1994
+
+ * pl14k released.
+
+ * aha152x.c: Remove insw and outsw functions.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Ditto.
+
+Wed Dec 29 09:47:20 1993
+
+ * pl14i released.
+
+ * scsi.c: Support RECOVERED_ERROR for tape drives.
+
+ * st.c: Update of tape driver from Kai.
+
+Tue Dec 21 09:18:30 1993
+
+ * pl14g released.
+
+ * aha1542.[c,h]: Support extended BIOS stuff.
+
+ * scsi.c: Clean up messages about disks, so they are displayed as
+ sda, sdb, etc instead of sd0, sd1, etc.
+
+ * sr.c: Force reread of capacity if disk was changed.
+ Clear buffer before asking for capacity/sectorsize (some drives
+ do not report this properly). Set needs_sector_size flag if
+ drive did not return sensible sector size.
+
+Mon Dec 13 12:13:47 1993
+
+ * aha152x.c: Update to version .101 from Juergen.
+
+Mon Nov 29 03:03:00 1993
+
+ * linux 0.99.14 released.
+
+ * All scsi stuff moved from kernel/blk_drv/scsi to drivers/scsi.
+
+ * Throughout: Grammatical corrections to various comments.
+
+ * Makefile: fix so that we do not need to compile things we are
+ not going to use.
+
+ * NCR5380.c, NCR5380.h, g_NCR5380.c, g_NCR5380.h, pas16.c,
+ pas16.h, t128.c, t128.h: New files from Drew.
+
+ * aha152x.c, aha152x.h: New files from Juergen Fischer.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Support for more than one 1542 in the machine
+ at the same time. Make functions static that do not need
+ visibility.
+
+ * aha1740.c: Set NEEDS_JUMPSTART flag in reset function, so we
+ know to restart the command. Change prototype of aha1740_reset
+ to take a command pointer.
+
+ * constants.c: Clean up a few things.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 5.6. Move snarf_region. Allow
+ board to be set at different SCSI ids. Remove support for
+ reselection (did not work well). Set JUMPSTART flag in reset
+ code.
+
+ * hosts.c: Support new low-level adapters. Allow for more than
+ one adapter of a given type.
+
+ * hosts.h: Allow for more than one adapter of a given type.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add scsi_device_types array, if NEEDS_JUMPSTART is set
+ after a low-level reset, start the command again. Sort blacklist,
+ and add Maxtor MXT-1240S, XT-4170S, NEC CDROM 84, Seagate ST157N.
+
+ * scsi.h: Add constants for tagged queueing.
+
+ * Throughout: Use constants from major.h instead of hardcoded
+ numbers for major numbers.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c: Fix bug in buffer length in ioctl_command. Use
+ verify_area in GET_IDLUN ioctl. Add new ioctls for
+ TAGGED_QUEUE_ENABLE, DISABLE. Only allow IOCTL_SEND_COMMAND by
+ superuser.
+
+ * sd.c: Only pay attention to UNIT_ATTENTION for removable disks.
+ Fix bug where sometimes portions of blocks would get lost
+ resulting in processes hanging. Add messages when we spin up a
+ disk, and fix a bug in the timing. Increase read-ahead for disks
+ that are on a scatter-gather capable host adapter.
+
+ * seagate.c: Fix so that some parameters can be set from the lilo
+ prompt. Supply jumpstart flag if we are resetting and need the
+ command restarted. Fix so that we return 1 if we detect a card
+ so that multiple card detection works correctly. Add yet another
+ signature for FD cards (950). Add another signature for ST0x.
+
+ * sg.c, sg.h: New files from Lawrence Foard for generic scsi
+ access.
+
+ * sr.c: Add type casts for (void*) so that we can do pointer
+ arithmetic. Works with GCC without this, but it is not strictly
+ correct. Same bugfix as was in sd.c. Increase read-ahead a la
+ disk driver.
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Use scsi_malloc buffer instead of buffer from stack
+ since we cannot guarantee that the stack is < 16Mb.
+
+ ultrastor.c: Update to support 24f properly (JFC's driver).
+
+ wd7000.c: Supply jumpstart flag for reset. Do not round up
+ number of cylinders in biosparam function.
+
+Sat Sep 4 20:49:56 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl13 released.
+
+ * Throughout: Use check_region/snarf_region for all low-level
+ drivers.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Do hard reset instead of soft (some ethercard probes
+ screw us up).
+
+ * scsi.c: Add new flag ASKED_FOR_SENSE so that we can tell if we are
+ in a loop whereby the device returns null sense data.
+
+ * sd.c: Add code to spin up a drive if it is not already spinning.
+ Do this one at a time to make it easier on power supplies.
+
+ * sd_ioctl.c: Use sync_dev instead of fsync_dev in BLKFLSBUF ioctl.
+
+ * seagate.c: Switch around DATA/CONTROL lines.
+
+ * st.c: Change sense to unsigned.
+
+Thu Aug 5 11:59:18 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl12 released.
+
+ * constants.c, constants.h: New files with ascii descriptions of
+ various conditions.
+
+ * Makefile: Do not try to count the number of low-level drivers,
+ just generate the list of .o files.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Replace 16 with sizeof(SCpnt->sense_buffer). Add tests
+ for addresses > 16Mb, panic if we find one.
+
+ * aha1740.c: Ditto with sizeof().
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 3.18. Add new signature, register IRQ
+ with irqaction. Use ID 7 for new board. Be more intelligent about
+ obtaining the h/s/c numbers for biosparam.
+
+ * hosts.c: Do not depend upon Makefile generated count of the number
+ of low-level host adapters.
+
+ * scsi.c: Use array for scsi_command_size instead of a function. Add
+ Texel cdrom and Maxtor XT-4380S to blacklist. Allow compile time
+ option for no-multi lun scan. Add semaphore for possible problems
+ with handshaking, assume device is faulty until we know it not to be
+ the case. Add DEBUG_INIT symbol to dump info as we scan for devices.
+ Zero sense buffer so we can tell if we need to request it. When
+ examining sense information, request sense if buffer is all zero.
+ If RESET, request sense information to see what to do next.
+
+ * scsi_debug.c: Change some constants to use symbols like INT_MAX.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c (kernel_scsi_ioctl): New function -for making ioctl
+ calls from kernel space.
+
+ * sd.c: Increase timeout to 300. Use functions in constants.h to
+ display info. Use scsi_malloc buffer for READ_CAPACITY, since
+ we cannot guarantee that a stack based buffer is < 16Mb.
+
+ * sd_ioctl.c: Add BLKFLSBUF ioctl.
+
+ * seagate.c: Add new compile time options for ARBITRATE,
+ SLOW_HANDSHAKE, and SLOW_RATE. Update assembly loops for transferring
+ data. Use kernel_scsi_ioctl to request mode page with geometry.
+
+ * sr.c: Use functions in constants.c to display messages.
+
+ * st.c: Support for variable block size.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Do not use cache for tape drives. Set
+ unchecked_isa_dma flag, even though this may not be needed (gets set
+ later).
+
+Sat Jul 17 18:32:44 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl11 released. C++ compilable.
+
+ * Throughout: Add type casts all over the place, and use "ip" instead
+ of "info" in the various biosparam functions.
+
+ * Makefile: Compile seagate.c with C++ compiler.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Always set ccb pointer as this gets trashed somehow on
+ some systems. Add a few type casts. Update biosparam function a little.
+
+ * aha1740.c: Add a few type casts.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 3.17 from 3.6. Now works with
+ TMC-18C50.
+
+ * scsi.c: Minor changes here and there with datatypes. Save use_sg
+ when requesting sense information so that this can properly be
+ restored if we retry the command. Set aside dma buffers assuming each
+ block is 1 page, not 1Kb minix block.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c: Add a few type casts. Other minor changes.
+
+ * sd.c: Correctly free all scsi_malloc'd memory if we run out of
+ dma_pool. Store blocksize information for each partition.
+
+ * seagate.c: Minor cleanups here and there.
+
+ * sr.c: Set up blocksize array for all discs. Fix bug in freeing
+ buffers if we run out of dma pool.
+
+Thu Jun 2 17:58:11 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl10 released.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Support for BT 445S (VL-bus board with no dma channel).
+
+ * fdomain.c: Upgrade to version 3.6. Preliminary support for TNC-18C50.
+
+ * scsi.c: First attempt to fix problem with old_use_sg. Change
+ NOT_READY to a SUGGEST_ABORT. Fix timeout race where time might
+ get decremented past zero.
+
+ * sd.c: Add block_fsync function to dispatch table.
+
+ * sr.c: Increase timeout to 500 from 250. Add entry for sync in
+ dispatch table (supply NULL). If we do not have a sectorsize,
+ try to get it in the sd_open function. Add new function just to
+ obtain sectorsize.
+
+ * sr.h: Add needs_sector_size semaphore.
+
+ * st.c: Add NULL for fsync in dispatch table.
+
+ * wd7000.c: Allow another condition for power on that are normal
+ and do not require a panic.
+
+Thu Apr 22 23:10:11 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl9 released.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Use (void) instead of () in setup_mailboxes.
+
+ * scsi.c: Initialize transfersize and underflow fields in SCmd to 0.
+ Do not panic for unsupported message bytes.
+
+ * scsi.h: Allocate 12 bytes instead of 10 for commands. Add
+ transfersize and underflow fields.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c: Further bugfix to ioctl_probe.
+
+ * sd.c: Use long instead of int for last parameter in sd_ioctl.
+ Initialize transfersize and underflow fields.
+
+ * sd_ioctl.c: Ditto for sd_ioctl(,,,,);
+
+ * seagate.c: New version from Drew. Includes new signatures for FD
+ cards. Support for 0ws jumper. Correctly initialize
+ scsi_hosts[hostnum].this_id. Improved handing of
+ disconnect/reconnect, and support command linking. Use
+ transfersize and underflow fields. Support scatter-gather.
+
+ * sr.c, sr_ioctl.c: Use long instead of int for last parameter in sr_ioctl.
+ Use buffer and buflength in do_ioctl. Patches from Chris Newbold for
+ scsi-2 audio commands.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Comment out in_byte (compiler warning).
+
+ * wd7000.c: Change () to (void) in wd7000_enable_dma.
+
+Wed Mar 31 16:36:25 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl8 released.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Handle mailboxes better for 1542C.
+ Do not truncate number of cylinders at 1024 for biosparam call.
+
+ * aha1740.c: Fix a few minor bugs for multiple devices.
+ Same as above for biosparam.
+
+ * scsi.c: Add lockable semaphore for removable devices that can have
+ media removal prevented. Add another signature for flopticals.
+ (allocate_device): Fix race condition. Allow more space in dma pool
+ for blocksizes of up to 4Kb.
+
+ * scsi.h: Define COMMAND_SIZE. Define a SCSI specific version of
+ INIT_REQUEST that can run with interrupts off.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c: Make ioctl_probe function more idiot-proof. If
+ a removable device says ILLEGAL REQUEST to a door-locking command,
+ clear lockable flag. Add SCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN ioctl. Do not attempt
+ to lock door for devices that do not have lockable semaphore set.
+
+ * sd.c: Fix race condition for multiple disks. Use INIT_SCSI_REQUEST
+ instead of INIT_REQUEST. Allow sector sizes of 1024 and 256. For
+ removable disks that are not ready, mark them as having a media change
+ (some drives do not report this later).
+
+ * seagate.c: Use volatile keyword for memory-mapped register pointers.
+
+ * sr.c: Fix race condition, a la sd.c. Increase the number of retries
+ to 1. Use INIT_SCSI_REQUEST. Allow 512 byte sector sizes. Do a
+ read_capacity when we init the device so we know the size and
+ sectorsize.
+
+ * st.c: If ioctl not found in st.c, try scsi_ioctl for others.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Do not truncate number of cylinders at 1024 for
+ biosparam call.
+
+ * wd7000.c: Ditto.
+ Throughout: Use COMMAND_SIZE macro to determine length of scsi
+ command.
+
+
+
+Sat Mar 13 17:31:29 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl7 released.
+
+ Throughout: Improve punctuation in some messages, and use new
+ verify_area syntax.
+
+ * aha1542.c: Handle unexpected interrupts better.
+
+ * scsi.c: Ditto. Handle reset conditions a bit better, asking for
+ sense information and retrying if required.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c: Allow for 12 byte scsi commands.
+
+ * ultrastor.c: Update to use scatter-gather.
+
+Sat Feb 20 17:57:15 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl6 released.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 3.5. Handle spurious interrupts
+ better.
+
+ * sd.c: Use register_blkdev function.
+
+ * sr.c: Ditto.
+
+ * st.c: Use register_chrdev function.
+
+ * wd7000.c: Undo previous change.
+
+Sat Feb 6 11:20:43 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl5 released.
+
+ * scsi.c: Fix bug in testing for UNIT_ATTENTION.
+
+ * wd7000.c: Check at more addresses for bios. Fix bug in biosparam
+ (heads & sectors turned around).
+
+Wed Jan 20 18:13:59 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl4 released.
+
+ * scsi.c: Ignore leading spaces when looking for blacklisted devices.
+
+ * seagate.c: Add a few new signatures for FD cards. Another patch
+ with SCint to fix race condition. Use recursion_depth to keep track
+ of how many times we have been recursively called, and do not start
+ another command unless we are on the outer level. Fixes bug
+ with Syquest cartridge drives (used to crash kernel), because
+ they do not disconnect with large data transfers.
+
+Tue Jan 12 14:33:36 1993
+
+ * 0.99pl3 released.
+
+ * fdomain.c: Update to version 3.3 (a few new signatures).
+
+ * scsi.c: Add CDU-541, Denon DRD-25X to blacklist.
+ (allocate_request, request_queueable): Init request.waiting to NULL if
+ non-buffer type of request.
+
+ * seagate.c: Allow controller to be overridden with CONTROLLER symbol.
+ Set SCint=NULL when we are done, to remove race condition.
+
+ * st.c: Changes from Kai.
+
+Wed Dec 30 20:03:47 1992
+
+ * 0.99pl2 released.
+
+ * scsi.c: Blacklist back in. Remove Newbury drive as other bugfix
+ eliminates need for it here.
+
+ * sd.c: Return ENODEV instead of EACCES if no such device available.
+ (sd_init) Init blkdev_fops earlier so that sd_open is available sooner.
+
+ * sr.c: Same as above for sd.c.
+
+ * st.c: Return ENODEV instead of ENXIO if no device. Init chrdev_fops
+ sooner, so that it is always there even if no tapes.
+
+ * seagate.c (controller_type): New variable to keep track of ST0x or
+ FD. Modify signatures list to indicate controller type, and init
+ controller_type once we find a match.
+
+ * wd7000.c (wd7000_set_sync): Remove redundant function.
+
+Sun Dec 20 16:26:24 1992
+
+ * 0.99pl1 released.
+
+ * scsi_ioctl.c: Bugfix - check dev->index, not dev->id against
+ NR_SCSI_DEVICES.
+
+ * sr_ioctl.c: Verify that device exists before allowing an ioctl.
+
+ * st.c: Patches from Kai - change timeout values, improve end of tape
+ handling.
+
+Sun Dec 13 18:15:23 1992
+
+ * 0.99 kernel released. Baseline for this ChangeLog.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.ips b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.ips
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5019f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.ips
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+IBM ServeRAID driver Change Log
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+ 5.00.01 - Sarasota ( 5i ) adapters must always be scanned first
+ - Get rid on IOCTL_NEW_COMMAND code
+ - Add Extended DCDB Commands for Tape Support in 5I
+
+ 4.90.11 - Don't actually RESET unless it's physically required
+ - Remove unused compile options
+
+ 4.90.08 - Data Corruption if First Scatter Gather Element is > 64K
+
+ 4.90.08 - Increase Delays in Flashing ( Trombone Only - 4H )
+
+ 4.90.05 - Use New PCI Architecture to facilitate Hot Plug Development
+
+ 4.90.01 - Add ServeRAID Version Checking
+
+ 4.80.26 - Clean up potential code problems ( Arjan's recommendations )
+
+ 4.80.21 - Change memcpy() to copy_to_user() in NVRAM Page 5 IOCTL path
+
+ 4.80.20 - Set max_sectors in Scsi_Host structure ( if >= 2.4.7 kernel )
+ - 5 second delay needed after resetting an i960 adapter
+
+ 4.80.14 - Take all semaphores off stack
+ - Clean Up New_IOCTL path
+
+ 4.80.04 - Eliminate calls to strtok() if 2.4.x or greater
+ - Adjustments to Device Queue Depth
+
+ 4.80.00 - Make ia64 Safe
+
+ 4.72.01 - I/O Mapped Memory release ( so "insmod ips" does not Fail )
+ - Don't Issue Internal FFDC Command if there are Active Commands
+ - Close Window for getting too many IOCTL's active
+
+ 4.72.00 - Allow for a Scatter-Gather Element to exceed MAX_XFER Size
+
+ 4.71.00 - Change all memory allocations to not use GFP_DMA flag
+ - Code Clean-Up for 2.4.x kernel
+
+ 4.70.15 - Fix Breakup for very large ( non-SG ) requests
+
+ 4.70.13 - Don't release HA Lock in ips_next() until SC taken off queue
+ - Unregister SCSI device in ips_release()
+ - Don't Send CDB's if we already know the device is not present
+
+ 4.70.12 - Corrective actions for bad controller ( during initialization )
+
+ 4.70.09 - Use a Common ( Large Buffer ) for Flashing from the JCRM CD
+ - Add IPSSEND Flash Support
+ - Set Sense Data for Unknown SCSI Command
+ - Use Slot Number from NVRAM Page 5
+ - Restore caller's DCDB Structure
+
+ 4.20.14 - Update patch files for kernel 2.4.0-test5
+
+ 4.20.13 - Fix some failure cases / reset code
+ - Hook into the reboot_notifier to flush the controller
+ cache
+
+ 4.20.03 - Rename version to coincide with new release schedules
+ - Performance fixes
+ - Fix truncation of /proc files with cat
+ - Merge in changes through kernel 2.4.0test1ac21
+
+ 4.10.13 - Fix for dynamic unload and proc file system
+
+ 4.10.00 - Add support for ServeRAID 4M/4L
+
+ 4.00.06 - Fix timeout with initial FFDC command
+
+ 4.00.05 - Remove wish_block from init routine
+ - Use linux/spinlock.h instead of asm/spinlock.h for kernels
+ 2.3.18 and later
+ - Sync with other changes from the 2.3 kernels
+
+ 4.00.04 - Rename structures/constants to be prefixed with IPS_
+
+ 4.00.03 - Add alternative passthru interface
+ - Add ability to flash ServeRAID BIOS
+
+ 4.00.02 - Fix problem with PT DCDB with no buffer
+
+ 4.00.01 - Add support for First Failure Data Capture
+
+ 4.00.00 - Add support for ServeRAID 4
+
+ 3.60.02 - Make DCDB direction based on lookup table.
+ - Only allow one DCDB command to a SCSI ID at a time.
+
+ 3.60.01 - Remove bogus error check in passthru routine.
+
+ 3.60.00 - Bump max commands to 128 for use with ServeRAID
+ firmware 3.60.
+ - Change version to 3.60 to coincide with ServeRAID release
+ numbering.
+
+ 1.00.00 - Initial Public Release
+ - Functionally equivalent to 0.99.05
+
+ 0.99.05 - Fix an oops on certain passthru commands
+
+ 0.99.04 - Fix race condition in the passthru mechanism
+ -- this required the interface to the utilities to change
+ - Fix error recovery code
+
+ 0.99.03 - Make interrupt routine handle all completed request on the
+ adapter not just the first one
+ - Make sure passthru commands get woken up if we run out of
+ SCBs
+ - Send all of the commands on the queue at once rather than
+ one at a time since the card will support it.
+
+ 0.99.02 - Added some additional debug statements to print out
+ errors if an error occurs while trying to read/write
+ to a logical drive (IPS_DEBUG).
+
+ - Fixed read/write errors when the adapter is using an
+ 8K stripe size.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.megaraid b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.megaraid
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9356c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.megaraid
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+Release Date : Thu Feb 03 12:27:22 EST 2005 - Seokmann Ju <sju@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.4.5 (scsi module), 2.20.2.5 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.4.4 (scsi module), 2.20.2.4 (cmm module)
+
+1. Modified name of two attributes in scsi_host_template.
+ On Wed, 2005-02-02 at 10:56 -0500, Ju, Seokmann wrote:
+ > + .sdev_attrs = megaraid_device_attrs,
+ > + .shost_attrs = megaraid_class_device_attrs,
+
+ These are, perhaps, slightly confusing names.
+ The terms device and class_device have well defined meanings in the
+ generic device model, neither of which is what you mean here.
+ Why not simply megaraid_sdev_attrs and megaraid_shost_attrs?
+
+ Other than this, it looks fine to me too.
+
+Release Date : Thu Jan 27 00:01:03 EST 2005 - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.4.4 (scsi module), 2.20.2.5 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.4.3 (scsi module), 2.20.2.4 (cmm module)
+
+1. Bump up the version of scsi module due to its conflict.
+
+Release Date : Thu Jan 21 00:01:03 EST 2005 - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.4.3 (scsi module), 2.20.2.5 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.4.2 (scsi module), 2.20.2.4 (cmm module)
+
+1. Remove driver ioctl for logical drive to scsi address translation and
+ replace with the sysfs attribute. To remove drives and change
+ capacity, application shall now use the device attribute to get the
+ logical drive number for a scsi device. For adding newly created
+ logical drives, class device attribute would be required to uniquely
+ identify each controller.
+ - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+
+ "James, I've been thinking about this a little more, and you may be on
+ to something here. Let each driver add files as such:"
+
+ - Matt Domsch <Matt_Domsch@dell.com>, 12.15.2004
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+
+ "Then, if you simply publish your LD number as an extra parameter of
+ the device, you can look through /sys to find it."
+
+ - James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>, 01.03.2005
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+
+ "I don't see why not ... it's your driver, you can publish whatever
+ extra information you need as scsi_device attributes; that was one of
+ the designs of the extensible attribute system."
+
+ - James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>, 01.06.2005
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+2. Add AMI megaraid support - Brian King <brking@charter.net>
+ PCI_VENDOR_ID_AMI, PCI_DEVICE_ID_AMI_MEGARAID3,
+ PCI_VENDOR_ID_AMI, PCI_SUBSYS_ID_PERC3_DC,
+
+3. Make some code static - Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
+ Date: Mon, 15 Nov 2004 03:14:57 +0100
+
+ The patch below makes some needlessly global code static.
+ -wait_queue_head_t wait_q;
+ +static wait_queue_head_t wait_q;
+
+ Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
+
+4. Added NEC ROMB support - NEC MegaRAID PCI Express ROMB controller
+ PCI_VENDOR_ID_LSI_LOGIC, PCI_DEVICE_ID_MEGARAID_NEC_ROMB_2E,
+ PCI_SUBSYS_ID_NEC, PCI_SUBSYS_ID_MEGARAID_NEC_ROMB_2E,
+
+5. Fixed Tape drive issue : For any Direct CDB command to physical device
+ including tape, timeout value set by driver was 10 minutes. With this
+ value, most of command will return within timeout. However, for those
+ command like ERASE or FORMAT, it takes more than an hour depends on
+ capacity of the device and the command could be terminated before it
+ completes.
+ To address this issue, the 'timeout' field in the DCDB command will
+ have NO TIMEOUT (i.e., 4) value as its timeout on DCDB command.
+
+
+
+Release Date : Thu Dec 9 19:10:23 EST 2004
+ - Sreenivas Bagalkote <sreenib@lsil.com>
+
+Current Version : 2.20.4.2 (scsi module), 2.20.2.4 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.4.1 (scsi module), 2.20.2.3 (cmm module)
+
+i. Introduced driver ioctl that returns scsi address for a given ld.
+
+ "Why can't the existing sysfs interfaces be used to do this?"
+ - Brian King (brking@us.ibm.com)
+
+ "I've looked into solving this another way, but I cannot see how
+ to get this driver-private mapping of logical drive number-> HCTL
+ without putting code something like this into the driver."
+
+ "...and by providing a mapping a function to userspace, the driver
+ is free to change its mapping algorithm in the future if necessary .."
+ - Matt Domsch (Matt_Domsch@dell.com)
+
+Release Date : Thu Dec 9 19:02:14 EST 2004 - Sreenivas Bagalkote <sreenib@lsil.com>
+
+Current Version : 2.20.4.1 (scsi module), 2.20.2.3 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.4.1 (scsi module), 2.20.2.2 (cmm module)
+
+i. Fix a bug in kioc's dma buffer deallocation
+
+Release Date : Thu Nov 4 18:24:56 EST 2004 - Sreenivas Bagalkote <sreenib@lsil.com>
+
+Current Version : 2.20.4.1 (scsi module), 2.20.2.2 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.4.0 (scsi module), 2.20.2.1 (cmm module)
+
+i. Handle IOCTL cmd timeouts more properly.
+
+ii. pci_dma_sync_{sg,single}_for_cpu was introduced into megaraid_mbox
+ incorrectly (instead of _for_device). Changed to appropriate
+ pci_dma_sync_{sg,single}_for_device.
+
+Release Date : Wed Oct 06 11:15:29 EDT 2004 - Sreenivas Bagalkote <sreenib@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.4.0 (scsi module), 2.20.2.1 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.4.0 (scsi module), 2.20.2.0 (cmm module)
+
+i. Remove CONFIG_COMPAT around register_ioctl32_conversion
+
+Release Date : Mon Sep 27 22:15:07 EDT 2004 - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.4.0 (scsi module), 2.20.2.0 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.3.1 (scsi module), 2.20.2.0 (cmm module)
+
+i. Fix data corruption. Because of a typo in the driver, the IO packets
+ were wrongly shared by the ioctl path. This causes a whole IO command
+ to be replaced by an incoming ioctl command.
+
+Release Date : Tue Aug 24 09:43:35 EDT 2004 - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.3.1 (scsi module), 2.20.2.0 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.3.0 (scsi module), 2.20.2.0 (cmm module)
+
+i. Function reordering so that inline functions are defined before they
+ are actually used. It is now mandatory for GCC 3.4.1 (current stable)
+
+ Declare some heavy-weight functions to be non-inlined,
+ megaraid_mbox_build_cmd, megaraid_mbox_runpendq,
+ megaraid_mbox_prepare_pthru, megaraid_mbox_prepare_epthru,
+ megaraid_busywait_mbox
+
+ - Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>, 08.19.2004
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+ "Something else to clean up after inclusion: every instance of an
+ inline function is actually rendered as a full function call, because
+ the function is always used before it is defined. Atul, please
+ re-arrange the code to eliminate the need for most (all) of the
+ function prototypes at the top of each file, and define (not just
+ declare with a prototype) each inline function before its first use"
+
+ - Matt Domsch <Matt_Domsch@dell.com>, 07.27.2004
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+
+ii. Display elapsed time (countdown) while waiting for FW to boot.
+
+iii. Module compilation reorder in Makefile so that unresolved symbols do
+ not occur when driver is compiled non-modular.
+
+ Patrick J. LoPresti <patl@users.sourceforge.net>, 8.22.2004
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+
+Release Date : Thu Aug 19 09:58:33 EDT 2004 - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.3.0 (scsi module), 2.20.2.0 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.2.0 (scsi module), 2.20.1.0 (cmm module)
+
+i. When copying the mailbox packets, copy only first 14 bytes (for 32-bit
+ mailboxes) and only first 22 bytes (for 64-bit mailboxes). This is to
+ avoid getting the stale values for busy bit. We want to set the busy
+ bit just before issuing command to the FW.
+
+ii. In the reset handling, if the reseted command is not owned by the
+ driver, do not (wrongly) print information for the "attached" driver
+ packet.
+
+iii. Have extended wait when issuing command in synchronous mode. This is
+ required for the cases where the option ROM is disabled and there is
+ no BIOS to start the controller. The FW starts to boot after receiving
+ the first command from the driver. The current driver has 1 second
+ timeout for the synchronous commands, which is far less than what is
+ actually required. We now wait up to MBOX_RESET_TIME (180 seconds) for
+ FW boot process.
+
+iv. In megaraid_mbox_product_info, clear the mailbox contents completely
+ before preparing the command for inquiry3. This is to ensure that the
+ FW does not get junk values in the command.
+
+v. Do away with the redundant LSI_CONFIG_COMPAT redefinition for
+ CONFIG_COMPAT. Replace <asm/ioctl32.h> with <linux/ioctl32.h>
+
+ - James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>, 08.17.2004
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+vi. Add support for 64-bit applications. Current drivers assume only
+ 32-bit applications, even on 64-bit platforms. Use the "data" and
+ "buffer" fields of the mimd_t structure, instead of embedded 32-bit
+ addresses in application mailbox and passthru structures.
+
+vii. Move the function declarations for the management module from
+ megaraid_mm.h to megaraid_mm.c
+
+ - Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>, 08.19.2004
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+viii. Change default values for MEGARAID_NEWGEN, MEGARAID_MM, and
+ MEGARAID_MAILBOX to 'n' in Kconfig.megaraid
+
+ - Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>, 08.19.2004
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+ix. replace udelay with msleep
+
+x. Typos corrected in comments and whitespace adjustments, explicit
+ grouping of expressions.
+
+
+Release Date : Fri Jul 23 15:22:07 EDT 2004 - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.2.0 (scsi module), 2.20.1.0 (cmm module)
+Older Version : 2.20.1.0 (scsi module), 2.20.0.0 (cmm module)
+
+i. Add PCI ids for Acer ROMB 2E solution
+
+ii. Add PCI ids for I4
+
+iii. Typo corrected for subsys id for megaraid sata 300-4x
+
+iv. Remove yield() while mailbox handshake in synchronous commands
+
+
+ "My other main gripe is things like this:
+
+ + // wait for maximum 1 second for status to post
+ + for (i = 0; i < 40000; i++) {
+ + if (mbox->numstatus != 0xFF) break;
+ + udelay(25); yield();
+ + }
+
+ which litter the driver. Use of yield() in drivers is deprecated."
+
+ - James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>, 07.14.2004
+ linux-scsi mailing list
+
+v. Remove redundant __megaraid_busywait_mbox routine
+
+vi. Fix bug in the managment module, which causes a system lockup when the
+ IO module is loaded and then unloaded, followed by executing any
+ management utility. The current version of management module does not
+ handle the adapter unregister properly.
+
+ Specifically, it still keeps a reference to the unregistered
+ controllers. To avoid this, the static array adapters has been
+ replaced by a dynamic list, which gets updated every time an adapter
+ is added or removed.
+
+ Also, during unregistration of the IO module, the resources are
+ now released in the exact reverse order of the allocation time
+ sequence.
+
+
+Release Date : Fri Jun 25 18:58:43 EDT 2004 - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.1.0
+Older Version : megaraid 2.20.0.1
+
+i. Stale list pointer in adapter causes kernel panic when module
+ megaraid_mbox is unloaded
+
+
+Release Date : Thu Jun 24 20:37:11 EDT 2004 - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.0.1
+Older Version : megaraid 2.20.0.00
+
+i. Modules are not 'y' by default, but depend on current definition of
+ SCSI & PCI.
+
+ii. Redundant structure mraid_driver_t removed.
+
+iii. Miscellaneous indentation and goto/label fixes.
+ - Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>, 06.24.2004 linux-scsi
+
+iv. scsi_host_put(), do just before completing HBA shutdown.
+
+
+
+Release Date : Mon Jun 21 19:53:54 EDT 2004 - Atul Mukker <atulm@lsil.com>
+Current Version : 2.20.0.0
+Older Version : megaraid 2.20.0.rc2 and 2.00.3
+
+i. Independent module to interact with userland applications and
+ multiplex command to low level RAID module(s).
+
+ "Shared code in a third module, a "library module", is an acceptable
+ solution. modprobe automatically loads dependent modules, so users
+ running "modprobe driver1" or "modprobe driver2" would automatically
+ load the shared library module."
+
+ - Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com> 02.25.2004 LKML
+
+ "As Jeff hinted, if your userspace<->driver API is consistent between
+ your new MPT-based RAID controllers and your existing megaraid driver,
+ then perhaps you need a single small helper module (lsiioctl or some
+ better name), loaded by both mptraid and megaraid automatically, which
+ handles registering the /dev/megaraid node dynamically. In this case,
+ both mptraid and megaraid would register with lsiioctl for each
+ adapter discovered, and lsiioctl would essentially be a switch,
+ redirecting userspace tool ioctls to the appropriate driver."
+
+ - Matt Domsch <Matt_Domsch@dell.com> 02.25.2004 LKML
+
+ii. Remove C99 initializations from pci_device id.
+
+ "pci_id_table_g would be much more readable when not using C99
+ initializers.
+ PCI table doesn't change, there's lots of users that prefer the more
+ readable variant. And it's really far less and much easier to grok
+ lines without C99 initializers."
+
+ - Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>, 05.28.2004 linux-scsi
+
+iii. Many fixes as suggested by Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org> on
+ linux-scsi, 05.28.2004
+
+iv. We now support up to 32 parallel ioctl commands instead of current 1.
+ There is a conscious effort to let memory allocation not fail for ioctl
+ commands.
+
+v. Do away with internal memory management. Use pci_pool_(create|alloc)
+ instead.
+
+vi. Kill tasklet when unloading the driver.
+
+vii. Do not use "host_lock', driver has fine-grain locks now to protect all
+ data structures.
+
+viii. Optimize the build scatter-gather list routine. The callers already
+ know the data transfer address and length.
+
+ix. Better implementation of error handling and recovery. Driver now
+ performs extended errors recovery for instances like scsi cable pull.
+
+x. Disassociate the management commands with an overlaid scsi command.
+ Driver now treats the management packets as special packets and has a
+ dedicated callback routine.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.ncr53c8xx b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.ncr53c8xx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d03e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.ncr53c8xx
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+Sat May 12 12:00 2001 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version ncr53c8xx-3.4.3b
+ - Ensure LEDC bit in GPCNTL is cleared when reading the NVRAM.
+ Fix sent by Stig Telfer <stig@api-networks.com>.
+ - Define scsi_set_pci_device() as nil for kernel < 2.4.4.
+
+Mon Feb 12 22:30 2001 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version ncr53c8xx-3.4.3
+ - Call pci_enable_device() as AC wants this to be done.
+ - Get both the BAR cookies actual and PCI BAR values.
+ (see Changelog.sym53c8xx rev. 1.7.3 for details)
+ - Merge changes for linux-2.4 that declare the host template
+ in the driver object also when the driver is statically
+ linked with the kernel.
+
+Sun Sep 24 21:30 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version ncr53c8xx-3.4.2
+ - See Changelog.sym53c8xx, driver version 1.7.2.
+
+Wed Jul 26 23:30 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version ncr53c8xx-3.4.1
+ - Provide OpenFirmare path through the proc FS on PPC.
+ - Remove trailing argument #2 from a couple of #undefs.
+
+Sun Jul 09 16:30 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version ncr53c8xx-3.4.0
+ - Remove the PROFILE C and SCRIPTS code.
+ This facility was not this useful and thus was not longer
+ desirable given the increasing complexity of the driver code.
+ - Merges from FreeBSD sym-1.6.2 driver:
+ * Clarify memory barriers needed by the driver for architectures
+ that implement a weak memory ordering.
+ - General cleanup:
+ Move definitions for barriers and IO/MMIO operations to the
+ sym53c8xx_defs.h header files. They are now shared by the
+ both drivers.
+ Use SCSI_NCR_IOMAPPED instead of NCR_IOMAPPED.
+
+Thu May 11 12:30 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * revision 3.3b
+
+Mon Apr 24 12:00 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.2i
+ - Return value 1 (instead of 0) from the driver setup routine.
+ - Let the driver also attach controllers that have been set to
+ OFF in the NVRAM as it did prior to revision 3.2g.
+
+Sat Apr 1 12:00 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.2h
+ - Fix a compilation problem on Alpha introduced in version 3.2g.
+ (`port' changed to `base_io').
+ - Move from `sym' to this driver a tiny change for __sparc__ that
+ applies to cache line size (? Probably from David S Miller).
+ - Make sure no data transfer will happen for Scsi_Cmnd requests
+ that supply SCSI_DATA_NONE direction (this avoids some BUG()
+ statement in the PCI code when a data buffer is also supplied).
+
+Thu Mar 16 9:30 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * revision 3.3b-3
+ - Added exclusion for the 53C1010 and 53C1010_66 chips
+ to the driver (change to sym53c8xx_comm.h).
+
+Mon March 6 23:15 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.2g
+ - Add the file sym53c8xx_comm.h that collects code that should
+ be shared by sym53c8xx and ncr53c8xx drivers. For now, it is
+ a header file that is only included by the ncr53c8xx driver,
+ but things will be cleaned up later. This code addresses
+ notably:
+ * Chip detection and PCI related initialisations
+ * NVRAM detection and reading
+ * DMA mapping
+ * Boot setup command
+ * And some other ...
+ - Add support for the new dynamic dma mapping kernel interface.
+ Requires Linux-2.3.47 (tested with pre-2.3.47-6).
+ - Get data transfer direction from the scsi command structure
+ (Scsi_Cmnd) when this information is available.
+
+Mon March 6 23:15 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.2g
+ - Add the file sym53c8xx_comm.h that collects code that should
+ be shared by sym53c8xx and ncr53c8xx drivers. For now, it is
+ a header file that is only included by the ncr53c8xx driver,
+ but things will be cleaned up later. This code addresses
+ notably:
+ * Chip detection and PCI related initialisations
+ * NVRAM detection and reading
+ * DMA mapping
+ * Boot setup command
+ * And some other ...
+ - Add support for the new dynamic dma mapping kernel interface.
+ Requires Linux-2.3.47 (tested with pre-2.3.47-6).
+ - Get data transfer direction from the scsi command structure
+ (Scsi_Cmnd) when this information is available.
+
+Fri Jan 14 14:00 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * revision pre-3.3b-1
+ - Merge parallel driver series 3.31 and 3.2e
+
+Tue Jan 11 14:00 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * revision 3.31
+ - Added support for mounting disks on wide-narrow-wide
+ scsi configurations.
+ - Built off of version 3.30
+
+Mon Jan 10 13:30 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * revision 3.30
+ - Added capability to use the integrity checking code
+ in the kernel (optional).
+ - Disabled support for the 53C1010.
+ - Built off of version 3.2c
+
+Sat Jan 8 22:00 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.2e
+ - Add year 2000 copyright.
+ - Display correctly bus signals when bus is detected wrong.
+ - Remove the dead code that broke driver 3.2d.
+
+Mon Dec 6 22:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.2d
+ - Change messages written by the driver at initialisation and
+ through the /proc FS (rather cosmetic changes that consist in
+ printing out the PCI bus number and device/function).
+ - Get rid of the old PCI bios interface, but preserve kernel 2.0
+ compatibility from a simple wrapper.
+ - Remove the compilation condition about having to acquire the
+ io_request_lock since it seems to be a definite feature now.:)
+ - proc_dir structure no longer needed for kernel >= 2.3.27.
+ - Change the driver detection code by the sym53c8xx one, modulo
+ some minor changes. The driver can now attach any number of
+ controllers (>40) and does no longer hoger stack space at
+ initialisation.
+ - Definitely disable overlapped PCI arbitration for all dual
+ function chips, since I cannot make sure for what chip revisions
+ it is actually safe.
+ - Add support for the SYM53C1510D.
+ - Update the poor Tekram sync factor table.
+ - Remove the compilation condition about having to acquire the
+ io_request_lock since it seems to be a definite feature now.:)
+ - proc_dir structure no longer needed for kernel >= 2.3.27.
+
+Sat Sep 11 18:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.2c
+ - Handle correctly (hopefully) jiffies wrap-around.
+ - Restore the entry used to detect 875 until revision 0xff.
+ (I removed it inadvertently, it seems :) )
+ - Replace __initfunc() which is deprecated stuff by __init which
+ is not yet so. ;-)
+ - Add support of some 'resource handling' for linux-2.3.13.
+ Basically the BARs have been changed to something more complex
+ in the pci_dev structure.
+ - Remove some deprecated code.
+
+Sat May 10 11:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision pre-3.2b-1
+ - Support for the 53C895A by Pamela Delaney <pam.delaney@lsil.com>
+ The 53C895A contains all of the features of the 896 but has only
+ one channel and has a 32 bit PCI bus. It does 64 bit PCI addressing
+ using dual cycle PCI data transfers.
+ - Miscellaneous minor fixes.
+ - Some additions to the README.ncr53c8xx file.
+
+Sun Apr 11 10:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.2a
+ - Add 'hostid:#id' boot option. This option allows to change the
+ default SCSI id the driver uses for controllers.
+ - Remove nvram layouts and driver set-up structures from the C source,
+ and use the one defined in sym53c8xx_defs.h file.
+ (shared by both drivers).
+ - Set for now MAX LUNS to 16 (instead of 8).
+
+Thu Mar 11 23:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.2 (8xx-896 driver bundle)
+ - Only define the host template in ncr53c8xx.h and include the
+ sym53c8xx_defs.h file.
+ - Declare static all symbols that do not need to be visible from
+ outside the driver code.
+ - Add 'excl' boot command option that allows to pass to the driver
+ io address of devices not to attach.
+ - Add info() function called from the host template to print
+ driver/host information.
+ - Minor documentation additions.
+
+Sat Mar 6 11:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.1h
+ - Fix some oooold bug that hangs the bus if a device rejects a
+ negotiation. Btw, the corresponding stuff also needed some cleanup
+ and thus the change is a bit larger than it could have been.
+ - Still some typo that made compilation fail for 64 bit (trivial fix).
+
+Sun Feb 14:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.1g
+ - Deal correctly with 64 bit PCI address registers on Linux 2.2.
+ Pointed out by Leonard Zubkoff.
+ - Allow to tune request_irq() flags from the boot command line using
+ ncr53c8xx=irqm:??, as follows:
+ a) If bit 0x10 is set in irqm, SA_SHIRQ flag is not used.
+ b) If bit 0x20 is set in irqm, SA_INTERRUPT flag is not used.
+ By default the driver uses both SA_SHIRQ and SA_INTERRUPT.
+ Option 'ncr53c8xx=irqm:0x20' may be used when an IRQ is shared by
+ a 53C8XX adapter and a network board.
+ - Tiny mispelling fixed (ABORT instead of ABRT). Was fortunately
+ harmless.
+ - Negotiate SYNC data transfers with CCS devices.
+
+Sat Jan 16 17:30 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.1f
+ - Some PCI fix-ups not needed any more for PPC (from Cort).
+ - Cache line size set to 16 DWORDS for Sparc (from DSM).
+ - Waiting list look-up didn't work for the first command of the list.
+ - Remove 2 useless lines of code.
+
+Sun Dec 13 18:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.1e
+ - Same work-around as for the 53c876 rev <= 0x15 for 53c896 rev 1:
+ Disable overlapped arbitration. This will not make difference
+ since the chip has on-chip RAM.
+
+Thu Nov 26 22:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.1d
+ - The SISL RAID change requires now remap_pci_mem() stuff to be
+ compiled for __i386__ when normal IOs are used.
+ - Minor spelling fixes in doc files.
+
+Sat Nov 21 18:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.1c
+ - Ignore chips that are driven by SISL RAID (DAC 960).
+ Change sent by Leonard Zubkoff and slightly reworked.
+ - Still a buglet in the tags initial settings that needed to be fixed.
+ It was not possible to disable TGQ at system startup for devices
+ that claim TGQ support. The driver used at least 2 for the queue
+ depth but did'nt keep track of user settings for tags depth lower
+ than 2.
+
+Wed Nov 11 10:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.1b
+ - The driver was unhappy when configured with default_tags > MAX_TAGS
+ Hopefully doubly-fixed.
+ - Update the Configure.help driver section that speaks of TAGS.
+
+Wed Oct 21 21:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.1a
+ - Changes from Eddie Dost for Sparc and Alpha:
+ ioremap/iounmap support for Sparc.
+ pcivtophys changed to bus_dvma_to_phys.
+ - Add the 53c876 description to the chip table. This is only useful
+ for printing the right name of the controller.
+ - DEL-441 Item 2 work-around for the 53c876 rev <= 5 (0x15).
+ - Add additional checking of INQUIRY data:
+ Check INQUIRY data received length is at least 7. Byte 7 of
+ inquiry data contains device features bits and the driver might
+ be confused by garbage. Also check peripheral qualifier.
+ - Cleanup of the SCSI tasks management:
+ Remove the special case for 32 tags. Now the driver only uses the
+ scheme that allows up to 64 tags per LUN.
+ Merge some code from the 896 driver.
+ Use a 1,3,5,...MAXTAGS*2+1 tag numbering. Previous driver could
+ use any tag number from 1 to 253 and some non conformant devices
+ might have problems with large tag numbers.
+ - 'no_sync' changed to 'no_disc' in the README file. This is an old
+ and trivial mistake that seems to demonstrate the README file is
+ not often read. :)
+
+Sun Oct 4 14:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.0i
+ - Cosmetic changes for sparc (but not for the driver) that needs
+ __irq_itoa() to be used for printed IRQ value to be understandable.
+ - Some problems with the driver that didn't occur using driver 2.5f
+ were due to a SCSI selection problem triggered by a clearly
+ documented feature that in fact seems not to work: (53C8XX chips
+ are claimed by the manuals to be able to execute SCSI scripts just
+ after abitration while the SCSI core is performing SCSI selection).
+ This optimization is broken and has been removed.
+ - Some broken scsi devices are confused when a negotiation is started
+ on a LUN that does not correspond to a real device. According to
+ SCSI specs, this is a device firmware bug. This has been worked
+ around by only starting negotiation if the LUN has previously be
+ used for at least 1 successful SCSI command.
+ - The 'last message sent' printed out on M_REJECT message reception
+ was read from the SFBR i/o register after the previous message had
+ been sent.
+ This was not correct and affects all previous driver versions and
+ the original FreeBSD one as well. The SCSI scripts has been fixed
+ so that it now provides the right information to the C code.
+
+Sat Jul 18 13:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.0g
+ - Preliminary fixes for Big Endian (sent by Eddie C. Dost).
+ Big Endian architectures should work again with the driver.
+ Eddie's patch has been partially applied since current 2.1.109
+ does not have all the Sparc changes of the vger tree.
+ - Use of BITS_PER_LONG instead of (~0UL == 0xffffffffUL) has fixed
+ the problem observed when the driver was compiled using EGCS or
+ PGCC.
+
+Mon Jul 13 20:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.0f
+ - Some spelling fixes.
+ - linux/config.h misplaced in ncr53c8xx.h
+ - MODULE_PARM stuff added for linux 2.1.
+ - check INQUIRY response data format is exactly 2.
+ - use BITS_PER_LONG if defined.
+
+Sun Jun 28 12:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.0e
+ - Some cleanup, spelling fixes, version checks, documentations
+ changes, etc ...
+
+Sat Jun 20 20:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.0c
+ - Add a boot setup option that allows to set up device queue depths
+ at boot-up. This option is very useful since Linux does not
+ allow to change scsi device queue depth once the system has been
+ booted up.
+
+Sun Jun 15 23:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.0a
+ - Support for up to 64 TAGS per LUN.
+ - Rewrite the TARGET vs LUN capabilities management.
+ CmdQueue is now handled as a LUN capability as it shall be.
+ This also fixes a bug triggered when disabling tagged command
+ queuing for a device that had this feature enabled.
+ - Remove the ncr_opennings() stuff that was useless under Linux
+ and hard to understand to me.
+ - Add "setverbose" procfs driver command. It allows to tune
+ verbose level after boot-up. Setting this level to zero, for
+ example avoid flooding the syslog file.
+ - Add KERN_XXX to some printk's.
+
+Tue Jun 10 23:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 3.0
+ - Linux config changes for 2.0.34:
+ Remove NVRAM detection config option. This option is now enabled
+ by default but can be disabled by editing the driver header file.
+ Add a PROFILE config option.
+ - Update Configure.help
+ - Add calls to new function mdelay() for milli-seconds delay if
+ kernel version >= 2.1.105.
+ - Replace all printf(s) by printk(s). After all, the ncr53c8xx is
+ a driver for Linux.
+ - Perform auto-sense on COMMAND TERMINATED. Not sure it is useful.
+ - Some other minor changes.
+
+Tue Jun 4 23:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6n
+ - Code cleanup and simplification:
+ Remove kernel 1.2.X and 1.3.X support.
+ Remove the _old_ target capabilities table.
+ Remove the error recovery code that have'nt been really useful.
+ Use a single alignment boundary (CACHE_LINE_SIZE) for data
+ structures.
+ - Several aggressive SCRIPTS optimizations and changes:
+ Reselect SCRIPTS code rewritten.
+ Support for selection/reselection without ATN.
+ And some others.
+ - Miscallaneous changes in the C code:
+ Count actual number of CCB queued to the controller (future use).
+ Lots of other minor changes.
+
+Wed May 13 20:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6m
+ - Problem of missed SCSI bus reset with the 53C895 fixed by
+ Richard Waltham. The 53C895 needs about 650 us for the bus
+ mode to settle. Delays used while resetting the controller
+ and the bus have been adjusted. Thanks Richard!
+ - Some simplification for 64 bit arch done ccb address testing.
+ - Add a check of the MSG_OUT phase after Selection with ATN.
+ - The new tagged queue stuff seems ok, so some informationnal
+ message have been conditionned by verbose >= 3.
+ - Donnot reset if a SBMC interrupt reports the same bus mode.
+ - Print out the whole driver set-up. Some options were missing and
+ the print statement was misplaced for modules.
+ - Ignore a SCSI parity interrupt if the chip is not connected to
+ the SCSI bus.
+
+Sat May 1 16:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6l
+ - Add CCB done queue support for Alpha and perhaps some other
+ architectures.
+ - Add some barriers to enforce memory ordering for x86 and
+ Alpha architectures.
+ - Fix something that looks like an old bug in the nego SIR
+ interrupt code in case of negotiation failure.
+
+Sat Apr 25 21:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6k
+ - Remove all accesses to the on-chip RAM from the C code:
+ Use SCRIPTS to load the on-chip RAM.
+ Use SCRIPTS to repair the start queue on selection timeout.
+ Use the copy of script in main memory to calculate the chip
+ context on phase mismatch.
+ - The above allows now to use the on-chip RAM without requiring
+ to get access to the on-chip RAM from the C code. This makes
+ on-chip RAM useable for linux-1.2.13 and for Linux-Alpha for
+ instance.
+ - Some simplifications and cleanups in the SCRIPTS and C code.
+ - Buglet fixed in parity error recovery SCRIPTS (never tested).
+ - Minor updates in README.ncr53c8xx.
+
+Wed Apr 15 21:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6j
+ - Incorporate changes from linux-2.1.95 ncr53c8xx driver version.
+ - Add SMP support for linux-2.1.95 and above.
+ - Fix a bug when QUEUE FULL is returned and no commands are
+ disconnected. This happens with Atlas I / L912 and may happen
+ with Atlas II / LXY4.
+ - Nail another one on CHECK condition when requeuing the command
+ for auto-sense.
+ - Call scsi_done() for all completed commands after interrupt
+ handling.
+ - Increase the done queue to 24 entries.
+
+Sat Apr 4 20:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6i
+ - CTEST0 is used by the 53C885 for Power Management and
+ priority setting between the 2 functions.
+ Use SDID instead as actual target number. Just have had to
+ overwrite it with SSID on reselection.
+ - Split DATA_IN and DATA_OUT scripts into 2 sub-scripts.
+ 64 segments are moved from on-chip RAM scripts.
+ If more segments, a script in main memory is used for the
+ additional segments.
+ - Since the SCRIPTS processor continues SCRIPTS execution after
+ having won arbitration, do some stuff prior to testing any SCSI
+ phase on reselection. This should have the vertue to process
+ scripts in parallel with the SCSI core performing selection.
+ - Increase the done queue to 12 entries.
+
+Sun Mar 29 12:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6h
+ - Some fixes.
+
+Tue Mar 26 23:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6g
+ - New done queue. 8 entries by default (6 always useable).
+ Can be increased if needed.
+ - Resources management using doubly linked queues.
+ - New auto-sense and QUEUE FULL handling that does not need to
+ stall the NCR queue any more.
+ - New CCB starvation avoiding algorithm.
+ - Prepare CCBs for SCSI commands that cannot be queued, instead of
+ inserting these commands into the waiting list. The waiting list
+ is now only used while resetting and when memory for CCBs is not
+ yet available?
+
+Sun Feb 8 22:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6f
+ - Some fixes in order to really support the 53C895, at least with
+ FAST-20 devices.
+ - Heavy changes in the target/lun resources management to allow
+ the scripts to jump directly to the CCB on reselection instead
+ of walking on the lun CCBs list. Up to 32 tags per lun are now
+ supported without script processor and PCI traffic overhead.
+
+Sun Jan 11 22:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * revision 2.6d
+ - new (different ?) implementation of the start queue:
+ Use a simple CALL to a launch script in the CCB.
+ - implement a minimal done queue (1 entry :-) ).
+ this avoid scanning all CCBs on INT FLY (Only scan all CCBs, on
+ overflow). Hit ratio is better than 99.9 % on my system, so no
+ need to have a larger done queue.
+ - generalization of the restart of CCB on special condition as
+ Abort, QUEUE FULL, CHECK CONDITION.
+ This has been called 'silly scheduler'.
+ - make all the profiling code conditionned by a config option.
+ This spare some PCI traffic and C code when this feature is not
+ needed.
+ - handle more cleanly the situation where direction is unknown.
+ The pointers patching is now performed by the SCRIPTS processor.
+ - remove some useless scripts instructions.
+
+ Ported from driver 2.5 series:
+ ------------------------------
+ - Use FAST-5 instead of SLOW for slow scsi devices according to
+ new SPI-2 draft.
+ - Make some changes in order to accommodate with 875 rev <= 3
+ device errata listing 397. Minor consequences are:
+ . Leave use of PCI Write and Invalidate under user control.
+ Now, by default the driver does not enable PCI MWI and option
+ 'specf:y' is required in order to enable this feature.
+ . Memory Read Line is not enabled for 875 and 875-like chips.
+ . Programmed burst length set to 64 DWORDS (instead of 128).
+ (Note: SYMBIOS uses 32 DWORDS for the SDMS BIOS)
+ - Add 'buschk' boot option.
+ This option enables checking of SCSI BUS data lines after SCSI
+ RESET (set by default). (Submitted by Richard Waltham).
+ - Update the README file.
+ - Dispatch CONDITION MET and RESERVATION CONFLICT scsi status
+ as OK driver status.
+ - Update the README file and the Symbios NVRAM format definition
+ with removable media flags values (available with SDMS 4.09).
+ - Several PCI configuration registers fix-ups for powerpc.
+ (Patch sent by Cort).
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.sym53c8xx b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.sym53c8xx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef985ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.sym53c8xx
@@ -0,0 +1,593 @@
+Sat May 12 12:00 2001 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.7.3c
+ - Ensure LEDC bit in GPCNTL is cleared when reading the NVRAM.
+ Fix sent by Stig Telfer <stig@api-networks.com>.
+ - Backport from SYM-2 the work-around that allows to support
+ hardwares that fail PCI parity checking.
+ - Check that we received at least 8 bytes of INQUIRY response
+ for byte 7, that contains device capabilities, to be valid.
+ - Define scsi_set_pci_device() as nil for kernel < 2.4.4.
+ - + A couple of minor changes.
+
+Sat Apr 7 19:30 2001 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.7.3b
+ - Fix an unaligned LOAD from scripts (was used as dummy read).
+ - In ncr_soft_reset(), only try to ABORT the current operation
+ for chips that support SRUN bit in ISTAT1 and if SCRIPTS are
+ currently running, as 896 and 1010 manuals suggest.
+ - In the CCB abort path, do not assume that the CCB is currently
+ queued to SCRIPTS. This is not always true, notably after a
+ QUEUE FULL status or when using untagged commands.
+
+Sun Mar 4 18:30 2001 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.7.3a
+ - Fix an issue in the ncr_int_udc() (unexpected disconnect)
+ handling. If the DSA didn't match a CCB, a bad write to
+ memory could happen.
+
+Mon Feb 12 22:30 2001 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.7.3
+ - Support for hppa.
+ Tiny patch sent to me by Robert Hirst.
+ - Tiny patch for ia64 sent to me by Pamela Delaney.
+
+Tue Feb 6 13:30 2001 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.7.3-pre1
+ - Call pci_enable_device() as AC wants this to be done.
+ - Get both the BAR cookies used by CPU and actual PCI BAR
+ values used from SCRIPTS. Recent PCI chips are able to
+ access themselves using internal cycles, but they compare
+ BAR values to destination address to make decision.
+ Earlier chips simply use PCI transactions to access IO
+ registers from SCRIPTS.
+ The bus_dvma_to_mem() interface that reverses the actual
+ PCI BAR value from the BAR cookie is now useless.
+ This point had been discussed at the list and the solution
+ got approved by PCI code maintainer (Martin Mares).
+ - Merge changes for linux-2.4 that declare the host template
+ in the driver object also when the driver is statically
+ linked with the kernel.
+ - Increase SCSI message size up to 12 bytes, given that 8
+ bytes was not enough for the PPR message (fix).
+ - Add field 'maxoffs_st' (max offset for ST data transfers).
+ The C1010 supports offset 62 in DT mode but only 31 in
+ ST mode, to 2 different values for the max SCSI offset
+ are needed. Replace the obviously wrong masking of the
+ offset against 0x1f for ST mode by a lowering to
+ maxoffs_st of the SCSI offset in ST mode.
+ - Refine a work-around for the C1010-66. Revision 1 does
+ not requires extra cycles in DT DATA OUT phase.
+ - Add a missing endian-ization (abrt_tbl.addr).
+ - Minor clean-up in the np structure for fields accessed
+ from SCRIPTS that requires special alignments.
+
+Sun Sep 24 21:30 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.7.2
+ - Remove the hack for PPC added in previous driver version.
+ - Add FE_DAC feature bit to distinguish between 64 bit PCI
+ addressing (FE_DAC) and 64 bit PCI interface (FE_64BIT).
+ - Get rid of the boot command line "ultra:" argument.
+ This parameter wasn't that clever since we can use "sync:"
+ for Ultra/Ultra2 settings, and for Ultra3 we may want to
+ pass PPR options (for now only DT clocking).
+ - Add FE_VARCLK feature bit that indicates that SCSI clock
+ frequency may vary depending on board design and thus,
+ the driver should try to evaluate the SCSI clock.
+ - Simplify the way the driver determine the SCSI clock:
+ ULTRA3 -> 160 MHz, ULTRA2 -> 80 MHz otherwise 40 MHz.
+ Measure the SCSI clock frequency if FE_VARCLK is set.
+ - Remove FE_CLK80 feature bit that got useless.
+ - Add support for the SYM53C875A (Pamela Delaney).
+
+Wed Jul 26 23:30 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.7.1
+ - Provide OpenFirmare path through the proc FS on PPC.
+ - Download of on-chip SRAM using memcpy_toio() doesn't work
+ on PPC. Restore previous method (MEMORY MOVE from SCRIPTS).
+ - Remove trailing argument #2 from a couple of #undefs.
+
+Sun Jul 09 16:30 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.7.0
+ - Remove the PROFILE C and SCRIPTS code.
+ This facility was not this useful and thus was not longer
+ desirable given the increasing complexity of the driver code.
+ - Merges from FreeBSD sym-1.6.2 driver:
+ * Clarify memory barriers needed by the driver for architectures
+ that implement a weak memory ordering.
+ * Simpler handling of illegal phases and data overrun from
+ SCRIPTS. These errors are now immediately reported to
+ the C code by an interrupt.
+ * Sync the residual handling code with sym-1.6.2 and now
+ report `resid' to user for linux version >= 2.3.99
+ - General cleanup:
+ Move definitions for barriers and IO/MMIO operations to the
+ sym53c8xx_defs.h header files. They are now shared by the
+ both drivers.
+ Remove unused options that claimed to optimize for the 896.
+ If fact, they were not this clever. :)
+ Use SCSI_NCR_IOMAPPED instead of NCR_IOMAPPED.
+ Remove a couple of unused fields from data structures.
+
+Thu May 11 12:40 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.6b
+ - Merged version.
+
+Mon Apr 24 12:00 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5m
+ - Return value 1 (instead of 0) from the driver setup routine.
+ - Do not enable PCI DAC cycles. This just broke support for
+ SYM534C896 on sparc64. Problem fixed by David S. Miller.
+
+Fri Apr 14 9:00 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.6b-9
+ - Added 53C1010_66 support.
+ - Small fix to integrity checking code.
+ - Removed requirement for integrity checking if want to run
+ at ultra 3.
+
+Sat Apr 1 12:00 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5l
+ - Tiny change for __sparc__ appeared in 2.3.99-pre4.1 that
+ applies to cache line size (? Probably from David S Miller).
+ - Make sure no data transfer will happen for Scsi_Cmnd requests
+ that supply SCSI_DATA_NONE direction (this avoids some BUG()
+ statement in the PCI code when a data buffer is also supplied).
+
+Sat Mar 11 12:00 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.6b-5
+ - Test against expected data transfer direction from SCRIPTS.
+ - Add support for the new dynamic dma mapping kernel interface.
+ Requires Linux-2.3.47 (tested with pre-2.3.47-6).
+ Many thanks to David S. Miller for his preliminary changes
+ that have been useful guidelines.
+ - Get data transfer direction from the scsi command structure
+ (Scsi_Cmnd) with kernels that provide this information.
+
+Mon Mar 6 23:30 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5k
+ - Test against expected data transfer direction from SCRIPTS.
+ - Revert the change in 'ncr_flush_done_cmds()' but unmap the
+ scsi dma buffer prior to queueing the command to our done
+ list.
+ - Miscellaneous (minor) fixes in the code added in driver
+ version 1.5j.
+
+Mon Feb 14 4:00 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * version sym53c8xx-pre-1.6b-2.
+ - Updated the SCRIPTS error handling of the SWIDE
+ condition - to remove any reads of the sbdl
+ register. Changes needed because the 896 and 1010
+ chips will check parity in some special circumstances.
+ This will cause a parity error interrupt if not in
+ data phase. Changes based on those made in the
+ FreeBSD driver version 1.3.2.
+
+Sun Feb 20 11:00 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5j
+ - Add support for the new dynamic dma mapping kernel interface.
+ Requires Linux-2.3.47 (tested with pre-2.3.47-6).
+ Many thanks to David S. Miller for his preliminary changes
+ that have been useful guidelines, for having reviewed the
+ code and having tested this driver version on Ultra-Sparc.
+ - 2 tiny bugs fixed in the PCI wrapper that provides support
+ for early kernels without pci device structure.
+ - Get data transfer direction from the scsi command structure
+ (Scsi_Cmnd) with kernels that provide this information.
+ - Fix an old bug that only affected 896 rev. 1 when driver
+ profile support option was set in kernel configuration.
+
+Fri Jan 14 14:00 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * version sym53c8xx-pre-1.6b-1.
+ - Merge parallel driver series 1.61 and 1.5e
+
+Tue Jan 11 14:00 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.61
+ - Added support for mounting disks on wide-narrow-wide
+ scsi configurations.
+ - Modified offset to be a maximum of 31 in ST mode,
+ 62 in DT mode.
+ - Based off of 1.60
+
+Mon Jan 10 10:00 2000 Pam Delaney (pam.delaney@lsil.com)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.60
+ - Added capability to use the integrity checking code
+ in the kernel (optional).
+ - Added PPR negotiation.
+ - Added support for 53C1010 Ultra 3 part.
+ - Based off of 1.5f
+
+Sat Jan 8 22:00 2000 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5h
+ - Add year 2000 copyright.
+ - Display correctly bus signals when bus is detected wrong.
+ - Some fix for Sparc from DSM that went directly to kernel tree.
+
+Mon Dec 6 22:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5g
+ - Change messages written by the driver at initialisation and
+ through the /proc FS (rather cosmetic changes that consist in
+ printing out the PCI bus number and PCI device/function).
+ - Ensure the SCRIPTS processor is stopped while calibrating the
+ SCSI clock (the initialisation code has been a bit reworked).
+ Change moved to the FreeBSD sym_hipd driver).
+ - Some fixes in the MODIFY_DP/IGN_RESIDUE code and residual
+ calculation (moved from FreeBSD sym_hipd driver).
+ - Add NVRAM support for Tekram boards that use 24C16 EEPROM.
+ Code moved from the FreeBSD sym_hipd driver, since it has
+ been that one that got this feature first.
+ - Definitely disable overlapped PCI arbitration for all dual
+ function chips, since I cannot make sure for what chip revisions
+ it is actually safe.
+ - Add support for the SYM53C1510D (also for ncr53c8xx).
+ - Fix up properly the PCI latency timer when needed or asked for.
+ - Get rid of the old PCI bios interface, but preserve kernel 2.0
+ compatibility from a simple wrapper.
+ - Update the poor Tekram sync factor table.
+ - Fix in a tiny 'printk' bug that may oops in case of extended
+ errors (unrecovered parity error, data overrun, etc ...)
+ (Sent by Pamela Delaney from LSILOGIC)
+ - Remove the compilation condition about having to acquire the
+ io_request_lock since it seems to be a definite feature now.:)
+ - Change get_pages by GetPages since Linux >= 2.3.27 now wants
+ get_pages to ever be used as a kernel symbol (from 2.3.27).
+ - proc_dir structure no longer needed for kernel >= 2.3.27.
+
+Sun Oct 3 19:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5f
+ - Change the way the driver checks the PCI clock frequency, so
+ that overclocked PCI BUS up to 48 MHz will not be refused.
+ The more the BUS is overclocked, the less the driver will
+ guarantee that its measure of the SCSI clock is correct.
+ - Backport some minor improvements of SCRIPTS from the sym_hipd
+ driver.
+ - Backport the code rewrite of the START QUEUE dequeuing (on
+ bad scsi status received) from the sym_hipd driver.
+
+Sat Sep 11 11:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5e
+ - New linux-2.3.13 __setup scheme support added.
+ - Cleanup of the extended error status handling:
+ Use 1 bit per error type.
+ - Also save the extended error status prior to auto-sense.
+ - Add the FE_DIFF chip feature bit to indicate support of
+ diff probing from GPIO3 (825/825A/876/875).
+ - Remove the quirk handling that has been useless since day one.
+ - Work-around PCI chips being reported twice on some platforms.
+ - Add some redundant PCI reads in order to deal with common
+ bridge misbehaviour regarding posted write flushing.
+ - Add some other conditionnal code for people who have to deal
+ with really broken bridges (they will have to edit a source
+ file to try these options).
+ - Handle correctly (hopefully) jiffies wrap-around.
+ - Restore the entry used to detect 875 until revision 0xff.
+ (I removed it inadvertently, it seems :) )
+ - Replace __initfunc() which is deprecated stuff by __init which
+ is not yet so. ;-)
+ - Rewrite the MESSAGE IN scripts more generic by using a MOVE
+ table indirect. Extended messages of any size are accepted now.
+ (Size is limited to 8 for now, but a constant is just to be
+ increased if necessary)
+ - Fix some bug in the fully untested MDP handling:) and share
+ some code between MDP handling and residual calculation.
+ - Calculate the data transfer residual as the 2's complement
+ integer (A positive value in returned on data overrun, and
+ a negative one on underrun).
+ - Add support of some 'resource handling' for linux-2.3.13.
+ Basically the BARs have been changed to something more complex
+ in the pci_dev structure.
+ - Remove some deprecated code.
+
+Sat Jun 5 11:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5c
+ - Do not negotiate on auto-sense if we are currently using 8 bit
+ async transfer for the target.
+ - Only check for SISL/RAID on i386 platforms.
+ (A problem has been reported on PPC with that code).
+ - On MSG REJECT for a negotiation, the driver attempted to restart
+ the SCRIPT processor when this one was already running.
+
+Sat May 29 12:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5b
+ - Force negotiation prior auto-sense.
+ This ensures that the driver will be able to grab the sense data
+ from a device that has received a BUS DEVICE RESET message from
+ another initiator.
+ - Complete all disconnected CCBs for a logical UNIT if we are told
+ about a UNIT ATTENTION for a RESET condition by this target.
+ - Add the control command 'cleardev' that allows to send a ABORT
+ message to a logical UNIT (for test purpose).
+
+Tue May 25 23:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5a
+ - Add support for task abort and bus device reset SCSI message
+ and implement proper synchonisation with SCRIPTS to handle
+ correctly task abortion without races.
+ - Send an ABORT message (if untagged) or ABORT TAG message (if tagged)
+ when the driver is told to abort a command that is disconnected and
+ complete the command with appropriate error.
+ If the aborted command is not yet started, remove it from the start
+ queue and complete it with error.
+ - Add the control command 'resetdev' that allows to send a BUS
+ DEVICE RESET message to a target (for test purpose).
+ - Clean-up some unused or useless code.
+
+Fri May 21 23:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.5
+ - Add support for CHMOV with Wide controllers.
+ - Handling of the SWIDE (low byte residue at the end of a CHMOV
+ in DATA IN phase with WIDE transfer when the byte count gets odd).
+ - Handling of the IGNORE WIDE RESIDUE message.
+ Handled from SCRIPTS as possible with some optimizations when both
+ a wide device and the controller are odd at the same time (SWIDE
+ present and IGNORE WIDE RESIDUE message on the BUS at the same time).
+ - Check against data OVERRUN/UNDERRUN condition at the end of a data
+ transfer, whatever a SWIDE is present (OVERRUN in DATA IN phase)
+ or the SODL is full (UNDERRUN in DATA out phase).
+ - Handling of the MODIFY DATA POINTER message.
+ This one cannot be handled from SCRIPTS, but hopefully it will not
+ happen very often. :)
+ - Large rewrite of the SCSI MESSAGE handling.
+
+Sun May 9 11:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.4
+ - Support for IMMEDIATE ARBITRATION.
+ See the README file for detailed information about this feature.
+ Requires both a compile option and a boot option.
+ - Minor SCRIPTS optimization in reselection pattern for LUN 0.
+ - Simpler algorithm to deal with SCSI command starvation.
+ Just use 2 tag counters in flip/flop and switch to the other
+ one every 3 seconds.
+ - Do some work in SCRIPTS after the SELECT instruction and prior
+ to testing for a PHASE. SYMBIOS say this feature is working fine.
+ (Btw, only problems with Toshiba 3401B had been reported).
+ - Measure the PCI clock speed and do not attach controllers if
+ result is greater than 37 MHz. Since the precision of the
+ algorithm (from Stefan Esser) is better than 2%, this should
+ be fine.
+ - Fix the misdetection of SYM53C875E (was detected as a 876).
+ - Fix the misdetection of SYM53C810 not A (was detected as a 810A).
+ - Support for up to 256 TAGS per LUN (CMD_PER_LUN).
+ Currently limited to 255 due to Linux limitation. :)
+ - Support for up to 508 active commands (CAN_QUEUE).
+ - Support for the 53C895A by Pamela Delaney <pam.delaney@lsil.com>
+ The 53C895A contains all of the features of the 896 but has only
+ one channel and has a 32 bit PCI bus. It does 64 bit PCI addressing
+ using dual cycle PCI data transfers.
+ - Miscellaneous minor fixes.
+ - Some additions to the README.ncr53c8xx file.
+
+Tue Apr 15 10:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.3e
+ - Support for any number of LUNs (64) (SPI2-compliant).
+ (Btw, this may only be ever useful under linux-2.2 ;-))
+
+Sun Apr 11 10:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.3d
+ - Add 'hostid:#id' boot option. This option allows to change the
+ default SCSI id the driver uses for controllers.
+ - Make SCRIPTS not use self-mastering for PCI.
+ There were still 2 places the driver used this feature of the
+ 53C8XX family.
+ - Move some data structures (nvram layouts and driver set-up) to
+ the sym53c8xx_defs.h file. So, the both drivers will share them.
+ - Set MAX LUNS to 16 (instead of 8).
+
+Sat Mar 20 21:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.3b
+ - Add support for NCR PQS PDS.
+ James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@columbiasc.ncr.com>
+ - Allow value 0 for host ID.
+ - Support more than 8 controllers (> 40 in fact :-) )
+ - Add 'excl=#ioaddr' boot option: exclude controller.
+ (Version 1.3a driver)
+
+Thu Mar 11 23:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.3 (8xx-896 driver bundle)
+ - Equivalent changes as ncr53c8xx-3.2 due to the driver bundle.
+ (See Changelog.ncr53c8xx)
+ - Do a normal soft reset as first chip reset, since aborting current
+ operation may raise an interrupt we are not able to handle since
+ the interrupt handler is not yet established.
+
+Sat Mar 6 11:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.2b
+ - Fix some oooold bug that hangs the bus if a device rejects a
+ negotiation. Btw, the corresponding stuff also needed some cleanup
+ and thus the change is a bit larger than it could have been.
+ - Still some typo that made compilation fail for 64 bit (trivial fix).
+
+Sun Feb 21 20:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.2a
+ - The rewrite of the interrupt handling broke the SBMC interrupt
+ handling due to a 1 bit mask tiny error. Hopefully fixed.
+ - If INQUIRY came from a scatter list, the driver looked into
+ the scatterlist instead of the data.:) Since this should never
+ happen, we just discard the data if use_sg is not zero.
+
+Fri Feb 12 23:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.2
+ - Major rewrite of the interrupt handling and recovery stuff for
+ the support of non compliant SCSI removal, insertion and all
+ kinds of screw-up that may happen on the SCSI BUS.
+ Hopefully, the driver is now unbreakable or may-be, it is just
+ quite brocken. :-)
+ Many thanks to Johnson Russel (Symbios) for having responded to
+ my questions and for his interesting advices and comments about
+ support of SCSI hot-plug.
+ - Add 'recovery' option to driver set-up.
+ - Negotiate SYNC data transfers with CCS devices.
+ - Deal correctly with 64 bit PCI address registers on Linux 2.2.
+ Pointed out by Leonard Zubkoff.
+
+Sun Jan 31 18:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.1a
+ - Some 896 chip revisions (all for now :-)), may hang-up if the
+ soft reset bit is set at the wrong time while SCRIPTS are running.
+ We need to first abort the current SCRIPTS operation prior to
+ resetting the chip. This fix has been sent to me by SYMBIOS/LSI
+ and I just translated it into ncr53c8xx syntax.
+ Must be considered 100 % trustable, unless I did some mistake
+ when translating it. :-)
+
+Sun Jan 24 18:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.1
+ - Major rewrite of the SCSI parity error handling.
+ The informations contained in the data manuals are incomplete about
+ this feature.
+ I asked SYMBIOS about and got in reply the explanations that are
+ _indeed_ missing in the data manuals.
+ - Allow to tune request_irq() flags from the boot command line using
+ ncr53c8xx=irqm:??, as follows:
+ a) If bit 0x10 is set in irqm, SA_SHIRQ flag is not used.
+ b) If bit 0x20 is set in irqm, SA_INTERRUPT flag is not used.
+ By default the driver uses both SA_SHIRQ and SA_INTERRUPT.
+ Option 'ncr53c8xx=irqm:0x20' may be used when an IRQ is shared by
+ a 53C8XX adapter and a network board.
+ - Fix for 64 bit PCI address register calculation. (Lance Robinson)
+ - Fix for big-endian in phase mismatch handling. (Michal Jaegermann)
+
+Fri Jan 1 20:00 1999 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.0a
+ - Waiting list look-up didn't work for the first command of the list.
+ Hopefully fixed, but tested on paper only. ;)
+ - Remove the most part of PPC specific code for Linux-2.2.
+ Thanks to Cort.
+ - Some other minors changes.
+
+Sat Dec 19 21:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version sym53c8xx-1.0
+ - Define some new IO registers for the 896 (istat1, mbox0, mbox1)
+ - Revamp slighly the Symbios NVRAM lay-out based on the excerpt of
+ the header file I received from Symbios.
+ - Check the PCI bus number for the boot order (Using a fast
+ PCI controller behing a PCI-PCI bridge seems sub-optimal).
+ - Disable overlapped PCI arbitration for the 896 revision 1.
+ - Reduce a bit the number of IO register reads for phase mismatch
+ by reading DWORDS at a time instead of BYTES.
+
+Thu Dec 3 24:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.18
+ - I received this afternoon a 896 from SYMBIOS and started testing
+ the driver with this beast. After having fixed 3 buglets, it worked
+ with all features enabled including the phase mismatch handling
+ from SCRIPTS. Since this feature is not yet tested enough, the
+ boot option 'ncr53c8xx=specf:1' is still required to enable the
+ driver to handle PM from SCRIPTS.
+
+Sun Nov 29 18:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.17
+ - The SISL RAID change requires now remap_pci_mem() stuff to be
+ compiled for __i386__ when normal IOs are used.
+ - The PCI memory read from SCRIPTS that should ensure ordering
+ was in fact misplaced. BTW, this may explain why broken PCI
+ device drivers regarding ordering are working so well. ;-)
+ - Rewrite ncr53c8xx_setup (boot command line options) since the
+ binary code was a bit too bloated in my opinion.
+ - Make the code simpler in the wakeup_done routine.
+
+Tue Nov 24 23:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.16
+ - Add SCSI_NCR_OPTIMIZE_896_1 compile option and 'optim' boot option.
+ When set, the driver unconditionnaly assumes that the interrupt
+ handler is called for command completion, then clears INTF, scans
+ the done queue and returns if some completed CCB is found. If no
+ completed CCB are found, interrupt handling will proceed normally.
+ With a 896 that handles MA from SCRIPTS, this can be a great win,
+ since the driver will never performs PCI read transactions, but
+ only PCI write transactions that may be posted.
+ If the driver haven't to also raise the SIGP this would be perfect.
+ Even with this penalty, I think that this will work great.
+ Obviously this optimization makes sense only if the IRQ is not
+ shared with another device.
+ - Still a buglet in the tags initial settings that needed to be fixed.
+ It was not possible to disable TGQ at system startup for devices
+ that claim TGQ support. The driver used at least 2 for the queue
+ depth but did'nt keep track of user settings for tags depth lower
+ than 2.
+
+Thu Nov 19 23:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.15
+ - Add support for hardware LED control of the 896.
+ - Ignore chips that are driven by SISL RAID (DAC 960).
+ Change sent by Leonard Zubkoff and slightly reworked.
+ - Prevent 810A rev 11 and 860 rev 1 from using cache line based
+ transactions since those early chip revisions may use such on
+ LOAD/STORE instructions (work-around).
+ - Remove some useless and bloat code from the pci init stuff.
+ - Do not use the readX()/writeX() kernel functions for __i386__,
+ since they perform useless masking operations in order to deal
+ with broken driver in 2.1.X kernel.
+
+Wed Nov 11 10:00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.14
+ - The driver was unhappy when configured with default_tags > MAX_TAGS
+ Hopefully doubly-fixed.
+ - Set PCI_PARITY in PCI_COMMAND register in not set (PCI fix-up).
+ - Print out some message if phase mismatch is handled from SCRIPTS.
+
+Sun Nov 1 14H00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.13
+ - Some rewrite of the device detection code. This code had been
+ patched too much and needed to be face-lifted a bit.
+ Remove all platform dependent fix-ups that was not needed or
+ conflicted with some other driver code as work-arounds.
+ Reread the NVRAM before the calling of ncr_attach(). This spares
+ stack space and so allows to handle more boards.
+ Handle 64 bit base addresses under linux-2.0.X.
+ Set MASTER bit in PCI COMMAND register if not set.
+
+Wed Oct 30 22H00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.12
+ - Damned! I just broke the driver for Alpha by leaving a stale
+ instruction in the source code. Hopefully fixed.
+ - Do not set PFEN when it is useless. Doing so we are sure that BOF
+ will be active, since the manual appears to be very unclear on what
+ feature is actually used by the chip when both PFEN and BOF are
+ set.
+
+Sat Oct 24 16H00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.11
+ - LOAD/STORE instructions were miscompiled for register offsets
+ beyond 0x7f. This broke accesses to 896' new registers.
+ - Disable by default Phase Mismatch handling from SCRIPTS, since
+ current 896 rev.1 seems not to operate safely with the driver
+ when this feature is enabled (and above LOAD/STORE fix applied).
+ I will change the default to 'enabled' when this problem will be
+ solved.
+ Using boot option 'ncr53c8xx=specf:1' enables this feature.
+ - Implement a work-around (DEL 472 - ITEM 5) that should allow the
+ driver to safely enable hardware phase mismatch with 896 rev. 1.
+
+Tue Oct 20 22H00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.10
+ - Add the 53c876 description to the chip table. This is only useful
+ for printing the right name of the controller.
+ - Add additional checking of INQUIRY data:
+ Check INQUIRY data received length is at least 7. Byte 7 of
+ inquiry data contains device features bits and the driver might
+ be confused by garbage. Also check peripheral qualifier.
+ - Use a 1,3,5,...MAXTAGS*2+1 tag numbering. Previous driver could
+ use any tag number from 1 to 253 and some non conformant devices
+ might have problems with large tag numbers.
+ - Use NAME53C and NAME53C8XX for chip name prefix chip family name.
+ Just give a try using "sym53c" and "sym53c8xx" instead of "ncr53c"
+ and "ncr53c8xx". :-)
+
+Sun Oct 11 17H00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.9
+ - DEL-441 Item 2 work-around for the 53c876 rev <= 5 (0x15).
+ - Break ncr_scatter() into 2 functions in order to guarantee best
+ possible code optimization for the case we get a scatter list.
+ - Add the code intended to support up to 1 tera-byte for 64 bit systems.
+ It is probably too early, but I wanted to complete the thing.
+
+Sat Oct 3 14H00 1998 Gerard Roudier (groudier@club-internet.fr)
+ * version pre-sym53c8xx-0.8
+ - Do some testing with io_mapped and fix what needed to be so.
+ - Wait for SCSI selection to complete or time-out immediately after
+ the chip won arbitration, since executing SCRIPTS while the SCSI
+ core is performing SCSI selection breaks the selection procedure
+ at least for some chip revisions.
+ - Interrupt the SCRIPTS if a device does not go to MSG OUT phase after
+ having been selected with ATN. Such a situation is not recoverable,
+ better to fail when we are stuck.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.sym53c8xx_2 b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.sym53c8xx_2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18a5d71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ChangeLog.sym53c8xx_2
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+Sat Dec 30 21:30 2000 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.0-20001230
+ - Initial release of SYM-2.
+
+Mon Jan 08 21:30 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.1-20010108
+ - Change a couple of defines containing ncr or NCR by their
+ equivalent containing sym or SYM instead.
+
+Sun Jan 14 22:30 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.2-20010114
+ - Fix a couple of printfs:
+ * Add the target number to the display of transfer parameters.
+ * Make the display of TCQ and queue depth clearer.
+
+Wed Jan 17 23:30 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.3-20010117
+ - Wrong residual values were returned in some situations.
+ This broke cdrecord with linux-2.4.0, for example.
+
+Sat Jan 20 18:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.4-20010120
+ - Add year 2001 to Copyright.
+ - A tiny bug in the dma memory freeing path has been fixed.
+ (Driver unload failed with a bad address reference).
+
+Wed Jan 24 21:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.5-20010124
+ - Make the driver work under Linux-2.4.x when statically linked
+ with the kernel.
+ - Check against memory allocation failure for SCRIPTZ and add the
+ missing free of this memory on instance detach.
+ - Check against GPIO3 pulled low for HVD controllers (driver did
+ just the opposite).
+ Misdetection of BUS mode was triggered on module reload only,
+ since BIOS settings were trusted instead on first load.
+
+Wed Feb 7 21:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.6-20010207
+ - Call pci_enable_device() as wished by kernel maintainers.
+ - Change the sym_queue_scsiio() interface.
+ This is intended to simplify portability.
+ - Move the code intended to deal with the dowloading of SCRIPTS
+ from SCRIPTS :) in the patch method (was wrongly placed in
+ the SCRIPTS setup method).
+ - Add a missing cpu_to_scr() (np->abort_tbl.addr)
+ - Remove a wrong cpu_to_scr() (np->targtbl_ba)
+ - Cleanup a bit the PPR failure recovery code.
+
+Sat Mar 3 21:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ - Add option SYM_OPT_ANNOUNCE_TRANSFER_RATE and move the
+ corresponding code to file sym_misc.c.
+ Also move the code that sniffes INQUIRY to sym_misc.c.
+ This allows to share the corresponding code with NetBSD
+ without polluating the core driver source (sym_hipd.c).
+ - Add optionnal code that handles IO timeouts from the driver.
+ (not used under Linux, but required for NetBSD)
+ - Donnot assume any longer that PAGE_SHIFT and PAGE_SIZE are
+ defined at compile time, as at least NetBSD uses variables
+ in memory for that.
+ - Refine a work-around for the C1010-33 that consists in
+ disabling internal LOAD/STORE. Was applied up to revision 1.
+ Is now only applied to revision 0.
+ - Some code reorganisations due to code moves between files.
+
+Tues Apr 10 21:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.9-20010412
+ - Reset 53C896 and 53C1010 chip according to the manual.
+ (i.e.: set the ABRT bit in ISTAT if SCRIPTS are running)
+ - Set #LUN in request sense only if scsi version <= 2 and
+ #LUN <= 7.
+ - Set busy_itl in LCB to 1 if the LCB is allocated and a
+ SCSI command is active. This is a simplification.
+ - In sym_hcb_free(), do not scan the free_ccbq if no CCBs
+ has been allocated. This fixes a panic if attach failed.
+ - Add DT/ST (double/simple transition) in the transfer
+ negotiation announce.
+ - Forces the max number of tasks per LUN to at least 64.
+ - Use pci_set_dma_mask() for linux-2.4.3 and above.
+ - A couple of comments fixes.
+
+Wed May 22:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.10-20010509
+ - Mask GPCNTL against 0x1c (was 0xfc) for the reading of the NVRAM.
+ This ensure LEDC bit will not be set on 896 and later chips.
+ Fix sent by Chip Salzenberg <chip@perlsupport.com>.
+ - Define the number of PQS BUSes supported.
+ Fix sent by Stig Telfer <stig@api-networks.com>
+ - Miscellaneous common code rearrangements due to NetBSD accel
+ ioctl support, without impact on Linux (hopefully).
+
+Mon July 2 12:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.11-20010702
+ - Add Tekram 390 U2B/U2W SCSI LED handling.
+ Submitted by Chip Salzenberg <chip@valinux.com>
+ - Add call to scsi_set_pci_device() for kernels >= 2.4.4.
+ - Check pci dma mapping failures and complete the IO with some
+ error when such mapping fails.
+ - Fill in instance->max_cmd_len for kernels > 2.4.0.
+ - A couple of tiny fixes ...
+
+Sun Sep 9 18:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.12-20010909
+ - Change my email address.
+ - Add infrastructure for the forthcoming 64 bit DMA addressing support.
+ (Based on PCI 64 bit patch from David S. Miller)
+ - Donnot use anymore vm_offset_t type.
+
+Sat Sep 15 20:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.13-20010916
+ - Add support for 64 bit DMA addressing using segment registers.
+ 16 registers for up to 4 GB x 16 -> 64 GB.
+
+Sat Sep 22 12:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.14-20010922
+ - Complete rewrite of the eh handling. The driver is now using a
+ semaphore in order to behave synchronously as required by the eh
+ threads. A timer is also used to prevent from waiting indefinitely.
+
+Sun Sep 30 17:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.15-20010930
+ - Include <linux/module.h> unconditionnaly as expected by latest
+ kernels.
+ - Use del_timer_sync() for recent kernels to kill the driver timer
+ on module release.
+
+Sun Oct 28 15:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.16-20011028
+ - Slightly simplify driver configuration.
+ - Prepare a new patch against linux-2.4.13.
+
+Sat Nov 17 10:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.17
+ - Fix a couple of gcc/gcc3 warnings.
+ - Allocate separately from the HCB the array for CCBs hashed by DSA.
+ All driver memory allocations are now not greater than 1 PAGE
+ even on PPC64 / 4KB PAGE surprising setup.
+
+Sat Dec 01 18:00 2001 Gerard Roudier
+ * version sym-2.1.17a
+ - Use u_long instead of U32 for the IO base cookie. This is more
+ consistent with what archs are expecting.
+ - Use MMIO per default for Power PC instead of some fake normal IO,
+ as Paul Mackerras stated that MMIO works fine now on this arch.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/FlashPoint.txt b/Documentation/scsi/FlashPoint.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5acaa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/FlashPoint.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+The BusLogic FlashPoint SCSI Host Adapters are now fully supported on Linux.
+The upgrade program described below has been officially terminated effective
+31 March 1997 since it is no longer needed.
+
+
+
+ MYLEX INTRODUCES LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM SUPPORT FOR ITS
+ BUSLOGIC FLASHPOINT LINE OF SCSI HOST ADAPTERS
+
+
+FREMONT, CA, -- October 8, 1996 -- Mylex Corporation has expanded Linux
+operating system support to its BusLogic brand of FlashPoint Ultra SCSI
+host adapters. All of BusLogic's other SCSI host adapters, including the
+MultiMaster line, currently support the Linux operating system. Linux
+drivers and information will be available on October 15th at
+http://www.dandelion.com/Linux/.
+
+"Mylex is committed to supporting the Linux community," says Peter Shambora,
+vice president of marketing for Mylex. "We have supported Linux driver
+development and provided technical support for our host adapters for several
+years, and are pleased to now make our FlashPoint products available to this
+user base."
+
+The Linux Operating System
+
+Linux is a freely-distributed implementation of UNIX for Intel x86, Sun
+SPARC, SGI MIPS, Motorola 68k, Digital Alpha AXP and Motorola PowerPC
+machines. It supports a wide range of software, including the X Window
+System, Emacs, and TCP/IP networking. Further information is available at
+http://www.linux.org and http://www.ssc.com/linux.
+
+FlashPoint Host Adapters
+
+The FlashPoint family of Ultra SCSI host adapters, designed for workstation
+and file server environments, are available in narrow, wide, dual channel,
+and dual channel wide versions. These adapters feature SeqEngine
+automation technology, which minimizes SCSI command overhead and reduces
+the number of interrupts generated to the CPU.
+
+About Mylex
+
+Mylex Corporation (NASDAQ/NM SYMBOL: MYLX), founded in 1983, is a leading
+producer of RAID technology and network management products. The company
+produces high performance disk array (RAID) controllers, and complementary
+computer products for network servers, mass storage systems, workstations
+and system boards. Through its wide range of RAID controllers and its
+BusLogic line of Ultra SCSI host adapter products, Mylex provides enabling
+intelligent I/O technologies that increase network management control,
+enhance CPU utilization, optimize I/O performance, and ensure data security
+and availability. Products are sold globally through a network of OEMs,
+major distributors, VARs, and system integrators. Mylex Corporation is
+headquartered at 34551 Ardenwood Blvd., Fremont, CA.
+
+ ####
+
+Contact:
+
+Peter Shambora
+Vice President of Marketing
+Mylex Corp.
+510/796-6100
+peters@mylex.com
+
+ ANNOUNCEMENT
+ BusLogic FlashPoint LT/BT-948 Upgrade Program
+ 1 February 1996
+
+ ADDITIONAL ANNOUNCEMENT
+ BusLogic FlashPoint LW/BT-958 Upgrade Program
+ 14 June 1996
+
+Ever since its introduction last October, the BusLogic FlashPoint LT has
+been problematic for members of the Linux community, in that no Linux
+drivers have been available for this new Ultra SCSI product. Despite it's
+officially being positioned as a desktop workstation product, and not being
+particularly well suited for a high performance multitasking operating
+system like Linux, the FlashPoint LT has been touted by computer system
+vendors as the latest thing, and has been sold even on many of their high
+end systems, to the exclusion of the older MultiMaster products. This has
+caused grief for many people who inadvertently purchased a system expecting
+that all BusLogic SCSI Host Adapters were supported by Linux, only to
+discover that the FlashPoint was not supported and would not be for quite
+some time, if ever.
+
+After this problem was identified, BusLogic contacted its major OEM
+customers to make sure the BT-946C/956C MultiMaster cards would still be
+made available, and that Linux users who mistakenly ordered systems with
+the FlashPoint would be able to upgrade to the BT-946C. While this helped
+many purchasers of new systems, it was only a partial solution to the
+overall problem of FlashPoint support for Linux users. It did nothing to
+assist the people who initially purchased a FlashPoint for a supported
+operating system and then later decided to run Linux, or those who had
+ended up with a FlashPoint LT, believing it was supported, and were unable
+to return it.
+
+In the middle of December, I asked to meet with BusLogic's senior
+management to discuss the issues related to Linux and free software support
+for the FlashPoint. Rumors of varying accuracy had been circulating
+publicly about BusLogic's attitude toward the Linux community, and I felt
+it was best that these issues be addressed directly. I sent an email
+message after 11pm one evening, and the meeting took place the next
+afternoon. Unfortunately, corporate wheels sometimes grind slowly,
+especially when a company is being acquired, and so it's taken until now
+before the details were completely determined and a public statement could
+be made.
+
+BusLogic is not prepared at this time to release the information necessary
+for third parties to write drivers for the FlashPoint. The only existing
+FlashPoint drivers have been written directly by BusLogic Engineering, and
+there is no FlashPoint documentation sufficiently detailed to allow outside
+developers to write a driver without substantial assistance. While there
+are people at BusLogic who would rather not release the details of the
+FlashPoint architecture at all, that debate has not yet been settled either
+way. In any event, even if documentation were available today it would
+take quite a while for a usable driver to be written, especially since I'm
+not convinced that the effort required would be worthwhile.
+
+However, BusLogic does remain committed to providing a high performance
+SCSI solution for the Linux community, and does not want to see anyone left
+unable to run Linux because they have a Flashpoint LT. Therefore, BusLogic
+has put in place a direct upgrade program to allow any Linux user worldwide
+to trade in their FlashPoint LT for the new BT-948 MultiMaster PCI Ultra
+SCSI Host Adapter. The BT-948 is the Ultra SCSI successor to the BT-946C
+and has all the best features of both the BT-946C and FlashPoint LT,
+including smart termination and a flash PROM for easy firmware updates, and
+is of course compatible with the present Linux driver. The price for this
+upgrade has been set at US $45 plus shipping and handling, and the upgrade
+program will be administered through BusLogic Technical Support, which can
+be reached by electronic mail at techsup@buslogic.com, by Voice at +1 408
+654-0760, or by FAX at +1 408 492-1542.
+
+As of 14 June 1996, the original BusLogic FlashPoint LT to BT-948 upgrade
+program has now been extended to encompass the FlashPoint LW Wide Ultra
+SCSI Host Adapter. Any Linux user worldwide may trade in their FlashPoint
+LW (BT-950) for a BT-958 MultiMaster PCI Ultra SCSI Host Adapter. The
+price for this upgrade has been set at US $65 plus shipping and handling.
+
+I was a beta test site for the BT-948/958, and versions 1.2.1 and 1.3.1 of
+my BusLogic driver already included latent support for the BT-948/958.
+Additional cosmetic support for the Ultra SCSI MultiMaster cards was added
+subsequent releases. As a result of this cooperative testing process,
+several firmware bugs were found and corrected. My heavily loaded Linux
+test system provided an ideal environment for testing error recovery
+processes that are much more rarely exercised in production systems, but
+are crucial to overall system stability. It was especially convenient
+being able to work directly with their firmware engineer in demonstrating
+the problems under control of the firmware debugging environment; things
+sure have come a long way since the last time I worked on firmware for an
+embedded system. I am presently working on some performance testing and
+expect to have some data to report in the not too distant future.
+
+BusLogic asked me to send this announcement since a large percentage of the
+questions regarding support for the FlashPoint have either been sent to me
+directly via email, or have appeared in the Linux newsgroups in which I
+participate. To summarize, BusLogic is offering Linux users an upgrade
+from the unsupported FlashPoint LT (BT-930) to the supported BT-948 for US
+$45 plus shipping and handling, or from the unsupported FlashPoint LW
+(BT-950) to the supported BT-958 for $65 plus shipping and handling.
+Contact BusLogic Technical Support at techsup@buslogic.com or +1 408
+654-0760 to take advantage of their offer.
+
+ Leonard N. Zubkoff
+ lnz@dandelion.com
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/LICENSE.FlashPoint b/Documentation/scsi/LICENSE.FlashPoint
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffd0fe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/LICENSE.FlashPoint
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+ FlashPoint Driver Developer's Kit
+ Version 1.0
+
+ Copyright 1995-1996 by Mylex Corporation
+ All Rights Reserved
+
+This program is free software; you may redistribute and/or modify it under
+the terms of either:
+
+ a) the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+ Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version,
+
+ or
+
+ b) the "BSD-style License" included below.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See either the GNU General Public
+License or the BSD-style License below for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+The BSD-style License is as follows:
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain this LICENSE.FlashPoint
+ file, without modification, this list of conditions, and the following
+ disclaimer. The following copyright notice must appear immediately at
+ the beginning of all source files:
+
+ Copyright 1995-1996 by Mylex Corporation. All Rights Reserved
+
+ This file is available under both the GNU General Public License
+ and a BSD-style copyright; see LICENSE.FlashPoint for details.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3. The name of Mylex Corporation may not be used to endorse or promote
+ products derived from this software without specific prior written
+ permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY MYLEX CORP. ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN
+NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
+INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/Mylex.txt b/Documentation/scsi/Mylex.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdf6929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/Mylex.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Please see the file README.BusLogic for information about Linux support for
+Mylex (formerly BusLogic) MultiMaster and FlashPoint SCSI Host Adapters.
+
+The Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID Controllers are now supported. Please consult
+http://www.dandelion.com/Linux/ for further information on the DAC960 driver.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/NinjaSCSI.txt b/Documentation/scsi/NinjaSCSI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..041780f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/NinjaSCSI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+
+ WorkBiT NinjaSCSI-3/32Bi driver for Linux
+
+1. Comment
+ This is Workbit corp.'s(http://www.workbit.co.jp/) NinjaSCSI-3
+(http://www.workbit.co.jp/ts/z_nj3r.html) and NinjaSCSI-32Bi
+(http://www.workbit.co.jp/ts/z_njsc32bi.html) PCMCIA card driver module
+for Linux.
+
+2. My Linux environment
+Linux kernel: 2.4.7 / 2.2.19
+pcmcia-cs: 3.1.27
+gcc: gcc-2.95.4
+PC card: I-O data PCSC-F (NinjaSCSI-3)
+ I-O data CBSC-II in 16 bit mode (NinjaSCSI-32Bi)
+SCSI device: I-O data CDPS-PX24 (CD-ROM drive)
+ Media Intelligent MMO-640GT (Optical disk drive)
+
+3. Install
+[1] Check your PC card is true "NinjaSCSI-3" card.
+ If you installed pcmcia-cs already, pcmcia reports your card as UNKNOWN
+ card, and write ["WBT", "NinjaSCSI-3", "R1.0"] or some other string to
+ your console or log file.
+ You can also use "cardctl" program (this program is in pcmcia-cs source
+ code) to get more info.
+
+# cat /var/log/messgaes
+...
+Jan 2 03:45:06 lindberg cardmgr[78]: unsupported card in socket 1
+Jan 2 03:45:06 lindberg cardmgr[78]: product info: "WBT", "NinjaSCSI-3", "R1.0"
+...
+# cardctl ident
+Socket 0:
+ no product info available
+Socket 1:
+ product info: "IO DATA", "CBSC16 ", "1"
+
+
+[2] Get Linux kernel source, and extract it to /usr/src.
+ Because NinjaSCSI driver requiers some SCSI header files in Linux kernel
+ source.
+ I recomend rebuilding your kernel. This eliminate some versioning problem.
+$ cd /usr/src
+$ tar -zxvf linux-x.x.x.tar.gz
+$ cd linux
+$ make config
+...
+
+[3] If you use this driver with Kernel 2.2, Unpack pcmcia-cs in some directory
+ and make & install. This driver requies pcmcia-cs header file.
+$ cd /usr/src
+$ tar zxvf cs-pcmcia-cs-3.x.x.tar.gz
+...
+
+[4] Extract this driver's archive somewhere, and edit Makefile, then do make.
+$ tar -zxvf nsp_cs-x.x.tar.gz
+$ cd nsp_cs-x.x
+$ emacs Makefile
+...
+$ make
+
+[5] Copy nsp_cs.o to suitable plase, like /lib/modules/<Kernel version>/pcmcia/ .
+
+[6] Add these lines to /etc/pcmcia/config .
+ If you yse pcmcia-cs-3.1.8 or later, we can use "nsp_cs.conf" file.
+ So, you don't need to edit file. Just copy to /etc/pcmcia/ .
+
+-------------------------------------
+device "nsp_cs"
+ class "scsi" module "nsp_cs"
+
+card "WorkBit NinjaSCSI-3"
+ version "WBT", "NinjaSCSI-3", "R1.0"
+ bind "nsp_cs"
+
+card "WorkBit NinjaSCSI-32Bi (16bit)"
+ version "WORKBIT", "UltraNinja-16", "1"
+ bind "nsp_cs"
+
+# OEM
+card "WorkBit NinjaSCSI-32Bi (16bit) / IO-DATA"
+ version "IO DATA", "CBSC16 ", "1"
+ bind "nsp_cs"
+
+# OEM
+card "WorkBit NinjaSCSI-32Bi (16bit) / KME-1"
+ version "KME ", "SCSI-CARD-001", "1"
+ bind "nsp_cs"
+card "WorkBit NinjaSCSI-32Bi (16bit) / KME-2"
+ version "KME ", "SCSI-CARD-002", "1"
+ bind "nsp_cs"
+card "WorkBit NinjaSCSI-32Bi (16bit) / KME-3"
+ version "KME ", "SCSI-CARD-003", "1"
+ bind "nsp_cs"
+card "WorkBit NinjaSCSI-32Bi (16bit) / KME-4"
+ version "KME ", "SCSI-CARD-004", "1"
+ bind "nsp_cs"
+-------------------------------------
+
+[7] Start (or restart) pcmcia-cs.
+# /etc/rc.d/rc.pcmcia start (BSD style)
+or
+# /etc/init.d/pcmcia start (SYSV style)
+
+
+4. History
+See README.nin_cs .
+
+5. Caution
+ If you eject card when doing some operation for your SCSI device or suspend
+your computer, you encount some *BAD* error like disk crash.
+ It works good when I using this driver right way. But I'm not guarantee
+your data. Please backup your data when you use this driver.
+
+6. Known Bugs
+ In 2.4 kernel, you can't use 640MB Optical disk. This error comes from
+high level SCSI driver.
+
+7. Testing
+ Please send me some reports(bug reports etc..) of this software.
+When you send report, please tell me these or more.
+ card name
+ kernel version
+ your SCSI device name(hard drive, CD-ROM, etc...)
+
+8. Copyright
+ See GPL.
+
+
+2001/08/08 yokota@netlab.is.tsukuba.ac.jp <YOKOTA Hiroshi>
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/aha152x.txt b/Documentation/scsi/aha152x.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ce022c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/aha152x.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+$Id: README.aha152x,v 1.2 1999/12/25 15:32:30 fischer Exp fischer $
+Adaptec AHA-1520/1522 SCSI driver for Linux (aha152x)
+
+Copyright 1993-1999 Jürgen Fischer <fischer@norbit.de>
+TC1550 patches by Luuk van Dijk (ldz@xs4all.nl)
+
+
+In Revision 2 the driver was modified a lot (especially the
+bottom-half handler complete()).
+
+The driver is much cleaner now, has support for the new
+error handling code in 2.3, produced less cpu load (much
+less polling loops), has slightly higher throughput (at
+least on my ancient test box; a i486/33Mhz/20MB).
+
+
+CONFIGURATION ARGUMENTS:
+
+IOPORT base io address (0x340/0x140)
+IRQ interrupt level (9-12; default 11)
+SCSI_ID scsi id of controller (0-7; default 7)
+RECONNECT allow targets to disconnect from the bus (0/1; default 1 [on])
+PARITY enable parity checking (0/1; default 1 [on])
+SYNCHRONOUS enable synchronous transfers (0/1; default 1 [on])
+DELAY: bus reset delay (default 100)
+EXT_TRANS: enable extended translation (0/1: default 0 [off])
+ (see NOTES)
+
+COMPILE TIME CONFIGURATION (go into AHA152X in drivers/scsi/Makefile):
+
+-DAUTOCONF
+ use configuration the controller reports (AHA-152x only)
+
+-DSKIP_BIOSTEST
+ Don't test for BIOS signature (AHA-1510 or disabled BIOS)
+
+-DSETUP0="{ IOPORT, IRQ, SCSI_ID, RECONNECT, PARITY, SYNCHRONOUS, DELAY, EXT_TRANS }"
+ override for the first controller
+
+-DSETUP1="{ IOPORT, IRQ, SCSI_ID, RECONNECT, PARITY, SYNCHRONOUS, DELAY, EXT_TRANS }"
+ override for the second controller
+
+-DAHA152X_DEBUG
+ enable debugging output
+
+-DAHA152X_STAT
+ enable some statistics
+
+
+LILO COMMAND LINE OPTIONS:
+
+aha152x=<IOPORT>[,<IRQ>[,<SCSI-ID>[,<RECONNECT>[,<PARITY>[,<SYNCHRONOUS>[,<DELAY> [,<EXT_TRANS]]]]]]]
+
+ The normal configuration can be overridden by specifying a command line.
+ When you do this, the BIOS test is skipped. Entered values have to be
+ valid (known). Don't use values that aren't supported under normal
+ operation. If you think that you need other values: contact me.
+ For two controllers use the aha152x statement twice.
+
+
+SYMBOLS FOR MODULE CONFIGURATION:
+
+Choose from 2 alternatives:
+
+1. specify everything (old)
+
+aha152x=IOPORT,IRQ,SCSI_ID,RECONNECT,PARITY,SYNCHRONOUS,DELAY,EXT_TRANS
+ configuration override for first controller
+
+
+aha152x1=IOPORT,IRQ,SCSI_ID,RECONNECT,PARITY,SYNCHRONOUS,DELAY,EXT_TRANS
+ configuration override for second controller
+
+2. specify only what you need to (irq or io is required; new)
+
+io=IOPORT0[,IOPORT1]
+ IOPORT for first and second controller
+
+irq=IRQ0[,IRQ1]
+ IRQ for first and second controller
+
+scsiid=SCSIID0[,SCSIID1]
+ SCSIID for first and second controller
+
+reconnect=RECONNECT0[,RECONNECT1]
+ allow targets to disconnect for first and second controller
+
+parity=PAR0[PAR1]
+ use parity for first and second controller
+
+sync=SYNCHRONOUS0[,SYNCHRONOUS1]
+ enable synchronous transfers for first and second controller
+
+delay=DELAY0[,DELAY1]
+ reset DELAY for first and second controller
+
+exttrans=EXTTRANS0[,EXTTRANS1]
+ enable extended translation for first and second controller
+
+
+If you use both alternatives the first will be taken.
+
+
+NOTES ON EXT_TRANS:
+
+SCSI uses block numbers to address blocks/sectors on a device.
+The BIOS uses a cylinder/head/sector addressing scheme (C/H/S)
+scheme instead. DOS expects a BIOS or driver that understands this
+C/H/S addressing.
+
+The number of cylinders/heads/sectors is called geometry and is required
+as base for requests in C/H/S addressing. SCSI only knows about the
+total capacity of disks in blocks (sectors).
+
+Therefore the SCSI BIOS/DOS driver has to calculate a logical/virtual
+geometry just to be able to support that addressing scheme. The geometry
+returned by the SCSI BIOS is a pure calculation and has nothing to
+do with the real/physical geometry of the disk (which is usually
+irrelevant anyway).
+
+Basically this has no impact at all on Linux, because it also uses block
+instead of C/H/S addressing. Unfortunately C/H/S addressing is also used
+in the partition table and therefore every operating system has to know
+the right geometry to be able to interpret it.
+
+Moreover there are certain limitations to the C/H/S addressing scheme,
+namely the address space is limited to upto 255 heads, upto 63 sectors
+and a maximum of 1023 cylinders.
+
+The AHA-1522 BIOS calculates the geometry by fixing the number of heads
+to 64, the number of sectors to 32 and by calculating the number of
+cylinders by dividing the capacity reported by the disk by 64*32 (1 MB).
+This is considered to be the default translation.
+
+With respect to the limit of 1023 cylinders using C/H/S you can only
+address the first GB of your disk in the partition table. Therefore
+BIOSes of some newer controllers based on the AIC-6260/6360 support
+extended translation. This means that the BIOS uses 255 for heads,
+63 for sectors and then divides the capacity of the disk by 255*63
+(about 8 MB), as soon it sees a disk greater than 1 GB. That results
+in a maximum of about 8 GB addressable diskspace in the partition table
+(but there are already bigger disks out there today).
+
+To make it even more complicated the translation mode might/might
+not be configurable in certain BIOS setups.
+
+This driver does some more or less failsafe guessing to get the
+geometry right in most cases:
+
+- for disks<1GB: use default translation (C/32/64)
+
+- for disks>1GB:
+ - take current geometry from the partition table
+ (using scsicam_bios_param and accept only `valid' geometries,
+ ie. either (C/32/64) or (C/63/255)). This can be extended translation
+ even if it's not enabled in the driver.
+
+ - if that fails, take extended translation if enabled by override,
+ kernel or module parameter, otherwise take default translation and
+ ask the user for verification. This might on not yet partitioned
+ disks.
+
+
+REFERENCES USED:
+
+ "AIC-6260 SCSI Chip Specification", Adaptec Corporation.
+
+ "SCSI COMPUTER SYSTEM INTERFACE - 2 (SCSI-2)", X3T9.2/86-109 rev. 10h
+
+ "Writing a SCSI device driver for Linux", Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+
+ "Kernel Hacker's Guide", Michael K. Johnson (johnsonm@sunsite.unc.edu)
+
+ "Adaptec 1520/1522 User's Guide", Adaptec Corporation.
+
+ Michael K. Johnson (johnsonm@sunsite.unc.edu)
+
+ Drew Eckhardt (drew@cs.colorado.edu)
+
+ Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.org)
+
+ special thanks to Eric Youngdale for the free(!) supplying the
+ documentation on the chip.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/aic79xx.txt b/Documentation/scsi/aic79xx.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0aeef74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/aic79xx.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+====================================================================
+= Adaptec Ultra320 Family Manager Set v1.3.11 =
+= =
+= README for =
+= The Linux Operating System =
+====================================================================
+
+The following information is available in this file:
+
+ 1. Supported Hardware
+ 2. Version History
+ 3. Command Line Options
+ 4. Additional Notes
+ 5. Contacting Adaptec
+
+
+1. Supported Hardware
+
+ The following Adaptec SCSI Host Adapters are supported by this
+ driver set.
+
+ Ultra320 ASIC Description
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------
+ AIC-7901A Single Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to
+ Ultra320 SCSI ASIC
+ AIC-7901B Single Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to
+ Ultra320 SCSI ASIC with Retained Training
+ AIC-7902A4 Dual Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to
+ Ultra320 SCSI ASIC
+ AIC-7902B Dual Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to
+ Ultra320 SCSI ASIC with Retained Training
+
+ Ultra320 Adapters Description ASIC
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Adaptec SCSI Card 39320 Dual Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to 7902A4/7902B
+ Ultra320 SCSI Card (one external
+ 68-pin, two internal 68-pin)
+ Adaptec SCSI Card 39320A Dual Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to 7902B
+ Ultra320 SCSI Card (one external
+ 68-pin, two internal 68-pin)
+ Adaptec SCSI Card 39320D Dual Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to 7902A4
+ Ultra320 SCSI Card (two external VHDC
+ and one internal 68-pin)
+ Adaptec SCSI Card 39320D Dual Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to 7902A4
+ Ultra320 SCSI Card (two external VHDC
+ and one internal 68-pin) based on the
+ AIC-7902B ASIC
+ Adaptec SCSI Card 29320 Single Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to 7901A
+ Ultra320 SCSI Card (one external
+ 68-pin, two internal 68-pin, one
+ internal 50-pin)
+ Adaptec SCSI Card 29320A Single Channel 64-bit PCI-X 133MHz to 7901B
+ Ultra320 SCSI Card (one external
+ 68-pin, two internal 68-pin, one
+ internal 50-pin)
+ Adaptec SCSI Card 29320LP Single Channel 64-bit Low Profile 7901A
+ PCI-X 133MHz to Ultra320 SCSI Card
+ (One external VHDC, one internal
+ 68-pin)
+ Adaptec SCSI Card 29320ALP Single Channel 64-bit Low Profile 7901B
+ PCI-X 133MHz to Ultra320 SCSI Card
+ (One external VHDC, one internal
+ 68-pin)
+2. Version History
+
+ 1.3.11 (July 11, 2003)
+ - Fix several deadlock issues.
+ - Add 29320ALP and 39320B Id's.
+
+ 1.3.10 (June 3rd, 2003)
+ - Align the SCB_TAG field on a 16byte boundary. This avoids
+ SCB corruption on some PCI-33 busses.
+ - Correct non-zero luns on Rev B. hardware.
+ - Update for change in 2.5.X SCSI proc FS interface.
+ - When negotiation async via an 8bit WDTR message, send
+ an SDTR with an offset of 0 to be sure the target
+ knows we are async. This works around a firmware defect
+ in the Quantum Atlas 10K.
+ - Implement controller susupend and resume.
+ - Clear PCI error state during driver attach so that we
+ don't disable memory mapped I/O due to a stray write
+ by some other driver probe that occurred before we
+ claimed the controller.
+
+ 1.3.9 (May 22nd, 2003)
+ - Fix compiler errors.
+ - Remove S/G splitting for segments that cross a 4GB boundary.
+ This is guaranteed not to happen in Linux.
+ - Add support for scsi_report_device_reset() found in
+ 2.5.X kernels.
+ - Add 7901B support.
+ - Simplify handling of the packtized lun Rev A workaround.
+ - Correct and simplify handling of the ignore wide residue
+ message. The previous code would fail to report a residual
+ if the transaction data length was even and we received
+ an IWR message.
+
+ 1.3.8 (April 29th, 2003)
+ - Fix types accessed via the command line interface code.
+ - Perform a few firmware optimizations.
+ - Fix "Unexpected PKT busfree" errors.
+ - Use a sequencer interrupt to notify the host of
+ commands with bad status. We defer the notification
+ until there are no outstanding selections to ensure
+ that the host is interrupted for as short a time as
+ possible.
+ - Remove pre-2.2.X support.
+ - Add support for new 2.5.X interrupt API.
+ - Correct big-endian architecture support.
+
+ 1.3.7 (April 16th, 2003)
+ - Use del_timer_sync() to ensure that no timeouts
+ are pending during controller shutdown.
+ - For pre-2.5.X kernels, carefully adjust our segment
+ list size to avoid SCSI malloc pool fragmentation.
+ - Cleanup channel display in our /proc output.
+ - Workaround duplicate device entries in the mid-layer
+ devlice list during add-single-device.
+
+ 1.3.6 (March 28th, 2003)
+ - Correct a double free in the Domain Validation code.
+ - Correct a reference to free'ed memory during controller
+ shutdown.
+ - Reset the bus on an SE->LVD change. This is required
+ to reset our transcievers.
+
+ 1.3.5 (March 24th, 2003)
+ - Fix a few register window mode bugs.
+ - Include read streaming in the PPR flags we display in
+ diagnostics as well as /proc.
+ - Add PCI hot plug support for 2.5.X kernels.
+ - Correct default precompensation value for RevA hardware.
+ - Fix Domain Validation thread shutdown.
+ - Add a firmware workaround to make the LED blink
+ brighter during packetized operations on the H2A4.
+ - Correct /proc display of user read streaming settings.
+ - Simplify driver locking by releasing the io_request_lock
+ upon driver entry from the mid-layer.
+ - Cleanup command line parsing and move much of this code
+ to aiclib.
+
+ 1.3.4 (February 28th, 2003)
+ - Correct a race condition in our error recovery handler.
+ - Allow Test Unit Ready commands to take a full 5 seconds
+ during Domain Validation.
+
+ 1.3.2 (February 19th, 2003)
+ - Correct a Rev B. regression due to the GEM318
+ compatibility fix included in 1.3.1.
+
+ 1.3.1 (February 11th, 2003)
+ - Add support for the 39320A.
+ - Improve recovery for certain PCI-X errors.
+ - Fix handling of LQ/DATA/LQ/DATA for the
+ same write transaction that can occur without
+ interveining training.
+ - Correct compatibility issues with the GEM318
+ enclosure services device.
+ - Correct data corruption issue that occurred under
+ high tag depth write loads.
+ - Adapt to a change in the 2.5.X daemonize() API.
+ - Correct a "Missing case in ahd_handle_scsiint" panic.
+
+ 1.3.0 (January 21st, 2003)
+ - Full regression testing for all U320 products completed.
+ - Added abort and target/lun reset error recovery handler and
+ interrupt coalessing.
+
+ 1.2.0 (November 14th, 2002)
+ - Added support for Domain Validation
+ - Add support for the Hewlett-Packard version of the 39320D
+ and AIC-7902 adapters.
+ Support for previous adapters has not been fully tested and should
+ only be used at the customer's own risk.
+
+ 1.1.1 (September 24th, 2002)
+ - Added support for the Linux 2.5.X kernel series
+
+ 1.1.0 (September 17th, 2002)
+ - Added support for four additional SCSI products:
+ ASC-39320, ASC-29320, ASC-29320LP, AIC-7901.
+
+ 1.0.0 (May 30th, 2002)
+ - Initial driver release.
+
+ 2.1. Software/Hardware Features
+ - Support for the SPI-4 "Ultra320" standard:
+ - 320MB/s transfer rates
+ - Packetized SCSI Protocol at 160MB/s and 320MB/s
+ - Quick Arbitration Selection (QAS)
+ - Retained Training Information (Rev B. ASIC only)
+ - Interrupt Coalessing
+ - Initiator Mode (target mode not currently
+ supported)
+ - Support for the PCI-X standard up to 133MHz
+ - Support for the PCI v2.2 standard
+ - Domain Validation
+
+ 2.2. Operating System Support:
+ - Redhat Linux 7.2, 7.3, 8.0, Advanced Server 2.1
+ - SuSE Linux 7.3, 8.0, 8.1, Enterprise Server 7
+ - only Intel and AMD x86 supported at this time
+ - >4GB memory configurations supported.
+
+ Refer to the User's Guide for more details on this.
+
+3. Command Line Options
+
+ WARNING: ALTERING OR ADDING THESE DRIVER PARAMETERS
+ INCORRECTLY CAN RENDER YOUR SYSTEM INOPERABLE.
+ USE THEM WITH CAUTION.
+
+ Edit the file "modprobe.conf" in the directory /etc and add/edit a
+ line containing 'options aic79xx aic79xx=[command[,command...]]' where
+ 'command' is one or more of the following:
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: verbose
+ Definition: enable additional informative messages during
+ driver operation.
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: debug:[value]
+ Definition: Enables various levels of debugging information
+ The bit definitions for the debugging mask can
+ be found in drivers/scsi/aic7xxx/aic79xx.h under
+ the "Debug" heading.
+ Possible Values: 0x0000 = no debugging, 0xffff = full debugging
+ Default Value: 0x0000
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: no_reset
+ Definition: Do not reset the bus during the initial probe
+ phase
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: extended
+ Definition: Force extended translation on the controller
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: periodic_otag
+ Definition: Send an ordered tag periodically to prevent
+ tag starvation. Needed for some older devices
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: reverse_scan
+ Definition: Probe the scsi bus in reverse order, starting
+ with target 15
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: global_tag_depth
+ Definition: Global tag depth for all targets on all busses.
+ This option sets the default tag depth which
+ may be selectively overridden vi the tag_info
+ option.
+ Possible Values: 1 - 253
+ Default Value: 32
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: tag_info:{{value[,value...]}[,{value[,value...]}...]}
+ Definition: Set the per-target tagged queue depth on a
+ per controller basis. Both controllers and targets
+ may be ommitted indicating that they should retain
+ the default tag depth.
+ Examples: tag_info:{{16,32,32,64,8,8,,32,32,32,32,32,32,32,32,32}
+ On Controller 0
+ specifies a tag depth of 16 for target 0
+ specifies a tag depth of 64 for target 3
+ specifies a tag depth of 8 for targets 4 and 5
+ leaves target 6 at the default
+ specifies a tag depth of 32 for targets 1,2,7-15
+ All other targets retain the default depth.
+
+ tag_info:{{},{32,,32}}
+ On Controller 1
+ specifies a tag depth of 32 for targets 0 and 2
+ All other targets retain the default depth.
+
+ Possible Values: 1 - 253
+ Default Value: 32
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: rd_strm: {rd_strm_bitmask[,rd_strm_bitmask...]}
+ Definition: Enable read streaming on a per target basis.
+ The rd_strm_bitmask is a 16 bit hex value in which
+ each bit represents a target. Setting the target's
+ bit to '1' enables read streaming for that
+ target. Controllers may be ommitted indicating that
+ they should retain the default read streaming setting.
+ Example: rd_strm:{0x0041}
+ On Controller 0
+ enables read streaming for targets 0 and 6.
+ disables read streaming for targets 1-5,7-15.
+ All other targets retain the default read
+ streaming setting.
+ Example: rd_strm:{0x0023,,0xFFFF}
+ On Controller 0
+ enables read streaming for targets 1,2, and 5.
+ disables read streaming for targets 3,4,6-15.
+ On Controller 2
+ enables read streaming for all targets.
+ All other targets retain the default read
+ streaming setting.
+
+ Possible Values: 0x0000 - 0xffff
+ Default Value: 0x0000
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: dv: {value[,value...]}
+ Definition: Set Domain Validation Policy on a per-controller basis.
+ Controllers may be ommitted indicating that
+ they should retain the default read streaming setting.
+ Example: dv:{-1,0,,1,1,0}
+ On Controller 0 leave DV at its default setting.
+ On Controller 1 disable DV.
+ Skip configuration on Controller 2.
+ On Controllers 3 and 4 enable DV.
+ On Controller 5 disable DV.
+
+ Possible Values: < 0 Use setting from serial EEPROM.
+ 0 Disable DV
+ > 0 Enable DV
+ Default Value: DV Serial EEPROM configuration setting.
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: seltime:[value]
+ Definition: Specifies the selection timeout value
+ Possible Values: 0 = 256ms, 1 = 128ms, 2 = 64ms, 3 = 32ms
+ Default Value: 0
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ *** The following three options should only be changed at ***
+ *** the direction of a technical support representative. ***
+
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: precomp: {value[,value...]}
+ Definition: Set IO Cell precompensation value on a per-controller
+ basis.
+ Controllers may be ommitted indicating that
+ they should retain the default precompensation setting.
+ Example: precomp:{0x1}
+ On Controller 0 set precompensation to 1.
+ Example: precomp:{1,,7}
+ On Controller 0 set precompensation to 1.
+ On Controller 2 set precompensation to 8.
+
+ Possible Values: 0 - 7
+ Default Value: Varies based on chip revision
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: slewrate: {value[,value...]}
+ Definition: Set IO Cell slew rate on a per-controller basis.
+ Controllers may be ommitted indicating that
+ they should retain the default slew rate setting.
+ Example: slewrate:{0x1}
+ On Controller 0 set slew rate to 1.
+ Example: slewrate :{1,,8}
+ On Controller 0 set slew rate to 1.
+ On Controller 2 set slew rate to 8.
+
+ Possible Values: 0 - 15
+ Default Value: Varies based on chip revision
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: amplitude: {value[,value...]}
+ Definition: Set IO Cell signal amplitude on a per-controller basis.
+ Controllers may be ommitted indicating that
+ they should retain the default read streaming setting.
+ Example: amplitude:{0x1}
+ On Controller 0 set amplitude to 1.
+ Example: amplitude :{1,,7}
+ On Controller 0 set amplitude to 1.
+ On Controller 2 set amplitude to 7.
+
+ Possible Values: 1 - 7
+ Default Value: Varies based on chip revision
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Example: 'options aic79xx aic79xx=verbose,rd_strm:{{0x0041}}'
+ enables verbose output in the driver and turns read streaming on
+ for targets 0 and 6 of Controller 0.
+
+4. Additional Notes
+
+ 4.1. Known/Unresolved or FYI Issues
+
+ * Under SuSE Linux Enterprise 7, the driver may fail to operate
+ correctly due to a problem with PCI interrupt routing in the
+ Linux kernel. Please contact SuSE for an updated Linux
+ kernel.
+
+ 4.2. Third-Party Compatibility Issues
+
+ * Adaptec only supports Ultra320 hard drives running
+ the latest firmware available. Please check with
+ your hard drive manufacturer to ensure you have the
+ latest version.
+
+ 4.3. Operating System or Technology Limitations
+
+ * PCI Hot Plug is untested and may cause the operating system
+ to stop responding.
+ * Luns that are not numbered contiguously starting with 0 might not
+ be automatically probed during system startup. This is a limitation
+ of the OS. Please contact your Linux vendor for instructions on
+ manually probing non-contiguous luns.
+ * Using the Driver Update Disk version of this package during OS
+ installation under RedHat might result in two versions of this
+ driver being installed into the system module directory. This
+ might cause problems with the /sbin/mkinitrd program and/or
+ other RPM packages that try to install system modules. The best
+ way to correct this once the system is running is to install
+ the latest RPM package version of this driver, available from
+ http://www.adaptec.com.
+
+
+5. Contacting Adaptec
+
+ A Technical Support Identification (TSID) Number is required for
+ Adaptec technical support.
+ - The 12-digit TSID can be found on the white barcode-type label
+ included inside the box with your product. The TSID helps us
+ provide more efficient service by accurately identifying your
+ product and support status.
+ Support Options
+ - Search the Adaptec Support Knowledgebase (ASK) at
+ http://ask.adaptec.com for articles, troubleshooting tips, and
+ frequently asked questions for your product.
+ - For support via Email, submit your question to Adaptec's
+ Technical Support Specialists at http://ask.adaptec.com.
+
+ North America
+ - Visit our Web site at http://www.adaptec.com.
+ - To speak with a Fibre Channel/RAID/External Storage Technical
+ Support Specialist, call 1-321-207-2000,
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 3:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., PST.
+ (Not open on holidays)
+ - For Technical Support in all other technologies including
+ SCSI, call 1-408-934-7274,
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 6:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., PST.
+ (Not open on holidays)
+ - For after hours support, call 1-800-416-8066 ($99/call,
+ $149/call on holidays)
+ - To order Adaptec products including software and cables, call
+ 1-800-442-7274 or 1-408-957-7274. You can also visit our
+ online store at http://www.adaptecstore.com
+
+ Europe
+ - Visit our Web site at http://www.adaptec-europe.com.
+ - English and French: To speak with a Technical Support
+ Specialist, call one of the following numbers:
+ - English: +32-2-352-3470
+ - French: +32-2-352-3460
+ Hours: Monday-Thursday, 10:00 to 12:30, 13:30 to 17:30 CET
+ Friday, 10:00 to 12:30, 13:30 to 16:30 CET
+ - German: To speak with a Technical Support Specialist,
+ call +49-89-456-40660
+ Hours: Monday-Thursday, 09:30 to 12:30, 13:30 to 16:30 CET
+ Friday, 09:30 to 12:30, 13:30 to 15:00 CET
+ - To order Adaptec products, including accessories and cables:
+ - UK: +0800-96-65-26 or fax +0800-731-02-95
+ - Other European countries: +32-11-300-379
+
+ Australia and New Zealand
+ - Visit our Web site at http://www.adaptec.com.au.
+ - To speak with a Technical Support Specialist, call
+ +612-9416-0698
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 10:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., EAT
+ (Not open on holidays)
+
+ Japan
+ - To speak with a Technical Support Specialist, call
+ +81-3-5308-6120
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m., 1:00 p.m. to
+ 6:00 p.m. TSC
+
+ Hong Kong and China
+ - To speak with a Technical Support Specialist, call
+ +852-2869-7200
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 10:00 to 17:00.
+ - Fax Technical Support at +852-2869-7100.
+
+ Singapore
+ - To speak with a Technical Support Specialist, call
+ +65-245-7470
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 10:00 to 17:00.
+ - Fax Technical Support at +852-2869-7100
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003 Adaptec Inc. 691 S. Milpitas Blvd., Milpitas CA 95035 USA.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * You are permitted to redistribute, use and modify this README file in whole
+ * or in part in conjunction with redistribution of software governed by the
+ * General Public License, provided that the following conditions are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of README file must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer,
+ * without modification.
+ * 2. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+ * derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ * 3. Modifications or new contributions must be attributed in a copyright
+ * notice identifying the author ("Contributor") and added below the
+ * original copyright notice. The copyright notice is for purposes of
+ * identifying contributors and should not be deemed as permission to alter
+ * the permissions given by Adaptec.
+ *
+ * THIS README FILE IS PROVIDED BY ADAPTEC AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY
+ * WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT OR THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+ * AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * ADAPTEC OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+ * TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+ * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+ * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS README
+ * FILE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/aic7xxx.txt b/Documentation/scsi/aic7xxx.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..160e735
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/aic7xxx.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+====================================================================
+= Adaptec Aic7xxx Fast -> Ultra160 Family Manager Set v6.2.28 =
+= README for =
+= The Linux Operating System =
+====================================================================
+
+The following information is available in this file:
+
+ 1. Supported Hardware
+ 2. Version History
+ 3. Command Line Options
+ 4. Contacting Adaptec
+
+1. Supported Hardware
+
+ The following Adaptec SCSI Chips and Host Adapters are supported by
+ the aic7xxx driver.
+
+ Chip MIPS Host Bus MaxSync MaxWidth SCBs Notes
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ aic7770 10 EISA/VL 10MHz 16Bit 4 1
+ aic7850 10 PCI/32 10MHz 8Bit 3
+ aic7855 10 PCI/32 10MHz 8Bit 3
+ aic7856 10 PCI/32 10MHz 8Bit 3
+ aic7859 10 PCI/32 20MHz 8Bit 3
+ aic7860 10 PCI/32 20MHz 8Bit 3
+ aic7870 10 PCI/32 10MHz 16Bit 16
+ aic7880 10 PCI/32 20MHz 16Bit 16
+ aic7890 20 PCI/32 40MHz 16Bit 16 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ aic7891 20 PCI/64 40MHz 16Bit 16 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ aic7892 20 PCI/64-66 80MHz 16Bit 16 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ aic7895 15 PCI/32 20MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5
+ aic7895C 15 PCI/32 20MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5 8
+ aic7896 20 PCI/32 40MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ aic7897 20 PCI/64 40MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ aic7899 20 PCI/64-66 80MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+
+ 1. Multiplexed Twin Channel Device - One controller servicing two
+ busses.
+ 2. Multi-function Twin Channel Device - Two controllers on one chip.
+ 3. Command Channel Secondary DMA Engine - Allows scatter gather list
+ and SCB prefetch.
+ 4. 64 Byte SCB Support - Allows disconnected, unttagged request table
+ for all possible target/lun combinations.
+ 5. Block Move Instruction Support - Doubles the speed of certain
+ sequencer operations.
+ 6. `Bayonet' style Scatter Gather Engine - Improves S/G prefetch
+ performance.
+ 7. Queuing Registers - Allows queuing of new transactions without
+ pausing the sequencer.
+ 8. Multiple Target IDs - Allows the controller to respond to selection
+ as a target on multiple SCSI IDs.
+
+ Controller Chip Host-Bus Int-Connectors Ext-Connectors Notes
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ AHA-274X[A] aic7770 EISA SE-50M SE-HD50F
+ AHA-274X[A]W aic7770 EISA SE-HD68F SE-HD68F
+ SE-50M
+ AHA-274X[A]T aic7770 EISA 2 X SE-50M SE-HD50F
+ AHA-2842 aic7770 VL SE-50M SE-HD50F
+ AHA-2940AU aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M SE-HD50F
+ AVA-2902I aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M
+ AVA-2902E aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M
+ AVA-2906 aic7856 PCI/32 SE-50M SE-DB25F
+ APC-7850 aic7850 PCI/32 SE-50M 1
+ AVA-2940 aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M
+ AHA-2920B aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M
+ AHA-2930B aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M
+ AHA-2920C aic7856 PCI/32 SE-50M SE-HD50F
+ AHA-2930C aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M
+ AHA-2930C aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M
+ AHA-2910C aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M
+ AHA-2915C aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M
+ AHA-2940AU/CN aic7860 PCI/32 SE-50M SE-HD50F
+ AHA-2944W aic7870 PCI/32 HVD-HD68F HVD-HD68F
+ HVD-50M
+ AHA-3940W aic7870 PCI/32 2 X SE-HD68F SE-HD68F 2
+ AHA-2940UW aic7880 PCI/32 SE-HD68F
+ SE-50M SE-HD68F
+ AHA-2940U aic7880 PCI/32 SE-50M SE-HD50F
+ AHA-2940D aic7880 PCI/32
+ aHA-2940 A/T aic7880 PCI/32
+ AHA-2940D A/T aic7880 PCI/32
+ AHA-3940UW aic7880 PCI/32 2 X SE-HD68F SE-HD68F 3
+ AHA-3940UWD aic7880 PCI/32 2 X SE-HD68F 2 X SE-VHD68F 3
+ AHA-3940U aic7880 PCI/32 2 X SE-50M SE-HD50F 3
+ AHA-2944UW aic7880 PCI/32 HVD-HD68F HVD-HD68F
+ HVD-50M
+ AHA-3944UWD aic7880 PCI/32 2 X HVD-HD68F 2 X HVD-VHD68F 3
+ AHA-4944UW aic7880 PCI/32
+ AHA-2930UW aic7880 PCI/32
+ AHA-2940UW Pro aic7880 PCI/32 SE-HD68F SE-HD68F 4
+ SE-50M
+ AHA-2940UW/CN aic7880 PCI/32
+ AHA-2940UDual aic7895 PCI/32
+ AHA-2940UWDual aic7895 PCI/32
+ AHA-3940UWD aic7895 PCI/32
+ AHA-3940AUW aic7895 PCI/32
+ AHA-3940AUWD aic7895 PCI/32
+ AHA-3940AU aic7895 PCI/32
+ AHA-3944AUWD aic7895 PCI/32 2 X HVD-HD68F 2 X HVD-VHD68F
+ AHA-2940U2B aic7890 PCI/32 LVD-HD68F LVD-HD68F
+ AHA-2940U2 OEM aic7891 PCI/64
+ AHA-2940U2W aic7890 PCI/32 LVD-HD68F LVD-HD68F
+ SE-HD68F
+ SE-50M
+ AHA-2950U2B aic7891 PCI/64 LVD-HD68F LVD-HD68F
+ AHA-2930U2 aic7890 PCI/32 LVD-HD68F SE-HD50F
+ SE-50M
+ AHA-3950U2B aic7897 PCI/64
+ AHA-3950U2D aic7897 PCI/64
+ AHA-29160 aic7892 PCI/64-66
+ AHA-29160 CPQ aic7892 PCI/64-66
+ AHA-29160N aic7892 PCI/32 LVD-HD68F SE-HD50F
+ SE-50M
+ AHA-29160LP aic7892 PCI/64-66
+ AHA-19160 aic7892 PCI/64-66
+ AHA-29150LP aic7892 PCI/64-66
+ AHA-29130LP aic7892 PCI/64-66
+ AHA-3960D aic7899 PCI/64-66 2 X LVD-HD68F 2 X LVD-VHD68F
+ LVD-50M
+ AHA-3960D CPQ aic7899 PCI/64-66 2 X LVD-HD68F 2 X LVD-VHD68F
+ LVD-50M
+ AHA-39160 aic7899 PCI/64-66 2 X LVD-HD68F 2 X LVD-VHD68F
+ LVD-50M
+
+ 1. No BIOS support
+ 2. DEC21050 PCI-PCI bridge with multiple controller chips on secondary bus
+ 3. DEC2115X PCI-PCI bridge with multiple controller chips on secondary bus
+ 4. All three SCSI connectors may be used simultaneously without
+ SCSI "stub" effects.
+
+2. Version History
+ 6.2.36 (June 3rd, 2003)
+ - Correct code that disables PCI parity error checking.
+ - Correct and simplify handling of the ignore wide residue
+ message. The previous code would fail to report a residual
+ if the transaction data length was even and we received
+ an IWR message.
+ - Add support for the 2.5.X EISA framework.
+ - Update for change in 2.5.X SCSI proc FS interface.
+ - Correct Domain Validation command-line option parsing.
+ - When negotiation async via an 8bit WDTR message, send
+ an SDTR with an offset of 0 to be sure the target
+ knows we are async. This works around a firmware defect
+ in the Quantum Atlas 10K.
+ - Clear PCI error state during driver attach so that we
+ don't disable memory mapped I/O due to a stray write
+ by some other driver probe that occurred before we
+ claimed the controller.
+
+ 6.2.35 (May 14th, 2003)
+ - Fix a few GCC 3.3 compiler warnings.
+ - Correct operation on EISA Twin Channel controller.
+ - Add support for 2.5.X's scsi_report_device_reset().
+
+ 6.2.34 (May 5th, 2003)
+ - Fix locking regression instroduced in 6.2.29 that
+ could cuase a lock order reversal between the io_request_lock
+ and our per-softc lock. This was only possible on RH9,
+ SuSE, and kernel.org 2.4.X kernels.
+
+ 6.2.33 (April 30th, 2003)
+ - Dynamically disable PCI parity error reporting after
+ 10 errors are reported to the user. These errors are
+ the result of some other device issuing PCI transactions
+ with bad parity. Once the user has been informed of the
+ problem, continuing to report the errors just degrades
+ our performance.
+
+ 6.2.32 (March 28th, 2003)
+ - Dynamically sized S/G lists to avoid SCSI malloc
+ pool fragmentation and SCSI mid-layer deadlock.
+
+ 6.2.28 (January 20th, 2003)
+ - Domain Validation Fixes
+ - Add ability to disable PCI parity error checking.
+ - Enhanced Memory Mapped I/O probe
+
+ 6.2.20 (November 7th, 2002)
+ - Added Domain Validation.
+
+3. Command Line Options
+
+ WARNING: ALTERING OR ADDING THESE DRIVER PARAMETERS
+ INCORRECTLY CAN RENDER YOUR SYSTEM INOPERABLE.
+ USE THEM WITH CAUTION.
+
+ Edit the file "modprobe.conf" in the directory /etc and add/edit a
+ line containing 'options aic7xxx aic7xxx=[command[,command...]]' where
+ 'command' is one or more of the following:
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: verbose
+ Definition: enable additional informative messages during
+ driver operation.
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: debug:[value]
+ Definition: Enables various levels of debugging information
+ Possible Values: 0x0000 = no debugging, 0xffff = full debugging
+ Default Value: 0x0000
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: no_probe
+ Option: probe_eisa_vl
+ Definition: Do not probe for EISA/VLB controllers.
+ This is a toggle. If the driver is compiled
+ to not probe EISA/VLB controllers by default,
+ specifying "no_probe" will enable this probing.
+ If the driver is compiled to probe EISA/VLB
+ controllers by default, specifying "no_probe"
+ will disable this probing.
+ Possible Values: This option is a toggle
+ Default Value: EISA/VLB probing is disabled by default.
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: pci_parity
+ Definition: Toggles the detection of PCI parity errors.
+ On many motherboards with VIA chipsets,
+ PCI parity is not generated correctly on the
+ PCI bus. It is impossible for the hardware to
+ differentiate between these "spurious" parity
+ errors and real parity errors. The symptom of
+ this problem is a stream of the message:
+ "scsi0: Data Parity Error Detected during address or write data phase"
+ output by the driver.
+ Possible Values: This option is a toggle
+ Default Value: PCI Parity Error reporting is disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: no_reset
+ Definition: Do not reset the bus during the initial probe
+ phase
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: extended
+ Definition: Force extended translation on the controller
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: periodic_otag
+ Definition: Send an ordered tag periodically to prevent
+ tag starvation. Needed for some older devices
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: reverse_scan
+ Definition: Probe the scsi bus in reverse order, starting
+ with target 15
+ Possible Values: This option is a flag
+ Default Value: disabled
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: global_tag_depth:[value]
+ Definition: Global tag depth for all targets on all busses.
+ This option sets the default tag depth which
+ may be selectively overridden vi the tag_info
+ option.
+ Possible Values: 1 - 253
+ Default Value: 32
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: tag_info:{{value[,value...]}[,{value[,value...]}...]}
+ Definition: Set the per-target tagged queue depth on a
+ per controller basis. Both controllers and targets
+ may be ommitted indicating that they should retain
+ the default tag depth.
+ Examples: tag_info:{{16,32,32,64,8,8,,32,32,32,32,32,32,32,32,32}
+ On Controller 0
+ specifies a tag depth of 16 for target 0
+ specifies a tag depth of 64 for target 3
+ specifies a tag depth of 8 for targets 4 and 5
+ leaves target 6 at the default
+ specifies a tag depth of 32 for targets 1,2,7-15
+ All other targets retain the default depth.
+
+ tag_info:{{},{32,,32}}
+ On Controller 1
+ specifies a tag depth of 32 for targets 0 and 2
+ All other targets retain the default depth.
+
+ Possible Values: 1 - 253
+ Default Value: 32
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: seltime:[value]
+ Definition: Specifies the selection timeout value
+ Possible Values: 0 = 256ms, 1 = 128ms, 2 = 64ms, 3 = 32ms
+ Default Value: 0
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Option: dv: {value[,value...]}
+ Definition: Set Domain Validation Policy on a per-controller basis.
+ Controllers may be ommitted indicating that
+ they should retain the default read streaming setting.
+ Example: dv:{-1,0,,1,1,0}
+ On Controller 0 leave DV at its default setting.
+ On Controller 1 disable DV.
+ Skip configuration on Controller 2.
+ On Controllers 3 and 4 enable DV.
+ On Controller 5 disable DV.
+
+ Possible Values: < 0 Use setting from serial EEPROM.
+ 0 Disable DV
+ > 0 Enable DV
+
+ Default Value: SCSI-Select setting on controllers with a SCSI Select
+ option for DV. Otherwise, on for controllers supporting
+ U160 speeds and off for all other controller types.
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Example:
+ 'options aic7xxx aic7xxx=verbose,no_probe,tag_info:{{},{,,10}},seltime:1"
+ enables verbose logging, Disable EISA/VLB probing,
+ and set tag depth on Controller 1/Target 2 to 10 tags.
+
+3. Contacting Adaptec
+
+ A Technical Support Identification (TSID) Number is required for
+ Adaptec technical support.
+ - The 12-digit TSID can be found on the white barcode-type label
+ included inside the box with your product. The TSID helps us
+ provide more efficient service by accurately identifying your
+ product and support status.
+ Support Options
+ - Search the Adaptec Support Knowledgebase (ASK) at
+ http://ask.adaptec.com for articles, troubleshooting tips, and
+ frequently asked questions for your product.
+ - For support via Email, submit your question to Adaptec's
+ Technical Support Specialists at http://ask.adaptec.com.
+
+ North America
+ - Visit our Web site at http://www.adaptec.com.
+ - To speak with a Fibre Channel/RAID/External Storage Technical
+ Support Specialist, call 1-321-207-2000,
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 3:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., PST.
+ (Not open on holidays)
+ - For Technical Support in all other technologies including
+ SCSI, call 1-408-934-7274,
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 6:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., PST.
+ (Not open on holidays)
+ - For after hours support, call 1-800-416-8066 ($99/call,
+ $149/call on holidays)
+ - To order Adaptec products including software and cables, call
+ 1-800-442-7274 or 1-408-957-7274. You can also visit our
+ online store at http://www.adaptecstore.com
+
+ Europe
+ - Visit our Web site at http://www.adaptec-europe.com.
+ - English and French: To speak with a Technical Support
+ Specialist, call one of the following numbers:
+ - English: +32-2-352-3470
+ - French: +32-2-352-3460
+ Hours: Monday-Thursday, 10:00 to 12:30, 13:30 to 17:30 CET
+ Friday, 10:00 to 12:30, 13:30 to 16:30 CET
+ - German: To speak with a Technical Support Specialist,
+ call +49-89-456-40660
+ Hours: Monday-Thursday, 09:30 to 12:30, 13:30 to 16:30 CET
+ Friday, 09:30 to 12:30, 13:30 to 15:00 CET
+ - To order Adaptec products, including accessories and cables:
+ - UK: +0800-96-65-26 or fax +0800-731-02-95
+ - Other European countries: +32-11-300-379
+
+ Australia and New Zealand
+ - Visit our Web site at http://www.adaptec.com.au.
+ - To speak with a Technical Support Specialist, call
+ +612-9416-0698
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 10:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., EAT
+ (Not open on holidays)
+
+ Japan
+ - To speak with a Technical Support Specialist, call
+ +81-3-5308-6120
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m., 1:00 p.m. to
+ 6:00 p.m. TSC
+
+ Hong Kong and China
+ - To speak with a Technical Support Specialist, call
+ +852-2869-7200
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 10:00 to 17:00.
+ - Fax Technical Support at +852-2869-7100.
+
+ Singapore
+ - To speak with a Technical Support Specialist, call
+ +65-245-7470
+ Hours: Monday-Friday, 10:00 to 17:00.
+ - Fax Technical Support at +852-2869-7100
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003 Adaptec Inc. 691 S. Milpitas Blvd., Milpitas CA 95035 USA.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * You are permitted to redistribute, use and modify this README file in whole
+ * or in part in conjunction with redistribution of software governed by the
+ * General Public License, provided that the following conditions are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of README file must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer,
+ * without modification.
+ * 2. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+ * derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ * 3. Modifications or new contributions must be attributed in a copyright
+ * notice identifying the author ("Contributor") and added below the
+ * original copyright notice. The copyright notice is for purposes of
+ * identifying contributors and should not be deemed as permission to alter
+ * the permissions given by Adaptec.
+ *
+ * THIS README FILE IS PROVIDED BY ADAPTEC AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY
+ * WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT OR THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+ * AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * ADAPTEC OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+ * TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+ * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+ * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS README
+ * FILE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/aic7xxx_old.txt b/Documentation/scsi/aic7xxx_old.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79e5ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/aic7xxx_old.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+ AIC7xxx Driver for Linux
+
+Introduction
+----------------------------
+The AIC7xxx SCSI driver adds support for Adaptec (http://www.adaptec.com)
+SCSI controllers and chipsets. Major portions of the driver and driver
+development are shared between both Linux and FreeBSD. Support for the
+AIC-7xxx chipsets have been in the default Linux kernel since approximately
+linux-1.1.x and fairly stable since linux-1.2.x, and are also in FreeBSD
+2.1.0 or later.
+
+ Supported cards/chipsets
+ ----------------------------
+ Adaptec Cards
+ ----------------------------
+ AHA-274x
+ AHA-274xT
+ AHA-2842
+ AHA-2910B
+ AHA-2920C
+ AHA-2930
+ AHA-2930U
+ AHA-2930CU
+ AHA-2930U2
+ AHA-2940
+ AHA-2940W
+ AHA-2940U
+ AHA-2940UW
+ AHA-2940UW-PRO
+ AHA-2940AU
+ AHA-2940U2W
+ AHA-2940U2
+ AHA-2940U2B
+ AHA-2940U2BOEM
+ AHA-2944D
+ AHA-2944WD
+ AHA-2944UD
+ AHA-2944UWD
+ AHA-2950U2
+ AHA-2950U2W
+ AHA-2950U2B
+ AHA-29160M
+ AHA-3940
+ AHA-3940U
+ AHA-3940W
+ AHA-3940UW
+ AHA-3940AUW
+ AHA-3940U2W
+ AHA-3950U2B
+ AHA-3950U2D
+ AHA-3960D
+ AHA-39160M
+ AHA-3985
+ AHA-3985U
+ AHA-3985W
+ AHA-3985UW
+
+ Motherboard Chipsets
+ ----------------------------
+ AIC-777x
+ AIC-785x
+ AIC-786x
+ AIC-787x
+ AIC-788x
+ AIC-789x
+ AIC-3860
+
+ Bus Types
+ ----------------------------
+ W - Wide SCSI, SCSI-3, 16bit bus, 68pin connector, will also support
+ SCSI-1/SCSI-2 50pin devices, transfer rates up to 20MB/s.
+ U - Ultra SCSI, transfer rates up to 40MB/s.
+ U2- Ultra 2 SCSI, transfer rates up to 80MB/s.
+ D - Differential SCSI.
+ T - Twin Channel SCSI. Up to 14 SCSI devices.
+
+ AHA-274x - EISA SCSI controller
+ AHA-284x - VLB SCSI controller
+ AHA-29xx - PCI SCSI controller
+ AHA-394x - PCI controllers with two separate SCSI controllers on-board.
+ AHA-398x - PCI RAID controllers with three separate SCSI controllers
+ on-board.
+
+ Not Supported Devices
+ ------------------------------
+ Adaptec Cards
+ ----------------------------
+ AHA-2920 (Only the cards that use the Future Domain chipset are not
+ supported, any 2920 cards based on Adaptec AIC chipsets,
+ such as the 2920C, are supported)
+ AAA-13x Raid Adapters
+ AAA-113x Raid Port Card
+
+ Motherboard Chipsets
+ ----------------------------
+ AIC-7810
+
+ Bus Types
+ ----------------------------
+ R - Raid Port busses are not supported.
+
+ The hardware RAID devices sold by Adaptec are *NOT* supported by this
+ driver (and will people please stop emailing me about them, they are
+ a totally separate beast from the bare SCSI controllers and this driver
+ can not be retrofitted in any sane manner to support the hardware RAID
+ features on those cards - Doug Ledford).
+
+
+ People
+ ------------------------------
+ Justin T Gibbs gibbs@plutotech.com
+ (BSD Driver Author)
+ Dan Eischen deischen@iworks.InterWorks.org
+ (Original Linux Driver Co-maintainer)
+ Dean Gehnert deang@teleport.com
+ (Original Linux FTP/patch maintainer)
+ Jess Johnson jester@frenzy.com
+ (AIC7xxx FAQ author)
+ Doug Ledford dledford@redhat.com
+ (Current Linux aic7xxx-5.x.x Driver/Patch/FTP maintainer)
+
+ Special thanks go to John Aycock (aycock@cpsc.ucalgary.ca), the original
+ author of the driver. John has since retired from the project. Thanks
+ again for all his work!
+
+ Mailing list
+ ------------------------------
+ There is a mailing list available for users who want to track development
+ and converse with other users and developers. This list is for both
+ FreeBSD and Linux support of the AIC7xxx chipsets.
+
+ To subscribe to the AIC7xxx mailing list send mail to the list server,
+ with "subscribe AIC7xxx" in the body (no Subject: required):
+ To: majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG
+ ---
+ subscribe AIC7xxx
+
+ To unsubscribe from the list, send mail to the list server with:
+ To: majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG
+ ---
+ unsubscribe AIC7xxx
+
+ Send regular messages and replies to: AIC7xxx@FreeBSD.ORG
+
+ Boot Command line options
+ ------------------------------
+ "aic7xxx=no_reset" - Eliminate the SCSI bus reset during startup.
+ Some SCSI devices need the initial reset that this option disables
+ in order to work. If you have problems at bootup, please make sure
+ you aren't using this option.
+
+ "aic7xxx=reverse_scan" - Certain PCI motherboards scan for devices at
+ bootup by scanning from the highest numbered PCI device to the
+ lowest numbered PCI device, others do just the opposite and scan
+ from lowest to highest numbered PCI device. There is no reliable
+ way to autodetect this ordering. So, we default to the most common
+ order, which is lowest to highest. Then, in case your motherboard
+ scans from highest to lowest, we have this option. If your BIOS
+ finds the drives on controller A before controller B but the linux
+ kernel finds your drives on controller B before A, then you should
+ use this option.
+
+ "aic7xxx=extended" - Force the driver to detect extended drive translation
+ on your controller. This helps those people who have cards without
+ a SEEPROM make sure that linux and all other operating systems think
+ the same way about your hard drives.
+
+ "aic7xxx=scbram" - Some cards have external SCB RAM that can be used to
+ give the card more hardware SCB slots. This allows the driver to use
+ that SCB RAM. Without this option, the driver won't touch the SCB
+ RAM because it is known to cause problems on a few cards out there
+ (such as 3985 class cards).
+
+ "aic7xxx=irq_trigger:x" - Replace x with either 0 or 1 to force the kernel
+ to use the correct IRQ type for your card. This only applies to EISA
+ based controllers. On these controllers, 0 is for Edge triggered
+ interrupts, and 1 is for Level triggered interrupts. If you aren't
+ sure or don't know which IRQ trigger type your EISA card uses, then
+ let the kernel autodetect the trigger type.
+
+ "aic7xxx=verbose" - This option can be used in one of two ways. If you
+ simply specify aic7xxx=verbose, then the kernel will automatically
+ pick the default set of verbose messages for you to see.
+ Alternatively, you can specify the command as
+ "aic7xxx=verbose:0xXXXX" where the X entries are replaced with
+ hexadecimal digits. This option is a bit field type option. For
+ a full listing of the available options, search for the
+ #define VERBOSE_xxxxxx lines in the aic7xxx.c file. If you want
+ verbose messages, then it is recommended that you simply use the
+ aic7xxx=verbose variant of this command.
+
+ "aic7xxx=pci_parity:x" - This option controls whether or not the driver
+ enables PCI parity error checking on the PCI bus. By default, this
+ checking is disabled. To enable the checks, simply specify pci_parity
+ with no value afterwords. To reverse the parity from even to odd,
+ supply any number other than 0 or 255. In short:
+ pci_parity - Even parity checking (even is the normal PCI parity)
+ pci_parity:x - Where x > 0, Odd parity checking
+ pci_parity:0 - No check (default)
+ NOTE: In order to get Even PCI parity checking, you must use the
+ version of the option that does not include the : and a number at
+ the end (unless you want to enter exactly 2^32 - 1 as the number).
+
+ "aic7xxx=no_probe" - This option will disable the probing for any VLB
+ based 2842 controllers and any EISA based controllers. This is
+ needed on certain newer motherboards where the normal EISA I/O ranges
+ have been claimed by other PCI devices. Probing on those machines
+ will often result in the machine crashing or spontaneously rebooting
+ during startup. Examples of machines that need this are the
+ Dell PowerEdge 6300 machines.
+
+ "aic7xxx=seltime:2" - This option controls how long the card waits
+ during a device selection sequence for the device to respond.
+ The original SCSI spec says that this "should be" 256ms. This
+ is generally not required with modern devices. However, some
+ very old SCSI I devices need the full 256ms. Most modern devices
+ can run fine with only 64ms. The default for this option is
+ 64ms. If you need to change this option, then use the following
+ table to set the proper value in the example above:
+ 0 - 256ms
+ 1 - 128ms
+ 2 - 64ms
+ 3 - 32ms
+
+ "aic7xxx=panic_on_abort" - This option is for debugging and will cause
+ the driver to panic the linux kernel and freeze the system the first
+ time the drivers abort or reset routines are called. This is most
+ helpful when some problem causes infinite reset loops that scroll too
+ fast to see. By using this option, you can write down what the errors
+ actually are and send that information to me so it can be fixed.
+
+ "aic7xxx=dump_card" - This option will print out the *entire* set of
+ configuration registers on the card during the init sequence. This
+ is a debugging aid used to see exactly what state the card is in
+ when we finally finish our initialization routines. If you don't
+ have documentation on the chipsets, this will do you absolutely
+ no good unless you are simply trying to write all the information
+ down in order to send it to me.
+
+ "aic7xxx=dump_sequencer" - This is the same as the above options except
+ that instead of dumping the register contents on the card, this
+ option dumps the contents of the sequencer program RAM. This gives
+ the ability to verify that the instructions downloaded to the
+ card's sequencer are indeed what they are suppossed to be. Again,
+ unless you have documentation to tell you how to interpret these
+ numbers, then it is totally useless.
+
+ "aic7xxx=override_term:0xffffffff" - This option is used to force the
+ termination on your SCSI controllers to a particular setting. This
+ is a bit mask variable that applies for up to 8 aic7xxx SCSI channels.
+ Each channel gets 4 bits, divided as follows:
+ bit 3 2 1 0
+ | | | Enable/Disable Single Ended Low Byte Termination
+ | | En/Disable Single Ended High Byte Termination
+ | En/Disable Low Byte LVD Termination
+ En/Disable High Byte LVD Termination
+
+ The upper 2 bits that deal with LVD termination only apply to Ultra2
+ controllers. Futhermore, due to the current Ultra2 controller
+ designs, these bits are tied together such that setting either bit
+ enables both low and high byte LVD termination. It is not possible
+ to only set high or low byte LVD termination in this manner. This is
+ an artifact of the BIOS definition on Ultra2 controllers. For other
+ controllers, the only important bits are the two lowest bits. Setting
+ the higher bits on non-Ultra2 controllers has no effect. A few
+ examples of how to use this option:
+
+ Enable low and high byte termination on a non-ultra2 controller that
+ is the first aic7xxx controller (the correct bits are 0011),
+ aic7xxx=override_term:0x3
+
+ Enable all termination on the third aic7xxx controller, high byte
+ termination on the second aic7xxx controller, and low and high byte
+ SE termination on the first aic7xxx controller
+ (bits are 1111 0010 0011),
+ aic7xxx=override_term:0xf23
+
+ No attempt has been made to make this option non-cryptic. It really
+ shouldn't be used except in dire circumstances, and if that happens,
+ I'm probably going to be telling you what to set this to anyway :)
+
+ "aic7xxx=stpwlev:0xffffffff" - This option is used to control the STPWLEV
+ bit in the DEVCONFIG PCI register. Currently, this is one of the
+ very few registers that we have absolutely *no* way of detecting
+ what the variable should be. It depends entirely on how the chipset
+ and external terminators were coupled by the card/motherboard maker.
+ Further, a chip reset (at power up) always sets this bit to 0. If
+ there is no BIOS to run on the chipset/card (such as with a 2910C
+ or a motherboard controller with the BIOS totally disabled) then
+ the variable may not get set properly. Of course, if the proper
+ setting was 0, then that's what it would be after the reset, but if
+ the proper setting is actually 1.....you get the picture. Now, since
+ we can't detect this at all, I've added this option to force the
+ setting. If you have a BIOS on your controller then you should never
+ need to use this option. However, if you are having lots of SCSI
+ reset problems and can't seem to get them knocked out, this may help.
+
+ Here's a test to know for certain if you need this option. Make
+ a boot floppy that you can use to boot your computer up and that
+ will detect the aic7xxx controller. Next, power down your computer.
+ While it's down, unplug all SCSI cables from your Adaptec SCSI
+ controller. Boot the system back up to the Adaptec EZ-SCSI BIOS
+ and then make sure that termination is enabled on your adapter (if
+ you have an Adaptec BIOS of course). Next, boot up the floppy you
+ made and wait for it to detect the aic7xxx controller. If the kernel
+ finds the controller fine, says scsi : x hosts and then tries to
+ detect your devices like normal, up to the point where it fails to
+ mount your root file system and panics, then you're fine. If, on
+ the other hand, the system goes into an infinite reset loop, then
+ you need to use this option and/or the previous option to force the
+ proper termination settings on your controller. If this happens,
+ then you next need to figure out what your settings should be.
+
+ To find the correct settings, power your machine back down, connect
+ back up the SCSI cables, and boot back into your machine like normal.
+ However, boot with the aic7xxx=verbose:0x39 option. Record the
+ initial DEVCONFIG values for each of your aic7xxx controllers as
+ they are listed, and also record what the machine is detecting as
+ the proper termination on your controllers. NOTE: the order in
+ which the initial DEVCONFIG values are printed out is not gauranteed
+ to be the same order as the SCSI controllers are registered. The
+ above option and this option both work on the order of the SCSI
+ controllers as they are registered, so make sure you match the right
+ DEVCONFIG values with the right controllers if you have more than
+ one aic7xxx controller.
+
+ Once you have the detected termination settings and the initial
+ DEVCONFIG values for each controller, then figure out what the
+ termination on each of the controllers *should* be. Hopefully, that
+ part is correct, but it could possibly be wrong if there is
+ bogus cable detection logic on your controller or something similar.
+ If all the controllers have the correct termination settings, then
+ don't set the aic7xxx=override_term variable at all, leave it alone.
+ Next, on any controllers that go into an infinite reset loop when
+ you unplug all the SCSI cables, get the starting DEVCONFIG value.
+ If the initial DEVCONFIG value is divisible by 2, then the correct
+ setting for that controller is 0. If it's an odd number, then
+ the correct setting for that controller is 1. For any other
+ controllers that didn't have an infinite reset problem, then reverse
+ the above options. If DEVCONFIG was even, then the correct setting
+ is 1, if not then the correct setting is 0.
+
+ Now that you know what the correct setting was for each controller,
+ we need to encode that into the aic7xxx=stpwlev:0x... variable.
+ This variable is a bit field encoded variable. Bit 0 is for the first
+ aic7xxx controller, bit 1 for the next, etc. Put all these bits
+ together and you get a number. For example, if the third aic7xxx
+ needed a 1, but the second and first both needed a 0, then the bits
+ would be 100 in binary. This then translates to 0x04. You would
+ therefore set aic7xxx=stpwlev:0x04. This is fairly standard binary
+ to hexadecimal conversions here. If you aren't up to speed on the
+ binary->hex conversion then send an email to the aic7xxx mailing
+ list and someone can help you out.
+
+ "aic7xxx=tag_info:{{8,8..},{8,8..},..}" - This option is used to disable
+ or enable Tagged Command Queueing (TCQ) on specific devices. As of
+ driver version 5.1.11, TCQ is now either on or off by default
+ according to the setting you choose during the make config process.
+ In order to en/disable TCQ for certian devices at boot time, a user
+ may use this boot param. The driver will then parse this message out
+ and en/disable the specific device entries that are present based upon
+ the value given. The param line is parsed in the following manner:
+
+ { - first instance indicates the start of this parameter values
+ second instance is the start of entries for a particular
+ device entry
+ } - end the entries for a particular host adapter, or end the entire
+ set of parameter entries
+ , - move to next entry. Inside of a set of device entries, this
+ moves us to the next device on the list. Outside of device
+ entries, this moves us to the next host adapter
+ . - Same effect as , but is safe to use with insmod.
+ x - the number to enter into the array at this position.
+ 0 = Enable tagged queueing on this device and use the default
+ queue depth
+ 1-254 = Enable tagged queueing on this device and use this
+ number as the queue depth
+ 255 = Disable tagged queueing on this device.
+ Note: anything above 32 for an actual queue depth is wasteful
+ and not recommended.
+
+ A few examples of how this can be used:
+
+ tag_info:{{8,12,,0,,255,4}}
+ This line will only effect the first aic7xxx card registered. It
+ will set scsi id 0 to a queue depth of 8, id 1 to 12, leave id 2
+ at the default, set id 3 to tagged queueing enabled and use the
+ default queue depth, id 4 default, id 5 disabled, and id 6 to 4.
+ Any not specified entries stay at the default value, repeated
+ commas with no value specified will simply increment to the next id
+ without changing anything for the missing values.
+
+ tag_info:{,,,{,,,255}}
+ First, second, and third adapters at default values. Fourth
+ adapter, id 3 is disabled. Notice that leading commas simply
+ increment what the first number effects, and there are no need
+ for trailing commas. When you close out an adapter, or the
+ entire entry, anything not explicitly set stays at the default
+ value.
+
+ A final note on this option. The scanner I used for this isn't
+ perfect or highly robust. If you mess the line up, the worst that
+ should happen is that the line will get ignored. If you don't
+ close out the entire entry with the final bracket, then any other
+ aic7xxx options after this will get ignored. So, in general, be
+ sure of what you are entering, and after you have it right, just
+ add it to the lilo.conf file so there won't be any mistakes. As
+ a means of checking this parser, the entire tag_info array for
+ each card is now printed out in the /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/x file. You
+ can use that to verify that your options were parsed correctly.
+
+ Boot command line options may be combined to form the proper set of options
+ a user might need. For example, the following is valid:
+
+ aic7xxx=verbose,extended,irq_trigger:1
+
+ The only requirement is that individual options be separated by a comma or
+ a period on the command line.
+
+ Module Loading command options
+ ------------------------------
+ When loading the aic7xxx driver as a module, the exact same options are
+ available to the user. However, the syntax to specify the options changes
+ slightly. For insmod, you need to wrap the aic7xxx= argument in quotes
+ and replace all ',' with '.'. So, for example, a valid insmod line
+ would be:
+
+ insmod aic7xxx aic7xxx='verbose.irq_trigger:1.extended'
+
+ This line should result in the *exact* same behaviour as if you typed
+ it in at the lilo prompt and the driver was compiled into the kernel
+ instead of being a module. The reason for the single quote is so that
+ the shell won't try to interpret anything in the line, such as {.
+ Insmod assumes any options starting with a letter instead of a number
+ is a character string (which is what we want) and by switching all of
+ the commas to periods, insmod won't interpret this as more than one
+ string and write junk into our binary image. I consider it a bug in
+ the insmod program that even if you wrap your string in quotes (quotes
+ that pass the shell mind you and that insmod sees) it still treates
+ a comma inside of those quotes as starting a new variable, resulting
+ in memory scribbles if you don't switch the commas to periods.
+
+
+ Kernel Compile options
+ ------------------------------
+ The various kernel compile time options for this driver are now fairly
+ well documented in the file Documentation/Configure.help. In order to
+ see this documentation, you need to use one of the advanced configuration
+ programs (menuconfig and xconfig). If you are using the "make menuconfig"
+ method of configuring your kernel, then you would simply highlight the
+ option in question and hit the ? key. If you are using the "make xconfig"
+ method of configuring your kernel, then simply click on the help button
+ next to the option you have questions about. The help information from
+ the Configure.help file will then get automatically displayed.
+
+ /proc support
+ ------------------------------
+ The /proc support for the AIC7xxx can be found in the /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/
+ directory. That directory contains a file for each SCSI controller in
+ the system. Each file presents the current configuration and transfer
+ statistics (enabled with #define in aic7xxx.c) for each controller.
+
+ Thanks to Michael Neuffer for his upper-level SCSI help, and
+ Matthew Jacob for statistics support.
+
+ Debugging the driver
+ ------------------------------
+ Should you have problems with this driver, and would like some help in
+ getting them solved, there are a couple debugging items built into
+ the driver to facilitate getting the needed information from the system.
+ In general, I need a complete description of the problem, with as many
+ logs as possible concerning what happens. To help with this, there is
+ a command option aic7xxx=panic_on_abort. This option, when set, forces
+ the driver to panic the kernel on the first SCSI abort issued by the
+ mid level SCSI code. If your system is going to reset loops and you
+ can't read the screen, then this is what you need. Not only will it
+ stop the system, but it also prints out a large amount of state
+ information in the process. Second, if you specify the option
+ "aic7xxx=verbose:0x1ffff", the system will print out *SOOOO* much
+ information as it runs that you won't be able to see anything.
+ However, this can actually be very useful if your machine simply
+ locks up when trying to boot, since it will pin-point what was last
+ happening (in regards to the aic7xxx driver) immediately prior to
+ the lockup. This is really only useful if your machine simply can
+ not boot up successfully. If you can get your machine to run, then
+ this will produce far too much information.
+
+ FTP sites
+ ------------------------------
+ ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/aic/
+ - Out of date. I used to keep stuff here, but too many people
+ complained about having a hard time getting into Red Hat's ftp
+ server. So use the web site below instead.
+ ftp://ftp.pcnet.com/users/eischen/Linux/
+ - Dan Eischen's driver distribution area
+ ftp://ekf2.vsb.cz/pub/linux/kernel/aic7xxx/ftp.teleport.com/
+ - European Linux mirror of Teleport site
+
+ Web sites
+ ------------------------------
+ http://people.redhat.com/dledford/
+ - My web site, also the primary aic7xxx site with several related
+ pages.
+
+Dean W. Gehnert
+deang@teleport.com
+
+$Revision: 3.0 $
+
+Modified by Doug Ledford 1998-2000
+
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/cpqfc.txt b/Documentation/scsi/cpqfc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd33e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/cpqfc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+Notes for CPQFCTS driver for Compaq Tachyon TS
+Fibre Channel Host Bus Adapter, PCI 64-bit, 66MHz
+for Linux (RH 6.1, 6.2 kernel 2.2.12-32, 2.2.14-5)
+SMP tested
+Tested in single and dual HBA configuration, 32 and 64bit busses,
+33 and 66MHz. Only supports FC-AL.
+SEST size 512 Exchanges (simultaneous I/Os) limited by module kmalloc()
+ max of 128k bytes contiguous.
+
+Ver 2.5.4 Oct 03, 2002
+ * fixed memcpy of sense buffer in ioctl to copy the smaller defined size
+Ver 2.5.3 Aug 01, 2002
+ * fix the passthru ioctl to handle the Scsi_Cmnd->request being a pointer
+Ver 2.5.1 Jul 30, 2002
+ * fix ioctl to pay attention to the specified LUN.
+Ver 2.5.0 Nov 29, 2001
+ * eliminated io_request_lock. This change makes the driver specific
+ to the 2.5.x kernels.
+ * silenced excessively noisy printks.
+
+Ver 2.1.2 July 23, 2002
+ * initialize DumCmnd->lun in cpqfcTS_ioctl (used in fcFindLoggedInPorts as LUN index)
+
+Ver 2.1.1 Oct 18, 2001
+ * reinitialize Cmnd->SCp.sent_command (used to identify commands as
+ passthrus) on calling scsi_done, since the scsi mid layer does not
+ use (or reinitialize) this field to prevent subsequent comands from
+ having it set incorrectly.
+
+Ver 2.1.0 Aug 27, 2001
+ * Revise driver to use new kernel 2.4.x PCI DMA API, instead of
+ virt_to_bus(). (enables driver to work w/ ia64 systems with >2Gb RAM.)
+ Rework main scatter-gather code to handle cases where SG element
+ lengths are larger than 0x7FFFF bytes and use as many scatter
+ gather pages as necessary. (Steve Cameron)
+ * Makefile changes to bring cpqfc into line w/ rest of SCSI drivers
+ (thanks to Keith Owens)
+
+Ver 2.0.5 Aug 06, 2001
+ * Reject non-existent luns in the driver rather than letting the
+ hardware do it. (some HW behaves differently than others in this area.)
+ * Changed Makefile to rely on "make dep" instead of explicit dependencies
+ * ifdef'ed out fibre channel analyzer triggering debug code
+ * fixed a jiffies wrapping issue
+
+Ver 2.0.4 Aug 01, 2001
+ * Incorporated fix for target device reset from Steeleye
+ * Fixed passthrough ioctl so it doesn't hang.
+ * Fixed hang in launch_FCworker_thread() that occurred on some machines.
+ * Avoid problem when number of volumes in a single cabinet > 8
+
+Ver 2.0.2 July 23, 2001
+ Changed the semiphore changes so the driver would compile in 2.4.7.
+ This version is for 2.4.7 and beyond.
+
+Ver 2.0.1 May 7, 2001
+ Merged version 1.3.6 fixes into version 2.0.0.
+
+Ver 2.0.0 May 7, 2001
+ Fixed problem so spinlock is being initialized to UNLOCKED.
+ Fixed updated driver so it compiles in the 2.4 tree.
+
+ Ver 1.3.6 Feb 27, 2001
+ Added Target_Device_Reset function for SCSI error handling
+ Fixed problem with not reseting addressing mode after implicit logout
+
+
+Ver 1.3.4 Sep 7, 2000
+ Added Modinfo information
+ Fixed problem with statically linking the driver
+
+Ver 1.3.3, Aug 23, 2000
+ Fixed device/function number in ioctl
+
+Ver 1.3.2, July 27, 2000
+ Add include for Alpha compile on 2.2.14 kernel (cpq*i2c.c)
+ Change logic for different FCP-RSP sense_buffer location for HSG80 target
+ And search for Agilent Tachyon XL2 HBAs (not finished! - in test)
+
+Tested with
+(storage):
+ Compaq RA-4x000, RAID firmware ver 2.40 - 2.54
+ Seagate FC drives model ST39102FC, rev 0006
+ Hitachi DK31CJ-72FC rev J8A8
+ IBM DDYF-T18350R rev F60K
+ Compaq FC-SCSI bridge w/ DLT 35/70 Gb DLT (tape)
+(servers):
+ Compaq PL-1850R
+ Compaq PL-6500 Xeon (400MHz)
+ Compaq PL-8500 (500MHz, 66MHz, 64bit PCI)
+ Compaq Alpha DS20 (RH 6.1)
+(hubs):
+ Vixel Rapport 1000 (7-port "dumb")
+ Gadzoox Gibralter (12-port "dumb")
+ Gadzoox Capellix 2000, 3000
+(switches):
+ Brocade 2010, 2400, 2800, rev 2.0.3a (& later)
+ Gadzoox 3210 (Fabric blade beta)
+ Vixel 7100 (Fabric beta firmare - known hot plug issues)
+using "qa_test" (esp. io_test script) suite modified from Unix tests.
+
+Installation:
+make menuconfig
+ (select SCSI low-level, Compaq FC HBA)
+make modules
+make modules_install
+
+e.g. insmod -f cpqfc
+
+Due to Fabric/switch delays, driver requires 4 seconds
+to initialize. If adapters are found, there will be a entries at
+/proc/scsi/cpqfcTS/*
+
+sample contents of startup messages
+
+*************************
+ scsi_register allocating 3596 bytes for CPQFCHBA
+ ioremap'd Membase: c887e600
+ HBA Tachyon RevId 1.2
+Allocating 119808 for 576 Exchanges @ c0dc0000
+Allocating 112904 for LinkQ @ c0c20000 (576 elements)
+Allocating 110600 for TachSEST for 512 Exchanges
+ cpqfcTS: writing IMQ BASE 7C0000h PI 7C4000h
+ cpqfcTS: SEST c0e40000(virt): Wrote base E40000h @ c887e740
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 0000E8h WWN: 500507650642499D SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/0
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 0000EFh WWN: 50000E100000D5A6 SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/1
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 0000E4h WWN: 21000020370097BB SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/2
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 0000E2h WWN: 2100002037009946 SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/3
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 0000E1h WWN: 21000020370098FE SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/4
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 0000E0h WWN: 21000020370097B2 SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/5
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 0000DCh WWN: 2100002037006CC1 SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/6
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 0000DAh WWN: 21000020370059F6 SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/7
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 00000Fh WWN: 500805F1FADB0E20 SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/8
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 000008h WWN: 500805F1FADB0EBA SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/9
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 000004h WWN: 500805F1FADB1EB9 SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/10
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 000002h WWN: 500805F1FADB1ADE SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/11
+cpqfcTS: New FC port 000001h WWN: 500805F1FADBA2CA SCSI Chan/Trgt 0/12
+scsi4 : Compaq FibreChannel HBA Tachyon TS HPFC-5166A/1.2: WWN 500508B200193F50
+ on PCI bus 0 device 0xa0fc irq 5 IObaseL 0x3400, MEMBASE 0xc6ef8600
+PCI bus width 32 bits, bus speed 33 MHz
+FCP-SCSI Driver v1.3.0
+GBIC detected: Short-wave. LPSM 0h Monitor
+scsi : 5 hosts.
+ Vendor: IBM Model: DDYF-T18350R Rev: F60K
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
+Detected scsi disk sdb at scsi4, channel 0, id 0, lun 0
+ Vendor: HITACHI Model: DK31CJ-72FC Rev: J8A8
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdc at scsi4, channel 0, id 1, lun 0
+ Vendor: SEAGATE Model: ST39102FC Rev: 0006
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdd at scsi4, channel 0, id 2, lun 0
+ Vendor: SEAGATE Model: ST39102FC Rev: 0006
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sde at scsi4, channel 0, id 3, lun 0
+ Vendor: SEAGATE Model: ST39102FC Rev: 0006
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdf at scsi4, channel 0, id 4, lun 0
+ Vendor: SEAGATE Model: ST39102FC Rev: 0006
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdg at scsi4, channel 0, id 5, lun 0
+ Vendor: SEAGATE Model: ST39102FC Rev: 0006
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdh at scsi4, channel 0, id 6, lun 0
+ Vendor: SEAGATE Model: ST39102FC Rev: 0006
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdi at scsi4, channel 0, id 7, lun 0
+ Vendor: COMPAQ Model: LOGICAL VOLUME Rev: 2.48
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdj at scsi4, channel 0, id 8, lun 0
+ Vendor: COMPAQ Model: LOGICAL VOLUME Rev: 2.48
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdk at scsi4, channel 0, id 8, lun 1
+ Vendor: COMPAQ Model: LOGICAL VOLUME Rev: 2.40
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdl at scsi4, channel 0, id 9, lun 0
+ Vendor: COMPAQ Model: LOGICAL VOLUME Rev: 2.40
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdm at scsi4, channel 0, id 9, lun 1
+ Vendor: COMPAQ Model: LOGICAL VOLUME Rev: 2.54
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdn at scsi4, channel 0, id 10, lun 0
+ Vendor: COMPAQ Model: LOGICAL VOLUME Rev: 2.54
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdo at scsi4, channel 0, id 11, lun 0
+ Vendor: COMPAQ Model: LOGICAL VOLUME Rev: 2.54
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdp at scsi4, channel 0, id 11, lun 1
+ Vendor: COMPAQ Model: LOGICAL VOLUME Rev: 2.54
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdq at scsi4, channel 0, id 12, lun 0
+ Vendor: COMPAQ Model: LOGICAL VOLUME Rev: 2.54
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Detected scsi disk sdr at scsi4, channel 0, id 12, lun 1
+resize_dma_pool: unknown device type 12
+resize_dma_pool: unknown device type 12
+SCSI device sdb: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 35843670 [17501 MB] [17.5 GB]
+ sdb: sdb1
+SCSI device sdc: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 144410880 [70513 MB] [70.5 GB]
+ sdc: sdc1
+SCSI device sdd: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17783240 [8683 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sdd: sdd1
+SCSI device sde: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17783240 [8683 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sde: sde1
+SCSI device sdf: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17783240 [8683 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sdf: sdf1
+SCSI device sdg: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17783240 [8683 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sdg: sdg1
+SCSI device sdh: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17783240 [8683 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sdh: sdh1
+SCSI device sdi: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17783240 [8683 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sdi: sdi1
+SCSI device sdj: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 2056160 [1003 MB] [1.0 GB]
+ sdj: sdj1
+SCSI device sdk: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 2052736 [1002 MB] [1.0 GB]
+ sdk: sdk1
+SCSI device sdl: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17764320 [8673 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sdl: sdl1
+SCSI device sdm: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 8380320 [4091 MB] [4.1 GB]
+ sdm: sdm1
+SCSI device sdn: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17764320 [8673 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sdn: sdn1
+SCSI device sdo: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17764320 [8673 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sdo: sdo1
+SCSI device sdp: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 17764320 [8673 MB] [8.7 GB]
+ sdp: sdp1
+SCSI device sdq: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 2056160 [1003 MB] [1.0 GB]
+ sdq: sdq1
+SCSI device sdr: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 2052736 [1002 MB] [1.0 GB]
+ sdr: sdr1
+
+*************************
+
+If a GBIC of type Short-wave, Long-wave, or Copper is detected, it will
+print out; otherwise, "none" is displayed. If the cabling is correct
+and a loop circuit is completed, you should see "Monitor"; otherwise,
+"LoopFail" (on open circuit) or some LPSM number/state with bit 3 set.
+
+
+ERRATA:
+1. Normally, Linux Scsi queries FC devices with INQUIRY strings. All LUNs
+found according to INQUIRY should get READ commands at sector 0 to find
+partition table, etc. Older kernels only query the first 4 devices. Some
+Linux kernels only look for one LUN per target (i.e. FC device).
+
+2. Physically removing a device, or a malfunctioning system which hides a
+device, leads to a 30-second timeout and subsequent _abort call.
+In some process contexts, this will hang the kernel (crashing the system).
+Single bit errors in frames and virtually all hot plugging events are
+gracefully handled with internal driver timer and Abort processing.
+
+3. Some SCSI drives with error conditions will not handle the 7 second timeout
+in this software driver, leading to infinite retries on timed out SCSI commands.
+The 7 secs balances the need to quickly recover from lost frames (esp. on sequence
+initiatives) and time needed by older/slower/error-state drives in responding.
+This can be easily changed in "Exchanges[].timeOut".
+
+4. Due to the nature of FC soft addressing, there is no assurance that the
+same LUNs (drives) will have the same path (e.g. /dev/sdb1) from one boot to
+next. Dynamic soft address changes (i.e. 24-bit FC port_id) are
+supported during run time (e.g. due to hot plug event) by the use of WWN to
+SCSI Nexus (channel/target/LUN) mapping.
+
+5. Compaq RA4x00 firmware version 2.54 and later supports SSP (Selective
+Storage Presentation), which maps LUNs to a WWN. If RA4x00 firmware prior
+2.54 (e.g. older controller) is used, or the FC HBA is replaced (another WWN
+is used), logical volumes on the RA4x00 will no longer be visible.
+
+
+Send questions/comments to:
+Amy Vanzant-Hodge (fibrechannel@compaq.com)
+
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/dc395x.txt b/Documentation/scsi/dc395x.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae3b79a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/dc395x.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+README file for the dc395x SCSI driver
+==========================================
+
+Status
+------
+The driver has been tested with CD-R and CD-R/W drives. These should
+be safe to use. Testing with hard disks has not been done to any
+great degree and caution should be exercised if you want to attempt
+to use this driver with hard disks.
+
+This is a 2.5 only driver. For a 2.4 driver please see the original
+driver (which this driver started from) at
+http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/dc395/
+
+Problems, questions and patches should be submitted to the mailing
+list. Details on the list, including archives, are available at
+http://lists.twibble.org/mailman/listinfo/dc395x/
+
+Parameters
+----------
+The driver uses the settings from the EEPROM set in the SCSI BIOS
+setup. If there is no EEPROM, the driver uses default values.
+Both can be overriden by command line parameters (module or kernel
+parameters).
+
+The following parameters are available:
+
+ - safe
+ Default: 0, Acceptable values: 0 or 1
+
+ If safe is set to 1 then the adapter will use conservative
+ ("safe") default settings. This sets:
+
+ shortcut for dc395x=7,4,9,15,2,10
+
+ - adapter_id
+ Default: 7, Acceptable values: 0 to 15
+
+ Sets the host adapter SCSI ID.
+
+ - max_speed
+ Default: 1, Acceptable value: 0 to 7
+ 0 = 20 Mhz
+ 1 = 12.2 Mhz
+ 2 = 10 Mhz
+ 3 = 8 Mhz
+ 4 = 6.7 Mhz
+ 5 = 5.8 Hhz
+ 6 = 5 Mhz
+ 7 = 4 Mhz
+
+ - dev_mode
+ Bitmap for device configuration
+
+ DevMode bit definition:
+ Bit Val(hex) Val(dec) Meaning
+ *0 0x01 1 Parity check
+ *1 0x02 2 Synchronous Negotiation
+ *2 0x04 4 Disconnection
+ *3 0x08 8 Send Start command on startup. (Not used)
+ *4 0x10 16 Tagged Command Queueing
+ *5 0x20 32 Wide Negotiation
+
+ - adapter_mode
+ Bitmap for adapter configuration
+
+ AdaptMode bit definition
+ Bit Val(hex) Val(dec) Meaning
+ *0 0x01 1 Support more than two drives. (Not used)
+ *1 0x02 2 Use DOS compatible mapping for HDs greater than 1GB.
+ *2 0x04 4 Reset SCSI Bus on startup.
+ *3 0x08 8 Active Negation: Improves SCSI Bus noise immunity.
+ 4 0x10 16 Immediate return on BIOS seek command. (Not used)
+ (*)5 0x20 32 Check for LUNs >= 1.
+
+ - tags
+ Default: 3, Acceptable values: 0-5
+
+ The number of tags is 1<<x, if x has been specified
+
+ - reset_delay
+ Default: 1, Acceptable values: 0-180
+
+ The seconds to not accept commands after a SCSI Reset
+
+
+For the built in driver the parameters should be prefixed with
+dc395x. (eg "dc395x.safe=1")
+
+
+Copyright
+---------
+The driver is free software. It is protected by the GNU General Public
+License (GPL). Please read it, before using this driver. It should be
+included in your kernel sources and with your distribution. It carries the
+filename COPYING. If you don't have it, please ask me to send you one by
+email.
+Note: The GNU GPL says also something about warranty and liability.
+Please be aware the following: While we do my best to provide a working and
+reliable driver, there is a chance, that it will kill your valuable data.
+We refuse to take any responsibility for that. The driver is provided as-is
+and YOU USE IT AT YOUR OWN RESPONSIBILITY.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/dpti.txt b/Documentation/scsi/dpti.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e45e70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/dpti.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+ /* TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source form, with or without modification, are
+ * permitted provided that redistributions of source code must retain the
+ * above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * This software is provided `as is' by Adaptec and
+ * any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the
+ * implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose,
+ * are disclaimed. In no event shall Adaptec be
+ * liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary or
+ * consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of
+ * substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business
+ * interruptions) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in
+ * contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise)
+ * arising in any way out of the use of this driver software, even if advised
+ * of the possibility of such damage.
+ *
+ ****************************************************************
+ * This driver supports the Adaptec I2O RAID and DPT SmartRAID V I2O boards.
+ *
+ * CREDITS:
+ * The original linux driver was ported to Linux by Karen White while at
+ * Dell Computer. It was ported from Bob Pasteur's (of DPT) original
+ * non-Linux driver. Mark Salyzyn and Bob Pasteur consulted on the original
+ * driver.
+ *
+ * 2.0 version of the driver by Deanna Bonds and Mark Salyzyn.
+ *
+ * HISTORY:
+ * The driver was originally ported to linux version 2.0.34
+ *
+ * V2.0 Rewrite of driver. Re-architectured based on i2o subsystem.
+ * This was the first full GPL version since the last version used
+ * i2osig headers which were not GPL. Developer Testing version.
+ * V2.1 Internal testing
+ * V2.2 First released version
+ *
+ * V2.3
+ * Changes:
+ * Added Raptor Support
+ * Fixed bug causing system to hang under extreme load with
+ * management utilities running (removed GFP_DMA from kmalloc flags)
+ *
+ *
+ * V2.4 First version ready to be submitted to be embedded in the kernel
+ * Changes:
+ * Implemented suggestions from Alan Cox
+ * Added calculation of resid for sg layer
+ * Better error handling
+ * Added checking underflow condtions
+ * Added DATAPROTECT checking
+ * Changed error return codes
+ * Fixed pointer bug in bus reset routine
+ * Enabled hba reset from ioctls (allows a FW flash to reboot and use the new
+ * FW without having to reboot)
+ * Changed proc output
+ *
+ * TODO:
+ * Add 64 bit Scatter Gather when compiled on 64 bit architectures
+ * Add sparse lun scanning
+ * Add code that checks if a device that had been taken offline is
+ * now online (at the FW level) when test unit ready or inquiry
+ * command from scsi-core
+ * Add proc read interface
+ * busrescan command
+ * rescan command
+ * Add code to rescan routine that notifies scsi-core about new devices
+ * Add support for C-PCI (hotplug stuff)
+ * Add ioctl passthru error recovery
+ *
+ * NOTES:
+ * The DPT card optimizes the order of processing commands. Consequently,
+ * a command may take up to 6 minutes to complete after it has been sent
+ * to the board.
+ *
+ * The files dpti_ioctl.h dptsig.h osd_defs.h osd_util.h sys_info.h are part of the
+ * interface files for Adaptec's management routines. These define the structures used
+ * in the ioctls. They are written to be portable. They are hard to read, but I need
+ * to use them 'as is' or I can miss changes in the interface.
+ *
+ */
+
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/dtc3x80.txt b/Documentation/scsi/dtc3x80.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8ae623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/dtc3x80.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+README file for the Linux DTC3180/3280 scsi driver.
+by Ray Van Tassle (rayvt@comm.mot.com) March 1996
+Based on the generic & core NCR5380 code by Drew Eckhard
+
+SCSI device driver for the DTC 3180/3280.
+Data Technology Corp---a division of Qume.
+
+The 3280 has a standard floppy interface.
+
+The 3180 does not. Otherwise, they are identical.
+
+The DTC3x80 does not support DMA but it does have Pseudo-DMA which is
+supported by the driver.
+
+It's DTC406 scsi chip is supposedly compatible with the NCR 53C400.
+It is memory mapped, uses an IRQ, but no dma or io-port. There is
+internal DMA, between SCSI bus and an on-chip 128-byte buffer. Double
+buffering is done automagically by the chip. Data is transferred
+between the on-chip buffer and CPU/RAM via memory moves.
+
+The driver detects the possible memory addresses (jumper selectable):
+ CC00, DC00, C800, and D800
+The possible IRQ's (jumper selectable) are:
+ IRQ 10, 11, 12, 15
+Parity is supported by the chip, but not by this driver.
+Information can be obtained from /proc/scsi/dtc3c80/N.
+
+Note on interrupts:
+
+The documentation says that it can be set to interrupt whenever the
+on-chip buffer needs CPU attention. I couldn't get this to work. So
+the driver polls for data-ready in the pseudo-DMA transfer routine.
+The interrupt support routines in the NCR3280.c core modules handle
+scsi disconnect/reconnect, and this (mostly) works. However..... I
+have tested it with 4 totally different hard drives (both SCSI-1 and
+SCSI-2), and one CDROM drive. Interrupts works great for all but one
+specific hard drive. For this one, the driver will eventually hang in
+the transfer state. I have tested with: "dd bs=4k count=2k
+of=/dev/null if=/dev/sdb". It reads ok for a while, then hangs.
+After beating my head against this for a couple of weeks, getting
+nowhere, I give up. So.....This driver does NOT use interrupts, even
+if you have the card jumpered to an IRQ. Probably nobody will ever
+care.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/g_NCR5380.txt b/Documentation/scsi/g_NCR5380.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b80f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/g_NCR5380.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+README file for the Linux g_NCR5380 driver.
+
+(c) 1993 Drew Eckhard
+NCR53c400 extensions (c) 1994,1995,1996 Kevin Lentin
+
+This file documents the NCR53c400 extensions by Kevin Lentin and some
+enhancements to the NCR5380 core.
+
+This driver supports both NCR5380 and NCR53c400 cards in port or memory
+mapped modes. Currently this driver can only support one of those mapping
+modes at a time but it does support both of these chips at the same time.
+The next release of this driver will support port & memory mapped cards at
+the same time. It should be able to handle multiple different cards in the
+same machine.
+
+The drivers/scsi/Makefile has an override in it for the most common
+NCR53c400 card, the Trantor T130B in its default configuration:
+ Port: 0x350
+ IRQ : 5
+
+The NCR53c400 does not support DMA but it does have Pseudo-DMA which is
+supported by the driver.
+
+If the default configuration does not work for you, you can use the kernel
+command lines (eg using the lilo append command):
+ ncr5380=port,irq,dma
+ ncr53c400=port,irq
+or
+ ncr5380=base,irq,dma
+ ncr53c400=base,irq
+
+The driver does not probe for any addresses or ports other than those in
+the OVERRIDE or given to the kernel as above.
+
+This driver provides some information on what it has detected in
+/proc/scsi/g_NCR5380/x where x is the scsi card number as detected at boot
+time. More info to come in the future.
+
+When NCR53c400 support is compiled in, BIOS parameters will be returned by
+the driver (the raw 5380 driver does not and I don't plan to fiddle with
+it!).
+
+This driver works as a module.
+When included as a module, parameters can be passed on the insmod/modprobe
+command line:
+ ncr_irq=xx the interrupt
+ ncr_addr=xx the port or base address (for port or memory
+ mapped, resp.)
+ ncr_dma=xx the DMA
+ ncr_5380=1 to set up for a NCR5380 board
+ ncr_53c400=1 to set up for a NCR53C400 board
+e.g.
+modprobe g_NCR5380 ncr_irq=5 ncr_addr=0x350 ncr_5380=1
+ for a port mapped NCR5380 board or
+modprobe g_NCR5380 ncr_irq=255 ncr_addr=0xc8000 ncr_53c400=1
+ for a memory mapped NCR53C400 board with interrupts disabled.
+
+(255 should be specified for no or DMA interrupt, 254 to autoprobe for an
+ IRQ line if overridden on the command line.)
+
+
+Kevin Lentin
+K.Lentin@cs.monash.edu.au
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ibmmca.txt b/Documentation/scsi/ibmmca.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2814491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ibmmca.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1402 @@
+
+ -=< The IBM Microchannel SCSI-Subsystem >=-
+
+ for the IBM PS/2 series
+
+ Low Level Software-Driver for Linux
+
+ Copyright (c) 1995 Strom Systems, Inc. under the terms of the GNU
+ General Public License. Originally written by Martin Kolinek, December 1995.
+ Officially modified and maintained by Michael Lang since January 1999.
+
+ Version 4.0a
+
+ Last update: January 3, 2001
+
+ Before you Start
+ ----------------
+ This is the common README.ibmmca file for all driver releases of the
+ IBM MCA SCSI driver for Linux. Please note, that driver releases 4.0
+ or newer do not work with kernel versions older than 2.4.0, while driver
+ versions older than 4.0 do not work with kernels 2.4.0 or later! If you
+ try to compile your kernel with the wrong driver source, the
+ compilation is aborted and you get a corresponding error message. This is
+ no bug in the driver. It prevents you from using the wrong sourcecode
+ with the wrong kernel version.
+
+ Authors of this Driver
+ ----------------------
+ - Chris Beauregard (improvement of the SCSI-device mapping by the driver)
+ - Martin Kolinek (origin, first release of this driver)
+ - Klaus Kudielka (multiple SCSI-host management/detection, adaption to
+ Linux Kernel 2.1.x, module support)
+ - Michael Lang (assigning original pun/lun mapping, dynamical ldn
+ assignment, rewritten adapter detection, this file,
+ patches, official driver maintenance and subsequent
+ debugging, related with the driver)
+
+ Table of Contents
+ -----------------
+ 1 Abstract
+ 2 Driver Description
+ 2.1 IBM SCSI-Subsystem Detection
+ 2.2 Physical Units, Logical Units, and Logical Devices
+ 2.3 SCSI-Device Recognition and dynamical ldn Assignment
+ 2.4 SCSI-Device Order
+ 2.5 Regular SCSI-Command-Processing
+ 2.6 Abort & Reset Commands
+ 2.7 Disk Geometry
+ 2.8 Kernel Boot Option
+ 2.9 Driver Module Support
+ 2.10 Multiple Hostadapter Support
+ 2.11 /proc/scsi-Filesystem Information
+ 2.12 /proc/mca-Filesystem Information
+ 2.13 Supported IBM SCSI-Subsystems
+ 2.14 Linux Kernel Versions
+ 3 Code History
+ 4 To do
+ 5 Users' Manual
+ 5.1 Commandline Parameters
+ 5.2 Troubleshooting
+ 5.3 Bugreports
+ 5.4 Support WWW-page
+ 6 References
+ 7 Credits to
+ 7.1 People
+ 7.2 Sponsors & Supporters
+ 8 Trademarks
+ 9 Disclaimer
+
+ * * *
+
+ 1 Abstract
+ ----------
+ This README-file describes the IBM SCSI-subsystem low level driver for
+ Linux. The descriptions which were formerly kept in the source-code have
+ been taken out to this file to easify the codes' readability. The driver
+ description has been updated, as most of the former description was already
+ quite outdated. The history of the driver development is also kept inside
+ here. Multiple historical developments have been summarized to shorten the
+ textsize a bit. At the end of this file you can find a small manual for
+ this driver and hints to get it running on your machine.
+
+ 2 Driver Description
+ --------------------
+ 2.1 IBM SCSI-Subsystem Detection
+ --------------------------------
+ This is done in the ibmmca_detect() function. It first checks, if the
+ Microchannel-bus support is enabled, as the IBM SCSI-subsystem needs the
+ Microchannel. In a next step, a free interrupt is chosen and the main
+ interrupt handler is connected to it to handle answers of the SCSI-
+ subsystem(s). If the F/W SCSI-adapter is forced by the BIOS to use IRQ11
+ instead of IRQ14, IRQ11 is used for the IBM SCSI-2 F/W adapter. In a
+ further step it is checked, if the adapter gets detected by force from
+ the kernel commandline, where the I/O port and the SCSI-subsystem id can
+ be specified. The next step checks if there is an integrated SCSI-subsystem
+ installed. This register area is fixed through all IBM PS/2 MCA-machines
+ and appears as something like a virtual slot 10 of the MCA-bus. On most
+ PS/2 machines, the POS registers of slot 10 are set to 0xff or 0x00 if not
+ integrated SCSI-controller is available. But on certain PS/2s, like model
+ 9595, this slot 10 is used to store other information which at earlier
+ stage confused the driver and resulted in the detection of some ghost-SCSI.
+ If POS-register 2 and 3 are not 0x00 and not 0xff, but all other POS
+ registers are either 0xff or 0x00, there must be an integrated SCSI-
+ subsystem present and it will be registered as IBM Integrated SCSI-
+ Subsystem. The next step checks, if there is a slot-adapter installed on
+ the MCA-bus. To get this, the first two POS-registers, that represent the
+ adapter ID are checked. If they fit to one of the ids, stored in the
+ adapter list, a SCSI-subsystem is assumed to be found in a slot and will be
+ registered. This check is done through all possible MCA-bus slots to allow
+ more than one SCSI-adapter to be present in the PS/2-system and this is
+ already the first point of problems. Looking into the technical reference
+ manual for the IBM PS/2 common interfaces, the POS2 register must have
+ different interpretation of its single bits to avoid overlapping I/O
+ regions. While one can assume, that the integrated subsystem has a fix
+ I/O-address at 0x3540 - 0x3547, further installed IBM SCSI-adapters must
+ use a different I/O-address. This is expressed by bit 1 to 3 of POS2
+ (multiplied by 8 + 0x3540). Bits 2 and 3 are reserved for the integrated
+ subsystem, but not for the adapters! The following list shows, how the
+ bits of POS2 and POS3 should be interpreted.
+
+ The POS2-register of all PS/2 models' integrated SCSI-subsystems has the
+ following interpretation of bits:
+ Bit 7 - 4 : Chip Revision ID (Release)
+ Bit 3 - 2 : Reserved
+ Bit 1 : 8k NVRAM Disabled
+ Bit 0 : Chip Enable (EN-Signal)
+ The POS3-register is interpreted as follows (for most IBM SCSI-subsys.):
+ Bit 7 - 5 : SCSI ID
+ Bit 4 - 0 : Reserved = 0
+ The slot-adapters have different interpretation of these bits. The IBM SCSI
+ adapter (w/Cache) and the IBM SCSI-2 F/W adapter use the following
+ interpretation of the POS2 register:
+ Bit 7 - 4 : ROM Segment Address Select
+ Bit 3 - 1 : Adapter I/O Address Select (*8+0x3540)
+ Bit 0 : Adapter Enable (EN-Signal)
+ and for the POS3 register:
+ Bit 7 - 5 : SCSI ID
+ Bit 4 : Fairness Enable (SCSI ID3 f. F/W)
+ Bit 3 - 0 : Arbitration Level
+ The most modern product of the series is the IBM SCSI-2 F/W adapter, it
+ allows dual-bus SCSI and SCSI-wide addressing, which means, PUNs may be
+ between 0 and 15. Here, Bit 4 is the high-order bit of the 4-bit wide
+ adapter PUN expression. In short words, this means, that IBM PS/2 machines
+ can only support 1 single integrated subsystem by default. Additional
+ slot-adapters get ports assigned by the automatic configuration tool.
+
+ One day I found a patch in ibmmca_detect(), forcing the I/O-address to be
+ 0x3540 for integrated SCSI-subsystems, there was a remark placed, that on
+ integrated IBM SCSI-subsystems of model 56, the POS2 register was showing 5.
+ This means, that really for these models, POS2 has to be interpreted
+ sticking to the technical reference guide. In this case, the bit 2 (4) is
+ a reserved bit and may not be interpreted. These differences between the
+ adapters and the integrated controllers are taken into account by the
+ detection routine of the driver on from version >3.0g.
+
+ Every time, a SCSI-subsystem is discovered, the ibmmca_register() function
+ is called. This function checks first, if the requested area for the I/O-
+ address of this SCSI-subsystem is still available and assigns this I/O-
+ area to the SCSI-subsystem. There are always 8 sequential I/O-addresses
+ taken for each individual SCSI-subsystem found, which are:
+
+ Offset Type Permissions
+ 0 Command Interface Register 1 Read/Write
+ 1 Command Interface Register 2 Read/Write
+ 2 Command Interface Register 3 Read/Write
+ 3 Command Interface Register 4 Read/Write
+ 4 Attention Register Read/Write
+ 5 Basic Control Register Read/Write
+ 6 Interrupt Status Register Read
+ 7 Basic Status Register Read
+
+ After the I/O-address range is assigned, the host-adapter is assigned
+ to a local structure which keeps all adapter information needed for the
+ driver itself and the mid- and higher-level SCSI-drivers. The SCSI pun/lun
+ and the adapters' ldn tables are initialized and get probed afterwards by
+ the check_devices() function. If no further adapters are found,
+ ibmmca_detect() quits.
+
+ 2.2 Physical Units, Logical Units, and Logical Devices
+ ------------------------------------------------------
+ There can be up to 56 devices on the SCSI bus (besides the adapter):
+ there are up to 7 "physical units" (each identified by physical unit
+ number or pun, also called the scsi id, this is the number you select
+ with hardware jumpers), and each physical unit can have up to 8
+ "logical units" (each identified by logical unit number, or lun,
+ between 0 and 7). The IBM SCSI-2 F/W adapter offers this on up to two
+ busses and provides support for 30 logical devices at the same time, where
+ in wide-addressing mode you can have 16 puns with 32 luns on each device.
+ This section dexribes you the handling of devices on non-F/W adapters.
+ Just imagine, that you can have 16 * 32 = 512 devices on a F/W adapter
+ which means a lot of possible devices for such a small machine.
+
+ Typically the adapter has pun=7, so puns of other physical units
+ are between 0 and 6(15). On a wide-adapter a pun higher than 7 is
+ possible, but is normally not used. Almost all physical units have only
+ one logical unit, with lun=0. A CD-ROM jukebox would be an example of a
+ physical unit with more than one logical unit.
+
+ The embedded microprocessor of the IBM SCSI-subsystem hides the complex
+ two-dimensional (pun,lun) organization from the operating system.
+ When the machine is powered-up (or rebooted), the embedded microprocessor
+ checks, on its own, all 56 possible (pun,lun) combinations, and the first
+ 15 devices found are assigned into a one-dimensional array of so-called
+ "logical devices", identified by "logical device numbers" or ldn. The last
+ ldn=15 is reserved for the subsystem itself. Wide adapters may have
+ to check up to 15 * 8 = 120 pun/lun combinations.
+
+ 2.3 SCSI-Device Recognition and Dynamical ldn Assignment
+ --------------------------------------------------------
+ One consequence of information hiding is that the real (pun,lun)
+ numbers are also hidden. The two possibilities to get around this problem
+ is to offer fake pun/lun combinations to the operating system or to
+ delete the whole mapping of the adapter and to reassign the ldns, using
+ the immediate assign command of the SCSI-subsystem for probing through
+ all possible pun/lun combinations. a ldn is a "logical device number"
+ which is used by IBM SCSI-subsystems to access some valid SCSI-device.
+ At the beginning of the development of this driver, the following approach
+ was used:
+
+ First, the driver checked the ldn's (0 to 6) to find out which ldn's
+ have devices assigned. This was done by the functions check_devices() and
+ device_exists(). The interrupt handler has a special paragraph of code
+ (see local_checking_phase_flag) to assist in the checking. Assume, for
+ example, that three logical devices were found assigned at ldn 0, 1, 2.
+ These are presented to the upper layer of Linux SCSI driver
+ as devices with bogus (pun, lun) equal to (0,0), (1,0), (2,0).
+ On the other hand, if the upper layer issues a command to device
+ say (4,0), this driver returns DID_NO_CONNECT error.
+
+ In a second step of the driver development, the following improvement has
+ been applied: The first approach limited the number of devices to 7, far
+ fewer than the 15 that it could usem then it just maped ldn ->
+ (ldn/8,ldn%8) for pun,lun. We ended up with a real mishmash of puns
+ and luns, but it all seemed to work.
+
+ The latest development, which is implemented from the driver version 3.0
+ and later, realizes the device recognition in the following way:
+ The physical SCSI-devices on the SCSI-bus are probed via immediate_assign-
+ and device_inquiry-commands, that is all implemented in a completely new
+ made check_devices() subroutine. This delivers an exact map of the physical
+ SCSI-world that is now stored in the get_scsi[][]-array. This means,
+ that the once hidden pun,lun assignment is now known to this driver.
+ It no longer believes in default-settings of the subsystem and maps all
+ ldns to existing pun,lun "by foot". This assures full control of the ldn
+ mapping and allows dynamical remapping of ldns to different pun,lun, if
+ there are more SCSI-devices installed than ldns available (n>15). The
+ ldns from 0 to 6 get 'hardwired' by this driver to puns 0 to 7 at lun=0,
+ excluding the pun of the subsystem. This assures, that at least simple
+ SCSI-installations have optimum access-speed and are not touched by
+ dynamical remapping. The ldns 7 to 14 are put to existing devices with
+ lun>0 or to non-existing devices, in order to satisfy the subsystem, if
+ there are less than 15 SCSI-devices connected. In the case of more than 15
+ devices, the dynamical mapping goes active. If the get_scsi[][] reports a
+ device to be existant, but it has no ldn assigned, it gets a ldn out of 7
+ to 14. The numbers are assigned in cyclic order. Therefore it takes 8
+ dynamical reassignments on the SCSI-devices, until a certain device
+ loses its ldn again. This assures, that dynamical remapping is avoided
+ during intense I/O between up to 15 SCSI-devices (means pun,lun
+ combinations). A further advantage of this method is, that people who
+ build their kernel without probing on all luns will get what they expect,
+ because the driver just won't assign everything with lun>0 when
+ multpile lun probing is inactive.
+
+ 2.4 SCSI-Device Order
+ ---------------------
+ Because of the now correct recognition of physical pun,lun, and
+ their report to mid-level- and higher-level-drivers, the new reported puns
+ can be different from the old, faked puns. Therefore, Linux will eventually
+ change /dev/sdXXX assignments and prompt you for corrupted superblock
+ repair on boottime. In this case DO NOT PANIC, YOUR DISKS ARE STILL OK!!!
+ You have to reboot (CTRL-D) with an old kernel and set the /etc/fstab-file
+ entries right. After that, the system should come up as errorfree as before.
+ If your boot-partition is not coming up, also edit the /etc/lilo.conf-file
+ in a Linux session booted on old kernel and run lilo before reboot. Check
+ lilo.conf anyway to get boot on other partitions with foreign OSes right
+ again. But there exists a feature of this driver that allows you to change
+ the assignment order of the SCSI-devices by flipping the PUN-assignment.
+ See the next paragraph for a description.
+
+ The problem for this is, that Linux does not assign the SCSI-devices in the
+ way as described in the ANSI-SCSI-standard. Linux assigns /dev/sda to
+ the device with at minimum id 0. But the first drive should be at id 6,
+ because for historical reasons, drive at id 6 has, by hardware, the highest
+ priority and a drive at id 0 the lowest. IBM was one of the rare producers,
+ where the BIOS assigns drives belonging to the ANSI-SCSI-standard. Most
+ other producers' BIOS does not (I think even Adaptec-BIOS). The
+ IBMMCA_SCSI_ORDER_STANDARD flag, which you set while configuring the
+ kernel enables to choose the preferred way of SCSI-device-assignment.
+ Defining this flag would result in Linux determining the devices in the
+ same order as DOS and OS/2 does on your MCA-machine. This is also standard
+ on most industrial computers and OSes, like e.g. OS-9. Leaving this flag
+ undefined will get your devices ordered in the default way of Linux. See
+ also the remarks of Chris Beauregard from Dec 15, 1997 and the followups
+ in section 3.
+
+ 2.5 Regular SCSI-Command-Processing
+ -----------------------------------
+ Only three functions get involved: ibmmca_queuecommand(), issue_cmd(),
+ and interrupt_handler().
+
+ The upper layer issues a scsi command by calling function
+ ibmmca_queuecommand(). This function fills a "subsystem control block"
+ (scb) and calls a local function issue_cmd(), which writes a scb
+ command into subsystem I/O ports. Once the scb command is carried out,
+ the interrupt_handler() is invoked. If a device is determined to be
+ existant and it has not assigned any ldn, it gets one dynamically.
+ For this, the whole stuff is done in ibmmca_queuecommand().
+
+ 2.6 Abort & Reset Commands
+ --------------------------
+ These are implemented with busy waiting for interrupt to arrive.
+ ibmmca_reset() and ibmmca_abort() do not work sufficently well
+ up to now and need still a lot of development work. But, this seems
+ to be even a problem with other SCSI-low level drivers, too. However,
+ this should be no excuse.
+
+ 2.7 Disk Geometry
+ -----------------
+ The ibmmca_biosparams() function should return the same disk geometry
+ as the bios. This is needed for fdisk, etc. The returned geometry is
+ certainly correct for disks smaller than 1 gigabyte. In the meantime,
+ it has been proved, that this works fine even with disks larger than
+ 1 gigabyte.
+
+ 2.8 Kernel Boot Option
+ ----------------------
+ The function ibmmca_scsi_setup() is called if option ibmmcascsi=n
+ is passed to the kernel. See file linux/init/main.c for details.
+
+ 2.9 Driver Module Support
+ -------------------------
+ Is implemented and tested by K. Kudielka. This could probably not work
+ on kernels <2.1.0.
+
+ 2.10 Multiple Hostadapter Support
+ ---------------------------------
+ This driver supports up to eight interfaces of type IBM-SCSI-Subsystem.
+ Integrated-, and MCA-adapters are automatically recognized. Unrecognizable
+ IBM-SCSI-Subsystem interfaces can be specified as kernel-parameters.
+
+ 2.11 /proc/scsi-Filesystem Information
+ --------------------------------------
+ Information about the driver condition is given in
+ /proc/scsi/ibmmca/<host_no>. ibmmca_proc_info() provides this information.
+
+ This table is quite informative for interested users. It shows the load
+ of commands on the subsystem and wether you are running the bypassed
+ (software) or integrated (hardware) SCSI-command set (see below). The
+ amount of accesses is shown. Read, write, modeselect is shown separately
+ in order to help debugging problems with CD-ROMs or tapedrives.
+
+ The following table shows the list of 15 logical device numbers, that are
+ used by the SCSI-subsystem. The load on each ldn is shown in the table,
+ again, read and write commands are split. The last column shows the amount
+ of reassignments, that have been applied to the ldns, if you have more than
+ 15 pun/lun combinations available on the SCSI-bus.
+
+ The last two tables show the pun/lun map and the positions of the ldns
+ on this pun/lun map. This may change during operation, when a ldn is
+ reassigned to another pun/lun combination. If the necessity for dynamical
+ assignments is set to 'no', the ldn structure keeps static.
+
+ 2.12 /proc/mca-Filesystem Information
+ -------------------------------------
+ The slot-file contains all default entries and in addition chip and I/O-
+ address information of the SCSI-subsystem. This information is provided
+ by ibmmca_getinfo().
+
+ 2.13 Supported IBM SCSI-Subsystems
+ ----------------------------------
+ The following IBM SCSI-subsystems are supported by this driver:
+
+ - IBM Fast/Wide SCSI-2 Adapter
+ - IBM 7568 Industrial Computer SCSI Adapter w/Cache
+ - IBM Expansion Unit SCSI Controller
+ - IBM SCSI Adapter w/Cache
+ - IBM SCSI Adapter
+ - IBM Integrated SCSI Controller
+ - All clones, 100% compatible with the chipset and subsystem command
+ system of IBM SCSI-adapters (forced detection)
+
+ 2.14 Linux Kernel Versions
+ --------------------------
+ The IBM SCSI-subsystem low level driver is prepared to be used with
+ all versions of Linux between 2.0.x and 2.4.x. The compatibility checks
+ are fully implemented up from version 3.1e of the driver. This means, that
+ you just need the latest ibmmca.h and ibmmca.c file and copy it in the
+ linux/drivers/scsi directory. The code is automatically adapted during
+ kernel compilation. This is different from kernel 2.4.0! Here version
+ 4.0 or later of the driver must be used for kernel 2.4.0 or later. Version
+ 4.0 or later does not work together with older kernels! Driver versions
+ older than 4.0 do not work together with kernel 2.4.0 or later. They work
+ on all older kernels.
+
+ 3 Code History
+ --------------
+ Jan 15 1996: First public release.
+ - Martin Kolinek
+
+ Jan 23 1996: Scrapped code which reassigned scsi devices to logical
+ device numbers. Instead, the existing assignment (created
+ when the machine is powered-up or rebooted) is used.
+ A side effect is that the upper layer of Linux SCSI
+ device driver gets bogus scsi ids (this is benign),
+ and also the hard disks are ordered under Linux the
+ same way as they are under dos (i.e., C: disk is sda,
+ D: disk is sdb, etc.).
+ - Martin Kolinek
+
+ I think that the CD-ROM is now detected only if a CD is
+ inside CD_ROM while Linux boots. This can be fixed later,
+ once the driver works on all types of PS/2's.
+ - Martin Kolinek
+
+ Feb 7 1996: Modified biosparam function. Fixed the CD-ROM detection.
+ For now, devices other than harddisk and CD_ROM are
+ ignored. Temporarily modified abort() function
+ to behave like reset().
+ - Martin Kolinek
+
+ Mar 31 1996: The integrated scsi subsystem is correctly found
+ in PS/2 models 56,57, but not in model 76. Therefore
+ the ibmmca_scsi_setup() function has been added today.
+ This function allows the user to force detection of
+ scsi subsystem. The kernel option has format
+ ibmmcascsi=n
+ where n is the scsi_id (pun) of the subsystem. Most likely, n is 7.
+ - Martin Kolinek
+
+ Aug 21 1996: Modified the code which maps ldns to (pun,0). It was
+ insufficient for those of us with CD-ROM changers.
+ - Chris Beauregard
+
+ Dec 14 1996: More improvements to the ldn mapping. See check_devices
+ for details. Did more fiddling with the integrated SCSI detection,
+ but I think it's ultimately hopeless without actually testing the
+ model of the machine. The 56, 57, 76 and 95 (ultimedia) all have
+ different integrated SCSI register configurations. However, the 56
+ and 57 are the only ones that have problems with forced detection.
+ - Chris Beauregard
+
+ Mar 8-16 1997: Modified driver to run as a module and to support
+ multiple adapters. A structure, called ibmmca_hostdata, is now
+ present, containing all the variables, that were once only
+ available for one single adapter. The find_subsystem-routine has vanished.
+ The hardware recognition is now done in ibmmca_detect directly.
+ This routine checks for presence of MCA-bus, checks the interrupt
+ level and continues with checking the installed hardware.
+ Certain PS/2-models do not recognize a SCSI-subsystem automatically.
+ Hence, the setup defined by command-line-parameters is checked first.
+ Thereafter, the routine probes for an integrated SCSI-subsystem.
+ Finally, adapters are checked. This method has the advantage to cover all
+ possible combinations of multiple SCSI-subsystems on one MCA-board. Up to
+ eight SCSI-subsystems can be recognized and announced to the upper-level
+ drivers with this improvement. A set of defines made changes to other
+ routines as small as possible.
+ - Klaus Kudielka
+
+ May 30 1997: (v1.5b)
+ 1) SCSI-command capability enlarged by the recognition of MODE_SELECT.
+ This needs the RD-Bit to be disabled on IM_OTHER_SCSI_CMD_CMD which
+ allows data to be written from the system to the device. It is a
+ necessary step to be allowed to set blocksize of SCSI-tape-drives and
+ the tape-speed, whithout confusing the SCSI-Subsystem.
+ 2) The recognition of a tape is included in the check_devices routine.
+ This is done by checking for TYPE_TAPE, that is already defined in
+ the kernel-scsi-environment. The markup of a tape is done in the
+ global ldn_is_tape[] array. If the entry on index ldn
+ is 1, there is a tapedrive connected.
+ 3) The ldn_is_tape[] array is necessary to distinguish between tape- and
+ other devices. Fixed blocklength devices should not cause a problem
+ with the SCB-command for read and write in the ibmmca_queuecommand
+ subroutine. Therefore, I only derivate the READ_XX, WRITE_XX for
+ the tape-devices, as recommended by IBM in this Technical Reference,
+ mentioned below. (IBM recommends to avoid using the read/write of the
+ subsystem, but the fact was, that read/write causes a command error from
+ the subsystem and this causes kernel-panic.)
+ 4) In addition, I propose to use the ldn instead of a fix char for the
+ display of PS2_DISK_LED_ON(). On 95, one can distinguish between the
+ devices that are accessed. It shows activity and easyfies debugging.
+ The tape-support has been tested with a SONY SDT-5200 and a HP DDS-2
+ (I do not know yet the type). Optimization and CD-ROM audio-support,
+ I am working on ...
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ June 19 1997: (v1.6b)
+ 1) Submitting the extra-array ldn_is_tape[] -> to the local ld[]
+ device-array.
+ 2) CD-ROM Audio-Play seems to work now.
+ 3) When using DDS-2 (120M) DAT-Tapes, mtst shows still density-code
+ 0x13 for ordinary DDS (61000 BPM) instead 0x24 for DDS-2. This appears
+ also on Adaptec 2940 adaptor in a PCI-System. Therefore, I assume that
+ the problem is independent of the low-level-driver/bus-architecture.
+ 4) Hexadecimal ldn on PS/2-95 LED-display.
+ 5) Fixing of the PS/2-LED on/off that it works right with tapedrives and
+ does not confuse the disk_rw_in_progress counter.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ June 21 1997: (v1.7b)
+ 1) Adding of a proc_info routine to inform in /proc/scsi/ibmmca/<host> the
+ outer-world about operational load statistics on the different ldns,
+ seen by the driver. Everybody that has more than one IBM-SCSI should
+ test this, because I only have one and cannot see what happens with more
+ than one IBM-SCSI hosts.
+ 2) Definition of a driver version-number to have a better recognition of
+ the source when there are existing too much releases that may confuse
+ the user, when reading about release-specific problems. Up to know,
+ I calculated the version-number to be 1.7. Because we are in BETA-test
+ yet, it is today 1.7b.
+ 3) Sorry for the heavy bug I programmed on June 19 1997! After that, the
+ CD-ROM did not work any more! The C7-command was a fake impression
+ I got while programming. Now, the READ and WRITE commands for CD-ROM are
+ no longer running over the subsystem, but just over
+ IM_OTHER_SCSI_CMD_CMD. On my observations (PS/2-95), now CD-ROM mounts
+ much faster(!) and hopefully all fancy multimedia-functions, like direct
+ digital recording from audio-CDs also work. (I tried it with cdda2wav
+ from the cdwtools-package and it filled up the harddisk immediately :-).)
+ To easify boolean logics, a further local device-type in ld[], called
+ is_cdrom has been included.
+ 4) If one uses a SCSI-device of unsupported type/commands, one
+ immediately runs into a kernel-panic caused by Command Error. To better
+ understand which SCSI-command caused the problem, I extended this
+ specific panic-message slightly.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ June 25 1997: (v1.8b)
+ 1) Some cosmetical changes for the handling of SCSI-device-types.
+ Now, also CD-Burners / WORMs and SCSI-scanners should work. For
+ MO-drives I have no experience, therefore not yet supported.
+ In logical_devices I changed from different type-variables to one
+ called 'device_type' where the values, corresponding to scsi.h,
+ of a SCSI-device are stored.
+ 2) There existed a small bug, that maps a device, coming after a SCSI-tape
+ wrong. Therefore, e.g. a CD-ROM changer would have been mapped wrong
+ -> problem removed.
+ 3) Extension of the logical_device structure. Now it contains also device,
+ vendor and revision-level of a SCSI-device for internal usage.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ June 26-29 1997: (v2.0b)
+ 1) The release number 2.0b is necessary because of the completely new done
+ recognition and handling of SCSI-devices with the adapter. As I got
+ from Chris the hint, that the subsystem can reassign ldns dynamically,
+ I remembered this immediate_assign-command, I found once in the handbook.
+ Now, the driver first kills all ldn assignments that are set by default
+ on the SCSI-subsystem. After that, it probes on all puns and luns for
+ devices by going through all combinations with immediate_assign and
+ probing for devices, using device_inquiry. The found physical(!) pun,lun
+ structure is stored in get_scsi[][] as device types. This is followed
+ by the assignment of all ldns to existing SCSI-devices. If more ldns
+ than devices are available, they are assigned to non existing pun,lun
+ combinations to satisfy the adapter. With this, the dynamical mapping
+ was possible to implement. (For further info see the text in the
+ source-code and in the description below. Read the description
+ below BEFORE installing this driver on your system!)
+ 2) Changed the name IBMMCA_DRIVER_VERSION to IBMMCA_SCSI_DRIVER_VERSION.
+ 3) The LED-display shows on PS/2-95 no longer the ldn, but the SCSI-ID
+ (pun) of the accessed SCSI-device. This is now senseful, because the
+ pun known within the driver is exactly the pun of the physical device
+ and no longer a fake one.
+ 4) The /proc/scsi/ibmmca/<host_no> consists now of the first part, where
+ hit-statistics of ldns is shown and a second part, where the maps of
+ physical and logical SCSI-devices are displayed. This could be very
+ interesting, when one is using more than 15 SCSI-devices in order to
+ follow the dynamical remapping of ldns.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ June 26-29 1997: (v2.0b-1)
+ 1) I forgot to switch the local_checking_phase_flag to 1 and back to 0
+ in the dynamical remapping part in ibmmca_queuecommand for the
+ device_exist routine. Sorry.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ July 1-13 1997: (v3.0b,c)
+ 1) Merging of the driver-developments of Klaus Kudielka and Michael Lang
+ in order to get a optimum and unified driver-release for the
+ IBM-SCSI-Subsystem-Adapter(s).
+ For people, using the Kernel-release >=2.1.0, module-support should
+ be no problem. For users, running under <2.1.0, module-support may not
+ work, because the methods have changed between 2.0.x and 2.1.x.
+ 2) Added some more effective statistics for /proc-output.
+ 3) Change typecasting at necessary points from (unsigned long) to
+ virt_to_bus().
+ 4) Included #if... at special points to have specific adaption of the
+ driver to kernel 2.0.x and 2.1.x. It should therefore also run with
+ later releases.
+ 5) Magneto-Optical drives and medium-changers are also recognized, now.
+ Therefore, we have a completely gapfree recognition of all SCSI-
+ device-types, that are known by Linux up to kernel 2.1.31.
+ 6) The flag SCSI_IBMMCA_DEV_RESET has been inserted. If it is set within
+ the configuration, each connected SCSI-device will get a reset command
+ during boottime. This can be necessary for some special SCSI-devices.
+ This flag should be included in Config.in.
+ (See also the new Config.in file.)
+ Probable next improvement: bad disk handler.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ Sept 14 1997: (v3.0c)
+ 1) Some debugging and speed optimization applied.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ Dec 15, 1997
+ - chrisb@truespectra.com
+ - made the front panel display thingy optional, specified from the
+ command-line via ibmmcascsi=display. Along the lines of the /LED
+ option for the OS/2 driver.
+ - fixed small bug in the LED display that would hang some machines.
+ - reversed ordering of the drives (using the
+ IBMMCA_SCSI_ORDER_STANDARD define). This is necessary for two main
+ reasons:
+ - users who've already installed Linux won't be screwed. Keep
+ in mind that not everyone is a kernel hacker.
+ - be consistent with the BIOS ordering of the drives. In the
+ BIOS, id 6 is C:, id 0 might be D:. With this scheme, they'd be
+ backwards. This confuses the crap out of those heathens who've
+ got a impure Linux installation (which, <wince>, I'm one of).
+ This whole problem arises because IBM is actually non-standard with
+ the id to BIOS mappings. You'll find, in fdomain.c, a similar
+ comment about a few FD BIOS revisions. The Linux (and apparently
+ industry) standard is that C: maps to scsi id (0,0). Let's stick
+ with that standard.
+ - Since this is technically a branch of my own, I changed the
+ version number to 3.0e-cpb.
+
+ Jan 17, 1998: (v3.0f)
+ 1) Addition of some statistical info for /proc in proc_info.
+ 2) Taking care of the SCSI-assignment problem, dealed by Chris at Dec 15
+ 1997. In fact, IBM is right, concerning the assignment of SCSI-devices
+ to driveletters. It is conform to the ANSI-definition of the SCSI-
+ standard to assign drive C: to SCSI-id 6, because it is the highest
+ hardware priority after the hostadapter (that has still today by
+ default everywhere id 7). Also realtime-operating systems that I use,
+ like LynxOS and OS9, which are quite industrial systems use top-down
+ numbering of the harddisks, that is also starting at id 6. Now, one
+ sits a bit between two chairs. On one hand side, using the define
+ IBMMCA_SCSI_ORDER_STANDARD makes Linux assigning disks conform to
+ the IBM- and ANSI-SCSI-standard and keeps this driver downward
+ compatible to older releases, on the other hand side, people is quite
+ habituated in believing that C: is assigned to (0,0) and much other
+ SCSI-BIOS do so. Therefore, I moved the IBMMCA_SCSI_ORDER_STANDARD
+ define out of the driver and put it into Config.in as subitem of
+ 'IBM SCSI support'. A help, added to Documentation/Configure.help
+ explains the differences between saying 'y' or 'n' to the user, when
+ IBMMCA_SCSI_ORDER_STANDARD prompts, so the ordinary user is enabled to
+ choose the way of assignment, depending on his own situation and gusto.
+ 3) Adapted SCSI_IBMMCA_DEV_RESET to the local naming convention, so it is
+ now called IBMMCA_SCSI_DEV_RESET.
+ 4) Optimization of proc_info and its subroutines.
+ 5) Added more in-source-comments and extended the driver description by
+ some explanation about the SCSI-device-assignment problem.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ Jan 18, 1998: (v3.0g)
+ 1) Correcting names to be absolutely conform to the later 2.1.x releases.
+ This is necessary for
+ IBMMCA_SCSI_DEV_RESET -> CONFIG_IBMMCA_SCSI_DEV_RESET
+ IBMMCA_SCSI_ORDER_STANDARD -> CONFIG_IBMMCA_SCSI_ORDER_STANDARD
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ Jan 18, 1999: (v3.1 MCA-team internal)
+ 1) The multiple hosts structure is accessed from every subroutine, so there
+ is no longer the address of the device structure passed from function
+ to function, but only the hostindex. A call by value, nothing more. This
+ should really be understood by the compiler and the subsystem should get
+ the right values and addresses.
+ 2) The SCSI-subsystem detection was not complete and quite hugely buggy up
+ to now, compared to the technical manual. The interpretation of the pos2
+ register is not as assumed by people before, therefore, I dropped a note
+ in the ibmmca_detect function to show the registers' interpretation.
+ The pos-registers of integrated SCSI-subsystems do not contain any
+ information concerning the IO-port offset, really. Instead, they contain
+ some info about the adapter, the chip, the NVRAM .... The I/O-port is
+ fixed to 0x3540 - 0x3547. There can be more than one adapters in the
+ slots and they get an offset for the I/O area in order to get their own
+ I/O-address area. See chapter 2 for detailed description. At least, the
+ detection should now work right, even on models other than 95. The 95ers
+ came happily around the bug, as their pos2 register contains always 0
+ in the critical area. Reserved bits are not allowed to be interpreted,
+ therefore, IBM is allowed to set those bits as they like and they may
+ really vary between different PS/2 models. So, now, no interpretation
+ of reserved bits - hopefully no trouble here anymore.
+ 3) The command error, which you may get on models 55, 56, 57, 70, 77 and
+ P70 may have been caused by the fact, that adapters of older design do
+ not like sending commands to non-existing SCSI-devices and will react
+ with a command error as a sign of protest. While this error is not
+ present on IBM SCSI Adapter w/cache, it appears on IBM Integrated SCSI
+ Adapters. Therefore, I implemented a workarround to forgive those
+ adapters their protests, but it is marked up in the statisctis, so
+ after a successful boot, you can see in /proc/scsi/ibmmca/<host_number>
+ how often the command errors have been forgiven to the SCSI-subsystem.
+ If the number is bigger than 0, you have a SCSI subsystem of older
+ design, what should no longer matter.
+ 4) ibmmca_getinfo() has been adapted very carefully, so it shows in the
+ slotn file really, what is senseful to be presented.
+ 5) ibmmca_register() has been extended in its parameter list in order to
+ pass the right name of the SCSI-adapter to Linux.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ Feb 6, 1999: (v3.1)
+ 1) Finally, after some 3.1Beta-releases, the 3.1 release. Sorry, for
+ the delayed release, but it was not finished with the release of
+ Kernel 2.2.0.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ Feb 10, 1999 (v3.1)
+ 1) Added a new commandline parameter called 'bypass' in order to bypass
+ every integrated subsystem SCSI-command consequently in case of
+ troubles.
+ 2) Concatenated read_capacity requests to the harddisks. It gave a lot
+ of troubles with some controllers and after I wanted to apply some
+ extensions, it jumped out in the same situation, on my w/cache, as like
+ on D. Weinehalls' Model 56, having integrated SCSI. This gave me the
+ descissive hint to move the code-part out and declare it global. Now,
+ it seems to work by far much better an more stable. Let us see, what
+ the world thinks of it...
+ 3) By the way, only Sony DAT-drives seem to show density code 0x13. A
+ test with a HP drive gave right results, so the problem is vendor-
+ specific and not a problem of the OS or the driver.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ Feb 18, 1999 (v3.1d)
+ 1) The abort command and the reset function have been checked for
+ inconsistencies. From the logical point of thinking, they work
+ at their optimum, now, but as the subsystem does not answer with an
+ interrupt, abort never finishes, sigh...
+ 2) Everything, that is accessed by a busmaster request from the adapter
+ is now declared as global variable, even the return-buffer in the
+ local checking phase. This assures, that no accesses to undefined memory
+ areas are performed.
+ 3) In ibmmca.h, the line unchecked_isa_dma is added with 1 in order to
+ avoid memory-pointers for the areas higher than 16MByte in order to
+ be sure, it also works on 16-Bit Microchannel bus systems.
+ 4) A lot of small things have been found, but nothing that endangered the
+ driver operations. Just it should be more stable, now.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ Feb 20, 1999 (v3.1e)
+ 1) I took the warning from the Linux Kernel Hackers Guide serious and
+ checked the cmd->result return value to the done-function very carefully.
+ It is obvious, that the IBM SCSI only delivers the tsb.dev_status, if
+ some error appeared, else it is undefined. Now, this is fixed. Before
+ any SCB command gets queued, the tsb.dev_status is set to 0, so the
+ cmd->result won't screw up Linux higher level drivers.
+ 2) The reset-function has slightly improved. This is still planed for
+ abort. During the abort and the reset function, no interrupts are
+ allowed. This is however quite hard to cope with, so the INT-status
+ register is read. When the interrupt gets queued, one can find its
+ status immediately on that register and is enabled to continue in the
+ reset function. I had no chance to test this really, only in a bogus
+ situation, I got this function running, but the situation was too much
+ worse for Linux :-(, so tests will continue.
+ 3) Buffers got now consistent. No open address mapping, as before and
+ therefore no further troubles with the unassigned memory segmentation
+ faults that scrambled probes on 95XX series and even on 85XX series,
+ when the kernel is done in a not so perfectly fitting way.
+ 4) Spontaneous interrupts from the subsystem, appearing without any
+ command previously queued are answered with a DID_BAD_INTR result.
+ 5) Taken into account ZP Gus' proposals to reverse the SCSI-device
+ scan order. As it does not work on Kernel 2.1.x or 2.2.x, as proposed
+ by him, I implemented it in a slightly derived way, which offers in
+ addition more flexibility.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ Apr 23, 2000 (v3.2pre1)
+ 1) During a very long time, I collected a huge amount of bugreports from
+ various people, trying really quite different things on their SCSI-
+ PS/2s. Today, all these bugreports are taken into account and should be
+ mostly solved. The major topics were:
+ - Driver crashes during boottime by no obvious reason.
+ - Driver panics while the midlevel-SCSI-driver is trying to inquire
+ the SCSI-device properties, even though hardware is in perfect state.
+ - Displayed info for the various slot-cards is interpreted wrong.
+ The main reasons for the crashes were two:
+ 1) The commands to check for device information like INQUIRY,
+ TEST_UNIT_READY, REQUEST_SENSE and MODE_SENSE cause the devices
+ to deliver information of up to 255 bytes. Midlevel drivers offer
+ 1024 bytes of space for the answer, but the IBM-SCSI-adapters do
+ not accept this, as they stick quite near to ANSI-SCSI and report
+ a COMMAND_ERROR message which causes the driver to panic. The main
+ problem was located around the INQUIRY command. Now, for all the
+ mentioned commands, the buffersize, sent to the adapter is at
+ maximum 255 which seems to be a quite reasonable solution.
+ TEST_UNIT_READY gets a buffersize of 0 to make sure, that no
+ data is transferred in order to avoid any possible command failure.
+ 2) On unsuccessful TEST_UNIT_READY, the midlevel-driver has to send
+ a REQUEST_SENSE in order to see, where the problem is located. This
+ REQUEST_SENSE may have various length in its answer-buffer. IBM
+ SCSI-subsystems report a command failure, if the returned buffersize
+ is different from the sent buffersize, but this can be supressed by
+ a special bit, which is now done and problems seem to be solved.
+ 2) Code adaption to all kernel-releases. Now, the 3.2 code compiles on
+ 2.0.x, 2.1.x, 2.2.x and 2.3.x kernel releases without any code-changes.
+ 3) Commandline-parameters are recognized again, even under Kernel 2.3.x or
+ higher.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ April 27, 2000 (v3.2pre2)
+ 1) Bypassed commands get read by the adapter by one cycle instead of two.
+ This increases SCSI-performance.
+ 2) Synchronous datatransfer is provided for sure to be 5 MHz on older
+ SCSI and 10 MHz on internal F/W SCSI-adapter.
+ 3) New commandline parameters allow to force the adapter to slow down while
+ in synchronous transfer. Could be helpful for very old devices.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ June 2, 2000 (v3.2pre5)
+ 1) Added Jim Shorney's contribution to make the activity indicator
+ flashing in addition to the LED-alphanumeric display-panel on
+ models 95A. To be enabled to choose this feature freely, a new
+ commandline parameter is added, called 'activity'.
+ 2) Added the READ_CONTROL bit for test_unit_ready SCSI-command.
+ 3) Added some suppress_exception bits to read_device_capacity and
+ all device_inquiry occurrences in the driver code.
+ 4) Complaints about the various KERNEL_VERSION implementations are
+ taken into account. Every local_LinuxKernelVersion occurrence is
+ now replaced by KERNEL_VERSION, defined in linux/version.h.
+ Corresponding changes were applied to ibmmca.h, too. This was a
+ contribution to all kernel-parts by Philipp Hahn.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ July 17, 2000 (v3.2pre8)
+ A long period of collecting bugreports from all corners of the world
+ now lead to the following corrections to the code:
+ 1) SCSI-2 F/W support crashed with a COMMAND ERROR. The reason for this
+ was, that it is possible to disbale Fast-SCSI for the external bus.
+ The feature-control command, where this crash appeared regularly tried
+ to set the maximum speed of 10MHz synchronous transfer speed and that
+ reports a COMMAND ERROR, if external bus Fast-SCSI is disabled. Now,
+ the feature-command probes down from maximum speed until the adapter
+ stops to complain, which is at the same time the maximum possible
+ speed selected in the reference program. So, F/W external can run at
+ 5 MHz (slow-) or 10 MHz (fast-SCSI). During feature probing, the
+ COMMAND ERROR message is used to detect if the adapter does not complain.
+ 2) Up to now, only combined busmode is supported, if you use external
+ SCSI-devices, attached to the F/W-controller. If dual bus is selected,
+ only the internal SCSI-devices get accessed by Linux. For most
+ applications, this should do fine.
+ 3) Wide-SCSI-addressing (16-Bit) is now possible for the internal F/W
+ bus on the F/W adapter. If F/W adapter is detected, the driver
+ automatically uses the extended PUN/LUN <-> LDN mapping tables, which
+ are now new from 3.2pre8. This allows PUNs between 0 and 15 and should
+ provide more fun with the F/W adapter.
+ 4) Several machines use the SCSI: POS registers for internal/undocumented
+ storage of system relevant info. This confused the driver, mainly on
+ models 9595, as it expected no onboard SCSI only, if all POS in
+ the integrated SCSI-area are set to 0x00 or 0xff. Now, the mechanism
+ to check for integrated SCSI is much more restrictive and these problems
+ should be history.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ July 18, 2000 (v3.2pre9)
+ This develop rather quickly at the moment. Two major things were still
+ missing in 3.2pre8:
+ 1) The adapter PUN for F/W adapters has 4-bits, while all other adapters
+ have 3-bits. This is now taken into account for F/W.
+ 2) When you select CONFIG_IBMMCA_SCSI_ORDER_STANDARD, you should
+ normally get the inverse probing order of your devices on the SCSI-bus.
+ The ANSI device order gets scrambled in version 3.2pre8!! Now, a new
+ and tested algorithm inverts the device-order on the SCSI-bus and
+ automatically avoids accidental access to whatever SCSI PUN the adapter
+ is set and works with SCSI- and Wide-SCSI-addressing.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ July 23, 2000 (v3.2pre10 unpublished)
+ 1) LED panel display supports wide-addressing in ibmmca=display mode.
+ 2) Adapter-information and autoadaption to address-space is done.
+ 3) Auto-probing for maximum synchronous SCSI transfer rate is working.
+ 4) Optimization to some embedded function calls is applied.
+ 5) Added some comment for the user to wait for SCSI-devices being probed.
+ 6) Finished version 3.2 for Kernel 2.4.0. It least, I thought it is but...
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ July 26, 2000 (v3.2pre11)
+ 1) I passed a horrible weekend getting mad with NMIs on kernel 2.2.14 and
+ a model 9595. Asking around in the community, nobody except of me has
+ seen such errors. Weired, but I am trying to recompile everything on
+ the model 9595. Maybe, as I use a specially modified gcc, that could
+ cause problems. But, it was not the reason. The true background was,
+ that the kernel was compiled for i386 and the 9595 has a 486DX-2.
+ Normally, no troubles should appear, but for this special machine,
+ only the right processor support is working fine!
+ 2) Previous problems with synchronous speed, slowing down from one adapter
+ to the next during probing are corrected. Now, local variables store
+ the synchronous bitmask for every single adapter found on the MCA bus.
+ 3) LED alphanumeric panel support for XX95 systems is now showing some
+ alive rotator during boottime. This makes sense, when no monitor is
+ connected to the system. You can get rid of all display activity, if
+ you do not use any parameter or just ibmmcascsi=activity, for the
+ harddrive activity LED, existant on all PS/2, except models 8595-XXX.
+ If no monitor is available, please use ibmmcascsi=display, which works
+ fine together with the linuxinfo utility for the LED-panel.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ July 29, 2000 (v3.2)
+ 1) Submission of this driver for kernel 2.4test-XX and 2.2.17.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ December 28, 2000 (v3.2d / v4.0)
+ 1) The interrupt handler had some wrong statement to wait for. This
+ was done due to experimental reasons during 3.2 development but it
+ has shown that this is not stable enough. Going back to wait for the
+ adapter to be not busy is best.
+ 2) Inquiry requests can be shorter than 255 bytes of return buffer. Due
+ to a bug in the ibmmca_queuecommand routine, this buffer was forced
+ to 255 at minimum. If the memory address, this return buffer is pointing
+ to does not offer more space, invalid memory accesses destabilized the
+ kernel.
+ 3) version 4.0 is only valid for kernel 2.4.0 or later. This is necessary
+ to remove old kernel version dependent waste from the driver. 3.2d is
+ only distributed with older kernels but keeps compatibility with older
+ kernel versions. 4.0 and higher versions cannot be used with older
+ kernels anymore!! You must have at least kernel 2.4.0!!
+ 4) The commandline argument 'bypass' and all its functionality got removed
+ in version 4.0. This was never really necessary, as all troubles were
+ based on non-command related reasons up to now, so bypassing commands
+ did not help to avoid any bugs. It is kept in 3.2X for debugging reasons.
+ 5) Dynamical reassignment of ldns was again verified and analyzed to be
+ completely inoperational. This is corrected and should work now.
+ 6) All commands that get sent to the SCSI adapter were verified and
+ completed in such a way, that they are now completely conform to the
+ demands in the technical description of IBM. Main candidates were the
+ DEVICE_INQUIRY, REQUEST_SENSE and DEVICE_CAPACITY commands. They must
+ be tranferred by bypassing the internal command buffer of the adapter
+ or else the response can be a random result. GET_POS_INFO would be more
+ safe in usage, if one could use the SUPRESS_EXCEPTION_SHORT, but this
+ is not allowed by the technical references of IBM. (Sorry, folks, the
+ model 80 problem is still a task to be solved in a different way.)
+ 7) v3.2d is still hold back for some days for testing, while 4.0 is
+ released.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ January 3, 2001 (v4.0a)
+ 1) A lot of complains after the 2.4.0-prerelease kernel came in about
+ the impossibility to compile the driver as a module. This problem is
+ solved. In combination with that problem, some unprecise declaration
+ of the function option_setup() gave some warnings during compilation.
+ This is solved, too by a forward declaration in ibmmca.c.
+ 2) #ifdef argument concerning CONFIG_SCSI_IBMMCA is no longer needed and
+ was entirely removed.
+ 3) Some switch statements got optimized in code, as some minor variables
+ in internal SCSI-command handlers.
+ - Michael Lang
+
+ 4 To do
+ -------
+ - IBM SCSI-2 F/W external SCSI bus support in separate mode!
+ - It seems that the handling of bad disks is really bad -
+ non-existent, in fact. However, a low-level driver cannot help
+ much, if such things happen.
+
+ 5 Users' Manual
+ ---------------
+ 5.1 Commandline Parameters
+ --------------------------
+ There exist several features for the IBM SCSI-subsystem driver.
+ The commandline parameter format is:
+
+ ibmmcascsi=<command1>,<command2>,<command3>,...
+
+ where commandN can be one of the following:
+
+ display Owners of a model 95 or other PS/2 systems with an
+ alphanumeric LED display may set this to have their
+ display showing the following output of the 8 digits:
+
+ ------DA
+
+ where '-' stays dark, 'D' shows the SCSI-device id
+ and 'A' shows the SCSI hostindex, being currently
+ accessed. During boottime, this will give the message
+
+ SCSIini*
+
+ on the LED-panel, where the * represents a rotator,
+ showing the activity during the probing phase of the
+ driver which can take up to two minutes per SCSI-adapter.
+ adisplay This works like display, but gives more optical overview
+ of the activities on the SCSI-bus. The display will have
+ the following output:
+
+ 6543210A
+
+ where the numbers 0 to 6 light up at the shown position,
+ when the SCSI-device is accessed. 'A' shows again the SCSI
+ hostindex. If display nor adisplay is set, the internal
+ PS/2 harddisk LED is used for media-activities. So, if
+ you really do not have a system with a LED-display, you
+ should not set display or adisplay. Keep in mind, that
+ display and adisplay can only be used alternatively. It
+ is not recommended to use this option, if you have some
+ wide-addressed devices e.g. at the SCSI-2 F/W adapter in
+ your system. In addition, the usage of the display for
+ other tasks in parallel, like the linuxinfo-utility makes
+ no sense with this option.
+ activity This enables the PS/2 harddisk LED activity indicator.
+ Most PS/2 have no alphanumeric LED display, but some
+ indicator. So you should use this parameter to activate it.
+ If you own model 9595 (Server95), you can have both, the
+ LED panel and the activity indicator in parallel. However,
+ some PS/2s, like the 8595 do not have any harddisk LED
+ activity indicator, which means, that you must use the
+ alphanumeric LED display if you want to monitor SCSI-
+ activity.
+ bypass This is obsolete from driver version 4.0, as the adapters
+ got that far understood, that the selection between
+ integrated and bypassed commands should now work completely
+ correct! For historical reasons, the old description is
+ kept here:
+ This commandline parameter forces the driver never to use
+ SCSI-subsystems' integrated SCSI-command set. Except of
+ the immediate assign, which is of vital importance for
+ every IBM SCSI-subsystem to set its ldns right. Instead,
+ the ordinary ANSI-SCSI-commands are used and passed by the
+ controller to the SCSI-devices, therefore 'bypass'. The
+ effort, done by the subsystem is quite bogus and at a
+ minimum and therefore it should work everywhere. This
+ could maybe solve troubles with old or integrated SCSI-
+ controllers and nasty harddisks. Keep in mind, that using
+ this flag will slow-down SCSI-accesses slightly, as the
+ software generated commands are always slower than the
+ hardware. Non-harddisk devices always get read/write-
+ commands in bypass mode. On the most recent releases of
+ the Linux IBM-SCSI-driver, the bypass command should be
+ no longer a necessary thing, if you are sure about your
+ SCSI-hardware!
+ normal This is the parameter, introduced on the 2.0.x development
+ rail by ZP Gu. This parameter defines the SCSI-device
+ scan order in the new industry standard. This means, that
+ the first SCSI-device is the one with the lowest pun.
+ E.g. harddisk at pun=0 is scanned before harddisk at
+ pun=6, which means, that harddisk at pun=0 gets sda
+ and the one at pun=6 gets sdb.
+ ansi The ANSI-standard for the right scan order, as done by
+ IBM, Microware and Microsoft, scans SCSI-devices starting
+ at the highest pun, which means, that e.g. harddisk at
+ pun=6 gets sda and a harddisk at pun=0 gets sdb. If you
+ like to have the same SCSI-device order, as in DOS, OS-9
+ or OS/2, just use this parameter.
+ fast SCSI-I/O in synchronous mode is done at 5 MHz for IBM-
+ SCSI-devices. SCSI-2 Fast/Wide Adapter/A external bus
+ should then run at 10 MHz if Fast-SCSI is enabled,
+ and at 5 MHz if Fast-SCSI is disabled on the external
+ bus. This is the default setting when nothing is
+ specified here.
+ medium Synchronous rate is at 50% approximately, which means
+ 2.5 MHz for IBM SCSI-adapters and 5.0 MHz for F/W ext.
+ SCSI-bus (when Fast-SCSI speed enabled on external bus).
+ slow The slowest possible synchronous transfer rate is set.
+ This means 1.82 MHz for IBM SCSI-adapters and 2.0 MHz
+ for F/W external bus at Fast-SCSI speed on the external
+ bus.
+
+ A further option is that you can force the SCSI-driver to accept a SCSI-
+ subsystem at a certain I/O-address with a predefined adapter PUN. This
+ is done by entering
+
+ commandN = I/O-base
+ commandN+1 = adapter PUN
+
+ e.g. ibmmcascsi=0x3540,7 will force the driver to detect a SCSI-subsystem
+ at I/O-address 0x3540 with adapter PUN 7. Please only use this method, if
+ the driver does really not recognize your SCSI-adapter! With driver version
+ 3.2, this recognition of various adapters was hugely improved and you
+ should try first to remove your commandline arguments of such type with a
+ newer driver. I bet, it will be recognized correctly. Even multiple and
+ different types of IBM SCSI-adapters should be recognized correctly, too.
+ Use the forced detection method only as last solution!
+
+ Examples:
+
+ ibmmcascsi=adisplay
+
+ This will use the advanced display mode for the model 95 LED alphanumeric
+ display.
+
+ ibmmcascsi=display,0x3558,7
+
+ This will activate the default display mode for the model 95 LED display
+ and will force the driver to accept a SCSI-subsystem at I/O-base 0x3558
+ with adapter PUN 7.
+
+ 5.2 Troubleshooting
+ -------------------
+ The following FAQs should help you to solve some major problems with this
+ driver.
+
+ Q: "Reset SCSI-devices at boottime" halts the system at boottime, why?
+ A: This is only tested with the IBM SCSI Adapter w/cache. It is not
+ yet prooved to run on other adapters, however you may be lucky.
+ In version 3.1d this has been hugely improved and should work better,
+ now. Normally you really won't need to activate this flag in the
+ kernel configuration, as all post 1989 SCSI-devices should accept
+ the reset-signal, when the computer is switched on. The SCSI-
+ subsystem generates this reset while being initialized. This flag
+ is really reserved for users with very old, very strange or self-made
+ SCSI-devices.
+ Q: Why is the SCSI-order of my drives mirrored to the device-order
+ seen from OS/2 or DOS ?
+ A: It depends on the operating system, if it looks at the devices in
+ ANSI-SCSI-standard (starting from pun 6 and going down to pun 0) or
+ if it just starts at pun 0 and counts up. If you want to be conform
+ with OS/2 and DOS, you have to activate this flag in the kernel
+ configuration or you should set 'ansi' as parameter for the kernel.
+ The parameter 'normal' sets the new industry standard, starting
+ from pun 0, scanning up to pun 6. This allows you to change your
+ opinion still after having already compiled the kernel.
+ Q: Why I cannot find the IBM MCA SCSI support in the config menue?
+ A: You have to activate MCA bus support, first.
+ Q: Where can I find the latest info about this driver?
+ A: See the file MAINTAINERS for the current WWW-address, which offers
+ updates, info and Q/A lists. At this files' origin, the webaddress
+ was: http://www.uni-mainz.de/~langm000/linux.html
+ Q: My SCSI-adapter is not recognized by the driver, what can I do?
+ A: Just force it to be recognized by kernel parameters. See section 5.1.
+ If this really happens, do also send e-mail to the maintainer, as
+ forced detection should be never necessary. Forced detection is in
+ principal some flaw of the driver adapter detection and goes into
+ bugreports.
+ Q: The driver screws up, if it starts to probe SCSI-devices, is there
+ some way out of it?
+ A: Yes, that was some recognition problem of the correct SCSI-adapter
+ and its I/O base addresses. Upgrade your driver to the latest release
+ and it should be fine again.
+ Q: I get a message: panic IBM MCA SCSI: command error .... , what can
+ I do against this?
+ A: Previously, I followed the way by ignoring command errors by using
+ ibmmcascsi=forgiveall, but this command no longer exists and is
+ obsolete. If such a problem appears, it is caused by some segmentation
+ fault of the driver, which maps to some unallowed area. The latest
+ version of the driver should be ok, as most bugs have been solved.
+ Q: There are still kernel panics, even after having set
+ ibmmcascsi=forgiveall. Are there other possibilities to prevent
+ such panics?
+ A: No, get just the latest release of the driver and it should work
+ better and better with increasing version number. Forget about this
+ ibmmcascsi=forgiveall, as also ignorecmd are obsolete.!
+ Q: Linux panics or stops without any comment, but it is probable, that my
+ harddisk(s) have bad blocks.
+ A: Sorry, the bad-block handling is still a feeble point of this driver,
+ but is on the schedule for development in the near future.
+ Q: Linux panics while dynamically assigning SCSI-ids or ldns.
+ A: If you disconnect a SCSI-device from the machine, while Linux is up
+ and the driver uses dynamical reassignment of logical device numbers
+ (ldn), it really gets "angry" if it won't find devices, that were still
+ present at boottime and stops Linux.
+ Q: The system does not recover after an abort-command has been generated.
+ A: This is regrettably true, as it is not yet understood, why the
+ SCSI-adapter does really NOT generate any interrupt at the end of
+ the abort-command. As no interrupt is generated, the abort command
+ cannot get finished and the system hangs, sorry, but checks are
+ running to hunt down this problem. If there is a real pending command,
+ the interrupt MUST get generated after abort. In this case, it
+ should finish well.
+ Q: The system gets in bad shape after a SCSI-reset, is this known?
+ A: Yes, as there are a lot of prescriptions (see the Linux Hackers'
+ Guide) what has to be done for reset, we still share the bad shape of
+ the reset functions with all other low level SCSI-drivers.
+ Astonishingly, reset works in most cases quite ok, but the harddisks
+ won't run in synchonous mode anymore after a reset, until you reboot.
+ Q: Why does my XXX w/Cache adapter not use read-prefetch?
+ A: Ok, that is not completely possible. If a cache is present, the
+ adapter tries to use it internally. Explicitly, one can use the cache
+ with a read prefetch command, maybe in future, but this requires
+ some major overhead of SCSI-commands that risks the performance to
+ go down more than it gets improved. Tests with that are running.
+ Q: I have a IBM SCSI-2 Fast/Wide adapter, it boots in some way and hangs.
+ A: Yes, that is understood, as for sure, your SCSI-2 Fast/Wide adapter
+ was in such a case recognized as integrated SCSI-adapter or something
+ else, but not as the correct adapter. As the I/O-ports get assigned
+ wrongly by that reason, the system should crash in most cases. You
+ should upgrade to the latest release of the SCSI-driver. The
+ recommended version is 3.2 or later. Here, the F/W support is in
+ a stable and reliable condition. Wide-addressing is in addition
+ supported.
+ Q: I get a Ooops message and something like "killing interrupt".
+ A: The reason for this is that the IBM SCSI-subsystem only sends a
+ termination status back, if some error appeared. In former releases
+ of the driver, it was not checked, if the termination status block
+ is NULL. From version 3.2, it is taken care of this.
+ Q: I have a F/W adapter and the driver sees my internal SCSI-devices,
+ but ignores the external ones.
+ A: Select combined busmode in the IBM config-program and check for that
+ no SCSI-id on the external devices appears on internal devices.
+ Reboot afterwards. Dual busmode is supported, but works only for the
+ internal bus, yet. External bus is still ignored. Take care for your
+ SCSI-ids. If combined bus-mode is activated, on some adapters,
+ the wide-addressing is not possible, so devices with ids between 8
+ and 15 get ignored by the driver & adapter!
+ Q: I have a 9595 and I get a NMI during heavy SCSI I/O e.g. during fsck.
+ A COMMAND ERROR is reported and characters on the screen are missing.
+ Warm reboot is not possible. Things look like quite weired.
+ A: Check the processor type of your 9595. If you have an 80486 or 486DX-2
+ processor complex on your mainboard and you compiled a kernel that
+ supports 80386 processors, it is possible, that the kernel cannot
+ keep track of the PS/2 interrupt handling and stops on an NMI. Just
+ compile a kernel for the correct processor type of your PS/2 and
+ everything should be fine. This is necessary even if one assumes,
+ that some 80486 system should be downward compatible to 80386
+ software.
+ Q: Some commands hang and interrupts block the machine. After some
+ timeout, the syslog reports that it tries to call abort, but the
+ machine is frozen.
+ A: This can be a busy wait bug in the interrupt handler of driver
+ version 3.2. You should at least upgrade to 3.2c if you use
+ kernel < 2.4.0 and driver version 4.0 if you use kernel 2.4.0 or
+ later (including all test releases).
+ Q: I have a PS/2 model 80 and more than 16 MBytes of RAM. The driver
+ completely refuses to work, reports NMIs, COMMAND ERRORs or other
+ ambiguous stuff. When reducing the RAM size down below 16 MB,
+ everything is running smoothly.
+ A: No real answer, yet. In any case, one should force the kernel to
+ present SCBs only below the 16 MBytes barrier. Maybe this solves the
+ problem. Not yet tried, but guessing that it could work. To get this,
+ set unchecked_isa_dma argument of ibmmca.h from 0 to 1.
+
+ 5.3 Bugreports
+ --------------
+ If you really find bugs in the sourcecode or the driver will successfully
+ refuse to work on your machine, you should send a bug report to me. The
+ best for this is to follow the instructions on the WWW-page for this
+ driver. Fill out the bug-report form, placed on the WWW-page and ship it,
+ so the bugs can be taken into account with maximum efforts. But, please
+ do not send bug reports about this driver to Linus Torvalds or Leonard
+ Zubkoff, as Linus is burried in E-Mail and Leonard is supervising all
+ SCSI-drivers and won't have the time left to look inside every single
+ driver to fix a bug and especially DO NOT send modified code to Linus
+ Torvalds or Alan J. Cox which has not been checked here!!! They are both
+ quite burried in E-mail (as me, sometimes, too) and one should first check
+ for problems on my local teststand. Recently, I got a lot of
+ bugreports for errors in the ibmmca.c code, which I could not imagine, but
+ a look inside some Linux-distribution showed me quite often some modified
+ code, which did no longer work on most other machines than the one of the
+ modifier. Ok, so now that there is maintenance service available for this
+ driver, please use this address first in order to keep the level of
+ confusion low. Thank you!
+
+ When you get a SCSI-error message that panics your system, a list of
+ register-entries of the SCSI-subsystem is shown (from Version 3.1d). With
+ this list, it is very easy for the maintainer to localize the problem in
+ the driver or in the configuration of the user. Please write down all the
+ values from this report and send them to the maintainer. This would really
+ help a lot and makes life easier concerning misunderstandings.
+
+ Use the bug-report form (see 5.4 for its address) to send all the bug-
+ stuff to the maintainer or write e-mail with the values from the table.
+
+ 5.4 Support WWW-page
+ --------------------
+ The address of the IBM SCSI-subsystem supporting WWW-page is:
+
+ http://www.uni-mainz.de/~langm000/linux.html
+
+ Here you can find info about the background of this driver, patches,
+ troubleshooting support, news and a bugreport form. Please check that
+ WWW-page regularly for latest hints. If ever this URL changes, please
+ refer to the MAINTAINERS file in order to get the latest address.
+
+ For the bugreport, please fill out the formular on the corresponding
+ WWW-page. Read the dedicated instructions and write as much as you
+ know about your problem. If you do not like such formulars, please send
+ some e-mail directly, but at least with the same information as required by
+ the formular.
+
+ If you have extensive bugreports, including Ooops messages and
+ screen-shots, please feel free to send it directly to the address
+ of the maintainer, too. The current address of the maintainer is:
+
+ Michael Lang <langa2@kph.uni-mainz.de>
+
+ 6 References
+ ------------
+ IBM Corp., "Update for the PS/2 Hardware Interface Technical Reference,
+ Common Interfaces", Armonk, September 1991, PN 04G3281,
+ (available in the U.S. for $21.75 at 1-800-IBM-PCTB or in Germany for
+ around 40,-DM at "Hallo IBM").
+
+ IBM Corp., "Personal System/2 Micro Channel SCSI
+ Adapter with Cache Technical Reference", Armonk, March 1990, PN 68X2365.
+
+ IBM Corp., "Personal System/2 Micro Channel SCSI
+ Adapter Technical Reference", Armonk, March 1990, PN 68X2397.
+
+ IBM Corp., "SCSI-2 Fast/Wide Adapter/A Technical Reference - Dual Bus",
+ Armonk, March 1994, PN 83G7545.
+
+ Friedhelm Schmidt, "SCSI-Bus und IDE-Schnittstelle - Moderne Peripherie-
+ Schnittstellen: Hardware, Protokollbeschreibung und Anwendung", 2. Aufl.
+ Addison Wesley, 1996.
+
+ Michael K. Johnson, "The Linux Kernel Hackers' Guide", Version 0.6, Chapel
+ Hill - North Carolina, 1995
+
+ Andreas Kaiser, "SCSI TAPE BACKUP for OS/2 2.0", Version 2.12, Stuttgart
+ 1993
+
+ Helmut Rompel, "IBM Computerwelt GUIDE", What is what bei IBM., Systeme *
+ Programme * Begriffe, IWT-Verlag GmbH - Muenchen, 1988
+
+ 7 Credits to
+ ------------
+ 7.1 People
+ ----------
+ Klaus Grimm
+ who already a long time ago gave me the old code from the
+ SCSI-driver in order to get it running for some old machine
+ in our institute.
+ Martin Kolinek
+ who wrote the first release of the IBM SCSI-subsystem driver.
+ Chris Beauregard
+ who for a long time maintained MCA-Linux and the SCSI-driver
+ in the beginning. Chris, wherever you are: Cheers to you!
+ Klaus Kudielka
+ with whom in the 2.1.x times, I had a quite fruitful
+ cooperation to get the driver running as a module and to get
+ it running with multiple SCSI-adapters.
+ David Weinehall
+ for his excellent maintenance of the MCA-stuff and the quite
+ detailed bug reports and ideas for this driver (and his
+ patience ;-)).
+ Alan J. Cox
+ for his bugreports and his bold activities in cross-checking
+ the driver-code with his teststand.
+
+ 7.2 Sponsors & Supporters
+ -------------------------
+ "Hallo IBM",
+ IBM-Deutschland GmbH
+ the service of IBM-Deutschland for customers. Their E-Mail
+ service is unbeatable. Whatever old stuff I asked for, I
+ always got some helpful answers.
+ Karl-Otto Reimers,
+ IBM Klub - Sparte IBM Geschichte, Sindelfingen
+ for sending me a copy of the w/Cache manual from the
+ IBM-Deutschland archives.
+ Harald Staiger
+ for his extensive hardware donations which allows me today
+ still to test the driver in various constellations.
+ Erich Fritscher
+ for his very kind sponsoring.
+ Louis Ohland,
+ Charles Lasitter
+ for support by shipping me an IBM SCSI-2 Fast/Wide manual.
+ In addition, the contribution of various hardware is quite
+ decessive and will make it possible to add FWSR (RAID)
+ adapter support to the driver in the near future! So,
+ complaints about no RAID support won't remain forever.
+ Yes, folks, that is no joke, RAID support is going to rise!
+ Erik Weber
+ for the great deal we made about a model 9595 and the nice
+ surrounding equipment and the cool trip to Mannheim
+ second-hand computer market. In addition, I would like
+ to thank him for his exhaustive SCSI-driver testing on his
+ 95er PS/2 park.
+ Anthony Hogbin
+ for his direct shipment of a SCSI F/W adapter, which allowed
+ me immediately on the first stage to try it on model 8557
+ together with onboard SCSI adapter and some SCSI w/Cache.
+ Andreas Hotz
+ for his support by memory and an IBM SCSI-adapter. Collecting
+ all this together now allows me to try really things with
+ the driver at maximum load and variety on various models in
+ a very quick and efficient way.
+ Peter Jennewein
+ for his model 30, which serves me as part of my teststand
+ and his cool remark about how you make an ordinary diskette
+ drive working and how to connect it to an IBM-diskette port.
+ Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz &
+ Institut fuer Kernphysik, Mainz Microtron (MAMI)
+ for the offered space, the link, placed on the central
+ homepage and the space to store and offer the driver and
+ related material and the free working times, which allow
+ me to answer all your e-mail.
+
+ 8 Trademarks
+ ------------
+ IBM, PS/2, OS/2, Microchannel are registered trademarks of International
+ Business Machines Corporation
+
+ MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation
+
+ Microware, OS-9 are registered trademarks of Microware Systems
+
+ 9 Disclaimer
+ ------------
+ Beside the GNU General Public License and the dependent disclaimers and disclaimers
+ concerning the Linux-kernel in special, this SCSI-driver comes without any
+ warranty. Its functionality is tested as good as possible on certain
+ machines and combinations of computer hardware, which does not exclude,
+ that dataloss or severe damage of hardware is possible while using this
+ part of software on some arbitrary computer hardware or in combination
+ with other software packages. It is highly recommended to make backup
+ copies of your data before using this software. Furthermore, personal
+ injuries by hardware defects, that could be caused by this SCSI-driver are
+ not excluded and it is highly recommended to handle this driver with a
+ maximum of carefulness.
+
+ This driver supports hardware, produced by International Business Machines
+ Corporation (IBM).
+
+------
+Michael Lang
+(langa2@kph.uni-mainz.de)
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/in2000.txt b/Documentation/scsi/in2000.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80f1040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/in2000.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.33 - 26 Aug 98
+
+ Interrupt management in this driver has become, over
+ time, increasingly odd and difficult to explain - this
+ has been mostly due to my own mental inadequacies. In
+ recent kernels, it has failed to function at all when
+ compiled for SMP. I've fixed that problem, and after
+ taking a fresh look at interrupts in general, greatly
+ reduced the number of places where they're fiddled
+ with. Done some heavy testing and it looks very good.
+ The driver now makes use of the __initfunc() and
+ __initdata macros to save about 4k of kernel memory.
+ Once again, the same code works for both 2.0.xx and
+ 2.1.xx kernels.
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.32 - 28 Mar 98
+
+ Removed the check for legal IN2000 hardware versions:
+ It appears that the driver works fine with serial
+ EPROMs (the 8-pin chip that defines hardware rev) as
+ old as 2.1, so we'll assume that all cards are OK.
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.31 - 6 Jul 97
+
+ Fixed a bug that caused incorrect SCSI status bytes to be
+ returned from commands sent to LUN's greater than 0. This
+ means that CDROM changers work now! Fixed a bug in the
+ handling of command-line arguments when loaded as a module.
+ Also put all the header data in in2000.h where it belongs.
+ There are no longer any differences between this driver in
+ the 2.1.xx source tree and the 2.0.xx tree, as of 2.0.31
+ and 2.1.45 (or is it .46?) - this makes things much easier
+ for me...
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.30 - 14 Oct 96
+
+ Fixed a bug in the code that sets the transfer direction
+ bit (DESTID_DPD in the WD_DESTINATION_ID register). There
+ are quite a few SCSI commands that do a write-to-device;
+ now we deal with all of them correctly. Thanks to Joerg
+ Dorchain for catching this one.
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.29 - 24 Sep 96
+
+ The memory-mapped hardware on the card is now accessed via
+ the 'readb()' and 'readl()' macros - required by the new
+ memory management scheme in the 2.1.x kernel series.
+ As suggested by Andries Brouwer, 'bios_param()' no longer
+ forces an artificial 1023 track limit on drives. Also
+ removed some kludge-code left over from struggles with
+ older (buggy) compilers.
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.28 - 07 May 96
+
+ Tightened up the "interrupts enabled/disabled" discipline
+ in 'in2000_queuecommand()' and maybe 1 or 2 other places.
+ I _think_ it may have been a little too lax, causing an
+ occasional crash during full moon. A fully functional
+ /proc interface is now in place - if you want to play
+ with it, start by doing 'cat /proc/scsi/in2000/0'. You
+ can also use it to change a few run-time parameters on
+ the fly, but it's mostly for debugging. The curious
+ should take a good look at 'in2000_proc_info()' in the
+ in2000.c file to get an understanding of what it's all
+ about; I figure that people who are really into it will
+ want to add features suited to their own needs...
+ Also, sync is now DISABLED by default.
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.27 - 10 Apr 96
+
+ Fixed a well-hidden bug in the adaptive-disconnect code
+ that would show up every now and then during extreme
+ heavy loads involving 2 or more simultaneously active
+ devices. Thanks to Joe Mack for keeping my nose to the
+ grindstone on this one.
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.26 - 07 Mar 96
+
+ 1.25 had a nasty bug that bit people with swap partitions
+ and tape drives. Also, in my attempt to guess my way
+ through Intel assembly language, I made an error in the
+ inline code for IO writes. Made a few other changes and
+ repairs - this version (fingers crossed) should work well.
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.25 - 05 Mar 96
+
+ Kernel 1.3.70 interrupt mods added; old kernels still OK.
+ Big help from Bill Earnest and David Willmore on speed
+ testing and optimizing: I think there's a real improvement
+ in this area.
+ New! User-friendly command-line interface for LILO and
+ module loading - the old method is gone, so you'll need
+ to read the comments for 'setup_strings' near the top
+ of in2000.c. For people with CDROM's or other devices
+ that have a tough time with sync negotiation, you can
+ now selectively disable sync on individual devices -
+ search for the 'nosync' keyword in the command-line
+ comments. Some of you disable the BIOS on the card, which
+ caused the auto-detect function to fail; there is now a
+ command-line option to force detection of a ROM-less card.
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.24a - 24 Feb 96
+
+ There was a bug in the synchronous transfer code. Only
+ a few people downloaded before I caught it - could have
+ been worse.
+
+UPDATE NEWS: version 1.24 - 23 Feb 96
+
+ Lots of good changes. Advice from Bill Earnest resulted
+ in much better detection of cards, more efficient usage
+ of the fifo, and (hopefully) faster data transfers. The
+ jury is still out on speed - I hope it's improved some.
+ One nifty new feature is a cool way of doing disconnect/
+ reselect. The driver defaults to what I'm calling
+ 'adaptive disconnect' - meaning that each command is
+ evaluated individually as to whether or not it should be
+ run with the option to disconnect/reselect (if the device
+ chooses), or as a "SCSI-bus-hog". When several devices
+ are operating simultaneously, disconnects are usually an
+ advantage. In a single device system, or if only 1 device
+ is being accessed, transfers usually go faster if disconnects
+ are not allowed.
+
+
+
+The default arguments (you get these when you don't give an 'in2000'
+command-line argument, or you give a blank argument) will cause
+the driver to do adaptive disconnect, synchronous transfers, and a
+minimum of debug messages. If you want to fool with the options,
+search for 'setup_strings' near the top of the in2000.c file and
+check the 'hostdata->args' section in in2000.h - but be warned! Not
+everything is working yet (some things will never work, probably).
+I believe that disabling disconnects (DIS_NEVER) will allow you
+to choose a LEVEL2 value higher than 'L2_BASIC', but I haven't
+spent a lot of time testing this. You might try 'ENABLE_CLUSTERING'
+to see what happens: my tests showed little difference either way.
+There's also a define called 'DEFAULT_SX_PER'; this sets the data
+transfer speed for the asynchronous mode. I've put it at 500 ns
+despite the fact that the card could handle settings of 376 or
+252, because higher speeds may be a problem with poor quality
+cables or improper termination; 500 ns is a compromise. You can
+choose your own default through the command-line with the
+'period' keyword.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------
+*********** DIP switch settings **************
+------------------------------------------------
+
+ sw1-1 sw1-2 BIOS address (hex)
+ -----------------------------------------
+ off off C8000 - CBFF0
+ on off D8000 - DBFF0
+ off on D0000 - D3FF0
+ on on BIOS disabled
+
+ sw1-3 sw1-4 IO port address (hex)
+ ------------------------------------
+ off off 220 - 22F
+ on off 200 - 20F
+ off on 110 - 11F
+ on on 100 - 10F
+
+ sw1-5 sw1-6 sw1-7 Interrupt
+ ------------------------------
+ off off off 15
+ off on off 14
+ off off on 11
+ off on on 10
+ on - - disabled
+
+ sw1-8 function depends on BIOS version. In earlier versions this
+ controlled synchronous data transfer support for MSDOS:
+ off = disabled
+ on = enabled
+ In later ROMs (starting with 01.3 in April 1994) sw1-8 controls
+ the "greater than 2 disk drive" feature that first appeared in
+ MSDOS 5.0 (ignored by Linux):
+ off = 2 drives maximum
+ on = 7 drives maximum
+
+ sw1-9 Floppy controller
+ --------------------------
+ off disabled
+ on enabled
+
+------------------------------------------------
+
+ I should mention that Drew Eckhardt's 'Generic NCR5380' sources
+ were my main inspiration, with lots of reference to the IN2000
+ driver currently distributed in the kernel source. I also owe
+ much to a driver written by Hamish Macdonald for Linux-m68k(!).
+ And to Eric Wright for being an ALPHA guinea pig. And to Bill
+ Earnest for 2 tons of great input and information. And to David
+ Willmore for extensive 'bonnie' testing. And to Joe Mack for
+ continual testing and feedback.
+
+
+ John Shifflett jshiffle@netcom.com
+
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/megaraid.txt b/Documentation/scsi/megaraid.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff864c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/megaraid.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+ Notes on Management Module
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Overview:
+--------
+
+Different classes of controllers from LSI Logic, accept and respond to the
+user applications in a similar way. They understand the same firmware control
+commands. Furthermore, the applications also can treat different classes of
+the controllers uniformly. Hence it is logical to have a single module that
+interefaces with the applications on one side and all the low level drivers
+on the other.
+
+The advantages, though obvious, are listed for completeness:
+
+ i. Avoid duplicate code from the low level drivers.
+ ii. Unburden the low level drivers from having to export the
+ character node device and related handling.
+ iii. Implement any policy mechanisms in one place.
+ iv. Applications have to interface with only module instead of
+ multiple low level drivers.
+
+Currently this module (called Common Management Module) is used only to issue
+ioctl commands. But this module is envisioned to handle all user space level
+interactions. So any 'proc', 'sysfs' implementations will be localized in this
+common module.
+
+Credits:
+-------
+
+"Shared code in a third module, a "library module", is an acceptable
+solution. modprobe automatically loads dependent modules, so users
+running "modprobe driver1" or "modprobe driver2" would automatically
+load the shared library module."
+
+ - Jeff Garzik (jgarzik@pobox.com), 02.25.2004 LKML
+
+"As Jeff hinted, if your userspace<->driver API is consistent between
+your new MPT-based RAID controllers and your existing megaraid driver,
+then perhaps you need a single small helper module (lsiioctl or some
+better name), loaded by both mptraid and megaraid automatically, which
+handles registering the /dev/megaraid node dynamically. In this case,
+both mptraid and megaraid would register with lsiioctl for each
+adapter discovered, and lsiioctl would essentially be a switch,
+redirecting userspace tool ioctls to the appropriate driver."
+
+ - Matt Domsch, (Matt_Domsch@dell.com), 02.25.2004 LKML
+
+Design:
+------
+
+The Common Management Module is implemented in megaraid_mm.[ch] files. This
+module acts as a registry for low level hba drivers. The low level drivers
+(currently only megaraid) register each controller with the common module.
+
+The applications interface with the common module via the character device
+node exported by the module.
+
+The lower level drivers now understand only a new improved ioctl packet called
+uioc_t. The management module converts the older ioctl packets from the older
+applications into uioc_t. After driver handles the uioc_t, the common module
+will convert that back into the old format before returning to applications.
+
+As new applications evolve and replace the old ones, the old packet format
+will be retired.
+
+Common module dedicates one uioc_t packet to each controller registered. This
+can easily be more than one. But since megaraid is the only low level driver
+today, and it can handle only one ioctl, there is no reason to have more. But
+as new controller classes get added, this will be tuned appropriately.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ncr53c7xx.txt b/Documentation/scsi/ncr53c7xx.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91e9552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ncr53c7xx.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+README for WarpEngine/A4000T/A4091 SCSI kernels.
+
+Use the following options to disable options in the SCSI driver.
+
+Using amiboot for example.....
+
+To disable Synchronous Negotiation....
+
+ amiboot -k kernel 53c7xx=nosync:0
+
+To disable Disconnection....
+
+ amiboot -k kernel 53c7xx=nodisconnect:0
+
+To disable certain SCSI devices...
+
+ amiboot -k kernel 53c7xx=validids:0x3F
+
+ this allows only device ID's 0,1,2,3,4 and 5 for linux to handle.
+ (this is a bitmasked field - i.e. each bit represents a SCSI ID)
+
+These commands work on a per controller basis and use the option 'next' to
+move to the next controller in the system.
+
+e.g.
+ amiboot -k kernel 53c7xx=nodisconnect:0,next,nosync:0
+
+ this uses No Disconnection on the first controller and Asynchronous
+ SCSI on the second controller.
+
+Known Issues:
+
+Two devices are known not to function with the default settings of using
+synchronous SCSI. These are the Archive Viper 150 Tape Drive and the
+SyQuest SQ555 removeable hard drive. When using these devices on a controller
+use the 'nosync:0' option.
+
+Please try these options and post any problems/successes to me.
+
+Alan Hourihane <alanh@fairlite.demon.co.uk>
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ncr53c8xx.txt b/Documentation/scsi/ncr53c8xx.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..822d2ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ncr53c8xx.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1854 @@
+The Linux NCR53C8XX/SYM53C8XX drivers README file
+
+Written by Gerard Roudier <groudier@free.fr>
+21 Rue Carnot
+95170 DEUIL LA BARRE - FRANCE
+
+29 May 1999
+===============================================================================
+
+1. Introduction
+2. Supported chips and SCSI features
+3. Advantages of the enhanced 896 driver
+ 3.1 Optimized SCSI SCRIPTS
+ 3.2 New features of the SYM53C896 (64 bit PCI dual LVD SCSI controller)
+4. Memory mapped I/O versus normal I/O
+5. Tagged command queueing
+6. Parity checking
+7. Profiling information
+8. Control commands
+ 8.1 Set minimum synchronous period
+ 8.2 Set wide size
+ 8.3 Set maximum number of concurrent tagged commands
+ 8.4 Set order type for tagged command
+ 8.5 Set debug mode
+ 8.6 Clear profile counters
+ 8.7 Set flag (no_disc)
+ 8.8 Set verbose level
+ 8.9 Reset all logical units of a target
+ 8.10 Abort all tasks of all logical units of a target
+9. Configuration parameters
+10. Boot setup commands
+ 10.1 Syntax
+ 10.2 Available arguments
+ 10.2.1 Master parity checking
+ 10.2.2 Scsi parity checking
+ 10.2.3 Scsi disconnections
+ 10.2.4 Special features
+ 10.2.5 Ultra SCSI support
+ 10.2.6 Default number of tagged commands
+ 10.2.7 Default synchronous period factor
+ 10.2.8 Negotiate synchronous with all devices
+ 10.2.9 Verbosity level
+ 10.2.10 Debug mode
+ 10.2.11 Burst max
+ 10.2.12 LED support
+ 10.2.13 Max wide
+ 10.2.14 Differential mode
+ 10.2.15 IRQ mode
+ 10.2.16 Reverse probe
+ 10.2.17 Fix up PCI configuration space
+ 10.2.18 Serial NVRAM
+ 10.2.19 Check SCSI BUS
+ 10.2.20 Exclude a host from being attached
+ 10.2.21 Suggest a default SCSI id for hosts
+ 10.2.22 Enable use of IMMEDIATE ARBITRATION
+ 10.3 Advised boot setup commands
+ 10.4 PCI configuration fix-up boot option
+ 10.5 Serial NVRAM support boot option
+ 10.6 SCSI BUS checking boot option
+ 10.7 IMMEDIATE ARBITRATION boot option
+11. Some constants and flags of the ncr53c8xx.h header file
+12. Installation
+13. Architecture dependent features
+14. Known problems
+ 14.1 Tagged commands with Iomega Jaz device
+ 14.2 Device names change when another controller is added
+ 14.3 Using only 8 bit devices with a WIDE SCSI controller.
+ 14.4 Possible data corruption during a Memory Write and Invalidate
+ 14.5 IRQ sharing problems
+15. SCSI problem troubleshooting
+ 15.1 Problem tracking
+ 15.2 Understanding hardware error reports
+16. Synchonous transfer negotiation tables
+ 16.1 Synchronous timings for 53C875 and 53C860 Ultra-SCSI controllers
+ 16.2 Synchronous timings for fast SCSI-2 53C8XX controllers
+17. Serial NVRAM support (by Richard Waltham)
+ 17.1 Features
+ 17.2 Symbios NVRAM layout
+ 17.3 Tekram NVRAM layout
+18. Support for Big Endian
+ 18.1 Big Endian CPU
+ 18.2 NCR chip in Big Endian mode of operations
+
+===============================================================================
+
+1. Introduction
+
+The initial Linux ncr53c8xx driver has been a port of the ncr driver from
+FreeBSD that has been achieved in November 1995 by:
+ Gerard Roudier <groudier@free.fr>
+
+The original driver has been written for 386bsd and FreeBSD by:
+ Wolfgang Stanglmeier <wolf@cologne.de>
+ Stefan Esser <se@mi.Uni-Koeln.de>
+
+It is now available as a bundle of 2 drivers:
+
+- ncr53c8xx generic driver that supports all the SYM53C8XX family including
+ the ealiest 810 rev. 1, the latest 896 (2 channel LVD SCSI controller) and
+ the new 895A (1 channel LVD SCSI controller).
+- sym53c8xx enhanced driver (a.k.a. 896 drivers) that drops support of oldest
+ chips in order to gain advantage of new features, as LOAD/STORE intructions
+ available since the 810A and hardware phase mismatch available with the
+ 896 and the 895A.
+
+You can find technical information about the NCR 8xx family in the
+PCI-HOWTO written by Michael Will and in the SCSI-HOWTO written by
+Drew Eckhardt.
+
+Information about new chips is available at LSILOGIC web server:
+
+ http://www.lsilogic.com/
+
+SCSI standard documentations are available at SYMBIOS ftp server:
+
+ ftp://ftp.symbios.com/
+
+Usefull SCSI tools written by Eric Youngdale are available at tsx-11:
+
+ ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/ALPHA/scsi/scsiinfo-X.Y.tar.gz
+ ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/ALPHA/scsi/scsidev-X.Y.tar.gz
+
+These tools are not ALPHA but quite clean and work quite well.
+It is essential you have the 'scsiinfo' package.
+
+This short documentation describes the features of the generic and enhanced
+drivers, configuration parameters and control commands available through
+the proc SCSI file system read / write operations.
+
+This driver has been tested OK with linux/i386, Linux/Alpha and Linux/PPC.
+
+Latest driver version and patches are available at:
+
+ ftp://ftp.tux.org/pub/people/gerard-roudier
+or
+ ftp://ftp.symbios.com/mirror/ftp.tux.org/pub/tux/roudier/drivers
+
+I am not a native speaker of English and there are probably lots of
+mistakes in this README file. Any help will be welcome.
+
+
+2. Supported chips and SCSI features
+
+The following features are supported for all chips:
+
+ Synchronous negotiation
+ Disconnection
+ Tagged command queuing
+ SCSI parity checking
+ Master parity checking
+
+"Wide negotiation" is supported for chips that allow it. The
+following table shows some characteristics of NCR 8xx family chips
+and what drivers support them.
+
+ Supported by Supported by
+ On board the generic the enhanced
+Chip SDMS BIOS Wide SCSI std. Max. sync driver driver
+---- --------- ---- --------- ---------- ------------ -------------
+810 N N FAST10 10 MB/s Y N
+810A N N FAST10 10 MB/s Y Y
+815 Y N FAST10 10 MB/s Y N
+825 Y Y FAST10 20 MB/s Y N
+825A Y Y FAST10 20 MB/s Y Y
+860 N N FAST20 20 MB/s Y Y
+875 Y Y FAST20 40 MB/s Y Y
+876 Y Y FAST20 40 MB/s Y Y
+895 Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y Y
+895A Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y Y
+896 Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y Y
+897 Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y Y
+1510D Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y Y
+1010 Y Y FAST80 160 MB/s N Y
+1010_66* Y Y FAST80 160 MB/s N Y
+
+* Chip supports 33MHz and 66MHz PCI buses.
+
+
+Summary of other supported features:
+
+Module: allow to load the driver
+Memory mapped I/O: increases performance
+Profiling information: read operations from the proc SCSI file system
+Control commands: write operations to the proc SCSI file system
+Debugging information: written to syslog (expert only)
+Scatter / gather
+Shared interrupt
+Boot setup commands
+Serial NVRAM: Symbios and Tekram formats
+
+
+3. Advantages of the enhanced 896 driver
+
+3.1 Optimized SCSI SCRIPTS.
+
+The 810A, 825A, 875, 895, 896 and 895A support new SCSI SCRIPTS instructions
+named LOAD and STORE that allow to move up to 1 DWORD from/to an IO register
+to/from memory much faster that the MOVE MEMORY instruction that is supported
+by the 53c7xx and 53c8xx family.
+The LOAD/STORE instructions support absolute and DSA relative addressing
+modes. The SCSI SCRIPTS had been entirely rewritten using LOAD/STORE instead
+of MOVE MEMORY instructions.
+
+3.2 New features of the SYM53C896 (64 bit PCI dual LVD SCSI controller)
+
+The 896 and the 895A allows handling of the phase mismatch context from
+SCRIPTS (avoids the phase mismatch interrupt that stops the SCSI processor
+until the C code has saved the context of the transfer).
+Implementing this without using LOAD/STORE instructions would be painfull
+and I did'nt even want to try it.
+
+The 896 chip supports 64 bit PCI transactions and addressing, while the
+895A supports 32 bit PCI transactions and 64 bit addressing.
+The SCRIPTS processor of these chips is not true 64 bit, but uses segment
+registers for bit 32-63. Another interesting feature is that LOAD/STORE
+instructions that address the on-chip RAM (8k) remain internal to the chip.
+
+Due to the use of LOAD/STORE SCRIPTS instructions, this driver does not
+support the following chips:
+- SYM53C810 revision < 0x10 (16)
+- SYM53C815 all revisions
+- SYM53C825 revision < 0x10 (16)
+
+4. Memory mapped I/O versus normal I/O
+
+Memory mapped I/O has less latency than normal I/O. Since
+linux-1.3.x, memory mapped I/O is used rather than normal I/O. Memory
+mapped I/O seems to work fine on most hardware configurations, but
+some poorly designed motherboards may break this feature.
+
+The configuration option CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_IOMAPPED forces the
+driver to use normal I/O in all cases.
+
+
+5. Tagged command queueing
+
+Queuing more than 1 command at a time to a device allows it to perform
+optimizations based on actual head positions and its mechanical
+characteristics. This feature may also reduce average command latency.
+In order to really gain advantage of this feature, devices must have
+a reasonable cache size (No miracle is to be expected for a low-end
+hard disk with 128 KB or less).
+Some kown SCSI devices do not properly support tagged command queuing.
+Generally, firmware revisions that fix this kind of problems are available
+at respective vendor web/ftp sites.
+All I can say is that the hard disks I use on my machines behave well with
+this driver with tagged command queuing enabled:
+
+- IBM S12 0662
+- Conner 1080S
+- Quantum Atlas I
+- Quantum Atlas II
+
+If your controller has NVRAM, you can configure this feature per target
+from the user setup tool. The Tekram Setup program allows to tune the
+maximum number of queued commands up to 32. The Symbios Setup only allows
+to enable or disable this feature.
+
+The maximum number of simultaneous tagged commands queued to a device
+is currently set to 8 by default. This value is suitable for most SCSI
+disks. With large SCSI disks (>= 2GB, cache >= 512KB, average seek time
+<= 10 ms), using a larger value may give better performances.
+
+The sym53c8xx driver supports up to 255 commands per device, and the
+generic ncr53c8xx driver supports up to 64, but using more than 32 is
+generally not worth-while, unless you are using a very large disk or disk
+array. It is noticeable that most of recent hard disks seem not to accept
+more than 64 simultaneous commands. So, using more than 64 queued commands
+is probably just resource wasting.
+
+If your controller does not have NVRAM or if it is managed by the SDMS
+BIOS/SETUP, you can configure tagged queueing feature and device queue
+depths from the boot command-line. For example:
+
+ ncr53c8xx=tags:4/t2t3q15-t4q7/t1u0q32
+
+will set tagged commands queue depths as follow:
+
+- target 2 all luns on controller 0 --> 15
+- target 3 all luns on controller 0 --> 15
+- target 4 all luns on controller 0 --> 7
+- target 1 lun 0 on controller 1 --> 32
+- all other target/lun --> 4
+
+In some special conditions, some SCSI disk firmwares may return a
+QUEUE FULL status for a SCSI command. This behaviour is managed by the
+driver using the following heuristic:
+
+- Each time a QUEUE FULL status is returned, tagged queue depth is reduced
+ to the actual number of disconnected commands.
+
+- Every 1000 successfully completed SCSI commands, if allowed by the
+ current limit, the maximum number of queueable commands is incremented.
+
+Since QUEUE FULL status reception and handling is resource wasting, the
+driver notifies by default this problem to user by indicating the actual
+number of commands used and their status, as well as its decision on the
+device queue depth change.
+The heuristic used by the driver in handling QUEUE FULL ensures that the
+impact on performances is not too bad. You can get rid of the messages by
+setting verbose level to zero, as follow:
+
+1st method: boot your system using 'ncr53c8xx=verb:0' option.
+2nd method: apply "setverbose 0" control command to the proc fs entry
+ corresponding to your controller after boot-up.
+
+6. Parity checking
+
+The driver supports SCSI parity checking and PCI bus master parity
+checking. These features must be enabled in order to ensure safe data
+transfers. However, some flawed devices or mother boards will have
+problems with parity. You can disable either PCI parity or SCSI parity
+checking by entering appropriate options from the boot command line.
+(See 10: Boot setup commands).
+
+7. Profiling information
+
+Profiling information is available through the proc SCSI file system.
+Since gathering profiling information may impact performances, this
+feature is disabled by default and requires a compilation configuration
+option to be set to Y.
+
+The device associated with a host has the following pathname:
+
+ /proc/scsi/ncr53c8xx/N (N=0,1,2 ....)
+
+Generally, only 1 board is used on hardware configuration, and that device is:
+ /proc/scsi/ncr53c8xx/0
+
+However, if the driver has been made as module, the number of the
+hosts is incremented each time the driver is loaded.
+
+In order to display profiling information, just enter:
+
+ cat /proc/scsi/ncr53c8xx/0
+
+and you will get something like the following text:
+
+-------------------------------------------------------
+General information:
+ Chip NCR53C810, device id 0x1, revision id 0x2
+ IO port address 0x6000, IRQ number 10
+ Using memory mapped IO at virtual address 0x282c000
+ Synchronous transfer period 25, max commands per lun 4
+Profiling information:
+ num_trans = 18014
+ num_kbytes = 671314
+ num_disc = 25763
+ num_break = 1673
+ num_int = 1685
+ num_fly = 18038
+ ms_setup = 4940
+ ms_data = 369940
+ ms_disc = 183090
+ ms_post = 1320
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+General information is easy to understand. The device ID and the
+revision ID identify the SCSI chip as follows:
+
+Chip Device id Revision Id
+---- --------- -----------
+810 0x1 < 0x10
+810A 0x1 >= 0x10
+815 0x4
+825 0x3 < 0x10
+860 0x6
+825A 0x3 >= 0x10
+875 0xf
+895 0xc
+
+The profiling information is updated upon completion of SCSI commands.
+A data structure is allocated and zeroed when the host adapter is
+attached. So, if the driver is a module, the profile counters are
+cleared each time the driver is loaded. The "clearprof" command
+allows you to clear these counters at any time.
+
+The following counters are available:
+
+("num" prefix means "number of",
+"ms" means milli-seconds)
+
+num_trans
+ Number of completed commands
+ Example above: 18014 completed commands
+
+num_kbytes
+ Number of kbytes transferred
+ Example above: 671 MB transferred
+
+num_disc
+ Number of SCSI disconnections
+ Example above: 25763 SCSI disconnections
+
+num_break
+ number of script interruptions (phase mismatch)
+ Example above: 1673 script interruptions
+
+num_int
+ Number of interrupts other than "on the fly"
+ Example above: 1685 interruptions not "on the fly"
+
+num_fly
+ Number of interrupts "on the fly"
+ Example above: 18038 interruptions "on the fly"
+
+ms_setup
+ Elapsed time for SCSI commands setups
+ Example above: 4.94 seconds
+
+ms_data
+ Elapsed time for data transfers
+ Example above: 369.94 seconds spent for data transfer
+
+ms_disc
+ Elapsed time for SCSI disconnections
+ Example above: 183.09 seconds spent disconnected
+
+ms_post
+ Elapsed time for command post processing
+ (time from SCSI status get to command completion call)
+ Example above: 1.32 seconds spent for post processing
+
+Due to the 1/100 second tick of the system clock, "ms_post" time may
+be wrong.
+
+In the example above, we got 18038 interrupts "on the fly" and only
+1673 script breaks generally due to disconnections inside a segment
+of the scatter list.
+
+
+8. Control commands
+
+Control commands can be sent to the driver with write operations to
+the proc SCSI file system. The generic command syntax is the
+following:
+
+ echo "<verb> <parameters>" >/proc/scsi/ncr53c8xx/0
+ (assumes controller number is 0)
+
+Using "all" for "<target>" parameter with the commands below will
+apply to all targets of the SCSI chain (except the controller).
+
+Available commands:
+
+8.1 Set minimum synchronous period factor
+
+ setsync <target> <period factor>
+
+ target: target number
+ period: minimum synchronous period.
+ Maximum speed = 1000/(4*period factor) except for special
+ cases below.
+
+ Specify a period of 255, to force asynchronous transfer mode.
+
+ 10 means 25 nano-seconds synchronous period
+ 11 means 30 nano-seconds synchronous period
+ 12 means 50 nano-seconds synchronous period
+
+8.2 Set wide size
+
+ setwide <target> <size>
+
+ target: target number
+ size: 0=8 bits, 1=16bits
+
+8.3 Set maximum number of concurrent tagged commands
+
+ settags <target> <tags>
+
+ target: target number
+ tags: number of concurrent tagged commands
+ must not be greater than SCSI_NCR_MAX_TAGS (default: 8)
+
+8.4 Set order type for tagged command
+
+ setorder <order>
+
+ order: 3 possible values:
+ simple: use SIMPLE TAG for all operations (read and write)
+ ordered: use ORDERED TAG for all operations
+ default: use default tag type,
+ SIMPLE TAG for read operations
+ ORDERED TAG for write operations
+
+
+8.5 Set debug mode
+
+ setdebug <list of debug flags>
+
+ Available debug flags:
+ alloc: print info about memory allocations (ccb, lcb)
+ queue: print info about insertions into the command start queue
+ result: print sense data on CHECK CONDITION status
+ scatter: print info about the scatter process
+ scripts: print info about the script binding process
+ tiny: print minimal debugging information
+ timing: print timing information of the NCR chip
+ nego: print information about SCSI negotiations
+ phase: print information on script interruptions
+
+ Use "setdebug" with no argument to reset debug flags.
+
+
+8.6 Clear profile counters
+
+ clearprof
+
+ The profile counters are automatically cleared when the amount of
+ data transferred reaches 1000 GB in order to avoid overflow.
+ The "clearprof" command allows you to clear these counters at any time.
+
+
+8.7 Set flag (no_disc)
+
+ setflag <target> <flag>
+
+ target: target number
+
+ For the moment, only one flag is available:
+
+ no_disc: not allow target to disconnect.
+
+ Do not specify any flag in order to reset the flag. For example:
+ - setflag 4
+ will reset no_disc flag for target 4, so will allow it disconnections.
+ - setflag all
+ will allow disconnection for all devices on the SCSI bus.
+
+
+8.8 Set verbose level
+
+ setverbose #level
+
+ The driver default verbose level is 1. This command allows to change
+ th driver verbose level after boot-up.
+
+8.9 Reset all logical units of a target
+
+ resetdev <target>
+
+ target: target number
+ The driver will try to send a BUS DEVICE RESET message to the target.
+ (Only supported by the SYM53C8XX driver and provided for test purpose)
+
+8.10 Abort all tasks of all logical units of a target
+
+ cleardev <target>
+
+ target: target number
+ The driver will try to send a ABORT message to all the logical units
+ of the target.
+ (Only supported by the SYM53C8XX driver and provided for test purpose)
+
+
+9. Configuration parameters
+
+If the firmware of all your devices is perfect enough, all the
+features supported by the driver can be enabled at start-up. However,
+if only one has a flaw for some SCSI feature, you can disable the
+support by the driver of this feature at linux start-up and enable
+this feature after boot-up only for devices that support it safely.
+
+CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_PROFILE_SUPPORT (default answer: n)
+ This option must be set for profiling information to be gathered
+ and printed out through the proc file system. This features may
+ impact performances.
+
+CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_IOMAPPED (default answer: n)
+ Answer "y" if you suspect your mother board to not allow memory mapped I/O.
+ May slow down performance a little. This option is required by
+ Linux/PPC and is used no matter what you select here. Linux/PPC
+ suffers no performance loss with this option since all IO is memory
+ mapped anyway.
+
+CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_DEFAULT_TAGS (default answer: 8)
+ Default tagged command queue depth.
+
+CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_MAX_TAGS (default answer: 8)
+ This option allows you to specify the maximum number of tagged commands
+ that can be queued to a device. The maximum supported value is 32.
+
+CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_SYNC (default answer: 5)
+ This option allows you to specify the frequency in MHz the driver
+ will use at boot time for synchronous data transfer negotiations.
+ This frequency can be changed later with the "setsync" control command.
+ 0 means "asynchronous data transfers".
+
+CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_FORCE_SYNC_NEGO (default answer: n)
+ Force synchronous negotiation for all SCSI-2 devices.
+ Some SCSI-2 devices do not report this feature in byte 7 of inquiry
+ response but do support it properly (TAMARACK scanners for example).
+
+CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_NO_DISCONNECT (default and only reasonable answer: n)
+ If you suspect a device of yours does not properly support disconnections,
+ you can answer "y". Then, all SCSI devices will never disconnect the bus
+ even while performing long SCSI operations.
+
+CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_SYMBIOS_COMPAT
+ Genuine SYMBIOS boards use GPIO0 in output for controller LED and GPIO3
+ bit as a flag indicating singled-ended/differential interface.
+ If all the boards of your system are genuine SYMBIOS boards or use
+ BIOS and drivers from SYMBIOS, you would want to enable this option.
+ This option must NOT be enabled if your system has at least one 53C8XX
+ based scsi board with a vendor-specific BIOS.
+ For example, Tekram DC-390/U, DC-390/W and DC-390/F scsi controllers
+ use a vendor-specific BIOS and are known to not use SYMBIOS compatible
+ GPIO wiring. So, this option must not be enabled if your system has
+ such a board installed.
+
+CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_NVRAM_DETECT
+ Enable support for reading the serial NVRAM data on Symbios and
+ some Symbios compatible cards, and Tekram DC390W/U/F cards. Useful for
+ systems with more than one Symbios compatible controller where at least
+ one has a serial NVRAM, or for a system with a mixture of Symbios and
+ Tekram cards. Enables setting the boot order of host adaptors
+ to something other than the default order or "reverse probe" order.
+ Also enables Symbios and Tekram cards to be distinguished so
+ CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX_SYMBIOS_COMPAT may be set in a system with a
+ mixture of Symbios and Tekram cards so the Symbios cards can make use of
+ the full range of Symbios features, differential, led pin, without
+ causing problems for the Tekram card(s).
+
+10. Boot setup commands
+
+10.1 Syntax
+
+Setup commands can be passed to the driver either at boot time or as a
+string variable using 'insmod'.
+
+A boot setup command for the ncr53c8xx (sym53c8xx) driver begins with the
+driver name "ncr53c8xx="(sym53c8xx). The kernel syntax parser then expects
+an optionnal list of integers separated with comma followed by an optional
+list of comma-separated strings. Example of boot setup command under lilo
+prompt:
+
+lilo: linux root=/dev/hda2 ncr53c8xx=tags:4,sync:10,debug:0x200
+
+- enable tagged commands, up to 4 tagged commands queued.
+- set synchronous negotiation speed to 10 Mega-transfers / second.
+- set DEBUG_NEGO flag.
+
+Since comma seems not to be allowed when defining a string variable using
+'insmod', the driver also accepts <space> as option separator.
+The following command will install driver module with the same options as
+above.
+
+ insmod ncr53c8xx.o ncr53c8xx="tags:4 sync:10 debug:0x200"
+
+For the moment, the integer list of arguments is discarded by the driver.
+It will be used in the future in order to allow a per controller setup.
+
+Each string argument must be specified as "keyword:value". Only lower-case
+characters and digits are allowed.
+
+In a system that contains multiple 53C8xx adapters insmod will install the
+specified driver on each adapter. To exclude a chip use the 'excl' keyword.
+
+The sequence of commands,
+
+ insmod sym53c8xx sym53c8xx=excl:0x1400
+ insmod ncr53c8xx
+
+installs the sym53c8xx driver on all adapters except the one at IO port
+address 0x1400 and then installs the ncr53c8xx driver to the adapter at IO
+port address 0x1400.
+
+
+10.2 Available arguments
+
+10.2.1 Master parity checking
+ mpar:y enabled
+ mpar:n disabled
+
+10.2.2 Scsi parity checking
+ spar:y enabled
+ spar:n disabled
+
+10.2.3 Scsi disconnections
+ disc:y enabled
+ disc:n disabled
+
+10.2.4 Special features
+ Only apply to 810A, 825A, 860, 875 and 895 controllers.
+ Have no effect with other ones.
+ specf:y (or 1) enabled
+ specf:n (or 0) disabled
+ specf:3 enabled except Memory Write And Invalidate
+ The default driver setup is 'specf:3'. As a consequence, option 'specf:y'
+ must be specified in the boot setup command to enable Memory Write And
+ Invalidate.
+
+10.2.5 Ultra SCSI support
+ Only apply to 860, 875, 895, 895a, 896, 1010 and 1010_66 controllers.
+ Have no effect with other ones.
+ ultra:n All ultra speeds enabled
+ ultra:2 Ultra2 enabled
+ ultra:1 Ultra enabled
+ ultra:0 Ultra speeds disabled
+
+10.2.6 Default number of tagged commands
+ tags:0 (or tags:1 ) tagged command queuing disabled
+ tags:#tags (#tags > 1) tagged command queuing enabled
+ #tags will be truncated to the max queued commands configuration parameter.
+ This option also allows to specify a command queue depth for each device
+ that support tagged command queueing.
+ Example:
+ ncr53c8xx=tags:10/t2t3q16-t5q24/t1u2q32
+ will set devices queue depth as follow:
+ - controller #0 target #2 and target #3 -> 16 commands,
+ - controller #0 target #5 -> 24 commands,
+ - controller #1 target #1 logical unit #2 -> 32 commands,
+ - all other logical units (all targets, all controllers) -> 10 commands.
+
+10.2.7 Default synchronous period factor
+ sync:255 disabled (asynchronous transfer mode)
+ sync:#factor
+ #factor = 10 Ultra-2 SCSI 40 Mega-transfers / second
+ #factor = 11 Ultra-2 SCSI 33 Mega-transfers / second
+ #factor < 25 Ultra SCSI 20 Mega-transfers / second
+ #factor < 50 Fast SCSI-2
+
+ In all cases, the driver will use the minimum transfer period supported by
+ controllers according to NCR53C8XX chip type.
+
+10.2.8 Negotiate synchronous with all devices
+ (force sync nego)
+ fsn:y enabled
+ fsn:n disabled
+
+10.2.9 Verbosity level
+ verb:0 minimal
+ verb:1 normal
+ verb:2 too much
+
+10.2.10 Debug mode
+ debug:0 clear debug flags
+ debug:#x set debug flags
+ #x is an integer value combining the following power-of-2 values:
+ DEBUG_ALLOC 0x1
+ DEBUG_PHASE 0x2
+ DEBUG_POLL 0x4
+ DEBUG_QUEUE 0x8
+ DEBUG_RESULT 0x10
+ DEBUG_SCATTER 0x20
+ DEBUG_SCRIPT 0x40
+ DEBUG_TINY 0x80
+ DEBUG_TIMING 0x100
+ DEBUG_NEGO 0x200
+ DEBUG_TAGS 0x400
+ DEBUG_FREEZE 0x800
+ DEBUG_RESTART 0x1000
+
+ You can play safely with DEBUG_NEGO. However, some of these flags may
+ generate bunches of syslog messages.
+
+10.2.11 Burst max
+ burst:0 burst disabled
+ burst:255 get burst length from initial IO register settings.
+ burst:#x burst enabled (1<<#x burst transfers max)
+ #x is an integer value which is log base 2 of the burst transfers max.
+ The NCR53C875 and NCR53C825A support up to 128 burst transfers (#x = 7).
+ Other chips only support up to 16 (#x = 4).
+ This is a maximum value. The driver set the burst length according to chip
+ and revision ids. By default the driver uses the maximum value supported
+ by the chip.
+
+10.2.12 LED support
+ led:1 enable LED support
+ led:0 disable LED support
+ Donnot enable LED support if your scsi board does not use SDMS BIOS.
+ (See 'Configuration parameters')
+
+10.2.13 Max wide
+ wide:1 wide scsi enabled
+ wide:0 wide scsi disabled
+ Some scsi boards use a 875 (ultra wide) and only supply narrow connectors.
+ If you have connected a wide device with a 50 pins to 68 pins cable
+ converter, any accepted wide negotiation will break further data transfers.
+ In such a case, using "wide:0" in the bootup command will be helpfull.
+
+10.2.14 Differential mode
+ diff:0 never set up diff mode
+ diff:1 set up diff mode if BIOS set it
+ diff:2 always set up diff mode
+ diff:3 set diff mode if GPIO3 is not set
+
+10.2.15 IRQ mode
+ irqm:0 always open drain
+ irqm:1 same as initial settings (assumed BIOS settings)
+ irqm:2 always totem pole
+ irqm:0x10 driver will not use SA_SHIRQ flag when requesting irq
+ irqm:0x20 driver will not use SA_INTERRUPT flag when requesting irq
+
+ (Bits 0x10 and 0x20 can be combined with hardware irq mode option)
+
+10.2.16 Reverse probe
+ revprob:n probe chip ids from the PCI configuration in this order:
+ 810, 815, 820, 860, 875, 885, 895, 896
+ revprob:y probe chip ids in the reverse order.
+
+10.2.17 Fix up PCI configuration space
+ pcifix:<option bits>
+
+ Available option bits:
+ 0x0: No attempt to fix PCI configuration space registers values.
+ 0x1: Set PCI cache-line size register if not set.
+ 0x2: Set write and invalidate bit in PCI command register.
+ 0x4: Increase if necessary PCI latency timer according to burst max.
+
+ Use 'pcifix:7' in order to allow the driver to fix up all PCI features.
+
+10.2.18 Serial NVRAM
+ nvram:n do not look for serial NVRAM
+ nvram:y test controllers for onboard serial NVRAM
+ (alternate binary form)
+ mvram=<bits options>
+ 0x01 look for NVRAM (equivalent to nvram=y)
+ 0x02 ignore NVRAM "Synchronous negotiation" parameters for all devices
+ 0x04 ignore NVRAM "Wide negotiation" parameter for all devices
+ 0x08 ignore NVRAM "Scan at boot time" parameter for all devices
+ 0x80 also attach controllers set to OFF in the NVRAM (sym53c8xx only)
+
+10.2.19 Check SCSI BUS
+ buschk:<option bits>
+
+ Available option bits:
+ 0x0: No check.
+ 0x1: Check and do not attach the controller on error.
+ 0x2: Check and just warn on error.
+ 0x4: Disable SCSI bus integrity checking.
+
+10.2.20 Exclude a host from being attached
+ excl=<io_address>
+
+ Prevent host at a given io address from being attached.
+ For example 'ncr53c8xx=excl:0xb400,excl:0xc000' indicate to the
+ ncr53c8xx driver not to attach hosts at address 0xb400 and 0xc000.
+
+10.2.21 Suggest a default SCSI id for hosts
+ hostid:255 no id suggested.
+ hostid:#x (0 < x < 7) x suggested for hosts SCSI id.
+
+ If a host SCSI id is available from the NVRAM, the driver will ignore
+ any value suggested as boot option. Otherwise, if a suggested value
+ different from 255 has been supplied, it will use it. Otherwise, it will
+ try to deduce the value previously set in the hardware and use value
+ 7 if the hardware value is zero.
+
+10.2.22 Enable use of IMMEDIATE ARBITRATION
+ (only supported by the sym53c8xx driver. See 10.7 for more details)
+ iarb:0 do not use this feature.
+ iarb:#x use this feature according to bit fields as follow:
+
+ bit 0 (1) : enable IARB each time the initiator has been reselected
+ when it arbitrated for the SCSI BUS.
+ (#x >> 4) : maximum number of successive settings of IARB if the initiator
+ win arbitration and it has other commands to send to a device.
+
+Boot fail safe
+ safe:y load the following assumed fail safe initial setup
+
+ master parity disabled mpar:n
+ scsi parity enabled spar:y
+ disconnections not allowed disc:n
+ special features disabled specf:n
+ ultra scsi disabled ultra:n
+ force sync negotiation disabled fsn:n
+ reverse probe disabled revprob:n
+ PCI fix up disabled pcifix:0
+ serial NVRAM enabled nvram:y
+ verbosity level 2 verb:2
+ tagged command queuing disabled tags:0
+ synchronous negotiation disabled sync:255
+ debug flags none debug:0
+ burst length from BIOS settings burst:255
+ LED support disabled led:0
+ wide support disabled wide:0
+ settle time 10 seconds settle:10
+ differential support from BIOS settings diff:1
+ irq mode from BIOS settings irqm:1
+ SCSI BUS check do not attach on error buschk:1
+ immediate arbitration disabled iarb:0
+
+10.3 Advised boot setup commands
+
+If the driver has been configured with default options, the equivalent
+boot setup is:
+
+ ncr53c8xx=mpar:y,spar:y,disc:y,specf:3,fsn:n,ultra:2,fsn:n,revprob:n,verb:1\
+ tags:0,sync:50,debug:0,burst:7,led:0,wide:1,settle:2,diff:0,irqm:0
+
+For an installation diskette or a safe but not fast system,
+boot setup can be:
+
+ ncr53c8xx=safe:y,mpar:y,disc:y
+ ncr53c8xx=safe:y,disc:y
+ ncr53c8xx=safe:y,mpar:y
+ ncr53c8xx=safe:y
+
+My personnal system works flawlessly with the following equivalent setup:
+
+ ncr53c8xx=mpar:y,spar:y,disc:y,specf:1,fsn:n,ultra:2,fsn:n,revprob:n,verb:1\
+ tags:32,sync:12,debug:0,burst:7,led:1,wide:1,settle:2,diff:0,irqm:0
+
+The driver prints its actual setup when verbosity level is 2. You can try
+"ncr53c8xx=verb:2" to get the "static" setup of the driver, or add "verb:2"
+to your boot setup command in order to check the actual setup the driver is
+using.
+
+10.4 PCI configuration fix-up boot option
+
+pcifix:<option bits>
+
+Available option bits:
+ 0x1: Set PCI cache-line size register if not set.
+ 0x2: Set write and invalidate bit in PCI command register.
+
+Use 'pcifix:3' in order to allow the driver to fix both PCI features.
+
+These options only apply to new SYMBIOS chips 810A, 825A, 860, 875
+and 895 and are only supported for Pentium and 486 class processors.
+Recent SYMBIOS 53C8XX scsi processors are able to use PCI read multiple
+and PCI write and invalidate commands. These features require the
+cache line size register to be properly set in the PCI configuration
+space of the chips. On the other hand, chips will use PCI write and
+invalidate commands only if the corresponding bit is set to 1 in the
+PCI command register.
+
+Not all PCI bioses set the PCI cache line register and the PCI write and
+invalidate bit in the PCI configuration space of 53C8XX chips.
+Optimized PCI accesses may be broken for some PCI/memory controllers or
+make problems with some PCI boards.
+
+This fix-up worked flawlessly on my previous system.
+(MB Triton HX / 53C875 / 53C810A)
+I use these options at my own risks as you will do if you decide to
+use them too.
+
+
+10.5 Serial NVRAM support boot option
+
+nvram:n do not look for serial NVRAM
+nvram:y test controllers for onboard serial NVRAM
+
+This option can also been entered as an hexadecimal value that allows
+to control what information the driver will get from the NVRAM and what
+information it will ignore.
+For details see '17. Serial NVRAM support'.
+
+When this option is enabled, the driver tries to detect all boards using
+a Serial NVRAM. This memory is used to hold user set up parameters.
+
+The parameters the driver is able to get from the NVRAM depend on the
+data format used, as follow:
+
+ Tekram format Symbios format
+General and host parameters
+ Boot order N Y
+ Host SCSI ID Y Y
+ SCSI parity checking Y Y
+ Verbose boot messages N Y
+SCSI devices parameters
+ Synchronous transfer speed Y Y
+ Wide 16 / Narrow Y Y
+ Tagged Command Queuing enabled Y Y
+ Disconnections enabled Y Y
+ Scan at boot time N Y
+
+In order to speed up the system boot, for each device configured without
+the "scan at boot time" option, the driver forces an error on the
+first TEST UNIT READY command received for this device.
+
+Some SDMS BIOS revisions seem to be unable to boot cleanly with very fast
+hard disks. In such a situation you cannot configure the NVRAM with
+optimized parameters value.
+
+The 'nvram' boot option can be entered in hexadecimal form in order
+to ignore some options configured in the NVRAM, as follow:
+
+mvram=<bits options>
+ 0x01 look for NVRAM (equivalent to nvram=y)
+ 0x02 ignore NVRAM "Synchronous negotiation" parameters for all devices
+ 0x04 ignore NVRAM "Wide negotiation" parameter for all devices
+ 0x08 ignore NVRAM "Scan at boot time" parameter for all devices
+ 0x80 also attach controllers set to OFF in the NVRAM (sym53c8xx only)
+
+Option 0x80 is only supported by the sym53c8xx driver and is disabled by
+default. Result is that, by default (option not set), the sym53c8xx driver
+will not attach controllers set to OFF in the NVRAM.
+
+The ncr53c8xx always tries to attach all the controllers. Option 0x80 has
+not been added to the ncr53c8xx driver, since it has been reported to
+confuse users who use this driver since a long time. If you desire a
+controller not to be attached by the ncr53c8xx driver at Linux boot, you
+must use the 'excl' driver boot option.
+
+10.6 SCSI BUS checking boot option.
+
+When this option is set to a non-zero value, the driver checks SCSI lines
+logic state, 100 micro-seconds after having asserted the SCSI RESET line.
+The driver just reads SCSI lines and checks all lines read FALSE except RESET.
+Since SCSI devices shall release the BUS at most 800 nano-seconds after SCSI
+RESET has been asserted, any signal to TRUE may indicate a SCSI BUS problem.
+Unfortunately, the following common SCSI BUS problems are not detected:
+- Only 1 terminator installed.
+- Misplaced terminators.
+- Bad quality terminators.
+On the other hand, either bad cabling, broken devices, not conformant
+devices, ... may cause a SCSI signal to be wrong when te driver reads it.
+
+10.7 IMMEDIATE ARBITRATION boot option
+
+This option is only supported by the SYM53C8XX driver (not by the NCR53C8XX).
+
+SYMBIOS 53C8XX chips are able to arbitrate for the SCSI BUS as soon as they
+have detected an expected disconnection (BUS FREE PHASE). For this process
+to be started, bit 1 of SCNTL1 IO register must be set when the chip is
+connected to the SCSI BUS.
+
+When this feature has been enabled for the current connection, the chip has
+every chance to win arbitration if only devices with lower priority are
+competing for the SCSI BUS. By the way, when the chip is using SCSI id 7,
+then it will for sure win the next SCSI BUS arbitration.
+
+Since, there is no way to know what devices are trying to arbitrate for the
+BUS, using this feature can be extremely unfair. So, you are not advised
+to enable it, or at most enable this feature for the case the chip lost
+the previous arbitration (boot option 'iarb:1').
+
+This feature has the following advantages:
+
+a) Allow the initiator with ID 7 to win arbitration when it wants so.
+b) Overlap at least 4 micro-seconds of arbitration time with the execution
+ of SCRIPTS that deal with the end of the current connection and that
+ starts the next job.
+
+Hmmm... But (a) may just prevent other devices from reselecting the initiator,
+and delay data transfers or status/completions, and (b) may just waste
+SCSI BUS bandwidth if the SCRIPTS execution lasts more than 4 micro-seconds.
+
+The use of IARB needs the SCSI_NCR_IARB_SUPPORT option to have been defined
+at compile time and the 'iarb' boot option to have been set to a non zero
+value at boot time. It is not that useful for real work, but can be used
+to stress SCSI devices or for some applications that can gain advantage of
+it. By the way, if you experience badnesses like 'unexpected disconnections',
+'bad reselections', etc... when using IARB on heavy IO load, you should not
+be surprised, because force-feeding anything and blocking its arse at the
+same time cannot work for a long time. :-))
+
+
+11. Some constants and flags of the ncr53c8xx.h header file
+
+Some of these are defined from the configuration parameters. To
+change other "defines", you must edit the header file. Do that only
+if you know what you are doing.
+
+SCSI_NCR_SETUP_SPECIAL_FEATURES (default: defined)
+ If defined, the driver will enable some special features according
+ to chip and revision id.
+ For 810A, 860, 825A, 875 and 895 scsi chips, this option enables
+ support of features that reduce load of PCI bus and memory accesses
+ during scsi transfer processing: burst op-code fetch, read multiple,
+ read line, prefetch, cache line, write and invalidate,
+ burst 128 (875 only), large dma fifo (875 only), offset 16 (875 only).
+ Can be changed by the following boot setup command:
+ ncr53c8xx=specf:n
+
+SCSI_NCR_IOMAPPED (default: not defined)
+ If defined, normal I/O is forced.
+
+SCSI_NCR_SHARE_IRQ (default: defined)
+ If defined, request shared IRQ.
+
+SCSI_NCR_MAX_TAGS (default: 8)
+ Maximum number of simultaneous tagged commands to a device.
+ Can be changed by "settags <target> <maxtags>"
+
+SCSI_NCR_SETUP_DEFAULT_SYNC (default: 50)
+ Transfer period factor the driver will use at boot time for synchronous
+ negotiation. 0 means asynchronous.
+ Can be changed by "setsync <target> <period factor>"
+
+SCSI_NCR_SETUP_DEFAULT_TAGS (default: 8)
+ Default number of simultaneous tagged commands to a device.
+ < 1 means tagged command queuing disabled at start-up.
+
+SCSI_NCR_ALWAYS_SIMPLE_TAG (default: defined)
+ Use SIMPLE TAG for read and write commands.
+ Can be changed by "setorder <ordered|simple|default>"
+
+SCSI_NCR_SETUP_DISCONNECTION (default: defined)
+ If defined, targets are allowed to disconnect.
+
+SCSI_NCR_SETUP_FORCE_SYNC_NEGO (default: not defined)
+ If defined, synchronous negotiation is tried for all SCSI-2 devices.
+ Can be changed by "setsync <target> <period>"
+
+SCSI_NCR_SETUP_MASTER_PARITY (default: defined)
+ If defined, master parity checking is enabled.
+
+SCSI_NCR_SETUP_MASTER_PARITY (default: defined)
+ If defined, SCSI parity checking is enabled.
+
+SCSI_NCR_PROFILE_SUPPORT (default: not defined)
+ If defined, profiling information is gathered.
+
+SCSI_NCR_MAX_SCATTER (default: 128)
+ Scatter list size of the driver ccb.
+
+SCSI_NCR_MAX_TARGET (default: 16)
+ Max number of targets per host.
+
+SCSI_NCR_MAX_HOST (default: 2)
+ Max number of host controllers.
+
+SCSI_NCR_SETTLE_TIME (default: 2)
+ Number of seconds the driver will wait after reset.
+
+SCSI_NCR_TIMEOUT_ALERT (default: 3)
+ If a pending command will time out after this amount of seconds,
+ an ordered tag is used for the next command.
+ Avoids timeouts for unordered tagged commands.
+
+SCSI_NCR_CAN_QUEUE (default: 7*SCSI_NCR_MAX_TAGS)
+ Max number of commands that can be queued to a host.
+
+SCSI_NCR_CMD_PER_LUN (default: SCSI_NCR_MAX_TAGS)
+ Max number of commands queued to a host for a device.
+
+SCSI_NCR_SG_TABLESIZE (default: SCSI_NCR_MAX_SCATTER-1)
+ Max size of the Linux scatter/gather list.
+
+SCSI_NCR_MAX_LUN (default: 8)
+ Max number of LUNs per target.
+
+
+12. Installation
+
+This driver is part of the linux kernel distribution.
+Driver files are located in the sub-directory "drivers/scsi" of the
+kernel source tree.
+
+Driver files:
+
+ README.ncr53c8xx : this file
+ ChangeLog.ncr53c8xx : change log
+ ncr53c8xx.h : definitions
+ ncr53c8xx.c : the driver code
+
+New driver versions are made available separately in order to allow testing
+changes and new features prior to including them into the linux kernel
+distribution. The following URL provides informations on latest avalaible
+patches:
+
+ ftp://ftp.tux.org/pub/people/gerard-roudier/README
+
+
+13. Architecture dependent features.
+
+<Not yet written>
+
+
+14. Known problems
+
+14.1 Tagged commands with Iomega Jaz device
+
+I have not tried this device, however it has been reported to me the
+following: This device is capable of Tagged command queuing. However
+while spinning up, it rejects Tagged commands. This behaviour is
+conforms to 6.8.2 of SCSI-2 specifications. The current behaviour of
+the driver in that situation is not satisfying. So do not enable
+Tagged command queuing for devices that are able to spin down. The
+other problem that may appear is timeouts. The only way to avoid
+timeouts seems to edit linux/drivers/scsi/sd.c and to increase the
+current timeout values.
+
+14.2 Device names change when another controller is added.
+
+When you add a new NCR53C8XX chip based controller to a system that already
+has one or more controllers of this family, it may happen that the order
+the driver registers them to the kernel causes problems due to device
+name changes.
+When at least one controller uses NvRAM, SDMS BIOS version 4 allows you to
+define the order the BIOS will scan the scsi boards. The driver attaches
+controllers according to BIOS information if NvRAM detect option is set.
+
+If your controllers do not have NvRAM, you can:
+
+- Ask the driver to probe chip ids in reverse order from the boot command
+ line: ncr53c8xx=revprob:y
+- Make appropriate changes in the fstab.
+- Use the 'scsidev' tool from Eric Youngdale.
+
+14.3 Using only 8 bit devices with a WIDE SCSI controller.
+
+When only 8 bit NARROW devices are connected to a 16 bit WIDE SCSI controller,
+you must ensure that lines of the wide part of the SCSI BUS are pulled-up.
+This can be achieved by ENABLING the WIDE TERMINATOR portion of the SCSI
+controller card.
+The TYAN 1365 documentation revision 1.2 is not correct about such settings.
+(page 10, figure 3.3).
+
+14.4 Possible data corruption during a Memory Write and Invalidate
+
+This problem is described in SYMBIOS DEL 397, Part Number 69-039241, ITEM 4.
+
+In some complex situations, 53C875 chips revision <= 3 may start a PCI
+Write and Invalidate Command at a not cache-line-aligned 4 DWORDS boundary.
+This is only possible when Cache Line Size is 8 DWORDS or greater.
+Pentium systems use a 8 DWORDS cache line size and so are concerned by
+this chip bug, unlike i486 systems that use a 4 DWORDS cache line size.
+
+When this situation occurs, the chip may complete the Write and Invalidate
+command after having only filled part of the last cache line involved in
+the transfer, leaving to data corruption the remainder of this cache line.
+
+Not using Write And Invalidate obviously gets rid of this chip bug, and so
+it is now the default setting of the driver.
+However, for people like me who want to enable this feature, I have added
+part of a work-around suggested by SYMBIOS. This work-around resets the
+addressing logic when the DATA IN phase is entered and so prevents the bug
+from being triggered for the first SCSI MOVE of the phase. This work-around
+should be enough according to the following:
+
+The only driver internal data structure that is greater than 8 DWORDS and
+that is moved by the SCRIPTS processor is the 'CCB header' that contains
+the context of the SCSI transfer. This data structure is aligned on 8 DWORDS
+boundary (Pentium Cache Line Size), and so is immune to this chip bug, at
+least on Pentium systems.
+But the conditions of this bug can be met when a SCSI read command is
+performed using a buffer that is 4 DWORDS but not cache-line aligned.
+This cannot happen under Linux when scatter/gather lists are used since
+they only refer to system buffers that are well aligned. So, a work around
+may only be needed under Linux when a scatter/gather list is not used and
+when the SCSI DATA IN phase is reentered after a phase mismatch.
+
+14.5 IRQ sharing problems
+
+When an IRQ is shared by devices that are handled by different drivers, it
+may happen that one driver complains about the request of the IRQ having
+failed. Inder Linux-2.0, this may be due to one driver having requested the
+IRQ using the SA_INTERRUPT flag but some other having requested the same IRQ
+without this flag. Under both Linux-2.0 and linux-2.2, this may be caused by
+one driver not having requested the IRQ with the SA_SHIRQ flag.
+
+By default, the ncr53c8xx and sym53c8xx drivers request IRQs with both the
+SA_INTERRUPT and the SA_SHIRQ flag under Linux-2.0 and with only the SA_SHIRQ
+flag under Linux-2.2.
+
+Under Linux-2.0, you can disable use of SA_INTERRUPT flag from the boot
+command line by using the following option:
+
+ ncr53c8xx=irqm:0x20 (for the generic ncr53c8xx driver)
+ sym53c8xx=irqm:0x20 (for the sym53c8xx driver)
+
+If this does not fix the problem, then you may want to check how all other
+drivers are requesting the IRQ and report the problem. Note that if at least
+a single driver does not request the IRQ with the SA_SHIRQ flag (share IRQ),
+then the request of the IRQ obviously will not succeed for all the drivers.
+
+15. SCSI problem troubleshooting
+
+15.1 Problem tracking
+
+Most SCSI problems are due to a non conformant SCSI bus or to buggy
+devices. If infortunately you have SCSI problems, you can check the
+following things:
+
+- SCSI bus cables
+- terminations at both end of the SCSI chain
+- linux syslog messages (some of them may help you)
+
+If you do not find the source of problems, you can configure the
+driver with no features enabled.
+
+- only asynchronous data transfers
+- tagged commands disabled
+- disconnections not allowed
+
+Now, if your SCSI bus is ok, your system have every chance to work
+with this safe configuration but performances will not be optimal.
+
+If it still fails, then you can send your problem description to
+appropriate mailing lists or news-groups. Send me a copy in order to
+be sure I will receive it. Obviously, a bug in the driver code is
+possible.
+
+ My email address: Gerard Roudier <groudier@free.fr>
+
+Allowing disconnections is important if you use several devices on
+your SCSI bus but often causes problems with buggy devices.
+Synchronous data transfers increases throughput of fast devices like
+hard disks. Good SCSI hard disks with a large cache gain advantage of
+tagged commands queuing.
+
+Try to enable one feature at a time with control commands. For example:
+
+- echo "setsync all 25" >/proc/scsi/ncr53c8xx/0
+ Will enable fast synchronous data transfer negotiation for all targets.
+
+- echo "setflag 3" >/proc/scsi/ncr53c8xx/0
+ Will reset flags (no_disc) for target 3, and so will allow it to disconnect
+ the SCSI Bus.
+
+- echo "settags 3 8" >/proc/scsi/ncr53c8xx/0
+ Will enable tagged command queuing for target 3 if that device supports it.
+
+Once you have found the device and the feature that cause problems, just
+disable that feature for that device.
+
+15.2 Understanding hardware error reports
+
+When the driver detects an unexpected error condition, it may display a
+message of the following pattern.
+
+sym53c876-0:1: ERROR (0:48) (1-21-65) (f/95) @ (script 7c0:19000000).
+sym53c876-0: script cmd = 19000000
+sym53c876-0: regdump: da 10 80 95 47 0f 01 07 75 01 81 21 80 01 09 00.
+
+Some fields in such a message may help you understand the cause of the
+problem, as follows:
+
+sym53c876-0:1: ERROR (0:48) (1-21-65) (f/95) @ (script 7c0:19000000).
+............A.........B.C....D.E..F....G.H.......I.....J...K.......
+
+Field A : target number.
+ SCSI ID of the device the controller was talking with at the moment the
+ error occurs.
+
+Field B : DSTAT io register (DMA STATUS)
+ Bit 0x40 : MDPE Master Data Parity Error
+ Data parity error detected on the PCI BUS.
+ Bit 0x20 : BF Bus Fault
+ PCI bus fault condition detected
+ Bit 0x01 : IID Illegal Instruction Detected
+ Set by the chip when it detects an Illegal Instruction format
+ on some condition that makes an instruction illegal.
+ Bit 0x80 : DFE Dma Fifo Empty
+ Pure status bit that does not indicate an error.
+ If the reported DSTAT value contains a combination of MDPE (0x40),
+ BF (0x20), then the cause may be likely due to a PCI BUS problem.
+
+Field C : SIST io register (SCSI Interrupt Status)
+ Bit 0x08 : SGE SCSI GROSS ERROR
+ Indicates that the chip detected a severe error condition
+ on the SCSI BUS that prevents the SCSI protocol from functioning
+ properly.
+ Bit 0x04 : UDC Unexpected Disconnection
+ Indicates that the device released the SCSI BUS when the chip
+ was not expecting this to happen. A device may behave so to
+ indicate the SCSI initiator that an error condition not reportable using the SCSI protocol has occurred.
+ Bit 0x02 : RST SCSI BUS Reset
+ Generally SCSI targets do not reset the SCSI BUS, although any
+ device on the BUS can reset it at any time.
+ Bit 0x01 : PAR Parity
+ SCSI parity error detected.
+ On a faulty SCSI BUS, any error condition among SGE (0x08), UDC (0x04) and
+ PAR (0x01) may be detected by the chip. If your SCSI system sometimes
+ encounters such error conditions, especially SCSI GROSS ERROR, then a SCSI
+ BUS problem is likely the cause of these errors.
+
+For fields D,E,F,G and H, you may look into the sym53c8xx_defs.h file
+that contains some minimal comments on IO register bits.
+Field D : SOCL Scsi Output Control Latch
+ This register reflects the state of the SCSI control lines the
+ chip want to drive or compare against.
+Field E : SBCL Scsi Bus Control Lines
+ Actual value of control lines on the SCSI BUS.
+Field F : SBDL Scsi Bus Data Lines
+ Actual value of data lines on the SCSI BUS.
+Field G : SXFER SCSI Transfer
+ Contains the setting of the Synchronous Period for output and
+ the current Synchronous offset (offset 0 means asynchronous).
+Field H : SCNTL3 Scsi Control Register 3
+ Contains the setting of timing values for both asynchronous and
+ synchronous data transfers.
+
+Understanding Fields I, J, K and dumps requires to have good knowledge of
+SCSI standards, chip cores functionnals and internal driver data structures.
+You are not required to decode and understand them, unless you want to help
+maintain the driver code.
+
+16. Synchonous transfer negotiation tables
+
+Tables below have been created by calling the routine the driver uses
+for synchronisation negotiation timing calculation and chip setting.
+The first table corresponds to Ultra chips 53875 and 53C860 with 80 MHz
+clock and 5 clock divisors.
+The second one has been calculated by setting the scsi clock to 40 Mhz
+and using 4 clock divisors and so applies to all NCR53C8XX chips in fast
+SCSI-2 mode.
+
+Periods are in nano-seconds and speeds are in Mega-transfers per second.
+1 Mega-transfers/second means 1 MB/s with 8 bits SCSI and 2 MB/s with
+Wide16 SCSI.
+
+16.1 Synchronous timings for 53C895, 53C875 and 53C860 SCSI controllers
+
+ ----------------------------------------------
+ Negotiated NCR settings
+ Factor Period Speed Period Speed
+ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
+ 10 25 40.000 25 40.000 (53C895 only)
+ 11 30.2 33.112 31.25 32.000 (53C895 only)
+ 12 50 20.000 50 20.000
+ 13 52 19.230 62 16.000
+ 14 56 17.857 62 16.000
+ 15 60 16.666 62 16.000
+ 16 64 15.625 75 13.333
+ 17 68 14.705 75 13.333
+ 18 72 13.888 75 13.333
+ 19 76 13.157 87 11.428
+ 20 80 12.500 87 11.428
+ 21 84 11.904 87 11.428
+ 22 88 11.363 93 10.666
+ 23 92 10.869 93 10.666
+ 24 96 10.416 100 10.000
+ 25 100 10.000 100 10.000
+ 26 104 9.615 112 8.888
+ 27 108 9.259 112 8.888
+ 28 112 8.928 112 8.888
+ 29 116 8.620 125 8.000
+ 30 120 8.333 125 8.000
+ 31 124 8.064 125 8.000
+ 32 128 7.812 131 7.619
+ 33 132 7.575 150 6.666
+ 34 136 7.352 150 6.666
+ 35 140 7.142 150 6.666
+ 36 144 6.944 150 6.666
+ 37 148 6.756 150 6.666
+ 38 152 6.578 175 5.714
+ 39 156 6.410 175 5.714
+ 40 160 6.250 175 5.714
+ 41 164 6.097 175 5.714
+ 42 168 5.952 175 5.714
+ 43 172 5.813 175 5.714
+ 44 176 5.681 187 5.333
+ 45 180 5.555 187 5.333
+ 46 184 5.434 187 5.333
+ 47 188 5.319 200 5.000
+ 48 192 5.208 200 5.000
+ 49 196 5.102 200 5.000
+
+
+16.2 Synchronous timings for fast SCSI-2 53C8XX controllers
+
+ ----------------------------------------------
+ Negotiated NCR settings
+ Factor Period Speed Period Speed
+ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
+ 25 100 10.000 100 10.000
+ 26 104 9.615 125 8.000
+ 27 108 9.259 125 8.000
+ 28 112 8.928 125 8.000
+ 29 116 8.620 125 8.000
+ 30 120 8.333 125 8.000
+ 31 124 8.064 125 8.000
+ 32 128 7.812 131 7.619
+ 33 132 7.575 150 6.666
+ 34 136 7.352 150 6.666
+ 35 140 7.142 150 6.666
+ 36 144 6.944 150 6.666
+ 37 148 6.756 150 6.666
+ 38 152 6.578 175 5.714
+ 39 156 6.410 175 5.714
+ 40 160 6.250 175 5.714
+ 41 164 6.097 175 5.714
+ 42 168 5.952 175 5.714
+ 43 172 5.813 175 5.714
+ 44 176 5.681 187 5.333
+ 45 180 5.555 187 5.333
+ 46 184 5.434 187 5.333
+ 47 188 5.319 200 5.000
+ 48 192 5.208 200 5.000
+ 49 196 5.102 200 5.000
+
+
+17. Serial NVRAM (added by Richard Waltham: dormouse@farsrobt.demon.co.uk)
+
+17.1 Features
+
+Enabling serial NVRAM support enables detection of the serial NVRAM included
+on Symbios and some Symbios compatible host adaptors, and Tekram boards. The
+serial NVRAM is used by Symbios and Tekram to hold set up parameters for the
+host adaptor and it's attached drives.
+
+The Symbios NVRAM also holds data on the boot order of host adaptors in a
+system with more than one host adaptor. This enables the order of scanning
+the cards for drives to be changed from the default used during host adaptor
+detection.
+
+This can be done to a limited extent at the moment using "reverse probe" but
+this only changes the order of detection of different types of cards. The
+NVRAM boot order settings can do this as well as change the order the same
+types of cards are scanned in, something "reverse probe" cannot do.
+
+Tekram boards using Symbios chips, DC390W/F/U, which have NVRAM are detected
+and this is used to distinguish between Symbios compatible and Tekram host
+adaptors. This is used to disable the Symbios compatible "diff" setting
+incorrectly set on Tekram boards if the CONFIG_SCSI_53C8XX_SYMBIOS_COMPAT
+configuration parameter is set enabling both Symbios and Tekram boards to be
+used together with the Symbios cards using all their features, including
+"diff" support. ("led pin" support for Symbios compatible cards can remain
+enabled when using Tekram cards. It does nothing useful for Tekram host
+adaptors but does not cause problems either.)
+
+
+17.2 Symbios NVRAM layout
+
+typical data at NVRAM address 0x100 (53c810a NVRAM)
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+00 00
+64 01
+8e 0b
+
+00 30 00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 04 10 04 00 00
+
+04 00 0f 00 00 10 00 50 00 00 01 00 00 62
+04 00 03 00 00 10 00 58 00 00 01 00 00 63
+04 00 01 00 00 10 00 48 00 00 01 00 00 61
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+fe fe
+00 00
+00 00
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+NVRAM layout details
+
+NVRAM Address 0x000-0x0ff not used
+ 0x100-0x26f initialised data
+ 0x270-0x7ff not used
+
+general layout
+
+ header - 6 bytes,
+ data - 356 bytes (checksum is byte sum of this data)
+ trailer - 6 bytes
+ ---
+ total 368 bytes
+
+data area layout
+
+ controller set up - 20 bytes
+ boot configuration - 56 bytes (4x14 bytes)
+ device set up - 128 bytes (16x8 bytes)
+ unused (spare?) - 152 bytes (19x8 bytes)
+ ---
+ total 356 bytes
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+header
+
+00 00 - ?? start marker
+64 01 - byte count (lsb/msb excludes header/trailer)
+8e 0b - checksum (lsb/msb excludes header/trailer)
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+controller set up
+
+00 30 00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 04 10 04 00 00
+ | | | |
+ | | | -- host ID
+ | | |
+ | | --Removable Media Support
+ | | 0x00 = none
+ | | 0x01 = Bootable Device
+ | | 0x02 = All with Media
+ | |
+ | --flag bits 2
+ | 0x00000001= scan order hi->low
+ | (default 0x00 - scan low->hi)
+ --flag bits 1
+ 0x00000001 scam enable
+ 0x00000010 parity enable
+ 0x00000100 verbose boot msgs
+
+remaining bytes unknown - they do not appear to change in my
+current set up for any of the controllers.
+
+default set up is identical for 53c810a and 53c875 NVRAM
+(Removable Media added Symbios BIOS version 4.09)
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+boot configuration
+
+boot order set by order of the devices in this table
+
+04 00 0f 00 00 10 00 50 00 00 01 00 00 62 -- 1st controller
+04 00 03 00 00 10 00 58 00 00 01 00 00 63 2nd controller
+04 00 01 00 00 10 00 48 00 00 01 00 00 61 3rd controller
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4th controller
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | ---- PCI io port adr
+ | | | | | --0x01 init/scan at boot time
+ | | | | --PCI device/function number (0xdddddfff)
+ | | ----- ?? PCI vendor ID (lsb/msb)
+ ----PCI device ID (lsb/msb)
+
+?? use of this data is a guess but seems reasonable
+
+remaining bytes unknown - they do not appear to change in my
+current set up
+
+default set up is identical for 53c810a and 53c875 NVRAM
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+device set up (up to 16 devices - includes controller)
+
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00 - id 0
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00 - id 15
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | ----timeout (lsb/msb)
+ | | | --synch period (0x?? 40 Mtrans/sec- fast 40) (probably 0x28)
+ | | | (0x30 20 Mtrans/sec- fast 20)
+ | | | (0x64 10 Mtrans/sec- fast )
+ | | | (0xc8 5 Mtrans/sec)
+ | | | (0x00 asynchronous)
+ | | -- ?? max sync offset (0x08 in NVRAM on 53c810a)
+ | | (0x10 in NVRAM on 53c875)
+ | --device bus width (0x08 narrow)
+ | (0x10 16 bit wide)
+ --flag bits
+ 0x00000001 - disconnect enabled
+ 0x00000010 - scan at boot time
+ 0x00000100 - scan luns
+ 0x00001000 - queue tags enabled
+
+remaining bytes unknown - they do not appear to change in my
+current set up
+
+?? use of this data is a guess but seems reasonable
+(but it could be max bus width)
+
+default set up for 53c810a NVRAM
+default set up for 53c875 NVRAM - bus width - 0x10
+ - sync offset ? - 0x10
+ - sync period - 0x30
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+?? spare device space (32 bit bus ??)
+
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 (19x8bytes)
+.
+.
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+default set up is identical for 53c810a and 53c875 NVRAM
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+trailer
+
+fe fe - ? end marker ?
+00 00
+00 00
+
+default set up is identical for 53c810a and 53c875 NVRAM
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+17.3 Tekram NVRAM layout
+
+nvram 64x16 (1024 bit)
+
+Drive settings
+
+Drive ID 0-15 (addr 0x0yyyy0 = device setup, yyyy = ID)
+ (addr 0x0yyyy1 = 0x0000)
+
+ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | ----- parity check 0 - off
+ | | | | | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | ------- sync neg 0 - off
+ | | | | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | --------- disconnect 0 - off
+ | | | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | ----------- start cmd 0 - off
+ | | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | | |
+ | | | | -------------- tagged cmds 0 - off
+ | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | |
+ | | | ---------------- wide neg 0 - off
+ | | | 1 - on
+ | | |
+ --------------------------- sync rate 0 - 10.0 Mtrans/sec
+ 1 - 8.0
+ 2 - 6.6
+ 3 - 5.7
+ 4 - 5.0
+ 5 - 4.0
+ 6 - 3.0
+ 7 - 2.0
+ 7 - 2.0
+ 8 - 20.0
+ 9 - 16.7
+ a - 13.9
+ b - 11.9
+
+Global settings
+
+Host flags 0 (addr 0x100000, 32)
+
+ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | ----------- host ID 0x00 - 0x0f
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | ----------------------- support for 0 - off
+ | | | | | | | > 2 drives 1 - on
+ | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | ------------------------- support drives 0 - off
+ | | | | | | > 1Gbytes 1 - on
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | --------------------------- bus reset on 0 - off
+ | | | | | power on 1 - on
+ | | | | |
+ | | | | ----------------------------- active neg 0 - off
+ | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | |
+ | | | -------------------------------- imm seek 0 - off
+ | | | 1 - on
+ | | |
+ | | ---------------------------------- scan luns 0 - off
+ | | 1 - on
+ | |
+ -------------------------------------- removable 0 - disable
+ as BIOS dev 1 - boot device
+ 2 - all
+
+Host flags 1 (addr 0x100001, 33)
+
+ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | --------- boot delay 0 - 3 sec
+ | | | 1 - 5
+ | | | 2 - 10
+ | | | 3 - 20
+ | | | 4 - 30
+ | | | 5 - 60
+ | | | 6 - 120
+ | | |
+ --------------------------- max tag cmds 0 - 2
+ 1 - 4
+ 2 - 8
+ 3 - 16
+ 4 - 32
+
+Host flags 2 (addr 0x100010, 34)
+
+ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ |
+ ----- F2/F6 enable 0 - off ???
+ 1 - on ???
+
+checksum (addr 0x111111)
+
+checksum = 0x1234 - (sum addr 0-63)
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+default nvram data:
+
+0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000
+0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000
+0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000
+0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000
+
+0x0f07 0x0400 0x0001 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000
+0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000
+0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000
+0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0xfbbc
+
+
+18. Support for Big Endian
+
+The PCI local bus has been primarily designed for x86 architecture.
+As a consequence, PCI devices generally expect DWORDS using little endian
+byte ordering.
+
+18.1 Big Endian CPU
+
+In order to support NCR chips on a Big Endian architecture the driver has to
+perform byte reordering each time it is needed. This feature has been
+added to the driver by Cort <cort@cs.nmt.edu> and is available in driver
+version 2.5 and later ones. For the moment Big Endian support has only
+been tested on Linux/PPC (PowerPC).
+
+18.2 NCR chip in Big Endian mode of operations
+
+It can be read in SYMBIOS documentation that some chips support a special
+Big Endian mode, on paper: 53C815, 53C825A, 53C875, 53C875N, 53C895.
+This mode of operations is not software-selectable, but needs pin named
+BigLit to be pulled-up. Using this mode, most of byte reorderings should
+be avoided when the driver is running on a Big Endian CPU.
+Driver version 2.5 is also, in theory, ready for this feature.
+
+===============================================================================
+End of NCR53C8XX driver README file
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/osst.txt b/Documentation/scsi/osst.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce574e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/osst.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+README file for the osst driver
+===============================
+(w) Kurt Garloff <garloff@suse.de> 12/2000
+
+This file describes the osst driver as of version 0.8.x/0.9.x, the released
+version of the osst driver.
+It is intended to help advanced users to understand the role of osst and to
+get them started using (and maybe debugging) it.
+It won't address issues like "How do I compile a kernel?" or "How do I load
+a module?", as these are too basic.
+Once the OnStream got merged into the official kernel, the distro makers
+will provide the OnStream support for those who are not familiar with
+hacking their kernels.
+
+
+Purpose
+-------
+The osst driver was developed, because the standard SCSI tape driver in
+Linux, st, does not support the OnStream SC-x0 SCSI tape. The st is not to
+blame for that, as the OnStream tape drives do not support the standard SCSI
+command set for Serial Access Storage Devices (SASDs), which basically
+corresponds to the QIC-157 spec.
+Nevertheless, the OnStream tapes are nice pieces of hardware and therefore
+the osst driver has been written to make these tape devs supported by Linux.
+The driver is free software. It's released under the GNU GPL and planned to
+be integrated into the mainstream kernel.
+
+
+Implementation
+--------------
+The osst is a new high-level SCSI driver, just like st, sr, sd and sg. It
+can be compiled into the kernel or loaded as a module.
+As it represents a new device, it got assigned a new device node: /dev/osstX
+are character devices with major no 206 and minor numbers like the /dev/stX
+devices. If those are not present, you may create them by calling
+Makedevs.sh as root (see below).
+The driver started being a copy of st and as such, the osst devices'
+behavior looks very much the same as st to the userspace applications.
+
+
+History
+-------
+In the first place, osst shared it's identity very much with st. That meant
+that it used the same kernel structures and the same device node as st.
+So you could only have either of them being present in the kernel. This has
+been fixed by registering an own device, now.
+st and osst can coexist, each only accessing the devices it can support by
+themselves.
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+osst got integrated into the linux kernel. Select it during kernel
+configuration as module or compile statically into the kernel.
+Compile your kernel and install the modules.
+
+Now, your osst driver is inside the kernel or available as a module,
+depending on your choice during kernel config. You may still need to create
+the device nodes by calling the Makedevs.sh script (see below) manually,
+unless you use a devfs kernel, where this won't be needed.
+
+To load your module, you may use the command
+modprobe osst
+as root. dmesg should show you, whether your OnStream tapes have been
+recognized.
+
+If you want to have the module autoloaded on access to /dev/osst, you may
+add something like
+alias char-major-206 osst
+to your /etc/modprobe.conf (before 2.6: modules.conf).
+
+You may find it convenient to create a symbolic link
+ln -s nosst0 /dev/tape
+to make programs assuming a default name of /dev/tape more convenient to
+use.
+
+The device nodes for osst have to be created. Use the Makedevs.sh script
+attached to this file.
+
+
+Using it
+--------
+You may use the OnStream tape driver with your standard backup software,
+which may be tar, cpio, amanda, arkeia, BRU, Lone Tar, ...
+by specifying /dev/(n)osst0 as the tape device to use or using the above
+symlink trick. The IOCTLs to control tape operation are also mostly
+supported and you may try the mt (or mt_st) program to jump between
+filemarks, eject the tape, ...
+
+There's one limitation: You need to use a block size of 32kB.
+
+(This limitation is worked on and will be fixed in version 0.8.8 of
+ this driver.)
+
+If you just want to get started with standard software, here is an example
+for creating and restoring a full backup:
+# Backup
+tar cvf - / --exclude /proc | buffer -s 32k -m 24M -B -t -o /dev/nosst0
+# Restore
+buffer -s 32k -m 8M -B -t -i /dev/osst0 | tar xvf - -C /
+
+The buffer command has been used to buffer the data before it goes to the
+tape (or the file system) in order to smooth out the data stream and prevent
+the tape from needing to stop and rewind. The OnStream does have an internal
+buffer and a variable speed which help this, but especially on writing, the
+buffering still proves useful in most cases. It also pads the data to
+guarantees the block size of 32k. (Otherwise you may pass the -b64 option to
+tar.)
+Expect something like 1.8MB/s for the SC-x0 drives and 0.9MB/s for the DI-30.
+The USB drive will give you about 0.7MB/s.
+On a fast machine, you may profit from software data compression (z flag for
+tar).
+
+
+USB and IDE
+-----------
+Via the SCSI emulation layers usb-storage and ide-scsi, you can also use the
+osst driver to drive the USB-30 and the DI-30 drives. (Unfortunately, there
+is no such layer for the parallel port, otherwise the DP-30 would work as
+well.) For the USB support, you need the latest 2.4.0-test kernels and the
+latest usb-storage driver from
+http://www.linux-usb.org/
+http://sourceforge.net/cvs/?group_id=3581
+
+Note that the ide-tape driver as of 1.16f uses a slightly outdated on-tape
+format and therefore is not completely interoperable with osst tapes.
+
+The ADR-x0 line is fully SCSI-2 compliant and is supported by st, not osst.
+The on-tape format is supposed to be compatible with the one used by osst.
+
+
+Feedback and updates
+--------------------
+The driver development is coordinated through a mailing list
+<osst@linux1.onstream.nl>
+a CVS repository and some web pages.
+The tester's pages which contain recent news and updated drivers to download
+can be found on
+http://linux1.onstream.nl/test/
+
+If you find any problems, please have a look at the tester's page in order
+to see whether the problem is already known and solved. Otherwise, please
+report it to the mailing list. Your feedback is welcome. (This holds also
+for reports of successful usage, of course.)
+In case of trouble, please do always provide the following info:
+* driver and kernel version used (see syslog)
+* driver messages (syslog)
+* SCSI config and OnStream Firmware (/proc/scsi/scsi)
+* description of error. Is it reproducible?
+* software and commands used
+
+You may subscribe to the mailing list, BTW, it's a majordomo list.
+
+
+Status
+------
+0.8.0 was the first widespread BETA release. Since then a lot of reports
+have been sent, but mostly reported success or only minor trouble.
+All the issues have been addressed.
+Check the web pages for more info about the current developments.
+0.9.x is the tree for the 2.3/2.4 kernel.
+
+
+Acknowledgments
+----------------
+The driver has been started by making a copy of Kai Makisara's st driver.
+Most of the development has been done by Willem Riede. The presence of the
+userspace program osg (onstreamsg) from Terry Hardie has been rather
+helpful. The same holds for Gadi Oxman's ide-tape support for the DI-30.
+I did add some patches to those drivers as well and coordinated things a
+little bit.
+Note that most of them did mostly spend their spare time for the creation of
+this driver.
+The people from OnStream, especially Jack Bombeeck did support this project
+and always tried to answer HW or FW related questions. Furthermore, he
+pushed the FW developers to do the right things.
+SuSE did support this project by allowing me to work on it during my working
+time for them and by integrating the driver into their distro.
+
+More people did help by sending useful comments. Sorry to those who have
+been forgotten. Thanks to all the GNU/FSF and Linux developers who made this
+platform such an interesting, nice and stable platform.
+Thanks go to those who tested the drivers and did send useful reports. Your
+help is needed!
+
+
+Makedevs.sh
+-----------
+#!/bin/sh
+# Script to create OnStream SC-x0 device nodes (major 206)
+# Usage: Makedevs.sh [nos [path to dev]]
+# $Id: README.osst.kernel,v 1.4 2000/12/20 14:13:15 garloff Exp $
+major=206
+nrs=4
+dir=/dev
+test -z "$1" || nrs=$1
+test -z "$2" || dir=$2
+declare -i nr
+nr=0
+test -d $dir || mkdir -p $dir
+while test $nr -lt $nrs; do
+ mknod $dir/osst$nr c $major $nr
+ chown 0.disk $dir/osst$nr; chmod 660 $dir/osst$nr;
+ mknod $dir/nosst$nr c $major $[nr+128]
+ chown 0.disk $dir/nosst$nr; chmod 660 $dir/nosst$nr;
+ mknod $dir/osst${nr}l c $major $[nr+32]
+ chown 0.disk $dir/osst${nr}l; chmod 660 $dir/osst${nr}l;
+ mknod $dir/nosst${nr}l c $major $[nr+160]
+ chown 0.disk $dir/nosst${nr}l; chmod 660 $dir/nosst${nr}l;
+ mknod $dir/osst${nr}m c $major $[nr+64]
+ chown 0.disk $dir/osst${nr}m; chmod 660 $dir/osst${nr}m;
+ mknod $dir/nosst${nr}m c $major $[nr+192]
+ chown 0.disk $dir/nosst${nr}m; chmod 660 $dir/nosst${nr}m;
+ mknod $dir/osst${nr}a c $major $[nr+96]
+ chown 0.disk $dir/osst${nr}a; chmod 660 $dir/osst${nr}a;
+ mknod $dir/nosst${nr}a c $major $[nr+224]
+ chown 0.disk $dir/nosst${nr}a; chmod 660 $dir/nosst${nr}a;
+ let nr+=1
+done
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/ppa.txt b/Documentation/scsi/ppa.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0dac88d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/ppa.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+-------- Terse where to get ZIP Drive help info --------
+
+General Iomega ZIP drive page for Linux:
+http://www.torque.net/~campbell/
+
+Driver achive for old drivers:
+http://www.torque.net/~campbell/ppa/
+
+Linux Parport page (parallel port)
+http://www.torque.net/parport/
+
+Email list for Linux Parport
+linux-parport@torque.net
+
+Email for problems with ZIP or ZIP Plus drivers
+campbell@torque.net
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/qla2xxx.revision.notes b/Documentation/scsi/qla2xxx.revision.notes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..290cdaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/qla2xxx.revision.notes
@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+/*
+ * QLogic ISP2200 and ISP2300 Linux Driver Revision List File.
+ *
+ ********************************************************************
+ *
+ * Revision History
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b8 December 5, 2003 AV
+ * - Instruct mid-layer to perform initial scan.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b7 December 5, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.6.0-test11.
+ * - Add basic NVRAM parser (extras/qla_nvr).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b7-pre11 December 3, 2003 AV
+ * - Sanitize the scsi_qla_host structure:
+ * - Purge unused elements.
+ * - Reorganize high-priority members (cache coherency).
+ * - Add support for NVRAM access via a sysfs binary attribute:
+ * - Consolidate semaphore locking access.
+ * - Fix more PCI posting issues.
+ * - Add extras directory for dump/NVRAM tools.
+ * - Remove unused qla_vendor.c file.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b7-pre11 November 26, 2003 DG/AV
+ * - Merge several patches from Christoph Hellwig [hch@lst.de]:
+ * - in Linux 2.6 both pci and the scsi layer use the generic
+ * dma direction bits, use them directly instead of the scsi
+ * and pci variants and the (noop) conversion routines.
+ * - Fix _IOXX_BAD() usage for external IOCTL interface.
+ * - Use atomic construct for HA loop_state member.
+ * - Add generic model description text for HBA types.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b7-pre5 November 17, 2003 AV
+ * - Merge several patches from Christoph Hellwig [hch@lst.de]:
+ * - patch to split the driver into a common qla2xxx.ko and a
+ * qla2?00.ko for each HBA type - the latter modules are
+ * only very small wrappers, mostly for the firmware
+ * images, all the meat is in the common qla2xxx.ko.
+ * - make the failover code optional.
+ * - kill useless lock_kernel in dpc thread startup.
+ * - no need for modversions hacks in 2.6 (or 2.4).
+ * - kill qla2x00_register_with_Linux.
+ * - simplify EH code, cmd or it's hostdata can't be NULL, no
+ * need to search whether the host it's ours, the midlayer
+ * makes sure it won't call into a driver for some else
+ * host.
+ * - Merge several patches from Jes Sorensen
+ * [jes@wildopensource.com]:
+ * - Call qla2x00_config_dma_addressing() before performing
+ * any consistent allocations. This is required since the
+ * dma mask settings will affect the memory
+ * pci_alloc_consistent() will return.
+ * - Call pci_set_consistent_dma_mask() to allow for 64 bit
+ * consistent allocations, required on some platforms such
+ * as the SN2.
+ * - Wait 20 usecs (not sure how long is really necessary,
+ * but this seems safe) after setting CSR_ISP_SOFT_RESET in
+ * the ctrl_status register as the card doesn't respond to
+ * PCI reads while in reset state. This causes a machine
+ * check on some architectures.
+ * - Flush PCI writes before calling udelay() to ensure the
+ * write is not sitting idle in-flight for a while before
+ * hitting the hardware.
+ * - Include linux/vmalloc.h in qla_os.c since it uses
+ * vmalloc().
+ * - Use auto-negotiate link speed when using default
+ * parameters rather than NVRAM settings. Disable NVRAM
+ * reading on SN2 since it's not possible to execute the
+ * HBA's BIOS on an SN2. I suggest doing something similar
+ * for all architectures that do not provide x86 BIOS
+ * emulation.
+ * - Clean-up slab-cache allocations:
+ * - locking.
+ * - mempool allocations in case of low-memory situations.
+ * - Fallback to GA_NXT scan if GID_PT call returns more than
+ * MAX_FIBRE_DEVICES.
+ * - Preserve iterating port ID across GA_NXT calls in
+ * qla2x00_find_all_fabric_devs().
+ * - Pre-calculate ASCII firmware dump length as to not incur the
+ * cost-to-calculate at each invocation of a read().
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b6 November 4, 2003 AV
+ * - Add new 2300 TPX firmware (3.02.18).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b6-pre25 October 20, 2003 RA/AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.6.0-test9.
+ * - Rework firmware dump process:
+ * - Use binary attribute within sysfs tree.
+ * - Add user-space tool (gdump.sh) to retrieve formatted
+ * buffer.
+ * - Add ISP2100 support.
+ * - Use a slab cache for SRB allocations to reduce memory
+ * pressure.
+ * - Initial conversion of driver logging methods to a new
+ * qla_printk() function which uses dev_printk (Daniel
+ * Stekloff, IBM).
+ * - Further reduce stack usage in qla2x00_configure_local_loop()
+ * and qla2x00_find_all_fabric_devs().
+ * - Separate port state used for routing of I/O's from port
+ * mgmt-login retry etc.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b6-pre19 October 13, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.6.0-test7-bk5.
+ * - Add intelligent RSCN event handling:
+ * - reduce scan time during 'port' RSCN events by only
+ * querying specified port ids.
+ * - Available on ISP23xx cards only.
+ * - Increase maximum number of recognizable targets from 256
+ * to 512.
+ * - Backend changes were previously added to support TPX
+ * (2K logins) firmware. Mid-layer can now scan for targets
+ * (H, B, T, L) where 512 < T >= 0.
+ * - Remove IP support from driver.
+ * - Switch firmware types from IP->TP for ISP22xx and
+ * IPX->TPX for ISP23xx cards.
+ * - Remove files qla_ip.[ch].
+ * - Remove type designations from firmware filenames.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b6-pre11 September 15, 2003 DG/AV
+ * - Resync with 6.06.00.
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.6.0-test5-bk3.
+ * - Add new 2300 IPX firmware (3.02.15).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b5 July 31, 2003 AV
+ * - Always create an fc_lun_t entry for lun 0 - as the mid-
+ * layer requires access to this lun for discovery to occur.
+ * - General sanitizing:
+ * - Add generic firmware option definitions.
+ * - Generalize retrieval/update of firmware options.
+ * - Fix compile errors which occur with extended debug.
+ * - Handle failure cases for scsi_add_host() and
+ * down_interruptible().
+ * - Host template updates:
+ * - Use standard bios_param callback function.
+ * - Disable clustering.
+ * - Remove unchecked_is_dma entry.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b5-pre5 July 29, 2003 DG/AV
+ * - Resync with 6.06.00b13.
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.6.0-test2.
+ * - Pass the complete loop_id, not the masked (0xff) value
+ * while issuing mailbox commands (qla_mbx.c/qla_fo.c/
+ * qla_iocb.c/qla_init.c).
+ * - Properly handle zero-length return status for an RLC CDB.
+ * - Create an fclun_t structure for 'disconnected' luns,
+ * peripheral-qualifier of 001b.
+ * - Remove unused LIP-sequence register access during AE 8010.
+ * - Generalize qla2x00_mark_device_lost() to handle forced
+ * login request -- modify all direct/indirect invocations
+ * with proper flag.
+ * - Save RSCN notification (AE 8015h) data in a proper and
+ * consistent format (domain, area, al_pa).
+ * - General sanitizing:
+ * - scsi_qla_host structure member reordering for cache-line
+ * coherency.
+ * - Remove unused SCSI opcodes, endian-swap definitions.
+ * - Remove CMD_* pre-processor defines.
+ * - Remove unused SCSIFCHOTSWAP/GAMAP/MULTIHOST codes.
+ * - Backout patch which added a per-scsi_qla_host scsi host
+ * spinlock, since mid-layer already defines one.
+ * - Add new 2300 IPX firmware (3.02.15).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b4 July 14, 2003 RA/DG/AV
+ * - Resync with 6.06.00b12.
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.6.0-test1.
+ * - Remove IOCB throttling code -- originally #if'd.
+ * - Remove apidev_*() routines since proc_mknod() has been
+ * removed -- need alternate IOCTL interface.
+ * - Merge several performance/fix patches from Arjan van de
+ * Ven:
+ * - Undefined operation >> 32.
+ * - No need to acquire mid-layer lock during command
+ * callback.
+ * - Use a per-HBA mid-layer lock.
+ * - Use a non-locked cycle for setting the count of the
+ * newly allocated sp (qla2x00_get_new_sp()).
+ * - Modify semantic behavior of qla2x00_queuecommand():
+ * - Reduce cacheline bouncing by having I/Os submitted
+ * by the IRQ handler.
+ * - Remove extraneous calls to qla2x00_next() during I/O
+ * queuing.
+ * - Use list_splice_init() during qla2x00_done() handling
+ * of commands to reduce list_lock contention.
+ * - RIO mode support for ISP2200:
+ * - Implementation differs slightly from original patch.
+ * - Do not use bottom-half handler (tasklet/work queue)
+ * for qla2x00_done() processing.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b4-pre22 July 12, 2003 AV
+ * - Check for 'Process Response Queue' requests early during
+ * the Host Status check.
+ * - General sanitizing:
+ * - srb_t structure rewrite, removal of unused members.
+ * - Remove unused fcdev array, fabricid, and PORT_*
+ * definitions.
+ * - Remove unused config_reg_t PCI definitions.
+ * - Add new 2200 IP firmware (2.02.06).
+ * - Add new 2300 IPX firmware (3.02.14).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b4-pre19 June 30, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.5.73-bk8.
+ * - Rework IOCB command queuing methods:
+ * - Upper-layer driver *MUST* properly set the direction
+ * bit of SCSI commands.
+ * - Generalize 32bit/64bit queuing path functions.
+ * - Remove costly page-boundary cross check when using
+ * 64bit address capable IOCBs.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b4-pre15 June 19, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with 6.06.00b11.
+ * - Continue fcport list consolidation work:
+ * - Updated IOCTL implementations to use new fcports
+ * list.
+ * - Modified product ID check to not verify ISP chip
+ * revision -- ISP2312 v3 (qla2x00_chip_diag()).
+ * - Add new 2300 IPX firmware (3.02.13):
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b4-pre13 June 19, 2003 AV
+ * - Fix build process for qla2100 driver -- no support
+ * for IP.
+ * - SCSI host template modifications:
+ * - Set sg_tablesize based on the derived DMA mask.
+ * - Increase max_sectors since only limit within RISC
+ * is transfer of (((2^32) - 1) >> 9) sectors.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b4-pre12 June 18, 2003 RA, DG, RL, AV
+ * - Resync with 6.06.00b10.
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.5.72.
+ * - Initial fcport list consolidation work:
+ * - fcports/fcinitiators/fcdev/fc_ip --> ha->fcports
+ * list.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b4-pre7 June 05, 2003 AV
+ * - Properly release PCI resouces in init-failure case.
+ * - Reconcile disparite function return code definitions.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b4-pre4 June 03, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.5.70-bk8:
+ * - SHT proc_info() changes.
+ * - Restructure SNS Generic Services routines:
+ * - Add qla_gs.c file to driver distribution.
+ * - Configure PCI latency timer for ISP23xx.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b4-pre3 June 02, 2003 RA, DG, RL, AV
+ * - Resync with 6.06.00b5.
+ * - Rework (again) PCI I/O space configuration
+ * (Anton Blanchard):
+ * - Use pci_set_mwi() routine;
+ * - Remove uneeded qla2x00_set_cache_line() function.
+ * - Remove extraneous modification of PCI_COMMAND word.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b3 May 29, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.5.70.
+ * - Move RISC paused check from ISR fast-path.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b3-pre8 May 26, 2003 AV
+ * - Add new 2300 IPX firmware (3.02.12):
+ * - Rework PCI I/O space configuration.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b3-pre6 May 22, 2003 RA, DG, RL, AV
+ * - Resync with 6.06.00b3.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b3-pre4 May 21 2003 AV
+ * - Add new 2300 IPX firmware (3.02.11):
+ * - Remove 2300 TPX firmware from distribution.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b3-pre3 May 21 2003 AV
+ * - Properly setup PCI configuation space during
+ * initialization:
+ * - Properly configure Memory-Mapped I/O during early
+ * configuration stage.
+ * - Rework IP functionality to support 2k logins.
+ * - Add new 2300 IPX firmware (3.02.11):
+ * - Remove 2300 TPX firmware from distribution.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b3-pre2 May ??, 2003 RA, DG, RL, AV
+ * - Resync with 6.06.00b1.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b3-pre1 May ??, 2003 RA, DG, RL, AV
+ * - Resync with 6.05.00.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b2 May 19, 2003 AV
+ * - Simplify dma_addr_t handling during command queuing given
+ * new block-layer defined restrictions:
+ * - Physical addresses not spanning 4GB boundaries.
+ * - Firmware versions: 2100 TP (1.19.24), 2200 IP (2.02.05),
+ * 2300 TPX (3.02.10).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b2-pre1 May 13, 2003 AV
+ * - Add support for new 'Hotplug initialization' model.
+ * - Simplify host template by removing unused callbacks.
+ * - Use scsicam facilities to determine geometry.
+ * - Fix compilation issues for non-ISP23xx builds:
+ * - Correct register references in qla_dbg.c.
+ * - Correct Makefile build process.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1 May 05, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.5.69.
+ * - Firmware versions: 2100 TP (1.19.24), 2200 TP (2.02.05),
+ * 2300 TPX (3.02.10).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre45 April ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.5.68-bk11:
+ * - Fix improper return-code assignment during fabric
+ * discovery.
+ * - Remove additional extraneous #defines from
+ * qla_settings.h.
+ * - USE_PORTNAME -- FO will always use portname.
+ * - Default queue depth size set to 64.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre42 April ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Convert bottom-half tasklet to a work_queue.
+ * - Initial basic coding of dynamic queue depth handling
+ * during QUEUE FULL statuses.
+ * - Fix mailbox interface problem with
+ * qla2x00_get_retry_cnt().
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre41 April ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Convert build defines qla2[1|2|3]00 macros to
+ * qla2[1|2|3]xx due to module name stringification clashes.
+ * - Add additional ISP2322 checks during board configuration.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre40 April ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.5.68-bk8:
+ * - Updated IRQ handler interface.
+ * - Add ISP dump code (stub) in case of SYSTEM_ERROR on
+ * ISP2100.
+ * - Add new 2200 IP firmware (2.02.05).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre39 April ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.5.68.
+ * - Add simple build.sh script to aid in external compilation.
+ * - Clean-break with Kernel 2.4 compatibility.
+ * - Rework DPC routine -- completion routines for signaling.
+ * - Re-add HBAAPI character device node for IOCTL support.
+ * - Remove residual QLA2X_PERFORMANCE defines.
+ * - Allocate SP pool via __get_free_pages() rather than
+ * individual kmalloc()'s.
+ * - Inform SCSI mid-layer of 16-byte CDB support
+ * (host->max_cmd_len):
+ * - Remove unecessary 'more_cdb' handling code from
+ * qla_iocb.c and qla_xioct.c.
+ * - Reduce duplicate code in fabric scanning logic (MS IOCB
+ * preparation).
+ * - Add ISP dump code in case of SYSTEM_ERROR.
+ * - Remove 2300 VIX firmware from distribution:
+ * - Add initial code for IPX support.
+ * - Add new 2300 TPX firmware (3.02.10).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre34 April ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with Linux Kernel 2.5.67.
+ * - Use domain/area/al_pa fields when displaying PortID
+ * values -- addresses endianess issues.
+ * - Rework large case statement to check 'common' CDB commands
+ * early in qla2x00_get_cmd_direction().
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre31 April ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Update makefile to support PPC64 build.
+ * - Retool NVRAM configuration routine and structures:
+ * - Consoldate ISP21xx/ISP22xx/ISP23xx configuration
+ * (struct nvram_t).
+ * - Remove big/little endian support structures in favor of
+ * simplified bit-operations within byte fields.
+ * - Fix long-standing 'static' buffer sharing problem in
+ * qla2x00_configure_fabric().
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre30 April ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Complete implementation of GID_PT scan.
+ * - Use consistent MS IOCB invocation method to query SNS:
+ * - Add RNN_ID and RSNN_NN registrations in a fabric.
+ * - Remove unused Mailbox Command 6Eh (Send SNS) support
+ * structures.
+ * - Use 64bit safe IOCBs while issuing INQUIRY and RLC during
+ * topology scan.
+ * - Until reimplementation of fcdev_t/fcport list
+ * consolidation, valid loop_id ranges are still limited from
+ * 0x00 through 0xFF -- enforce this within the code.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre27 March ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with 6.05.00b9.
+ * - Retool HBA PCI configuration -- qla2x00_pci_config().
+ * - Remove inconsistent use of delay routines (UDELAY/SYS*).
+ * - Continue to teardown/clean/add comments and debug
+ * routines.
+ * - Properly swap bytes of the device's nodename in
+ * qla2x00_configure_local_loop().
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre25 March ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with 6.05.00b8.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre23 March ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Remove (#define) IOCB usage throttling.
+ * - Abstract interrupt polling with qla2x00_poll().
+ * - Modify lun scanning logic:
+ * - If the device does not support the SCSI Report Luns
+ * command, the driver will now only scan from 0 to the
+ * max#-luns as defined in the NVRAM (BIOS), rather than
+ * blindly scanning from 0 to 255 -- which could result in
+ * an increase in startup time when running against slow
+ * (JBOD) devices.
+ * - Rework reset logic in qla2x00_reset_chip() (spec).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre22 March ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with 6.05.00b7.
+ * - Cleanup (rewrite) ISR handler.
+ * - Rename kmem_zalloc --> qla2x00_kmem_zalloc():
+ * - This function will eventually be removed.
+ * - Add new 2300 VIX firmware (3.02.09):
+ * - Support for Tape, Fabric, 2K logins, IP, and VI.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre18 March ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Support 232x type ISPs.
+ * - Support single firmware for each ISP type:
+ * - Restructure brd_info/fw_info methods.
+ * - Streamline firmware load process.
+ * - Properly query firmware for version information.
+ * - Remove extraneous scsi_qla_host members:
+ * - device_id ==> pdev->device
+ * - Fix fc4 features (RFF_ID) registration.
+ * - Convert kmem_zalloc --> qla2x00_kmem_zalloc().
+ * - Remove unused/extraneous #defines (USE_PORTNAME).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre14 March ??, 2003 AV
+ * - Resync with 6.05.00b6.
+ * - Initial source-code restructuring effort.
+ * - Build procedure.
+ * - Source file layout -- intuitive component layout.
+ * - Remove unused #defines (*PERFORMANCE, WORD_FW_LOAD, etc).
+ * - Add support for 2K logins (TPX -- firmware).
+ * - Add module parameter ql2xsuspendcount.
+ * - Add new 2200 IP/TP firmware (2.02.04).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre9 March ??, 2003 RL/DG/RA/AV
+ * - Use kernel struct list_head for fcport and fclun lists.
+ * - Remove extraneous (L|M)S_64BITS() and QL21_64*() defines.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre8 February 28, 2003 RL/DG/RA/AV
+ * - Resync with 6.05.00b3.
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre7 February 23, 2003 RL/DG/RA/AV
+ * - Add alternate fabric scanning logic (GID_PT/GNN_ID/GPN_ID).
+ * - Remove use of deprecated function check_region().
+ * - Add new 2300 IP/TP firmware (3.02.08).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre5 January 28, 2003 RL/DG/RA/AV
+ * - Resync with 6.05.00b3.
+ * - Consolidate device_reg structure definitions for ISP types.
+ * - Add support for new queue-depth selection.
+ * - Add new 2300 IP/TP firmware (3.02.07).
+ *
+ * Rev 8.00.00b1-pre1 January 17, 2003 AV
+ * - Initial branch from 6.04.00b8 driver.
+ * - Remove VMWARE specific code.
+ * - Add support for pci_driver interface.
+ *
+ ********************************************************************/
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/qlogicfas.txt b/Documentation/scsi/qlogicfas.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..398f991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/qlogicfas.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+
+This driver supports the Qlogic FASXXX family of chips. This driver
+only works with the ISA, VLB, and PCMCIA versions of the Qlogic
+FastSCSI! cards as well as any other card based on the FASXX chip
+(including the Control Concepts SCSI/IDE/SIO/PIO/FDC cards).
+
+This driver does NOT support the PCI version. Support for these PCI
+Qlogic boards:
+
+ * IQ-PCI
+ * IQ-PCI-10
+ * IQ-PCI-D
+
+is provided by the qlogicisp.c driver. Check README.qlogicisp for
+details.
+
+Nor does it support the PCI-Basic, which is supported by the
+'am53c974' driver.
+
+PCMCIA SUPPORT
+
+This currently only works if the card is enabled first from DOS. This
+means you will have to load your socket and card services, and
+QL41DOS.SYS and QL40ENBL.SYS. These are a minimum, but loading the
+rest of the modules won't interfere with the operation. The next
+thing to do is load the kernel without resetting the hardware, which
+can be a simple ctrl-alt-delete with a boot floppy, or by using
+loadlin with the kernel image accessible from DOS. If you are using
+the Linux PCMCIA driver, you will have to adjust it or otherwise stop
+it from configuring the card.
+
+I am working with the PCMCIA group to make it more flexible, but that
+may take a while.
+
+ALL CARDS
+
+The top of the qlogic.c file has a number of defines that controls
+configuration. As shipped, it provides a balance between speed and
+function. If there are any problems, try setting SLOW_CABLE to 1, and
+then try changing USE_IRQ and TURBO_PDMA to zero. If you are familiar
+with SCSI, there are other settings which can tune the bus.
+
+It may be a good idea to enable RESET_AT_START, especially if the
+devices may not have been just powered up, or if you are restarting
+after a crash, since they may be busy trying to complete the last
+command or something. It comes up faster if this is set to zero, and
+if you have reliable hardware and connections it may be more useful to
+not reset things.
+
+SOME TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS
+
+Make sure it works properly under DOS. You should also do an initial FDISK
+on a new drive if you want partitions.
+
+Don't enable all the speedups first. If anything is wrong, they will make
+any problem worse.
+
+IMPORTANT
+
+The best way to test if your cables, termination, etc. are good is to
+copy a very big file (e.g. a doublespace container file, or a very
+large executable or archive). It should be at least 5 megabytes, but
+you can do multiple tests on smaller files. Then do a COMP to verify
+that the file copied properly. (Turn off all caching when doing these
+tests, otherwise you will test your RAM and not the files). Then do
+10 COMPs, comparing the same file on the SCSI hard drive, i.e. "COMP
+realbig.doc realbig.doc". Then do it after the computer gets warm.
+
+I noticed my system which seems to work 100% would fail this test if
+the computer was left on for a few hours. It was worse with longer
+cables, and more devices on the SCSI bus. What seems to happen is
+that it gets a false ACK causing an extra byte to be inserted into the
+stream (and this is not detected). This can be caused by bad
+termination (the ACK can be reflected), or by noise when the chips
+work less well because of the heat, or when cables get too long for
+the speed.
+
+Remember, if it doesn't work under DOS, it probably won't work under
+Linux.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/qlogicisp.txt b/Documentation/scsi/qlogicisp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6920f6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/qlogicisp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+Notes for the QLogic ISP1020 PCI SCSI Driver:
+
+This driver works well in practice, but does not support disconnect/
+reconnect, which makes using it with tape drives impractical.
+
+It should work for most host adaptors with the ISP1020 chip. The
+QLogic Corporation produces several PCI SCSI adapters which should
+work:
+
+ * IQ-PCI
+ * IQ-PCI-10
+ * IQ-PCI-D
+
+This driver may work with boards containing the ISP1020A or ISP1040A
+chips, but that has not been tested.
+
+This driver will NOT work with:
+
+ * ISA or VL Bus Qlogic cards (they use the 'qlogicfas' driver)
+ * PCI-basic (it uses the 'am53c974' driver)
+
+Much thanks to QLogic's tech support for providing the latest ISP1020
+firmware, and for taking the time to review my code.
+
+Erik Moe
+ehm@cris.com
+
+Revised:
+Michael A. Griffith
+grif@cs.ucr.edu
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/scsi-generic.txt b/Documentation/scsi/scsi-generic.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c38e2b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/scsi-generic.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+ Notes on Linux SCSI Generic (sg) driver
+ ---------------------------------------
+ 20020126
+Introduction
+============
+The SCSI Generic driver (sg) is one of the four "high level" SCSI device
+drivers along with sd, st and sr (disk, tape and CDROM respectively). Sg
+is more generalized (but lower level) than its siblings and tends to be
+used on SCSI devices that don't fit into the already serviced categories.
+Thus sg is used for scanners, CD writers and reading audio CDs digitally
+amongst other things.
+
+Rather than document the driver's interface here, version information
+is provided plus pointers (i.e. URLs) where to find documentation
+and examples.
+
+
+Major versions of the sg driver
+===============================
+There are three major versions of sg found in the linux kernel (lk):
+ - sg version 1 (original) from 1992 to early 1999 (lk 2.2.5) .
+ It is based in the sg_header interface structure.
+ - sg version 2 from lk 2.2.6 in the 2.2 series. It is based on
+ an extended version of the sg_header interface structure.
+ - sg version 3 found in the lk 2.4 series (and the lk 2.5 series).
+ It adds the sg_io_hdr interface structure.
+
+
+Sg driver documentation
+=======================
+The most recent documentation of the sg driver is kept at the Linux
+Documentation Project's (LDP) site:
+http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SCSI-Generic-HOWTO
+This describes the sg version 3 driver found in the lk 2.4 series.
+The LDP renders documents in single and multiple page HTML, postscript
+and pdf. This document can also be found at:
+http://www.torque.net/sg/p/sg_v3_ho.html
+
+Documentation for the version 2 sg driver found in the lk 2.2 series can
+be found at http://www.torque.net/sg/p/scsi-generic.txt . A larger version
+is at: http://www.torque.net/sg/p/scsi-generic_long.txt .
+
+The original documentation for the sg driver (prior to lk 2.2.6) can be
+found at http://www.torque.net/sg/p/original/SCSI-Programming-HOWTO.txt
+and in the LDP archives.
+
+A changelog with brief notes can be found in the
+/usr/src/linux/include/scsi/sg.h file. Note that the glibc maintainers copy
+and edit this file (removing its changelog for example) before placing it
+in /usr/include/scsi/sg.h . Driver debugging information and other notes
+can be found at the top of the /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/sg.c file.
+
+A more general description of the Linux SCSI subsystem of which sg is a
+part can be found at http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO .
+
+
+Example code and utilities
+==========================
+There are two packages of sg utilities:
+ - sg3_utils for the sg version 3 driver found in lk 2.4
+ - sg_utils for the sg version 2 (and original) driver found in lk 2.2
+ and earlier
+Both packages will work in the lk 2.4 series however sg3_utils offers more
+capabilities. They can be found at: http://www.torque.net/sg and
+freshmeat.net
+
+Another approach is to look at the applications that use the sg driver.
+These include cdrecord, cdparanoia, SANE and cdrdao.
+
+
+Mapping of Linux kernel versions to sg driver versions
+======================================================
+Here is a list of linux kernels in the 2.4 series that had new version
+of the sg driver:
+ lk 2.4.0 : sg version 3.1.17
+ lk 2.4.7 : sg version 3.1.19
+ lk 2.4.10 : sg version 3.1.20 **
+ lk 2.4.17 : sg version 3.1.22
+
+** There were 3 changes to sg version 3.1.20 by third parties in the
+ next six linux kernel versions.
+
+For reference here is a list of linux kernels in the 2.2 series that had
+new version of the sg driver:
+ lk 2.2.0 : original sg version [with no version number]
+ lk 2.2.6 : sg version 2.1.31
+ lk 2.2.8 : sg version 2.1.32
+ lk 2.2.10 : sg version 2.1.34 [SG_GET_VERSION_NUM ioctl first appeared]
+ lk 2.2.14 : sg version 2.1.36
+ lk 2.2.16 : sg version 2.1.38
+ lk 2.2.17 : sg version 2.1.39
+ lk 2.2.20 : sg version 2.1.40
+
+The lk 2.5 development series has recently commenced and it currently
+contains sg version 3.5.23 which is functionally equivalent to sg
+version 3.1.22 found in lk 2.4.17 .
+
+
+Douglas Gilbert
+26th January 2002
+dgilbert@interlog.com
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/scsi.txt b/Documentation/scsi/scsi.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd1bbf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/scsi.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+SCSI subsystem documentation
+============================
+The Linux Documentation Project (LDP) maintains a document describing
+the SCSI subsystem in the Linux kernel (lk) 2.4 series. See:
+http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO . The LDP has single
+and multiple page HTML renderings as well as postscript and pdf.
+It can also be found at http://www.torque.net/scsi/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO .
+
+
+Notes on using modules in the SCSI subsystem
+============================================
+The scsi support in the linux kernel can be modularized in a number of
+different ways depending upon the needs of the end user. To understand
+your options, we should first define a few terms.
+
+The scsi-core (also known as the "mid level") contains the core of scsi
+support. Without it you can do nothing with any of the other scsi drivers.
+The scsi core support can be a module (scsi_mod.o), or it can be built into
+the kernel. If the core is a module, it must be the first scsi module
+loaded, and if you unload the modules, it will have to be the last one
+unloaded. In practice the modprobe and rmmod commands (and "autoclean")
+will enforce the correct ordering of loading and unloading modules in
+the SCSI subsystem.
+
+The individual upper and lower level drivers can be loaded in any order
+once the scsi core is present in the kernel (either compiled in or loaded
+as a module). The disk driver (sd_mod.o), cdrom driver (sr_mod.o),
+tape driver ** (st.o) and scsi generics driver (sg.o) represent the upper
+level drivers to support the various assorted devices which can be
+controlled. You can for example load the tape driver to use the tape drive,
+and then unload it once you have no further need for the driver (and release
+the associated memory).
+
+The lower level drivers are the ones that support the individual cards that
+are supported for the hardware platform that you are running under. Those
+individual cards are often called Host Bus Adapters (HBAs). For example the
+aic7xxx.o driver is used to control all recent SCSI controller cards from
+Adaptec. Almost all lower level drivers can be built either as modules or
+built into the kernel.
+
+
+** There is a variant of the st driver for controlling OnStream tape
+ devices. Its module name is osst.o .
+
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/scsi_mid_low_api.txt b/Documentation/scsi/scsi_mid_low_api.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f24129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/scsi_mid_low_api.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1546 @@
+ Linux Kernel 2.6 series
+ SCSI mid_level - lower_level driver interface
+ =============================================
+
+Introduction
+============
+This document outlines the interface between the Linux SCSI mid level and
+SCSI lower level drivers. Lower level drivers (LLDs) are variously called
+host bus adapter (HBA) drivers and host drivers (HD). A "host" in this
+context is a bridge between a computer IO bus (e.g. PCI or ISA) and a
+single SCSI initiator port on a SCSI transport. An "initiator" port
+(SCSI terminology, see SAM-3 at http://www.t10.org) sends SCSI commands
+to "target" SCSI ports (e.g. disks). There can be many LLDs in a running
+system, but only one per hardware type. Most LLDs can control one or more
+SCSI HBAs. Some HBAs contain multiple hosts.
+
+In some cases the SCSI transport is an external bus that already has
+its own subsystem in Linux (e.g. USB and ieee1394). In such cases the
+SCSI subsystem LLD is a software bridge to the other driver subsystem.
+Examples are the usb-storage driver (found in the drivers/usb/storage
+directory) and the ieee1394/sbp2 driver (found in the drivers/ieee1394
+directory).
+
+For example, the aic7xxx LLD controls Adaptec SCSI parallel interface
+(SPI) controllers based on that company's 7xxx chip series. The aic7xxx
+LLD can be built into the kernel or loaded as a module. There can only be
+one aic7xxx LLD running in a Linux system but it may be controlling many
+HBAs. These HBAs might be either on PCI daughter-boards or built into
+the motherboard (or both). Some aic7xxx based HBAs are dual controllers
+and thus represent two hosts. Like most modern HBAs, each aic7xxx host
+has its own PCI device address. [The one-to-one correspondence between
+a SCSI host and a PCI device is common but not required (e.g. with
+ISA or MCA adapters).]
+
+The SCSI mid level isolates an LLD from other layers such as the SCSI
+upper layer drivers and the block layer.
+
+This version of the document roughly matches linux kernel version 2.6.8 .
+
+Documentation
+=============
+There is a SCSI documentation directory within the kernel source tree,
+typically Documentation/scsi . Most documents are in plain
+(i.e. ASCII) text. This file is named scsi_mid_low_api.txt and can be
+found in that directory. A more recent copy of this document may be found
+at http://www.torque.net/scsi/scsi_mid_low_api.txt.gz .
+Many LLDs are documented there (e.g. aic7xxx.txt). The SCSI mid-level is
+briefly described in scsi.txt which contains a url to a document
+describing the SCSI subsystem in the lk 2.4 series. Two upper level
+drivers have documents in that directory: st.txt (SCSI tape driver) and
+scsi-generic.txt (for the sg driver).
+
+Some documentation (or urls) for LLDs may be found in the C source code
+or in the same directory as the C source code. For example to find a url
+about the USB mass storage driver see the
+/usr/src/linux/drivers/usb/storage directory.
+
+The Linux kernel source Documentation/DocBook/scsidrivers.tmpl file
+refers to this file. With the appropriate DocBook tool-set, this permits
+users to generate html, ps and pdf renderings of information within this
+file (e.g. the interface functions).
+
+Driver structure
+================
+Traditionally an LLD for the SCSI subsystem has been at least two files in
+the drivers/scsi directory. For example, a driver called "xyz" has a header
+file "xyz.h" and a source file "xyz.c". [Actually there is no good reason
+why this couldn't all be in one file; the header file is superfluous.] Some
+drivers that have been ported to several operating systems have more than
+two files. For example the aic7xxx driver has separate files for generic
+and OS-specific code (e.g. FreeBSD and Linux). Such drivers tend to have
+their own directory under the drivers/scsi directory.
+
+When a new LLD is being added to Linux, the following files (found in the
+drivers/scsi directory) will need some attention: Makefile and Kconfig .
+It is probably best to study how existing LLDs are organized.
+
+As the 2.5 series development kernels evolve into the 2.6 series
+production series, changes are being introduced into this interface. An
+example of this is driver initialization code where there are now 2 models
+available. The older one, similar to what was found in the lk 2.4 series,
+is based on hosts that are detected at HBA driver load time. This will be
+referred to the "passive" initialization model. The newer model allows HBAs
+to be hot plugged (and unplugged) during the lifetime of the LLD and will
+be referred to as the "hotplug" initialization model. The newer model is
+preferred as it can handle both traditional SCSI equipment that is
+permanently connected as well as modern "SCSI" devices (e.g. USB or
+IEEE 1394 connected digital cameras) that are hotplugged. Both
+initialization models are discussed in the following sections.
+
+An LLD interfaces to the SCSI subsystem several ways:
+ a) directly invoking functions supplied by the mid level
+ b) passing a set of function pointers to a registration function
+ supplied by the mid level. The mid level will then invoke these
+ functions at some point in the future. The LLD will supply
+ implementations of these functions.
+ c) direct access to instances of well known data structures maintained
+ by the mid level
+
+Those functions in group a) are listed in a section entitled "Mid level
+supplied functions" below.
+
+Those functions in group b) are listed in a section entitled "Interface
+functions" below. Their function pointers are placed in the members of
+"struct scsi_host_template", an instance of which is passed to
+scsi_host_alloc() ** . Those interface functions that the LLD does not
+wish to supply should have NULL placed in the corresponding member of
+struct scsi_host_template. Defining an instance of struct
+scsi_host_template at file scope will cause NULL to be placed in function
+ pointer members not explicitly initialized.
+
+Those usages in group c) should be handled with care, especially in a
+"hotplug" environment. LLDs should be aware of the lifetime of instances
+that are shared with the mid level and other layers.
+
+All functions defined within an LLD and all data defined at file scope
+should be static. For example the slave_alloc() function in an LLD
+called "xxx" could be defined as
+"static int xxx_slave_alloc(struct scsi_device * sdev) { /* code */ }"
+
+** the scsi_host_alloc() function is a replacement for the rather vaguely
+named scsi_register() function in most situations. The scsi_register()
+and scsi_unregister() functions remain to support legacy LLDs that use
+the passive initialization model.
+
+
+Hotplug initialization model
+============================
+In this model an LLD controls when SCSI hosts are introduced and removed
+from the SCSI subsystem. Hosts can be introduced as early as driver
+initialization and removed as late as driver shutdown. Typically a driver
+will respond to a sysfs probe() callback that indicates an HBA has been
+detected. After confirming that the new device is one that the LLD wants
+to control, the LLD will initialize the HBA and then register a new host
+with the SCSI mid level.
+
+During LLD initialization the driver should register itself with the
+appropriate IO bus on which it expects to find HBA(s) (e.g. the PCI bus).
+This can probably be done via sysfs. Any driver parameters (especially
+those that are writable after the driver is loaded) could also be
+registered with sysfs at this point. The SCSI mid level first becomes
+aware of an LLD when that LLD registers its first HBA.
+
+At some later time, the LLD becomes aware of an HBA and what follows
+is a typical sequence of calls between the LLD and the mid level.
+This example shows the mid level scanning the newly introduced HBA for 3
+scsi devices of which only the first 2 respond:
+
+ HBA PROBE: assume 2 SCSI devices found in scan
+LLD mid level LLD
+===-------------------=========--------------------===------
+scsi_host_alloc() -->
+scsi_add_host() --------+
+ |
+ slave_alloc()
+ slave_configure() --> scsi_adjust_queue_depth()
+ |
+ slave_alloc()
+ slave_configure()
+ |
+ slave_alloc() ***
+ slave_destroy() ***
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+If the LLD wants to adjust the default queue settings, it can invoke
+scsi_adjust_queue_depth() in its slave_configure() routine.
+
+*** For scsi devices that the mid level tries to scan but do not
+ respond, a slave_alloc(), slave_destroy() pair is called.
+
+When an HBA is being removed it could be as part of an orderly shutdown
+associated with the LLD module being unloaded (e.g. with the "rmmod"
+command) or in response to a "hot unplug" indicated by sysfs()'s
+remove() callback being invoked. In either case, the sequence is the
+same:
+
+ HBA REMOVE: assume 2 SCSI devices attached
+LLD mid level LLD
+===----------------------=========-----------------===------
+scsi_remove_host() ---------+
+ |
+ slave_destroy()
+ slave_destroy()
+scsi_host_put()
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+It may be useful for a LLD to keep track of struct Scsi_Host instances
+(a pointer is returned by scsi_host_alloc()). Such instances are "owned"
+by the mid-level. struct Scsi_Host instances are freed from
+scsi_host_put() when the reference count hits zero.
+
+Hot unplugging an HBA that controls a disk which is processing SCSI
+commands on a mounted file system is an interesting situation. Reference
+counting logic is being introduced into the mid level to cope with many
+of the issues involved. See the section on reference counting below.
+
+
+The hotplug concept may be extended to SCSI devices. Currently, when an
+HBA is added, the scsi_add_host() function causes a scan for SCSI devices
+attached to the HBA's SCSI transport. On newer SCSI transports the HBA
+may become aware of a new SCSI device _after_ the scan has completed.
+An LLD can use this sequence to make the mid level aware of a SCSI device:
+
+ SCSI DEVICE hotplug
+LLD mid level LLD
+===-------------------=========--------------------===------
+scsi_add_device() ------+
+ |
+ slave_alloc()
+ slave_configure() [--> scsi_adjust_queue_depth()]
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In a similar fashion, an LLD may become aware that a SCSI device has been
+removed (unplugged) or the connection to it has been interrupted. Some
+existing SCSI transports (e.g. SPI) may not become aware that a SCSI
+device has been removed until a subsequent SCSI command fails which will
+probably cause that device to be set offline by the mid level. An LLD that
+detects the removal of a SCSI device can instigate its removal from
+upper layers with this sequence:
+
+ SCSI DEVICE hot unplug
+LLD mid level LLD
+===----------------------=========-----------------===------
+scsi_remove_device() -------+
+ |
+ slave_destroy()
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+It may be useful for an LLD to keep track of struct scsi_device instances
+(a pointer is passed as the parameter to slave_alloc() and
+slave_configure() callbacks). Such instances are "owned" by the mid-level.
+struct scsi_device instances are freed after slave_destroy().
+
+
+Passive initialization model
+============================
+These older LLDs include a file called "scsi_module.c" [yes the ".c" is a
+little surprising] in their source code. For that file to work an
+instance of struct scsi_host_template with the name "driver_template"
+needs to be defined. Here is a typical code sequence used in this model:
+ static struct scsi_host_template driver_template = {
+ ...
+ };
+ #include "scsi_module.c"
+
+The scsi_module.c file contains two functions:
+ - init_this_scsi_driver() which is executed when the LLD is
+ initialized (i.e. boot time or module load time)
+ - exit_this_scsi_driver() which is executed when the LLD is shut
+ down (i.e. module unload time)
+Note: since these functions are tagged with __init and __exit qualifiers
+an LLD should not call them explicitly (since the kernel does that).
+
+Here is an example of an initialization sequence when two hosts are
+detected (so detect() returns 2) and the SCSI bus scan on each host
+finds 1 SCSI device (and a second device does not respond).
+
+LLD mid level LLD
+===----------------------=========-----------------===------
+init_this_scsi_driver() ----+
+ |
+ detect() -----------------+
+ | |
+ | scsi_register()
+ | scsi_register()
+ |
+ slave_alloc()
+ slave_configure() --> scsi_adjust_queue_depth()
+ slave_alloc() ***
+ slave_destroy() ***
+ |
+ slave_alloc()
+ slave_configure()
+ slave_alloc() ***
+ slave_destroy() ***
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The mid level invokes scsi_adjust_queue_depth() with tagged queuing off and
+"cmd_per_lun" for that host as the queue length. These settings can be
+overridden by a slave_configure() supplied by the LLD.
+
+*** For scsi devices that the mid level tries to scan but do not
+ respond, a slave_alloc(), slave_destroy() pair is called.
+
+Here is an LLD shutdown sequence:
+
+LLD mid level LLD
+===----------------------=========-----------------===------
+exit_this_scsi_driver() ----+
+ |
+ slave_destroy()
+ release() --> scsi_unregister()
+ |
+ slave_destroy()
+ release() --> scsi_unregister()
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An LLD need not define slave_destroy() (i.e. it is optional).
+
+The shortcoming of the "passive initialization model" is that host
+registration and de-registration are (typically) tied to LLD initialization
+and shutdown. Once the LLD is initialized then a new host that appears
+(e.g. via hotplugging) cannot easily be added without a redundant
+driver shutdown and re-initialization. It may be possible to write an LLD
+that uses both initialization models.
+
+
+Reference Counting
+==================
+The Scsi_Host structure has had reference counting infrastructure added.
+This effectively spreads the ownership of struct Scsi_Host instances
+across the various SCSI layers which use them. Previously such instances
+were exclusively owned by the mid level. LLDs would not usually need to
+directly manipulate these reference counts but there may be some cases
+where they do.
+
+There are 3 reference counting functions of interest associated with
+struct Scsi_Host:
+ - scsi_host_alloc(): returns a pointer to new instance of struct
+ Scsi_Host which has its reference count ^^ set to 1
+ - scsi_host_get(): adds 1 to the reference count of the given instance
+ - scsi_host_put(): decrements 1 from the reference count of the given
+ instance. If the reference count reaches 0 then the given instance
+ is freed
+
+The Scsi_device structure has had reference counting infrastructure added.
+This effectively spreads the ownership of struct Scsi_device instances
+across the various SCSI layers which use them. Previously such instances
+were exclusively owned by the mid level. See the access functions declared
+towards the end of include/scsi/scsi_device.h . If an LLD wants to keep
+a copy of a pointer to a Scsi_device instance it should use scsi_device_get()
+to bump its reference count. When it is finished with the pointer it can
+use scsi_device_put() to decrement its reference count (and potentially
+delete it).
+
+^^ struct Scsi_Host actually has 2 reference counts which are manipulated
+in parallel by these functions.
+
+
+Conventions
+===========
+First, Linus Torvalds's thoughts on C coding style can be found in the
+Documentation/CodingStyle file.
+
+Next, there is a movement to "outlaw" typedefs introducing synonyms for
+struct tags. Both can be still found in the SCSI subsystem, but
+the typedefs have been moved to a single file, scsi_typedefs.h to
+make their future removal easier, for example:
+"typedef struct scsi_host_template Scsi_Host_Template;"
+
+Also, most C99 enhancements are encouraged to the extent they are supported
+by the relevant gcc compilers. So C99 style structure and array
+initializers are encouraged where appropriate. Don't go too far,
+VLAs are not properly supported yet. An exception to this is the use of
+"//" style comments; /*...*/ comments are still preferred in Linux.
+
+Well written, tested and documented code, need not be re-formatted to
+comply with the above conventions. For example, the aic7xxx driver
+comes to Linux from FreeBSD and Adaptec's own labs. No doubt FreeBSD
+and Adaptec have their own coding conventions.
+
+
+Mid level supplied functions
+============================
+These functions are supplied by the SCSI mid level for use by LLDs.
+The names (i.e. entry points) of these functions are exported
+so an LLD that is a module can access them. The kernel will
+arrange for the SCSI mid level to be loaded and initialized before any LLD
+is initialized. The functions below are listed alphabetically and their
+names all start with "scsi_".
+
+Summary:
+ scsi_activate_tcq - turn on tag command queueing
+ scsi_add_device - creates new scsi device (lu) instance
+ scsi_add_host - perform sysfs registration and SCSI bus scan.
+ scsi_add_timer - (re-)start timer on a SCSI command.
+ scsi_adjust_queue_depth - change the queue depth on a SCSI device
+ scsi_assign_lock - replace default host_lock with given lock
+ scsi_bios_ptable - return copy of block device's partition table
+ scsi_block_requests - prevent further commands being queued to given host
+ scsi_deactivate_tcq - turn off tag command queueing
+ scsi_delete_timer - cancel timer on a SCSI command.
+ scsi_host_alloc - return a new scsi_host instance whose refcount==1
+ scsi_host_get - increments Scsi_Host instance's refcount
+ scsi_host_put - decrements Scsi_Host instance's refcount (free if 0)
+ scsi_partsize - parse partition table into cylinders, heads + sectors
+ scsi_register - create and register a scsi host adapter instance.
+ scsi_remove_device - detach and remove a SCSI device
+ scsi_remove_host - detach and remove all SCSI devices owned by host
+ scsi_report_bus_reset - report scsi _bus_ reset observed
+ scsi_set_device - place device reference in host structure
+ scsi_to_pci_dma_dir - convert SCSI subsystem direction flag to PCI
+ scsi_to_sbus_dma_dir - convert SCSI subsystem direction flag to SBUS
+ scsi_track_queue_full - track successive QUEUE_FULL events
+ scsi_unblock_requests - allow further commands to be queued to given host
+ scsi_unregister - [calls scsi_host_put()]
+
+
+Details:
+
+/**
+ * scsi_activate_tcq - turn on tag command queueing ("ordered" task attribute)
+ * @sdev: device to turn on TCQ for
+ * @depth: queue depth
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: Eventually, it is hoped depth would be the maximum depth
+ * the device could cope with and the real queue depth
+ * would be adjustable from 0 to depth.
+ *
+ * Defined (inline) in: include/scsi/scsi_tcq.h
+ **/
+void scsi_activate_tcq(struct scsi_device *sdev, int depth)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_add_device - creates new scsi device (lu) instance
+ * @shost: pointer to scsi host instance
+ * @channel: channel number (rarely other than 0)
+ * @id: target id number
+ * @lun: logical unit number
+ *
+ * Returns pointer to new struct scsi_device instance or
+ * ERR_PTR(-ENODEV) (or some other bent pointer) if something is
+ * wrong (e.g. no lu responds at given address)
+ *
+ * Might block: yes
+ *
+ * Notes: This call is usually performed internally during a scsi
+ * bus scan when an HBA is added (i.e. scsi_add_host()). So it
+ * should only be called if the HBA becomes aware of a new scsi
+ * device (lu) after scsi_add_host() has completed. If successful
+ * this call we lead to slave_alloc() and slave_configure() callbacks
+ * into the LLD.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_scan.c
+ **/
+struct scsi_device * scsi_add_device(struct Scsi_Host *shost,
+ unsigned int channel,
+ unsigned int id, unsigned int lun)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_add_host - perform sysfs registration and SCSI bus scan.
+ * @shost: pointer to scsi host instance
+ * @dev: pointer to struct device of type scsi class
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success, negative errno of failure (e.g. -ENOMEM)
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: Only required in "hotplug initialization model" after a
+ * successful call to scsi_host_alloc().
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c
+ **/
+int scsi_add_host(struct Scsi_Host *shost, struct device * dev)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_add_timer - (re-)start timer on a SCSI command.
+ * @scmd: pointer to scsi command instance
+ * @timeout: duration of timeout in "jiffies"
+ * @complete: pointer to function to call if timeout expires
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: Each scsi command has its own timer, and as it is added
+ * to the queue, we set up the timer. When the command completes,
+ * we cancel the timer. An LLD can use this function to change
+ * the existing timeout value.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c
+ **/
+void scsi_add_timer(struct scsi_cmnd *scmd, int timeout,
+ void (*complete)(struct scsi_cmnd *))
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_adjust_queue_depth - allow LLD to change queue depth on a SCSI device
+ * @sdev: pointer to SCSI device to change queue depth on
+ * @tagged: 0 - no tagged queuing
+ * MSG_SIMPLE_TAG - simple tagged queuing
+ * MSG_ORDERED_TAG - ordered tagged queuing
+ * @tags Number of tags allowed if tagged queuing enabled,
+ * or number of commands the LLD can queue up
+ * in non-tagged mode (as per cmd_per_lun).
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: Can be invoked any time on a SCSI device controlled by this
+ * LLD. [Specifically during and after slave_configure() and prior to
+ * slave_destroy().] Can safely be invoked from interrupt code. Actual
+ * queue depth change may be delayed until the next command is being
+ * processed. See also scsi_activate_tcq() and scsi_deactivate_tcq().
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi.c [see source code for more notes]
+ *
+ **/
+void scsi_adjust_queue_depth(struct scsi_device * sdev, int tagged,
+ int tags)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_assign_lock - replace default host_lock with given lock
+ * @shost: a pointer to a scsi host instance
+ * @lock: pointer to lock to replace host_lock for this host
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Defined in: include/scsi/scsi_host.h .
+ **/
+void scsi_assign_lock(struct Scsi_Host *shost, spinlock_t *lock)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_bios_ptable - return copy of block device's partition table
+ * @dev: pointer to block device
+ *
+ * Returns pointer to partition table, or NULL for failure
+ *
+ * Might block: yes
+ *
+ * Notes: Caller owns memory returned (free with kfree() )
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsicam.c
+ **/
+unsigned char *scsi_bios_ptable(struct block_device *dev)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_block_requests - prevent further commands being queued to given host
+ *
+ * @shost: pointer to host to block commands on
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: There is no timer nor any other means by which the requests
+ * get unblocked other than the LLD calling scsi_unblock_requests().
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_lib.c
+**/
+void scsi_block_requests(struct Scsi_Host * shost)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_deactivate_tcq - turn off tag command queueing
+ * @sdev: device to turn off TCQ for
+ * @depth: queue depth (stored in sdev)
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Defined (inline) in: include/scsi/scsi_tcq.h
+ **/
+void scsi_deactivate_tcq(struct scsi_device *sdev, int depth)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_delete_timer - cancel timer on a SCSI command.
+ * @scmd: pointer to scsi command instance
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if able to cancel timer else 0 (i.e. too late or already
+ * cancelled).
+ *
+ * Might block: no [may in the future if it invokes del_timer_sync()]
+ *
+ * Notes: All commands issued by upper levels already have a timeout
+ * associated with them. An LLD can use this function to cancel the
+ * timer.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c
+ **/
+int scsi_delete_timer(struct scsi_cmnd *scmd)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_host_alloc - create a scsi host adapter instance and perform basic
+ * initialization.
+ * @sht: pointer to scsi host template
+ * @privsize: extra bytes to allocate in hostdata array (which is the
+ * last member of the returned Scsi_Host instance)
+ *
+ * Returns pointer to new Scsi_Host instance or NULL on failure
+ *
+ * Might block: yes
+ *
+ * Notes: When this call returns to the LLD, the SCSI bus scan on
+ * this host has _not_ yet been done.
+ * The hostdata array (by default zero length) is a per host scratch
+ * area for the LLD's exclusive use.
+ * Both associated refcounting objects have their refcount set to 1.
+ * Full registration (in sysfs) and a bus scan are performed later when
+ * scsi_add_host() is called.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c .
+ **/
+struct Scsi_Host * scsi_host_alloc(struct scsi_host_template * sht,
+ int privsize)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_host_get - increment Scsi_Host instance refcount
+ * @shost: pointer to struct Scsi_Host instance
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: currently may block but may be changed to not block
+ *
+ * Notes: Actually increments the counts in two sub-objects
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c
+ **/
+void scsi_host_get(struct Scsi_Host *shost)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_host_put - decrement Scsi_Host instance refcount, free if 0
+ * @shost: pointer to struct Scsi_Host instance
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: currently may block but may be changed to not block
+ *
+ * Notes: Actually decrements the counts in two sub-objects. If the
+ * latter refcount reaches 0, the Scsi_Host instance is freed.
+ * The LLD need not worry exactly when the Scsi_Host instance is
+ * freed, it just shouldn't access the instance after it has balanced
+ * out its refcount usage.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c
+ **/
+void scsi_host_put(struct Scsi_Host *shost)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_partsize - parse partition table into cylinders, heads + sectors
+ * @buf: pointer to partition table
+ * @capacity: size of (total) disk in 512 byte sectors
+ * @cyls: outputs number of cylinders calculated via this pointer
+ * @hds: outputs number of heads calculated via this pointer
+ * @secs: outputs number of sectors calculated via this pointer
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: Caller owns memory returned (free with kfree() )
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsicam.c
+ **/
+int scsi_partsize(unsigned char *buf, unsigned long capacity,
+ unsigned int *cyls, unsigned int *hds, unsigned int *secs)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_register - create and register a scsi host adapter instance.
+ * @sht: pointer to scsi host template
+ * @privsize: extra bytes to allocate in hostdata array (which is the
+ * last member of the returned Scsi_Host instance)
+ *
+ * Returns pointer to new Scsi_Host instance or NULL on failure
+ *
+ * Might block: yes
+ *
+ * Notes: When this call returns to the LLD, the SCSI bus scan on
+ * this host has _not_ yet been done.
+ * The hostdata array (by default zero length) is a per host scratch
+ * area for the LLD.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c .
+ **/
+struct Scsi_Host * scsi_register(struct scsi_host_template * sht,
+ int privsize)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_remove_device - detach and remove a SCSI device
+ * @sdev: a pointer to a scsi device instance
+ *
+ * Returns value: 0 on success, -EINVAL if device not attached
+ *
+ * Might block: yes
+ *
+ * Notes: If an LLD becomes aware that a scsi device (lu) has
+ * been removed but its host is still present then it can request
+ * the removal of that scsi device. If successful this call will
+ * lead to the slave_destroy() callback being invoked. sdev is an
+ * invalid pointer after this call.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c .
+ **/
+int scsi_remove_device(struct scsi_device *sdev)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_remove_host - detach and remove all SCSI devices owned by host
+ * @shost: a pointer to a scsi host instance
+ *
+ * Returns value: 0 on success, 1 on failure (e.g. LLD busy ??)
+ *
+ * Might block: yes
+ *
+ * Notes: Should only be invoked if the "hotplug initialization
+ * model" is being used. It should be called _prior_ to
+ * scsi_unregister().
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c .
+ **/
+int scsi_remove_host(struct Scsi_Host *shost)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_report_bus_reset - report scsi _bus_ reset observed
+ * @shost: a pointer to a scsi host involved
+ * @channel: channel (within) host on which scsi bus reset occurred
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: This only needs to be called if the reset is one which
+ * originates from an unknown location. Resets originated by the
+ * mid level itself don't need to call this, but there should be
+ * no harm. The main purpose of this is to make sure that a
+ * CHECK_CONDITION is properly treated.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c .
+ **/
+void scsi_report_bus_reset(struct Scsi_Host * shost, int channel)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_set_device - place device reference in host structure
+ * @shost: a pointer to a scsi host instance
+ * @pdev: pointer to device instance to assign
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Defined in: include/scsi/scsi_host.h .
+ **/
+void scsi_set_device(struct Scsi_Host * shost, struct device * dev)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_to_pci_dma_dir - convert SCSI subsystem direction flag to PCI
+ * @scsi_data_direction: SCSI subsystem direction flag
+ *
+ * Returns DMA_TO_DEVICE given SCSI_DATA_WRITE,
+ * DMA_FROM_DEVICE given SCSI_DATA_READ
+ * DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL given SCSI_DATA_UNKNOWN
+ * else returns DMA_NONE
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: The SCSI subsystem now uses the same values for these
+ * constants as the PCI subsystem so this function is a nop.
+ * The recommendation is not to use this conversion function anymore
+ * (in the 2.6 kernel series) as it is not needed.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi.h .
+ **/
+int scsi_to_pci_dma_dir(unsigned char scsi_data_direction)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_to_sbus_dma_dir - convert SCSI subsystem direction flag to SBUS
+ * @scsi_data_direction: SCSI subsystem direction flag
+ *
+ * Returns DMA_TO_DEVICE given SCSI_DATA_WRITE,
+ * FROM_DEVICE given SCSI_DATA_READ
+ * DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL given SCSI_DATA_UNKNOWN
+ * else returns DMA_NONE
+ *
+ * Notes: The SCSI subsystem now uses the same values for these
+ * constants as the SBUS subsystem so this function is a nop.
+ * The recommendation is not to use this conversion function anymore
+ * (in the 2.6 kernel series) as it is not needed.
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi.h .
+ **/
+int scsi_to_sbus_dma_dir(unsigned char scsi_data_direction)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_track_queue_full - track successive QUEUE_FULL events on given
+ * device to determine if and when there is a need
+ * to adjust the queue depth on the device.
+ * @sdev: pointer to SCSI device instance
+ * @depth: Current number of outstanding SCSI commands on this device,
+ * not counting the one returned as QUEUE_FULL.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 - no change needed
+ * >0 - adjust queue depth to this new depth
+ * -1 - drop back to untagged operation using host->cmd_per_lun
+ * as the untagged command depth
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: LLDs may call this at any time and we will do "The Right
+ * Thing"; interrupt context safe.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi.c .
+ **/
+int scsi_track_queue_full(Scsi_Device *sdev, int depth)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_unblock_requests - allow further commands to be queued to given host
+ *
+ * @shost: pointer to host to unblock commands on
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_lib.c .
+**/
+void scsi_unblock_requests(struct Scsi_Host * shost)
+
+
+/**
+ * scsi_unregister - unregister and free memory used by host instance
+ * @shp: pointer to scsi host instance to unregister.
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Might block: no
+ *
+ * Notes: Should not be invoked if the "hotplug initialization
+ * model" is being used. Called internally by exit_this_scsi_driver()
+ * in the "passive initialization model". Hence a LLD has no need to
+ * call this function directly.
+ *
+ * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c .
+ **/
+void scsi_unregister(struct Scsi_Host * shp)
+
+
+
+
+Interface Functions
+===================
+Interface functions are supplied (defined) by LLDs and their function
+pointers are placed in an instance of struct scsi_host_template which
+is passed to scsi_host_alloc() [or scsi_register() / init_this_scsi_driver()].
+Some are mandatory. Interface functions should be declared static. The
+accepted convention is that driver "xyz" will declare its slave_configure()
+function as:
+ static int xyz_slave_configure(struct scsi_device * sdev);
+and so forth for all interface functions listed below.
+
+A pointer to this function should be placed in the 'slave_configure' member
+of a "struct scsi_host_template" instance. A pointer to such an instance
+should be passed to the mid level's scsi_host_alloc() [or scsi_register() /
+init_this_scsi_driver()].
+
+The interface functions are also described in the include/scsi/scsi_host.h
+file immediately above their definition point in "struct scsi_host_template".
+In some cases more detail is given in scsi_host.h than below.
+
+The interface functions are listed below in alphabetical order.
+
+Summary:
+ bios_param - fetch head, sector, cylinder info for a disk
+ detect - detects HBAs this driver wants to control
+ eh_timed_out - notify the host that a command timer expired
+ eh_abort_handler - abort given command
+ eh_bus_reset_handler - issue SCSI bus reset
+ eh_device_reset_handler - issue SCSI device reset
+ eh_host_reset_handler - reset host (host bus adapter)
+ eh_strategy_handler - driver supplied alternate to scsi_unjam_host()
+ info - supply information about given host
+ ioctl - driver can respond to ioctls
+ proc_info - supports /proc/scsi/{driver_name}/{host_no}
+ queuecommand - queue scsi command, invoke 'done' on completion
+ release - release all resources associated with given host
+ slave_alloc - prior to any commands being sent to a new device
+ slave_configure - driver fine tuning for given device after attach
+ slave_destroy - given device is about to be shut down
+
+
+Details:
+
+/**
+ * bios_param - fetch head, sector, cylinder info for a disk
+ * @sdev: pointer to scsi device context (defined in
+ * include/scsi/scsi_device.h)
+ * @bdev: pointer to block device context (defined in fs.h)
+ * @capacity: device size (in 512 byte sectors)
+ * @params: three element array to place output:
+ * params[0] number of heads (max 255)
+ * params[1] number of sectors (max 63)
+ * params[2] number of cylinders
+ *
+ * Return value is ignored
+ *
+ * Locks: none
+ *
+ * Calling context: process (sd)
+ *
+ * Notes: an arbitrary geometry (based on READ CAPACITY) is used
+ * if this function is not provided. The params array is
+ * pre-initialized with made up values just in case this function
+ * doesn't output anything.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int bios_param(struct scsi_device * sdev, struct block_device *bdev,
+ sector_t capacity, int params[3])
+
+
+/**
+ * detect - detects HBAs this driver wants to control
+ * @shtp: host template for this driver.
+ *
+ * Returns number of hosts this driver wants to control. 0 means no
+ * suitable hosts found.
+ *
+ * Locks: none held
+ *
+ * Calling context: process [invoked from init_this_scsi_driver()]
+ *
+ * Notes: First function called from the SCSI mid level on this
+ * driver. Upper level drivers (e.g. sd) may not (yet) be present.
+ * For each host found, this method should call scsi_register()
+ * [see hosts.c].
+ *
+ * Defined in: LLD (required if "passive initialization mode" is used,
+ * not invoked in "hotplug initialization mode")
+ **/
+ int detect(struct scsi_host_template * shtp)
+
+
+/**
+ * eh_timed_out - The timer for the command has just fired
+ * @scp: identifies command timing out
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *
+ * EH_HANDLED: I fixed the error, please complete the command
+ * EH_RESET_TIMER: I need more time, reset the timer and
+ * begin counting again
+ * EH_NOT_HANDLED Begin normal error recovery
+ *
+ *
+ * Locks: None held
+ *
+ * Calling context: interrupt
+ *
+ * Notes: This is to give the LLD an opportunity to do local recovery.
+ * This recovery is limited to determining if the outstanding command
+ * will ever complete. You may not abort and restart the command from
+ * this callback.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int eh_timed_out(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
+
+
+/**
+ * eh_abort_handler - abort command associated with scp
+ * @scp: identifies command to be aborted
+ *
+ * Returns SUCCESS if command aborted else FAILED
+ *
+ * Locks: struct Scsi_Host::host_lock held (with irqsave) on entry
+ * and assumed to be held on return.
+ *
+ * Calling context: kernel thread
+ *
+ * Notes: Invoked from scsi_eh thread. No other commands will be
+ * queued on current host during eh.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int eh_abort_handler(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
+
+
+/**
+ * eh_bus_reset_handler - issue SCSI bus reset
+ * @scp: SCSI bus that contains this device should be reset
+ *
+ * Returns SUCCESS if command aborted else FAILED
+ *
+ * Locks: struct Scsi_Host::host_lock held (with irqsave) on entry
+ * and assumed to be held on return.
+ *
+ * Calling context: kernel thread
+ *
+ * Notes: Invoked from scsi_eh thread. No other commands will be
+ * queued on current host during eh.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int eh_bus_reset_handler(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
+
+
+/**
+ * eh_device_reset_handler - issue SCSI device reset
+ * @scp: identifies SCSI device to be reset
+ *
+ * Returns SUCCESS if command aborted else FAILED
+ *
+ * Locks: struct Scsi_Host::host_lock held (with irqsave) on entry
+ * and assumed to be held on return.
+ *
+ * Calling context: kernel thread
+ *
+ * Notes: Invoked from scsi_eh thread. No other commands will be
+ * queued on current host during eh.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int eh_device_reset_handler(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
+
+
+/**
+ * eh_host_reset_handler - reset host (host bus adapter)
+ * @scp: SCSI host that contains this device should be reset
+ *
+ * Returns SUCCESS if command aborted else FAILED
+ *
+ * Locks: struct Scsi_Host::host_lock held (with irqsave) on entry
+ * and assumed to be held on return.
+ *
+ * Calling context: kernel thread
+ *
+ * Notes: Invoked from scsi_eh thread. No other commands will be
+ * queued on current host during eh.
+ * With the default eh_strategy in place, if none of the _abort_,
+ * _device_reset_, _bus_reset_ or this eh handler function are
+ * defined (or they all return FAILED) then the device in question
+ * will be set offline whenever eh is invoked.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int eh_host_reset_handler(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
+
+
+/**
+ * eh_strategy_handler - driver supplied alternate to scsi_unjam_host()
+ * @shp: host on which error has occurred
+ *
+ * Returns TRUE if host unjammed, else FALSE.
+ *
+ * Locks: none
+ *
+ * Calling context: kernel thread
+ *
+ * Notes: Invoked from scsi_eh thread. LLD supplied alternate to
+ * scsi_unjam_host() found in scsi_error.c
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int eh_strategy_handler(struct Scsi_Host * shp)
+
+
+/**
+ * info - supply information about given host: driver name plus data
+ * to distinguish given host
+ * @shp: host to supply information about
+ *
+ * Return ASCII null terminated string. [This driver is assumed to
+ * manage the memory pointed to and maintain it, typically for the
+ * lifetime of this host.]
+ *
+ * Locks: none
+ *
+ * Calling context: process
+ *
+ * Notes: Often supplies PCI or ISA information such as IO addresses
+ * and interrupt numbers. If not supplied struct Scsi_Host::name used
+ * instead. It is assumed the returned information fits on one line
+ * (i.e. does not included embedded newlines).
+ * The SCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST ioctl yields the string returned by this
+ * function (or struct Scsi_Host::name if this function is not
+ * available).
+ * In a similar manner, init_this_scsi_driver() outputs to the console
+ * each host's "info" (or name) for the driver it is registering.
+ * Also if proc_info() is not supplied, the output of this function
+ * is used instead.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ const char * info(struct Scsi_Host * shp)
+
+
+/**
+ * ioctl - driver can respond to ioctls
+ * @sdp: device that ioctl was issued for
+ * @cmd: ioctl number
+ * @arg: pointer to read or write data from. Since it points to
+ * user space, should use appropriate kernel functions
+ * (e.g. copy_from_user() ). In the Unix style this argument
+ * can also be viewed as an unsigned long.
+ *
+ * Returns negative "errno" value when there is a problem. 0 or a
+ * positive value indicates success and is returned to the user space.
+ *
+ * Locks: none
+ *
+ * Calling context: process
+ *
+ * Notes: The SCSI subsystem uses a "trickle down" ioctl model.
+ * The user issues an ioctl() against an upper level driver
+ * (e.g. /dev/sdc) and if the upper level driver doesn't recognize
+ * the 'cmd' then it is passed to the SCSI mid level. If the SCSI
+ * mid level does not recognize it, then the LLD that controls
+ * the device receives the ioctl. According to recent Unix standards
+ * unsupported ioctl() 'cmd' numbers should return -ENOTTY.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int ioctl(struct scsi_device *sdp, int cmd, void *arg)
+
+
+/**
+ * proc_info - supports /proc/scsi/{driver_name}/{host_no}
+ * @buffer: anchor point to output to (0==writeto1_read0) or fetch from
+ * (1==writeto1_read0).
+ * @start: where "interesting" data is written to. Ignored when
+ * 1==writeto1_read0.
+ * @offset: offset within buffer 0==writeto1_read0 is actually
+ * interested in. Ignored when 1==writeto1_read0 .
+ * @length: maximum (or actual) extent of buffer
+ * @host_no: host number of interest (struct Scsi_Host::host_no)
+ * @writeto1_read0: 1 -> data coming from user space towards driver
+ * (e.g. "echo some_string > /proc/scsi/xyz/2")
+ * 0 -> user what data from this driver
+ * (e.g. "cat /proc/scsi/xyz/2")
+ *
+ * Returns length when 1==writeto1_read0. Otherwise number of chars
+ * output to buffer past offset.
+ *
+ * Locks: none held
+ *
+ * Calling context: process
+ *
+ * Notes: Driven from scsi_proc.c which interfaces to proc_fs. proc_fs
+ * support can now be configured out of the scsi subsystem.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int proc_info(char * buffer, char ** start, off_t offset,
+ int length, int host_no, int writeto1_read0)
+
+
+/**
+ * queuecommand - queue scsi command, invoke 'done' on completion
+ * @scp: pointer to scsi command object
+ * @done: function pointer to be invoked on completion
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success.
+ *
+ * If there's a failure, return either:
+ *
+ * SCSI_MLQUEUE_DEVICE_BUSY if the device queue is full, or
+ * SCSI_MLQUEUE_HOST_BUSY if the entire host queue is full
+ *
+ * On both of these returns, the mid-layer will requeue the I/O
+ *
+ * - if the return is SCSI_MLQUEUE_DEVICE_BUSY, only that particular
+ * device will be paused, and it will be unpaused when a command to
+ * the device returns (or after a brief delay if there are no more
+ * outstanding commands to it). Commands to other devices continue
+ * to be processed normally.
+ *
+ * - if the return is SCSI_MLQUEUE_HOST_BUSY, all I/O to the host
+ * is paused and will be unpaused when any command returns from
+ * the host (or after a brief delay if there are no outstanding
+ * commands to the host).
+ *
+ * For compatibility with earlier versions of queuecommand, any
+ * other return value is treated the same as
+ * SCSI_MLQUEUE_HOST_BUSY.
+ *
+ * Other types of errors that are detected immediately may be
+ * flagged by setting scp->result to an appropriate value,
+ * invoking the 'done' callback, and then returning 0 from this
+ * function. If the command is not performed immediately (and the
+ * LLD is starting (or will start) the given command) then this
+ * function should place 0 in scp->result and return 0.
+ *
+ * Command ownership. If the driver returns zero, it owns the
+ * command and must take responsibility for ensuring the 'done'
+ * callback is executed. Note: the driver may call done before
+ * returning zero, but after it has called done, it may not
+ * return any value other than zero. If the driver makes a
+ * non-zero return, it must not execute the command's done
+ * callback at any time.
+ *
+ * Locks: struct Scsi_Host::host_lock held on entry (with "irqsave")
+ * and is expected to be held on return.
+ *
+ * Calling context: in interrupt (soft irq) or process context
+ *
+ * Notes: This function should be relatively fast. Normally it will
+ * not wait for IO to complete. Hence the 'done' callback is invoked
+ * (often directly from an interrupt service routine) some time after
+ * this function has returned. In some cases (e.g. pseudo adapter
+ * drivers that manufacture the response to a SCSI INQUIRY)
+ * the 'done' callback may be invoked before this function returns.
+ * If the 'done' callback is not invoked within a certain period
+ * the SCSI mid level will commence error processing.
+ * If a status of CHECK CONDITION is placed in "result" when the
+ * 'done' callback is invoked, then the LLD driver should
+ * perform autosense and fill in the struct scsi_cmnd::sense_buffer
+ * array. The scsi_cmnd::sense_buffer array is zeroed prior to
+ * the mid level queuing a command to an LLD.
+ *
+ * Defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int queuecommand(struct scsi_cmnd * scp,
+ void (*done)(struct scsi_cmnd *))
+
+
+/**
+ * release - release all resources associated with given host
+ * @shp: host to be released.
+ *
+ * Return value ignored (could soon be a function returning void).
+ *
+ * Locks: none held
+ *
+ * Calling context: process
+ *
+ * Notes: Invoked from scsi_module.c's exit_this_scsi_driver().
+ * LLD's implementation of this function should call
+ * scsi_unregister(shp) prior to returning.
+ * Only needed for old-style host templates.
+ *
+ * Defined in: LLD (required in "passive initialization model",
+ * should not be defined in hotplug model)
+ **/
+ int release(struct Scsi_Host * shp)
+
+
+/**
+ * slave_alloc - prior to any commands being sent to a new device
+ * (i.e. just prior to scan) this call is made
+ * @sdp: pointer to new device (about to be scanned)
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if ok. Any other return is assumed to be an error and
+ * the device is ignored.
+ *
+ * Locks: none
+ *
+ * Calling context: process
+ *
+ * Notes: Allows the driver to allocate any resources for a device
+ * prior to its initial scan. The corresponding scsi device may not
+ * exist but the mid level is just about to scan for it (i.e. send
+ * and INQUIRY command plus ...). If a device is found then
+ * slave_configure() will be called while if a device is not found
+ * slave_destroy() is called.
+ * For more details see the include/scsi/scsi_host.h file.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int slave_alloc(struct scsi_device *sdp)
+
+
+/**
+ * slave_configure - driver fine tuning for given device just after it
+ * has been first scanned (i.e. it responded to an
+ * INQUIRY)
+ * @sdp: device that has just been attached
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if ok. Any other return is assumed to be an error and
+ * the device is taken offline. [offline devices will _not_ have
+ * slave_destroy() called on them so clean up resources.]
+ *
+ * Locks: none
+ *
+ * Calling context: process
+ *
+ * Notes: Allows the driver to inspect the response to the initial
+ * INQUIRY done by the scanning code and take appropriate action.
+ * For more details see the include/scsi/scsi_host.h file.
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ int slave_configure(struct scsi_device *sdp)
+
+
+/**
+ * slave_destroy - given device is about to be shut down. All
+ * activity has ceased on this device.
+ * @sdp: device that is about to be shut down
+ *
+ * Returns nothing
+ *
+ * Locks: none
+ *
+ * Calling context: process
+ *
+ * Notes: Mid level structures for given device are still in place
+ * but are about to be torn down. Any per device resources allocated
+ * by this driver for given device should be freed now. No further
+ * commands will be sent for this sdp instance. [However the device
+ * could be re-attached in the future in which case a new instance
+ * of struct scsi_device would be supplied by future slave_alloc()
+ * and slave_configure() calls.]
+ *
+ * Optionally defined in: LLD
+ **/
+ void slave_destroy(struct scsi_device *sdp)
+
+
+
+Data Structures
+===============
+struct scsi_host_template
+-------------------------
+There is one "struct scsi_host_template" instance per LLD ***. It is
+typically initialized as a file scope static in a driver's header file. That
+way members that are not explicitly initialized will be set to 0 or NULL.
+Member of interest:
+ name - name of driver (may contain spaces, please limit to
+ less than 80 characters)
+ proc_name - name used in "/proc/scsi/<proc_name>/<host_no>" and
+ by sysfs in one of its "drivers" directories. Hence
+ "proc_name" should only contain characters acceptable
+ to a Unix file name.
+ (*queuecommand)() - primary callback that the mid level uses to inject
+ SCSI commands into an LLD.
+The structure is defined and commented in include/scsi/scsi_host.h
+
+*** In extreme situations a single driver may have several instances
+ if it controls several different classes of hardware (e.g. an LLD
+ that handles both ISA and PCI cards and has a separate instance of
+ struct scsi_host_template for each class).
+
+struct Scsi_Host
+----------------
+There is one struct Scsi_Host instance per host (HBA) that an LLD
+controls. The struct Scsi_Host structure has many members in common
+with "struct scsi_host_template". When a new struct Scsi_Host instance
+is created (in scsi_host_alloc() in hosts.c) those common members are
+initialized from the driver's struct scsi_host_template instance. Members
+of interest:
+ host_no - system wide unique number that is used for identifying
+ this host. Issued in ascending order from 0.
+ can_queue - must be greater than 0; do not send more than can_queue
+ commands to the adapter.
+ this_id - scsi id of host (scsi initiator) or -1 if not known
+ sg_tablesize - maximum scatter gather elements allowed by host.
+ 0 implies scatter gather not supported by host
+ max_sectors - maximum number of sectors (usually 512 bytes) allowed
+ in a single SCSI command. The default value of 0 leads
+ to a setting of SCSI_DEFAULT_MAX_SECTORS (defined in
+ scsi_host.h) which is currently set to 1024. So for a
+ disk the maximum transfer size is 512 KB when max_sectors
+ is not defined. Note that this size may not be sufficient
+ for disk firmware uploads.
+ cmd_per_lun - maximum number of commands that can be queued on devices
+ controlled by the host. Overridden by LLD calls to
+ scsi_adjust_queue_depth().
+ unchecked_isa_dma - 1=>only use bottom 16 MB of ram (ISA DMA addressing
+ restriction), 0=>can use full 32 bit (or better) DMA
+ address space
+ use_clustering - 1=>SCSI commands in mid level's queue can be merged,
+ 0=>disallow SCSI command merging
+ hostt - pointer to driver's struct scsi_host_template from which
+ this struct Scsi_Host instance was spawned
+ hostt->proc_name - name of LLD. This is the driver name that sysfs uses
+ transportt - pointer to driver's struct scsi_transport_template instance
+ (if any). FC and SPI transports currently supported.
+ sh_list - a double linked list of pointers to all struct Scsi_Host
+ instances (currently ordered by ascending host_no)
+ my_devices - a double linked list of pointers to struct scsi_device
+ instances that belong to this host.
+ hostdata[0] - area reserved for LLD at end of struct Scsi_Host. Size
+ is set by the second argument (named 'xtr_bytes') to
+ scsi_host_alloc() or scsi_register().
+
+The scsi_host structure is defined in include/scsi/scsi_host.h
+
+struct scsi_device
+------------------
+Generally, there is one instance of this structure for each SCSI logical unit
+on a host. Scsi devices connected to a host are uniquely identified by a
+channel number, target id and logical unit number (lun).
+The structure is defined in include/scsi/scsi_device.h
+
+struct scsi_cmnd
+----------------
+Instances of this structure convey SCSI commands to the LLD and responses
+back to the mid level. The SCSI mid level will ensure that no more SCSI
+commands become queued against the LLD than are indicated by
+scsi_adjust_queue_depth() (or struct Scsi_Host::cmd_per_lun). There will
+be at least one instance of struct scsi_cmnd available for each SCSI device.
+Members of interest:
+ cmnd - array containing SCSI command
+ cmnd_len - length (in bytes) of SCSI command
+ sc_data_direction - direction of data transfer in data phase. See
+ "enum dma_data_direction" in include/linux/dma-mapping.h
+ request_bufflen - number of data bytes to transfer (0 if no data phase)
+ use_sg - ==0 -> no scatter gather list, hence transfer data
+ to/from request_buffer
+ - >0 -> scatter gather list (actually an array) in
+ request_buffer with use_sg elements
+ request_buffer - either contains data buffer or scatter gather list
+ depending on the setting of use_sg. Scatter gather
+ elements are defined by 'struct scatterlist' found
+ in include/asm/scatterlist.h .
+ done - function pointer that should be invoked by LLD when the
+ SCSI command is completed (successfully or otherwise).
+ Should only be called by an LLD if the LLD has accepted
+ the command (i.e. queuecommand() returned or will return
+ 0). The LLD may invoke 'done' prior to queuecommand()
+ finishing.
+ result - should be set by LLD prior to calling 'done'. A value
+ of 0 implies a successfully completed command (and all
+ data (if any) has been transferred to or from the SCSI
+ target device). 'result' is a 32 bit unsigned integer that
+ can be viewed as 4 related bytes. The SCSI status value is
+ in the LSB. See include/scsi/scsi.h status_byte(),
+ msg_byte(), host_byte() and driver_byte() macros and
+ related constants.
+ sense_buffer - an array (maximum size: SCSI_SENSE_BUFFERSIZE bytes) that
+ should be written when the SCSI status (LSB of 'result')
+ is set to CHECK_CONDITION (2). When CHECK_CONDITION is
+ set, if the top nibble of sense_buffer[0] has the value 7
+ then the mid level will assume the sense_buffer array
+ contains a valid SCSI sense buffer; otherwise the mid
+ level will issue a REQUEST_SENSE SCSI command to
+ retrieve the sense buffer. The latter strategy is error
+ prone in the presence of command queuing so the LLD should
+ always "auto-sense".
+ device - pointer to scsi_device object that this command is
+ associated with.
+ resid - an LLD should set this signed integer to the requested
+ transfer length (i.e. 'request_bufflen') less the number
+ of bytes that are actually transferred. 'resid' is
+ preset to 0 so an LLD can ignore it if it cannot detect
+ underruns (overruns should be rare). If possible an LLD
+ should set 'resid' prior to invoking 'done'. The most
+ interesting case is data transfers from a SCSI target
+ device device (i.e. READs) that underrun.
+ underflow - LLD should place (DID_ERROR << 16) in 'result' if
+ actual number of bytes transferred is less than this
+ figure. Not many LLDs implement this check and some that
+ do just output an error message to the log rather than
+ report a DID_ERROR. Better for an LLD to implement
+ 'resid'.
+
+The scsi_cmnd structure is defined in include/scsi/scsi_cmnd.h
+
+
+Locks
+=====
+Each struct Scsi_Host instance has a spin_lock called struct
+Scsi_Host::default_lock which is initialized in scsi_host_alloc() [found in
+hosts.c]. Within the same function the struct Scsi_Host::host_lock pointer
+is initialized to point at default_lock with the scsi_assign_lock() function.
+Thereafter lock and unlock operations performed by the mid level use the
+struct Scsi_Host::host_lock pointer.
+
+LLDs can override the use of struct Scsi_Host::default_lock by
+using scsi_assign_lock(). The earliest opportunity to do this would
+be in the detect() function after it has invoked scsi_register(). It
+could be replaced by a coarser grain lock (e.g. per driver) or a
+lock of equal granularity (i.e. per host). Using finer grain locks
+(e.g. per SCSI device) may be possible by juggling locks in
+queuecommand().
+
+Autosense
+=========
+Autosense (or auto-sense) is defined in the SAM-2 document as "the
+automatic return of sense data to the application client coincident
+with the completion of a SCSI command" when a status of CHECK CONDITION
+occurs. LLDs should perform autosense. This should be done when the LLD
+detects a CHECK CONDITION status by either:
+ a) instructing the SCSI protocol (e.g. SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI))
+ to perform an extra data in phase on such responses
+ b) or, the LLD issuing a REQUEST SENSE command itself
+
+Either way, when a status of CHECK CONDITION is detected, the mid level
+decides whether the LLD has performed autosense by checking struct
+scsi_cmnd::sense_buffer[0] . If this byte has an upper nibble of 7 (or 0xf)
+then autosense is assumed to have taken place. If it has another value (and
+this byte is initialized to 0 before each command) then the mid level will
+issue a REQUEST SENSE command.
+
+In the presence of queued commands the "nexus" that maintains sense
+buffer data from the command that failed until a following REQUEST SENSE
+may get out of synchronization. This is why it is best for the LLD
+to perform autosense.
+
+
+Changes since lk 2.4 series
+===========================
+io_request_lock has been replaced by several finer grained locks. The lock
+relevant to LLDs is struct Scsi_Host::host_lock and there is
+one per SCSI host.
+
+The older error handling mechanism has been removed. This means the
+LLD interface functions abort() and reset() have been removed.
+The struct scsi_host_template::use_new_eh_code flag has been removed.
+
+In the 2.4 series the SCSI subsystem configuration descriptions were
+aggregated with the configuration descriptions from all other Linux
+subsystems in the Documentation/Configure.help file. In the 2.6 series,
+the SCSI subsystem now has its own (much smaller) drivers/scsi/Kconfig
+file that contains both configuration and help information.
+
+struct SHT has been renamed to struct scsi_host_template.
+
+Addition of the "hotplug initialization model" and many extra functions
+to support it.
+
+
+Credits
+=======
+The following people have contributed to this document:
+ Mike Anderson <andmike at us dot ibm dot com>
+ James Bottomley <James dot Bottomley at steeleye dot com>
+ Patrick Mansfield <patmans at us dot ibm dot com>
+ Christoph Hellwig <hch at infradead dot org>
+ Doug Ledford <dledford at redhat dot com>
+ Andries Brouwer <Andries dot Brouwer at cwi dot nl>
+ Randy Dunlap <rddunlap at osdl dot org>
+ Alan Stern <stern at rowland dot harvard dot edu>
+
+
+Douglas Gilbert
+dgilbert at interlog dot com
+21st September 2004
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/st.txt b/Documentation/scsi/st.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20e30cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/st.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+This file contains brief information about the SCSI tape driver.
+The driver is currently maintained by Kai Mäkisara (email
+Kai.Makisara@kolumbus.fi)
+
+Last modified: Mon Mar 7 21:14:44 2005 by kai.makisara
+
+
+BASICS
+
+The driver is generic, i.e., it does not contain any code tailored
+to any specific tape drive. The tape parameters can be specified with
+one of the following three methods:
+
+1. Each user can specify the tape parameters he/she wants to use
+directly with ioctls. This is administratively a very simple and
+flexible method and applicable to single-user workstations. However,
+in a multiuser environment the next user finds the tape parameters in
+state the previous user left them.
+
+2. The system manager (root) can define default values for some tape
+parameters, like block size and density using the MTSETDRVBUFFER ioctl.
+These parameters can be programmed to come into effect either when a
+new tape is loaded into the drive or if writing begins at the
+beginning of the tape. The second method is applicable if the tape
+drive performs auto-detection of the tape format well (like some
+QIC-drives). The result is that any tape can be read, writing can be
+continued using existing format, and the default format is used if
+the tape is rewritten from the beginning (or a new tape is written
+for the first time). The first method is applicable if the drive
+does not perform auto-detection well enough and there is a single
+"sensible" mode for the device. An example is a DAT drive that is
+used only in variable block mode (I don't know if this is sensible
+or not :-).
+
+The user can override the parameters defined by the system
+manager. The changes persist until the defaults again come into
+effect.
+
+3. By default, up to four modes can be defined and selected using the minor
+number (bits 5 and 6). The number of modes can be changed by changing
+ST_NBR_MODE_BITS in st.h. Mode 0 corresponds to the defaults discussed
+above. Additional modes are dormant until they are defined by the
+system manager (root). When specification of a new mode is started,
+the configuration of mode 0 is used to provide a starting point for
+definition of the new mode.
+
+Using the modes allows the system manager to give the users choices
+over some of the buffering parameters not directly accessible to the
+users (buffered and asynchronous writes). The modes also allow choices
+between formats in multi-tape operations (the explicitly overridden
+parameters are reset when a new tape is loaded).
+
+If more than one mode is used, all modes should contain definitions
+for the same set of parameters.
+
+Many Unices contain internal tables that associate different modes to
+supported devices. The Linux SCSI tape driver does not contain such
+tables (and will not do that in future). Instead of that, a utility
+program can be made that fetches the inquiry data sent by the device,
+scans its database, and sets up the modes using the ioctls. Another
+alternative is to make a small script that uses mt to set the defaults
+tailored to the system.
+
+The driver supports fixed and variable block size (within buffer
+limits). Both the auto-rewind (minor equals device number) and
+non-rewind devices (minor is 128 + device number) are implemented.
+
+In variable block mode, the byte count in write() determines the size
+of the physical block on tape. When reading, the drive reads the next
+tape block and returns to the user the data if the read() byte count
+is at least the block size. Otherwise, error ENOMEM is returned.
+
+In fixed block mode, the data transfer between the drive and the
+driver is in multiples of the block size. The write() byte count must
+be a multiple of the block size. This is not required when reading but
+may be advisable for portability.
+
+Support is provided for changing the tape partition and partitioning
+of the tape with one or two partitions. By default support for
+partitioned tape is disabled for each driver and it can be enabled
+with the ioctl MTSETDRVBUFFER.
+
+By default the driver writes one filemark when the device is closed after
+writing and the last operation has been a write. Two filemarks can be
+optionally written. In both cases end of data is signified by
+returning zero bytes for two consecutive reads.
+
+If rewind, offline, bsf, or seek is done and previous tape operation was
+write, a filemark is written before moving tape.
+
+The compile options are defined in the file linux/drivers/scsi/st_options.h.
+
+4. If the open option O_NONBLOCK is used, open succeeds even if the
+drive is not ready. If O_NONBLOCK is not used, the driver waits for
+the drive to become ready. If this does not happen in ST_BLOCK_SECONDS
+seconds, open fails with the errno value EIO. With O_NONBLOCK the
+device can be opened for writing even if there is a write protected
+tape in the drive (commands trying to write something return error if
+attempted).
+
+
+MINOR NUMBERS
+
+The tape driver currently supports 128 drives by default. This number
+can be increased by editing st.h and recompiling the driver if
+necessary. The upper limit is 2^17 drives if 4 modes for each drive
+are used.
+
+The minor numbers consist of the following bit fields:
+
+dev_upper non-rew mode dev-lower
+ 20 - 8 7 6 5 4 0
+The non-rewind bit is always bit 7 (the uppermost bit in the lowermost
+byte). The bits defining the mode are below the non-rewind bit. The
+remaining bits define the tape device number. This numbering is
+backward compatible with the numbering used when the minor number was
+only 8 bits wide.
+
+
+SYSFS SUPPORT
+
+The driver creates the directory /sys/class/scsi_tape and populates it with
+directories corresponding to the existing tape devices. There are autorewind
+and non-rewind entries for each mode. The names are stxy and nstxy, where x
+is the tape number and y a character corresponding to the mode (none, l, m,
+a). For example, the directories for the first tape device are (assuming four
+modes): st0 nst0 st0l nst0l st0m nst0m st0a nst0a.
+
+Each directory contains the entries: default_blksize default_compression
+default_density defined dev device driver. The file 'defined' contains 1
+if the mode is defined and zero if not defined. The files 'default_*' contain
+the defaults set by the user. The value -1 means the default is not set. The
+file 'dev' contains the device numbers corresponding to this device. The links
+'device' and 'driver' point to the SCSI device and driver entries.
+
+A link named 'tape' is made from the SCSI device directory to the class
+directory corresponding to the mode 0 auto-rewind device (e.g., st0).
+
+
+BSD AND SYS V SEMANTICS
+
+The user can choose between these two behaviours of the tape driver by
+defining the value of the symbol ST_SYSV. The semantics differ when a
+file being read is closed. The BSD semantics leaves the tape where it
+currently is whereas the SYS V semantics moves the tape past the next
+filemark unless the filemark has just been crossed.
+
+The default is BSD semantics.
+
+
+BUFFERING
+
+The driver tries to do transfers directly to/from user space. If this
+is not possible, a driver buffer allocated at run-time is used. If
+direct i/o is not possible for the whole transfer, the driver buffer
+is used (i.e., bounce buffers for individual pages are not
+used). Direct i/o can be impossible because of several reasons, e.g.:
+- one or more pages are at addresses not reachable by the HBA
+- the number of pages in the transfer exceeds the number of
+ scatter/gather segments permitted by the HBA
+- one or more pages can't be locked into memory (should not happen in
+ any reasonable situation)
+
+The size of the driver buffers is always at least one tape block. In fixed
+block mode, the minimum buffer size is defined (in 1024 byte units) by
+ST_FIXED_BUFFER_BLOCKS. With small block size this allows buffering of
+several blocks and using one SCSI read or write to transfer all of the
+blocks. Buffering of data across write calls in fixed block mode is
+allowed if ST_BUFFER_WRITES is non-zero and direct i/o is not used.
+Buffer allocation uses chunks of memory having sizes 2^n * (page
+size). Because of this the actual buffer size may be larger than the
+minimum allowable buffer size.
+
+NOTE that if direct i/o is used, the small writes are not buffered. This may
+cause a surprise when moving from 2.4. There small writes (e.g., tar without
+-b option) may have had good throughput but this is not true any more with
+2.6. Direct i/o can be turned off to solve this problem but a better solution
+is to use bigger write() byte counts (e.g., tar -b 64).
+
+Asynchronous writing. Writing the buffer contents to the tape is
+started and the write call returns immediately. The status is checked
+at the next tape operation. Asynchronous writes are not done with
+direct i/o and not in fixed block mode.
+
+Buffered writes and asynchronous writes may in some rare cases cause
+problems in multivolume operations if there is not enough space on the
+tape after the early-warning mark to flush the driver buffer.
+
+Read ahead for fixed block mode (ST_READ_AHEAD). Filling the buffer is
+attempted even if the user does not want to get all of the data at
+this read command. Should be disabled for those drives that don't like
+a filemark to truncate a read request or that don't like backspacing.
+
+Scatter/gather buffers (buffers that consist of chunks non-contiguous
+in the physical memory) are used if contiguous buffers can't be
+allocated. To support all SCSI adapters (including those not
+supporting scatter/gather), buffer allocation is using the following
+three kinds of chunks:
+1. The initial segment that is used for all SCSI adapters including
+those not supporting scatter/gather. The size of this buffer will be
+(PAGE_SIZE << ST_FIRST_ORDER) bytes if the system can give a chunk of
+this size (and it is not larger than the buffer size specified by
+ST_BUFFER_BLOCKS). If this size is not available, the driver halves
+the size and tries again until the size of one page. The default
+settings in st_options.h make the driver to try to allocate all of the
+buffer as one chunk.
+2. The scatter/gather segments to fill the specified buffer size are
+allocated so that as many segments as possible are used but the number
+of segments does not exceed ST_FIRST_SG.
+3. The remaining segments between ST_MAX_SG (or the module parameter
+max_sg_segs) and the number of segments used in phases 1 and 2
+are used to extend the buffer at run-time if this is necessary. The
+number of scatter/gather segments allowed for the SCSI adapter is not
+exceeded if it is smaller than the maximum number of scatter/gather
+segments specified. If the maximum number allowed for the SCSI adapter
+is smaller than the number of segments used in phases 1 and 2,
+extending the buffer will always fail.
+
+
+EOM BEHAVIOUR WHEN WRITING
+
+When the end of medium early warning is encountered, the current write
+is finished and the number of bytes is returned. The next write
+returns -1 and errno is set to ENOSPC. To enable writing a trailer,
+the next write is allowed to proceed and, if successful, the number of
+bytes is returned. After this, -1 and the number of bytes are
+alternately returned until the physical end of medium (or some other
+error) is encountered.
+
+
+MODULE PARAMETERS
+
+The buffer size, write threshold, and the maximum number of allocated buffers
+are configurable when the driver is loaded as a module. The keywords are:
+
+buffer_kbs=xxx the buffer size for fixed block mode is set
+ to xxx kilobytes
+write_threshold_kbs=xxx the write threshold in kilobytes set to xxx
+max_sg_segs=xxx the maximum number of scatter/gather
+ segments
+try_direct_io=x try direct transfer between user buffer and
+ tape drive if this is non-zero
+
+Note that if the buffer size is changed but the write threshold is not
+set, the write threshold is set to the new buffer size - 2 kB.
+
+
+BOOT TIME CONFIGURATION
+
+If the driver is compiled into the kernel, the same parameters can be
+also set using, e.g., the LILO command line. The preferred syntax is
+is to use the same keyword used when loading as module but prepended
+with 'st.'. For instance, to set the maximum number of scatter/gather
+segments, the parameter 'st.max_sg_segs=xx' should be used (xx is the
+number of scatter/gather segments).
+
+For compatibility, the old syntax from early 2.5 and 2.4 kernel
+versions is supported. The same keywords can be used as when loading
+the driver as module. If several parameters are set, the keyword-value
+pairs are separated with a comma (no spaces allowed). A colon can be
+used instead of the equal mark. The definition is prepended by the
+string st=. Here is an example:
+
+ st=buffer_kbs:64,write_threhold_kbs:60
+
+The following syntax used by the old kernel versions is also supported:
+
+ st=aa[,bb[,dd]]
+
+where
+ aa is the buffer size for fixed block mode in 1024 byte units
+ bb is the write threshold in 1024 byte units
+ dd is the maximum number of scatter/gather segments
+
+
+IOCTLS
+
+The tape is positioned and the drive parameters are set with ioctls
+defined in mtio.h The tape control program 'mt' uses these ioctls. Try
+to find an mt that supports all of the Linux SCSI tape ioctls and
+opens the device for writing if the tape contents will be modified
+(look for a package mt-st* from the Linux ftp sites; the GNU mt does
+not open for writing for, e.g., erase).
+
+The supported ioctls are:
+
+The following use the structure mtop:
+
+MTFSF Space forward over count filemarks. Tape positioned after filemark.
+MTFSFM As above but tape positioned before filemark.
+MTBSF Space backward over count filemarks. Tape positioned before
+ filemark.
+MTBSFM As above but ape positioned after filemark.
+MTFSR Space forward over count records.
+MTBSR Space backward over count records.
+MTFSS Space forward over count setmarks.
+MTBSS Space backward over count setmarks.
+MTWEOF Write count filemarks.
+MTWSM Write count setmarks.
+MTREW Rewind tape.
+MTOFFL Set device off line (often rewind plus eject).
+MTNOP Do nothing except flush the buffers.
+MTRETEN Re-tension tape.
+MTEOM Space to end of recorded data.
+MTERASE Erase tape. If the argument is zero, the short erase command
+ is used. The long erase command is used with all other values
+ of the argument.
+MTSEEK Seek to tape block count. Uses Tandberg-compatible seek (QFA)
+ for SCSI-1 drives and SCSI-2 seek for SCSI-2 drives. The file and
+ block numbers in the status are not valid after a seek.
+MTSETBLK Set the drive block size. Setting to zero sets the drive into
+ variable block mode (if applicable).
+MTSETDENSITY Sets the drive density code to arg. See drive
+ documentation for available codes.
+MTLOCK and MTUNLOCK Explicitly lock/unlock the tape drive door.
+MTLOAD and MTUNLOAD Explicitly load and unload the tape. If the
+ command argument x is between MT_ST_HPLOADER_OFFSET + 1 and
+ MT_ST_HPLOADER_OFFSET + 6, the number x is used sent to the
+ drive with the command and it selects the tape slot to use of
+ HP C1553A changer.
+MTCOMPRESSION Sets compressing or uncompressing drive mode using the
+ SCSI mode page 15. Note that some drives other methods for
+ control of compression. Some drives (like the Exabytes) use
+ density codes for compression control. Some drives use another
+ mode page but this page has not been implemented in the
+ driver. Some drives without compression capability will accept
+ any compression mode without error.
+MTSETPART Moves the tape to the partition given by the argument at the
+ next tape operation. The block at which the tape is positioned
+ is the block where the tape was previously positioned in the
+ new active partition unless the next tape operation is
+ MTSEEK. In this case the tape is moved directly to the block
+ specified by MTSEEK. MTSETPART is inactive unless
+ MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS set.
+MTMKPART Formats the tape with one partition (argument zero) or two
+ partitions (the argument gives in megabytes the size of
+ partition 1 that is physically the first partition of the
+ tape). The drive has to support partitions with size specified
+ by the initiator. Inactive unless MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS set.
+MTSETDRVBUFFER
+ Is used for several purposes. The command is obtained from count
+ with mask MT_SET_OPTIONS, the low order bits are used as argument.
+ This command is only allowed for the superuser (root). The
+ subcommands are:
+ 0
+ The drive buffer option is set to the argument. Zero means
+ no buffering.
+ MT_ST_BOOLEANS
+ Sets the buffering options. The bits are the new states
+ (enabled/disabled) the following options (in the
+ parenthesis is specified whether the option is global or
+ can be specified differently for each mode):
+ MT_ST_BUFFER_WRITES write buffering (mode)
+ MT_ST_ASYNC_WRITES asynchronous writes (mode)
+ MT_ST_READ_AHEAD read ahead (mode)
+ MT_ST_TWO_FM writing of two filemarks (global)
+ MT_ST_FAST_EOM using the SCSI spacing to EOD (global)
+ MT_ST_AUTO_LOCK automatic locking of the drive door (global)
+ MT_ST_DEF_WRITES the defaults are meant only for writes (mode)
+ MT_ST_CAN_BSR backspacing over more than one records can
+ be used for repositioning the tape (global)
+ MT_ST_NO_BLKLIMS the driver does not ask the block limits
+ from the drive (block size can be changed only to
+ variable) (global)
+ MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS enables support for partitioned
+ tapes (global)
+ MT_ST_SCSI2LOGICAL the logical block number is used in
+ the MTSEEK and MTIOCPOS for SCSI-2 drives instead of
+ the device dependent address. It is recommended to set
+ this flag unless there are tapes using the device
+ dependent (from the old times) (global)
+ MT_ST_SYSV sets the SYSV sematics (mode)
+ MT_ST_NOWAIT enables immediate mode (i.e., don't wait for
+ the command to finish) for some commands (e.g., rewind)
+ MT_ST_DEBUGGING debugging (global; debugging must be
+ compiled into the driver)
+ MT_ST_SETBOOLEANS
+ MT_ST_CLEARBOOLEANS
+ Sets or clears the option bits.
+ MT_ST_WRITE_THRESHOLD
+ Sets the write threshold for this device to kilobytes
+ specified by the lowest bits.
+ MT_ST_DEF_BLKSIZE
+ Defines the default block size set automatically. Value
+ 0xffffff means that the default is not used any more.
+ MT_ST_DEF_DENSITY
+ MT_ST_DEF_DRVBUFFER
+ Used to set or clear the density (8 bits), and drive buffer
+ state (3 bits). If the value is MT_ST_CLEAR_DEFAULT
+ (0xfffff) the default will not be used any more. Otherwise
+ the lowermost bits of the value contain the new value of
+ the parameter.
+ MT_ST_DEF_COMPRESSION
+ The compression default will not be used if the value of
+ the lowermost byte is 0xff. Otherwise the lowermost bit
+ contains the new default. If the bits 8-15 are set to a
+ non-zero number, and this number is not 0xff, the number is
+ used as the compression algorithm. The value
+ MT_ST_CLEAR_DEFAULT can be used to clear the compression
+ default.
+ MT_ST_SET_TIMEOUT
+ Set the normal timeout in seconds for this device. The
+ default is 900 seconds (15 minutes). The timeout should be
+ long enough for the retries done by the device while
+ reading/writing.
+ MT_ST_SET_LONG_TIMEOUT
+ Set the long timeout that is used for operations that are
+ known to take a long time. The default is 14000 seconds
+ (3.9 hours). For erase this value is further multiplied by
+ eight.
+ MT_ST_SET_CLN
+ Set the cleaning request interpretation parameters using
+ the lowest 24 bits of the argument. The driver can set the
+ generic status bit GMT_CLN if a cleaning request bit pattern
+ is found from the extended sense data. Many drives set one or
+ more bits in the extended sense data when the drive needs
+ cleaning. The bits are device-dependent. The driver is
+ given the number of the sense data byte (the lowest eight
+ bits of the argument; must be >= 18 (values 1 - 17
+ reserved) and <= the maximum requested sense data sixe),
+ a mask to select the relevant bits (the bits 9-16), and the
+ bit pattern (bits 17-23). If the bit pattern is zero, one
+ or more bits under the mask indicate cleaning request. If
+ the pattern is non-zero, the pattern must match the masked
+ sense data byte.
+
+ (The cleaning bit is set if the additional sense code and
+ qualifier 00h 17h are seen regardless of the setting of
+ MT_ST_SET_CLN.)
+
+The following ioctl uses the structure mtpos:
+MTIOCPOS Reads the current position from the drive. Uses
+ Tandberg-compatible QFA for SCSI-1 drives and the SCSI-2
+ command for the SCSI-2 drives.
+
+The following ioctl uses the structure mtget to return the status:
+MTIOCGET Returns some status information.
+ The file number and block number within file are returned. The
+ block is -1 when it can't be determined (e.g., after MTBSF).
+ The drive type is either MTISSCSI1 or MTISSCSI2.
+ The number of recovered errors since the previous status call
+ is stored in the lower word of the field mt_erreg.
+ The current block size and the density code are stored in the field
+ mt_dsreg (shifts for the subfields are MT_ST_BLKSIZE_SHIFT and
+ MT_ST_DENSITY_SHIFT).
+ The GMT_xxx status bits reflect the drive status. GMT_DR_OPEN
+ is set if there is no tape in the drive. GMT_EOD means either
+ end of recorded data or end of tape. GMT_EOT means end of tape.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS COMPILE OPTIONS
+
+The recovered write errors are considered fatal if ST_RECOVERED_WRITE_FATAL
+is defined.
+
+The maximum number of tape devices is determined by the define
+ST_MAX_TAPES. If more tapes are detected at driver initialization, the
+maximum is adjusted accordingly.
+
+Immediate return from tape positioning SCSI commands can be enabled by
+defining ST_NOWAIT. If this is defined, the user should take care that
+the next tape operation is not started before the previous one has
+finished. The drives and SCSI adapters should handle this condition
+gracefully, but some drive/adapter combinations are known to hang the
+SCSI bus in this case.
+
+The MTEOM command is by default implemented as spacing over 32767
+filemarks. With this method the file number in the status is
+correct. The user can request using direct spacing to EOD by setting
+ST_FAST_EOM 1 (or using the MT_ST_OPTIONS ioctl). In this case the file
+number will be invalid.
+
+When using read ahead or buffered writes the position within the file
+may not be correct after the file is closed (correct position may
+require backspacing over more than one record). The correct position
+within file can be obtained if ST_IN_FILE_POS is defined at compile
+time or the MT_ST_CAN_BSR bit is set for the drive with an ioctl.
+(The driver always backs over a filemark crossed by read ahead if the
+user does not request data that far.)
+
+
+DEBUGGING HINTS
+
+To enable debugging messages, edit st.c and #define DEBUG 1. As seen
+above, debugging can be switched off with an ioctl if debugging is
+compiled into the driver. The debugging output is not voluminous.
+
+If the tape seems to hang, I would be very interested to hear where
+the driver is waiting. With the command 'ps -l' you can see the state
+of the process using the tape. If the state is D, the process is
+waiting for something. The field WCHAN tells where the driver is
+waiting. If you have the current System.map in the correct place (in
+/boot for the procps I use) or have updated /etc/psdatabase (for kmem
+ps), ps writes the function name in the WCHAN field. If not, you have
+to look up the function from System.map.
+
+Note also that the timeouts are very long compared to most other
+drivers. This means that the Linux driver may appear hung although the
+real reason is that the tape firmware has got confused.
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/sym53c500_cs.txt b/Documentation/scsi/sym53c500_cs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75febcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/sym53c500_cs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+The sym53c500_cs driver originated as an add-on to David Hinds' pcmcia-cs
+package, and was written by Tom Corner (tcorner@via.at). A rewrite was
+long overdue, and the current version addresses the following concerns:
+
+ (1) extensive kernel changes between 2.4 and 2.6.
+ (2) deprecated PCMCIA support outside the kernel.
+
+All the USE_BIOS code has been ripped out. It was never used, and could
+not have worked anyway. The USE_DMA code is likewise gone. Many thanks
+to YOKOTA Hiroshi (nsp_cs driver) and David Hinds (qlogic_cs driver) for
+the code fragments I shamelessly adapted for this work. Thanks also to
+Christoph Hellwig for his patient tutelage while I stumbled about.
+
+The Symbios Logic 53c500 chip was used in the "newer" (circa 1997) version
+of the New Media Bus Toaster PCMCIA SCSI controller. Presumably there are
+other products using this chip, but I've never laid eyes (much less hands)
+on one.
+
+Through the years, there have been a number of downloads of the pcmcia-cs
+version of this driver, and I guess it worked for those users. It worked
+for Tom Corner, and it works for me. Your mileage will probably vary.
+
+--Bob Tracy (rct@frus.com)
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/sym53c8xx_2.txt b/Documentation/scsi/sym53c8xx_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f516cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/sym53c8xx_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+The Linux SYM-2 driver documentation file
+
+Written by Gerard Roudier <groudier@free.fr>
+21 Rue Carnot
+95170 DEUIL LA BARRE - FRANCE
+
+Updated by Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
+
+2004-10-09
+===============================================================================
+
+1. Introduction
+2. Supported chips and SCSI features
+3. Advantages of this driver for newer chips.
+ 3.1 Optimized SCSI SCRIPTS
+ 3.2 New features appeared with the SYM53C896
+4. Memory mapped I/O versus normal I/O
+5. Tagged command queueing
+6. Parity checking
+7. Profiling information
+8. Control commands
+ 8.1 Set minimum synchronous period
+ 8.2 Set wide size
+ 8.3 Set maximum number of concurrent tagged commands
+ 8.4 Set debug mode
+ 8.5 Set flag (no_disc)
+ 8.6 Set verbose level
+ 8.7 Reset all logical units of a target
+ 8.8 Abort all tasks of all logical units of a target
+9. Configuration parameters
+10. Boot setup commands
+ 10.1 Syntax
+ 10.2 Available arguments
+ 10.2.1 Default number of tagged commands
+ 10.2.2 Burst max
+ 10.2.3 LED support
+ 10.2.4 Differential mode
+ 10.2.5 IRQ mode
+ 10.2.6 Check SCSI BUS
+ 10.2.7 Suggest a default SCSI id for hosts
+ 10.2.8 Verbosity level
+ 10.2.9 Debug mode
+ 10.2.10 Settle delay
+ 10.2.11 Serial NVRAM
+ 10.2.12 Exclude a host from being attached
+ 10.3 Converting from old options
+ 10.4 SCSI BUS checking boot option
+11. SCSI problem troubleshooting
+ 15.1 Problem tracking
+ 15.2 Understanding hardware error reports
+12. Serial NVRAM support (by Richard Waltham)
+ 17.1 Features
+ 17.2 Symbios NVRAM layout
+ 17.3 Tekram NVRAM layout
+
+===============================================================================
+
+1. Introduction
+
+This driver supports the whole SYM53C8XX family of PCI-SCSI controllers.
+It also support the subset of LSI53C10XX PCI-SCSI controllers that are based
+on the SYM53C8XX SCRIPTS language.
+
+It replaces the sym53c8xx+ncr53c8xx driver bundle and shares its core code
+with the FreeBSD SYM-2 driver. The `glue' that allows this driver to work
+under Linux is contained in 2 files named sym_glue.h and sym_glue.c.
+Other drivers files are intended not to depend on the Operating System
+on which the driver is used.
+
+The history of this driver can be summerized as follows:
+
+1993: ncr driver written for 386bsd and FreeBSD by:
+ Wolfgang Stanglmeier <wolf@cologne.de>
+ Stefan Esser <se@mi.Uni-Koeln.de>
+
+1996: port of the ncr driver to Linux-1.2.13 and rename it ncr53c8xx.
+ Gerard Roudier
+
+1998: new sym53c8xx driver for Linux based on LOAD/STORE instruction and that
+ adds full support for the 896 but drops support for early NCR devices.
+ Gerard Roudier
+
+1999: port of the sym53c8xx driver to FreeBSD and support for the LSI53C1010
+ 33 MHz and 66MHz Ultra-3 controllers. The new driver is named `sym'.
+ Gerard Roudier
+
+2000: Add support for early NCR devices to FreeBSD `sym' driver.
+ Break the driver into several sources and separate the OS glue
+ code from the core code that can be shared among different O/Ses.
+ Write a glue code for Linux.
+ Gerard Roudier
+
+2004: Remove FreeBSD compatibility code. Remove support for versions of
+ Linux before 2.6. Start using Linux facilities.
+
+This README file addresses the Linux version of the driver. Under FreeBSD,
+the driver documentation is the sym.8 man page.
+
+Information about new chips is available at LSILOGIC web server:
+
+ http://www.lsilogic.com/
+
+SCSI standard documentations are available at T10 site:
+
+ http://www.t10.org/
+
+Useful SCSI tools written by Eric Youngdale are part of most Linux
+distributions:
+ scsiinfo: command line tool
+ scsi-config: TCL/Tk tool using scsiinfo
+
+2. Supported chips and SCSI features
+
+The following features are supported for all chips:
+
+ Synchronous negotiation
+ Disconnection
+ Tagged command queuing
+ SCSI parity checking
+ PCI Master parity checking
+
+Other features depends on chip capabilities.
+The driver notably uses optimized SCRIPTS for devices that support
+LOAD/STORE and handles PHASE MISMATCH from SCRIPTS for devices that
+support the corresponding feature.
+
+The following table shows some characteristics of the chip family.
+
+ On board LOAD/STORE HARDWARE
+Chip SDMS BIOS Wide SCSI std. Max. sync SCRIPTS PHASE MISMATCH
+---- --------- ---- --------- ---------- ---------- --------------
+810 N N FAST10 10 MB/s N N
+810A N N FAST10 10 MB/s Y N
+815 Y N FAST10 10 MB/s N N
+825 Y Y FAST10 20 MB/s N N
+825A Y Y FAST10 20 MB/s Y N
+860 N N FAST20 20 MB/s Y N
+875 Y Y FAST20 40 MB/s Y N
+875A Y Y FAST20 40 MB/s Y Y
+876 Y Y FAST20 40 MB/s Y N
+895 Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y N
+895A Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y Y
+896 Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y Y
+897 Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y Y
+1510D Y Y FAST40 80 MB/s Y Y
+1010 Y Y FAST80 160 MB/s Y Y
+1010_66* Y Y FAST80 160 MB/s Y Y
+
+* Chip supports 33MHz and 66MHz PCI bus clock.
+
+
+Summary of other supported features:
+
+Module: allow to load the driver
+Memory mapped I/O: increases performance
+Control commands: write operations to the proc SCSI file system
+Debugging information: written to syslog (expert only)
+Scatter / gather
+Shared interrupt
+Boot setup commands
+Serial NVRAM: Symbios and Tekram formats
+
+
+3. Advantages of this driver for newer chips.
+
+3.1 Optimized SCSI SCRIPTS.
+
+All chips except the 810, 815 and 825, support new SCSI SCRIPTS instructions
+named LOAD and STORE that allow to move up to 1 DWORD from/to an IO register
+to/from memory much faster that the MOVE MEMORY instruction that is supported
+by the 53c7xx and 53c8xx family.
+
+The LOAD/STORE instructions support absolute and DSA relative addressing
+modes. The SCSI SCRIPTS had been entirely rewritten using LOAD/STORE instead
+of MOVE MEMORY instructions.
+
+Due to the lack of LOAD/STORE SCRIPTS instructions by earlier chips, this
+driver also incorporates a different SCRIPTS set based on MEMORY MOVE, in
+order to provide support for the entire SYM53C8XX chips family.
+
+3.2 New features appeared with the SYM53C896
+
+Newer chips (see above) allows handling of the phase mismatch context from
+SCRIPTS (avoids the phase mismatch interrupt that stops the SCSI processor
+until the C code has saved the context of the transfer).
+
+The 896 and 1010 chips support 64 bit PCI transactions and addressing,
+while the 895A supports 32 bit PCI transactions and 64 bit addressing.
+The SCRIPTS processor of these chips is not true 64 bit, but uses segment
+registers for bit 32-63. Another interesting feature is that LOAD/STORE
+instructions that address the on-chip RAM (8k) remain internal to the chip.
+
+4. Memory mapped I/O versus normal I/O
+
+Memory mapped I/O has less latency than normal I/O and is the recommended
+way for doing IO with PCI devices. Memory mapped I/O seems to work fine on
+most hardware configurations, but some poorly designed chipsets may break
+this feature. A configuration option is provided for normal I/O to be
+used but the driver defaults to MMIO.
+
+5. Tagged command queueing
+
+Queuing more than 1 command at a time to a device allows it to perform
+optimizations based on actual head positions and its mechanical
+characteristics. This feature may also reduce average command latency.
+In order to really gain advantage of this feature, devices must have
+a reasonable cache size (No miracle is to be expected for a low-end
+hard disk with 128 KB or less).
+Some kown old SCSI devices do not properly support tagged command queuing.
+Generally, firmware revisions that fix this kind of problems are available
+at respective vendor web/ftp sites.
+All I can say is that I never have had problem with tagged queuing using
+this driver and its predecessors. Hard disks that behaved correctly for
+me using tagged commands are the following:
+
+- IBM S12 0662
+- Conner 1080S
+- Quantum Atlas I
+- Quantum Atlas II
+- Seagate Cheetah I
+- Quantum Viking II
+- IBM DRVS
+- Quantum Atlas IV
+- Seagate Cheetah II
+
+If your controller has NVRAM, you can configure this feature per target
+from the user setup tool. The Tekram Setup program allows to tune the
+maximum number of queued commands up to 32. The Symbios Setup only allows
+to enable or disable this feature.
+
+The maximum number of simultaneous tagged commands queued to a device
+is currently set to 16 by default. This value is suitable for most SCSI
+disks. With large SCSI disks (>= 2GB, cache >= 512KB, average seek time
+<= 10 ms), using a larger value may give better performances.
+
+This driver supports up to 255 commands per device, and but using more than
+64 is generally not worth-while, unless you are using a very large disk or
+disk arrays. It is noticeable that most of recent hard disks seem not to
+accept more than 64 simultaneous commands. So, using more than 64 queued
+commands is probably just resource wasting.
+
+If your controller does not have NVRAM or if it is managed by the SDMS
+BIOS/SETUP, you can configure tagged queueing feature and device queue
+depths from the boot command-line. For example:
+
+ sym53c8xx=tags:4/t2t3q15-t4q7/t1u0q32
+
+will set tagged commands queue depths as follow:
+
+- target 2 all luns on controller 0 --> 15
+- target 3 all luns on controller 0 --> 15
+- target 4 all luns on controller 0 --> 7
+- target 1 lun 0 on controller 1 --> 32
+- all other target/lun --> 4
+
+In some special conditions, some SCSI disk firmwares may return a
+QUEUE FULL status for a SCSI command. This behaviour is managed by the
+driver using the following heuristic:
+
+- Each time a QUEUE FULL status is returned, tagged queue depth is reduced
+ to the actual number of disconnected commands.
+
+- Every 200 successfully completed SCSI commands, if allowed by the
+ current limit, the maximum number of queueable commands is incremented.
+
+Since QUEUE FULL status reception and handling is resource wasting, the
+driver notifies by default this problem to user by indicating the actual
+number of commands used and their status, as well as its decision on the
+device queue depth change.
+The heuristic used by the driver in handling QUEUE FULL ensures that the
+impact on performances is not too bad. You can get rid of the messages by
+setting verbose level to zero, as follow:
+
+1st method: boot your system using 'sym53c8xx=verb:0' option.
+2nd method: apply "setverbose 0" control command to the proc fs entry
+ corresponding to your controller after boot-up.
+
+6. Parity checking
+
+The driver supports SCSI parity checking and PCI bus master parity
+checking. These features must be enabled in order to ensure safe
+data transfers. Some flawed devices or mother boards may have problems
+with parity. The options to defeat parity checking have been removed
+from the driver.
+
+7. Profiling information
+
+This driver does not provide profiling informations as did its predecessors.
+This feature was not this useful and added complexity to the code.
+As the driver code got more complex, I have decided to remove everything
+that didn't seem actually useful.
+
+8. Control commands
+
+Control commands can be sent to the driver with write operations to
+the proc SCSI file system. The generic command syntax is the
+following:
+
+ echo "<verb> <parameters>" >/proc/scsi/sym53c8xx/0
+ (assumes controller number is 0)
+
+Using "all" for "<target>" parameter with the commands below will
+apply to all targets of the SCSI chain (except the controller).
+
+Available commands:
+
+8.1 Set minimum synchronous period factor
+
+ setsync <target> <period factor>
+
+ target: target number
+ period: minimum synchronous period.
+ Maximum speed = 1000/(4*period factor) except for special
+ cases below.
+
+ Specify a period of 0, to force asynchronous transfer mode.
+
+ 9 means 12.5 nano-seconds synchronous period
+ 10 means 25 nano-seconds synchronous period
+ 11 means 30 nano-seconds synchronous period
+ 12 means 50 nano-seconds synchronous period
+
+8.2 Set wide size
+
+ setwide <target> <size>
+
+ target: target number
+ size: 0=8 bits, 1=16bits
+
+8.3 Set maximum number of concurrent tagged commands
+
+ settags <target> <tags>
+
+ target: target number
+ tags: number of concurrent tagged commands
+ must not be greater than configured (default: 16)
+
+8.4 Set debug mode
+
+ setdebug <list of debug flags>
+
+ Available debug flags:
+ alloc: print info about memory allocations (ccb, lcb)
+ queue: print info about insertions into the command start queue
+ result: print sense data on CHECK CONDITION status
+ scatter: print info about the scatter process
+ scripts: print info about the script binding process
+ tiny: print minimal debugging information
+ timing: print timing information of the NCR chip
+ nego: print information about SCSI negotiations
+ phase: print information on script interruptions
+
+ Use "setdebug" with no argument to reset debug flags.
+
+
+8.5 Set flag (no_disc)
+
+ setflag <target> <flag>
+
+ target: target number
+
+ For the moment, only one flag is available:
+
+ no_disc: not allow target to disconnect.
+
+ Do not specify any flag in order to reset the flag. For example:
+ - setflag 4
+ will reset no_disc flag for target 4, so will allow it disconnections.
+ - setflag all
+ will allow disconnection for all devices on the SCSI bus.
+
+
+8.6 Set verbose level
+
+ setverbose #level
+
+ The driver default verbose level is 1. This command allows to change
+ th driver verbose level after boot-up.
+
+8.7 Reset all logical units of a target
+
+ resetdev <target>
+
+ target: target number
+ The driver will try to send a BUS DEVICE RESET message to the target.
+
+8.8 Abort all tasks of all logical units of a target
+
+ cleardev <target>
+
+ target: target number
+ The driver will try to send a ABORT message to all the logical units
+ of the target.
+
+
+9. Configuration parameters
+
+Under kernel configuration tools (make menuconfig, for example), it is
+possible to change some default driver configuration parameters.
+If the firmware of all your devices is perfect enough, all the
+features supported by the driver can be enabled at start-up. However,
+if only one has a flaw for some SCSI feature, you can disable the
+support by the driver of this feature at linux start-up and enable
+this feature after boot-up only for devices that support it safely.
+
+Configuration parameters:
+
+Use normal IO (default answer: n)
+ Answer "y" if you suspect your mother board to not allow memory mapped I/O.
+ May slow down performance a little.
+
+Default tagged command queue depth (default answer: 16)
+ Entering 0 defaults to tagged commands not being used.
+ This parameter can be specified from the boot command line.
+
+Maximum number of queued commands (default answer: 32)
+ This option allows you to specify the maximum number of tagged commands
+ that can be queued to a device. The maximum supported value is 255.
+
+Synchronous transfers frequency (default answer: 80)
+ This option allows you to specify the frequency in MHz the driver
+ will use at boot time for synchronous data transfer negotiations.
+ 0 means "asynchronous data transfers".
+
+10. Boot setup commands
+
+10.1 Syntax
+
+Setup commands can be passed to the driver either at boot time or as
+parameters to modprobe, as described in Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
+
+Example of boot setup command under lilo prompt:
+
+lilo: linux root=/dev/sda2 sym53c8xx.cmd_per_lun=4 sym53c8xx.sync=10 sym53c8xx.debug=0x200
+
+- enable tagged commands, up to 4 tagged commands queued.
+- set synchronous negotiation speed to 10 Mega-transfers / second.
+- set DEBUG_NEGO flag.
+
+The following command will install the driver module with the same
+options as above.
+
+ modprobe sym53c8xx cmd_per_lun=4 sync=10 debug=0x200
+
+10.2 Available arguments
+
+10.2.1 Default number of tagged commands
+ cmd_per_lun=0 (or cmd_per_lun=1) tagged command queuing disabled
+ cmd_per_lun=#tags (#tags > 1) tagged command queuing enabled
+ #tags will be truncated to the max queued commands configuration parameter.
+
+10.2.2 Detailed control of tagged commands
+ This option allows you to specify a command queue depth for each device
+ that supports tagged command queueing.
+ Example:
+ tag_ctrl=10/t2t3q16-t5q24/t1u2q32
+ will set devices queue depth as follow:
+ - controller #0 target #2 and target #3 -> 16 commands,
+ - controller #0 target #5 -> 24 commands,
+ - controller #1 target #1 logical unit #2 -> 32 commands,
+ - all other logical units (all targets, all controllers) -> 10 commands.
+
+10.2.3 Burst max
+ burst=0 burst disabled
+ burst=255 get burst length from initial IO register settings.
+ burst=#x burst enabled (1<<#x burst transfers max)
+ #x is an integer value which is log base 2 of the burst transfers max.
+ By default the driver uses the maximum value supported by the chip.
+
+10.2.4 LED support
+ led=1 enable LED support
+ led=0 disable LED support
+ Do not enable LED support if your scsi board does not use SDMS BIOS.
+ (See 'Configuration parameters')
+
+10.2.4 Differential mode
+ diff=0 never set up diff mode
+ diff=1 set up diff mode if BIOS set it
+ diff=2 always set up diff mode
+ diff=3 set diff mode if GPIO3 is not set
+
+10.2.5 IRQ mode
+ irqm=0 always open drain
+ irqm=1 same as initial settings (assumed BIOS settings)
+ irqm=2 always totem pole
+
+10.2.6 Check SCSI BUS
+ buschk=<option bits>
+
+ Available option bits:
+ 0x0: No check.
+ 0x1: Check and do not attach the controller on error.
+ 0x2: Check and just warn on error.
+
+10.2.7 Suggest a default SCSI id for hosts
+ hostid=255 no id suggested.
+ hostid=#x (0 < x < 7) x suggested for hosts SCSI id.
+
+ If a host SCSI id is available from the NVRAM, the driver will ignore
+ any value suggested as boot option. Otherwise, if a suggested value
+ different from 255 has been supplied, it will use it. Otherwise, it will
+ try to deduce the value previously set in the hardware and use value
+ 7 if the hardware value is zero.
+
+10.2.8 Verbosity level
+ verb=0 minimal
+ verb=1 normal
+ verb=2 too much
+
+10.2.9 Debug mode
+ debug=0 clear debug flags
+ debug=#x set debug flags
+ #x is an integer value combining the following power-of-2 values:
+ DEBUG_ALLOC 0x1
+ DEBUG_PHASE 0x2
+ DEBUG_POLL 0x4
+ DEBUG_QUEUE 0x8
+ DEBUG_RESULT 0x10
+ DEBUG_SCATTER 0x20
+ DEBUG_SCRIPT 0x40
+ DEBUG_TINY 0x80
+ DEBUG_TIMING 0x100
+ DEBUG_NEGO 0x200
+ DEBUG_TAGS 0x400
+ DEBUG_FREEZE 0x800
+ DEBUG_RESTART 0x1000
+
+ You can play safely with DEBUG_NEGO. However, some of these flags may
+ generate bunches of syslog messages.
+
+10.2.10 Settle delay
+ settle=n delay for n seconds
+
+ After a bus reset, the driver will delay for n seconds before talking
+ to any device on the bus. The default is 3 seconds and safe mode will
+ default it to 10.
+
+10.2.11 Serial NVRAM
+ NB: option not currently implemented.
+ nvram=n do not look for serial NVRAM
+ nvram=y test controllers for onboard serial NVRAM
+ (alternate binary form)
+ nvram=<bits options>
+ 0x01 look for NVRAM (equivalent to nvram=y)
+ 0x02 ignore NVRAM "Synchronous negotiation" parameters for all devices
+ 0x04 ignore NVRAM "Wide negotiation" parameter for all devices
+ 0x08 ignore NVRAM "Scan at boot time" parameter for all devices
+ 0x80 also attach controllers set to OFF in the NVRAM (sym53c8xx only)
+
+10.2.12 Exclude a host from being attached
+ excl=<io_address>,...
+
+ Prevent host at a given io address from being attached.
+ For example 'excl=0xb400,0xc000' indicate to the
+ driver not to attach hosts at address 0xb400 and 0xc000.
+
+10.3 Converting from old style options
+
+Previously, the sym2 driver accepted arguments of the form
+ sym53c8xx=tags:4,sync:10,debug:0x200
+
+As a result of the new module parameters, this is no longer available.
+Most of the options have remained the same, but tags has split into
+cmd_per_lun and tag_ctrl for its two different purposes. The sample above
+would be specified as:
+ modprobe sym53c8xx cmd_per_lun=4 sync=10 debug=0x200
+
+or on the kernel boot line as:
+ sym53c8xx.cmd_per_lun=4 sym53c8xx.sync=10 sym53c8xx.debug=0x200
+
+10.4 SCSI BUS checking boot option.
+
+When this option is set to a non-zero value, the driver checks SCSI lines
+logic state, 100 micro-seconds after having asserted the SCSI RESET line.
+The driver just reads SCSI lines and checks all lines read FALSE except RESET.
+Since SCSI devices shall release the BUS at most 800 nano-seconds after SCSI
+RESET has been asserted, any signal to TRUE may indicate a SCSI BUS problem.
+Unfortunately, the following common SCSI BUS problems are not detected:
+- Only 1 terminator installed.
+- Misplaced terminators.
+- Bad quality terminators.
+On the other hand, either bad cabling, broken devices, not conformant
+devices, ... may cause a SCSI signal to be wrong when te driver reads it.
+
+15. SCSI problem troubleshooting
+
+15.1 Problem tracking
+
+Most SCSI problems are due to a non conformant SCSI bus or too buggy
+devices. If infortunately you have SCSI problems, you can check the
+following things:
+
+- SCSI bus cables
+- terminations at both end of the SCSI chain
+- linux syslog messages (some of them may help you)
+
+If you do not find the source of problems, you can configure the
+driver or devices in the NVRAM with minimal features.
+
+- only asynchronous data transfers
+- tagged commands disabled
+- disconnections not allowed
+
+Now, if your SCSI bus is ok, your system has every chance to work
+with this safe configuration but performances will not be optimal.
+
+If it still fails, then you can send your problem description to
+appropriate mailing lists or news-groups. Send me a copy in order to
+be sure I will receive it. Obviously, a bug in the driver code is
+possible.
+
+ My cyrrent email address: Gerard Roudier <groudier@free.fr>
+
+Allowing disconnections is important if you use several devices on
+your SCSI bus but often causes problems with buggy devices.
+Synchronous data transfers increases throughput of fast devices like
+hard disks. Good SCSI hard disks with a large cache gain advantage of
+tagged commands queuing.
+
+15.2 Understanding hardware error reports
+
+When the driver detects an unexpected error condition, it may display a
+message of the following pattern.
+
+sym0:1: ERROR (0:48) (1-21-65) (f/95/0) @ (script 7c0:19000000).
+sym0: script cmd = 19000000
+sym0: regdump: da 10 80 95 47 0f 01 07 75 01 81 21 80 01 09 00.
+
+Some fields in such a message may help you understand the cause of the
+problem, as follows:
+
+sym0:1: ERROR (0:48) (1-21-65) (f/95/0) @ (script 7c0:19000000).
+.....A.........B.C....D.E..F....G.H..I.......J.....K...L.......
+
+Field A : target number.
+ SCSI ID of the device the controller was talking with at the moment the
+ error occurs.
+
+Field B : DSTAT io register (DMA STATUS)
+ Bit 0x40 : MDPE Master Data Parity Error
+ Data parity error detected on the PCI BUS.
+ Bit 0x20 : BF Bus Fault
+ PCI bus fault condition detected
+ Bit 0x01 : IID Illegal Instruction Detected
+ Set by the chip when it detects an Illegal Instruction format
+ on some condition that makes an instruction illegal.
+ Bit 0x80 : DFE Dma Fifo Empty
+ Pure status bit that does not indicate an error.
+ If the reported DSTAT value contains a combination of MDPE (0x40),
+ BF (0x20), then the cause may be likely due to a PCI BUS problem.
+
+Field C : SIST io register (SCSI Interrupt Status)
+ Bit 0x08 : SGE SCSI GROSS ERROR
+ Indicates that the chip detected a severe error condition
+ on the SCSI BUS that prevents the SCSI protocol from functioning
+ properly.
+ Bit 0x04 : UDC Unexpected Disconnection
+ Indicates that the device released the SCSI BUS when the chip
+ was not expecting this to happen. A device may behave so to
+ indicate the SCSI initiator that an error condition not reportable using the SCSI protocol has occurred.
+ Bit 0x02 : RST SCSI BUS Reset
+ Generally SCSI targets do not reset the SCSI BUS, although any
+ device on the BUS can reset it at any time.
+ Bit 0x01 : PAR Parity
+ SCSI parity error detected.
+ On a faulty SCSI BUS, any error condition among SGE (0x08), UDC (0x04) and
+ PAR (0x01) may be detected by the chip. If your SCSI system sometimes
+ encounters such error conditions, especially SCSI GROSS ERROR, then a SCSI
+ BUS problem is likely the cause of these errors.
+
+For fields D,E,F,G and H, you may look into the sym53c8xx_defs.h file
+that contains some minimal comments on IO register bits.
+Field D : SOCL Scsi Output Control Latch
+ This register reflects the state of the SCSI control lines the
+ chip want to drive or compare against.
+Field E : SBCL Scsi Bus Control Lines
+ Actual value of control lines on the SCSI BUS.
+Field F : SBDL Scsi Bus Data Lines
+ Actual value of data lines on the SCSI BUS.
+Field G : SXFER SCSI Transfer
+ Contains the setting of the Synchronous Period for output and
+ the current Synchronous offset (offset 0 means asynchronous).
+Field H : SCNTL3 Scsi Control Register 3
+ Contains the setting of timing values for both asynchronous and
+ synchronous data transfers.
+Field I : SCNTL4 Scsi Control Register 4
+ Only meaninful for 53C1010 Ultra3 controllers.
+
+Understanding Fields J, K, L and dumps requires to have good knowledge of
+SCSI standards, chip cores functionnals and internal driver data structures.
+You are not required to decode and understand them, unless you want to help
+maintain the driver code.
+
+17. Serial NVRAM (added by Richard Waltham: dormouse@farsrobt.demon.co.uk)
+
+17.1 Features
+
+Enabling serial NVRAM support enables detection of the serial NVRAM included
+on Symbios and some Symbios compatible host adaptors, and Tekram boards. The
+serial NVRAM is used by Symbios and Tekram to hold set up parameters for the
+host adaptor and it's attached drives.
+
+The Symbios NVRAM also holds data on the boot order of host adaptors in a
+system with more than one host adaptor. This information is no longer used
+as it's fundamentally incompatible with the hotplug PCI model.
+
+Tekram boards using Symbios chips, DC390W/F/U, which have NVRAM are detected
+and this is used to distinguish between Symbios compatible and Tekram host
+adaptors. This is used to disable the Symbios compatible "diff" setting
+incorrectly set on Tekram boards if the CONFIG_SCSI_53C8XX_SYMBIOS_COMPAT
+configuration parameter is set enabling both Symbios and Tekram boards to be
+used together with the Symbios cards using all their features, including
+"diff" support. ("led pin" support for Symbios compatible cards can remain
+enabled when using Tekram cards. It does nothing useful for Tekram host
+adaptors but does not cause problems either.)
+
+The parameters the driver is able to get from the NVRAM depend on the
+data format used, as follow:
+
+ Tekram format Symbios format
+General and host parameters
+ Boot order N Y
+ Host SCSI ID Y Y
+ SCSI parity checking Y Y
+ Verbose boot messages N Y
+SCSI devices parameters
+ Synchronous transfer speed Y Y
+ Wide 16 / Narrow Y Y
+ Tagged Command Queuing enabled Y Y
+ Disconnections enabled Y Y
+ Scan at boot time N Y
+
+In order to speed up the system boot, for each device configured without
+the "scan at boot time" option, the driver forces an error on the
+first TEST UNIT READY command received for this device.
+
+
+17.2 Symbios NVRAM layout
+
+typical data at NVRAM address 0x100 (53c810a NVRAM)
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+00 00
+64 01
+8e 0b
+
+00 30 00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 04 10 04 00 00
+
+04 00 0f 00 00 10 00 50 00 00 01 00 00 62
+04 00 03 00 00 10 00 58 00 00 01 00 00 63
+04 00 01 00 00 10 00 48 00 00 01 00 00 61
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+fe fe
+00 00
+00 00
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+NVRAM layout details
+
+NVRAM Address 0x000-0x0ff not used
+ 0x100-0x26f initialised data
+ 0x270-0x7ff not used
+
+general layout
+
+ header - 6 bytes,
+ data - 356 bytes (checksum is byte sum of this data)
+ trailer - 6 bytes
+ ---
+ total 368 bytes
+
+data area layout
+
+ controller set up - 20 bytes
+ boot configuration - 56 bytes (4x14 bytes)
+ device set up - 128 bytes (16x8 bytes)
+ unused (spare?) - 152 bytes (19x8 bytes)
+ ---
+ total 356 bytes
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+header
+
+00 00 - ?? start marker
+64 01 - byte count (lsb/msb excludes header/trailer)
+8e 0b - checksum (lsb/msb excludes header/trailer)
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+controller set up
+
+00 30 00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 04 10 04 00 00
+ | | | |
+ | | | -- host ID
+ | | |
+ | | --Removable Media Support
+ | | 0x00 = none
+ | | 0x01 = Bootable Device
+ | | 0x02 = All with Media
+ | |
+ | --flag bits 2
+ | 0x00000001= scan order hi->low
+ | (default 0x00 - scan low->hi)
+ --flag bits 1
+ 0x00000001 scam enable
+ 0x00000010 parity enable
+ 0x00000100 verbose boot msgs
+
+remaining bytes unknown - they do not appear to change in my
+current set up for any of the controllers.
+
+default set up is identical for 53c810a and 53c875 NVRAM
+(Removable Media added Symbios BIOS version 4.09)
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+boot configuration
+
+boot order set by order of the devices in this table
+
+04 00 0f 00 00 10 00 50 00 00 01 00 00 62 -- 1st controller
+04 00 03 00 00 10 00 58 00 00 01 00 00 63 2nd controller
+04 00 01 00 00 10 00 48 00 00 01 00 00 61 3rd controller
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4th controller
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | ---- PCI io port adr
+ | | | | | --0x01 init/scan at boot time
+ | | | | --PCI device/function number (0xdddddfff)
+ | | ----- ?? PCI vendor ID (lsb/msb)
+ ----PCI device ID (lsb/msb)
+
+?? use of this data is a guess but seems reasonable
+
+remaining bytes unknown - they do not appear to change in my
+current set up
+
+default set up is identical for 53c810a and 53c875 NVRAM
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+device set up (up to 16 devices - includes controller)
+
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00 - id 0
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00
+0f 00 08 08 64 00 0a 00 - id 15
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | ----timeout (lsb/msb)
+ | | | --synch period (0x?? 40 Mtrans/sec- fast 40) (probably 0x28)
+ | | | (0x30 20 Mtrans/sec- fast 20)
+ | | | (0x64 10 Mtrans/sec- fast )
+ | | | (0xc8 5 Mtrans/sec)
+ | | | (0x00 asynchronous)
+ | | -- ?? max sync offset (0x08 in NVRAM on 53c810a)
+ | | (0x10 in NVRAM on 53c875)
+ | --device bus width (0x08 narrow)
+ | (0x10 16 bit wide)
+ --flag bits
+ 0x00000001 - disconnect enabled
+ 0x00000010 - scan at boot time
+ 0x00000100 - scan luns
+ 0x00001000 - queue tags enabled
+
+remaining bytes unknown - they do not appear to change in my
+current set up
+
+?? use of this data is a guess but seems reasonable
+(but it could be max bus width)
+
+default set up for 53c810a NVRAM
+default set up for 53c875 NVRAM - bus width - 0x10
+ - sync offset ? - 0x10
+ - sync period - 0x30
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+?? spare device space (32 bit bus ??)
+
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 (19x8bytes)
+.
+.
+00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+default set up is identical for 53c810a and 53c875 NVRAM
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+trailer
+
+fe fe - ? end marker ?
+00 00
+00 00
+
+default set up is identical for 53c810a and 53c875 NVRAM
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+17.3 Tekram NVRAM layout
+
+nvram 64x16 (1024 bit)
+
+Drive settings
+
+Drive ID 0-15 (addr 0x0yyyy0 = device setup, yyyy = ID)
+ (addr 0x0yyyy1 = 0x0000)
+
+ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | ----- parity check 0 - off
+ | | | | | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | ------- sync neg 0 - off
+ | | | | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | --------- disconnect 0 - off
+ | | | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | ----------- start cmd 0 - off
+ | | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | | |
+ | | | | -------------- tagged cmds 0 - off
+ | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | |
+ | | | ---------------- wide neg 0 - off
+ | | | 1 - on
+ | | |
+ --------------------------- sync rate 0 - 10.0 Mtrans/sec
+ 1 - 8.0
+ 2 - 6.6
+ 3 - 5.7
+ 4 - 5.0
+ 5 - 4.0
+ 6 - 3.0
+ 7 - 2.0
+ 7 - 2.0
+ 8 - 20.0
+ 9 - 16.7
+ a - 13.9
+ b - 11.9
+
+Global settings
+
+Host flags 0 (addr 0x100000, 32)
+
+ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | ----------- host ID 0x00 - 0x0f
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | ----------------------- support for 0 - off
+ | | | | | | | > 2 drives 1 - on
+ | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | ------------------------- support drives 0 - off
+ | | | | | | > 1Gbytes 1 - on
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | --------------------------- bus reset on 0 - off
+ | | | | | power on 1 - on
+ | | | | |
+ | | | | ----------------------------- active neg 0 - off
+ | | | | 1 - on
+ | | | |
+ | | | -------------------------------- imm seek 0 - off
+ | | | 1 - on
+ | | |
+ | | ---------------------------------- scan luns 0 - off
+ | | 1 - on
+ | |
+ -------------------------------------- removable 0 - disable
+ as BIOS dev 1 - boot device
+ 2 - all
+
+Host flags 1 (addr 0x100001, 33)
+
+ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | --------- boot delay 0 - 3 sec
+ | | | 1 - 5
+ | | | 2 - 10
+ | | | 3 - 20
+ | | | 4 - 30
+ | | | 5 - 60
+ | | | 6 - 120
+ | | |
+ --------------------------- max tag cmds 0 - 2
+ 1 - 4
+ 2 - 8
+ 3 - 16
+ 4 - 32
+
+Host flags 2 (addr 0x100010, 34)
+
+ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ |
+ ----- F2/F6 enable 0 - off ???
+ 1 - on ???
+
+checksum (addr 0x111111)
+
+checksum = 0x1234 - (sum addr 0-63)
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+default nvram data:
+
+0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000
+0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000
+0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000
+0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000 0x0037 0x0000
+
+0x0f07 0x0400 0x0001 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000
+0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000
+0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000
+0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0xfbbc
+
+
+===============================================================================
+End of Linux SYM-2 driver documentation file
diff --git a/Documentation/scsi/tmscsim.txt b/Documentation/scsi/tmscsim.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e165229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scsi/tmscsim.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+The tmscsim driver
+==================
+
+1. Purpose and history
+2. Installation
+3. Features
+4. Configuration via /proc/scsi/tmscsim/?
+5. Configuration via boot/module params
+6. Potential improvements
+7. Bug reports, debugging and updates
+8. Acknowledgements
+9. Copyright
+
+
+1. Purpose and history
+----------------------
+The tmscsim driver supports PCI SCSI Host Adapters based on the AM53C974
+chip. AM53C974 based SCSI adapters include:
+ Tekram DC390, DC390T
+ Dawicontrol 2974
+ QLogic Fast! PCI Basic
+ some on-board adapters
+(This is most probably not a complete list)
+
+It has originally written by C.L. Huang from the Tekram corp. to support the
+Tekram DC390(T) adapter. This is where the name comes from: tm = Tekram
+scsi = SCSI driver, m = AMD (?) as opposed to w for the DC390W/U/F
+(NCR53c8X5, X=2/7) driver. Yes, there was also a driver for the latter,
+tmscsiw, which supported DC390W/U/F adapters. It's not maintained any more,
+as the ncr53c8xx is perfectly supporting these adpaters since some time.
+
+The driver first appeared in April 1996, exclusively supported the DC390
+and has been enhanced since then in various steps. In May 1998 support for
+general AM53C974 based adapters and some possibilities to configure it were
+added. The non-DC390 support works by assuming some values for the data
+normally taken from the DC390 EEPROM. See below (chapter 5) for details.
+
+When using the DC390, the configuration is still be done using the DC390
+BIOS setup. The DC390 EEPROM is read and used by the driver, any boot or
+module parameters (chapter 5) are ignored! However, you can change settings
+dynamically, as described in chapter 4.
+
+For a more detailed description of the driver's history, see the first lines
+of tmscsim.c.
+The numbering scheme isn't consistent. The first versions went from 1.00 to
+1.12, then 1.20a to 1.20t. Finally I decided to use the ncr53c8xx scheme. So
+the next revisions will be 2.0a to 2.0X (stable), 2.1a to 2.1X (experimental),
+2.2a to 2.2X (stable, again) etc. (X = anything between a and z.) If I send
+fixes to people for testing, I create intermediate versions with a digit
+appended, e.g. 2.0c3.
+
+
+2. Installation
+---------------
+If you got any recent kernel with this driver and document included in
+linux/drivers/scsi, you basically have to do nothing special to use this
+driver. Of course you have to choose to compile SCSI support and DC390(T)
+support into your kernel or as module when configuring your kernel for
+compiling.
+NEW: You may as well compile this module outside your kernel, using the
+supplied Makefile.
+
+ If you got an old kernel (pre 2.1.127, pre 2.0.37p1) with an old version of
+ this driver: Get dc390-21125-20b.diff.gz or dc390-2036p21-20b1.diff.gz from
+ my web page and apply the patch. Apply further patches to upgrade to the
+ latest version of the driver.
+
+ If you want to do it manually, you should copy the files (dc390.h,
+ tmscsim.h, tmscsim.c, scsiiom.c and README.tmscsim) from this directory to
+ linux/drivers/scsi. You have to recompile your kernel/module of course.
+
+ You should apply the three patches included in dc390-120-kernel.diff
+ (Applying them: cd /usr/src; patch -p0 <~/dc390-120-kernel.diff)
+ The patches are against 2.1.125, so you might have to manually resolve
+ rejections when applying to another kernel version.
+
+ The patches will update the kernel startup code to allow boot parameters to
+ be passed to the driver, update the Documentation and finally offer you the
+ possibility to omit the non-DC390 parts of the driver.
+ (By selecting "Omit support for non DC390" you basically disable the
+ emulation of a DC390 EEPROM for non DC390 adapters. This saves a few bytes
+ of memory.)
+
+If you got a very old kernel without the tmscsim driver (pre 2.0.31)
+I recommend upgrading your kernel. However, if you don't want to, please
+contact me to get the appropriate patches.
+
+
+Upgrading a SCSI driver is always a delicate thing to do. The 2.0 driver has
+proven stable on many systems, but it's still a good idea to take some
+precautions. In an ideal world you would have a full backup of your disks.
+The world isn't ideal and most people don't have full backups (me neither).
+So take at least the following measures:
+* make your kernel remount the FS read-only on detecting an error:
+ tune2fs -e remount-ro /dev/sd??
+* have copies of your SCSI disk's partition tables on some safe location:
+ dd if=/dev/sda of=/mnt/floppy/sda bs=512 count=1
+ or just print it with:
+ fdisk -l | lpr
+* make sure you are able to boot Linux (e.g. from floppy disk using InitRD)
+ if your SCSI disk gets corrupted. You can use
+ ftp://student.physik.uni-dortmund.de/pub/linux/kernel/bootdisk.gz
+
+One more warning: I used to overclock my PCI bus to 41.67 MHz. My Tekram
+DC390F (Sym53c875) accepted this as well as my Millenium. But the Am53C974
+produced errors and started to corrupt my disks. So don't do that! A 37.50
+MHz PCI bus works for me, though, but I don't recommend using higher clocks
+than the 33.33 MHz being in the PCI spec.
+
+If you want to share the IRQ with another device and the driver refuses to
+do so, you might succeed with changing the DC390_IRQ type in tmscsim.c to
+SA_SHIRQ | SA_INTERRUPT.
+
+
+3.Features
+----------
+- SCSI
+ * Tagged command queueing
+ * Sync speed up to 10 MHz
+ * Disconnection
+ * Multiple LUNs
+
+- General / Linux interface
+ * Support for up to 4 AM53C974 adapters.
+ * DC390 EEPROM usage or boot/module params
+ * Information via cat /proc/scsi/tmscsim/?
+ * Dynamically configurable by writing to /proc/scsi/tmscsim/?
+ * Dynamic allocation of resources
+ * SMP support: Locking on io_request lock (Linux 2.1/2.2) or adapter
+ specific locks (Linux 2.5?)
+ * Uniform source code for Linux-2.x.y
+ * Support for dyn. addition/removal of devices via add/remove-single-device
+ (Try: echo "scsi add-single-device C B T U" >/proc/scsi/scsi
+ C = Controller, B = Bus, T = Target SCSI ID, U = Unit SCSI LUN.)
+ Use with care!
+ * Try to use the partition table for the determination of the mapping
+
+
+4. Configuration via /proc/scsi/tmscsim/?
+-----------------------------------------
+First of all look at the output of /proc/scsi/tmscsim/? by typing
+ cat /proc/scsi/tmscsim/?
+The "?" should be replaced by the SCSI host number. (The shell might do this
+for you.)
+You will see some info regarding the adapter and, at the end, a listing of
+the attached devices and their settings.
+
+Here's an example:
+garloff@kurt:/home/garloff > cat /proc/scsi/tmscsim/0
+Tekram DC390/AM53C974 PCI SCSI Host Adapter, Driver Version 2.0e7 2000-11-28
+SCSI Host Nr 1, AM53C974 Adapter Nr 0
+IOPortBase 0xb000, IRQ 10
+MaxID 8, MaxLUN 8, AdapterID 6, SelTimeout 250 ms, DelayReset 1 s
+TagMaxNum 16, Status 0x00, ACBFlag 0x00, GlitchEater 24 ns
+Statistics: Cmnds 1470165, Cmnds not sent directly 0, Out of SRB conds 0
+ Lost arbitrations 587, Sel. connected 0, Connected: No
+Nr of attached devices: 4, Nr of DCBs: 4
+Map of attached LUNs: 01 00 00 03 01 00 00 00
+Idx ID LUN Prty Sync DsCn SndS TagQ NegoPeriod SyncSpeed SyncOffs MaxCmd
+00 00 00 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 ns 10.0 M 15 16
+01 03 00 Yes Yes Yes Yes No 100 ns 10.0 M 15 01
+02 03 01 Yes Yes Yes Yes No 100 ns 10.0 M 15 01
+03 04 00 Yes Yes Yes Yes No 100 ns 10.0 M 15 01
+
+Note that the settings MaxID and MaxLUN are not zero- but one-based, which
+means that a setting MaxLUN=4, will result in the support of LUNs 0..3. This
+is somehow inconvenient, but the way the mid-level SCSI code expects it to be.
+
+ACB and DCB are acronyms for Adapter Control Block and Device Control Block.
+These are data structures of the driver containing information about the
+adapter and the connected SCSI devices respectively.
+
+Idx is the device index (just a consecutive number for the driver), ID and
+LUN are the SCSI ID and LUN, Prty means Parity checking, Sync synchronous
+negotiation, DsCn Disconnection, SndS Send Start command on startup (not
+used by the driver) and TagQ Tagged Command Queueing. NegoPeriod and
+SyncSpeed are somehow redundant, because they are reciprocal values
+(1 / 112 ns = 8.9 MHz). At least in theory. The driver is able to adjust the
+NegoPeriod more accurate (4ns) than the SyncSpeed (1 / 25ns). I don't know
+if certain devices will have problems with this discrepancy. Max. speed is
+10 MHz corresp. to a min. NegoPeriod of 100 ns.
+(The driver allows slightly higher speeds if the devices (Ultra SCSI) accept
+it, but that's out of adapter spec, on your own risk and unlikely to improve
+performance. You're likely to crash your disks.)
+SyncOffs is the offset used for synchronous negotiations; max. is 15.
+The last values are only shown, if Sync is enabled. (NegoPeriod is still
+displayed in brackets to show the values which will be used after enabling
+Sync.)
+MaxCmd ist the number of commands (=tags) which can be processed at the same
+time by the device.
+
+If you want to change a setting, you can do that by writing to
+/proc/scsi/tmscsim/?. Basically you have to imitate the output of driver.
+(Don't use the brackets for NegoPeriod on Sync disabled devices.)
+You don't have to care about capitalisation. The driver will accept space,
+tab, comma, = and : as separators.
+
+There are three kinds of changes:
+
+(1) Change driver settings:
+ You type the names of the parameters and the params following it.
+ Example:
+ echo "MaxLUN=8 seltimeout 200" >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/0
+
+ Note that you can only change MaxID, MaxLUN, AdapterID, SelTimeOut,
+ TagMaxNum, ACBFlag, GlitchEater and DelayReset. Don't change ACBFlag
+ unless you want to see what happens, if the driver hangs.
+
+(2) Change device settings: You write a config line to the driver. The Nr
+ must match the ID and LUN given. If you give "-" as parameter, it is
+ ignored and the corresponding setting won't be changed.
+ You can use "y" or "n" instead of "Yes" and "No" if you want to.
+ You don't need to specify a full line. The driver automatically performs
+ an INQUIRY on the device if necessary to check if it is capable to operate
+ with the given settings (Sync, TagQ).
+ Examples:
+ echo "0 0 0 y y y - y - 10 " >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/0
+ echo "3 5 0 y n y " >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/0
+
+ To give a short explanation of the first example:
+ The first three numbers, "0 0 0" (Device index 0, SCSI ID 0, SCSI LUN 0),
+ select the device to which the following parameters apply. Note that it
+ would be sufficient to use the index or both SCSI ID and LUN, but I chose
+ to require all three to have a syntax similar to the output.
+ The following "y y y - y" enables Parity checking, enables Synchronous
+ transfers, Disconnection, leaves Send Start (not used) untouched and
+ enables Tagged Command Queueing for the selected device. The "-" skips
+ the Negotiation Period setting but the "10" sets the max sync. speed to
+ 10 MHz. It's useless to specify both NegoPeriod and SyncSpeed as
+ discussed above. The values used in this example will result in maximum
+ performance.
+
+(3) Special commands: You can force a SCSI bus reset, an INQUIRY command, the
+ removal or the addition of a device's DCB and a SCSI register dump.
+ This is only used for debugging when you meet problems. The parameter of
+ the INQUIRY and REMOVE commands is the device index as shown by the
+ output of /proc/scsi/tmscsim/? in the device listing in the first column
+ (Idx). ADD takes the SCSI ID and LUN.
+ Examples:
+ echo "reset" >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/0
+ echo "inquiry 1" >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/0
+ echo "remove 2" >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/1
+ echo "add 2 3" >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/?
+ echo "dump" >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/0
+
+ Note that you will meet problems when you REMOVE a device's DCB with the
+ remove command if it contains partitions which are mounted. Only use it
+ after unmounting its partitions, telling the SCSI mid-level code to
+ remove it (scsi remove-single-device) and you really need a few bytes of
+ memory.
+ The ADD command allows you to configure a device before you tell the
+ mid-level code to try detection.
+
+
+I'd suggest reviewing the output of /proc/scsi/tmscsim/? after changing
+settings to see if everything changed as requested.
+
+
+5. Configuration via boot/module parameters
+-------------------------------------------
+With the DC390, the driver reads its EEPROM settings and tries to use them.
+But you may want to override the settings prior to being able to change the
+driver configuration via /proc/scsi/tmscsim/?.
+If you do have another AM53C974 based adapter, that's even the only
+possibility to adjust settings before you are able to write to the
+/proc/scsi/tmscsim/? pseudo-file, e.g. if you want to use another
+adapter ID than 7.
+(BTW, the log message "DC390: No EEPROM found!" is normal without a DC390.)
+For this purpose, you can pass options to the driver before it is initialised
+by using kernel or module parameters. See lilo(8) or modprobe(1) manual
+pages on how to pass params to the kernel or a module.
+[NOTE: Formerly, it was not possible to override the EEPROM supplied
+ settings of the DC390 with cmd line parameters. This has changed since
+ 2.0e7]
+
+The syntax of the params is much shorter than the syntax of the /proc/...
+interface. This makes it a little bit more difficult to use. However, long
+parameter lines have the risk to be misinterpreted and the length of kernel
+parameters is limited.
+
+As the support for non-DC390 adapters works by simulating the values of the
+DC390 EEPROM, the settings are given in a DC390 BIOS' way.
+
+Here's the syntax:
+tmscsim=AdaptID,SpdIdx,DevMode,AdaptMode,TaggedCmnds,DelayReset
+
+Each of the parameters is a number, containing the described information:
+
+* AdaptID: The SCSI ID of the host adapter. Must be in the range 0..7
+ Default is 7.
+
+* SpdIdx: The index of the maximum speed as in the DC390 BIOS. The values
+ 0..7 mean 10, 8.0, 6.7, 5.7, 5.0, 4.0, 3.1 and 2 MHz resp. Default is
+ 0 (10.0 MHz).
+
+* DevMode is a bit mapped value describing the per-device features. It
+ applies to all devices. (Sync, Disc and TagQ will only apply, if the
+ device supports it.) The meaning of the bits (* = default):
+
+ Bit Val(hex) Val(dec) Meaning
+ *0 0x01 1 Parity check
+ *1 0x02 2 Synchronous Negotiation
+ *2 0x04 4 Disconnection
+ *3 0x08 8 Send Start command on startup. (Not used)
+ *4 0x10 16 Tagged Command Queueing
+
+ As usual, the desired value is obtained by adding the wanted values. If
+ you want to enable all values, e.g., you would use 31(0x1f). Default is 31.
+
+* AdaptMode is a bit mapped value describing the enabled adapter features.
+
+ Bit Val(hex) Val(dec) Meaning
+ *0 0x01 1 Support more than two drives. (Not used)
+ *1 0x02 2 Use DOS compatible mapping for HDs greater than 1GB.
+ *2 0x04 4 Reset SCSI Bus on startup.
+ *3 0x08 8 Active Negation: Improves SCSI Bus noise immunity.
+ 4 0x10 16 Immediate return on BIOS seek command. (Not used)
+ (*)5 0x20 32 Check for LUNs >= 1.
+
+ The default for LUN Check depends on CONFIG_SCSI_MULTI_LUN.
+
+* TaggedCmnds is a number indicating the maximum number of Tagged Commands.
+ It is the binary logarithm - 1 of the actual number. Max is 4 (32).
+ Value Number of Tagged Commands
+ 0 2
+ 1 4
+ 2 8
+ *3 16
+ 4 32
+
+* DelayReset is the time in seconds (minus 0.5s), the adapter waits, after a
+ bus reset. Default is 1 (corresp. to 1.5s).
+
+Example:
+ modprobe tmscsim tmscsim=6,2,31
+would set the adapter ID to 6, max. speed to 6.7 MHz, enable all device
+features and leave the adapter features, the number of Tagged Commands
+and the Delay after a reset to the defaults.
+
+As you can see, you don't need to specify all of the six params.
+If you want values to be ignored (i.e. the EEprom settings or the defaults
+will be used), you may pass -2 (not 0!) at the corresponding position.
+
+The defaults (7,0,31,15,3,1) are aggressive to allow good performance. You
+can use tmscsim=7,0,31,63,4,0 for maximum performance, if your SCSI chain
+allows it. If you meet problems, you can use tmscsim=-1 which is a shortcut
+for tmscsim=7,4,9,15,2,10.
+
+
+6. Potential improvements
+-------------------------
+Most of the intended work on the driver has been done. Here are a few ideas
+to further improve its usability:
+
+* Cleanly separate per-Target and per-LUN properties (DCB)
+* More intelligent abort() routine
+* Use new_eh code (Linux-2.1+)
+* Have the mid-level (ML) code (and not the driver) handle more of the
+ various conditions.
+* Command queueing in the driver: Eliminate Query list and use ML instead.
+* More user friendly boot/module param syntax
+
+Further investigation on these problems:
+
+* Driver hangs with sync readcdda (xcdroast) (most probably VIA PCI error)
+
+Known problems:
+Please see http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/dc390/problems.html
+
+* Changing the parameters of multi-lun by the tmscsim/? interface will
+ cause problems, cause these settings are mostly per Target and not per LUN
+ and should be updated accordingly. To be fixed for 2.0d24.
+* CDRs (eg Yam CRW4416) not recognized, because some buggy devices don't
+ recover from a SCSI reset in time. Use a higher delay or don't issue
+ a SCSI bus reset on driver initialization. See problems page.
+ For the CRW4416S, this seems to be solved with firmware 1.0g (reported by
+ Jean-Yves Barbier).
+* TEAC CD-532S not being recognized. (Works with 1.11).
+* Scanners (eg. Astra UMAX 1220S) don't work: Disable Sync Negotiation.
+ If this does not help, try echo "INQUIRY t" >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/? (t
+ replaced by the dev index of your scanner). You may try to reset your SCSI
+ bus afterwards (echo "RESET" >/proc/scsi/tmscsim/?).
+ The problem seems to be solved as of 2.0d18, thanks to Andreas Rick.
+* If there is a valid partition table, the driver will use it for determing
+ the mapping. If there's none, a reasonable mapping (Symbios-like) will be
+ assumed. Other operating systems may not like this mapping, though
+ it's consistent with the BIOS' behaviour. Old DC390 drivers ignored the
+ partition table and used a H/S = 64/32 or 255/63 translation. So if you
+ want to be compatible to those, use this old mapping when creating
+ partition tables. Even worse, on bootup the DC390 might complain if other
+ mappings are found, so auto rebooting may fail.
+* In some situations, the driver will get stuck in an abort loop. This is a
+ bad interaction between the Mid-Layer of Linux' SCSI code and the driver.
+ Try to disable DsCn, if you meet this problem. Please contact me for
+ further debugging.
+
+
+7. Bug reports, debugging and updates
+-------------------------------------
+Whenever you have problems with the driver, you are invited to ask the
+author for help. However, I'd suggest reading the docs and trying to solve
+the problem yourself, first.
+If you find something, which you believe to be a bug, please report it to me.
+Please append the output of /proc/scsi/scsi, /proc/scsi/tmscsim/? and
+maybe the DC390 log messages to the report.
+
+Bug reports should be send to me (Kurt Garloff <dc390@garloff.de>) as well
+as to the linux-scsi list (<linux-scsi@vger.kernel.org>), as sometimes bugs
+are caused by the SCSI mid-level code.
+
+I will ask you for some more details and probably I will also ask you to
+enable some of the DEBUG options in the driver (tmscsim.c:DC390_DEBUGXXX
+defines). The driver will produce some data for the syslog facility then.
+Beware: If your syslog gets written to a SCSI disk connected to your
+AM53C974, the logging might produce log output again, and you might end
+having your box spending most of its time doing the logging.
+
+The latest version of the driver can be found at:
+ http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/dc390/
+ ftp://ftp.suse.com/pub/people/garloff/linux/dc390/
+
+
+8. Acknowledgements
+-------------------
+Thanks to Linus Torvalds, Alan Cox, the FSF people, the XFree86 team and
+all the others for the wonderful OS and software.
+Thanks to C.L. Huang and Philip Giang (Tekram) for the initial driver
+release and support.
+Thanks to Doug Ledford, Gérard Roudier for support with SCSI coding.
+Thanks to a lot of people (espec. Chiaki Ishikawa, Andreas Haumer, Hubert
+Tonneau) for intensively testing the driver (and even risking data loss
+doing this during early revisions).
+Recently, SuSE GmbH, Nuernberg, FRG, has been paying me for the driver
+development and maintenance. Special thanks!
+
+
+9. Copyright
+------------
+ This driver is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
+ If you want to use any later version of the GNU GPL, you will probably
+ be allowed to, but you have to ask me and Tekram <erich@tekram.com.tw>
+ before.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Written by Kurt Garloff <kurt@garloff.de> 1998/06/11
+Last updated 2000/11/28, driver revision 2.0e7
+$Id: README.tmscsim,v 2.25.2.7 2000/12/20 01:07:12 garloff Exp $
diff --git a/Documentation/seclvl.txt b/Documentation/seclvl.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97274d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/seclvl.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+BSD Secure Levels Linux Security Module
+Michael A. Halcrow <mike@halcrow.us>
+
+
+Introduction
+
+Under the BSD Secure Levels security model, sets of policies are
+associated with levels. Levels range from -1 to 2, with -1 being the
+weakest and 2 being the strongest. These security policies are
+enforced at the kernel level, so not even the superuser is able to
+disable or circumvent them. This hardens the machine against attackers
+who gain root access to the system.
+
+
+Levels and Policies
+
+Level -1 (Permanently Insecure):
+ - Cannot increase the secure level
+
+Level 0 (Insecure):
+ - Cannot ptrace the init process
+
+Level 1 (Default):
+ - /dev/mem and /dev/kmem are read-only
+ - IMMUTABLE and APPEND extended attributes, if set, may not be unset
+ - Cannot load or unload kernel modules
+ - Cannot write directly to a mounted block device
+ - Cannot perform raw I/O operations
+ - Cannot perform network administrative tasks
+ - Cannot setuid any file
+
+Level 2 (Secure):
+ - Cannot decrement the system time
+ - Cannot write to any block device, whether mounted or not
+ - Cannot unmount any mounted filesystems
+
+
+Compilation
+
+To compile the BSD Secure Levels LSM, seclvl.ko, enable the
+SECURITY_SECLVL configuration option. This is found under Security
+options -> BSD Secure Levels in the kernel configuration menu.
+
+
+Basic Usage
+
+Once the machine is in a running state, with all the necessary modules
+loaded and all the filesystems mounted, you can load the seclvl.ko
+module:
+
+# insmod seclvl.ko
+
+The module defaults to secure level 1, except when compiled directly
+into the kernel, in which case it defaults to secure level 0. To raise
+the secure level to 2, the administrator writes ``2'' to the
+seclvl/seclvl file under the sysfs mount point (assumed to be /sys in
+these examples):
+
+# echo -n "2" > /sys/seclvl/seclvl
+
+Alternatively, you can initialize the module at secure level 2 with
+the initlvl module parameter:
+
+# insmod seclvl.ko initlvl=2
+
+At this point, it is impossible to remove the module or reduce the
+secure level. If the administrator wishes to have the option of doing
+so, he must provide a module parameter, sha1_passwd, that specifies
+the SHA1 hash of the password that can be used to reduce the secure
+level to 0.
+
+To generate this SHA1 hash, the administrator can use OpenSSL:
+
+# echo -n "boogabooga" | openssl sha1
+abeda4e0f33defa51741217592bf595efb8d289c
+
+In order to use password-instigated secure level reduction, the SHA1
+crypto module must be loaded or compiled into the kernel:
+
+# insmod sha1.ko
+
+The administrator can then insmod the seclvl module, including the
+SHA1 hash of the password:
+
+# insmod seclvl.ko
+ sha1_passwd=abeda4e0f33defa51741217592bf595efb8d289c
+
+To reduce the secure level, write the password to seclvl/passwd under
+your sysfs mount point:
+
+# echo -n "boogabooga" > /sys/seclvl/passwd
+
+The September 2004 edition of Sys Admin Magazine has an article about
+the BSD Secure Levels LSM. I encourage you to refer to that article
+for a more in-depth treatment of this security module:
+
+http://www.samag.com/documents/s=9304/sam0409a/0409a.htm
diff --git a/Documentation/serial-console.txt b/Documentation/serial-console.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c689b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/serial-console.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+ Linux Serial Console
+
+To use a serial port as console you need to compile the support into your
+kernel - by default it is not compiled in. For PC style serial ports
+it's the config option next to "Standard/generic (dumb) serial support".
+You must compile serial support into the kernel and not as a module.
+
+It is possible to specify multiple devices for console output. You can
+define a new kernel command line option to select which device(s) to
+use for console output.
+
+The format of this option is:
+
+ console=device,options
+
+ device: tty0 for the foreground virtual console
+ ttyX for any other virtual console
+ ttySx for a serial port
+ lp0 for the first parallel port
+
+ options: depend on the driver. For the serial port this
+ defines the baudrate/parity/bits of the port,
+ in the format BBBBPN, where BBBB is the speed,
+ P is parity (n/o/e), and N is bits. Default is
+ 9600n8. The maximum baudrate is 115200.
+
+You can specify multiple console= options on the kernel command line.
+Output will appear on all of them. The last device will be used when
+you open /dev/console. So, for example:
+
+ console=ttyS1,9600 console=tty0
+
+defines that opening /dev/console will get you the current foreground
+virtual console, and kernel messages will appear on both the VGA
+console and the 2nd serial port (ttyS1 or COM2) at 9600 baud.
+
+Note that you can only define one console per device type (serial, video).
+
+If no console device is specified, the first device found capable of
+acting as a system console will be used. At this time, the system
+first looks for a VGA card and then for a serial port. So if you don't
+have a VGA card in your system the first serial port will automatically
+become the console.
+
+You will need to create a new device to use /dev/console. The official
+/dev/console is now character device 5,1.
+
+Here's an example that will use /dev/ttyS1 (COM2) as the console.
+Replace the sample values as needed.
+
+1. Create /dev/console (real console) and /dev/tty0 (master virtual
+ console):
+
+ cd /dev
+ rm -f console tty0
+ mknod -m 622 console c 5 1
+ mknod -m 622 tty0 c 4 0
+
+2. LILO can also take input from a serial device. This is a very
+ useful option. To tell LILO to use the serial port:
+ In lilo.conf (global section):
+
+ serial = 1,9600n8 (ttyS1, 9600 bd, no parity, 8 bits)
+
+3. Adjust to kernel flags for the new kernel,
+ again in lilo.conf (kernel section)
+
+ append = "console=ttyS1,9600"
+
+4. Make sure a getty runs on the serial port so that you can login to
+ it once the system is done booting. This is done by adding a line
+ like this to /etc/inittab (exact syntax depends on your getty):
+
+ S1:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
+
+5. Init and /etc/ioctl.save
+
+ Sysvinit remembers its stty settings in a file in /etc, called
+ `/etc/ioctl.save'. REMOVE THIS FILE before using the serial
+ console for the first time, because otherwise init will probably
+ set the baudrate to 38400 (baudrate of the virtual console).
+
+6. /dev/console and X
+ Programs that want to do something with the virtual console usually
+ open /dev/console. If you have created the new /dev/console device,
+ and your console is NOT the virtual console some programs will fail.
+ Those are programs that want to access the VT interface, and use
+ /dev/console instead of /dev/tty0. Some of those programs are:
+
+ Xfree86, svgalib, gpm, SVGATextMode
+
+ It should be fixed in modern versions of these programs though.
+
+ Note that if you boot without a console= option (or with
+ console=/dev/tty0), /dev/console is the same as /dev/tty0. In that
+ case everything will still work.
+
+7. Thanks
+
+ Thanks to Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
+ for porting the patches from 2.1.4x to 2.1.6x for taking care of
+ the integration of these patches into m68k, ppc and alpha.
+
+Miquel van Smoorenburg <miquels@cistron.nl>, 11-Jun-2000
diff --git a/Documentation/serial/driver b/Documentation/serial/driver
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9c0178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/serial/driver
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+
+ Low Level Serial API
+ --------------------
+
+
+ $Id: driver,v 1.10 2002/07/22 15:27:30 rmk Exp $
+
+
+This document is meant as a brief overview of some aspects of the new serial
+driver. It is not complete, any questions you have should be directed to
+<rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
+
+The reference implementation is contained within serial_amba.c.
+
+
+
+Low Level Serial Hardware Driver
+--------------------------------
+
+The low level serial hardware driver is responsible for supplying port
+information (defined by uart_port) and a set of control methods (defined
+by uart_ops) to the core serial driver. The low level driver is also
+responsible for handling interrupts for the port, and providing any
+console support.
+
+
+Console Support
+---------------
+
+The serial core provides a few helper functions. This includes identifing
+the correct port structure (via uart_get_console) and decoding command line
+arguments (uart_parse_options).
+
+
+Locking
+-------
+
+It is the responsibility of the low level hardware driver to perform the
+necessary locking using port->lock. There are some exceptions (which
+are described in the uart_ops listing below.)
+
+There are three locks. A per-port spinlock, a per-port tmpbuf semaphore,
+and an overall semaphore.
+
+From the core driver perspective, the port->lock locks the following
+data:
+
+ port->mctrl
+ port->icount
+ info->xmit.head (circ->head)
+ info->xmit.tail (circ->tail)
+
+The low level driver is free to use this lock to provide any additional
+locking.
+
+The core driver uses the info->tmpbuf_sem lock to prevent multi-threaded
+access to the info->tmpbuf bouncebuffer used for port writes.
+
+The port_sem semaphore is used to protect against ports being added/
+removed or reconfigured at inappropriate times.
+
+
+uart_ops
+--------
+
+The uart_ops structure is the main interface between serial_core and the
+hardware specific driver. It contains all the methods to control the
+hardware.
+
+ tx_empty(port)
+ This function tests whether the transmitter fifo and shifter
+ for the port described by 'port' is empty. If it is empty,
+ this function should return TIOCSER_TEMT, otherwise return 0.
+ If the port does not support this operation, then it should
+ return TIOCSER_TEMT.
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+ This call must not sleep
+
+ set_mctrl(port, mctrl)
+ This function sets the modem control lines for port described
+ by 'port' to the state described by mctrl. The relevant bits
+ of mctrl are:
+ - TIOCM_RTS RTS signal.
+ - TIOCM_DTR DTR signal.
+ - TIOCM_OUT1 OUT1 signal.
+ - TIOCM_OUT2 OUT2 signal.
+ If the appropriate bit is set, the signal should be driven
+ active. If the bit is clear, the signal should be driven
+ inactive.
+
+ Locking: port->lock taken.
+ Interrupts: locally disabled.
+ This call must not sleep
+
+ get_mctrl(port)
+ Returns the current state of modem control inputs. The state
+ of the outputs should not be returned, since the core keeps
+ track of their state. The state information should include:
+ - TIOCM_DCD state of DCD signal
+ - TIOCM_CTS state of CTS signal
+ - TIOCM_DSR state of DSR signal
+ - TIOCM_RI state of RI signal
+ The bit is set if the signal is currently driven active. If
+ the port does not support CTS, DCD or DSR, the driver should
+ indicate that the signal is permanently active. If RI is
+ not available, the signal should not be indicated as active.
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+ This call must not sleep
+
+ stop_tx(port,tty_stop)
+ Stop transmitting characters. This might be due to the CTS
+ line becoming inactive or the tty layer indicating we want
+ to stop transmission.
+
+ tty_stop: 1 if this call is due to the TTY layer issuing a
+ TTY stop to the driver (equiv to rs_stop).
+
+ Locking: port->lock taken.
+ Interrupts: locally disabled.
+ This call must not sleep
+
+ start_tx(port,tty_start)
+ start transmitting characters. (incidentally, nonempty will
+ always be nonzero, and shouldn't be used - it will be dropped).
+
+ tty_start: 1 if this call was due to the TTY layer issuing
+ a TTY start to the driver (equiv to rs_start)
+
+ Locking: port->lock taken.
+ Interrupts: locally disabled.
+ This call must not sleep
+
+ stop_rx(port)
+ Stop receiving characters; the port is in the process of
+ being closed.
+
+ Locking: port->lock taken.
+ Interrupts: locally disabled.
+ This call must not sleep
+
+ enable_ms(port)
+ Enable the modem status interrupts.
+
+ Locking: port->lock taken.
+ Interrupts: locally disabled.
+ This call must not sleep
+
+ break_ctl(port,ctl)
+ Control the transmission of a break signal. If ctl is
+ nonzero, the break signal should be transmitted. The signal
+ should be terminated when another call is made with a zero
+ ctl.
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+ This call must not sleep
+
+ startup(port)
+ Grab any interrupt resources and initialise any low level driver
+ state. Enable the port for reception. It should not activate
+ RTS nor DTR; this will be done via a separate call to set_mctrl.
+
+ Locking: port_sem taken.
+ Interrupts: globally disabled.
+
+ shutdown(port)
+ Disable the port, disable any break condition that may be in
+ effect, and free any interrupt resources. It should not disable
+ RTS nor DTR; this will have already been done via a separate
+ call to set_mctrl.
+
+ Locking: port_sem taken.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+
+ set_termios(port,termios,oldtermios)
+ Change the port parameters, including word length, parity, stop
+ bits. Update read_status_mask and ignore_status_mask to indicate
+ the types of events we are interested in receiving. Relevant
+ termios->c_cflag bits are:
+ CSIZE - word size
+ CSTOPB - 2 stop bits
+ PARENB - parity enable
+ PARODD - odd parity (when PARENB is in force)
+ CREAD - enable reception of characters (if not set,
+ still receive characters from the port, but
+ throw them away.
+ CRTSCTS - if set, enable CTS status change reporting
+ CLOCAL - if not set, enable modem status change
+ reporting.
+ Relevant termios->c_iflag bits are:
+ INPCK - enable frame and parity error events to be
+ passed to the TTY layer.
+ BRKINT
+ PARMRK - both of these enable break events to be
+ passed to the TTY layer.
+
+ IGNPAR - ignore parity and framing errors
+ IGNBRK - ignore break errors, If IGNPAR is also
+ set, ignore overrun errors as well.
+ The interaction of the iflag bits is as follows (parity error
+ given as an example):
+ Parity error INPCK IGNPAR
+ None n/a n/a character received
+ Yes n/a 0 character discarded
+ Yes 0 1 character received, marked as
+ TTY_NORMAL
+ Yes 1 1 character received, marked as
+ TTY_PARITY
+
+ Other flags may be used (eg, xon/xoff characters) if your
+ hardware supports hardware "soft" flow control.
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+ This call must not sleep
+
+ pm(port,state,oldstate)
+ Perform any power management related activities on the specified
+ port. State indicates the new state (defined by ACPI D0-D3),
+ oldstate indicates the previous state. Essentially, D0 means
+ fully on, D3 means powered down.
+
+ This function should not be used to grab any resources.
+
+ This will be called when the port is initially opened and finally
+ closed, except when the port is also the system console. This
+ will occur even if CONFIG_PM is not set.
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+
+ type(port)
+ Return a pointer to a string constant describing the specified
+ port, or return NULL, in which case the string 'unknown' is
+ substituted.
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+
+ release_port(port)
+ Release any memory and IO region resources currently in use by
+ the port.
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+
+ request_port(port)
+ Request any memory and IO region resources required by the port.
+ If any fail, no resources should be registered when this function
+ returns, and it should return -EBUSY on failure.
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+
+ config_port(port,type)
+ Perform any autoconfiguration steps required for the port. `type`
+ contains a bit mask of the required configuration. UART_CONFIG_TYPE
+ indicates that the port requires detection and identification.
+ port->type should be set to the type found, or PORT_UNKNOWN if
+ no port was detected.
+
+ UART_CONFIG_IRQ indicates autoconfiguration of the interrupt signal,
+ which should be probed using standard kernel autoprobing techniques.
+ This is not necessary on platforms where ports have interrupts
+ internally hard wired (eg, system on a chip implementations).
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+
+ verify_port(port,serinfo)
+ Verify the new serial port information contained within serinfo is
+ suitable for this port type.
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+
+ ioctl(port,cmd,arg)
+ Perform any port specific IOCTLs. IOCTL commands must be defined
+ using the standard numbering system found in <asm/ioctl.h>
+
+ Locking: none.
+ Interrupts: caller dependent.
+
+Other functions
+---------------
+
+uart_update_timeout(port,cflag,quot)
+ Update the FIFO drain timeout, port->timeout, according to the
+ number of bits, parity, stop bits and quotient.
+
+ Locking: caller is expected to take port->lock
+ Interrupts: n/a
+
+uart_get_baud_rate(port,termios)
+ Return the numeric baud rate for the specified termios, taking
+ account of the special 38400 baud "kludge". The B0 baud rate
+ is mapped to 9600 baud.
+
+ Locking: caller dependent.
+ Interrupts: n/a
+
+uart_get_divisor(port,termios,oldtermios)
+ Return the divsor (baud_base / baud) for the selected baud rate
+ specified by termios. If the baud rate is out of range, try
+ the original baud rate specified by oldtermios (if non-NULL).
+ If that fails, try 9600 baud.
+
+ If 38400 baud and custom divisor is selected, return the
+ custom divisor instead.
+
+ Locking: caller dependent.
+ Interrupts: n/a
+
+Other notes
+-----------
+
+It is intended some day to drop the 'unused' entries from uart_port, and
+allow low level drivers to register their own individual uart_port's with
+the core. This will allow drivers to use uart_port as a pointer to a
+structure containing both the uart_port entry with their own extensions,
+thus:
+
+ struct my_port {
+ struct uart_port port;
+ int my_stuff;
+ };
diff --git a/Documentation/sgi-visws.txt b/Documentation/sgi-visws.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ff0811c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sgi-visws.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+
+The SGI Visual Workstations (models 320 and 540) are based around
+the Cobalt, Lithium, and Arsenic ASICs. The Cobalt ASIC is the
+main system ASIC which interfaces the 1-4 IA32 cpus, the memory
+system, and the I/O system in the Lithium ASIC. The Cobalt ASIC
+also contains the 3D gfx rendering engine which renders to main
+system memory -- part of which is used as the frame buffer which
+is DMA'ed to a video connector using the Arsenic ASIC. A PIIX4
+chip and NS87307 are used to provide legacy device support (IDE,
+serial, floppy, and parallel).
+
+The Visual Workstation chipset largely conforms to the PC architecture
+with some notable exceptions such as interrupt handling.
diff --git a/Documentation/sh/kgdb.txt b/Documentation/sh/kgdb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b04f7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sh/kgdb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+
+This file describes the configuration and behavior of KGDB for the SH
+kernel. Based on a description from Henry Bell <henry.bell@st.com>, it
+has been modified to account for quirks in the current implementation.
+
+Version
+=======
+
+This version of KGDB was written for 2.4.xx kernels for the SH architecture.
+Further documentation is available from the linux-sh project website.
+
+
+Debugging Setup: Host
+======================
+
+The two machines will be connected together via a serial line - this
+should be a null modem cable i.e. with a twist.
+
+On your DEVELOPMENT machine, go to your kernel source directory and
+build the kernel, enabling KGDB support in the "kernel hacking" section.
+This includes the KGDB code, and also makes the kernel be compiled with
+the "-g" option set -- necessary for debugging.
+
+To install this new kernel, use the following installation procedure.
+
+Decide on which tty port you want the machines to communicate, then
+cable them up back-to-back using the null modem. On the DEVELOPMENT
+machine, you may wish to create an initialization file called .gdbinit
+(in the kernel source directory or in your home directory) to execute
+commonly-used commands at startup.
+
+A minimal .gdbinit might look like this:
+
+ file vmlinux
+ set remotebaud 115200
+ target remote /dev/ttyS0
+
+Change the "target" definition so that it specifies the tty port that
+you intend to use. Change the "remotebaud" definition to match the
+data rate that you are going to use for the com line (115200 is the
+default).
+
+Debugging Setup: Target
+========================
+
+By default, the KGDB stub will communicate with the host GDB using
+ttySC1 at 115200 baud, 8 databits, no parity; these defaults can be
+changed in the kernel configuration. As the kernel starts up, KGDB will
+initialize so that breakpoints, kernel segfaults, and so forth will
+generally enter the debugger.
+
+This behavior can be modified by including the "kgdb" option in the
+kernel command line; this option has the general form:
+
+ kgdb=<ttyspec>,<action>
+
+The <ttyspec> indicates the port to use, and can optionally specify
+baud, parity and databits -- e.g. "ttySC0,9600N8" or "ttySC1,19200".
+
+The <action> can be "halt" or "disabled". The "halt" action enters the
+debugger via a breakpoint as soon as kgdb is initialized; the "disabled"
+action causes kgdb to ignore kernel segfaults and such until explicitly
+entered by a breakpoint in the code or by external action (sysrq or NMI).
+
+(Both <ttyspec> and <action> can appear alone, w/o the separating comma.)
+
+For example, if you wish to debug early in kernel startup code, you
+might specify the halt option:
+
+ kgdb=halt
+
+Boot the TARGET machinem, which will appear to hang.
+
+On your DEVELOPMENT machine, cd to the source directory and run the gdb
+program. (This is likely to be a cross GDB which runs on your host but
+is built for an SH target.) If everything is working correctly you
+should see gdb print out a few lines indicating that a breakpoint has
+been taken. It will actually show a line of code in the target kernel
+inside the gdbstub activation code.
+
+NOTE: BE SURE TO TERMINATE OR SUSPEND any other host application which
+may be using the same serial port (for example, a terminal emulator you
+have been using to connect to the target boot code.) Otherwise, data
+from the target may not all get to GDB!
+
+You can now use whatever gdb commands you like to set breakpoints.
+Enter "continue" to start your target machine executing again. At this
+point the target system will run at full speed until it encounters
+your breakpoint or gets a segment violation in the kernel, or whatever.
+
+Serial Ports: KGDB, Console
+============================
+
+This version of KGDB may not gracefully handle conflict with other
+drivers in the kernel using the same port. If KGDB is configured on the
+same port (and with the same parameters) as the kernel console, or if
+CONFIG_SH_KGDB_CONSOLE is configured, things should be fine (though in
+some cases console messages may appear twice through GDB). But if the
+KGDB port is not the kernel console and used by another serial driver
+which assumes different serial parameters (e.g. baud rate) KGDB may not
+recover.
+
+Also, when KGDB is entered via sysrq-g (requires CONFIG_KGDB_SYSRQ) and
+the kgdb port uses the same port as the console, detaching GDB will not
+restore the console to working order without the port being re-opened.
+
+Another serious consequence of this is that GDB currently CANNOT break
+into KGDB externally (e.g. via ^C or <BREAK>); unless a breakpoint or
+error is encountered, the only way to enter KGDB after the initial halt
+(see above) is via NMI (CONFIG_KGDB_NMI) or sysrq-g (CONFIG_KGDB_SYSRQ).
+
+Code is included for the basic Hitachi Solution Engine boards to allow
+the use of ttyS0 for KGDB if desired; this is less robust, but may be
+useful in some cases. (This cannot be selected using the config file,
+but only through the kernel command line, e.g. "kgdb=ttyS0", though the
+configured defaults for baud rate etc. still apply if not overridden.)
+
+If gdbstub Does Not Work
+========================
+
+If it doesn't work, you will have to troubleshoot it. Do the easy
+things first like double checking your cabling and data rates. You
+might try some non-kernel based programs to see if the back-to-back
+connection works properly. Just something simple like cat /etc/hosts
+/dev/ttyS0 on one machine and cat /dev/ttyS0 on the other will tell you
+if you can send data from one machine to the other. There is no point
+in tearing out your hair in the kernel if the line doesn't work.
+
+If you need to debug the GDB/KGDB communication itself, the gdb commands
+"set debug remote 1" and "set debug serial 1" may be useful, but be
+warned: they produce a lot of output.
+
+Threads
+=======
+
+Each process in a target machine is seen as a gdb thread. gdb thread related
+commands (info threads, thread n) can be used. CONFIG_KGDB_THREAD must
+be defined for this to work.
+
+In this version, kgdb reports PID_MAX (32768) as the process ID for the
+idle process (pid 0), since GDB does not accept 0 as an ID.
+
+Detaching (exiting KGDB)
+=========================
+
+There are two ways to resume full-speed target execution: "continue" and
+"detach". With "continue", GDB inserts any specified breakpoints in the
+target code and resumes execution; the target is still in "gdb mode".
+If a breakpoint or other debug event (e.g. NMI) happens, the target
+halts and communicates with GDB again, which is waiting for it.
+
+With "detach", GDB does *not* insert any breakpoints; target execution
+is resumed and GDB stops communicating (does not wait for the target).
+In this case, the target is no longer in "gdb mode" -- for example,
+console messages no longer get sent separately to the KGDB port, or
+encapsulated for GDB. If a debug event (e.g. NMI) occurs, the target
+will re-enter "gdb mode" and will display this fact on the console; you
+must give a new "target remote" command to gdb.
+
+NOTE: TO AVOID LOSSING CONSOLE MESSAGES IN CASE THE KERNEL CONSOLE AND
+KGDB USING THE SAME PORT, THE TARGET WAITS FOR ANY INPUT CHARACTER ON
+THE KGDB PORT AFTER A DETACH COMMAND. For example, after the detach you
+could start a terminal emulator on the same host port and enter a <cr>;
+however, this program must then be terminated or suspended in order to
+use GBD again if KGDB is re-entered.
+
+
+Acknowledgements
+================
+
+This code was mostly generated by Henry Bell <henry.bell@st.com>;
+largely from KGDB by Amit S. Kale <akale@veritas.com> - extracts from
+code by Glenn Engel, Jim Kingdon, David Grothe <dave@gcom.com>, Tigran
+Aivazian <tigran@sco.com>, William Gatliff <bgat@open-widgets.com>, Ben
+Lee, Steve Chamberlain and Benoit Miller <fulg@iname.com> are also
+included.
+
+Jeremy Siegel
+<jsiegel@mvista.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/sh/new-machine.txt b/Documentation/sh/new-machine.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb2dd2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sh/new-machine.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+
+ Adding a new board to LinuxSH
+ ================================
+
+ Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
+
+This document attempts to outline what steps are necessary to add support
+for new boards to the LinuxSH port under the new 2.5 and 2.6 kernels. This
+also attempts to outline some of the noticeable changes between the 2.4
+and the 2.5/2.6 SH backend.
+
+1. New Directory Structure
+==========================
+
+The first thing to note is the new directory structure. Under 2.4, most
+of the board-specific code (with the exception of stboards) ended up
+in arch/sh/kernel/ directly, with board-specific headers ending up in
+include/asm-sh/. For the new kernel, things are broken out by board type,
+companion chip type, and CPU type. Looking at a tree view of this directory
+heirarchy looks like the following:
+
+Board-specific code:
+
+.
+|-- arch
+| `-- sh
+| `-- boards
+| |-- adx
+| | `-- board-specific files
+| |-- bigsur
+| | `-- board-specific files
+| |
+| ... more boards here ...
+|
+`-- include
+ `-- asm-sh
+ |-- adx
+ | `-- board-specific headers
+ |-- bigsur
+ | `-- board-specific headers
+ |
+ .. more boards here ...
+
+It should also be noted that each board is required to have some certain
+headers. At the time of this writing, io.h is the only thing that needs
+to be provided for each board, and can generally just reference generic
+functions (with the exception of isa_port2addr).
+
+Next, for companion chips:
+.
+`-- arch
+ `-- sh
+ `-- cchips
+ `-- hd6446x
+ |-- hd64461
+ | `-- cchip-specific files
+ `-- hd64465
+ `-- cchip-specific files
+
+... and so on. Headers for the companion chips are treated the same way as
+board-specific headers. Thus, include/asm-sh/hd64461 is home to all of the
+hd64461-specific headers.
+
+Finally, CPU family support is also abstracted:
+.
+|-- arch
+| `-- sh
+| |-- kernel
+| | `-- cpu
+| | |-- sh2
+| | | `-- SH-2 generic files
+| | |-- sh3
+| | | `-- SH-3 generic files
+| | `-- sh4
+| | `-- SH-4 generic files
+| `-- mm
+| `-- This is also broken out per CPU family, so each family can
+| have their own set of cache/tlb functions.
+|
+`-- include
+ `-- asm-sh
+ |-- cpu-sh2
+ | `-- SH-2 specific headers
+ |-- cpu-sh3
+ | `-- SH-3 specific headers
+ `-- cpu-sh4
+ `-- SH-4 specific headers
+
+It should be noted that CPU subtypes are _not_ abstracted. Thus, these still
+need to be dealt with by the CPU family specific code.
+
+2. Adding a New Board
+=====================
+
+The first thing to determine is whether the board you are adding will be
+isolated, or whether it will be part of a family of boards that can mostly
+share the same board-specific code with minor differences.
+
+In the first case, this is just a matter of making a directory for your
+board in arch/sh/boards/ and adding rules to hook your board in with the
+build system (more on this in the next section). However, for board families
+it makes more sense to have a common top-level arch/sh/boards/ directory
+and then populate that with sub-directories for each member of the family.
+Both the Solution Engine and the hp6xx boards are an example of this.
+
+After you have setup your new arch/sh/boards/ directory, remember that you
+also must add a directory in include/asm-sh for headers localized to this
+board. In order to interoperate seamlessly with the build system, it's best
+to have this directory the same as the arch/sh/boards/ directory name,
+though if your board is again part of a family, the build system has ways
+of dealing with this, and you can feel free to name the directory after
+the family member itself.
+
+There are a few things that each board is required to have, both in the
+arch/sh/boards and the include/asm-sh/ heirarchy. In order to better
+explain this, we use some examples for adding an imaginary board. For
+setup code, we're required at the very least to provide definitions for
+get_system_type() and platform_setup(). For our imaginary board, this
+might look something like:
+
+/*
+ * arch/sh/boards/vapor/setup.c - Setup code for imaginary board
+ */
+#include <linux/init.h>
+
+const char *get_system_type(void)
+{
+ return "FooTech Vaporboard";
+}
+
+int __init platform_setup(void)
+{
+ /*
+ * If our hardware actually existed, we would do real
+ * setup here. Though it's also sane to leave this empty
+ * if there's no real init work that has to be done for
+ * this board.
+ */
+
+ /*
+ * Presume all FooTech boards have the same broken timer,
+ * and also presume that we've defined foo_timer_init to
+ * do something useful.
+ */
+ board_time_init = foo_timer_init;
+
+ /* Start-up imaginary PCI ... */
+
+ /* And whatever else ... */
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+Our new imaginary board will also have to tie into the machvec in order for it
+to be of any use. Currently the machvec is slowly on its way out, but is still
+required for the time being. As such, let us take a look at what needs to be
+done for the machvec assignment.
+
+machvec functions fall into a number of categories:
+
+ - I/O functions to IO memory (inb etc) and PCI/main memory (readb etc).
+ - I/O remapping functions (ioremap etc)
+ - some initialisation functions
+ - a 'heartbeat' function
+ - some miscellaneous flags
+
+The tree can be built in two ways:
+ - as a fully generic build. All drivers are linked in, and all functions
+ go through the machvec
+ - as a machine specific build. In this case only the required drivers
+ will be linked in, and some macros may be redefined to not go through
+ the machvec where performance is important (in particular IO functions).
+
+There are three ways in which IO can be performed:
+ - none at all. This is really only useful for the 'unknown' machine type,
+ which us designed to run on a machine about which we know nothing, and
+ so all all IO instructions do nothing.
+ - fully custom. In this case all IO functions go to a machine specific
+ set of functions which can do what they like
+ - a generic set of functions. These will cope with most situations,
+ and rely on a single function, mv_port2addr, which is called through the
+ machine vector, and converts an IO address into a memory address, which
+ can be read from/written to directly.
+
+Thus adding a new machine involves the following steps (I will assume I am
+adding a machine called vapor):
+
+ - add a new file include/asm-sh/vapor/io.h which contains prototypes for
+ any machine specific IO functions prefixed with the machine name, for
+ example vapor_inb. These will be needed when filling out the machine
+ vector.
+
+ This is the minimum that is required, however there are ample
+ opportunities to optimise this. In particular, by making the prototypes
+ inline function definitions, it is possible to inline the function when
+ building machine specific versions. Note that the machine vector
+ functions will still be needed, so that a module built for a generic
+ setup can be loaded.
+
+ - add a new file arch/sh/boards/vapor/mach.c. This contains the definition
+ of the machine vector. When building the machine specific version, this
+ will be the real machine vector (via an alias), while in the generic
+ version is used to initialise the machine vector, and then freed, by
+ making it initdata. This should be defined as:
+
+ struct sh_machine_vector mv_vapor __initmv = {
+ .mv_name = "vapor",
+ }
+ ALIAS_MV(vapor)
+
+ - finally add a file arch/sh/boards/vapor/io.c, which contains
+ definitions of the machine specific io functions.
+
+A note about initialisation functions. Three initialisation functions are
+provided in the machine vector:
+ - mv_arch_init - called very early on from setup_arch
+ - mv_init_irq - called from init_IRQ, after the generic SH interrupt
+ initialisation
+ - mv_init_pci - currently not used
+
+Any other remaining functions which need to be called at start up can be
+added to the list using the __initcalls macro (or module_init if the code
+can be built as a module). Many generic drivers probe to see if the device
+they are targeting is present, however this may not always be appropriate,
+so a flag can be added to the machine vector which will be set on those
+machines which have the hardware in question, reducing the probe to a
+single conditional.
+
+3. Hooking into the Build System
+================================
+
+Now that we have the corresponding directories setup, and all of the
+board-specific code is in place, it's time to look at how to get the
+whole mess to fit into the build system.
+
+Large portions of the build system are now entirely dynamic, and merely
+require the proper entry here and there in order to get things done.
+
+The first thing to do is to add an entry to arch/sh/Kconfig, under the
+"System type" menu:
+
+config SH_VAPOR
+ bool "Vapor"
+ help
+ select Vapor if configuring for a FooTech Vaporboard.
+
+next, this has to be added into arch/sh/Makefile. All boards require a
+machdir-y entry in order to be built. This entry needs to be the name of
+the board directory as it appears in arch/sh/boards, even if it is in a
+sub-directory (in which case, all parent directories below arch/sh/boards/
+need to be listed). For our new board, this entry can look like:
+
+machdir-$(CONFIG_SH_VAPOR) += vapor
+
+provided that we've placed everything in the arch/sh/boards/vapor/ directory.
+
+Next, the build system assumes that your include/asm-sh directory will also
+be named the same. If this is not the case (as is the case with multiple
+boards belonging to a common family), then the directory name needs to be
+implicitly appended to incdir-y. The existing code manages this for the
+Solution Engine and hp6xx boards, so see these for an example.
+
+Once that is taken care of, it's time to add an entry for the mach type.
+This is done by adding an entry to the end of the arch/sh/tools/mach-types
+list. The method for doing this is self explanatory, and so we won't waste
+space restating it here. After this is done, you will be able to use
+implicit checks for your board if you need this somewhere throughout the
+common code, such as:
+
+ /* Make sure we're on the FooTech Vaporboard */
+ if (!mach_is_vapor())
+ return -ENODEV;
+
+also note that the mach_is_boardname() check will be implicitly forced to
+lowercase, regardless of the fact that the mach-types entries are all
+uppercase. You can read the script if you really care, but it's pretty ugly,
+so you probably don't want to do that.
+
+Now all that's left to do is providing a defconfig for your new board. This
+way, other people who end up with this board can simply use this config
+for reference instead of trying to guess what settings are supposed to be
+used on it.
+
+Also, as soon as you have copied over a sample .config for your new board
+(assume arch/sh/configs/vapor_defconfig), you can also use this directly as a
+build target, and it will be implicitly listed as such in the help text.
+
+Looking at the 'make help' output, you should now see something like:
+
+Architecture specific targets (sh):
+ zImage - Compressed kernel image (arch/sh/boot/zImage)
+ adx_defconfig - Build for adx
+ cqreek_defconfig - Build for cqreek
+ dreamcast_defconfig - Build for dreamcast
+...
+ vapor_defconfig - Build for vapor
+
+which then allows you to do:
+
+$ make ARCH=sh CROSS_COMPILE=sh4-linux- vapor_defconfig vmlinux
+
+which will in turn copy the defconfig for this board, run it through
+oldconfig (prompting you for any new options since the time of creation),
+and start you on your way to having a functional kernel for your new
+board.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/smart-config.txt b/Documentation/smart-config.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9bed4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/smart-config.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+Smart CONFIG_* Dependencies
+1 August 1999
+
+Michael Chastain <mec@shout.net>
+Werner Almesberger <almesber@lrc.di.epfl.ch>
+Martin von Loewis <martin@mira.isdn.cs.tu-berlin.de>
+
+Here is the problem:
+
+ Suppose that drivers/net/foo.c has the following lines:
+
+ #include <linux/config.h>
+
+ ...
+
+ #ifdef CONFIG_FOO_AUTOFROB
+ /* Code for auto-frobbing */
+ #else
+ /* Manual frobbing only */
+ #endif
+
+ ...
+
+ #ifdef CONFIG_FOO_MODEL_TWO
+ /* Code for model two */
+ #endif
+
+ Now suppose the user (the person building kernels) reconfigures the
+ kernel to change some unrelated setting. This will regenerate the
+ file include/linux/autoconf.h, which will cause include/linux/config.h
+ to be out of date, which will cause drivers/net/foo.c to be recompiled.
+
+ Most kernel sources, perhaps 80% of them, have at least one CONFIG_*
+ dependency somewhere. So changing _any_ CONFIG_* setting requires
+ almost _all_ of the kernel to be recompiled.
+
+Here is the solution:
+
+ We've made the dependency generator, mkdep.c, smarter. Instead of
+ generating this dependency:
+
+ drivers/net/foo.c: include/linux/config.h
+
+ It now generates these dependencies:
+
+ drivers/net/foo.c: \
+ include/config/foo/autofrob.h \
+ include/config/foo/model/two.h
+
+ So drivers/net/foo.c depends only on the CONFIG_* lines that
+ it actually uses.
+
+ A new program, split-include.c, runs at the beginning of
+ compilation (make bzImage or make zImage). split-include reads
+ include/linux/autoconf.h and updates the include/config/ tree,
+ writing one file per option. It updates only the files for options
+ that have changed.
+
+ mkdep.c no longer generates warning messages for missing or unneeded
+ <linux/config.h> lines. The new top-level target 'make checkconfig'
+ checks for these problems.
+
+Flag Dependencies
+
+ Martin Von Loewis contributed another feature to this patch:
+ 'flag dependencies'. The idea is that a .o file depends on
+ the compilation flags used to build it. The file foo.o has
+ its flags stored in .flags.foo.o.
+
+ Suppose the user changes the foo driver from resident to modular.
+ 'make' will notice that the current foo.o was not compiled with
+ -DMODULE and will recompile foo.c.
+
+ All .o files made from C source have flag dependencies. So do .o
+ files made with ld, and .a files made with ar. However, .o files
+ made from assembly source do not have flag dependencies (nobody
+ needs this yet, but it would be good to fix).
+
+Per-source-file Flags
+
+ Flag dependencies also work with per-source-file flags.
+ You can specify compilation flags for individual source files
+ like this:
+
+ CFLAGS_foo.o = -DSPECIAL_FOO_DEFINE
+
+ This helps clean up drivers/net/Makefile, drivers/scsi/Makefile,
+ and several other Makefiles.
+
+Credit
+
+ Werner Almesberger had the original idea and wrote the first
+ version of this patch.
+
+ Michael Chastain picked it up and continued development. He is
+ now the principal author and maintainer. Please report any bugs
+ to him.
+
+ Martin von Loewis wrote flag dependencies, with some modifications
+ by Michael Chastain.
+
+ Thanks to all of the beta testers.
diff --git a/Documentation/smp.txt b/Documentation/smp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82fc50b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/smp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+To set up SMP
+
+Configure the kernel and answer Y to CONFIG_SMP.
+
+If you are using LILO, it is handy to have both SMP and non-SMP
+kernel images on hand. Edit /etc/lilo.conf to create an entry
+for another kernel image called "linux-smp" or something.
+
+The next time you compile the kernel, when running a SMP kernel,
+edit linux/Makefile and change "MAKE=make" to "MAKE=make -jN"
+(where N = number of CPU + 1, or if you have tons of memory/swap
+ you can just use "-j" without a number). Feel free to experiment
+with this one.
+
+Of course you should time how long each build takes :-)
+Example:
+ make config
+ time -v sh -c 'make clean install modules modules_install'
+
+If you are using some Compaq MP compliant machines you will need to set
+the operating system in the BIOS settings to "Unixware" - don't ask me
+why Compaqs don't work otherwise.
diff --git a/Documentation/sonypi.txt b/Documentation/sonypi.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f3b240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sonypi.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+Sony Programmable I/O Control Device Driver Readme
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Stelian Pop <stelian@popies.net>
+ Copyright (C) 2001-2002 Alcôve <www.alcove.com>
+ Copyright (C) 2001 Michael Ashley <m.ashley@unsw.edu.au>
+ Copyright (C) 2001 Junichi Morita <jun1m@mars.dti.ne.jp>
+ Copyright (C) 2000 Takaya Kinjo <t-kinjo@tc4.so-net.ne.jp>
+ Copyright (C) 2000 Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org>
+
+This driver enables access to the Sony Programmable I/O Control Device which
+can be found in many Sony Vaio laptops. Some newer Sony laptops (seems to be
+limited to new FX series laptops, at least the FX501 and the FX702) lack a
+sonypi device and are not supported at all by this driver.
+
+It will give access (through a user space utility) to some events those laptops
+generate, like:
+ - jogdial events (the small wheel on the side of Vaios)
+ - capture button events (only on Vaio Picturebook series)
+ - Fn keys
+ - bluetooth button (only on C1VR model)
+ - programmable keys, back, help, zoom, thumbphrase buttons, etc.
+ (when available)
+
+Those events (see linux/sonypi.h) can be polled using the character device node
+/dev/sonypi (major 10, minor auto allocated or specified as a option).
+A simple daemon which translates the jogdial movements into mouse wheel events
+can be downloaded at: <http://popies.net/sonypi/>
+
+Another option to intercept the events is to get them directly through the
+input layer.
+
+This driver supports also some ioctl commands for setting the LCD screen
+brightness and querying the batteries charge information (some more
+commands may be added in the future).
+
+This driver can also be used to set the camera controls on Picturebook series
+(brightness, contrast etc), and is used by the video4linux driver for the
+Motion Eye camera.
+
+Please note that this driver was created by reverse engineering the Windows
+driver and the ACPI BIOS, because Sony doesn't agree to release any programming
+specs for its laptops. If someone convinces them to do so, drop me a note.
+
+Driver options:
+---------------
+
+Several options can be passed to the sonypi driver using the standard
+module argument syntax (<param>=<value> when passing the option to the
+module or sonypi.<param>=<value> on the kernel boot line when sonypi is
+statically linked into the kernel). Those options are:
+
+ minor: minor number of the misc device /dev/sonypi,
+ default is -1 (automatic allocation, see /proc/misc
+ or kernel logs)
+
+ camera: if you have a PictureBook series Vaio (with the
+ integrated MotionEye camera), set this parameter to 1
+ in order to let the driver access to the camera
+
+ fnkeyinit: on some Vaios (C1VE, C1VR etc), the Fn key events don't
+ get enabled unless you set this parameter to 1.
+ Do not use this option unless it's actually necessary,
+ some Vaio models don't deal well with this option.
+ This option is available only if the kernel is
+ compiled without ACPI support (since it conflicts
+ with it and it shouldn't be required anyway if
+ ACPI is already enabled).
+
+ verbose: set to 1 to print unknown events received from the
+ sonypi device.
+ set to 2 to print all events received from the
+ sonypi device.
+
+ compat: uses some compatibility code for enabling the sonypi
+ events. If the driver worked for you in the past
+ (prior to version 1.5) and does not work anymore,
+ add this option and report to the author.
+
+ mask: event mask telling the driver what events will be
+ reported to the user. This parameter is required for
+ some Vaio models where the hardware reuses values
+ used in other Vaio models (like the FX series who does
+ not have a jogdial but reuses the jogdial events for
+ programmable keys events). The default event mask is
+ set to 0xffffffff, meaning that all possible events
+ will be tried. You can use the following bits to
+ construct your own event mask (from
+ drivers/char/sonypi.h):
+ SONYPI_JOGGER_MASK 0x0001
+ SONYPI_CAPTURE_MASK 0x0002
+ SONYPI_FNKEY_MASK 0x0004
+ SONYPI_BLUETOOTH_MASK 0x0008
+ SONYPI_PKEY_MASK 0x0010
+ SONYPI_BACK_MASK 0x0020
+ SONYPI_HELP_MASK 0x0040
+ SONYPI_LID_MASK 0x0080
+ SONYPI_ZOOM_MASK 0x0100
+ SONYPI_THUMBPHRASE_MASK 0x0200
+ SONYPI_MEYE_MASK 0x0400
+ SONYPI_MEMORYSTICK_MASK 0x0800
+ SONYPI_BATTERY_MASK 0x1000
+
+ useinput: if set (which is the default) two input devices are
+ created, one which interprets the jogdial events as
+ mouse events, the other one which acts like a
+ keyboard reporting the pressing of the special keys.
+
+Module use:
+-----------
+
+In order to automatically load the sonypi module on use, you can put those
+lines in your /etc/modprobe.conf file:
+
+ alias char-major-10-250 sonypi
+ options sonypi minor=250
+
+This supposes the use of minor 250 for the sonypi device:
+
+ # mknod /dev/sonypi c 10 250
+
+Bugs:
+-----
+
+ - several users reported that this driver disables the BIOS-managed
+ Fn-keys which put the laptop in sleeping state, or switch the
+ external monitor on/off. There is no workaround yet, since this
+ driver disables all APM management for those keys, by enabling the
+ ACPI management (and the ACPI core stuff is not complete yet). If
+ you have one of those laptops with working Fn keys and want to
+ continue to use them, don't use this driver.
+
+ - some users reported that the laptop speed is lower (dhrystone
+ tested) when using the driver with the fnkeyinit parameter. I cannot
+ reproduce it on my laptop and not all users have this problem.
+ This happens because the fnkeyinit parameter enables the ACPI
+ mode (but without additional ACPI control, like processor
+ speed handling etc). Use ACPI instead of APM if it works on your
+ laptop.
+
+ - since all development was done by reverse engineering, there is
+ _absolutely no guarantee_ that this driver will not crash your
+ laptop. Permanently.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71ef049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1505 @@
+
+ Advanced Linux Sound Architecture - Driver
+ ==========================================
+ Configuration guide
+
+
+Kernel Configuration
+====================
+
+To enable ALSA support you need at least to build the kernel with
+primary sound card support (CONFIG_SOUND). Since ALSA can emulate OSS,
+you don't have to choose any of the OSS modules.
+
+Enable "OSS API emulation" (CONFIG_SND_OSSEMUL) and both OSS mixer and
+PCM supports if you want to run OSS applications with ALSA.
+
+If you want to support the WaveTable functionality on cards such as
+SB Live! then you need to enable "Sequencer support"
+(CONFIG_SND_SEQUENCER).
+
+To make ALSA debug messages more verbose, enable the "Verbose printk"
+and "Debug" options. To check for memory leaks, turn on "Debug memory"
+too. "Debug detection" will add checks for the detection of cards.
+
+Please note that all the ALSA ISA drivers support the Linux isapnp API
+(if the card supports ISA PnP). You don't need to configure the cards
+using isapnptools.
+
+
+Creating ALSA devices
+=====================
+
+This depends on your distribution, but normally you use the /dev/MAKEDEV
+script to create the necessary device nodes. On some systems you use a
+script named 'snddevices'.
+
+
+Module parameters
+=================
+
+The user can load modules with options. If the module supports more than
+one card and you have more than one card of the same type then you can
+specify multiple values for the option separated by commas.
+
+Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed.
+
+ Module snd
+ ----------
+
+ The core ALSA module. It is used by all ALSA card drivers.
+ It takes the following options which have global effects.
+
+ major - major number for sound driver
+ - Default: 116
+ cards_limit
+ - limiting card index for auto-loading (1-8)
+ - Default: 1
+ - For auto-loading more than one card, specify this
+ option together with snd-card-X aliases.
+ device_mode
+ - permission mask for dynamic sound device filesystem
+ - This is available only when DEVFS is enabled
+ - Default: 0666
+ - E.g.: device_mode=0660
+
+
+ Module snd-pcm-oss
+ ------------------
+
+ The PCM OSS emulation module.
+ This module takes options which change the mapping of devices.
+
+ dsp_map - PCM device number maps assigned to the 1st OSS device.
+ - Default: 0
+ adsp_map - PCM device number maps assigned to the 2st OSS device.
+ - Default: 1
+ nonblock_open
+ - Don't block opening busy PCM devices.
+
+ For example, when dsp_map=2, /dev/dsp will be mapped to PCM #2 of
+ the card #0. Similarly, when adsp_map=0, /dev/adsp will be mapped
+ to PCM #0 of the card #0.
+ For changing the second or later card, specify the option with
+ commas, such like "dsp_map=0,1".
+
+ nonblock_open option is used to change the behavior of the PCM
+ regarding opening the device. When this option is non-zero,
+ opening a busy OSS PCM device won't be blocked but return
+ immediately with EAGAIN (just like O_NONBLOCK flag).
+
+ Module snd-rawmidi
+ ------------------
+
+ This module takes options which change the mapping of devices.
+ similar to those of the snd-pcm-oss module.
+
+ midi_map - MIDI device number maps assigned to the 1st OSS device.
+ - Default: 0
+ amidi_map - MIDI device number maps assigned to the 2st OSS device.
+ - Default: 1
+
+ Common parameters for top sound card modules
+ --------------------------------------------
+
+ Each of top level sound card module takes the following options.
+
+ index - index (slot #) of sound card
+ - Values: 0 through 7 or negative
+ - If nonnegative, assign that index number
+ - if negative, interpret as a bitmask of permissible
+ indices; the first free permitted index is assigned
+ - Default: -1
+ id - card ID (identifier or name)
+ - Can be up to 15 characters long
+ - Default: the card type
+ - A directory by this name is created under /proc/asound/
+ containing information about the card
+ - This ID can be used instead of the index number in
+ identifying the card
+ enable - enable card
+ - Default: enabled, for PCI and ISA PnP cards
+
+ Module snd-ad1816a
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on Analog Devices AD1816A/AD1815 ISA chips.
+
+ port - port # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
+ fm_port - port # for OPL3 (PnP setup)
+ irq - IRQ # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
+ dma1 - first DMA # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup)
+ dma2 - second DMA # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards, autoprobe and PnP.
+
+ Module snd-ad1848
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on AD1848/AD1847/CS4248 ISA chips.
+
+ port - port # for AD1848 chip
+ irq - IRQ # for AD1848 chip
+ dma1 - DMA # for AD1848 chip (0,1,3)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards. This module does not support autoprobe
+ thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are optional.
+
+ Module snd-ali5451
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for ALi M5451 PCI chip.
+
+ pcm_channels - Number of hardware channels assigned for PCM
+ spdif - Support SPDIF I/O
+ - Default: disabled
+
+ Module supports autoprobe and multiple chips (max 8).
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-als100
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on Avance Logic ALS100/ALS120 ISA chips.
+
+ port - port # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup)
+ irq - IRQ # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup)
+ dma8 - 8-bit DMA # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup)
+ dma16 - 16-bit DMA # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 (PnP setup)
+ fm_port - port # for OPL3 FM (PnP setup)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards, autoprobe and PnP.
+
+ Module snd-als4000
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on Avance Logic ALS4000 PCI chip.
+
+ joystick_port - port # for legacy joystick support.
+ 0 = disabled (default), 1 = auto-detect
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards, autoprobe and PnP.
+
+ Module snd-atiixp
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for ATI IXP 150/200/250 AC97 controllers.
+
+ ac97_clock - AC'97 clock (defalut = 48000)
+ ac97_quirk - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
+ See the description of intel8x0 module for details.
+ spdif_aclink - S/PDIF transfer over AC-link (default = 1)
+
+ This module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-atiixp-modem
+ -----------------------
+
+ Module for ATI IXP 150/200/250 AC97 modem controllers.
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
+ slot is excluded.
+
+ Module snd-au8810, snd-au8820, snd-au8830
+ -----------------------------------------
+
+ Module for Aureal Vortex, Vortex2 and Advantage device.
+
+ pcifix - Control PCI workarounds
+ 0 = Disable all workarounds
+ 1 = Force the PCI latency of the Aureal card to 0xff
+ 2 = Force the Extend PCI#2 Internal Master for Efficient
+ Handling of Dummy Requests on the VIA KT133 AGP Bridge
+ 3 = Force both settings
+ 255 = Autodetect what is required (default)
+
+ This module supports all ADB PCM channels, ac97 mixer, SPDIF, hardware
+ EQ, mpu401, gameport. A3D and wavetable support are still in development.
+ Development and reverse engineering work is being coordinated at
+ http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/openvortex/
+ SPDIF output has a copy of the AC97 codec output, unless you use the
+ "spdif" pcm device, which allows raw data passthru.
+ The hardware EQ hardware and SPDIF is only present in the Vortex2 and
+ Advantage.
+
+ Note: Some ALSA mixer applicactions don't handle the SPDIF samplerate
+ control correctly. If you have problems regarding this, try
+ another ALSA compliant mixer (alsamixer works).
+
+ Module snd-azt2320
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on Aztech System AZT2320 ISA chip (PnP only).
+
+ port - port # for AZT2320 chip (PnP setup)
+ wss_port - port # for WSS (PnP setup)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
+ fm_port - FM port # for AZT2320 chip (PnP setup)
+ irq - IRQ # for AZT2320 (WSS) chip (PnP setup)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
+ dma1 - 1st DMA # for AZT2320 (WSS) chip (PnP setup)
+ dma2 - 2nd DMA # for AZT2320 (WSS) chip (PnP setup)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards, PnP and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-azt3328
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on Aztech AZF3328 PCI chip.
+
+ joystick - Enable joystick (default off)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Module snd-bt87x
+ ----------------
+
+ Module for video cards based on Bt87x chips.
+
+ digital_rate - Override the default digital rate (Hz)
+ load_all - Load the driver even if the card model isn't known
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
+ slot is excluded.
+
+ Module snd-ca0106
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for Creative Audigy LS and SB Live 24bit
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+
+ Module snd-cmi8330
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on C-Media CMI8330 ISA chips.
+
+ wssport - port # for CMI8330 chip (WSS)
+ wssirq - IRQ # for CMI8330 chip (WSS)
+ wssdma - first DMA # for CMI8330 chip (WSS)
+ sbport - port # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
+ sbirq - IRQ # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
+ sbdma8 - 8bit DMA # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
+ sbdma16 - 16bit DMA # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-cmipci
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for C-Media CMI8338 and 8738 PCI sound cards.
+
+ mpu_port - 0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330, 0 = disable (default)
+ fm_port - 0x388 (default), 0 = disable (default)
+ soft_ac3 - Sofware-conversion of raw SPDIF packets (model 033 only)
+ (default = 1)
+ joystick_port - Joystick port address (0 = disable, 1 = auto-detect)
+
+ Module supports autoprobe and multiple chips (max 8).
+
+ Module snd-cs4231
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on CS4231 ISA chips.
+
+ port - port # for CS4231 chip
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (optional), -1 = disable
+ irq - IRQ # for CS4231 chip
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART
+ dma1 - first DMA # for CS4231 chip
+ dma2 - second DMA # for CS4231 chip
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards. This module does not support autoprobe
+ thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are optional.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-cs4232
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on CS4232/CS4232A ISA chips.
+
+ port - port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x534)
+ cport - control port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x120,0x210,0xf00)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup - 0x300), -1 = disable
+ fm_port - FM port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x388), -1 = disable
+ irq - IRQ # for CS4232 chip (5,7,9,11,12,15)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (9,11,12,15)
+ dma1 - first DMA # for CS4232 chip (0,1,3)
+ dma2 - second DMA # for Yamaha CS4232 chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
+ isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards. This module does not support autoprobe
+ thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are optional.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-cs4236
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on CS4235/CS4236/CS4236B/CS4237B/
+ CS4238B/CS4239 ISA chips.
+
+ port - port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x534)
+ cport - control port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x120,0x210,0xf00)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup - 0x300), -1 = disable
+ fm_port - FM port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x388), -1 = disable
+ irq - IRQ # for CS4236 chip (5,7,9,11,12,15)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (9,11,12,15)
+ dma1 - first DMA # for CS4236 chip (0,1,3)
+ dma2 - second DMA # for CS4236 chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
+ isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards. This module does not support autoprobe
+ (if ISA PnP is not used) thus main port and control port must be
+ specified!!! Other ports are optional.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-cs4281
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for Cirrus Logic CS4281 soundchip.
+
+ dual_codec - Secondary codec ID (0 = disable, default)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-cs46xx
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for PCI sound cards based on CS4610/CS4612/CS4614/CS4615/CS4622/
+ CS4624/CS4630/CS4280 PCI chips.
+
+ external_amp - Force to enable external amplifer.
+ thinkpad - Force to enable Thinkpad's CLKRUN control.
+ mmap_valid - Support OSS mmap mode (default = 0).
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+ Usually external amp and CLKRUN controls are detected automatically
+ from PCI sub vendor/device ids. If they don't work, give the options
+ above explicitly.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-dt019x
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for Diamond Technologies DT-019X / Avance Logic ALS-007 (PnP
+ only)
+
+ port - Port # (PnP setup)
+ mpu_port - Port # for MPU-401 (PnP setup)
+ fm_port - Port # for FM OPL-3 (PnP setup)
+ irq - IRQ # (PnP setup)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 (PnP setup)
+ dma8 - DMA # (PnP setup)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards. This module is enabled only with
+ ISA PnP support.
+
+ Module snd-dummy
+ ----------------
+
+ Module for the dummy sound card. This "card" doesn't do any output
+ or input, but you may use this module for any application which
+ requires a sound card (like RealPlayer).
+
+ Module snd-emu10k1
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for EMU10K1/EMU10k2 based PCI sound cards.
+ * Sound Blaster Live!
+ * Sound Blaster PCI 512
+ * Emu APS (partially supported)
+ * Sound Blaster Audigy
+
+ extin - bitmap of available external inputs for FX8010 (see bellow)
+ extout - bitmap of available external outputs for FX8010 (see bellow)
+ seq_ports - allocated sequencer ports (4 by default)
+ max_synth_voices - limit of voices used for wavetable (64 by default)
+ max_buffer_size - specifies the maximum size of wavetable/pcm buffers
+ given in MB unit. Default value is 128.
+ enable_ir - enable IR
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Input & Output configurations [extin/extout]
+ * Creative Card wo/Digital out [0x0003/0x1f03]
+ * Creative Card w/Digital out [0x0003/0x1f0f]
+ * Creative Card w/Digital CD in [0x000f/0x1f0f]
+ * Creative Card wo/Digital out + LiveDrive [0x3fc3/0x1fc3]
+ * Creative Card w/Digital out + LiveDrive [0x3fc3/0x1fcf]
+ * Creative Card w/Digital CD in + LiveDrive [0x3fcf/0x1fcf]
+ * Creative Card wo/Digital out + Digital I/O 2 [0x0fc3/0x1f0f]
+ * Creative Card w/Digital out + Digital I/O 2 [0x0fc3/0x1f0f]
+ * Creative Card w/Digital CD in + Digital I/O 2 [0x0fcf/0x1f0f]
+ * Creative Card 5.1/w Digital out + LiveDrive [0x3fc3/0x1fff]
+ * Creative Card 5.1 (c) 2003 [0x3fc3/0x7cff]
+ * Creative Card all ins and outs [0x3fff/0x7fff]
+
+ Module snd-emu10k1x
+ -------------------
+
+ Module for Creative Emu10k1X (SB Live Dell OEM version)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Module snd-ens1370
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for Ensoniq AudioPCI ES1370 PCI sound cards.
+ * SoundBlaster PCI 64
+ * SoundBlaster PCI 128
+
+ joystick - Enable joystick (default off)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-ens1371
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for Ensoniq AudioPCI ES1371 PCI sound cards.
+ * SoundBlaster PCI 64
+ * SoundBlaster PCI 128
+ * SoundBlaster Vibra PCI
+
+ joystick_port - port # for joystick (0x200,0x208,0x210,0x218),
+ 0 = disable (default), 1 = auto-detect
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-es968
+ ----------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on ESS ES968 chip (PnP only).
+
+ port - port # for ES968 (SB8) chip (PnP setup)
+ irq - IRQ # for ES968 (SB8) chip (PnP setup)
+ dma1 - DMA # for ES968 (SB8) chip (PnP setup)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards, PnP and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-es1688
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for ESS AudioDrive ES-1688 and ES-688 sound cards.
+
+ port - port # for ES-1688 chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable (default)
+ irq - IRQ # for ES-1688 chip (5,7,9,10)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 port (5,7,9,10)
+ dma8 - DMA # for ES-1688 chip (0,1,3)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe (without MPU-401 port).
+
+ Module snd-es18xx
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for ESS AudioDrive ES-18xx sound cards.
+
+ port - port # for ES-18xx chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable (default)
+ fm_port - port # for FM (optional, not used)
+ irq - IRQ # for ES-18xx chip (5,7,9,10)
+ dma1 - first DMA # for ES-18xx chip (0,1,3)
+ dma2 - first DMA # for ES-18xx chip (0,1,3)
+ isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards ISA PnP and autoprobe (without MPU-401 port
+ if native ISA PnP routines are not used).
+ When dma2 is equal with dma1, the driver works as half-duplex.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-es1938
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on ESS Solo-1 (ES1938,ES1946) chips.
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-es1968
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on ESS Maestro-1/2/2E (ES1968/ES1978) chips.
+
+ total_bufsize - total buffer size in kB (1-4096kB)
+ pcm_substreams_p - playback channels (1-8, default=2)
+ pcm_substreams_c - capture channels (1-8, default=0)
+ clock - clock (0 = auto-detection)
+ use_pm - support the power-management (0 = off, 1 = on,
+ 2 = auto (default))
+ enable_mpu - enable MPU401 (0 = off, 1 = on, 2 = auto (default))
+ joystick - enable joystick (default off)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-fm801
+ ----------------
+
+ Module for ForteMedia FM801 based PCI sound cards.
+
+ tea575x_tuner - Enable TEA575x tuner
+ - 1 = MediaForte 256-PCS
+ - 2 = MediaForte 256-PCPR
+ - 3 = MediaForte 64-PCR
+ - High 16-bits are video (radio) device number + 1
+ - example: 0x10002 (MediaForte 256-PCPR, device 1)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-gusclassic
+ ---------------------
+
+ Module for Gravis UltraSound Classic sound card.
+
+ port - port # for GF1 chip (0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
+ irq - IRQ # for GF1 chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
+ dma1 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7)
+ dma2 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
+ joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
+ voices - GF1 voices limit (14-32)
+ pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-gusextreme
+ ---------------------
+
+ Module for Gravis UltraSound Extreme (Synergy ViperMax) sound card.
+
+ port - port # for ES-1688 chip (0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
+ gf1_port - port # for GF1 chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260,0x270)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable
+ irq - IRQ # for ES-1688 chip (5,7,9,10)
+ gf1_irq - IRQ # for GF1 chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 port (5,7,9,10)
+ dma8 - DMA # for ES-1688 chip (0,1,3)
+ dma1 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7)
+ joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
+ voices - GF1 voices limit (14-32)
+ pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe (without MPU-401 port).
+
+ Module snd-gusmax
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for Gravis UltraSound MAX sound card.
+
+ port - port # for GF1 chip (0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
+ irq - IRQ # for GF1 chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
+ dma1 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7)
+ dma2 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
+ joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
+ voices - GF1 voices limit (14-32)
+ pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-hda-intel
+ --------------------
+
+ Module for Intel HD Audio (ICH6, ICH6M, ICH7)
+
+ model - force the model name
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Each codec may have a model table for different configurations.
+ If your machine isn't listed there, the default (usually minimal)
+ configuration is set up. You can pass "model=<name>" option to
+ specify a certain model in such a case. There are different
+ models depending on the codec chip.
+
+ Model name Description
+ ---------- -----------
+ ALC880
+ 3stack 3-jack in back and a headphone out
+ 3stack-digout 3-jack in back, a HP out and a SPDIF out
+ 5stack 5-jack in back, 2-jack in front
+ 5stack-digout 5-jack in back, 2-jack in front, a SPDIF out
+ w810 3-jack
+
+ CMI9880
+ minimal 3-jack in back
+ min_fp 3-jack in back, 2-jack in front
+ full 6-jack in back, 2-jack in front
+ full_dig 6-jack in back, 2-jack in front, SPDIF I/O
+ allout 5-jack in back, 2-jack in front, SPDIF out
+
+ Module snd-hdsp
+ ---------------
+
+ Module for RME Hammerfall DSP audio interface(s)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Note: The firmware data can be automatically loaded via hotplug
+ when CONFIG_FW_LOADER is set. Otherwise, you need to load
+ the firmware via hdsploader utility included in alsa-tools
+ package.
+ The firmware data is found in alsa-firmware package.
+
+ Note: snd-page-alloc module does the job which snd-hammerfall-mem
+ module did formerly. It will allocate the buffers in advance
+ when any HDSP cards are found. To make the buffer
+ allocation sure, load snd-page-alloc module in the early
+ stage of boot sequence.
+
+ Module snd-ice1712
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for Envy24 (ICE1712) based PCI sound cards.
+ * MidiMan M Audio Delta 1010
+ * MidiMan M Audio Delta 1010LT
+ * MidiMan M Audio Delta DiO 2496
+ * MidiMan M Audio Delta 66
+ * MidiMan M Audio Delta 44
+ * MidiMan M Audio Delta 410
+ * MidiMan M Audio Audiophile 2496
+ * TerraTec EWS 88MT
+ * TerraTec EWS 88D
+ * TerraTec EWX 24/96
+ * TerraTec DMX 6Fire
+ * Hoontech SoundTrack DSP 24
+ * Hoontech SoundTrack DSP 24 Value
+ * Hoontech SoundTrack DSP 24 Media 7.1
+ * Digigram VX442
+
+ model - Use the given board model, one of the following:
+ delta1010, dio2496, delta66, delta44, audiophile, delta410,
+ delta1010lt, vx442, ewx2496, ews88mt, ews88mt_new, ews88d,
+ dmx6fire, dsp24, dsp24_value, dsp24_71, ez8
+ omni - Omni I/O support for MidiMan M-Audio Delta44/66
+ cs8427_timeout - reset timeout for the CS8427 chip (S/PDIF transciever)
+ in msec resolution, default value is 500 (0.5 sec)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe. Note: The consumer part
+ is not used with all Envy24 based cards (for example in the MidiMan Delta
+ serie).
+
+ Module snd-ice1724
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for Envy24HT (VT/ICE1724) based PCI sound cards.
+ * MidiMan M Audio Revolution 7.1
+ * AMP Ltd AUDIO2000
+ * TerraTec Aureon Sky-5.1, Space-7.1
+
+ model - Use the given board model, one of the following:
+ revo71, amp2000, prodigy71, aureon51, aureon71,
+ k8x800
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-intel8x0
+ -------------------
+
+ Module for AC'97 motherboards from Intel and compatibles.
+ * Intel i810/810E, i815, i820, i830, i84x, MX440
+ * SiS 7012 (SiS 735)
+ * NVidia NForce, NForce2
+ * AMD AMD768, AMD8111
+ * ALi m5455
+
+ ac97_clock - AC'97 codec clock base (0 = auto-detect)
+ ac97_quirk - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
+ The following strings are accepted:
+ default = don't override the default setting
+ disable = disable the quirk
+ hp_only = use headphone control as master
+ swap_hp = swap headphone and master controls
+ swap_surround = swap master and surround controls
+ ad_sharing = for AD1985, turn on OMS bit and use headphone
+ alc_jack = for ALC65x, turn on the jack sense mode
+ inv_eapd = inverted EAPD implementation
+ mute_led = bind EAPD bit for turning on/off mute LED
+ For backward compatibility, the corresponding integer
+ value -1, 0, ... are accepted, too.
+ buggy_irq - Enable workaround for buggy interrupts on some
+ motherboards (default off)
+
+ Module supports autoprobe and multiple bus-master chips (max 8).
+
+ Note: the latest driver supports auto-detection of chip clock.
+ if you still encounter too fast playback, specify the clock
+ explicitly via the module option "ac97_clock=41194".
+
+ Joystick/MIDI ports are not supported by this driver. If your
+ motherboard has these devices, use the ns558 or snd-mpu401
+ modules, respectively.
+
+ The ac97_quirk option is used to enable/override the workaround
+ for specific devices. Some hardware have swapped output pins
+ between Master and Headphone, or Surround. The driver provides
+ the auto-detection of known problematic devices, but some might
+ be unknown or wrongly detected. In such a case, pass the proper
+ value with this option.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-intel8x0m
+ --------------------
+
+ Module for Intel ICH (i8x0) chipset MC97 modems.
+
+ ac97_clock - AC'97 codec clock base (0 = auto-detect)
+
+ This module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
+ slot is excluded.
+
+ Module snd-interwave
+ --------------------
+
+ Module for Gravis UltraSound PnP, Dynasonic 3-D/Pro, STB Sound Rage 32
+ and other sound cards based on AMD InterWave (tm) chip.
+
+ port - port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
+ irq - IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
+ dma1 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7)
+ dma2 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
+ joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
+ midi - 1 = MIDI UART enable, 0 = MIDI UART disable (default)
+ pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices for the synthesizer (default 2)
+ effect - 1 = InterWave effects enable (default 0);
+ requires 8 voices
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP.
+
+ Module snd-interwave-stb
+ ------------------------
+
+ Module for UltraSound 32-Pro (sound card from STB used by Compaq)
+ and other sound cards based on AMD InterWave (tm) chip with TEA6330T
+ circuit for extended control of bass, treble and master volume.
+
+ port - port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
+ port_tc - tone control (i2c bus) port # for TEA6330T chip (0x350,0x360,0x370,0x380)
+ irq - IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
+ dma1 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7)
+ dma2 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
+ joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
+ midi - 1 = MIDI UART enable, 0 = MIDI UART disable (default)
+ pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices for the synthesizer (default 2)
+ effect - 1 = InterWave effects enable (default 0);
+ requires 8 voices
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP.
+
+ Module snd-korg1212
+ -------------------
+
+ Module for Korg 1212 IO PCI card
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Module snd-maestro3
+ -------------------
+
+ Module for Allegro/Maestro3 chips
+
+ external_amp - enable external amp (enabled by default)
+ amp_gpio - GPIO pin number for external amp (0-15) or
+ -1 for default pin (8 for allegro, 1 for
+ others)
+
+ Module supports autoprobe and multiple chips (max 8).
+
+ Note: the binding of amplifier is dependent on hardware.
+ If there is no sound even though all channels are unmuted, try to
+ specify other gpio connection via amp_gpio option.
+ For example, a Panasonic notebook might need "amp_gpio=0x0d"
+ option.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-mixart
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for Digigram miXart8 sound cards.
+
+ Module supports multiple cards.
+ Note: One miXart8 board will be represented as 4 alsa cards.
+ See MIXART.txt for details.
+
+ When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
+ is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
+ Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
+ When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
+ firmware via mixartloader utility in alsa-tools package.
+
+ Module snd-mpu401
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for MPU-401 UART devices.
+
+ port - port number or -1 (disable)
+ irq - IRQ number or -1 (disable)
+ pnp - PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
+
+ Module supports multiple devices (max 8) and PnP.
+
+ Module snd-mtpav
+ ----------------
+
+ Module for MOTU MidiTimePiece AV multiport MIDI (on the parallel
+ port).
+
+ port - I/O port # for MTPAV (0x378,0x278, default=0x378)
+ irq - IRQ # for MTPAV (7,5, default=7)
+ hwports - number of supported hardware ports, default=8.
+
+ Module supports only 1 card. This module has no enable option.
+
+ Module snd-nm256
+ ----------------
+
+ Module for NeoMagic NM256AV/ZX chips
+
+ playback_bufsize - max playback frame size in kB (4-128kB)
+ capture_bufsize - max capture frame size in kB (4-128kB)
+ force_ac97 - 0 or 1 (disabled by default)
+ buffer_top - specify buffer top address
+ use_cache - 0 or 1 (disabled by default)
+ vaio_hack - alias buffer_top=0x25a800
+ reset_workaround - enable AC97 RESET workaround for some laptops
+
+ Module supports autoprobe and multiple chips (max 8).
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Note: on some notebooks the buffer address cannot be detected
+ automatically, or causes hang-up during initialization.
+ In such a case, specify the buffer top address explicity via
+ buffer_top option.
+ For example,
+ Sony F250: buffer_top=0x25a800
+ Sony F270: buffer_top=0x272800
+ The driver supports only ac97 codec. It's possible to force
+ to initialize/use ac97 although it's not detected. In such a
+ case, use force_ac97=1 option - but *NO* guarantee whether it
+ works!
+
+ Note: The NM256 chip can be linked internally with non-AC97
+ codecs. This driver supports only the AC97 codec, and won't work
+ with machines with other (most likely CS423x or OPL3SAx) chips,
+ even though the device is detected in lspci. In such a case, try
+ other drivers, e.g. snd-cs4232 or snd-opl3sa2. Some has ISA-PnP
+ but some doesn't have ISA PnP. You'll need to speicfy isapnp=0
+ and proper hardware parameters in the case without ISA PnP.
+
+ Note: some laptops need a workaround for AC97 RESET. For the
+ known hardware like Dell Latitude LS and Sony PCG-F305, this
+ workaround is enabled automatically. For other laptops with a
+ hard freeze, you can try reset_workaround=1 option.
+
+ Note: This driver is really crappy. It's a porting from the
+ OSS driver, which is a result of black-magic reverse engineering.
+ The detection of codec will fail if the driver is loaded *after*
+ X-server as described above. You might be able to force to load
+ the module, but it may result in hang-up. Hence, make sure that
+ you load this module *before* X if you encounter this kind of
+ problem.
+
+ Module snd-opl3sa2
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for Yamaha OPL3-SA2/SA3 sound cards.
+
+ port - control port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x370)
+ sb_port - SB port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x220,0x240)
+ wss_port - WSS port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
+ midi_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x330), -1 = disable
+ fm_port - FM port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x388), -1 = disable
+ irq - IRQ # for OPL3-SA chip (5,7,9,10)
+ dma1 - first DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3)
+ dma2 - second DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
+ isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and ISA PnP. This module does not support
+ autoprobe (if ISA PnP is not used) thus all ports must be specified!!!
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-opti92x-ad1848
+ -------------------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c92x and Analog Devices AD1848 chips.
+ Module works with OAK Mozart cards as well.
+
+ port - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
+ fm_port - port # for OPL3 device (0x388)
+ irq - IRQ # for WSS chip (5,7,9,10,11)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (5,7,9,10)
+ dma1 - first DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
+
+ This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP.
+
+ Module snd-opti92x-cs4231
+ -------------------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c92x and Crystal CS4231 chips.
+
+ port - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
+ fm_port - port # for OPL3 device (0x388)
+ irq - IRQ # for WSS chip (5,7,9,10,11)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (5,7,9,10)
+ dma1 - first DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
+ dma2 - second DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
+
+ This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP.
+
+ Module snd-opti93x
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c93x chips.
+
+ port - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
+ fm_port - port # for OPL3 device (0x388)
+ irq - IRQ # for WSS chip (5,7,9,10,11)
+ mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (5,7,9,10)
+ dma1 - first DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
+ dma2 - second DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
+
+ This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP.
+
+ Module snd-powermac (on ppc only)
+ ---------------------------------
+
+ Module for PowerMac, iMac and iBook on-board soundchips
+
+ enable_beep - enable beep using PCM (enabled as default)
+
+ Module supports autoprobe a chip.
+
+ Note: the driver may have problems regarding endianess.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-rme32
+ ----------------
+
+ Module for RME Digi32, Digi32 Pro and Digi32/8 (Sek'd Prodif32,
+ Prodif96 and Prodif Gold) sound cards.
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Module snd-rme96
+ ----------------
+
+ Module for RME Digi96, Digi96/8 and Digi96/8 PRO/PAD/PST sound cards.
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Module snd-rme9652
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for RME Digi9652 (Hammerfall, Hammerfall-Light) sound cards.
+
+ precise_ptr - Enable precise pointer (doesn't work reliably).
+ (default = 0)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Note: snd-page-alloc module does the job which snd-hammerfall-mem
+ module did formerly. It will allocate the buffers in advance
+ when any RME9652 cards are found. To make the buffer
+ allocation sure, load snd-page-alloc module in the early
+ stage of boot sequence.
+
+ Module snd-sa11xx-uda1341 (on arm only)
+ ---------------------------------------
+
+ Module for Philips UDA1341TS on Compaq iPAQ H3600 sound card.
+
+ Module supports only one card.
+ Module has no enable and index options.
+
+ Module snd-sb8
+ --------------
+
+ Module for 8-bit SoundBlaster cards: SoundBlaster 1.0,
+ SoundBlaster 2.0,
+ SoundBlaster Pro
+
+ port - port # for SB DSP chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
+ irq - IRQ # for SB DSP chip (5,7,9,10)
+ dma8 - DMA # for SB DSP chip (1,3)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-sb16 and snd-sbawe
+ -----------------------------
+
+ Module for 16-bit SoundBlaster cards: SoundBlaster 16 (PnP),
+ SoundBlaster AWE 32 (PnP),
+ SoundBlaster AWE 64 PnP
+
+ port - port # for SB DSP 4.x chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
+ mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x330), -1 = disable
+ awe_port - base port # for EMU8000 synthesizer (0x620,0x640,0x660)
+ (snd-sbawe module only)
+ irq - IRQ # for SB DSP 4.x chip (5,7,9,10)
+ dma8 - 8-bit DMA # for SB DSP 4.x chip (0,1,3)
+ dma16 - 16-bit DMA # for SB DSP 4.x chip (5,6,7)
+ mic_agc - Mic Auto-Gain-Control - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
+ csp - ASP/CSP chip support - 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable
+ isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP.
+
+ Note: To use Vibra16X cards in 16-bit half duplex mode, you must
+ disable 16bit DMA with dma16 = -1 module parameter.
+ Also, all Sound Blaster 16 type cards can operate in 16-bit
+ half duplex mode through 8-bit DMA channel by disabling their
+ 16-bit DMA channel.
+
+ Module snd-sgalaxy
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for Aztech Sound Galaxy sound card.
+
+ sbport - Port # for SB16 interface (0x220,0x240)
+ wssport - Port # for WSS interface (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
+ irq - IRQ # (7,9,10,11)
+ dma1 - DMA #
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Module snd-sscape
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for ENSONIQ SoundScape PnP cards.
+
+ port - Port # (PnP setup)
+ irq - IRQ # (PnP setup)
+ mpu_irq - MPU-401 IRQ # (PnP setup)
+ dma - DMA # (PnP setup)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards. ISA PnP must be enabled.
+ You need sscape_ctl tool in alsa-tools package for loading
+ the microcode.
+
+ Module snd-sun-amd7930 (on sparc only)
+ --------------------------------------
+
+ Module for AMD7930 sound chips found on Sparcs.
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Module snd-sun-cs4231 (on sparc only)
+ -------------------------------------
+
+ Module for CS4231 sound chips found on Sparcs.
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Module snd-wavefront
+ --------------------
+
+ Module for Turtle Beach Maui, Tropez and Tropez+ sound cards.
+
+ cs4232_pcm_port - Port # for CS4232 PCM interface.
+ cs4232_pcm_irq - IRQ # for CS4232 PCM interface (5,7,9,11,12,15).
+ cs4232_mpu_port - Port # for CS4232 MPU-401 interface.
+ cs4232_mpu_irq - IRQ # for CS4232 MPU-401 interface (9,11,12,15).
+ use_cs4232_midi - Use CS4232 MPU-401 interface
+ (inaccessibly located inside your computer)
+ ics2115_port - Port # for ICS2115
+ ics2115_irq - IRQ # for ICS2115
+ fm_port - FM OPL-3 Port #
+ dma1 - DMA1 # for CS4232 PCM interface.
+ dma2 - DMA2 # for CS4232 PCM interface.
+ isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and ISA PnP.
+
+ Module snd-sonicvibes
+ ---------------------
+
+ Module for S3 SonicVibes PCI sound cards.
+ * PINE Schubert 32 PCI
+
+ reverb - Reverb Enable - 1 = enable, 0 = disable (default)
+ - SoundCard must have onboard SRAM for this.
+ mge - Mic Gain Enable - 1 = enable, 0 = disable (default)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ Module snd-serial-u16550
+ ------------------------
+
+ Module for UART16550A serial MIDI ports.
+
+ port - port # for UART16550A chip
+ irq - IRQ # for UART16550A chip, -1 = poll mode
+ speed - speed in bauds (9600,19200,38400,57600,115200)
+ 38400 = default
+ base - base for divisor in bauds (57600,115200,230400,460800)
+ 115200 = default
+ outs - number of MIDI ports in a serial port (1-4)
+ 1 = default
+ adaptor - Type of adaptor.
+ 0 = Soundcanvas, 1 = MS-124T, 2 = MS-124W S/A,
+ 3 = MS-124W M/B, 4 = Generic
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards. This module does not support autoprobe
+ thus the main port must be specified!!! Other options are optional.
+
+ Module snd-trident
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for Trident 4DWave DX/NX sound cards.
+ * Best Union Miss Melody 4DWave PCI
+ * HIS 4DWave PCI
+ * Warpspeed ONSpeed 4DWave PCI
+ * AzTech PCI 64-Q3D
+ * Addonics SV 750
+ * CHIC True Sound 4Dwave
+ * Shark Predator4D-PCI
+ * Jaton SonicWave 4D
+
+ pcm_channels - max channels (voices) reserved for PCM
+ wavetable_size - max wavetable size in kB (4-?kb)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards and autoprobe.
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-usb-audio
+ --------------------
+
+ Module for USB audio and USB MIDI devices.
+
+ vid - Vendor ID for the device (optional)
+ pid - Product ID for the device (optional)
+
+ This module supports up to 8 cards, autoprobe and hotplugging.
+
+ Module snd-usb-usx2y
+ --------------------
+
+ Module for Tascam USB US-122, US-224 and US-428 devices.
+
+ This module supports up to 8 cards, autoprobe and hotplugging.
+
+ Note: you need to load the firmware via usx2yloader utility included
+ in alsa-tools and alsa-firmware packages.
+
+ Module snd-via82xx
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for AC'97 motherboards based on VIA 82C686A/686B, 8233,
+ 8233A, 8233C, 8235 (south) bridge.
+
+ mpu_port - 0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330, otherwise obtain BIOS setup
+ [VIA686A/686B only]
+ joystick - Enable joystick (default off) [VIA686A/686B only]
+ ac97_clock - AC'97 codec clock base (default 48000Hz)
+ dxs_support - support DXS channels,
+ 0 = auto (defalut), 1 = enable, 2 = disable,
+ 3 = 48k only, 4 = no VRA
+ [VIA8233/C,8235 only]
+ ac97_quirk - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
+ See the description of intel8x0 module for details.
+
+ Module supports autoprobe and multiple bus-master chips (max 8).
+
+ Note: on some SMP motherboards like MSI 694D the interrupts might
+ not be generated properly. In such a case, please try to
+ set the SMP (or MPS) version on BIOS to 1.1 instead of
+ default value 1.4. Then the interrupt number will be
+ assigned under 15. You might also upgrade your BIOS.
+
+ Note: VIA8233/5 (not VIA8233A) can support DXS (direct sound)
+ channels as the first PCM. On these channels, up to 4
+ streams can be played at the same time.
+ As default (dxs_support = 0), 48k fixed rate is chosen
+ except for the known devices since the output is often
+ noisy except for 48k on some mother boards due to the
+ bug of BIOS.
+ Please try once dxs_support=1 and if it works on other
+ sample rates (e.g. 44.1kHz of mp3 playback), please let us
+ know the PCI subsystem vendor/device id's (output of
+ "lspci -nv").
+ If it doesn't work, try dxs_support=4. If it still doesn't
+ work and the default setting is ok, dxs_support=3 is the
+ right choice. If the default setting doesn't work at all,
+ try dxs_support=2 to disable the DXS channels.
+ In any cases, please let us know the result and the
+ subsystem vendor/device ids.
+
+ Note: for the MPU401 on VIA823x, use snd-mpu401 driver
+ additonally. The mpu_port option is for VIA686 chips only.
+
+ Module snd-via82xx-modem
+ ------------------------
+
+ Module for VIA82xx AC97 modem
+
+ ac97_clock - AC'97 codec clock base (default 48000Hz)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
+ slot is excluded.
+
+ Module snd-virmidi
+ ------------------
+
+ Module for virtual rawmidi devices.
+ This module creates virtual rawmidi devices which communicate
+ to the corresponding ALSA sequencer ports.
+
+ midi_devs - MIDI devices # (1-8, default=4)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ Module snd-vx222
+ ----------------
+
+ Module for Digigram VX-Pocket VX222, V222 v2 and Mic cards.
+
+ mic - Enable Microphone on V222 Mic (NYI)
+ ibl - Capture IBL size. (default = 0, minimum size)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards.
+
+ When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
+ is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
+ Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
+ When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
+ firmware via vxloader utility in alsa-tools package. To invoke
+ vxloader automatically, add the following to /etc/modprobe.conf
+
+ install snd-vx222 /sbin/modprobe --first-time -i snd-vx222 && /usr/bin/vxloader
+
+ (for 2.2/2.4 kernels, add "post-install /usr/bin/vxloader" to
+ /etc/modules.conf, instead.)
+ IBL size defines the interrupts period for PCM. The smaller size
+ gives smaller latency but leads to more CPU consumption, too.
+ The size is usually aligned to 126. As default (=0), the smallest
+ size is chosen. The possible IBL values can be found in
+ /proc/asound/cardX/vx-status proc file.
+
+ Module snd-vxpocket
+ -------------------
+
+ Module for Digigram VX-Pocket VX2 PCMCIA card.
+
+ ibl - Capture IBL size. (default = 0, minimum size)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards. The module is compiled only when
+ PCMCIA is supported on kernel.
+
+ To activate the driver via the card manager, you'll need to set
+ up /etc/pcmcia/vxpocket.conf. See the sound/pcmcia/vx/vxpocket.c.
+
+ When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
+ is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
+ Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
+ When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
+ firmware via vxloader utility in alsa-tools package.
+
+ About capture IBL, see the description of snd-vx222 module.
+
+ Note: the driver is build only when CONFIG_ISA is set.
+
+ Module snd-vxp440
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for Digigram VX-Pocket 440 PCMCIA card.
+
+ ibl - Capture IBL size. (default = 0, minimum size)
+
+ Module supports up to 8 cards. The module is compiled only when
+ PCMCIA is supported on kernel.
+
+ To activate the driver via the card manager, you'll need to set
+ up /etc/pcmcia/vxp440.conf. See the sound/pcmcia/vx/vxp440.c.
+
+ When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
+ is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
+ Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
+ When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
+ firmware via vxloader utility in alsa-tools package.
+
+ About capture IBL, see the description of snd-vx222 module.
+
+ Note: the driver is build only when CONFIG_ISA is set.
+
+ Module snd-ymfpci
+ -----------------
+
+ Module for Yamaha PCI chips (YMF72x, YMF74x & YMF75x).
+
+ mpu_port - 0x300,0x330,0x332,0x334, 0 (disable) by default,
+ 1 (auto-detect for YMF744/754 only)
+ fm_port - 0x388,0x398,0x3a0,0x3a8, 0 (disable) by default
+ 1 (auto-detect for YMF744/754 only)
+ joystick_port - 0x201,0x202,0x204,0x205, 0 (disable) by default,
+ 1 (auto-detect)
+ rear_switch - enable shared rear/line-in switch (bool)
+
+ Module supports autoprobe and multiple chips (max 8).
+
+ The power-management is supported.
+
+ Module snd-pdaudiocf
+ --------------------
+
+ Module for Sound Core PDAudioCF sound card.
+
+ Note: the driver is build only when CONFIG_ISA is set.
+
+
+Configuring Non-ISAPNP Cards
+============================
+
+When the kernel is configured with ISA-PnP support, the modules
+supporting the isapnp cards will have module options "isapnp".
+If this option is set, *only* the ISA-PnP devices will be probed.
+For probing the non ISA-PnP cards, you have to pass "isapnp=0" option
+together with the proper i/o and irq configuration.
+
+When the kernel is configured without ISA-PnP support, isapnp option
+will be not built in.
+
+
+Module Autoloading Support
+==========================
+
+The ALSA drivers can be loaded automatically on demand by defining
+module aliases. The string 'snd-card-%1' is requested for ALSA native
+devices where %i is sound card number from zero to seven.
+
+To auto-load an ALSA driver for OSS services, define the string
+'sound-slot-%i' where %i means the slot number for OSS, which
+corresponds to the card index of ALSA. Usually, define this
+as the the same card module.
+
+An example configuration for a single emu10k1 card is like below:
+----- /etc/modprobe.conf
+alias snd-card-0 snd-emu10k1
+alias sound-slot-0 snd-emu10k1
+----- /etc/modprobe.conf
+
+The available number of auto-loaded sound cards depends on the module
+option "cards_limit" of snd module. As default it's set to 1.
+To enable the auto-loading of multiple cards, specify the number of
+sound cards in that option.
+
+When multiple cards are available, it'd better to specify the index
+number for each card via module option, too, so that the order of
+cards is kept consistent.
+
+An example configuration for two sound cards is like below:
+
+----- /etc/modprobe.conf
+# ALSA portion
+options snd cards_limit=2
+alias snd-card-0 snd-interwave
+alias snd-card-1 snd-ens1371
+options snd-interwave index=0
+options snd-ens1371 index=1
+# OSS/Free portion
+alias sound-slot-0 snd-interwave
+alias sound-slot-1 snd-ens1371
+----- /etc/moprobe.conf
+
+In this example, the interwave card is always loaded as the first card
+(index 0) and ens1371 as the second (index 1).
+
+
+ALSA PCM devices to OSS devices mapping
+=======================================
+
+/dev/snd/pcmC0D0[c|p] -> /dev/audio0 (/dev/audio) -> minor 4
+/dev/snd/pcmC0D0[c|p] -> /dev/dsp0 (/dev/dsp) -> minor 3
+/dev/snd/pcmC0D1[c|p] -> /dev/adsp0 (/dev/adsp) -> minor 12
+/dev/snd/pcmC1D0[c|p] -> /dev/audio1 -> minor 4+16 = 20
+/dev/snd/pcmC1D0[c|p] -> /dev/dsp1 -> minor 3+16 = 19
+/dev/snd/pcmC1D1[c|p] -> /dev/adsp1 -> minor 12+16 = 28
+/dev/snd/pcmC2D0[c|p] -> /dev/audio2 -> minor 4+32 = 36
+/dev/snd/pcmC2D0[c|p] -> /dev/dsp2 -> minor 3+32 = 39
+/dev/snd/pcmC2D1[c|p] -> /dev/adsp2 -> minor 12+32 = 44
+
+The first number from /dev/snd/pcmC{X}D{Y}[c|p] expression means
+sound card number and second means device number. The ALSA devices
+have either 'c' or 'p' suffix indicating the direction, capture and
+playback, respectively.
+
+Please note that the device mapping above may be varied via the module
+options of snd-pcm-oss module.
+
+
+DEVFS support
+=============
+
+The ALSA driver fully supports the devfs extension.
+You should add lines below to your devfsd.conf file:
+
+LOOKUP snd MODLOAD ACTION snd
+REGISTER ^sound/.* PERMISSIONS root.audio 660
+REGISTER ^snd/.* PERMISSIONS root.audio 660
+
+Warning: These lines assume that you have the audio group in your system.
+ Otherwise replace audio word with another group name (root for
+ example).
+
+
+Proc interfaces (/proc/asound)
+==============================
+
+/proc/asound/card#/pcm#[cp]/oss
+-------------------------------
+ String "erase" - erase all additional informations about OSS applications
+ String "<app_name> <fragments> <fragment_size> [<options>]"
+
+ <app_name> - name of application with (higher priority) or without path
+ <fragments> - number of fragments or zero if auto
+ <fragment_size> - size of fragment in bytes or zero if auto
+ <options> - optional parameters
+ - disable the application tries to open a pcm device for
+ this channel but does not want to use it.
+ (Cause a bug or mmap needs)
+ It's good for Quake etc...
+ - direct don't use plugins
+ - block force block mode (rvplayer)
+ - non-block force non-block mode
+ - whole-frag write only whole fragments (optimization affecting
+ playback only)
+ - no-silence do not fill silence ahead to avoid clicks
+
+ Example: echo "x11amp 128 16384" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss
+ echo "squake 0 0 disable" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0c/oss
+ echo "rvplayer 0 0 block" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss
+
+
+Links
+=====
+
+ ALSA project homepage
+ http://www.alsa-project.org
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/Audigy-mixer.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/Audigy-mixer.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5132fd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/Audigy-mixer.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+
+ Sound Blaster Audigy mixer / default DSP code
+ ===========================================
+
+This is based on SB-Live-mixer.txt.
+
+The EMU10K2 chips have a DSP part which can be programmed to support
+various ways of sample processing, which is described here.
+(This acticle does not deal with the overall functionality of the
+EMU10K2 chips. See the manuals section for further details.)
+
+The ALSA driver programs this portion of chip by default code
+(can be altered later) which offers the following functionality:
+
+
+1) Digital mixer controls
+-------------------------
+
+These controls are built using the DSP instructions. They offer extended
+functionality. Only the default build-in code in the ALSA driver is described
+here. Note that the controls work as attenuators: the maximum value is the
+neutral position leaving the signal unchanged. Note that if the same destination
+is mentioned in multiple controls, the signal is accumulated and can be wrapped
+(set to maximal or minimal value without checking of overflow).
+
+
+Explanation of used abbreviations:
+
+DAC - digital to analog converter
+ADC - analog to digital converter
+I2S - one-way three wire serial bus for digital sound by Philips Semiconductors
+ (this standard is used for connecting standalone DAC and ADC converters)
+LFE - low frequency effects (subwoofer signal)
+AC97 - a chip containing an analog mixer, DAC and ADC converters
+IEC958 - S/PDIF
+FX-bus - the EMU10K2 chip has an effect bus containing 64 accumulators.
+ Each of the synthesizer voices can feed its output to these accumulators
+ and the DSP microcontroller can operate with the resulting sum.
+
+name='PCM Front Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right front PCM FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 8 and 9 for left and right front PCM
+samples for 5.1 playback. The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM
+slots of the Philips DAC.
+
+name='PCM Surround Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right surround PCM FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 2 and 3 for left and right surround PCM
+samples for 5.1 playback. The result samples are forwarded to the surround DAC PCM
+slots of the Philips DAC.
+
+name='PCM Center Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for center PCM FX-bus accumulator.
+ALSA uses accumulator 6 for center PCM sample for 5.1 playback. The result sample
+is forwarded to the center DAC PCM slot of the Philips DAC.
+
+name='PCM LFE Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate sample for LFE PCM FX-bus accumulator.
+ALSA uses accumulator 7 for LFE PCM sample for 5.1 playback. The result sample
+is forwarded to the LFE DAC PCM slot of the Philips DAC.
+
+name='PCM Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM samples for
+stereo playback. The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots
+of the Philips DAC.
+
+name='PCM Capture Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus
+accumulator. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM.
+The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture
+PCM device).
+
+name='Music Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right MIDI FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 4 and 5 for left and right MIDI samples.
+The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='Music Capture Volume',index=0
+
+These controls are used to attenuate samples for left and right MIDI FX-bus
+accumulator. ALSA uses accumulators 4 and 5 for left and right PCM.
+The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture
+PCM device).
+
+name='Mic Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right Mic input.
+For Mic input is used AC97 codec. The result samples are forwarded to
+the front DAC PCM slots of the Philips DAC. Samples are forwarded to Mic
+capture FIFO (device 1 - 16bit/8KHz mono) too without volume control.
+
+name='Mic Capture Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right Mic input.
+The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture
+PCM device).
+
+name='Audigy CD Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 TTL
+digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are
+forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the Philips DAC.
+
+name='Audigy CD Capture Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 TTL
+digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are
+forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='IEC958 Optical Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 optical
+digital input. The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots
+of the Philips DAC.
+
+name='IEC958 Optical Capture Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 optical
+digital inputs. The result samples are forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO
+(thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='Line2 Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC
+inputs (on the AudigyDrive). The result samples are forwarded to the front
+DAC PCM slots of the Philips DAC.
+
+name='Line2 Capture Volume',index=1
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC
+inputs (on the AudigyDrive). The result samples are forwarded to the ADC
+capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='Analog Mix Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC
+inputs from Philips ADC. The result samples are forwarded to the front
+DAC PCM slots of the Philips DAC. This contains mix from analog sources
+like CD, Line In, Aux, ....
+
+name='Analog Mix Capture Volume',index=1
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC
+inputs Philips ADC. The result samples are forwarded to the ADC
+capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='Aux2 Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC
+inputs (on the AudigyDrive). The result samples are forwarded to the front
+DAC PCM slots of the Philips DAC.
+
+name='Aux2 Capture Volume',index=1
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC
+inputs (on the AudigyDrive). The result samples are forwarded to the ADC
+capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='Front Playback Volume',index=0
+
+All stereo signals are mixed together and mirrored to surround, center and LFE.
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right front speakers of
+this mix.
+
+name='Surround Playback Volume',index=0
+
+All stereo signals are mixed together and mirrored to surround, center and LFE.
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right surround speakers of
+this mix.
+
+name='Center Playback Volume',index=0
+
+All stereo signals are mixed together and mirrored to surround, center and LFE.
+This control is used to attenuate sample for center speaker of this mix.
+
+name='LFE Playback Volume',index=0
+
+All stereo signals are mixed together and mirrored to surround, center and LFE.
+This control is used to attenuate sample for LFE speaker of this mix.
+
+name='Tone Control - Switch',index=0
+
+This control turns the tone control on or off. The samples for front, rear
+and center / LFE outputs are affected.
+
+name='Tone Control - Bass',index=0
+
+This control sets the bass intensity. There is no neutral value!!
+When the tone control code is activated, the samples are always modified.
+The closest value to pure signal is 20.
+
+name='Tone Control - Treble',index=0
+
+This control sets the treble intensity. There is no neutral value!!
+When the tone control code is activated, the samples are always modified.
+The closest value to pure signal is 20.
+
+name='Master Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for front, surround, center and
+LFE outputs.
+
+name='IEC958 Optical Raw Playback Switch',index=0
+
+If this switch is on, then the samples for the IEC958 (S/PDIF) digital
+output are taken only from the raw FX8010 PCM, otherwise standard front
+PCM samples are taken.
+
+
+2) PCM stream related controls
+------------------------------
+
+name='EMU10K1 PCM Volume',index 0-31
+
+Channel volume attenuation in range 0-0xffff. The maximum value (no
+attenuation) is default. The channel mapping for three values is
+as follows:
+
+ 0 - mono, default 0xffff (no attenuation)
+ 1 - left, default 0xffff (no attenuation)
+ 2 - right, default 0xffff (no attenuation)
+
+name='EMU10K1 PCM Send Routing',index 0-31
+
+This control specifies the destination - FX-bus accumulators. There 24
+values with this mapping:
+
+ 0 - mono, A destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 1 - mono, B destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 1
+ 2 - mono, C destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 2
+ 3 - mono, D destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 3
+ 4 - mono, E destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 5 - mono, F destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 6 - mono, G destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 7 - mono, H destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 8 - left, A destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 9 - left, B destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 1
+ 10 - left, C destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 2
+ 11 - left, D destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 3
+ 12 - left, E destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 13 - left, F destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 14 - left, G destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 15 - left, H destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 16 - right, A destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 17 - right, B destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 1
+ 18 - right, C destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 2
+ 19 - right, D destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 3
+ 20 - right, E destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 21 - right, F destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 22 - right, G destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+ 23 - right, H destination (FX-bus 0-63), default 0
+
+Don't forget that it's illegal to assign a channel to the same FX-bus accumulator
+more than once (it means 0=0 && 1=0 is an invalid combination).
+
+name='EMU10K1 PCM Send Volume',index 0-31
+
+It specifies the attenuation (amount) for given destination in range 0-255.
+The channel mapping is following:
+
+ 0 - mono, A destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation)
+ 1 - mono, B destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation)
+ 2 - mono, C destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 3 - mono, D destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 4 - mono, E destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 5 - mono, F destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 6 - mono, G destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 7 - mono, H destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 8 - left, A destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation)
+ 9 - left, B destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 10 - left, C destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 11 - left, D destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 12 - left, E destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 13 - left, F destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 14 - left, G destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 15 - left, H destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 16 - right, A destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 17 - right, B destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation)
+ 18 - right, C destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 19 - right, D destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 20 - right, E destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 21 - right, F destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 22 - right, G destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 23 - right, H destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+
+
+
+4) MANUALS/PATENTS:
+-------------------
+
+ftp://opensource.creative.com/pub/doc
+-------------------------------------
+
+ Files:
+ LM4545.pdf AC97 Codec
+
+ m2049.pdf The EMU10K1 Digital Audio Processor
+
+ hog63.ps FX8010 - A DSP Chip Architecture for Audio Effects
+
+
+WIPO Patents
+------------
+ Patent numbers:
+ WO 9901813 (A1) Audio Effects Processor with multiple asynchronous (Jan. 14, 1999)
+ streams
+
+ WO 9901814 (A1) Processor with Instruction Set for Audio Effects (Jan. 14, 1999)
+
+ WO 9901953 (A1) Audio Effects Processor having Decoupled Instruction
+ Execution and Audio Data Sequencing (Jan. 14, 1999)
+
+
+US Patents (http://www.uspto.gov/)
+----------------------------------
+
+ US 5925841 Digital Sampling Instrument employing cache memory (Jul. 20, 1999)
+
+ US 5928342 Audio Effects Processor integrated on a single chip (Jul. 27, 1999)
+ with a multiport memory onto which multiple asynchronous
+ digital sound samples can be concurrently loaded
+
+ US 5930158 Processor with Instruction Set for Audio Effects (Jul. 27, 1999)
+
+ US 6032235 Memory initialization circuit (Tram) (Feb. 29, 2000)
+
+ US 6138207 Interpolation looping of audio samples in cache connected to (Oct. 24, 2000)
+ system bus with prioritization and modification of bus transfers
+ in accordance with loop ends and minimum block sizes
+
+ US 6151670 Method for conserving memory storage using a (Nov. 21, 2000)
+ pool of short term memory registers
+
+ US 6195715 Interrupt control for multiple programs communicating with (Feb. 27, 2001)
+ a common interrupt by associating programs to GP registers,
+ defining interrupt register, polling GP registers, and invoking
+ callback routine associated with defined interrupt register
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/Bt87x.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/Bt87x.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11edb2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/Bt87x.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+Intro
+=====
+
+You might have noticed that the bt878 grabber cards have actually
+_two_ PCI functions:
+
+$ lspci
+[ ... ]
+00:0a.0 Multimedia video controller: Brooktree Corporation Bt878 (rev 02)
+00:0a.1 Multimedia controller: Brooktree Corporation Bt878 (rev 02)
+[ ... ]
+
+The first does video, it is backward compatible to the bt848. The second
+does audio. snd-bt87x is a driver for the second function. It's a sound
+driver which can be used for recording sound (and _only_ recording, no
+playback). As most TV cards come with a short cable which can be plugged
+into your sound card's line-in you probably don't need this driver if all
+you want to do is just watching TV...
+
+Some cards do not bother to connect anything to the audio input pins of
+the chip, and some other cards use the audio function to transport MPEG
+video data, so it's quite possible that audio recording may not work
+with your card.
+
+
+Driver Status
+=============
+
+The driver is now stable. However, it doesn't know about many TV cards,
+and it refuses to load for cards it doesn't know.
+
+If the driver complains ("Unknown TV card found, the audio driver will
+not load"), you can specify the load_all=1 option to force the driver to
+try to use the audio capture function of your card. If the frequency of
+recorded data is not right, try to specify the digital_rate option with
+other values than the default 32000 (often it's 44100 or 64000).
+
+If you have an unknown card, please mail the ID and board name to
+<alsa-devel@lists.sf.net>, regardless of whether audio capture works or
+not, so that future versions of this driver know about your card.
+
+
+Audio modes
+===========
+
+The chip knows two different modes (digital/analog). snd-bt87x
+registers two PCM devices, one for each mode. They cannot be used at
+the same time.
+
+
+Digital audio mode
+==================
+
+The first device (hw:X,0) gives you 16 bit stereo sound. The sample
+rate depends on the external source which feeds the Bt87x with digital
+sound via I2S interface.
+
+
+Analog audio mode (A/D)
+=======================
+
+The second device (hw:X,1) gives you 8 or 16 bit mono sound. Supported
+sample rates are between 119466 and 448000 Hz (yes, these numbers are
+that high). If you've set the CONFIG_SND_BT87X_OVERCLOCK option, the
+maximum sample rate is 1792000 Hz, but audio data becomes unusable
+beyond 896000 Hz on my card.
+
+The chip has three analog inputs. Consequently you'll get a mixer
+device to control these.
+
+
+Have fun,
+
+ Clemens
+
+
+Written by Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de>
+big parts copied from btaudio.txt by Gerd Knorr <kraxel@bytesex.org>
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/CMIPCI.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/CMIPCI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a7df77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/CMIPCI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+ Brief Notes on C-Media 8738/8338 Driver
+ =======================================
+
+ Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
+
+
+Front/Rear Multi-channel Playback
+---------------------------------
+
+CM8x38 chip can use ADC as the second DAC so that two different stereo
+channels can be used for front/rear playbacks. Since there are two
+DACs, both streams are handled independently unlike the 4/6ch multi-
+channel playbacks in the section below.
+
+As default, ALSA driver assigns the first PCM device (i.e. hw:0,0 for
+card#0) for front and 4/6ch playbacks, while the second PCM device
+(hw:0,1) is assigned to the second DAC for rear playback.
+
+There are slight difference between two DACs.
+
+- The first DAC supports U8 and S16LE formats, while the second DAC
+ supports only S16LE.
+- The seconde DAC supports only two channel stereo.
+
+Please note that the CM8x38 DAC doesn't support continuous playback
+rate but only fixed rates: 5512, 8000, 11025, 16000, 22050, 32000,
+44100 and 48000 Hz.
+
+The rear output can be heard only when "Four Channel Mode" switch is
+disabled. Otherwise no signal will be routed to the rear speakers.
+As default it's turned on.
+
+*** WARNING ***
+When "Four Channel Mode" switch is off, the output from rear speakers
+will be FULL VOLUME regardless of Master and PCM volumes.
+This might damage your audio equipment. Please disconnect speakers
+before your turn off this switch.
+*** WARNING ***
+
+[ Well.. I once got the output with correct volume (i.e. same with the
+ front one) and was so excited. It was even with "Four Channel" bit
+ on and "double DAC" mode. Actually I could hear separate 4 channels
+ from front and rear speakers! But.. after reboot, all was gone.
+ It's a very pity that I didn't save the register dump at that
+ time.. Maybe there is an unknown register to achieve this... ]
+
+If your card has an extra output jack for the rear output, the rear
+playback should be routed there as default. If not, there is a
+control switch in the driver "Line-In As Rear", which you can change
+via alsamixer or somewhat else. When this switch is on, line-in jack
+is used as rear output.
+
+There are two more controls regarding to the rear output.
+The "Exchange DAC" switch is used to exchange front and rear playback
+routes, i.e. the 2nd DAC is output from front output.
+
+
+4/6 Multi-Channel Playback
+--------------------------
+
+The recent CM8738 chips support for the 4/6 multi-channel playback
+function. This is useful especially for AC3 decoding.
+
+When the multi-channel is supported, the driver name has a suffix
+"-MC" such like "CMI8738-MC6". You can check this name from
+/proc/asound/cards.
+
+When the 4/6-ch output is enabled, the second DAC accepts up to 6 (or
+4) channels. While the dual DAC supports two different rates or
+formats, the 4/6-ch playback supports only the same condition for all
+channels. Since the multi-channel playback mode uses both DACs, you
+cannot operate with full-duplex.
+
+The 4.0 and 5.1 modes are defined as the pcm "surround40" and "surround51"
+in alsa-lib. For example, you can play a WAV file with 6 channels like
+
+ % aplay -Dsurround51 sixchannels.wav
+
+For programmin the 4/6 channel playback, you need to specify the PCM
+channels as you like and set the format S16LE. For example, for playback
+with 4 channels,
+
+ snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(pcm, hw, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
+ // or mmap if you like
+ snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(pcm, hw, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
+ snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(pcm, hw, 4);
+
+and use the interleaved 4 channel data.
+
+There are some control switchs affecting to the speaker connections:
+
+"Line-In As Rear" - As mentioned above, the line-in jack is used
+ for the rear (3th and 4th channels) output.
+"Line-In As Bass" - The line-in jack is used for the bass (5th
+ and 6th channels) output.
+"Mic As Center/LFE" - The mic jack is used for the bass output.
+ If this switch is on, you cannot use a microphone as a capture
+ source, of course.
+
+
+Digital I/O
+-----------
+
+The CM8x38 provides the excellent SPDIF capability with very chip
+price (yes, that's the reason I bought the card :)
+
+The SPDIF playback and capture are done via the third PCM device
+(hw:0,2). Usually this is assigned to the PCM device "spdif".
+The available rates are 44100 and 48000 Hz.
+For playback with aplay, you can run like below:
+
+ % aplay -Dhw:0,2 foo.wav
+
+or
+
+ % aplay -Dspdif foo.wav
+
+24bit format is also supported experimentally.
+
+The playback and capture over SPDIF use normal DAC and ADC,
+respectively, so you cannot playback both analog and digital streams
+simultaneously.
+
+To enable SPDIF output, you need to turn on "IEC958 Output Switch"
+control via mixer or alsactl. Then you'll see the red light on from
+the card so you know that's working obviously :)
+The SPDIF input is always enabled, so you can hear SPDIF input data
+from line-out with "IEC958 In Monitor" switch at any time (see
+below).
+
+You can play via SPDIF even with the first device (hw:0,0),
+but SPDIF is enabled only when the proper format (S16LE), sample rate
+(441100 or 48000) and channels (2) are used. Otherwise it's turned
+off. (Also don't forget to turn on "IEC958 Output Switch", too.)
+
+
+Additionally there are relevant control switches:
+
+"IEC958 Mix Analog" - Mix analog PCM playback and FM-OPL/3 streams and
+ output through SPDIF. This switch appears only on old chip
+ models (CM8738 033 and 037).
+ Note: without this control you can output PCM to SPDIF.
+ This is "mixing" of streams, so e.g. it's not for AC3 output
+ (see the next section).
+
+"IEC958 In Select" - Select SPDIF input, the internal CD-in (false)
+ and the external input (true).
+
+"IEC958 Loop" - SPDIF input data is loop back into SPDIF
+ output (aka bypass)
+
+"IEC958 Copyright" - Set the copyright bit.
+
+"IEC958 5V" - Select 0.5V (coax) or 5V (optical) interface.
+ On some cards this doesn't work and you need to change the
+ configuration with hardware dip-switch.
+
+"IEC958 In Monitor" - SPDIF input is routed to DAC.
+
+"IEC958 In Phase Inverse" - Set SPDIF input format as inverse.
+ [FIXME: this doesn't work on all chips..]
+
+"IEC958 In Valid" - Set input validity flag detection.
+
+Note: When "PCM Playback Switch" is on, you'll hear the digital output
+stream through analog line-out.
+
+
+The AC3 (RAW DIGITAL) OUTPUT
+----------------------------
+
+The driver supports raw digital (typically AC3) i/o over SPDIF. This
+can be toggled via IEC958 playback control, but usually you need to
+access it via alsa-lib. See alsa-lib documents for more details.
+
+On the raw digital mode, the "PCM Playback Switch" is automatically
+turned off so that non-audio data is heard from the analog line-out.
+Similarly the following switches are off: "IEC958 Mix Analog" and
+"IEC958 Loop". The switches are resumed after closing the SPDIF PCM
+device automatically to the previous state.
+
+On the model 033, AC3 is implemented by the software conversion in
+the alsa-lib. If you need to bypass the software conversion of IEC958
+subframes, pass the "soft_ac3=0" module option. This doesn't matter
+on the newer models.
+
+
+ANALOG MIXER INTERFACE
+----------------------
+
+The mixer interface on CM8x38 is similar to SB16.
+There are Master, PCM, Synth, CD, Line, Mic and PC Speaker playback
+volumes. Synth, CD, Line and Mic have playback and capture switches,
+too, as well as SB16.
+
+In addition to the standard SB mixer, CM8x38 provides more functions.
+- PCM playback switch
+- PCM capture switch (to capture the data sent to DAC)
+- Mic Boost switch
+- Mic capture volume
+- Aux playback volume/switch and capture switch
+- 3D control switch
+
+
+MIDI CONTROLLER
+---------------
+
+The MPU401-UART interface is enabled as default only for the first
+(CMIPCI) card. You need to set module option "midi_port" properly
+for the 2nd (CMIPCI) card.
+
+There is _no_ hardware wavetable function on this chip (except for
+OPL3 synth below).
+What's said as MIDI synth on Windows is a software synthesizer
+emulation. On Linux use TiMidity or other softsynth program for
+playing MIDI music.
+
+
+FM OPL/3 Synth
+--------------
+
+The FM OPL/3 is also enabled as default only for the first card.
+Set "fm_port" module option for more cards.
+
+The output quality of FM OPL/3 is, however, very weird.
+I don't know why..
+
+
+Joystick and Modem
+------------------
+
+The joystick and modem should be available by enabling the control
+switch "Joystick" and "Modem" respectively. But I myself have never
+tested them yet.
+
+
+Debugging Information
+---------------------
+
+The registers are shown in /proc/asound/cardX/cmipci. If you have any
+problem (especially unexpected behavior of mixer), please attach the
+output of this proc file together with the bug report.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/ControlNames.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/ControlNames.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b18298
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/ControlNames.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+This document describes standard names of mixer controls.
+
+Syntax: SOURCE [DIRECTION] FUNCTION
+
+DIRECTION:
+ <nothing> (both directions)
+ Playback
+ Capture
+ Bypass Playback
+ Bypass Capture
+
+FUNCTION:
+ Switch (on/off switch)
+ Volume
+ Route (route control, hardware specific)
+
+SOURCE:
+ Master
+ Master Mono
+ Hardware Master
+ Headphone
+ PC Speaker
+ Phone
+ Phone Input
+ Phone Output
+ Synth
+ FM
+ Mic
+ Line
+ CD
+ Video
+ Zoom Video
+ Aux
+ PCM
+ PCM Front
+ PCM Rear
+ PCM Pan
+ Loopback
+ Analog Loopback (D/A -> A/D loopback)
+ Digital Loopback (playback -> capture loopback - without analog path)
+ Mono
+ Mono Output
+ Multi
+ ADC
+ Wave
+ Music
+ I2S
+ IEC958
+
+Exceptions:
+ [Digital] Capture Source
+ [Digital] Capture Switch (aka input gain switch)
+ [Digital] Capture Volume (aka input gain volume)
+ [Digital] Playback Switch (aka output gain switch)
+ [Digital] Playback Volume (aka output gain volume)
+ Tone Control - Switch
+ Tone Control - Bass
+ Tone Control - Treble
+ 3D Control - Switch
+ 3D Control - Center
+ 3D Control - Depth
+ 3D Control - Wide
+ 3D Control - Space
+ 3D Control - Level
+ Mic Boost [(?dB)]
+
+PCM interface:
+
+ Sample Clock Source { "Word", "Internal", "AutoSync" }
+ Clock Sync Status { "Lock", "Sync", "No Lock" }
+ External Rate /* external capture rate */
+ Capture Rate /* capture rate taken from external source */
+
+IEC958 (S/PDIF) interface:
+
+ IEC958 [...] [Playback|Capture] Switch /* turn on/off the IEC958 interface */
+ IEC958 [...] [Playback|Capture] Volume /* digital volume control */
+ IEC958 [...] [Playback|Capture] Default /* default or global value - read/write */
+ IEC958 [...] [Playback|Capture] Mask /* consumer and professional mask */
+ IEC958 [...] [Playback|Capture] Con Mask /* consumer mask */
+ IEC958 [...] [Playback|Capture] Pro Mask /* professional mask */
+ IEC958 [...] [Playback|Capture] PCM Stream /* the settings assigned to a PCM stream */
+ IEC958 Q-subcode [Playback|Capture] Default /* Q-subcode bits */
+ IEC958 Preamble [Playback|Capture] Default /* burst preamble words (4*16bits) */
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/alsa-driver-api.tmpl b/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/alsa-driver-api.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f3ae3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/alsa-driver-api.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.1//EN">
+
+<book>
+<?dbhtml filename="index.html">
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Header -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>The ALSA Driver API</title>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ This document is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but <emphasis>WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY</emphasis>; without even the
+ implied warranty of <emphasis>MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
+ PARTICULAR PURPOSE</emphasis>. See the GNU General Public License
+ for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+
+ </bookinfo>
+
+ <chapter><title>Management of Cards and Devices</title>
+ <sect1><title>Card Managment</title>
+!Esound/core/init.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Device Components</title>
+!Esound/core/device.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>KMOD and Device File Entries</title>
+!Esound/core/sound.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Memory Management Helpers</title>
+!Esound/core/memory.c
+!Esound/core/memalloc.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter><title>PCM API</title>
+ <sect1><title>PCM Core</title>
+!Esound/core/pcm.c
+!Esound/core/pcm_lib.c
+!Esound/core/pcm_native.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>PCM Format Helpers</title>
+!Esound/core/pcm_misc.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>PCM Memory Managment</title>
+!Esound/core/pcm_memory.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter><title>Control/Mixer API</title>
+ <sect1><title>General Control Interface</title>
+!Esound/core/control.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>AC97 Codec API</title>
+!Esound/pci/ac97/ac97_codec.c
+!Esound/pci/ac97/ac97_pcm.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter><title>MIDI API</title>
+ <sect1><title>Raw MIDI API</title>
+!Esound/core/rawmidi.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>MPU401-UART API</title>
+!Esound/drivers/mpu401/mpu401_uart.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter><title>Proc Info API</title>
+ <sect1><title>Proc Info Interface</title>
+!Esound/core/info.c
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+ <chapter><title>Miscellaneous Functions</title>
+ <sect1><title>Hardware-Dependent Devices API</title>
+!Esound/core/hwdep.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>ISA DMA Helpers</title>
+!Esound/core/isadma.c
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1><title>Other Helper Macros</title>
+!Iinclude/sound/core.h
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl b/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e789475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,6045 @@
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.1//EN">
+
+<book>
+<?dbhtml filename="index.html">
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Header -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <bookinfo>
+ <title>Writing an ALSA Driver</title>
+ <author>
+ <firstname>Takashi</firstname>
+ <surname>Iwai</surname>
+ <affiliation>
+ <address>
+ <email>tiwai@suse.de</email>
+ </address>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+
+ <date>March 6, 2005</date>
+ <edition>0.3.4</edition>
+
+ <abstract>
+ <para>
+ This document describes how to write an ALSA (Advanced Linux
+ Sound Architecture) driver.
+ </para>
+ </abstract>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>
+ Copyright (c) 2002-2004 Takashi Iwai <email>tiwai@suse.de</email>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This document is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but <emphasis>WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY</emphasis>; without even the
+ implied warranty of <emphasis>MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
+ PARTICULAR PURPOSE</emphasis>. See the GNU General Public License
+ for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+ MA 02111-1307 USA
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+
+ </bookinfo>
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Preface -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <preface id="preface">
+ <title>Preface</title>
+ <para>
+ This document describes how to write an
+ <ulink url="http://www.alsa-project.org/"><citetitle>
+ ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)</citetitle></ulink>
+ driver. The document focuses mainly on the PCI soundcard.
+ In the case of other device types, the API might
+ be different, too. However, at least the ALSA kernel API is
+ consistent, and therefore it would be still a bit help for
+ writing them.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The target of this document is ones who already have enough
+ skill of C language and have the basic knowledge of linux
+ kernel programming. This document doesn't explain the general
+ topics of linux kernel codes and doesn't cover the detail of
+ implementation of each low-level driver. It describes only how is
+ the standard way to write a PCI sound driver on ALSA.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you are already familiar with the older ALSA ver.0.5.x, you
+ can check the drivers such as <filename>es1938.c</filename> or
+ <filename>maestro3.c</filename> which have also almost the same
+ code-base in the ALSA 0.5.x tree, so you can compare the differences.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This document is still a draft version. Any feedbacks and
+ corrections, please!!
+ </para>
+ </preface>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- File Tree Structure -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="file-tree">
+ <title>File Tree Structure</title>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-general">
+ <title>General</title>
+ <para>
+ The ALSA drivers are provided in the two ways.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ One is the trees provided as a tarball or via cvs from the
+ ALSA's ftp site, and another is the 2.6 (or later) Linux kernel
+ tree. To synchronize both, the ALSA driver tree is split into
+ two different trees: alsa-kernel and alsa-driver. The former
+ contains purely the source codes for the Linux 2.6 (or later)
+ tree. This tree is designed only for compilation on 2.6 or
+ later environment. The latter, alsa-driver, contains many subtle
+ files for compiling the ALSA driver on the outside of Linux
+ kernel like configure script, the wrapper functions for older,
+ 2.2 and 2.4 kernels, to adapt the latest kernel API,
+ and additional drivers which are still in development or in
+ tests. The drivers in alsa-driver tree will be moved to
+ alsa-kernel (eventually 2.6 kernel tree) once when they are
+ finished and confirmed to work fine.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The file tree structure of ALSA driver is depicted below. Both
+ alsa-kernel and alsa-driver have almost the same file
+ structure, except for <quote>core</quote> directory. It's
+ named as <quote>acore</quote> in alsa-driver tree.
+
+ <example>
+ <title>ALSA File Tree Structure</title>
+ <literallayout>
+ sound
+ /core
+ /oss
+ /seq
+ /oss
+ /instr
+ /ioctl32
+ /include
+ /drivers
+ /mpu401
+ /opl3
+ /i2c
+ /l3
+ /synth
+ /emux
+ /pci
+ /(cards)
+ /isa
+ /(cards)
+ /arm
+ /ppc
+ /sparc
+ /usb
+ /pcmcia /(cards)
+ /oss
+ </literallayout>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-core-directory">
+ <title>core directory</title>
+ <para>
+ This directory contains the middle layer, that is, the heart
+ of ALSA drivers. In this directory, the native ALSA modules are
+ stored. The sub-directories contain different modules and are
+ dependent upon the kernel config.
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-core-directory-oss">
+ <title>core/oss</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The codes for PCM and mixer OSS emulation modules are stored
+ in this directory. The rawmidi OSS emulation is included in
+ the ALSA rawmidi code since it's quite small. The sequencer
+ code is stored in core/seq/oss directory (see
+ <link linkend="file-tree-core-directory-seq-oss"><citetitle>
+ below</citetitle></link>).
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-core-directory-ioctl32">
+ <title>core/ioctl32</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This directory contains the 32bit-ioctl wrappers for 64bit
+ architectures such like x86-64, ppc64 and sparc64. For 32bit
+ and alpha architectures, these are not compiled.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-core-directory-seq">
+ <title>core/seq</title>
+ <para>
+ This and its sub-directories are for the ALSA
+ sequencer. This directory contains the sequencer core and
+ primary sequencer modules such like snd-seq-midi,
+ snd-seq-virmidi, etc. They are compiled only when
+ <constant>CONFIG_SND_SEQUENCER</constant> is set in the kernel
+ config.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-core-directory-seq-oss">
+ <title>core/seq/oss</title>
+ <para>
+ This contains the OSS sequencer emulation codes.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-core-directory-deq-instr">
+ <title>core/seq/instr</title>
+ <para>
+ This directory contains the modules for the sequencer
+ instrument layer.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-include-directory">
+ <title>include directory</title>
+ <para>
+ This is the place for the public header files of ALSA drivers,
+ which are to be exported to the user-space, or included by
+ several files at different directories. Basically, the private
+ header files should not be placed in this directory, but you may
+ still find files there, due to historical reason :)
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-drivers-directory">
+ <title>drivers directory</title>
+ <para>
+ This directory contains the codes shared among different drivers
+ on the different architectures. They are hence supposed not to be
+ architecture-specific.
+ For example, the dummy pcm driver and the serial MIDI
+ driver are found in this directory. In the sub-directories,
+ there are the codes for components which are independent from
+ bus and cpu architectures.
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-drivers-directory-mpu401">
+ <title>drivers/mpu401</title>
+ <para>
+ The MPU401 and MPU401-UART modules are stored here.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-drivers-directory-opl3">
+ <title>drivers/opl3 and opl4</title>
+ <para>
+ The OPL3 and OPL4 FM-synth stuff is found here.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-i2c-directory">
+ <title>i2c directory</title>
+ <para>
+ This contains the ALSA i2c components.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Although there is a standard i2c layer on Linux, ALSA has its
+ own i2c codes for some cards, because the soundcard needs only a
+ simple operation and the standard i2c API is too complicated for
+ such a purpose.
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-i2c-directory-l3">
+ <title>i2c/l3</title>
+ <para>
+ This is a sub-directory for ARM L3 i2c.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-synth-directory">
+ <title>synth directory</title>
+ <para>
+ This contains the synth middle-level modules.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ So far, there is only Emu8000/Emu10k1 synth driver under
+ synth/emux sub-directory.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-pci-directory">
+ <title>pci directory</title>
+ <para>
+ This and its sub-directories hold the top-level card modules
+ for PCI soundcards and the codes specific to the PCI BUS.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The drivers compiled from a single file is stored directly on
+ pci directory, while the drivers with several source files are
+ stored on its own sub-directory (e.g. emu10k1, ice1712).
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-isa-directory">
+ <title>isa directory</title>
+ <para>
+ This and its sub-directories hold the top-level card modules
+ for ISA soundcards.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-arm-ppc-sparc-directories">
+ <title>arm, ppc, and sparc directories</title>
+ <para>
+ These are for the top-level card modules which are
+ specific to each given architecture.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-usb-directory">
+ <title>usb directory</title>
+ <para>
+ This contains the USB-audio driver. On the latest version, the
+ USB MIDI driver is integrated together with usb-audio driver.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-pcmcia-directory">
+ <title>pcmcia directory</title>
+ <para>
+ The PCMCIA, especially PCCard drivers will go here. CardBus
+ drivers will be on pci directory, because its API is identical
+ with the standard PCI cards.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="file-tree-oss-directory">
+ <title>oss directory</title>
+ <para>
+ The OSS/Lite source files are stored here on Linux 2.6 (or
+ later) tree. (In the ALSA driver tarball, it's empty, of course :)
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Basic Flow for PCI Drivers -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="basic-flow">
+ <title>Basic Flow for PCI Drivers</title>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-outline">
+ <title>Outline</title>
+ <para>
+ The minimum flow of PCI soundcard is like the following:
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>define the PCI ID table (see the section
+ <link linkend="pci-resource-entries"><citetitle>PCI Entries
+ </citetitle></link>).</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>create <function>probe()</function> callback.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>create <function>remove()</function> callback.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>create pci_driver table which contains the three pointers above.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>create <function>init()</function> function just calling <function>pci_module_init()</function> to register the pci_driver table defined above.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>create <function>exit()</function> function to call <function>pci_unregister_driver()</function> function.</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-example">
+ <title>Full Code Example</title>
+ <para>
+ The code example is shown below. Some parts are kept
+ unimplemented at this moment but will be filled in the
+ succeeding sections. The numbers in comment lines of
+ <function>snd_mychip_probe()</function> function are the
+ markers.
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Basic Flow for PCI Drivers Example</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ #include <sound/driver.h>
+ #include <linux/init.h>
+ #include <linux/pci.h>
+ #include <linux/slab.h>
+ #include <sound/core.h>
+ #include <sound/initval.h>
+
+ /* module parameters (see "Module Parameters") */
+ static int index[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX;
+ static char *id[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR;
+ static int enable[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_ENABLE_PNP;
+
+ /* definition of the chip-specific record */
+ typedef struct snd_mychip mychip_t;
+ struct snd_mychip {
+ snd_card_t *card;
+ // rest of implementation will be in the section
+ // "PCI Resource Managements"
+ };
+
+ /* chip-specific destructor
+ * (see "PCI Resource Managements")
+ */
+ static int snd_mychip_free(mychip_t *chip)
+ {
+ .... // will be implemented later...
+ }
+
+ /* component-destructor
+ * (see "Management of Cards and Components")
+ */
+ static int snd_mychip_dev_free(snd_device_t *device)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = device->device_data;
+ return snd_mychip_free(chip);
+ }
+
+ /* chip-specific constructor
+ * (see "Management of Cards and Components")
+ */
+ static int __devinit snd_mychip_create(snd_card_t *card,
+ struct pci_dev *pci,
+ mychip_t **rchip)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip;
+ int err;
+ static snd_device_ops_t ops = {
+ .dev_free = snd_mychip_dev_free,
+ };
+
+ *rchip = NULL;
+
+ // check PCI availability here
+ // (see "PCI Resource Managements")
+ ....
+
+ /* allocate a chip-specific data with zero filled */
+ chip = kcalloc(1, sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (chip == NULL)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ chip->card = card;
+
+ // rest of initialization here; will be implemented
+ // later, see "PCI Resource Managements"
+ ....
+
+ if ((err = snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL,
+ chip, &ops)) < 0) {
+ snd_mychip_free(chip);
+ return err;
+ }
+
+ snd_card_set_dev(card, &pci->dev);
+
+ *rchip = chip;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ /* constructor -- see "Constructor" sub-section */
+ static int __devinit snd_mychip_probe(struct pci_dev *pci,
+ const struct pci_device_id *pci_id)
+ {
+ static int dev;
+ snd_card_t *card;
+ mychip_t *chip;
+ int err;
+
+ /* (1) */
+ if (dev >= SNDRV_CARDS)
+ return -ENODEV;
+ if (!enable[dev]) {
+ dev++;
+ return -ENOENT;
+ }
+
+ /* (2) */
+ card = snd_card_new(index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, 0);
+ if (card == NULL)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ /* (3) */
+ if ((err = snd_mychip_create(card, pci, &chip)) < 0) {
+ snd_card_free(card);
+ return err;
+ }
+
+ /* (4) */
+ strcpy(card->driver, "My Chip");
+ strcpy(card->shortname, "My Own Chip 123");
+ sprintf(card->longname, "%s at 0x%lx irq %i",
+ card->shortname, chip->ioport, chip->irq);
+
+ /* (5) */
+ .... // implemented later
+
+ /* (6) */
+ if ((err = snd_card_register(card)) < 0) {
+ snd_card_free(card);
+ return err;
+ }
+
+ /* (7) */
+ pci_set_drvdata(pci, card);
+ dev++;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ /* destructor -- see "Destructor" sub-section */
+ static void __devexit snd_mychip_remove(struct pci_dev *pci)
+ {
+ snd_card_free(pci_get_drvdata(pci));
+ pci_set_drvdata(pci, NULL);
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-constructor">
+ <title>Constructor</title>
+ <para>
+ The real constructor of PCI drivers is probe callback. The
+ probe callback and other component-constructors which are called
+ from probe callback should be defined with
+ <parameter>__devinit</parameter> prefix. You
+ cannot use <parameter>__init</parameter> prefix for them,
+ because any PCI device could be a hotplug device.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the probe callback, the following scheme is often used.
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-constructor-device-index">
+ <title>1) Check and increment the device index.</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int dev;
+ ....
+ if (dev >= SNDRV_CARDS)
+ return -ENODEV;
+ if (!enable[dev]) {
+ dev++;
+ return -ENOENT;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where enable[dev] is the module option.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ At each time probe callback is called, check the
+ availability of the device. If not available, simply increment
+ the device index and returns. dev will be incremented also
+ later (<link
+ linkend="basic-flow-constructor-set-pci"><citetitle>step
+ 7</citetitle></link>).
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-constructor-create-card">
+ <title>2) Create a card instance</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_card_t *card;
+ ....
+ card = snd_card_new(index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, 0);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The detail will be explained in the section
+ <link linkend="card-management-card-instance"><citetitle>
+ Management of Cards and Components</citetitle></link>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-constructor-create-main">
+ <title>3) Create a main component</title>
+ <para>
+ In this part, the PCI resources are allocated.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ mychip_t *chip;
+ ....
+ if ((err = snd_mychip_create(card, pci, &chip)) < 0) {
+ snd_card_free(card);
+ return err;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ The detail will be explained in the section <link
+ linkend="pci-resource"><citetitle>PCI Resource
+ Managements</citetitle></link>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-constructor-main-component">
+ <title>4) Set the driver ID and name strings.</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ strcpy(card->driver, "My Chip");
+ strcpy(card->shortname, "My Own Chip 123");
+ sprintf(card->longname, "%s at 0x%lx irq %i",
+ card->shortname, chip->ioport, chip->irq);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ The driver field holds the minimal ID string of the
+ chip. This is referred by alsa-lib's configurator, so keep it
+ simple but unique.
+ Even the same driver can have different driver IDs to
+ distinguish the functionality of each chip type.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The shortname field is a string shown as more verbose
+ name. The longname field contains the information which is
+ shown in <filename>/proc/asound/cards</filename>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-constructor-create-other">
+ <title>5) Create other components, such as mixer, MIDI, etc.</title>
+ <para>
+ Here you define the basic components such as
+ <link linkend="pcm-interface"><citetitle>PCM</citetitle></link>,
+ mixer (e.g. <link linkend="api-ac97"><citetitle>AC97</citetitle></link>),
+ MIDI (e.g. <link linkend="midi-interface"><citetitle>MPU-401</citetitle></link>),
+ and other interfaces.
+ Also, if you want a <link linkend="proc-interface"><citetitle>proc
+ file</citetitle></link>, define it here, too.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-constructor-register-card">
+ <title>6) Register the card instance.</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ if ((err = snd_card_register(card)) < 0) {
+ snd_card_free(card);
+ return err;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Will be explained in the section <link
+ linkend="card-management-registration"><citetitle>Management
+ of Cards and Components</citetitle></link>, too.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-constructor-set-pci">
+ <title>7) Set the PCI driver data and return zero.</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ pci_set_drvdata(pci, card);
+ dev++;
+ return 0;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ In the above, the card record is stored. This pointer is
+ referred in the remove callback and power-management
+ callbacks, too.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-destructor">
+ <title>Destructor</title>
+ <para>
+ The destructor, remove callback, simply releases the card
+ instance. Then the ALSA middle layer will release all the
+ attached components automatically.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ It would be typically like the following:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void __devexit snd_mychip_remove(struct pci_dev *pci)
+ {
+ snd_card_free(pci_get_drvdata(pci));
+ pci_set_drvdata(pci, NULL);
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ The above code assumes that the card pointer is set to the PCI
+ driver data.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="basic-flow-header-files">
+ <title>Header Files</title>
+ <para>
+ For the above example, at least the following include files
+ are necessary.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ #include <sound/driver.h>
+ #include <linux/init.h>
+ #include <linux/pci.h>
+ #include <linux/slab.h>
+ #include <sound/core.h>
+ #include <sound/initval.h>
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where the last one is necessary only when module options are
+ defined in the source file. If the codes are split to several
+ files, the file without module options don't need them.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In addition to them, you'll need
+ <filename><linux/interrupt.h></filename> for the interrupt
+ handling, and <filename><asm/io.h></filename> for the i/o
+ access. If you use <function>mdelay()</function> or
+ <function>udelay()</function> functions, you'll need to include
+ <filename><linux/delay.h></filename>, too.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The ALSA interfaces like PCM or control API are defined in other
+ header files as <filename><sound/xxx.h></filename>.
+ They have to be included after
+ <filename><sound/core.h></filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Management of Cards and Components -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="card-management">
+ <title>Management of Cards and Components</title>
+
+ <section id="card-management-card-instance">
+ <title>Card Instance</title>
+ <para>
+ For each soundcard, a <quote>card</quote> record must be allocated.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A card record is the headquarters of the soundcard. It manages
+ the list of whole devices (components) on the soundcard, such as
+ PCM, mixers, MIDI, synthesizer, and so on. Also, the card
+ record holds the ID and the name strings of the card, manages
+ the root of proc files, and controls the power-management states
+ and hotplug disconnections. The component list on the card
+ record is used to manage the proper releases of resources at
+ destruction.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As mentioned above, to create a card instance, call
+ <function>snd_card_new()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_card_t *card;
+ card = snd_card_new(index, id, module, extra_size);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The function takes four arguments, the card-index number, the
+ id string, the module pointer (usually
+ <constant>THIS_MODULE</constant>),
+ and the size of extra-data space. The last argument is used to
+ allocate card->private_data for the
+ chip-specific data. Note that this data
+ <emphasis>is</emphasis> allocated by
+ <function>snd_card_new()</function>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="card-management-component">
+ <title>Components</title>
+ <para>
+ After the card is created, you can attach the components
+ (devices) to the card instance. On ALSA driver, a component is
+ represented as a <type>snd_device_t</type> object.
+ A component can be a PCM instance, a control interface, a raw
+ MIDI interface, etc. Each of such instances has one component
+ entry.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A component can be created via
+ <function>snd_device_new()</function> function.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_XXX, chip, &ops);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This takes the card pointer, the device-level
+ (<constant>SNDRV_DEV_XXX</constant>), the data pointer, and the
+ callback pointers (<parameter>&ops</parameter>). The
+ device-level defines the type of components and the order of
+ registration and de-registration. For most of components, the
+ device-level is already defined. For a user-defined component,
+ you can use <constant>SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL</constant>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This function itself doesn't allocate the data space. The data
+ must be allocated manually beforehand, and its pointer is passed
+ as the argument. This pointer is used as the identifier
+ (<parameter>chip</parameter> in the above example) for the
+ instance.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Each ALSA pre-defined component such as ac97 or pcm calls
+ <function>snd_device_new()</function> inside its
+ constructor. The destructor for each component is defined in the
+ callback pointers. Hence, you don't need to take care of
+ calling a destructor for such a component.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you would like to create your own component, you need to
+ set the destructor function to dev_free callback in
+ <parameter>ops</parameter>, so that it can be released
+ automatically via <function>snd_card_free()</function>. The
+ example will be shown later as an implementation of a
+ chip-specific data.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="card-management-chip-specific">
+ <title>Chip-Specific Data</title>
+ <para>
+ The chip-specific information, e.g. the i/o port address, its
+ resource pointer, or the irq number, is stored in the
+ chip-specific record.
+ Usually, the chip-specific record is typedef'ed as
+ <type>xxx_t</type> like the following:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ typedef struct snd_mychip mychip_t;
+ struct snd_mychip {
+ ....
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In general, there are two ways to allocate the chip record.
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="card-management-chip-specific-snd-card-new">
+ <title>1. Allocating via <function>snd_card_new()</function>.</title>
+ <para>
+ As mentioned above, you can pass the extra-data-length to the 4th argument of <function>snd_card_new()</function>, i.e.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ card = snd_card_new(index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, sizeof(mychip_t));
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ whether <type>mychip_t</type> is the type of the chip record.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In return, the allocated record can be accessed as
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ mychip_t *chip = (mychip_t *)card->private_data;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ With this method, you don't have to allocate twice.
+ The record is released together with the card instance.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="card-management-chip-specific-allocate-extra">
+ <title>2. Allocating an extra device.</title>
+
+ <para>
+ After allocating a card instance via
+ <function>snd_card_new()</function> (with
+ <constant>NULL</constant> on the 4th arg), call
+ <function>kcalloc()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_card_t *card;
+ mychip_t *chip;
+ card = snd_card_new(index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, NULL);
+ .....
+ chip = kcalloc(1, sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The chip record should have the field to hold the card
+ pointer at least,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ struct snd_mychip {
+ snd_card_t *card;
+ ....
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Then, set the card pointer in the returned chip instance.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ chip->card = card;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Next, initialize the fields, and register this chip
+ record as a low-level device with a specified
+ <parameter>ops</parameter>,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static snd_device_ops_t ops = {
+ .dev_free = snd_mychip_dev_free,
+ };
+ ....
+ snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL, chip, &ops);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ <function>snd_mychip_dev_free()</function> is the
+ device-destructor function, which will call the real
+ destructor.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_mychip_dev_free(snd_device_t *device)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = device->device_data;
+ return snd_mychip_free(chip);
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where <function>snd_mychip_free()</function> is the real destructor.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="card-management-registration">
+ <title>Registration and Release</title>
+ <para>
+ After all components are assigned, register the card instance
+ by calling <function>snd_card_register()</function>. The access
+ to the device files are enabled at this point. That is, before
+ <function>snd_card_register()</function> is called, the
+ components are safely inaccessible from external side. If this
+ call fails, exit the probe function after releasing the card via
+ <function>snd_card_free()</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For releasing the card instance, you can call simply
+ <function>snd_card_free()</function>. As already mentioned, all
+ components are released automatically by this call.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As further notes, the destructors (both
+ <function>snd_mychip_dev_free</function> and
+ <function>snd_mychip_free</function>) cannot be defined with
+ <parameter>__devexit</parameter> prefix, because they may be
+ called from the constructor, too, at the false path.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For a device which allows hotplugging, you can use
+ <function>snd_card_free_in_thread</function>. This one will
+ postpone the destruction and wait in a kernel-thread until all
+ devices are closed.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- PCI Resource Managements -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="pci-resource">
+ <title>PCI Resource Managements</title>
+
+ <section id="pci-resource-example">
+ <title>Full Code Example</title>
+ <para>
+ In this section, we'll finish the chip-specific constructor,
+ destructor and PCI entries. The example code is shown first,
+ below.
+
+ <example>
+ <title>PCI Resource Managements Example</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ struct snd_mychip {
+ snd_card_t *card;
+ struct pci_dev *pci;
+
+ unsigned long port;
+ int irq;
+ };
+
+ static int snd_mychip_free(mychip_t *chip)
+ {
+ /* disable hardware here if any */
+ .... // (not implemented in this document)
+
+ /* release the irq */
+ if (chip->irq >= 0)
+ free_irq(chip->irq, (void *)chip);
+ /* release the i/o ports & memory */
+ pci_release_regions(chip->pci);
+ /* disable the PCI entry */
+ pci_disable_device(chip->pci);
+ /* release the data */
+ kfree(chip);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ /* chip-specific constructor */
+ static int __devinit snd_mychip_create(snd_card_t *card,
+ struct pci_dev *pci,
+ mychip_t **rchip)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip;
+ int err;
+ static snd_device_ops_t ops = {
+ .dev_free = snd_mychip_dev_free,
+ };
+
+ *rchip = NULL;
+
+ /* initialize the PCI entry */
+ if ((err = pci_enable_device(pci)) < 0)
+ return err;
+ /* check PCI availability (28bit DMA) */
+ if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, 0x0fffffff) < 0 ||
+ pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, 0x0fffffff) < 0) {
+ printk(KERN_ERR "error to set 28bit mask DMA\n");
+ pci_disable_device(pci);
+ return -ENXIO;
+ }
+
+ chip = kcalloc(1, sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (chip == NULL) {
+ pci_disable_device(pci);
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ }
+
+ /* initialize the stuff */
+ chip->card = card;
+ chip->pci = pci;
+ chip->irq = -1;
+
+ /* (1) PCI resource allocation */
+ if ((err = pci_request_regions(pci, "My Chip")) < 0) {
+ kfree(chip);
+ pci_disable_device(pci);
+ return err;
+ }
+ chip->port = pci_resource_start(pci, 0);
+ if (request_irq(pci->irq, snd_mychip_interrupt,
+ SA_INTERRUPT|SA_SHIRQ, "My Chip",
+ (void *)chip)) {
+ printk(KERN_ERR "cannot grab irq %d\n", pci->irq);
+ snd_mychip_free(chip);
+ return -EBUSY;
+ }
+ chip->irq = pci->irq;
+
+ /* (2) initialization of the chip hardware */
+ .... // (not implemented in this document)
+
+ if ((err = snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL,
+ chip, &ops)) < 0) {
+ snd_mychip_free(chip);
+ return err;
+ }
+
+ snd_card_set_dev(card, &pci->dev);
+
+ *rchip = chip;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ /* PCI IDs */
+ static struct pci_device_id snd_mychip_ids[] = {
+ { PCI_VENDOR_ID_FOO, PCI_DEVICE_ID_BAR,
+ PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID, 0, 0, 0, },
+ ....
+ { 0, }
+ };
+ MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci, snd_mychip_ids);
+
+ /* pci_driver definition */
+ static struct pci_driver driver = {
+ .name = "My Own Chip",
+ .id_table = snd_mychip_ids,
+ .probe = snd_mychip_probe,
+ .remove = __devexit_p(snd_mychip_remove),
+ };
+
+ /* initialization of the module */
+ static int __init alsa_card_mychip_init(void)
+ {
+ return pci_module_init(&driver);
+ }
+
+ /* clean up the module */
+ static void __exit alsa_card_mychip_exit(void)
+ {
+ pci_unregister_driver(&driver);
+ }
+
+ module_init(alsa_card_mychip_init)
+ module_exit(alsa_card_mychip_exit)
+
+ EXPORT_NO_SYMBOLS; /* for old kernels only */
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pci-resource-some-haftas">
+ <title>Some Hafta's</title>
+ <para>
+ The allocation of PCI resources is done in the
+ <function>probe()</function> function, and usually an extra
+ <function>xxx_create()</function> function is written for this
+ purpose.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the case of PCI devices, you have to call at first
+ <function>pci_enable_device()</function> function before
+ allocating resources. Also, you need to set the proper PCI DMA
+ mask to limit the accessed i/o range. In some cases, you might
+ need to call <function>pci_set_master()</function> function,
+ too.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Suppose the 28bit mask, and the code to be added would be like:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ if ((err = pci_enable_device(pci)) < 0)
+ return err;
+ if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, 0x0fffffff) < 0 ||
+ pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, 0x0fffffff) < 0) {
+ printk(KERN_ERR "error to set 28bit mask DMA\n");
+ pci_disable_device(pci);
+ return -ENXIO;
+ }
+
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pci-resource-resource-allocation">
+ <title>Resource Allocation</title>
+ <para>
+ The allocation of I/O ports and irqs are done via standard kernel
+ functions. Unlike ALSA ver.0.5.x., there are no helpers for
+ that. And these resources must be released in the destructor
+ function (see below). Also, on ALSA 0.9.x, you don't need to
+ allocate (pseudo-)DMA for PCI like ALSA 0.5.x.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Now assume that this PCI device has an I/O port with 8 bytes
+ and an interrupt. Then <type>mychip_t</type> will have the
+ following fields:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ struct snd_mychip {
+ snd_card_t *card;
+
+ unsigned long port;
+ int irq;
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For an i/o port (and also a memory region), you need to have
+ the resource pointer for the standard resource management. For
+ an irq, you have to keep only the irq number (integer). But you
+ need to initialize this number as -1 before actual allocation,
+ since irq 0 is valid. The port address and its resource pointer
+ can be initialized as null by
+ <function>kcalloc()</function> automatically, so you
+ don't have to take care of resetting them.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The allocation of an i/o port is done like this:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ if ((err = pci_request_regions(pci, "My Chip")) < 0) {
+ kfree(chip);
+ pci_disable_device(pci);
+ return err;
+ }
+ chip->port = pci_resource_start(pci, 0);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <!-- obsolete -->
+ It will reserve the i/o port region of 8 bytes of the given
+ PCI device. The returned value, chip->res_port, is allocated
+ via <function>kmalloc()</function> by
+ <function>request_region()</function>. The pointer must be
+ released via <function>kfree()</function>, but there is some
+ problem regarding this. This issue will be explained more below.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The allocation of an interrupt source is done like this:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ if (request_irq(pci->irq, snd_mychip_interrupt,
+ SA_INTERRUPT|SA_SHIRQ, "My Chip",
+ (void *)chip)) {
+ printk(KERN_ERR "cannot grab irq %d\n", pci->irq);
+ snd_mychip_free(chip);
+ return -EBUSY;
+ }
+ chip->irq = pci->irq;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where <function>snd_mychip_interrupt()</function> is the
+ interrupt handler defined <link
+ linkend="pcm-interface-interrupt-handler"><citetitle>later</citetitle></link>.
+ Note that chip->irq should be defined
+ only when <function>request_irq()</function> succeeded.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ On the PCI bus, the interrupts can be shared. Thus,
+ <constant>SA_SHIRQ</constant> is given as the interrupt flag of
+ <function>request_irq()</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The last argument of <function>request_irq()</function> is the
+ data pointer passed to the interrupt handler. Usually, the
+ chip-specific record is used for that, but you can use what you
+ like, too.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ I won't define the detail of the interrupt handler at this
+ point, but at least its appearance can be explained now. The
+ interrupt handler looks usually like the following:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static irqreturn_t snd_mychip_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id,
+ struct pt_regs *regs)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = dev_id;
+ ....
+ return IRQ_HANDLED;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Now let's write the corresponding destructor for the resources
+ above. The role of destructor is simple: disable the hardware
+ (if already activated) and release the resources. So far, we
+ have no hardware part, so the disabling is not written here.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For releasing the resources, <quote>check-and-release</quote>
+ method is a safer way. For the interrupt, do like this:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ if (chip->irq >= 0)
+ free_irq(chip->irq, (void *)chip);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ Since the irq number can start from 0, you should initialize
+ chip->irq with a negative value (e.g. -1), so that you can
+ check the validity of the irq number as above.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When you requested I/O ports or memory regions via
+ <function>pci_request_region()</function> or
+ <function>pci_request_regions()</function> like this example,
+ release the resource(s) using the corresponding function,
+ <function>pci_release_region()</function> or
+ <function>pci_release_regions()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ pci_release_regions(chip->pci);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When you requested manually via <function>request_region()</function>
+ or <function>request_mem_region</function>, you can release it via
+ <function>release_resource()</function>. Suppose that you keep
+ the resource pointer returned from <function>request_region()</function>
+ in chip->res_port, the release procedure looks like below:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ if (chip->res_port) {
+ release_resource(chip->res_port);
+ kfree_nocheck(chip->res_port);
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ As you can see, the resource pointer is also to be freed
+ via <function>kfree_nocheck()</function> after
+ <function>release_resource()</function> is called. You
+ cannot use <function>kfree()</function> here, because on ALSA,
+ <function>kfree()</function> may be a wrapper to its own
+ allocator with the memory debugging. Since the resource pointer
+ is allocated externally outside the ALSA, it must be released
+ via the native
+ <function>kfree()</function>.
+ <function>kfree_nocheck()</function> is used for that; it calls
+ the native <function>kfree()</function> without wrapper.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Don't forget to call <function>pci_disable_device()</function>
+ before all finished.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ And finally, release the chip-specific record.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ kfree(chip);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Again, remember that you cannot
+ set <parameter>__devexit</parameter> prefix for this destructor.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ We didn't implement the hardware-disabling part in the above.
+ If you need to do this, please note that the destructor may be
+ called even before the initialization of the chip is completed.
+ It would be better to have a flag to skip the hardware-disabling
+ if the hardware was not initialized yet.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the chip-data is assigned to the card using
+ <function>snd_device_new()</function> with
+ <constant>SNDRV_DEV_LOWLELVEL</constant> , its destructor is
+ called at the last. That is, it is assured that all other
+ components like PCMs and controls have been already released.
+ You don't have to call stopping PCMs, etc. explicitly, but just
+ stop the hardware in the low-level.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The management of a memory-mapped region is almost as same as
+ the management of an i/o port. You'll need three fields like
+ the following:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ struct snd_mychip {
+ ....
+ unsigned long iobase_phys;
+ void __iomem *iobase_virt;
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ and the allocation would be like below:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ if ((err = pci_request_regions(pci, "My Chip")) < 0) {
+ kfree(chip);
+ return err;
+ }
+ chip->iobase_phys = pci_resource_start(pci, 0);
+ chip->iobase_virt = ioremap_nocache(chip->iobase_phys,
+ pci_resource_len(pci, 0));
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ and the corresponding destructor would be:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_mychip_free(mychip_t *chip)
+ {
+ ....
+ if (chip->iobase_virt)
+ iounmap(chip->iobase_virt);
+ ....
+ pci_release_regions(chip->pci);
+ ....
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pci-resource-device-struct">
+ <title>Registration of Device Struct</title>
+ <para>
+ At some point, typically after calling <function>snd_device_new()</function>,
+ you need to register the <structname>struct device</structname> of the chip
+ you're handling for udev and co. ALSA provides a macro for compatibility with
+ older kernels. Simply call like the following:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_card_set_dev(card, &pci->dev);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ so that it stores the PCI's device pointer to the card. This will be
+ referred by ALSA core functions later when the devices are registered.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ In the case of non-PCI, pass the proper device struct pointer of the BUS
+ instead. (In the case of legacy ISA without PnP, you don't have to do
+ anything.)
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pci-resource-entries">
+ <title>PCI Entries</title>
+ <para>
+ So far, so good. Let's finish the rest of missing PCI
+ stuffs. At first, we need a
+ <structname>pci_device_id</structname> table for this
+ chipset. It's a table of PCI vendor/device ID number, and some
+ masks.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For example,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static struct pci_device_id snd_mychip_ids[] = {
+ { PCI_VENDOR_ID_FOO, PCI_DEVICE_ID_BAR,
+ PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID, 0, 0, 0, },
+ ....
+ { 0, }
+ };
+ MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci, snd_mychip_ids);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The first and second fields of
+ <structname>pci_device_id</structname> struct are the vendor and
+ device IDs. If you have nothing special to filter the matching
+ devices, you can use the rest of fields like above. The last
+ field of <structname>pci_device_id</structname> struct is a
+ private data for this entry. You can specify any value here, for
+ example, to tell the type of different operations per each
+ device IDs. Such an example is found in intel8x0 driver.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The last entry of this list is the terminator. You must
+ specify this all-zero entry.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Then, prepare the <structname>pci_driver</structname> record:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static struct pci_driver driver = {
+ .name = "My Own Chip",
+ .id_table = snd_mychip_ids,
+ .probe = snd_mychip_probe,
+ .remove = __devexit_p(snd_mychip_remove),
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>probe</structfield> and
+ <structfield>remove</structfield> functions are what we already
+ defined in
+ the previous sections. The <structfield>remove</structfield> should
+ be defined with
+ <function>__devexit_p()</function> macro, so that it's not
+ defined for built-in (and non-hot-pluggable) case. The
+ <structfield>name</structfield>
+ field is the name string of this device. Note that you must not
+ use a slash <quote>/</quote> in this string.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ And at last, the module entries:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int __init alsa_card_mychip_init(void)
+ {
+ return pci_module_init(&driver);
+ }
+
+ static void __exit alsa_card_mychip_exit(void)
+ {
+ pci_unregister_driver(&driver);
+ }
+
+ module_init(alsa_card_mychip_init)
+ module_exit(alsa_card_mychip_exit)
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that these module entries are tagged with
+ <parameter>__init</parameter> and
+ <parameter>__exit</parameter> prefixes, not
+ <parameter>__devinit</parameter> nor
+ <parameter>__devexit</parameter>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Oh, one thing was forgotten. If you have no exported symbols,
+ you need to declare it on 2.2 or 2.4 kernels (on 2.6 kernels
+ it's not necessary, though).
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ EXPORT_NO_SYMBOLS;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ That's all!
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- PCM Interface -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="pcm-interface">
+ <title>PCM Interface</title>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-general">
+ <title>General</title>
+ <para>
+ The PCM middle layer of ALSA is quite powerful and it is only
+ necessary for each driver to implement the low-level functions
+ to access its hardware.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For accessing to the PCM layer, you need to include
+ <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename> above all. In addition,
+ <filename><sound/pcm_params.h></filename> might be needed
+ if you access to some functions related with hw_param.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Each card device can have up to four pcm instances. A pcm
+ instance corresponds to a pcm device file. The limitation of
+ number of instances comes only from the available bit size of
+ the linux's device number. Once when 64bit device number is
+ used, we'll have more available pcm instances.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A pcm instance consists of pcm playback and capture streams,
+ and each pcm stream consists of one or more pcm substreams. Some
+ soundcard supports the multiple-playback function. For example,
+ emu10k1 has a PCM playback of 32 stereo substreams. In this case, at
+ each open, a free substream is (usually) automatically chosen
+ and opened. Meanwhile, when only one substream exists and it was
+ already opened, the succeeding open will result in the blocking
+ or the error with <constant>EAGAIN</constant> according to the
+ file open mode. But you don't have to know the detail in your
+ driver. The PCM middle layer will take all such jobs.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-example">
+ <title>Full Code Example</title>
+ <para>
+ The example code below does not include any hardware access
+ routines but shows only the skeleton, how to build up the PCM
+ interfaces.
+
+ <example>
+ <title>PCM Example Code</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ #include <sound/pcm.h>
+ ....
+
+ /* hardware definition */
+ static snd_pcm_hardware_t snd_mychip_playback_hw = {
+ .info = (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP |
+ SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
+ SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER |
+ SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID),
+ .formats = SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE,
+ .rates = SNDRV_PCM_RATE_8000_48000,
+ .rate_min = 8000,
+ .rate_max = 48000,
+ .channels_min = 2,
+ .channels_max = 2,
+ .buffer_bytes_max = 32768,
+ .period_bytes_min = 4096,
+ .period_bytes_max = 32768,
+ .periods_min = 1,
+ .periods_max = 1024,
+ };
+
+ /* hardware definition */
+ static snd_pcm_hardware_t snd_mychip_capture_hw = {
+ .info = (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP |
+ SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
+ SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER |
+ SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID),
+ .formats = SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE,
+ .rates = SNDRV_PCM_RATE_8000_48000,
+ .rate_min = 8000,
+ .rate_max = 48000,
+ .channels_min = 2,
+ .channels_max = 2,
+ .buffer_bytes_max = 32768,
+ .period_bytes_min = 4096,
+ .period_bytes_max = 32768,
+ .periods_min = 1,
+ .periods_max = 1024,
+ };
+
+ /* open callback */
+ static int snd_mychip_playback_open(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
+ snd_pcm_runtime_t *runtime = substream->runtime;
+
+ runtime->hw = snd_mychip_playback_hw;
+ // more hardware-initialization will be done here
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ /* close callback */
+ static int snd_mychip_playback_close(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
+ // the hardware-specific codes will be here
+ return 0;
+
+ }
+
+ /* open callback */
+ static int snd_mychip_capture_open(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
+ snd_pcm_runtime_t *runtime = substream->runtime;
+
+ runtime->hw = snd_mychip_capture_hw;
+ // more hardware-initialization will be done here
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ /* close callback */
+ static int snd_mychip_capture_close(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
+ // the hardware-specific codes will be here
+ return 0;
+
+ }
+
+ /* hw_params callback */
+ static int snd_mychip_pcm_hw_params(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream,
+ snd_pcm_hw_params_t * hw_params)
+ {
+ return snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages(substream,
+ params_buffer_bytes(hw_params));
+ }
+
+ /* hw_free callback */
+ static int snd_mychip_pcm_hw_free(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ return snd_pcm_lib_free_pages(substream);
+ }
+
+ /* prepare callback */
+ static int snd_mychip_pcm_prepare(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
+ snd_pcm_runtime_t *runtime = substream->runtime;
+
+ /* set up the hardware with the current configuration
+ * for example...
+ */
+ mychip_set_sample_format(chip, runtime->format);
+ mychip_set_sample_rate(chip, runtime->rate);
+ mychip_set_channels(chip, runtime->channels);
+ mychip_set_dma_setup(chip, runtime->dma_area,
+ chip->buffer_size,
+ chip->period_size);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ /* trigger callback */
+ static int snd_mychip_pcm_trigger(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream,
+ int cmd)
+ {
+ switch (cmd) {
+ case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_START:
+ // do something to start the PCM engine
+ break;
+ case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_STOP:
+ // do something to stop the PCM engine
+ break;
+ default:
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* pointer callback */
+ static snd_pcm_uframes_t
+ snd_mychip_pcm_pointer(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
+ unsigned int current_ptr;
+
+ /* get the current hardware pointer */
+ current_ptr = mychip_get_hw_pointer(chip);
+ return current_ptr;
+ }
+
+ /* operators */
+ static snd_pcm_ops_t snd_mychip_playback_ops = {
+ .open = snd_mychip_playback_open,
+ .close = snd_mychip_playback_close,
+ .ioctl = snd_pcm_lib_ioctl,
+ .hw_params = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_params,
+ .hw_free = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_free,
+ .prepare = snd_mychip_pcm_prepare,
+ .trigger = snd_mychip_pcm_trigger,
+ .pointer = snd_mychip_pcm_pointer,
+ };
+
+ /* operators */
+ static snd_pcm_ops_t snd_mychip_capture_ops = {
+ .open = snd_mychip_capture_open,
+ .close = snd_mychip_capture_close,
+ .ioctl = snd_pcm_lib_ioctl,
+ .hw_params = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_params,
+ .hw_free = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_free,
+ .prepare = snd_mychip_pcm_prepare,
+ .trigger = snd_mychip_pcm_trigger,
+ .pointer = snd_mychip_pcm_pointer,
+ };
+
+ /*
+ * definitions of capture are omitted here...
+ */
+
+ /* create a pcm device */
+ static int __devinit snd_mychip_new_pcm(mychip_t *chip)
+ {
+ snd_pcm_t *pcm;
+ int err;
+
+ if ((err = snd_pcm_new(chip->card, "My Chip", 0, 1, 1,
+ &pcm)) < 0)
+ return err;
+ pcm->private_data = chip;
+ strcpy(pcm->name, "My Chip");
+ chip->pcm = pcm;
+ /* set operators */
+ snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK,
+ &snd_mychip_playback_ops);
+ snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE,
+ &snd_mychip_capture_ops);
+ /* pre-allocation of buffers */
+ /* NOTE: this may fail */
+ snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all(pcm, SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV,
+ snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci),
+ 64*1024, 64*1024);
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-constructor">
+ <title>Constructor</title>
+ <para>
+ A pcm instance is allocated by <function>snd_pcm_new()</function>
+ function. It would be better to create a constructor for pcm,
+ namely,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int __devinit snd_mychip_new_pcm(mychip_t *chip)
+ {
+ snd_pcm_t *pcm;
+ int err;
+
+ if ((err = snd_pcm_new(chip->card, "My Chip", 0, 1, 1,
+ &pcm)) < 0)
+ return err;
+ pcm->private_data = chip;
+ strcpy(pcm->name, "My Chip");
+ chip->pcm = pcm;
+ ....
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>snd_pcm_new()</function> function takes the four
+ arguments. The first argument is the card pointer to which this
+ pcm is assigned, and the second is the ID string.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The third argument (<parameter>index</parameter>, 0 in the
+ above) is the index of this new pcm. It begins from zero. When
+ you will create more than one pcm instances, specify the
+ different numbers in this argument. For example,
+ <parameter>index</parameter> = 1 for the second PCM device.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The fourth and fifth arguments are the number of substreams
+ for playback and capture, respectively. Here both 1 are given in
+ the above example. When no playback or no capture is available,
+ pass 0 to the corresponding argument.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If a chip supports multiple playbacks or captures, you can
+ specify more numbers, but they must be handled properly in
+ open/close, etc. callbacks. When you need to know which
+ substream you are referring to, then it can be obtained from
+ <type>snd_pcm_substream_t</type> data passed to each callback
+ as follows:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_substream_t *substream;
+ int index = substream->number;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ After the pcm is created, you need to set operators for each
+ pcm stream.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK,
+ &snd_mychip_playback_ops);
+ snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE,
+ &snd_mychip_capture_ops);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The operators are defined typically like this:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static snd_pcm_ops_t snd_mychip_playback_ops = {
+ .open = snd_mychip_pcm_open,
+ .close = snd_mychip_pcm_close,
+ .ioctl = snd_pcm_lib_ioctl,
+ .hw_params = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_params,
+ .hw_free = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_free,
+ .prepare = snd_mychip_pcm_prepare,
+ .trigger = snd_mychip_pcm_trigger,
+ .pointer = snd_mychip_pcm_pointer,
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ Each of callbacks is explained in the subsection
+ <link linkend="pcm-interface-operators"><citetitle>
+ Operators</citetitle></link>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ After setting the operators, most likely you'd like to
+ pre-allocate the buffer. For the pre-allocation, simply call
+ the following:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all(pcm, SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV,
+ snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci),
+ 64*1024, 64*1024);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ It will allocate up to 64kB buffer as default. The details of
+ buffer management will be described in the later section <link
+ linkend="buffer-and-memory"><citetitle>Buffer and Memory
+ Management</citetitle></link>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Additionally, you can set some extra information for this pcm
+ in pcm->info_flags.
+ The available values are defined as
+ <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_XXX</constant> in
+ <filename><sound/asound.h></filename>, which is used for
+ the hardware definition (described later). When your soundchip
+ supports only half-duplex, specify like this:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ pcm->info_flags = SNDRV_PCM_INFO_HALF_DUPLEX;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-destructor">
+ <title>... And the Destructor?</title>
+ <para>
+ The destructor for a pcm instance is not always
+ necessary. Since the pcm device will be released by the middle
+ layer code automatically, you don't have to call destructor
+ explicitly.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The destructor would be necessary when you created some
+ special records internally and need to release them. In such a
+ case, set the destructor function to
+ pcm->private_free:
+
+ <example>
+ <title>PCM Instance with a Destructor</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void mychip_pcm_free(snd_pcm_t *pcm)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_pcm_chip(pcm);
+ /* free your own data */
+ kfree(chip->my_private_pcm_data);
+ // do what you like else
+ ....
+ }
+
+ static int __devinit snd_mychip_new_pcm(mychip_t *chip)
+ {
+ snd_pcm_t *pcm;
+ ....
+ /* allocate your own data */
+ chip->my_private_pcm_data = kmalloc(...);
+ /* set the destructor */
+ pcm->private_data = chip;
+ pcm->private_free = mychip_pcm_free;
+ ....
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-runtime">
+ <title>Runtime Pointer - The Chest of PCM Information</title>
+ <para>
+ When the PCM substream is opened, a PCM runtime instance is
+ allocated and assigned to the substream. This pointer is
+ accessible via <constant>substream->runtime</constant>.
+ This runtime pointer holds the various information; it holds
+ the copy of hw_params and sw_params configurations, the buffer
+ pointers, mmap records, spinlocks, etc. Almost everyhing you
+ need for controlling the PCM can be found there.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The definition of runtime instance is found in
+ <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename>. Here is the
+ copy from the file.
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+struct _snd_pcm_runtime {
+ /* -- Status -- */
+ snd_pcm_substream_t *trigger_master;
+ snd_timestamp_t trigger_tstamp; /* trigger timestamp */
+ int overrange;
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t avail_max;
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t hw_ptr_base; /* Position at buffer restart */
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t hw_ptr_interrupt; /* Position at interrupt time*/
+
+ /* -- HW params -- */
+ snd_pcm_access_t access; /* access mode */
+ snd_pcm_format_t format; /* SNDRV_PCM_FORMAT_* */
+ snd_pcm_subformat_t subformat; /* subformat */
+ unsigned int rate; /* rate in Hz */
+ unsigned int channels; /* channels */
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t period_size; /* period size */
+ unsigned int periods; /* periods */
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t buffer_size; /* buffer size */
+ unsigned int tick_time; /* tick time */
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t min_align; /* Min alignment for the format */
+ size_t byte_align;
+ unsigned int frame_bits;
+ unsigned int sample_bits;
+ unsigned int info;
+ unsigned int rate_num;
+ unsigned int rate_den;
+
+ /* -- SW params -- */
+ int tstamp_timespec; /* use timeval (0) or timespec (1) */
+ snd_pcm_tstamp_t tstamp_mode; /* mmap timestamp is updated */
+ unsigned int period_step;
+ unsigned int sleep_min; /* min ticks to sleep */
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t xfer_align; /* xfer size need to be a multiple */
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t start_threshold;
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t stop_threshold;
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t silence_threshold; /* Silence filling happens when
+ noise is nearest than this */
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t silence_size; /* Silence filling size */
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t boundary; /* pointers wrap point */
+
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t silenced_start;
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t silenced_size;
+
+ snd_pcm_sync_id_t sync; /* hardware synchronization ID */
+
+ /* -- mmap -- */
+ volatile snd_pcm_mmap_status_t *status;
+ volatile snd_pcm_mmap_control_t *control;
+ atomic_t mmap_count;
+
+ /* -- locking / scheduling -- */
+ spinlock_t lock;
+ wait_queue_head_t sleep;
+ struct timer_list tick_timer;
+ struct fasync_struct *fasync;
+
+ /* -- private section -- */
+ void *private_data;
+ void (*private_free)(snd_pcm_runtime_t *runtime);
+
+ /* -- hardware description -- */
+ snd_pcm_hardware_t hw;
+ snd_pcm_hw_constraints_t hw_constraints;
+
+ /* -- interrupt callbacks -- */
+ void (*transfer_ack_begin)(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream);
+ void (*transfer_ack_end)(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream);
+
+ /* -- timer -- */
+ unsigned int timer_resolution; /* timer resolution */
+
+ /* -- DMA -- */
+ unsigned char *dma_area; /* DMA area */
+ dma_addr_t dma_addr; /* physical bus address (not accessible from main CPU) */
+ size_t dma_bytes; /* size of DMA area */
+
+ struct snd_dma_buffer *dma_buffer_p; /* allocated buffer */
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS_MODULE)
+ /* -- OSS things -- */
+ snd_pcm_oss_runtime_t oss;
+#endif
+};
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For the operators (callbacks) of each sound driver, most of
+ these records are supposed to be read-only. Only the PCM
+ middle-layer changes / updates these info. The exceptions are
+ the hardware description (hw), interrupt callbacks
+ (transfer_ack_xxx), DMA buffer information, and the private
+ data. Besides, if you use the standard buffer allocation
+ method via <function>snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()</function>,
+ you don't need to set the DMA buffer information by yourself.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the sections below, important records are explained.
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-runtime-hw">
+ <title>Hardware Description</title>
+ <para>
+ The hardware descriptor (<type>snd_pcm_hardware_t</type>)
+ contains the definitions of the fundamental hardware
+ configuration. Above all, you'll need to define this in
+ <link linkend="pcm-interface-operators-open-callback"><citetitle>
+ the open callback</citetitle></link>.
+ Note that the runtime instance holds the copy of the
+ descriptor, not the pointer to the existing descriptor. That
+ is, in the open callback, you can modify the copied descriptor
+ (<constant>runtime->hw</constant>) as you need. For example, if the maximum
+ number of channels is 1 only on some chip models, you can
+ still use the same hardware descriptor and change the
+ channels_max later:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_runtime_t *runtime = substream->runtime;
+ ...
+ runtime->hw = snd_mychip_playback_hw; /* common definition */
+ if (chip->model == VERY_OLD_ONE)
+ runtime->hw.channels_max = 1;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Typically, you'll have a hardware descriptor like below:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static snd_pcm_hardware_t snd_mychip_playback_hw = {
+ .info = (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP |
+ SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED |
+ SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER |
+ SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID),
+ .formats = SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE,
+ .rates = SNDRV_PCM_RATE_8000_48000,
+ .rate_min = 8000,
+ .rate_max = 48000,
+ .channels_min = 2,
+ .channels_max = 2,
+ .buffer_bytes_max = 32768,
+ .period_bytes_min = 4096,
+ .period_bytes_max = 32768,
+ .periods_min = 1,
+ .periods_max = 1024,
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>
+ The <structfield>info</structfield> field contains the type and
+ capabilities of this pcm. The bit flags are defined in
+ <filename><sound/asound.h></filename> as
+ <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_XXX</constant>. Here, at least, you
+ have to specify whether the mmap is supported and which
+ interleaved format is supported.
+ When the mmap is supported, add
+ <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP</constant> flag here. When the
+ hardware supports the interleaved or the non-interleaved
+ format, <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED</constant> or
+ <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_NONINTERLEAVED</constant> flag must
+ be set, respectively. If both are supported, you can set both,
+ too.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the above example, <constant>MMAP_VALID</constant> and
+ <constant>BLOCK_TRANSFER</constant> are specified for OSS mmap
+ mode. Usually both are set. Of course,
+ <constant>MMAP_VALID</constant> is set only if the mmap is
+ really supported.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The other possible flags are
+ <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE</constant> and
+ <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME</constant>. The
+ <constant>PAUSE</constant> bit means that the pcm supports the
+ <quote>pause</quote> operation, while the
+ <constant>RESUME</constant> bit means that the pcm supports
+ the <quote>suspend/resume</quote> operation. If these flags
+ are set, the <structfield>trigger</structfield> callback below
+ must handle the corresponding commands.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the PCM substreams can be synchronized (typically,
+ synchorinized start/stop of a playback and a capture streams),
+ you can give <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START</constant>,
+ too. In this case, you'll need to check the linked-list of
+ PCM substreams in the trigger callback. This will be
+ described in the later section.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <structfield>formats</structfield> field contains the bit-flags
+ of supported formats (<constant>SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_XXX</constant>).
+ If the hardware supports more than one format, give all or'ed
+ bits. In the example above, the signed 16bit little-endian
+ format is specified.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <structfield>rates</structfield> field contains the bit-flags of
+ supported rates (<constant>SNDRV_PCM_RATE_XXX</constant>).
+ When the chip supports continuous rates, pass
+ <constant>CONTINUOUS</constant> bit additionally.
+ The pre-defined rate bits are provided only for typical
+ rates. If your chip supports unconventional rates, you need to add
+ <constant>KNOT</constant> bit and set up the hardware
+ constraint manually (explained later).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <structfield>rate_min</structfield> and
+ <structfield>rate_max</structfield> define the minimal and
+ maximal sample rate. This should correspond somehow to
+ <structfield>rates</structfield> bits.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <structfield>channel_min</structfield> and
+ <structfield>channel_max</structfield>
+ define, as you might already expected, the minimal and maximal
+ number of channels.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <structfield>buffer_bytes_max</structfield> defines the
+ maximal buffer size in bytes. There is no
+ <structfield>buffer_bytes_min</structfield> field, since
+ it can be calculated from the minimal period size and the
+ minimal number of periods.
+ Meanwhile, <structfield>period_bytes_min</structfield> and
+ define the minimal and maximal size of the period in bytes.
+ <structfield>periods_max</structfield> and
+ <structfield>periods_min</structfield> define the maximal and
+ minimal number of periods in the buffer.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <quote>period</quote> is a term, that corresponds to
+ fragment in the OSS world. The period defines the size at
+ which the PCM interrupt is generated. This size strongly
+ depends on the hardware.
+ Generally, the smaller period size will give you more
+ interrupts, that is, more controls.
+ In the case of capture, this size defines the input latency.
+ On the other hand, the whole buffer size defines the
+ output latency for the playback direction.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ There is also a field <structfield>fifo_size</structfield>.
+ This specifies the size of the hardware FIFO, but it's not
+ used currently in the driver nor in the alsa-lib. So, you
+ can ignore this field.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-runtime-config">
+ <title>PCM Configurations</title>
+ <para>
+ Ok, let's go back again to the PCM runtime records.
+ The most frequently referred records in the runtime instance are
+ the PCM configurations.
+ The PCM configurations are stored on runtime instance
+ after the application sends <type>hw_params</type> data via
+ alsa-lib. There are many fields copied from hw_params and
+ sw_params structs. For example,
+ <structfield>format</structfield> holds the format type
+ chosen by the application. This field contains the enum value
+ <constant>SNDRV_PCM_FORMAT_XXX</constant>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ One thing to be noted is that the configured buffer and period
+ sizes are stored in <quote>frames</quote> in the runtime
+ In the ALSA world, 1 frame = channels * samples-size.
+ For conversion between frames and bytes, you can use the
+ helper functions, <function>frames_to_bytes()</function> and
+ <function>bytes_to_frames()</function>.
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ period_bytes = frames_to_bytes(runtime, runtime->period_size);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Also, many software parameters (sw_params) are
+ stored in frames, too. Please check the type of the field.
+ <type>snd_pcm_uframes_t</type> is for the frames as unsigned
+ integer while <type>snd_pcm_sframes_t</type> is for the frames
+ as signed integer.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-runtime-dma">
+ <title>DMA Buffer Information</title>
+ <para>
+ The DMA buffer is defined by the following four fields,
+ <structfield>dma_area</structfield>,
+ <structfield>dma_addr</structfield>,
+ <structfield>dma_bytes</structfield> and
+ <structfield>dma_private</structfield>.
+ The <structfield>dma_area</structfield> holds the buffer
+ pointer (the logical address). You can call
+ <function>memcpy</function> from/to
+ this pointer. Meanwhile, <structfield>dma_addr</structfield>
+ holds the physical address of the buffer. This field is
+ specified only when the buffer is a linear buffer.
+ <structfield>dma_bytes</structfield> holds the size of buffer
+ in bytes. <structfield>dma_private</structfield> is used for
+ the ALSA DMA allocator.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you use a standard ALSA function,
+ <function>snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()</function>, for
+ allocating the buffer, these fields are set by the ALSA middle
+ layer, and you should <emphasis>not</emphasis> change them by
+ yourself. You can read them but not write them.
+ On the other hand, if you want to allocate the buffer by
+ yourself, you'll need to manage it in hw_params callback.
+ At least, <structfield>dma_bytes</structfield> is mandatory.
+ <structfield>dma_area</structfield> is necessary when the
+ buffer is mmapped. If your driver doesn't support mmap, this
+ field is not necessary. <structfield>dma_addr</structfield>
+ is also not mandatory. You can use
+ <structfield>dma_private</structfield> as you like, too.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-runtime-status">
+ <title>Running Status</title>
+ <para>
+ The running status can be referred via <constant>runtime->status</constant>.
+ This is the pointer to <type>snd_pcm_mmap_status_t</type>
+ record. For example, you can get the current DMA hardware
+ pointer via <constant>runtime->status->hw_ptr</constant>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The DMA application pointer can be referred via
+ <constant>runtime->control</constant>, which points
+ <type>snd_pcm_mmap_control_t</type> record.
+ However, accessing directly to this value is not recommended.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-runtime-private">
+ <title>Private Data</title>
+ <para>
+ You can allocate a record for the substream and store it in
+ <constant>runtime->private_data</constant>. Usually, this
+ done in
+ <link linkend="pcm-interface-operators-open-callback"><citetitle>
+ the open callback</citetitle></link>.
+ Don't mix this with <constant>pcm->private_data</constant>.
+ The <constant>pcm->private_data</constant> usually points the
+ chip instance assigned statically at the creation of PCM, while the
+ <constant>runtime->private_data</constant> points a dynamic
+ data created at the PCM open callback.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_open(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ my_pcm_data_t *data;
+ ....
+ data = kmalloc(sizeof(*data), GFP_KERNEL);
+ substream->runtime->private_data = data;
+ ....
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The allocated object must be released in
+ <link linkend="pcm-interface-operators-open-callback"><citetitle>
+ the close callback</citetitle></link>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-runtime-intr">
+ <title>Interrupt Callbacks</title>
+ <para>
+ The field <structfield>transfer_ack_begin</structfield> and
+ <structfield>transfer_ack_end</structfield> are called at
+ the beginning and the end of
+ <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function>, respectively.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators">
+ <title>Operators</title>
+ <para>
+ OK, now let me explain the detail of each pcm callback
+ (<parameter>ops</parameter>). In general, every callback must
+ return 0 if successful, or a negative number with the error
+ number such as <constant>-EINVAL</constant> at any
+ error.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The callback function takes at least the argument with
+ <type>snd_pcm_substream_t</type> pointer. For retrieving the
+ chip record from the given substream instance, you can use the
+ following macro.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ int xxx() {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
+ ....
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ The macro reads <constant>substream->private_data</constant>,
+ which is a copy of <constant>pcm->private_data</constant>.
+ You can override the former if you need to assign different data
+ records per PCM substream. For example, cmi8330 driver assigns
+ different private_data for playback and capture directions,
+ because it uses two different codecs (SB- and AD-compatible) for
+ different directions.
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-open-callback">
+ <title>open callback</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_open(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ This is called when a pcm substream is opened.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ At least, here you have to initialize the runtime->hw
+ record. Typically, this is done by like this:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_open(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
+ snd_pcm_runtime_t *runtime = substream->runtime;
+
+ runtime->hw = snd_mychip_playback_hw;
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where <parameter>snd_mychip_playback_hw</parameter> is the
+ pre-defined hardware description.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You can allocate a private data in this callback, as described
+ in <link linkend="pcm-interface-runtime-private"><citetitle>
+ Private Data</citetitle></link> section.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the hardware configuration needs more constraints, set the
+ hardware constraints here, too.
+ See <link linkend="pcm-interface-constraints"><citetitle>
+ Constraints</citetitle></link> for more details.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-close-callback">
+ <title>close callback</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_close(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ Obviously, this is called when a pcm substream is closed.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Any private instance for a pcm substream allocated in the
+ open callback will be released here.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_close(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ ....
+ kfree(substream->runtime->private_data);
+ ....
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-ioctl-callback">
+ <title>ioctl callback</title>
+ <para>
+ This is used for any special action to pcm ioctls. But
+ usually you can pass a generic ioctl callback,
+ <function>snd_pcm_lib_ioctl</function>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-hw-params-callback">
+ <title>hw_params callback</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_hw_params(snd_pcm_substream_t * substream,
+ snd_pcm_hw_params_t * hw_params);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ This and <structfield>hw_free</structfield> callbacks exist
+ only on ALSA 0.9.x.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This is called when the hardware parameter
+ (<structfield>hw_params</structfield>) is set
+ up by the application,
+ that is, once when the buffer size, the period size, the
+ format, etc. are defined for the pcm substream.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Many hardware set-up should be done in this callback,
+ including the allocation of buffers.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Parameters to be initialized are retrieved by
+ <function>params_xxx()</function> macros. For allocating a
+ buffer, you can call a helper function,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages(substream, params_buffer_bytes(hw_params));
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ <function>snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()</function> is available
+ only when the DMA buffers have been pre-allocated.
+ See the section <link
+ linkend="buffer-and-memory-buffer-types"><citetitle>
+ Buffer Types</citetitle></link> for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that this and <structfield>prepare</structfield> callbacks
+ may be called multiple times per initialization.
+ For example, the OSS emulation may
+ call these callbacks at each change via its ioctl.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Thus, you need to take care not to allocate the same buffers
+ many times, which will lead to memory leak! Calling the
+ helper function above many times is OK. It will release the
+ previous buffer automatically when it was already allocated.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Another note is that this callback is non-atomic
+ (schedulable). This is important, because the
+ <structfield>trigger</structfield> callback
+ is atomic (non-schedulable). That is, mutex or any
+ schedule-related functions are not available in
+ <structfield>trigger</structfield> callback.
+ Please see the subsection
+ <link linkend="pcm-interface-atomicity"><citetitle>
+ Atomicity</citetitle></link> for details.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-hw-free-callback">
+ <title>hw_free callback</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_hw_free(snd_pcm_substream_t * substream);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This is called to release the resources allocated via
+ <structfield>hw_params</structfield>. For example, releasing the
+ buffer via
+ <function>snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()</function> is done by
+ calling the following:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_lib_free_pages(substream);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This function is always called before the close callback is called.
+ Also, the callback may be called multiple times, too.
+ Keep track whether the resource was already released.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-prepare-callback">
+ <title>prepare callback</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_prepare(snd_pcm_substream_t * substream);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This callback is called when the pcm is
+ <quote>prepared</quote>. You can set the format type, sample
+ rate, etc. here. The difference from
+ <structfield>hw_params</structfield> is that the
+ <structfield>prepare</structfield> callback will be called at each
+ time
+ <function>snd_pcm_prepare()</function> is called, i.e. when
+ recovered after underruns, etc.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that this callback became non-atomic since the recent version.
+ You can use schedule-related fucntions safely in this callback now.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In this and the following callbacks, you can refer to the
+ values via the runtime record,
+ substream->runtime.
+ For example, to get the current
+ rate, format or channels, access to
+ runtime->rate,
+ runtime->format or
+ runtime->channels, respectively.
+ The physical address of the allocated buffer is set to
+ runtime->dma_area. The buffer and period sizes are
+ in runtime->buffer_size and runtime->period_size,
+ respectively.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Be careful that this callback will be called many times at
+ each set up, too.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-trigger-callback">
+ <title>trigger callback</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_trigger(snd_pcm_substream_t * substream, int cmd);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ This is called when the pcm is started, stopped or paused.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Which action is specified in the second argument,
+ <constant>SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_XXX</constant> in
+ <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename>. At least,
+ <constant>START</constant> and <constant>STOP</constant>
+ commands must be defined in this callback.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ switch (cmd) {
+ case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_START:
+ // do something to start the PCM engine
+ break;
+ case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_STOP:
+ // do something to stop the PCM engine
+ break;
+ default:
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the pcm supports the pause operation (given in info
+ field of the hardware table), <constant>PAUSE_PUSE</constant>
+ and <constant>PAUSE_RELEASE</constant> commands must be
+ handled here, too. The former is the command to pause the pcm,
+ and the latter to restart the pcm again.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the pcm supports the suspend/resume operation
+ (i.e. <constant>SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME</constant> flag is set),
+ <constant>SUSPEND</constant> and <constant>RESUME</constant>
+ commands must be handled, too.
+ These commands are issued when the power-management status is
+ changed. Obviously, the <constant>SUSPEND</constant> and
+ <constant>RESUME</constant>
+ do suspend and resume of the pcm substream, and usually, they
+ are identical with <constant>STOP</constant> and
+ <constant>START</constant> commands, respectively.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As mentioned, this callback is atomic. You cannot call
+ the function going to sleep.
+ The trigger callback should be as minimal as possible,
+ just really triggering the DMA. The other stuff should be
+ initialized hw_params and prepare callbacks properly
+ beforehand.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-pointer-callback">
+ <title>pointer callback</title>
+ <para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static snd_pcm_uframes_t snd_xxx_pointer(snd_pcm_substream_t * substream)
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ This callback is called when the PCM middle layer inquires
+ the current hardware position on the buffer. The position must
+ be returned in frames (which was in bytes on ALSA 0.5.x),
+ ranged from 0 to buffer_size - 1.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This is called usually from the buffer-update routine in the
+ pcm middle layer, which is invoked when
+ <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function> is called in the
+ interrupt routine. Then the pcm middle layer updates the
+ position and calculates the available space, and wakes up the
+ sleeping poll threads, etc.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This callback is also atomic.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-copy-silence">
+ <title>copy and silence callbacks</title>
+ <para>
+ These callbacks are not mandatory, and can be omitted in
+ most cases. These callbacks are used when the hardware buffer
+ cannot be on the normal memory space. Some chips have their
+ own buffer on the hardware which is not mappable. In such a
+ case, you have to transfer the data manually from the memory
+ buffer to the hardware buffer. Or, if the buffer is
+ non-contiguous on both physical and virtual memory spaces,
+ these callbacks must be defined, too.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If these two callbacks are defined, copy and set-silence
+ operations are done by them. The detailed will be described in
+ the later section <link
+ linkend="buffer-and-memory"><citetitle>Buffer and Memory
+ Management</citetitle></link>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-ack">
+ <title>ack callback</title>
+ <para>
+ This callback is also not mandatory. This callback is called
+ when the appl_ptr is updated in read or write operations.
+ Some drivers like emu10k1-fx and cs46xx need to track the
+ current appl_ptr for the internal buffer, and this callback
+ is useful only for such a purpose.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ This callback is atomic.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-operators-page-callback">
+ <title>page callback</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This callback is also not mandatory. This callback is used
+ mainly for the non-contiguous buffer. The mmap calls this
+ callback to get the page address. Some examples will be
+ explained in the later section <link
+ linkend="buffer-and-memory"><citetitle>Buffer and Memory
+ Management</citetitle></link>, too.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-interrupt-handler">
+ <title>Interrupt Handler</title>
+ <para>
+ The rest of pcm stuff is the PCM interrupt handler. The
+ role of PCM interrupt handler in the sound driver is to update
+ the buffer position and to tell the PCM middle layer when the
+ buffer position goes across the prescribed period size. To
+ inform this, call <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function>
+ function.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are several types of sound chips to generate the interrupts.
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-interrupt-handler-boundary">
+ <title>Interrupts at the period (fragment) boundary</title>
+ <para>
+ This is the most frequently found type: the hardware
+ generates an interrupt at each period boundary.
+ In this case, you can call
+ <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function> at each
+ interrupt.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function> takes the
+ substream pointer as its argument. Thus, you need to keep the
+ substream pointer accessible from the chip instance. For
+ example, define substream field in the chip record to hold the
+ current running substream pointer, and set the pointer value
+ at open callback (and reset at close callback).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you aquire a spinlock in the interrupt handler, and the
+ lock is used in other pcm callbacks, too, then you have to
+ release the lock before calling
+ <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function>, because
+ <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function> calls other pcm
+ callbacks inside.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A typical coding would be like:
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Interrupt Handler Case #1</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static irqreturn_t snd_mychip_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id,
+ struct pt_regs *regs)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = dev_id;
+ spin_lock(&chip->lock);
+ ....
+ if (pcm_irq_invoked(chip)) {
+ /* call updater, unlock before it */
+ spin_unlock(&chip->lock);
+ snd_pcm_period_elapsed(chip->substream);
+ spin_lock(&chip->lock);
+ // acknowledge the interrupt if necessary
+ }
+ ....
+ spin_unlock(&chip->lock);
+ return IRQ_HANDLED;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-interrupt-handler-timer">
+ <title>High-frequent timer interrupts</title>
+ <para>
+ This is the case when the hardware doesn't generate interrupts
+ at the period boundary but do timer-interrupts at the fixed
+ timer rate (e.g. es1968 or ymfpci drivers).
+ In this case, you need to check the current hardware
+ position and accumulates the processed sample length at each
+ interrupt. When the accumulated size overcomes the period
+ size, call
+ <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function> and reset the
+ accumulator.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A typical coding would be like the following.
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Interrupt Handler Case #2</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static irqreturn_t snd_mychip_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id,
+ struct pt_regs *regs)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = dev_id;
+ spin_lock(&chip->lock);
+ ....
+ if (pcm_irq_invoked(chip)) {
+ unsigned int last_ptr, size;
+ /* get the current hardware pointer (in frames) */
+ last_ptr = get_hw_ptr(chip);
+ /* calculate the processed frames since the
+ * last update
+ */
+ if (last_ptr < chip->last_ptr)
+ size = runtime->buffer_size + last_ptr
+ - chip->last_ptr;
+ else
+ size = last_ptr - chip->last_ptr;
+ /* remember the last updated point */
+ chip->last_ptr = last_ptr;
+ /* accumulate the size */
+ chip->size += size;
+ /* over the period boundary? */
+ if (chip->size >= runtime->period_size) {
+ /* reset the accumulator */
+ chip->size %= runtime->period_size;
+ /* call updater */
+ spin_unlock(&chip->lock);
+ snd_pcm_period_elapsed(substream);
+ spin_lock(&chip->lock);
+ }
+ // acknowledge the interrupt if necessary
+ }
+ ....
+ spin_unlock(&chip->lock);
+ return IRQ_HANDLED;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-interrupt-handler-both">
+ <title>On calling <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function></title>
+ <para>
+ In both cases, even if more than one period are elapsed, you
+ don't have to call
+ <function>snd_pcm_period_elapsed()</function> many times. Call
+ only once. And the pcm layer will check the current hardware
+ pointer and update to the latest status.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="pcm-interface-atomicity">
+ <title>Atomicity</title>
+ <para>
+ One of the most important (and thus difficult to debug) problem
+ on the kernel programming is the race condition.
+ On linux kernel, usually it's solved via spin-locks or
+ semaphores. In general, if the race condition may
+ happen in the interrupt handler, it's handled as atomic, and you
+ have to use spinlock for protecting the critical session. If it
+ never happens in the interrupt and it may take relatively long
+ time, you should use semaphore.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As already seen, some pcm callbacks are atomic and some are
+ not. For example, <parameter>hw_params</parameter> callback is
+ non-atomic, while <parameter>trigger</parameter> callback is
+ atomic. This means, the latter is called already in a spinlock
+ held by the PCM middle layer. Please take this atomicity into
+ account when you use a spinlock or a semaphore in the callbacks.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the atomic callbacks, you cannot use functions which may call
+ <function>schedule</function> or go to
+ <function>sleep</function>. The semaphore and mutex do sleep,
+ and hence they cannot be used inside the atomic callbacks
+ (e.g. <parameter>trigger</parameter> callback).
+ For taking a certain delay in such a callback, please use
+ <function>udelay()</function> or <function>mdelay()</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ All three atomic callbacks (trigger, pointer, and ack) are
+ called with local interrupts disabled.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+ <section id="pcm-interface-constraints">
+ <title>Constraints</title>
+ <para>
+ If your chip supports unconventional sample rates, or only the
+ limited samples, you need to set a constraint for the
+ condition.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For example, in order to restrict the sample rates in the some
+ supported values, use
+ <function>snd_pcm_hw_constraint_list()</function>.
+ You need to call this function in the open callback.
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Example of Hardware Constraints</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static unsigned int rates[] =
+ {4000, 10000, 22050, 44100};
+ static snd_pcm_hw_constraint_list_t constraints_rates = {
+ .count = ARRAY_SIZE(rates),
+ .list = rates,
+ .mask = 0,
+ };
+
+ static int snd_mychip_pcm_open(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream)
+ {
+ int err;
+ ....
+ err = snd_pcm_hw_constraint_list(substream->runtime, 0,
+ SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE,
+ &constraints_rates);
+ if (err < 0)
+ return err;
+ ....
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are many different constraints.
+ Look in <filename>sound/pcm.h</filename> for a complete list.
+ You can even define your own constraint rules.
+ For example, let's suppose my_chip can manage a substream of 1 channel
+ if and only if the format is S16_LE, otherwise it supports any format
+ specified in the <type>snd_pcm_hardware_t</type> stucture (or in any
+ other constraint_list). You can build a rule like this:
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Example of Hardware Constraints for Channels</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int hw_rule_format_by_channels(snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params,
+ snd_pcm_hw_rule_t *rule)
+ {
+ snd_interval_t *c = hw_param_interval(params, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS);
+ snd_mask_t *f = hw_param_mask(params, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT);
+ snd_mask_t fmt;
+
+ snd_mask_any(&fmt); /* Init the struct */
+ if (c->min < 2) {
+ fmt.bits[0] &= SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE;
+ return snd_mask_refine(f, &fmt);
+ }
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Then you need to call this function to add your rule:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(substream->runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS,
+ hw_rule_channels_by_format, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT,
+ -1);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The rule function is called when an application sets the number of
+ channels. But an application can set the format before the number of
+ channels. Thus you also need to define the inverse rule:
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Example of Hardware Constraints for Channels</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int hw_rule_channels_by_format(snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params,
+ snd_pcm_hw_rule_t *rule)
+ {
+ snd_interval_t *c = hw_param_interval(params, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS);
+ snd_mask_t *f = hw_param_mask(params, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT);
+ snd_interval_t ch;
+
+ snd_interval_any(&ch);
+ if (f->bits[0] == SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE) {
+ ch.min = ch.max = 1;
+ ch.integer = 1;
+ return snd_interval_refine(c, &ch);
+ }
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ ...and in the open callback:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(substream->runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT,
+ hw_rule_format_by_channels, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS,
+ -1);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ I won't explain more details here, rather I
+ would like to say, <quote>Luke, use the source.</quote>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Control Interface -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="control-interface">
+ <title>Control Interface</title>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-general">
+ <title>General</title>
+ <para>
+ The control interface is used widely for many switches,
+ sliders, etc. which are accessed from the user-space. Its most
+ important use is the mixer interface. In other words, on ALSA
+ 0.9.x, all the mixer stuff is implemented on the control kernel
+ API (while there was an independent mixer kernel API on 0.5.x).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ ALSA has a well-defined AC97 control module. If your chip
+ supports only the AC97 and nothing else, you can skip this
+ section.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The control API is defined in
+ <filename><sound/control.h></filename>.
+ Include this file if you add your own controls.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-definition">
+ <title>Definition of Controls</title>
+ <para>
+ For creating a new control, you need to define the three
+ callbacks: <structfield>info</structfield>,
+ <structfield>get</structfield> and
+ <structfield>put</structfield>. Then, define a
+ <type>snd_kcontrol_new_t</type> record, such as:
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Definition of a Control</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static snd_kcontrol_new_t my_control __devinitdata = {
+ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+ .name = "PCM Playback Switch",
+ .index = 0,
+ .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE,
+ .private_values = 0xffff,
+ .info = my_control_info,
+ .get = my_control_get,
+ .put = my_control_put
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Most likely the control is created via
+ <function>snd_ctl_new1()</function>, and in such a case, you can
+ add <parameter>__devinitdata</parameter> prefix to the
+ definition like above.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>iface</structfield> field specifies the type of
+ the control,
+ <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_XXX</constant>. There are
+ <constant>MIXER</constant>, <constant>PCM</constant>,
+ <constant>CARD</constant>, etc.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>name</structfield> is the name identifier
+ string. On ALSA 0.9.x, the control name is very important,
+ because its role is classified from its name. There are
+ pre-defined standard control names. The details are described in
+ the subsection
+ <link linkend="control-interface-control-names"><citetitle>
+ Control Names</citetitle></link>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>index</structfield> field holds the index number
+ of this control. If there are several different controls with
+ the same name, they can be distinguished by the index
+ number. This is the case when
+ several codecs exist on the card. If the index is zero, you can
+ omit the definition above.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>access</structfield> field contains the access
+ type of this control. Give the combination of bit masks,
+ <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_XXX</constant>, there.
+ The detailed will be explained in the subsection
+ <link linkend="control-interface-access-flags"><citetitle>
+ Access Flags</citetitle></link>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>private_values</structfield> field contains
+ an arbitrary long integer value for this record. When using
+ generic <structfield>info</structfield>,
+ <structfield>get</structfield> and
+ <structfield>put</structfield> callbacks, you can pass a value
+ through this field. If several small numbers are necessary, you can
+ combine them in bitwise. Or, it's possible to give a pointer
+ (casted to unsigned long) of some record to this field, too.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The other three are
+ <link linkend="control-interface-callbacks"><citetitle>
+ callback functions</citetitle></link>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-control-names">
+ <title>Control Names</title>
+ <para>
+ There are some standards for defining the control names. A
+ control is usually defined from the three parts as
+ <quote>SOURCE DIRECTION FUNCTION</quote>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The first, <constant>SOURCE</constant>, specifies the source
+ of the control, and is a string such as <quote>Master</quote>,
+ <quote>PCM</quote>, <quote>CD</quote> or
+ <quote>Line</quote>. There are many pre-defined sources.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The second, <constant>DIRECTION</constant>, is one of the
+ following strings according to the direction of the control:
+ <quote>Playback</quote>, <quote>Capture</quote>, <quote>Bypass
+ Playback</quote> and <quote>Bypass Capture</quote>. Or, it can
+ be omitted, meaning both playback and capture directions.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The third, <constant>FUNCTION</constant>, is one of the
+ following strings according to the function of the control:
+ <quote>Switch</quote>, <quote>Volume</quote> and
+ <quote>Route</quote>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The example of control names are, thus, <quote>Master Capture
+ Switch</quote> or <quote>PCM Playback Volume</quote>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are some exceptions:
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-control-names-global">
+ <title>Global capture and playback</title>
+ <para>
+ <quote>Capture Source</quote>, <quote>Capture Switch</quote>
+ and <quote>Capture Volume</quote> are used for the global
+ capture (input) source, switch and volume. Similarly,
+ <quote>Playback Switch</quote> and <quote>Playback
+ Volume</quote> are used for the global output gain switch and
+ volume.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-control-names-tone">
+ <title>Tone-controls</title>
+ <para>
+ tone-control switch and volumes are specified like
+ <quote>Tone Control - XXX</quote>, e.g. <quote>Tone Control -
+ Switch</quote>, <quote>Tone Control - Bass</quote>,
+ <quote>Tone Control - Center</quote>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-control-names-3d">
+ <title>3D controls</title>
+ <para>
+ 3D-control switches and volumes are specified like <quote>3D
+ Control - XXX</quote>, e.g. <quote>3D Control -
+ Switch</quote>, <quote>3D Control - Center</quote>, <quote>3D
+ Control - Space</quote>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-control-names-mic">
+ <title>Mic boost</title>
+ <para>
+ Mic-boost switch is set as <quote>Mic Boost</quote> or
+ <quote>Mic Boost (6dB)</quote>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ More precise information can be found in
+ <filename>Documentation/sound/alsa/ControlNames.txt</filename>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-access-flags">
+ <title>Access Flags</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The access flag is the bit-flags which specifies the access type
+ of the given control. The default access type is
+ <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE</constant>,
+ which means both read and write are allowed to this control.
+ When the access flag is omitted (i.e. = 0), it is
+ regarded as <constant>READWRITE</constant> access as default.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the control is read-only, pass
+ <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ</constant> instead.
+ In this case, you don't have to define
+ <structfield>put</structfield> callback.
+ Similarly, when the control is write-only (although it's a rare
+ case), you can use <constant>WRITE</constant> flag instead, and
+ you don't need <structfield>get</structfield> callback.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the control value changes frequently (e.g. the VU meter),
+ <constant>VOLATILE</constant> flag should be given. This means
+ that the control may be changed without
+ <link linkend="control-interface-change-notification"><citetitle>
+ notification</citetitle></link>. Applications should poll such
+ a control constantly.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the control is inactive, set
+ <constant>INACTIVE</constant> flag, too.
+ There are <constant>LOCK</constant> and
+ <constant>OWNER</constant> flags for changing the write
+ permissions.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-callbacks">
+ <title>Callbacks</title>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-callbacks-info">
+ <title>info callback</title>
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>info</structfield> callback is used to get
+ the detailed information of this control. This must store the
+ values of the given <type>snd_ctl_elem_info_t</type>
+ object. For example, for a boolean control with a single
+ element will be:
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Example of info callback</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_myctl_info(snd_kcontrol_t *kcontrol,
+ snd_ctl_elem_info_t *uinfo)
+ {
+ uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_BOOLEAN;
+ uinfo->count = 1;
+ uinfo->value.integer.min = 0;
+ uinfo->value.integer.max = 1;
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>type</structfield> field specifies the type
+ of the control. There are <constant>BOOLEAN</constant>,
+ <constant>INTEGER</constant>, <constant>ENUMERATED</constant>,
+ <constant>BYTES</constant>, <constant>IEC958</constant> and
+ <constant>INTEGER64</constant>. The
+ <structfield>count</structfield> field specifies the
+ number of elements in this control. For example, a stereo
+ volume would have count = 2. The
+ <structfield>value</structfield> field is a union, and
+ the values stored are depending on the type. The boolean and
+ integer are identical.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The enumerated type is a bit different from others. You'll
+ need to set the string for the currently given item index.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_myctl_info(snd_kcontrol_t *kcontrol,
+ snd_ctl_elem_info_t *uinfo)
+ {
+ static char *texts[4] = {
+ "First", "Second", "Third", "Fourth"
+ };
+ uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_ENUMERATED;
+ uinfo->count = 1;
+ uinfo->value.enumerated.items = 4;
+ if (uinfo->value.enumerated.item > 3)
+ uinfo->value.enumerated.item = 3;
+ strcpy(uinfo->value.enumerated.name,
+ texts[uinfo->value.enumerated.item]);
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-callbacks-get">
+ <title>get callback</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This callback is used to read the current value of the
+ control and to return to the user-space.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For example,
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Example of get callback</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_myctl_get(snd_kcontrol_t *kcontrol,
+ snd_ctl_elem_value_t *ucontrol)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol);
+ ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] = get_some_value(chip);
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Here, the chip instance is retrieved via
+ <function>snd_kcontrol_chip()</function> macro. This macro
+ converts from kcontrol->private_data to the type defined by
+ <type>chip_t</type>. The
+ kcontrol->private_data field is
+ given as the argument of <function>snd_ctl_new()</function>
+ (see the later subsection
+ <link linkend="control-interface-constructor"><citetitle>Constructor</citetitle></link>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>value</structfield> field is depending on
+ the type of control as well as on info callback. For example,
+ the sb driver uses this field to store the register offset,
+ the bit-shift and the bit-mask. The
+ <structfield>private_value</structfield> is set like
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ .private_value = reg | (shift << 16) | (mask << 24)
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ and is retrieved in callbacks like
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_sbmixer_get_single(snd_kcontrol_t *kcontrol,
+ snd_ctl_elem_value_t *ucontrol)
+ {
+ int reg = kcontrol->private_value & 0xff;
+ int shift = (kcontrol->private_value >> 16) & 0xff;
+ int mask = (kcontrol->private_value >> 24) & 0xff;
+ ....
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In <structfield>get</structfield> callback, you have to fill all the elements if the
+ control has more than one elements,
+ i.e. <structfield>count</structfield> > 1.
+ In the example above, we filled only one element
+ (<structfield>value.integer.value[0]</structfield>) since it's
+ assumed as <structfield>count</structfield> = 1.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-callbacks-put">
+ <title>put callback</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This callback is used to write a value from the user-space.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For example,
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Example of put callback</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_myctl_put(snd_kcontrol_t *kcontrol,
+ snd_ctl_elem_value_t *ucontrol)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol);
+ int changed = 0;
+ if (chip->current_value !=
+ ucontrol->value.integer.value[0]) {
+ change_current_value(chip,
+ ucontrol->value.integer.value[0]);
+ changed = 1;
+ }
+ return changed;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+
+ As seen above, you have to return 1 if the value is
+ changed. If the value is not changed, return 0 instead.
+ If any fatal error happens, return a negative error code as
+ usual.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Like <structfield>get</structfield> callback,
+ when the control has more than one elements,
+ all elemehts must be evaluated in this callback, too.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-callbacks-all">
+ <title>Callbacks are not atomic</title>
+ <para>
+ All these three callbacks are basically not atomic.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-constructor">
+ <title>Constructor</title>
+ <para>
+ When everything is ready, finally we can create a new
+ control. For creating a control, there are two functions to be
+ called, <function>snd_ctl_new1()</function> and
+ <function>snd_ctl_add()</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the simplest way, you can do like this:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ if ((err = snd_ctl_add(card, snd_ctl_new1(&my_control, chip))) < 0)
+ return err;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where <parameter>my_control</parameter> is the
+ <type>snd_kcontrol_new_t</type> object defined above, and chip
+ is the object pointer to be passed to
+ kcontrol->private_data
+ which can be referred in callbacks.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>snd_ctl_new1()</function> allocates a new
+ <type>snd_kcontrol_t</type> instance (that's why the definition
+ of <parameter>my_control</parameter> can be with
+ <parameter>__devinitdata</parameter>
+ prefix), and <function>snd_ctl_add</function> assigns the given
+ control component to the card.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="control-interface-change-notification">
+ <title>Change Notification</title>
+ <para>
+ If you need to change and update a control in the interrupt
+ routine, you can call <function>snd_ctl_notify()</function>. For
+ example,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_ctl_notify(card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, id_pointer);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ This function takes the card pointer, the event-mask, and the
+ control id pointer for the notification. The event-mask
+ specifies the types of notification, for example, in the above
+ example, the change of control values is notified.
+ The id pointer is the pointer of <type>snd_ctl_elem_id_t</type>
+ to be notified.
+ You can find some examples in <filename>es1938.c</filename> or
+ <filename>es1968.c</filename> for hardware volume interrupts.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- API for AC97 Codec -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="api-ac97">
+ <title>API for AC97 Codec</title>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>General</title>
+ <para>
+ The ALSA AC97 codec layer is a well-defined one, and you don't
+ have to write many codes to control it. Only low-level control
+ routines are necessary. The AC97 codec API is defined in
+ <filename><sound/ac97_codec.h></filename>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="api-ac97-example">
+ <title>Full Code Example</title>
+ <para>
+ <example>
+ <title>Example of AC97 Interface</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ struct snd_mychip {
+ ....
+ ac97_t *ac97;
+ ....
+ };
+
+ static unsigned short snd_mychip_ac97_read(ac97_t *ac97,
+ unsigned short reg)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = ac97->private_data;
+ ....
+ // read a register value here from the codec
+ return the_register_value;
+ }
+
+ static void snd_mychip_ac97_write(ac97_t *ac97,
+ unsigned short reg, unsigned short val)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = ac97->private_data;
+ ....
+ // write the given register value to the codec
+ }
+
+ static int snd_mychip_ac97(mychip_t *chip)
+ {
+ ac97_bus_t *bus;
+ ac97_template_t ac97;
+ int err;
+ static ac97_bus_ops_t ops = {
+ .write = snd_mychip_ac97_write,
+ .read = snd_mychip_ac97_read,
+ };
+
+ if ((err = snd_ac97_bus(chip->card, 0, &ops, NULL, &bus)) < 0)
+ return err;
+ memset(&ac97, 0, sizeof(ac97));
+ ac97.private_data = chip;
+ return snd_ac97_mixer(bus, &ac97, &chip->ac97);
+ }
+
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="api-ac97-constructor">
+ <title>Constructor</title>
+ <para>
+ For creating an ac97 instance, first call <function>snd_ac97_bus</function>
+ with an <type>ac97_bus_ops_t</type> record with callback functions.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ ac97_bus_t *bus;
+ static ac97_bus_ops_t ops = {
+ .write = snd_mychip_ac97_write,
+ .read = snd_mychip_ac97_read,
+ };
+
+ snd_ac97_bus(card, 0, &ops, NULL, &pbus);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ The bus record is shared among all belonging ac97 instances.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ And then call <function>snd_ac97_mixer()</function> with an <type>ac97_template_t</type>
+ record together with the bus pointer created above.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ ac97_template_t ac97;
+ int err;
+
+ memset(&ac97, 0, sizeof(ac97));
+ ac97.private_data = chip;
+ snd_ac97_mixer(bus, &ac97, &chip->ac97);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where chip->ac97 is the pointer of a newly created
+ <type>ac97_t</type> instance.
+ In this case, the chip pointer is set as the private data, so that
+ the read/write callback functions can refer to this chip instance.
+ This instance is not necessarily stored in the chip
+ record. When you need to change the register values from the
+ driver, or need the suspend/resume of ac97 codecs, keep this
+ pointer to pass to the corresponding functions.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="api-ac97-callbacks">
+ <title>Callbacks</title>
+ <para>
+ The standard callbacks are <structfield>read</structfield> and
+ <structfield>write</structfield>. Obviously they
+ correspond to the functions for read and write accesses to the
+ hardware low-level codes.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>read</structfield> callback returns the
+ register value specified in the argument.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static unsigned short snd_mychip_ac97_read(ac97_t *ac97,
+ unsigned short reg)
+ {
+ mychip_t *chip = ac97->private_data;
+ ....
+ return the_register_value;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ Here, the chip can be cast from ac97->private_data.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Meanwhile, the <structfield>write</structfield> callback is
+ used to set the register value.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void snd_mychip_ac97_write(ac97_t *ac97,
+ unsigned short reg, unsigned short val)
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ These callbacks are non-atomic like the callbacks of control API.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are also other callbacks:
+ <structfield>reset</structfield>,
+ <structfield>wait</structfield> and
+ <structfield>init</structfield>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>reset</structfield> callback is used to reset
+ the codec. If the chip requires a special way of reset, you can
+ define this callback.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>wait</structfield> callback is used for a
+ certain wait at the standard initialization of the codec. If the
+ chip requires the extra wait-time, define this callback.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>init</structfield> callback is used for
+ additional initialization of the codec.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="api-ac97-updating-registers">
+ <title>Updating Registers in The Driver</title>
+ <para>
+ If you need to access to the codec from the driver, you can
+ call the following functions:
+ <function>snd_ac97_write()</function>,
+ <function>snd_ac97_read()</function>,
+ <function>snd_ac97_update()</function> and
+ <function>snd_ac97_update_bits()</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Both <function>snd_ac97_write()</function> and
+ <function>snd_ac97_update()</function> functions are used to
+ set a value to the given register
+ (<constant>AC97_XXX</constant>). The difference between them is
+ that <function>snd_ac97_update()</function> doesn't write a
+ value if the given value has been already set, while
+ <function>snd_ac97_write()</function> always rewrites the
+ value.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_ac97_write(ac97, AC97_MASTER, 0x8080);
+ snd_ac97_update(ac97, AC97_MASTER, 0x8080);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>snd_ac97_read()</function> is used to read the value
+ of the given register. For example,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ value = snd_ac97_read(ac97, AC97_MASTER);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>snd_ac97_update_bits()</function> is used to update
+ some bits of the given register.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_ac97_update_bits(ac97, reg, mask, value);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Also, there is a function to change the sample rate (of a
+ certain register such as
+ <constant>AC97_PCM_FRONT_DAC_RATE</constant>) when VRA or
+ DRA is supported by the codec:
+ <function>snd_ac97_set_rate()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_ac97_set_rate(ac97, AC97_PCM_FRONT_DAC_RATE, 44100);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The following registers are available for setting the rate:
+ <constant>AC97_PCM_MIC_ADC_RATE</constant>,
+ <constant>AC97_PCM_FRONT_DAC_RATE</constant>,
+ <constant>AC97_PCM_LR_ADC_RATE</constant>,
+ <constant>AC97_SPDIF</constant>. When the
+ <constant>AC97_SPDIF</constant> is specified, the register is
+ not really changed but the corresponding IEC958 status bits will
+ be updated.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="api-ac97-clock-adjustment">
+ <title>Clock Adjustment</title>
+ <para>
+ On some chip, the clock of the codec isn't 48000 but using a
+ PCI clock (to save a quartz!). In this case, change the field
+ bus->clock to the corresponding
+ value. For example, intel8x0
+ and es1968 drivers have the auto-measurement function of the
+ clock.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="api-ac97-proc-files">
+ <title>Proc Files</title>
+ <para>
+ The ALSA AC97 interface will create a proc file such as
+ <filename>/proc/asound/card0/codec97#0/ac97#0-0</filename> and
+ <filename>ac97#0-0+regs</filename>. You can refer to these files to
+ see the current status and registers of the codec.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="api-ac97-multiple-codecs">
+ <title>Multiple Codecs</title>
+ <para>
+ When there are several codecs on the same card, you need to
+ call <function>snd_ac97_new()</function> multiple times with
+ ac97.num=1 or greater. The <structfield>num</structfield> field
+ specifies the codec
+ number.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you have set up multiple codecs, you need to either write
+ different callbacks for each codec or check
+ ac97->num in the
+ callback routines.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- MIDI (MPU401-UART) Interface -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="midi-interface">
+ <title>MIDI (MPU401-UART) Interface</title>
+
+ <section id="midi-interface-general">
+ <title>General</title>
+ <para>
+ Many soundcards have built-in MIDI (MPU401-UART)
+ interfaces. When the soundcard supports the standard MPU401-UART
+ interface, most likely you can use the ALSA MPU401-UART API. The
+ MPU401-UART API is defined in
+ <filename><sound/mpu401.h></filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Some soundchips have similar but a little bit different
+ implementation of mpu401 stuff. For example, emu10k1 has its own
+ mpu401 routines.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="midi-interface-constructor">
+ <title>Constructor</title>
+ <para>
+ For creating a rawmidi object, call
+ <function>snd_mpu401_uart_new()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_rawmidi_t *rmidi;
+ snd_mpu401_uart_new(card, 0, MPU401_HW_MPU401, port, integrated,
+ irq, irq_flags, &rmidi);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The first argument is the card pointer, and the second is the
+ index of this component. You can create up to 8 rawmidi
+ devices.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The third argument is the type of the hardware,
+ <constant>MPU401_HW_XXX</constant>. If it's not a special one,
+ you can use <constant>MPU401_HW_MPU401</constant>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The 4th argument is the i/o port address. Many
+ backward-compatible MPU401 has an i/o port such as 0x330. Or, it
+ might be a part of its own PCI i/o region. It depends on the
+ chip design.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the i/o port address above is a part of the PCI i/o
+ region, the MPU401 i/o port might have been already allocated
+ (reserved) by the driver itself. In such a case, pass non-zero
+ to the 5th argument
+ (<parameter>integrated</parameter>). Otherwise, pass 0 to it,
+ and
+ the mpu401-uart layer will allocate the i/o ports by itself.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Usually, the port address corresponds to the command port and
+ port + 1 corresponds to the data port. If not, you may change
+ the <structfield>cport</structfield> field of
+ <type>mpu401_t</type> manually
+ afterward. However, <type>mpu401_t</type> pointer is not
+ returned explicitly by
+ <function>snd_mpu401_uart_new()</function>. You need to cast
+ rmidi->private_data to
+ <type>mpu401_t</type> explicitly,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ mpu401_t *mpu;
+ mpu = rmidi->private_data;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ and reset the cport as you like:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ mpu->cport = my_own_control_port;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The 6th argument specifies the irq number for UART. If the irq
+ is already allocated, pass 0 to the 7th argument
+ (<parameter>irq_flags</parameter>). Otherwise, pass the flags
+ for irq allocation
+ (<constant>SA_XXX</constant> bits) to it, and the irq will be
+ reserved by the mpu401-uart layer. If the card doesn't generates
+ UART interrupts, pass -1 as the irq number. Then a timer
+ interrupt will be invoked for polling.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="midi-interface-interrupt-handler">
+ <title>Interrupt Handler</title>
+ <para>
+ When the interrupt is allocated in
+ <function>snd_mpu401_uart_new()</function>, the private
+ interrupt handler is used, hence you don't have to do nothing
+ else than creating the mpu401 stuff. Otherwise, you have to call
+ <function>snd_mpu401_uart_interrupt()</function> explicitly when
+ a UART interrupt is invoked and checked in your own interrupt
+ handler.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In this case, you need to pass the private_data of the
+ returned rawmidi object from
+ <function>snd_mpu401_uart_new()</function> as the second
+ argument of <function>snd_mpu401_uart_interrupt()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_mpu401_uart_interrupt(irq, rmidi->private_data, regs);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- RawMIDI Interface -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="rawmidi-interface">
+ <title>RawMIDI Interface</title>
+
+ <section id="rawmidi-interface-overview">
+ <title>Overview</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The raw MIDI interface is used for hardware MIDI ports that can
+ be accessed as a byte stream. It is not used for synthesizer
+ chips that do not directly understand MIDI.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ ALSA handles file and buffer management. All you have to do is
+ to write some code to move data between the buffer and the
+ hardware.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The rawmidi API is defined in
+ <filename><sound/rawmidi.h></filename>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="rawmidi-interface-constructor">
+ <title>Constructor</title>
+
+ <para>
+ To create a rawmidi device, call the
+ <function>snd_rawmidi_new</function> function:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_rawmidi_t *rmidi;
+ err = snd_rawmidi_new(chip->card, "MyMIDI", 0, outs, ins, &rmidi);
+ if (err < 0)
+ return err;
+ rmidi->private_data = chip;
+ strcpy(rmidi->name, "My MIDI");
+ rmidi->info_flags = SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_OUTPUT |
+ SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_INPUT |
+ SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_DUPLEX;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The first argument is the card pointer, the second argument is
+ the ID string.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The third argument is the index of this component. You can
+ create up to 8 rawmidi devices.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The fourth and fifth arguments are the number of output and
+ input substreams, respectively, of this device. (A substream is
+ the equivalent of a MIDI port.)
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Set the <structfield>info_flags</structfield> field to specify
+ the capabilities of the device.
+ Set <constant>SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_OUTPUT</constant> if there is
+ at least one output port,
+ <constant>SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_INPUT</constant> if there is at
+ least one input port,
+ and <constant>SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_DUPLEX</constant> if the device
+ can handle output and input at the same time.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ After the rawmidi device is created, you need to set the
+ operators (callbacks) for each substream. There are helper
+ functions to set the operators for all substream of a device:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_rawmidi_set_ops(rmidi, SNDRV_RAWMIDI_STREAM_OUTPUT, &snd_mymidi_output_ops);
+ snd_rawmidi_set_ops(rmidi, SNDRV_RAWMIDI_STREAM_INPUT, &snd_mymidi_input_ops);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The operators are usually defined like this:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static snd_rawmidi_ops_t snd_mymidi_output_ops = {
+ .open = snd_mymidi_output_open,
+ .close = snd_mymidi_output_close,
+ .trigger = snd_mymidi_output_trigger,
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ These callbacks are explained in the <link
+ linkend="rawmidi-interface-callbacks"><citetitle>Callbacks</citetitle></link>
+ section.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If there is more than one substream, you should give each one a
+ unique name:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ struct list_head *list;
+ snd_rawmidi_substream_t *substream;
+ list_for_each(list, &rmidi->streams[SNDRV_RAWMIDI_STREAM_OUTPUT].substreams) {
+ substream = list_entry(list, snd_rawmidi_substream_t, list);
+ sprintf(substream->name, "My MIDI Port %d", substream->number + 1);
+ }
+ /* same for SNDRV_RAWMIDI_STREAM_INPUT */
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="rawmidi-interface-callbacks">
+ <title>Callbacks</title>
+
+ <para>
+ In all callbacks, the private data that you've set for the
+ rawmidi device can be accessed as
+ substream->rmidi->private_data.
+ <!-- <code> isn't available before DocBook 4.3 -->
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If there is more than one port, your callbacks can determine the
+ port index from the snd_rawmidi_substream_t data passed to each
+ callback:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_rawmidi_substream_t *substream;
+ int index = substream->number;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <section id="rawmidi-interface-op-open">
+ <title><function>open</function> callback</title>
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_open(snd_rawmidi_substream_t *substream);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ <para>
+ This is called when a substream is opened.
+ You can initialize the hardware here, but you should not yet
+ start transmitting/receiving data.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="rawmidi-interface-op-close">
+ <title><function>close</function> callback</title>
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int snd_xxx_close(snd_rawmidi_substream_t *substream);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ <para>
+ Guess what.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>open</function> and <function>close</function>
+ callbacks of a rawmidi device are serialized with a mutex,
+ and can sleep.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="rawmidi-interface-op-trigger-out">
+ <title><function>trigger</function> callback for output
+ substreams</title>
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void snd_xxx_output_trigger(snd_rawmidi_substream_t *substream, int up);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ <para>
+ This is called with a nonzero <parameter>up</parameter>
+ parameter when there is some data in the substream buffer that
+ must be transmitted.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ To read data from the buffer, call
+ <function>snd_rawmidi_transmit_peek</function>. It will
+ return the number of bytes that have been read; this will be
+ less than the number of bytes requested when there is no more
+ data in the buffer.
+ After the data has been transmitted successfully, call
+ <function>snd_rawmidi_transmit_ack</function> to remove the
+ data from the substream buffer:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ unsigned char data;
+ while (snd_rawmidi_transmit_peek(substream, &data, 1) == 1) {
+ if (mychip_try_to_transmit(data))
+ snd_rawmidi_transmit_ack(substream, 1);
+ else
+ break; /* hardware FIFO full */
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you know beforehand that the hardware will accept data, you
+ can use the <function>snd_rawmidi_transmit</function> function
+ which reads some data and removes it from the buffer at once:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ while (mychip_transmit_possible()) {
+ unsigned char data;
+ if (snd_rawmidi_transmit(substream, &data, 1) != 1)
+ break; /* no more data */
+ mychip_transmit(data);
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you know beforehand how many bytes you can accept, you can
+ use a buffer size greater than one with the
+ <function>snd_rawmidi_transmit*</function> functions.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>trigger</function> callback must not sleep. If
+ the hardware FIFO is full before the substream buffer has been
+ emptied, you have to continue transmitting data later, either
+ in an interrupt handler, or with a timer if the hardware
+ doesn't have a MIDI transmit interrupt.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>trigger</function> callback is called with a
+ zero <parameter>up</parameter> parameter when the transmission
+ of data should be aborted.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="rawmidi-interface-op-trigger-in">
+ <title><function>trigger</function> callback for input
+ substreams</title>
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void snd_xxx_input_trigger(snd_rawmidi_substream_t *substream, int up);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ <para>
+ This is called with a nonzero <parameter>up</parameter>
+ parameter to enable receiving data, or with a zero
+ <parameter>up</parameter> parameter do disable receiving data.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <function>trigger</function> callback must not sleep; the
+ actual reading of data from the device is usually done in an
+ interrupt handler.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When data reception is enabled, your interrupt handler should
+ call <function>snd_rawmidi_receive</function> for all received
+ data:
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ void snd_mychip_midi_interrupt(...)
+ {
+ while (mychip_midi_available()) {
+ unsigned char data;
+ data = mychip_midi_read();
+ snd_rawmidi_receive(substream, &data, 1);
+ }
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="rawmidi-interface-op-drain">
+ <title><function>drain</function> callback</title>
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void snd_xxx_drain(snd_rawmidi_substream_t *substream);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ <para>
+ This is only used with output substreams. This function should wait
+ until all data read from the substream buffer has been transmitted.
+ This ensures that the device can be closed and the driver unloaded
+ without losing data.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This callback is optional. If you do not set
+ <structfield>drain</structfield> in the snd_rawmidi_ops_t
+ structure, ALSA will simply wait for 50 milliseconds
+ instead.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Miscellaneous Devices -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="misc-devices">
+ <title>Miscellaneous Devices</title>
+
+ <section id="misc-devices-opl3">
+ <title>FM OPL3</title>
+ <para>
+ The FM OPL3 is still used on many chips (mainly for backward
+ compatibility). ALSA has a nice OPL3 FM control layer, too. The
+ OPL3 API is defined in
+ <filename><sound/opl3.h></filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ FM registers can be directly accessed through direct-FM API,
+ defined in <filename><sound/asound_fm.h></filename>. In
+ ALSA native mode, FM registers are accessed through
+ Hardware-Dependant Device direct-FM extension API, whereas in
+ OSS compatible mode, FM registers can be accessed with OSS
+ direct-FM compatible API on <filename>/dev/dmfmX</filename> device.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For creating the OPL3 component, you have two functions to
+ call. The first one is a constructor for <type>opl3_t</type>
+ instance.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ opl3_t *opl3;
+ snd_opl3_create(card, lport, rport, OPL3_HW_OPL3_XXX,
+ integrated, &opl3);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The first argument is the card pointer, the second one is the
+ left port address, and the third is the right port address. In
+ most cases, the right port is placed at the left port + 2.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The fourth argument is the hardware type.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the left and right ports have been already allocated by
+ the card driver, pass non-zero to the fifth argument
+ (<parameter>integrated</parameter>). Otherwise, opl3 module will
+ allocate the specified ports by itself.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the accessing to the hardware requires special method
+ instead of the standard I/O access, you can create opl3 instance
+ separately with <function>snd_opl3_new()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ opl3_t *opl3;
+ snd_opl3_new(card, OPL3_HW_OPL3_XXX, &opl3);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Then set <structfield>command</structfield>,
+ <structfield>private_data</structfield> and
+ <structfield>private_free</structfield> for the private
+ access function, the private data and the destructor.
+ The l_port and r_port are not necessarily set. Only the
+ command must be set properly. You can retrieve the data
+ from opl3->private_data field.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ After creating the opl3 instance via <function>snd_opl3_new()</function>,
+ call <function>snd_opl3_init()</function> to initialize the chip to the
+ proper state. Note that <function>snd_opl3_create()</function> always
+ calls it internally.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the opl3 instance is created successfully, then create a
+ hwdep device for this opl3.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_hwdep_t *opl3hwdep;
+ snd_opl3_hwdep_new(opl3, 0, 1, &opl3hwdep);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The first argument is the <type>opl3_t</type> instance you
+ created, and the second is the index number, usually 0.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The third argument is the index-offset for the sequencer
+ client assigned to the OPL3 port. When there is an MPU401-UART,
+ give 1 for here (UART always takes 0).
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="misc-devices-hardware-dependent">
+ <title>Hardware-Dependent Devices</title>
+ <para>
+ Some chips need the access from the user-space for special
+ controls or for loading the micro code. In such a case, you can
+ create a hwdep (hardware-dependent) device. The hwdep API is
+ defined in <filename><sound/hwdep.h></filename>. You can
+ find examples in opl3 driver or
+ <filename>isa/sb/sb16_csp.c</filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Creation of the <type>hwdep</type> instance is done via
+ <function>snd_hwdep_new()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_hwdep_t *hw;
+ snd_hwdep_new(card, "My HWDEP", 0, &hw);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where the third argument is the index number.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You can then pass any pointer value to the
+ <parameter>private_data</parameter>.
+ If you assign a private data, you should define the
+ destructor, too. The destructor function is set to
+ <structfield>private_free</structfield> field.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ mydata_t *p = kmalloc(sizeof(*p), GFP_KERNEL);
+ hw->private_data = p;
+ hw->private_free = mydata_free;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ and the implementation of destructor would be:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void mydata_free(snd_hwdep_t *hw)
+ {
+ mydata_t *p = hw->private_data;
+ kfree(p);
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The arbitrary file operations can be defined for this
+ instance. The file operators are defined in
+ <parameter>ops</parameter> table. For example, assume that
+ this chip needs an ioctl.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ hw->ops.open = mydata_open;
+ hw->ops.ioctl = mydata_ioctl;
+ hw->ops.release = mydata_release;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ And implement the callback functions as you like.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="misc-devices-IEC958">
+ <title>IEC958 (S/PDIF)</title>
+ <para>
+ Usually the controls for IEC958 devices are implemented via
+ control interface. There is a macro to compose a name string for
+ IEC958 controls, <function>SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958()</function>
+ defined in <filename><include/asound.h></filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are some standard controls for IEC958 status bits. These
+ controls use the type <type>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_IEC958</type>,
+ and the size of element is fixed as 4 bytes array
+ (value.iec958.status[x]). For <structfield>info</structfield>
+ callback, you don't specify
+ the value field for this type (the count field must be set,
+ though).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <quote>IEC958 Playback Con Mask</quote> is used to return the
+ bit-mask for the IEC958 status bits of consumer mode. Similarly,
+ <quote>IEC958 Playback Pro Mask</quote> returns the bitmask for
+ professional mode. They are read-only controls, and are defined
+ as MIXER controls (iface =
+ <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER</constant>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Meanwhile, <quote>IEC958 Playback Default</quote> control is
+ defined for getting and setting the current default IEC958
+ bits. Note that this one is usually defined as a PCM control
+ (iface = <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM</constant>),
+ although in some places it's defined as a MIXER control.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In addition, you can define the control switches to
+ enable/disable or to set the raw bit mode. The implementation
+ will depend on the chip, but the control should be named as
+ <quote>IEC958 xxx</quote>, preferably using
+ <function>SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958()</function> macro.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You can find several cases, for example,
+ <filename>pci/emu10k1</filename>,
+ <filename>pci/ice1712</filename>, or
+ <filename>pci/cmipci.c</filename>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Buffer and Memory Management -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="buffer-and-memory">
+ <title>Buffer and Memory Management</title>
+
+ <section id="buffer-and-memory-buffer-types">
+ <title>Buffer Types</title>
+ <para>
+ ALSA provides several different buffer allocation functions
+ depending on the bus and the architecture. All these have a
+ consistent API. The allocation of physically-contiguous pages is
+ done via
+ <function>snd_malloc_xxx_pages()</function> function, where xxx
+ is the bus type.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The allocation of pages with fallback is
+ <function>snd_malloc_xxx_pages_fallback()</function>. This
+ function tries to allocate the specified pages but if the pages
+ are not available, it tries to reduce the page sizes until the
+ enough space is found.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For releasing the space, call
+ <function>snd_free_xxx_pages()</function> function.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Usually, ALSA drivers try to allocate and reserve
+ a large contiguous physical space
+ at the time the module is loaded for the later use.
+ This is called <quote>pre-allocation</quote>.
+ As already written, you can call the following function at the
+ construction of pcm instance (in the case of PCI bus).
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all(pcm, SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV,
+ snd_dma_pci_data(pci), size, max);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where <parameter>size</parameter> is the byte size to be
+ pre-allocated and the <parameter>max</parameter> is the maximal
+ size to be changed via <filename>prealloc</filename> proc file.
+ The allocator will try to get as large area as possible
+ within the given size.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The second argument (type) and the third argument (device pointer)
+ are dependent on the bus.
+ In the case of ISA bus, pass <function>snd_dma_isa_data()</function>
+ as the third argument with <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV</constant> type.
+ For the continuous buffer unrelated to the bus can be pre-allocated
+ with <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_CONTINUOUS</constant> type and the
+ <function>snd_dma_continuous_data(GFP_KERNEL)</function> device pointer,
+ whereh <constant>GFP_KERNEL</constant> is the kernel allocation flag to
+ use. For the SBUS, <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_SBUS</constant> and
+ <function>snd_dma_sbus_data(sbus_dev)</function> are used instead.
+ For the PCI scatter-gather buffers, use
+ <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV_SG</constant> with
+ <function>snd_dma_pci_data(pci)</function>
+ (see the section
+ <link linkend="buffer-and-memory-non-contiguous"><citetitle>Non-Contiguous Buffers
+ </citetitle></link>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Once when the buffer is pre-allocated, you can use the
+ allocator in the <structfield>hw_params</structfield> callback
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages(substream, size);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ Note that you have to pre-allocate to use this function.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="buffer-and-memory-external-hardware">
+ <title>External Hardware Buffers</title>
+ <para>
+ Some chips have their own hardware buffers and the DMA
+ transfer from the host memory is not available. In such a case,
+ you need to either 1) copy/set the audio data directly to the
+ external hardware buffer, or 2) make an intermediate buffer and
+ copy/set the data from it to the external hardware buffer in
+ interrupts (or in tasklets, preferably).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The first case works fine if the external hardware buffer is enough
+ large. This method doesn't need any extra buffers and thus is
+ more effective. You need to define the
+ <structfield>copy</structfield> and
+ <structfield>silence</structfield> callbacks for
+ the data transfer. However, there is a drawback: it cannot
+ be mmapped. The examples are GUS's GF1 PCM or emu8000's
+ wavetable PCM.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The second case allows the mmap of the buffer, although you have
+ to handle an interrupt or a tasklet for transferring the data
+ from the intermediate buffer to the hardware buffer. You can find an
+ example in vxpocket driver.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Another case is that the chip uses a PCI memory-map
+ region for the buffer instead of the host memory. In this case,
+ mmap is available only on certain architectures like intel. In
+ non-mmap mode, the data cannot be transferred as the normal
+ way. Thus you need to define <structfield>copy</structfield> and
+ <structfield>silence</structfield> callbacks as well
+ as in the cases above. The examples are found in
+ <filename>rme32.c</filename> and <filename>rme96.c</filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The implementation of <structfield>copy</structfield> and
+ <structfield>silence</structfield> callbacks depends upon
+ whether the hardware supports interleaved or non-interleaved
+ samples. The <structfield>copy</structfield> callback is
+ defined like below, a bit
+ differently depending whether the direction is playback or
+ capture:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int playback_copy(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream, int channel,
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t pos, void *src, snd_pcm_uframes_t count);
+ static int capture_copy(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream, int channel,
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t pos, void *dst, snd_pcm_uframes_t count);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the case of interleaved samples, the second argument
+ (<parameter>channel</parameter>) is not used. The third argument
+ (<parameter>pos</parameter>) points the
+ current position offset in frames.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The meaning of the fourth argument is different between
+ playback and capture. For playback, it holds the source data
+ pointer, and for capture, it's the destination data pointer.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The last argument is the number of frames to be copied.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ What you have to do in this callback is again different
+ between playback and capture directions. In the case of
+ playback, you do: copy the given amount of data
+ (<parameter>count</parameter>) at the specified pointer
+ (<parameter>src</parameter>) to the specified offset
+ (<parameter>pos</parameter>) on the hardware buffer. When
+ coded like memcpy-like way, the copy would be like:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ my_memcpy(my_buffer + frames_to_bytes(runtime, pos), src,
+ frames_to_bytes(runtime, count));
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For the capture direction, you do: copy the given amount of
+ data (<parameter>count</parameter>) at the specified offset
+ (<parameter>pos</parameter>) on the hardware buffer to the
+ specified pointer (<parameter>dst</parameter>).
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ my_memcpy(dst, my_buffer + frames_to_bytes(runtime, pos),
+ frames_to_bytes(runtime, count));
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ Note that both of the position and the data amount are given
+ in frames.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the case of non-interleaved samples, the implementation
+ will be a bit more complicated.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You need to check the channel argument, and if it's -1, copy
+ the whole channels. Otherwise, you have to copy only the
+ specified channel. Please check
+ <filename>isa/gus/gus_pcm.c</filename> as an example.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The <structfield>silence</structfield> callback is also
+ implemented in a similar way.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int silence(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream, int channel,
+ snd_pcm_uframes_t pos, snd_pcm_uframes_t count);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The meanings of arguments are identical with the
+ <structfield>copy</structfield>
+ callback, although there is no <parameter>src/dst</parameter>
+ argument. In the case of interleaved samples, the channel
+ argument has no meaning, as well as on
+ <structfield>copy</structfield> callback.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The role of <structfield>silence</structfield> callback is to
+ set the given amount
+ (<parameter>count</parameter>) of silence data at the
+ specified offset (<parameter>pos</parameter>) on the hardware
+ buffer. Suppose that the data format is signed (that is, the
+ silent-data is 0), and the implementation using a memset-like
+ function would be like:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ my_memcpy(my_buffer + frames_to_bytes(runtime, pos), 0,
+ frames_to_bytes(runtime, count));
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the case of non-interleaved samples, again, the
+ implementation becomes a bit more complicated. See, for example,
+ <filename>isa/gus/gus_pcm.c</filename>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="buffer-and-memory-non-contiguous">
+ <title>Non-Contiguous Buffers</title>
+ <para>
+ If your hardware supports the page table like emu10k1 or the
+ buffer descriptors like via82xx, you can use the scatter-gather
+ (SG) DMA. ALSA provides an interface for handling SG-buffers.
+ The API is provided in <filename><sound/pcm.h></filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For creating the SG-buffer handler, call
+ <function>snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages()</function> or
+ <function>snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all()</function>
+ with <constant>SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV_SG</constant>
+ in the PCM constructor like other PCI pre-allocator.
+ You need to pass the <function>snd_dma_pci_data(pci)</function>,
+ where pci is the struct <structname>pci_dev</structname> pointer
+ of the chip as well.
+ The <type>snd_sg_buf_t</type> instance is created as
+ substream->dma_private. You can cast
+ the pointer like:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_pcm_sgbuf_t *sgbuf = (snd_pcm_sgbuf_t*)substream->dma_private;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Then call <function>snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()</function>
+ in <structfield>hw_params</structfield> callback
+ as well as in the case of normal PCI buffer.
+ The SG-buffer handler will allocate the non-contiguous kernel
+ pages of the given size and map them onto the virtually contiguous
+ memory. The virtual pointer is addressed in runtime->dma_area.
+ The physical address (runtime->dma_addr) is set to zero,
+ because the buffer is physically non-contigous.
+ The physical address table is set up in sgbuf->table.
+ You can get the physical address at a certain offset via
+ <function>snd_pcm_sgbuf_get_addr()</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When a SG-handler is used, you need to set
+ <function>snd_pcm_sgbuf_ops_page</function> as
+ the <structfield>page</structfield> callback.
+ (See <link linkend="pcm-interface-operators-page-callback">
+ <citetitle>page callback section</citetitle></link>.)
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For releasing the data, call
+ <function>snd_pcm_lib_free_pages()</function> in the
+ <structfield>hw_free</structfield> callback as usual.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="buffer-and-memory-vmalloced">
+ <title>Vmalloc'ed Buffers</title>
+ <para>
+ It's possible to use a buffer allocated via
+ <function>vmalloc</function>, for example, for an intermediate
+ buffer. Since the allocated pages are not contiguous, you need
+ to set the <structfield>page</structfield> callback to obtain
+ the physical address at every offset.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The implementation of <structfield>page</structfield> callback
+ would be like this:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
+
+ /* get the physical page pointer on the given offset */
+ static struct page *mychip_page(snd_pcm_substream_t *substream,
+ unsigned long offset)
+ {
+ void *pageptr = substream->runtime->dma_area + offset;
+ return vmalloc_to_page(pageptr);
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Proc Interface -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="proc-interface">
+ <title>Proc Interface</title>
+ <para>
+ ALSA provides an easy interface for procfs. The proc files are
+ very useful for debugging. I recommend you set up proc files if
+ you write a driver and want to get a running status or register
+ dumps. The API is found in
+ <filename><sound/info.h></filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For creating a proc file, call
+ <function>snd_card_proc_new()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_info_entry_t *entry;
+ int err = snd_card_proc_new(card, "my-file", &entry);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where the second argument specifies the proc-file name to be
+ created. The above example will create a file
+ <filename>my-file</filename> under the card directory,
+ e.g. <filename>/proc/asound/card0/my-file</filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Like other components, the proc entry created via
+ <function>snd_card_proc_new()</function> will be registered and
+ released automatically in the card registration and release
+ functions.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When the creation is successful, the function stores a new
+ instance at the pointer given in the third argument.
+ It is initialized as a text proc file for read only. For using
+ this proc file as a read-only text file as it is, set the read
+ callback with a private data via
+ <function>snd_info_set_text_ops()</function>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_info_set_text_ops(entry, chip, read_size, my_proc_read);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ where the second argument (<parameter>chip</parameter>) is the
+ private data to be used in the callbacks. The third parameter
+ specifies the read buffer size and the fourth
+ (<parameter>my_proc_read</parameter>) is the callback function, which
+ is defined like
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void my_proc_read(snd_info_entry_t *entry,
+ snd_info_buffer_t *buffer);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the read callback, use <function>snd_iprintf()</function> for
+ output strings, which works just like normal
+ <function>printf()</function>. For example,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void my_proc_read(snd_info_entry_t *entry,
+ snd_info_buffer_t *buffer)
+ {
+ chip_t *chip = entry->private_data;
+
+ snd_iprintf(buffer, "This is my chip!\n");
+ snd_iprintf(buffer, "Port = %ld\n", chip->port);
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The file permission can be changed afterwards. As default, it's
+ set as read only for all users. If you want to add the write
+ permission to the user (root as default), set like below:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ entry->mode = S_IFREG | S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ and set the write buffer size and the callback
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ entry->c.text.write_size = 256;
+ entry->c.text.write = my_proc_write;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The buffer size for read is set to 1024 implicitly by
+ <function>snd_info_set_text_ops()</function>. It should suffice
+ in most cases (the size will be aligned to
+ <constant>PAGE_SIZE</constant> anyway), but if you need to handle
+ very large text files, you can set it explicitly, too.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ entry->c.text.read_size = 65536;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For the write callback, you can use
+ <function>snd_info_get_line()</function> to get a text line, and
+ <function>snd_info_get_str()</function> to retrieve a string from
+ the line. Some examples are found in
+ <filename>core/oss/mixer_oss.c</filename>, core/oss/and
+ <filename>pcm_oss.c</filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For a raw-data proc-file, set the attributes like the following:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static struct snd_info_entry_ops my_file_io_ops = {
+ .read = my_file_io_read,
+ };
+
+ entry->content = SNDRV_INFO_CONTENT_DATA;
+ entry->private_data = chip;
+ entry->c.ops = &my_file_io_ops;
+ entry->size = 4096;
+ entry->mode = S_IFREG | S_IRUGO;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The callback is much more complicated than the text-file
+ version. You need to use a low-level i/o functions such as
+ <function>copy_from/to_user()</function> to transfer the
+ data.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static long my_file_io_read(snd_info_entry_t *entry,
+ void *file_private_data,
+ struct file *file,
+ char *buf,
+ unsigned long count,
+ unsigned long pos)
+ {
+ long size = count;
+ if (pos + size > local_max_size)
+ size = local_max_size - pos;
+ if (copy_to_user(buf, local_data + pos, size))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ return size;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Power Management -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="power-management">
+ <title>Power Management</title>
+ <para>
+ If the chip is supposed to work with with suspend/resume
+ functions, you need to add the power-management codes to the
+ driver. The additional codes for the power-management should be
+ <function>ifdef</function>'ed with
+ <constant>CONFIG_PM</constant>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ ALSA provides the common power-management layer. Each card driver
+ needs to have only low-level suspend and resume callbacks.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ #ifdef CONFIG_PM
+ static int snd_my_suspend(snd_card_t *card, pm_message_t state)
+ {
+ .... // do things for suspsend
+ return 0;
+ }
+ static int snd_my_resume(snd_card_t *card)
+ {
+ .... // do things for suspsend
+ return 0;
+ }
+ #endif
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The scheme of the real suspend job is as following.
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Retrieve the chip data from pm_private_data field.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Call <function>snd_pcm_suspend_all()</function> to suspend the running PCM streams.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Save the register values if necessary.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Stop the hardware if necessary.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Disable the PCI device by calling <function>pci_disable_device()</function>.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A typical code would be like:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int mychip_suspend(snd_card_t *card, pm_message_t state)
+ {
+ /* (1) */
+ mychip_t *chip = card->pm_private_data;
+ /* (2) */
+ snd_pcm_suspend_all(chip->pcm);
+ /* (3) */
+ snd_mychip_save_registers(chip);
+ /* (4) */
+ snd_mychip_stop_hardware(chip);
+ /* (5) */
+ pci_disable_device(chip->pci);
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The scheme of the real resume job is as following.
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Retrieve the chip data from pm_private_data field.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Enable the pci device again by calling
+ <function>pci_enable_device()</function>.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Re-initialize the chip.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Restore the saved registers if necessary.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Resume the mixer, e.g. calling
+ <function>snd_ac97_resume()</function>.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Restart the hardware (if any).</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A typical code would be like:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static void mychip_resume(mychip_t *chip)
+ {
+ /* (1) */
+ mychip_t *chip = card->pm_private_data;
+ /* (2) */
+ pci_enable_device(chip->pci);
+ /* (3) */
+ snd_mychip_reinit_chip(chip);
+ /* (4) */
+ snd_mychip_restore_registers(chip);
+ /* (5) */
+ snd_ac97_resume(chip->ac97);
+ /* (6) */
+ snd_mychip_restart_chip(chip);
+ return 0;
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ OK, we have all callbacks now. Let's set up them now. In the
+ initialization of the card, add the following:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int __devinit snd_mychip_probe(struct pci_dev *pci,
+ const struct pci_device_id *pci_id)
+ {
+ ....
+ snd_card_t *card;
+ mychip_t *chip;
+ ....
+ snd_card_set_pm_callback(card, snd_my_suspend, snd_my_resume, chip);
+ ....
+ }
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ Here you don't have to put ifdef CONFIG_PM around, since it's already
+ checked in the header and expanded to empty if not needed.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you need a space for saving the registers, you'll need to
+ allocate the buffer for it here, too, since it would be fatal
+ if you cannot allocate a memory in the suspend phase.
+ The allocated buffer should be released in the corresponding
+ destructor.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ And next, set suspend/resume callbacks to the pci_driver,
+ This can be done by passing a macro SND_PCI_PM_CALLBACKS
+ in the pci_driver struct. This macro is expanded to the correct
+ (global) callbacks if CONFIG_PM is set.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static struct pci_driver driver = {
+ .name = "My Chip",
+ .id_table = snd_my_ids,
+ .probe = snd_my_probe,
+ .remove = __devexit_p(snd_my_remove),
+ SND_PCI_PM_CALLBACKS
+ };
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Module Parameters -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="module-parameters">
+ <title>Module Parameters</title>
+ <para>
+ There are standard module options for ALSA. At least, each
+ module should have <parameter>index</parameter>,
+ <parameter>id</parameter> and <parameter>enable</parameter>
+ options.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the module supports multiple cards (usually up to
+ 8 = <constant>SNDRV_CARDS</constant> cards), they should be
+ arrays. The default initial values are defined already as
+ constants for ease of programming:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ static int index[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX;
+ static char *id[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR;
+ static int enable[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_ENABLE_PNP;
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the module supports only a single card, they could be single
+ variables, instead. <parameter>enable</parameter> option is not
+ always necessary in this case, but it wouldn't be so bad to have a
+ dummy option for compatibility.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The module parameters must be declared with the standard
+ <function>module_param()()</function>,
+ <function>module_param_array()()</function> and
+ <function>MODULE_PARM_DESC()</function> macros.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The typical coding would be like below:
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ #define CARD_NAME "My Chip"
+
+ module_param_array(index, int, NULL, 0444);
+ MODULE_PARM_DESC(index, "Index value for " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");
+ module_param_array(id, charp, NULL, 0444);
+ MODULE_PARM_DESC(id, "ID string for " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");
+ module_param_array(enable, bool, NULL, 0444);
+ MODULE_PARM_DESC(enable, "Enable " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Also, don't forget to define the module description, classes,
+ license and devices. Especially, the recent modprobe requires to
+ define the module license as GPL, etc., otherwise the system is
+ shown as <quote>tainted</quote>.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ MODULE_DESCRIPTION("My Chip");
+ MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+ MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE("{{Vendor,My Chip Name}}");
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- How To Put Your Driver -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="how-to-put-your-driver">
+ <title>How To Put Your Driver Into ALSA Tree</title>
+ <section>
+ <title>General</title>
+ <para>
+ So far, you've learned how to write the driver codes.
+ And you might have a question now: how to put my own
+ driver into the ALSA driver tree?
+ Here (finally :) the standard procedure is described briefly.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Suppose that you'll create a new PCI driver for the card
+ <quote>xyz</quote>. The card module name would be
+ snd-xyz. The new driver is usually put into alsa-driver
+ tree, <filename>alsa-driver/pci</filename> directory in
+ the case of PCI cards.
+ Then the driver is evaluated, audited and tested
+ by developers and users. After a certain time, the driver
+ will go to alsa-kernel tree (to the corresponding directory,
+ such as <filename>alsa-kernel/pci</filename>) and eventually
+ integrated into Linux 2.6 tree (the directory would be
+ <filename>linux/sound/pci</filename>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the following sections, the driver code is supposed
+ to be put into alsa-driver tree. The two cases are assumed:
+ a driver consisting of a single source file and one consisting
+ of several source files.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>Driver with A Single Source File</title>
+ <para>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Modify alsa-driver/pci/Makefile
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Suppose you have a file xyz.c. Add the following
+ two lines
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd-xyz-objs := xyz.o
+ obj-$(CONFIG_SND_XYZ) += snd-xyz.o
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Create the Kconfig entry
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Add the new entry of Kconfig for your xyz driver.
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ config SND_XYZ
+ tristate "Foobar XYZ"
+ depends on SND
+ select SND_PCM
+ help
+ Say Y here to include support for Foobar XYZ soundcard.
+
+ To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the module
+ will be called snd-xyz.
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ the line, select SND_PCM, specifies that the driver xyz supports
+ PCM. In addition to SND_PCM, the following components are
+ supported for select command:
+ SND_RAWMIDI, SND_TIMER, SND_HWDEP, SND_MPU401_UART,
+ SND_OPL3_LIB, SND_OPL4_LIB, SND_VX_LIB, SND_AC97_CODEC.
+ Add the select command for each supported component.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that some selections imply the lowlevel selections.
+ For example, PCM includes TIMER, MPU401_UART includes RAWMIDI,
+ AC97_CODEC includes PCM, and OPL3_LIB includes HWDEP.
+ You don't need to give the lowlevel selections again.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For the details of Kconfig script, refer to the kbuild
+ documentation.
+ </para>
+
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Run cvscompile script to re-generate the configure script and
+ build the whole stuff again.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>Drivers with Several Source Files</title>
+ <para>
+ Suppose that the driver snd-xyz have several source files.
+ They are located in the new subdirectory,
+ pci/xyz.
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Add a new directory (<filename>xyz</filename>) in
+ <filename>alsa-driver/pci/Makefile</filename> like below
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ obj-$(CONFIG_SND) += xyz/
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Under the directory <filename>xyz</filename>, create a Makefile
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Sample Makefile for a driver xyz</title>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ ifndef SND_TOPDIR
+ SND_TOPDIR=../..
+ endif
+
+ include $(SND_TOPDIR)/toplevel.config
+ include $(SND_TOPDIR)/Makefile.conf
+
+ snd-xyz-objs := xyz.o abc.o def.o
+
+ obj-$(CONFIG_SND_XYZ) += snd-xyz.o
+
+ include $(SND_TOPDIR)/Rules.make
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Create the Kconfig entry
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This procedure is as same as in the last section.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Run cvscompile script to re-generate the configure script and
+ build the whole stuff again.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ </chapter>
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Useful Functions -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="useful-functions">
+ <title>Useful Functions</title>
+
+ <section id="useful-functions-snd-printk">
+ <title><function>snd_printk()</function> and friends</title>
+ <para>
+ ALSA provides a verbose version of
+ <function>printk()</function> function. If a kernel config
+ <constant>CONFIG_SND_VERBOSE_PRINTK</constant> is set, this
+ function prints the given message together with the file name
+ and the line of the caller. The <constant>KERN_XXX</constant>
+ prefix is processed as
+ well as the original <function>printk()</function> does, so it's
+ recommended to add this prefix, e.g.
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_printk(KERN_ERR "Oh my, sorry, it's extremely bad!\n");
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are also <function>printk()</function>'s for
+ debugging. <function>snd_printd()</function> can be used for
+ general debugging purposes. If
+ <constant>CONFIG_SND_DEBUG</constant> is set, this function is
+ compiled, and works just like
+ <function>snd_printk()</function>. If the ALSA is compiled
+ without the debugging flag, it's ignored.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <function>snd_printdd()</function> is compiled in only when
+ <constant>CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_DETECT</constant> is set. Please note
+ that <constant>DEBUG_DETECT</constant> is not set as default
+ even if you configure the alsa-driver with
+ <option>--with-debug=full</option> option. You need to give
+ explicitly <option>--with-debug=detect</option> option instead.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="useful-functions-snd-assert">
+ <title><function>snd_assert()</function></title>
+ <para>
+ <function>snd_assert()</function> macro is similar with the
+ normal <function>assert()</function> macro. For example,
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <programlisting>
+<![CDATA[
+ snd_assert(pointer != NULL, return -EINVAL);
+]]>
+ </programlisting>
+ </informalexample>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The first argument is the expression to evaluate, and the
+ second argument is the action if it fails. When
+ <constant>CONFIG_SND_DEBUG</constant>, is set, it will show an
+ error message such as <computeroutput>BUG? (xxx) (called from
+ yyy)</computeroutput>. When no debug flag is set, this is
+ ignored.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="useful-functions-snd-runtime-check">
+ <title><function>snd_runtime_check()</function></title>
+ <para>
+ This macro is quite similar with
+ <function>snd_assert()</function>. Unlike
+ <function>snd_assert()</function>, the expression is always
+ evaluated regardless of
+ <constant>CONFIG_SND_DEBUG</constant>. When
+ <constant>CONFIG_SND_DEBUG</constant> is set, the macro will
+ show a message like <computeroutput>ERROR (xx) (called from
+ yyy)</computeroutput>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="useful-functions-snd-bug">
+ <title><function>snd_BUG()</function></title>
+ <para>
+ It calls <function>snd_assert(0,)</function> -- that is, just
+ prints the error message at the point. It's useful to show that
+ a fatal error happens there.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
+
+
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+<!-- Acknowledgments -->
+<!-- ****************************************************** -->
+ <chapter id="acknowledments">
+ <title>Acknowledgments</title>
+ <para>
+ I would like to thank Phil Kerr for his help for improvement and
+ corrections of this document.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Kevin Conder reformatted the original plain-text to the
+ DocBook format.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Giuliano Pochini corrected typos and contributed the example codes
+ in the hardware constraints section.
+ </para>
+ </chapter>
+
+
+</book>
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/Joystick.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/Joystick.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccda41b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/Joystick.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+Analog Joystick Support on ALSA Drivers
+=======================================
+ Oct. 14, 2003
+ Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
+
+General
+-------
+
+First of all, you need to enable GAMEPORT support on Linux kernel for
+using a joystick with the ALSA driver. For the details of gameport
+support, refer to Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
+
+The joystick support of ALSA drivers is different between ISA and PCI
+cards. In the case of ISA (PnP) cards, it's usually handled by the
+independent module (ns558). Meanwhile, the ALSA PCI drivers have the
+built-in gameport support. Hence, when the ALSA PCI driver is built
+in the kernel, CONFIG_GAMEPORT must be 'y', too. Otherwise, the
+gameport support on that card will be (silently) disabled.
+
+Some adapter modules probe the physical connection of the device at
+the load time. It'd be safer to plug in the joystick device before
+loading the module.
+
+
+PCI Cards
+---------
+
+For PCI cards, the joystick is enabled when the appropriate module
+option is specified. Some drivers don't need options, and the
+joystick support is always enabled. In the former ALSA version, there
+was a dynamic control API for the joystick activation. It was
+changed, however, to the static module options because of the system
+stability and the resource management.
+
+The following PCI drivers support the joystick natively.
+
+ Driver Module Option Available Values
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ als4000 joystick_port 0 = disable (default), 1 = auto-detect,
+ manual: any address (e.g. 0x200)
+ au88x0 N/A N/A
+ azf3328 joystick 0 = disable, 1 = enable, -1 = auto (default)
+ ens1370 joystick 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable
+ ens1371 joystick_port 0 = disable (default), 1 = auto-detect,
+ manual: 0x200, 0x208, 0x210, 0x218
+ cmipci joystick_port 0 = disable (default), 1 = auto-detect,
+ manual: any address (e.g. 0x200)
+ cs4281 N/A N/A
+ cs46xx N/A N/A
+ es1938 N/A N/A
+ es1968 joystick 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable
+ sonicvibes N/A N/A
+ trident N/A N/A
+ via82xx(*1) joystick 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable
+ ymfpci joystick_port 0 = disable (default), 1 = auto-detect,
+ manual: 0x201, 0x202, 0x204, 0x205(*2)
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ *1) VIA686A/B only
+ *2) With YMF744/754 chips, the port address can be chosen arbitrarily
+
+The following drivers don't support gameport natively, but there are
+additional modules. Load the corresponding module to add the gameport
+support.
+
+ Driver Additional Module
+ -----------------------------
+ emu10k1 emu10k1-gp
+ fm801 fm801-gp
+ -----------------------------
+
+Note: the "pcigame" and "cs461x" modules are for the OSS drivers only.
+ These ALSA drivers (cs46xx, trident and au88x0) have the
+ built-in gameport support.
+
+As mentioned above, ALSA PCI drivers have the built-in gameport
+support, so you don't have to load ns558 module. Just load "joydev"
+and the appropriate adapter module (e.g. "analog").
+
+
+ISA Cards
+---------
+
+ALSA ISA drivers don't have the built-in gameport support.
+Instead, you need to load "ns558" module in addition to "joydev" and
+the adapter module (e.g. "analog").
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/MIXART.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/MIXART.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cb9706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/MIXART.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+ Alsa driver for Digigram miXart8 and miXart8AES/EBU soundcards
+ Digigram <alsa@digigram.com>
+
+
+GENERAL
+=======
+
+The miXart8 is a multichannel audio processing and mixing soundcard
+that has 4 stereo audio inputs and 4 stereo audio outputs.
+The miXart8AES/EBU is the same with a add-on card that offers further
+4 digital stereo audio inputs and outputs.
+Furthermore the add-on card offers external clock synchronisation
+(AES/EBU, Word Clock, Time Code and Video Synchro)
+
+The mainboard has a PowerPC that offers onboard mpeg encoding and
+decoding, samplerate conversions and various effects.
+
+The driver don't work properly at all until the certain firmwares
+are loaded, i.e. no PCM nor mixer devices will appear.
+Use the mixartloader that can be found in the alsa-tools package.
+
+
+VERSION 0.1.0
+=============
+
+One miXart8 board will be represented as 4 alsa cards, each with 1
+stereo analog capture 'pcm0c' and 1 stereo analog playback 'pcm0p' device.
+With a miXart8AES/EBU there is in addition 1 stereo digital input
+'pcm1c' and 1 stereo digital output 'pcm1p' per card.
+
+Formats
+-------
+U8, S16_LE, S16_BE, S24_3LE, S24_3BE, FLOAT_LE, FLOAT_BE
+Sample rates : 8000 - 48000 Hz continously
+
+Playback
+--------
+For instance the playback devices are configured to have max. 4
+substreams performing hardware mixing. This could be changed to a
+maximum of 24 substreams if wished.
+Mono files will be played on the left and right channel. Each channel
+can be muted for each stream to use 8 analog/digital outputs seperately.
+
+Capture
+-------
+There is one substream per capture device. For instance only stereo
+formats are supported.
+
+Mixer
+-----
+<Master> and <Master Capture> : analog volume control of playback and capture PCM.
+<PCM 0-3> and <PCM Capture> : digital volume control of each analog substream.
+<AES 0-3> and <AES Capture> : digital volume control of each AES/EBU substream.
+<Monitoring> : Loopback from 'pcm0c' to 'pcm0p' with digital volume
+and mute control.
+
+Rem : for best audio quality try to keep a 0 attenuation on the PCM
+and AES volume controls which is set by 219 in the range from 0 to 255
+(about 86% with alsamixer)
+
+
+NOT YET IMPLEMENTED
+===================
+
+- external clock support (AES/EBU, Word Clock, Time Code, Video Sync)
+- MPEG audio formats
+- mono record
+- on-board effects and samplerate conversions
+- linked streams
+
+
+FIRMWARE
+========
+
+[As of 2.6.11, the firmware can be loaded automatically with hotplug
+ when CONFIG_FW_LOADER is set. The mixartloader is necessary only
+ for older versions or when you build the driver into kernel.]
+
+For loading the firmware automatically after the module is loaded, use
+the post-install command. For example, add the following entry to
+/etc/modprobe.conf for miXart driver:
+
+ install snd-mixart /sbin/modprobe --first-time -i snd-mixart && \
+ /usr/bin/mixartloader
+(for 2.2/2.4 kernels, add "post-install snd-mixart /usr/bin/vxloader" to
+ /etc/modules.conf, instead.)
+
+The firmware binaries are installed on /usr/share/alsa/firmware
+(or /usr/local/share/alsa/firmware, depending to the prefix option of
+configure). There will be a miXart.conf file, which define the dsp image
+files.
+
+The firmware files are copyright by Digigram SA
+
+
+COPYRIGHT
+=========
+
+Copyright (c) 2003 Digigram SA <alsa@digigram.com>
+Distributalbe under GPL.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/OSS-Emulation.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/OSS-Emulation.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec2a025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/OSS-Emulation.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+ NOTES ON KERNEL OSS-EMULATION
+ =============================
+
+ Jan. 22, 2004 Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
+
+
+Modules
+=======
+
+ALSA provides a powerful OSS emulation on the kernel.
+The OSS emulation for PCM, mixer and sequencer devices is implemented
+as add-on kernel modules, snd-pcm-oss, snd-mixer-oss and snd-seq-oss.
+When you need to access the OSS PCM, mixer or sequencer devices, the
+corresponding module has to be loaded.
+
+These modules are loaded automatically when the corresponding service
+is called. The alias is defined sound-service-x-y, where x and y are
+the card number and the minor unit number. Usually you don't have to
+define these aliases by yourself.
+
+Only necessary step for auto-loading of OSS modules is to define the
+card alias in /etc/modprobe.conf, such as
+
+ alias sound-slot-0 snd-emu10k1
+
+As the second card, define sound-slot-1 as well.
+Note that you can't use the aliased name as the target name (i.e.
+"alias sound-slot-0 snd-card-0" doesn't work any more like the old
+modutils).
+
+The currently available OSS configuration is shown in
+/proc/asound/oss/sndstat. This shows in the same syntax of
+/dev/sndstat, which is available on the commercial OSS driver.
+On ALSA, you can symlink /dev/sndstat to this proc file.
+
+Please note that the devices listed in this proc file appear only
+after the corresponding OSS-emulation module is loaded. Don't worry
+even if "NOT ENABLED IN CONFIG" is shown in it.
+
+
+Device Mapping
+==============
+
+ALSA supports the following OSS device files:
+
+ PCM:
+ /dev/dspX
+ /dev/adspX
+
+ Mixer:
+ /dev/mixerX
+
+ MIDI:
+ /dev/midi0X
+ /dev/amidi0X
+
+ Sequencer:
+ /dev/sequencer
+ /dev/sequencer2 (aka /dev/music)
+
+where X is the card number from 0 to 7.
+
+(NOTE: Some distributions have the device files like /dev/midi0 and
+ /dev/midi1. They are NOT for OSS but for tclmidi, which is
+ a totally different thing.)
+
+Unlike the real OSS, ALSA cannot use the device files more than the
+assigned ones. For example, the first card cannot use /dev/dsp1 or
+/dev/dsp2, but only /dev/dsp0 and /dev/adsp0.
+
+As seen above, PCM and MIDI may have two devices. Usually, the first
+PCM device (hw:0,0 in ALSA) is mapped to /dev/dsp and the secondary
+device (hw:0,1) to /dev/adsp (if available). For MIDI, /dev/midi and
+/dev/amidi, respectively.
+
+You can change this device mapping via the module options of
+snd-pcm-oss and snd-rawmidi. In the case of PCM, the following
+options are available for snd-pcm-oss:
+
+ dsp_map PCM device number assigned to /dev/dspX
+ (default = 0)
+ adsp_map PCM device number assigned to /dev/adspX
+ (default = 1)
+
+For example, to map the third PCM device (hw:0,2) to /dev/adsp0,
+define like this:
+
+ options snd-pcm-oss adsp_map=2
+
+The options take arrays. For configuring the second card, specify
+two entries separated by comma. For example, to map the third PCM
+device on the second card to /dev/adsp1, define like below:
+
+ options snd-pcm-oss adsp_map=0,2
+
+To change the mapping of MIDI devices, the following options are
+available for snd-rawmidi:
+
+ midi_map MIDI device number assigned to /dev/midi0X
+ (default = 0)
+ amidi_map MIDI device number assigned to /dev/amidi0X
+ (default = 1)
+
+For example, to assign the third MIDI device on the first card to
+/dev/midi00, define as follows:
+
+ options snd-rawmidi midi_map=2
+
+
+PCM Mode
+========
+
+As default, ALSA emulates the OSS PCM with so-called plugin layer,
+i.e. tries to convert the sample format, rate or channels
+automatically when the card doesn't support it natively.
+This will lead to some problems for some applications like quake or
+wine, especially if they use the card only in the MMAP mode.
+
+In such a case, you can change the behavior of PCM per application by
+writing a command to the proc file. There is a proc file for each PCM
+stream, /proc/asound/cardX/pcmY[cp]/oss, where X is the card number
+(zero-based), Y the PCM device number (zero-based), and 'p' is for
+playback and 'c' for capture, respectively. Note that this proc file
+exists only after snd-pcm-oss module is loaded.
+
+The command sequence has the following syntax:
+
+ app_name fragments fragment_size [options]
+
+app_name is the name of application with (higher priority) or without
+path.
+fragments specifies the number of fragments or zero if no specific
+number is given.
+fragment_size is the size of fragment in bytes or zero if not given.
+options is the optional parameters. The following options are
+available:
+
+ disable the application tries to open a pcm device for
+ this channel but does not want to use it.
+ direct don't use plugins
+ block force block open mode
+ non-block force non-block open mode
+ partial-frag write also partial fragments (affects playback only)
+ no-silence do not fill silence ahead to avoid clicks
+
+The disable option is useful when one stream direction (playback or
+capture) is not handled correctly by the application although the
+hardware itself does support both directions.
+The direct option is used, as mentioned above, to bypass the automatic
+conversion and useful for MMAP-applications.
+For example, to playback the first PCM device without plugins for
+quake, send a command via echo like the following:
+
+ % echo "quake 0 0 direct" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss
+
+While quake wants only playback, you may append the second command
+to notify driver that only this direction is about to be allocated:
+
+ % echo "quake 0 0 disable" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0c/oss
+
+The permission of proc files depend on the module options of snd.
+As default it's set as root, so you'll likely need to be superuser for
+sending the command above.
+
+The block and non-block options are used to change the behavior of
+opening the device file.
+
+As default, ALSA behaves as original OSS drivers, i.e. does not block
+the file when it's busy. The -EBUSY error is returned in this case.
+
+This blocking behavior can be changed globally via nonblock_open
+module option of snd-pcm-oss. For using the blocking mode as default
+for OSS devices, define like the following:
+
+ options snd-pcm-oss nonblock_open=0
+
+The partial-frag and no-silence commands have been added recently.
+Both commands are for optimization use only. The former command
+specifies to invoke the write transfer only when the whole fragment is
+filled. The latter stops writing the silence data ahead
+automatically. Both are disabled as default.
+
+You can check the currently defined configuration by reading the proc
+file. The read image can be sent to the proc file again, hence you
+can save the current configuration
+
+ % cat /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss > /somewhere/oss-cfg
+
+and restore it like
+
+ % cat /somewhere/oss-cfg > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss
+
+Also, for clearing all the current configuration, send "erase" command
+as below:
+
+ % echo "erase" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss
+
+
+Mixer Elements
+==============
+
+Since ALSA has completely different mixer interface, the emulation of
+OSS mixer is relatively complicated. ALSA builds up a mixer element
+from several different ALSA (mixer) controls based on the name
+string. For example, the volume element SOUND_MIXER_PCM is composed
+from "PCM Playback Volume" and "PCM Playback Switch" controls for the
+playback direction and from "PCM Capture Volume" and "PCM Capture
+Switch" for the capture directory (if exists). When the PCM volume of
+OSS is changed, all the volume and switch controls above are adjusted
+automatically.
+
+As default, ALSA uses the following control for OSS volumes:
+
+ OSS volume ALSA control Index
+ -----------------------------------------------------
+ SOUND_MIXER_VOLUME Master 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_BASS Tone Control - Bass 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_TREBLE Tone Control - Treble 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_SYNTH Synth 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_PCM PCM 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_SPEAKER PC Speaker 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_LINE Line 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_MIC Mic 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_CD CD 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_IMIX Monitor Mix 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_ALTPCM PCM 1
+ SOUND_MIXER_RECLEV (not assigned)
+ SOUND_MIXER_IGAIN Capture 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_OGAIN Playback 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_LINE1 Aux 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_LINE2 Aux 1
+ SOUND_MIXER_LINE3 Aux 2
+ SOUND_MIXER_DIGITAL1 Digital 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_DIGITAL2 Digital 1
+ SOUND_MIXER_DIGITAL3 Digital 2
+ SOUND_MIXER_PHONEIN Phone 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_PHONEOUT Phone 1
+ SOUND_MIXER_VIDEO Video 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_RADIO Radio 0
+ SOUND_MIXER_MONITOR Monitor 0
+
+The second column is the base-string of the corresponding ALSA
+control. In fact, the controls with "XXX [Playback|Capture]
+[Volume|Switch]" will be checked in addition.
+
+The current assignment of these mixer elements is listed in the proc
+file, /proc/asound/cardX/oss_mixer, which will be like the following
+
+ VOLUME "Master" 0
+ BASS "" 0
+ TREBLE "" 0
+ SYNTH "" 0
+ PCM "PCM" 0
+ ...
+
+where the first column is the OSS volume element, the second column
+the base-string of the corresponding ALSA control, and the third the
+control index. When the string is empty, it means that the
+corresponding OSS control is not available.
+
+For changing the assignment, you can write the configuration to this
+proc file. For example, to map "Wave Playback" to the PCM volume,
+send the command like the following:
+
+ % echo 'VOLUME "Wave Playback" 0' > /proc/asound/card0/oss_mixer
+
+The command is exactly as same as listed in the proc file. You can
+change one or more elements, one volume per line. In the last
+example, both "Wave Playback Volume" and "Wave Playback Switch" will
+be affected when PCM volume is changed.
+
+Like the case of PCM proc file, the permission of proc files depend on
+the module options of snd. you'll likely need to be superuser for
+sending the command above.
+
+As well as in the case of PCM proc file, you can save and restore the
+current mixer configuration by reading and writing the whole file
+image.
+
+
+Unsupported Features
+====================
+
+MMAP on ICE1712 driver
+----------------------
+ICE1712 supports only the unconventional format, interleaved
+10-channels 24bit (packed in 32bit) format. Therefore you cannot mmap
+the buffer as the conventional (mono or 2-channels, 8 or 16bit) format
+on OSS.
+
+USB devices
+-----------
+Some USB devices support only 24bit format packed in 3bytes. This
+format is not supported by OSS and no conversion is provided by kernel
+OSS emulation. You can use the user-space OSS emulation via libaoss
+instead.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/Procfile.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/Procfile.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25c5d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/Procfile.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+ Proc Files of ALSA Drivers
+ ==========================
+ Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
+
+General
+-------
+
+ALSA has its own proc tree, /proc/asound. Many useful information are
+found in this tree. When you encounter a problem and need debugging,
+check the files listed in the following sections.
+
+Each card has its subtree cardX, where X is from 0 to 7. The
+card-specific files are stored in the card* subdirectories.
+
+
+Global Information
+------------------
+
+cards
+ Shows the list of currently configured ALSA drivers,
+ index, the id string, short and long descriptions.
+
+version
+ Shows the version string and compile date.
+
+modules
+ Lists the module of each card
+
+devices
+ Lists the ALSA native device mappings.
+
+meminfo
+ Shows the status of allocated pages via ALSA drivers.
+ Appears only when CONFIG_SND_DEBUG=y.
+
+hwdep
+ Lists the currently available hwdep devices in format of
+ <card>-<device>: <name>
+
+pcm
+ Lists the currently available PCM devices in format of
+ <card>-<device>: <id>: <name> : <sub-streams>
+
+timer
+ Lists the currently available timer devices
+
+
+oss/devices
+ Lists the OSS device mappings.
+
+oss/sndstat
+ Provides the output compatible with /dev/sndstat.
+ You can symlink this to /dev/sndstat.
+
+
+Card Specific Files
+-------------------
+
+The card-specific files are found in /proc/asound/card* directories.
+Some drivers (e.g. cmipci) have their own proc entries for the
+register dump, etc (e.g. /proc/asound/card*/cmipci shows the register
+dump). These files would be really helpful for debugging.
+
+When PCM devices are available on this card, you can see directories
+like pcm0p or pcm1c. They hold the PCM information for each PCM
+stream. The number after 'pcm' is the PCM device number from 0, and
+the last 'p' or 'c' means playback or capture direction. The files in
+this subtree is described later.
+
+The status of MIDI I/O is found in midi* files. It shows the device
+name and the received/transmitted bytes through the MIDI device.
+
+When the card is equipped with AC97 codecs, there are codec97#*
+subdirectories (desribed later).
+
+When the OSS mixer emulation is enabled (and the module is loaded),
+oss_mixer file appears here, too. This shows the current mapping of
+OSS mixer elements to the ALSA control elements. You can change the
+mapping by writing to this device. Read OSS-Emulation.txt for
+details.
+
+
+PCM Proc Files
+--------------
+
+card*/pcm*/info
+ The general information of this PCM device: card #, device #,
+ substreams, etc.
+
+card*/pcm*/xrun_debug
+ This file appears when CONFIG_SND_DEBUG=y.
+ This shows the status of xrun (= buffer overrun/xrun) debug of
+ ALSA PCM middle layer, as an integer from 0 to 2. The value
+ can be changed by writing to this file, such as
+
+ # cat 2 > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/xrun_debug
+
+ When this value is greater than 0, the driver will show the
+ messages to kernel log when an xrun is detected. The debug
+ message is shown also when the invalid H/W pointer is detected
+ at the update of periods (usually called from the interrupt
+ handler).
+
+ When this value is greater than 1, the driver will show the
+ stack trace additionally. This may help the debugging.
+
+card*/pcm*/sub*/info
+ The general information of this PCM sub-stream.
+
+card*/pcm*/sub*/status
+ The current status of this PCM sub-stream, elapsed time,
+ H/W position, etc.
+
+card*/pcm*/sub*/hw_params
+ The hardware parameters set for this sub-stream.
+
+card*/pcm*/sub*/sw_params
+ The soft parameters set for this sub-stream.
+
+card*/pcm*/sub*/prealloc
+ The buffer pre-allocation information.
+
+
+AC97 Codec Information
+----------------------
+
+card*/codec97#*/ac97#?-?
+ Shows the general information of this AC97 codec chip, such as
+ name, capabilities, set up.
+
+card*/codec97#0/ac97#?-?+regs
+ Shows the AC97 register dump. Useful for debugging.
+
+ When CONFIG_SND_DEBUG is enabled, you can write to this file for
+ changing an AC97 register directly. Pass two hex numbers.
+ For example,
+
+ # echo 02 9f1f > /proc/asound/card0/codec97#0/ac97#0-0+regs
+
+
+Sequencer Information
+---------------------
+
+seq/drivers
+ Lists the currently available ALSA sequencer drivers.
+
+seq/clients
+ Shows the list of currently available sequencer clinets and
+ ports. The connection status and the running status are shown
+ in this file, too.
+
+seq/queues
+ Lists the currently allocated/running sequener queues.
+
+seq/timer
+ Lists the currently allocated/running sequencer timers.
+
+seq/oss
+ Lists the OSS-compatible sequencer stuffs.
+
+
+Help For Debugging?
+-------------------
+
+When the problem is related with PCM, first try to turn on xrun_debug
+mode. This will give you the kernel messages when and where xrun
+happened.
+
+If it's really a bug, report it with the following information
+
+ - the name of the driver/card, show in /proc/asound/cards
+ - the reigster dump, if available (e.g. card*/cmipci)
+
+when it's a PCM problem,
+
+ - set-up of PCM, shown in hw_parms, sw_params, and status in the PCM
+ sub-stream directory
+
+when it's a mixer problem,
+
+ - AC97 proc files, codec97#*/* files
+
+for USB audio/midi,
+
+ - output of lsusb -v
+ - stream* files in card directory
+
+
+The ALSA bug-tracking system is found at:
+
+ https://bugtrack.alsa-project.org/alsa-bug/
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/SB-Live-mixer.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/SB-Live-mixer.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..651adaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/SB-Live-mixer.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+
+ Sound Blaster Live mixer / default DSP code
+ ===========================================
+
+
+The EMU10K1 chips have a DSP part which can be programmed to support
+various ways of sample processing, which is described here.
+(This acticle does not deal with the overall functionality of the
+EMU10K1 chips. See the manuals section for further details.)
+
+The ALSA driver programs this portion of chip by default code
+(can be altered later) which offers the following functionality:
+
+
+1) IEC958 (S/PDIF) raw PCM
+--------------------------
+
+This PCM device (it's the 4th PCM device (index 3!) and first subdevice
+(index 0) for a given card) allows to forward 48kHz, stereo, 16-bit
+little endian streams without any modifications to the digital output
+(coaxial or optical). The universal interface allows the creation of up
+to 8 raw PCM devices operating at 48kHz, 16-bit little endian. It would
+be easy to add support for multichannel devices to the current code,
+but the conversion routines exist only for stereo (2-channel streams)
+at the time.
+
+Look to tram_poke routines in lowlevel/emu10k1/emufx.c for more details.
+
+
+2) Digital mixer controls
+-------------------------
+
+These controls are built using the DSP instructions. They offer extended
+functionality. Only the default build-in code in the ALSA driver is described
+here. Note that the controls work as attenuators: the maximum value is the
+neutral position leaving the signal unchanged. Note that if the same destination
+is mentioned in multiple controls, the signal is accumulated and can be wrapped
+(set to maximal or minimal value without checking of overflow).
+
+
+Explanation of used abbreviations:
+
+DAC - digital to analog converter
+ADC - analog to digital converter
+I2S - one-way three wire serial bus for digital sound by Philips Semiconductors
+ (this standard is used for connecting standalone DAC and ADC converters)
+LFE - low frequency effects (subwoofer signal)
+AC97 - a chip containing an analog mixer, DAC and ADC converters
+IEC958 - S/PDIF
+FX-bus - the EMU10K1 chip has an effect bus containing 16 accumulators.
+ Each of the synthesizer voices can feed its output to these accumulators
+ and the DSP microcontroller can operate with the resulting sum.
+
+
+name='Wave Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM samples.
+The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='Wave Surround Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM samples.
+The result samples are forwarded to the rear I2S DACs. These DACs operates
+separately (they are not inside the AC97 codec).
+
+name='Wave Center Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM samples.
+The result is mixed to mono signal (single channel) and forwarded to
+the ??rear?? right DAC PCM slot of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='Wave LFE Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM.
+The result is mixed to mono signal (single channel) and forwarded to
+the ??rear?? left DAC PCM slot of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='Wave Capture Volume',index=0
+name='Wave Capture Switch',index=0
+
+These controls are used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus
+accumulator. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM.
+The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture
+PCM device).
+
+name='Music Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right MIDI FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 4 and 5 for left and right MIDI samples.
+The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='Music Capture Volume',index=0
+name='Music Capture Switch',index=0
+
+These controls are used to attenuate samples for left and right MIDI FX-bus
+accumulator. ALSA uses accumulators 4 and 5 for left and right PCM.
+The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture
+PCM device).
+
+name='Surround Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right rear PCM FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 2 and 3 for left and right rear PCM samples.
+The result samples are forwarded to the rear I2S DACs. These DACs operate
+separately (they are not inside the AC97 codec).
+
+name='Surround Capture Volume',index=0
+name='Surround Capture Switch',index=0
+
+These controls are used to attenuate samples for left and right rear PCM FX-bus
+accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 2 and 3 for left and right rear PCM samples.
+The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture
+PCM device).
+
+name='Center Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate sample for center PCM FX-bus accumulator.
+ALSA uses accumulator 6 for center PCM sample. The result sample is forwarded
+to the ??rear?? right DAC PCM slot of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='LFE Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate sample for center PCM FX-bus accumulator.
+ALSA uses accumulator 6 for center PCM sample. The result sample is forwarded
+to the ??rear?? left DAC PCM slot of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='AC97 Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right front ADC PCM slots
+of the AC97 codec. The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM
+slots of the AC97 codec.
+********************************************************************************
+*** Note: This control should be zero for the standard operations, otherwise ***
+*** a digital loopback is activated. ***
+********************************************************************************
+
+name='AC97 Capture Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right front ADC PCM slots
+of the AC97 codec. The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to
+the standard capture PCM device).
+********************************************************************************
+*** Note: This control should be 100 (maximal value), otherwise no analog ***
+*** inputs of the AC97 codec can be captured (recorded). ***
+********************************************************************************
+
+name='IEC958 TTL Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 TTL
+digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are
+forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='IEC958 TTL Capture Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 TTL
+digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are
+forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='Zoom Video Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right zoom video
+digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are
+forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='Zoom Video Capture Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right zoom video
+digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are
+forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='IEC958 LiveDrive Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 optical
+digital input. The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots
+of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='IEC958 LiveDrive Capture Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 optical
+digital inputs. The result samples are forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO
+(thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='IEC958 Coaxial Playback Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 coaxial
+digital inputs. The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots
+of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='IEC958 Coaxial Capture Volume',index=0
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 coaxial
+digital inputs. The result samples are forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO
+(thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='Line LiveDrive Playback Volume',index=0
+name='Line LiveDrive Playback Volume',index=1
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC
+inputs (on the LiveDrive). The result samples are forwarded to the front
+DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec.
+
+name='Line LiveDrive Capture Volume',index=1
+name='Line LiveDrive Capture Volume',index=1
+
+This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC
+inputs (on the LiveDrive). The result samples are forwarded to the ADC
+capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device).
+
+name='Tone Control - Switch',index=0
+
+This control turns the tone control on or off. The samples for front, rear
+and center / LFE outputs are affected.
+
+name='Tone Control - Bass',index=0
+
+This control sets the bass intensity. There is no neutral value!!
+When the tone control code is activated, the samples are always modified.
+The closest value to pure signal is 20.
+
+name='Tone Control - Treble',index=0
+
+This control sets the treble intensity. There is no neutral value!!
+When the tone control code is activated, the samples are always modified.
+The closest value to pure signal is 20.
+
+name='IEC958 Optical Raw Playback Switch',index=0
+
+If this switch is on, then the samples for the IEC958 (S/PDIF) digital
+output are taken only from the raw FX8010 PCM, otherwise standard front
+PCM samples are taken.
+
+name='Headphone Playback Volume',index=1
+
+This control attenuates the samples for the headphone output.
+
+name='Headphone Center Playback Switch',index=1
+
+If this switch is on, then the sample for the center PCM is put to the
+left headphone output (useful for SB Live cards without separate center/LFE
+output).
+
+name='Headphone LFE Playback Switch',index=1
+
+If this switch is on, then the sample for the center PCM is put to the
+right headphone output (useful for SB Live cards without separate center/LFE
+output).
+
+
+3) PCM stream related controls
+------------------------------
+
+name='EMU10K1 PCM Volume',index 0-31
+
+Channel volume attenuation in range 0-0xffff. The maximum value (no
+attenuation) is default. The channel mapping for three values is
+as follows:
+
+ 0 - mono, default 0xffff (no attenuation)
+ 1 - left, default 0xffff (no attenuation)
+ 2 - right, default 0xffff (no attenuation)
+
+name='EMU10K1 PCM Send Routing',index 0-31
+
+This control specifies the destination - FX-bus accumulators. There are
+twelve values with this mapping:
+
+ 0 - mono, A destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 0
+ 1 - mono, B destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 1
+ 2 - mono, C destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 2
+ 3 - mono, D destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 3
+ 4 - left, A destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 0
+ 5 - left, B destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 1
+ 6 - left, C destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 2
+ 7 - left, D destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 3
+ 8 - right, A destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 0
+ 9 - right, B destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 1
+ 10 - right, C destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 2
+ 11 - right, D destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 3
+
+Don't forget that it's illegal to assign a channel to the same FX-bus accumulator
+more than once (it means 0=0 && 1=0 is an invalid combination).
+
+name='EMU10K1 PCM Send Volume',index 0-31
+
+It specifies the attenuation (amount) for given destination in range 0-255.
+The channel mapping is following:
+
+ 0 - mono, A destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation)
+ 1 - mono, B destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation)
+ 2 - mono, C destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 3 - mono, D destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 4 - left, A destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation)
+ 5 - left, B destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 6 - left, C destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 7 - left, D destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 8 - right, A destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 9 - right, B destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation)
+ 10 - right, C destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+ 11 - right, D destination attn, default 0 (mute)
+
+
+
+4) MANUALS/PATENTS:
+-------------------
+
+ftp://opensource.creative.com/pub/doc
+-------------------------------------
+
+ Files:
+ LM4545.pdf AC97 Codec
+
+ m2049.pdf The EMU10K1 Digital Audio Processor
+
+ hog63.ps FX8010 - A DSP Chip Architecture for Audio Effects
+
+
+WIPO Patents
+------------
+ Patent numbers:
+ WO 9901813 (A1) Audio Effects Processor with multiple asynchronous (Jan. 14, 1999)
+ streams
+
+ WO 9901814 (A1) Processor with Instruction Set for Audio Effects (Jan. 14, 1999)
+
+ WO 9901953 (A1) Audio Effects Processor having Decoupled Instruction
+ Execution and Audio Data Sequencing (Jan. 14, 1999)
+
+
+US Patents (http://www.uspto.gov/)
+----------------------------------
+
+ US 5925841 Digital Sampling Instrument employing cache memory (Jul. 20, 1999)
+
+ US 5928342 Audio Effects Processor integrated on a single chip (Jul. 27, 1999)
+ with a multiport memory onto which multiple asynchronous
+ digital sound samples can be concurrently loaded
+
+ US 5930158 Processor with Instruction Set for Audio Effects (Jul. 27, 1999)
+
+ US 6032235 Memory initialization circuit (Tram) (Feb. 29, 2000)
+
+ US 6138207 Interpolation looping of audio samples in cache connected to (Oct. 24, 2000)
+ system bus with prioritization and modification of bus transfers
+ in accordance with loop ends and minimum block sizes
+
+ US 6151670 Method for conserving memory storage using a (Nov. 21, 2000)
+ pool of short term memory registers
+
+ US 6195715 Interrupt control for multiple programs communicating with (Feb. 27, 2001)
+ a common interrupt by associating programs to GP registers,
+ defining interrupt register, polling GP registers, and invoking
+ callback routine associated with defined interrupt register
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/VIA82xx-mixer.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/VIA82xx-mixer.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b0ac06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/VIA82xx-mixer.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+ VIA82xx mixer
+ =============
+
+On many VIA82xx boards, the 'Input Source Select' mixer control does not work.
+Setting it to 'Input2' on such boards will cause recording to hang, or fail
+with EIO (input/output error) via OSS emulation. This control should be left
+at 'Input1' for such cards.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/hda_codec.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/hda_codec.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9d07b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/hda_codec.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+Notes on Universal Interface for Intel High Definition Audio Codec
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
+
+
+[Still a draft version]
+
+
+General
+=======
+
+The snd-hda-codec module supports the generic access function for the
+High Definition (HD) audio codecs. It's designed to be independent
+from the controller code like ac97 codec module. The real accessors
+from/to the controller must be implemented in the lowlevel driver.
+
+The structure of this module is similar with ac97_codec module.
+Each codec chip belongs to a bus class which communicates with the
+controller.
+
+
+Initialization of Bus Instance
+==============================
+
+The card driver has to create struct hda_bus at first. The template
+struct should be filled and passed to the constructor:
+
+struct hda_bus_template {
+ void *private_data;
+ struct pci_dev *pci;
+ const char *modelname;
+ struct hda_bus_ops ops;
+};
+
+The card driver can set and use the private_data field to retrieve its
+own data in callback functions. The pci field is used when the patch
+needs to check the PCI subsystem IDs, so on. For non-PCI system, it
+doesn't have to be set, of course.
+The modelname field specifies the board's specific configuration. The
+string is passed to the codec parser, and it depends on the parser how
+the string is used.
+These fields, private_data, pci and modelname are all optional.
+
+The ops field contains the callback functions as the following:
+
+struct hda_bus_ops {
+ int (*command)(struct hda_codec *codec, hda_nid_t nid, int direct,
+ unsigned int verb, unsigned int parm);
+ unsigned int (*get_response)(struct hda_codec *codec);
+ void (*private_free)(struct hda_bus *);
+};
+
+The command callback is called when the codec module needs to send a
+VERB to the controller. It's always a single command.
+The get_response callback is called when the codec requires the answer
+for the last command. These two callbacks are mandatory and have to
+be given.
+The last, private_free callback, is optional. It's called in the
+destructor to release any necessary data in the lowlevel driver.
+
+The bus instance is created via snd_hda_bus_new(). You need to pass
+the card instance, the template, and the pointer to store the
+resultant bus instance.
+
+int snd_hda_bus_new(snd_card_t *card, const struct hda_bus_template *temp,
+ struct hda_bus **busp);
+
+It returns zero if successful. A negative return value means any
+error during creation.
+
+
+Creation of Codec Instance
+==========================
+
+Each codec chip on the board is then created on the BUS instance.
+To create a codec instance, call snd_hda_codec_new().
+
+int snd_hda_codec_new(struct hda_bus *bus, unsigned int codec_addr,
+ struct hda_codec **codecp);
+
+The first argument is the BUS instance, the second argument is the
+address of the codec, and the last one is the pointer to store the
+resultant codec instance (can be NULL if not needed).
+
+The codec is stored in a linked list of bus instance. You can follow
+the codec list like:
+
+ struct list_head *p;
+ struct hda_codec *codec;
+ list_for_each(p, &bus->codec_list) {
+ codec = list_entry(p, struct hda_codec, list);
+ ...
+ }
+
+The codec isn't initialized at this stage properly. The
+initialization sequence is called when the controls are built later.
+
+
+Codec Access
+============
+
+To access codec, use snd_codec_read() and snd_codec_write().
+snd_hda_param_read() is for reading parameters.
+For writing a sequence of verbs, use snd_hda_sequence_write().
+
+To retrieve the number of sub nodes connected to the given node, use
+snd_hda_get_sub_nodes(). The connection list can be obtained via
+snd_hda_get_connections() call.
+
+When an unsolicited event happens, pass the event via
+snd_hda_queue_unsol_event() so that the codec routines will process it
+later.
+
+
+(Mixer) Controls
+================
+
+To create mixer controls of all codecs, call
+snd_hda_build_controls(). It then builds the mixers and does
+initialization stuff on each codec.
+
+
+PCM Stuff
+=========
+
+snd_hda_build_pcms() gives the necessary information to create PCM
+streams. When it's called, each codec belonging to the bus stores
+codec->num_pcms and codec->pcm_info fields. The num_pcms indicates
+the number of elements in pcm_info array. The card driver is supposed
+to traverse the codec linked list, read the pcm information in
+pcm_info array, and build pcm instances according to them.
+
+The pcm_info array contains the following record:
+
+/* PCM information for each substream */
+struct hda_pcm_stream {
+ unsigned int substreams; /* number of substreams, 0 = not exist */
+ unsigned int channels_min; /* min. number of channels */
+ unsigned int channels_max; /* max. number of channels */
+ hda_nid_t nid; /* default NID to query rates/formats/bps, or set up */
+ u32 rates; /* supported rates */
+ u64 formats; /* supported formats (SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_) */
+ unsigned int maxbps; /* supported max. bit per sample */
+ struct hda_pcm_ops ops;
+};
+
+/* for PCM creation */
+struct hda_pcm {
+ char *name;
+ struct hda_pcm_stream stream[2];
+};
+
+The name can be passed to snd_pcm_new(). The stream field contains
+the information for playback (SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK = 0) and
+capture (SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE = 1) directions. The card driver
+should pass substreams to snd_pcm_new() for the number of substreams
+to create.
+
+The channels_min, channels_max, rates and formats should be copied to
+runtime->hw record. They and maxbps fields are used also to compute
+the format value for the HDA codec and controller. Call
+snd_hda_calc_stream_format() to get the format value.
+
+The ops field contains the following callback functions:
+
+struct hda_pcm_ops {
+ int (*open)(struct hda_pcm_stream *info, struct hda_codec *codec,
+ snd_pcm_substream_t *substream);
+ int (*close)(struct hda_pcm_stream *info, struct hda_codec *codec,
+ snd_pcm_substream_t *substream);
+ int (*prepare)(struct hda_pcm_stream *info, struct hda_codec *codec,
+ unsigned int stream_tag, unsigned int format,
+ snd_pcm_substream_t *substream);
+ int (*cleanup)(struct hda_pcm_stream *info, struct hda_codec *codec,
+ snd_pcm_substream_t *substream);
+};
+
+All are non-NULL, so you can call them safely without NULL check.
+
+The open callback should be called in PCM open after runtime->hw is
+set up. It may override some setting and constraints additionally.
+Similarly, the close callback should be called in the PCM close.
+
+The prepare callback should be called in PCM prepare. This will set
+up the codec chip properly for the operation. The cleanup should be
+called in hw_free to clean up the configuration.
+
+The caller should check the return value, at least for open and
+prepare callbacks. When a negative value is returned, some error
+occurred.
+
+
+Proc Files
+==========
+
+Each codec dumps the widget node information in
+/proc/asound/card*/codec#* file. This information would be really
+helpful for debugging. Please provide its contents together with the
+bug report.
+
+
+Power Management
+================
+
+It's simple:
+Call snd_hda_suspend() in the PM suspend callback.
+Call snd_hda_resume() in the PM resume callback.
+
+
+Codec Preset (Patch)
+====================
+
+To set up and handle the codec functionality fully, each codec may
+have a codec preset (patch). It's defined in struct hda_codec_preset:
+
+ struct hda_codec_preset {
+ unsigned int id;
+ unsigned int mask;
+ unsigned int subs;
+ unsigned int subs_mask;
+ unsigned int rev;
+ const char *name;
+ int (*patch)(struct hda_codec *codec);
+ };
+
+When the codec id and codec subsystem id match with the given id and
+subs fields bitwise (with bitmask mask and subs_mask), the callback
+patch is called. The patch callback should initialize the codec and
+set the codec->patch_ops field. This is defined as below:
+
+ struct hda_codec_ops {
+ int (*build_controls)(struct hda_codec *codec);
+ int (*build_pcms)(struct hda_codec *codec);
+ int (*init)(struct hda_codec *codec);
+ void (*free)(struct hda_codec *codec);
+ void (*unsol_event)(struct hda_codec *codec, unsigned int res);
+ #ifdef CONFIG_PM
+ int (*suspend)(struct hda_codec *codec, pm_message_t state);
+ int (*resume)(struct hda_codec *codec);
+ #endif
+ };
+
+The build_controls callback is called from snd_hda_build_controls().
+Similarly, the build_pcms callback is called from
+snd_hda_build_pcms(). The init callback is called after
+build_controls to initialize the hardware.
+The free callback is called as a destructor.
+
+The unsol_event callback is called when an unsolicited event is
+received.
+
+The suspend and resume callbacks are for power management.
+
+Each entry can be NULL if not necessary to be called.
+
+
+Generic Parser
+==============
+
+When the device doesn't match with any given presets, the widgets are
+parsed via th generic parser (hda_generic.c). Its support is
+limited: no multi-channel support, for example.
+
+
+Digital I/O
+===========
+
+Call snd_hda_create_spdif_out_ctls() from the patch to create controls
+related with SPDIF out. In the patch resume callback, call
+snd_hda_resume_spdif().
+
+
+Helper Functions
+================
+
+snd_hda_get_codec_name() stores the codec name on the given string.
+
+snd_hda_check_board_config() can be used to obtain the configuration
+information matching with the device. Define the table with struct
+hda_board_config entries (zero-terminated), and pass it to the
+function. The function checks the modelname given as a module
+parameter, and PCI subsystem IDs. If the matching entry is found, it
+returns the config field value.
+
+snd_hda_add_new_ctls() can be used to create and add control entries.
+Pass the zero-terminated array of snd_kcontrol_new_t. The same array
+can be passed to snd_hda_resume_ctls() for resume.
+Note that this will call control->put callback of these entries. So,
+put callback should check codec->in_resume and force to restore the
+given value if it's non-zero even if the value is identical with the
+cached value.
+
+Macros HDA_CODEC_VOLUME(), HDA_CODEC_MUTE() and their variables can be
+used for the entry of snd_kcontrol_new_t.
+
+The input MUX helper callbacks for such a control are provided, too:
+snd_hda_input_mux_info() and snd_hda_input_mux_put(). See
+patch_realtek.c for example.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/seq_oss.html b/Documentation/sound/alsa/seq_oss.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9776cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/seq_oss.html
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+ <TITLE>OSS Sequencer Emulation on ALSA</TITLE>
+</HEAD>
+<BODY>
+
+<CENTER>
+<H1>
+
+<HR WIDTH="100%"></H1></CENTER>
+
+<CENTER>
+<H1>
+OSS Sequencer Emulation on ALSA</H1></CENTER>
+
+<HR WIDTH="100%">
+<P>Copyright (c) 1998,1999 by Takashi Iwai
+<TT><A HREF="mailto:iwai@ww.uni-erlangen.de"><iwai@ww.uni-erlangen.de></A></TT>
+<P>ver.0.1.8; Nov. 16, 1999
+<H2>
+
+<HR WIDTH="100%"></H2>
+
+<H2>
+1. Description</H2>
+This directory contains the OSS sequencer emulation driver on ALSA. Note
+that this program is still in the development state.
+<P>What this does - it provides the emulation of the OSS sequencer, access
+via
+<TT>/dev/sequencer</TT> and <TT>/dev/music</TT> devices.
+The most of applications using OSS can run if the appropriate ALSA
+sequencer is prepared.
+<P>The following features are emulated by this driver:
+<UL>
+<LI>
+Normal sequencer and MIDI events:</LI>
+
+<BR>They are converted to the ALSA sequencer events, and sent to the corresponding
+port.
+<LI>
+Timer events:</LI>
+
+<BR>The timer is not selectable by ioctl. The control rate is fixed to
+100 regardless of HZ. That is, even on Alpha system, a tick is always
+1/100 second. The base rate and tempo can be changed in <TT>/dev/music</TT>.
+
+<LI>
+Patch loading:</LI>
+
+<BR>It purely depends on the synth drivers whether it's supported since
+the patch loading is realized by callback to the synth driver.
+<LI>
+I/O controls:</LI>
+
+<BR>Most of controls are accepted. Some controls
+are dependent on the synth driver, as well as even on original OSS.</UL>
+Furthermore, you can find the following advanced features:
+<UL>
+<LI>
+Better queue mechanism:</LI>
+
+<BR>The events are queued before processing them.
+<LI>
+Multiple applications:</LI>
+
+<BR>You can run two or more applications simultaneously (even for OSS sequencer)!
+However, each MIDI device is exclusive - that is, if a MIDI device is opened
+once by some application, other applications can't use it. No such a restriction
+in synth devices.
+<LI>
+Real-time event processing:</LI>
+
+<BR>The events can be processed in real time without using out of bound
+ioctl. To switch to real-time mode, send ABSTIME 0 event. The followed
+events will be processed in real-time without queued. To switch off the
+real-time mode, send RELTIME 0 event.
+<LI>
+<TT>/proc</TT> interface:</LI>
+
+<BR>The status of applications and devices can be shown via <TT>/proc/asound/seq/oss</TT>
+at any time. In the later version, configuration will be changed via <TT>/proc</TT>
+interface, too.</UL>
+
+<H2>
+2. Installation</H2>
+Run configure script with both sequencer support (<TT>--with-sequencer=yes</TT>)
+and OSS emulation (<TT>--with-oss=yes</TT>) options. A module <TT>snd-seq-oss.o</TT>
+will be created. If the synth module of your sound card supports for OSS
+emulation (so far, only Emu8000 driver), this module will be loaded automatically.
+Otherwise, you need to load this module manually.
+<P>At beginning, this module probes all the MIDI ports which have been
+already connected to the sequencer. Once after that, the creation and deletion
+of ports are watched by announcement mechanism of ALSA sequencer.
+<P>The available synth and MIDI devices can be found in proc interface.
+Run "<TT>cat /proc/asound/seq/oss</TT>", and check the devices. For example,
+if you use an AWE64 card, you'll see like the following:
+<PRE> OSS sequencer emulation version 0.1.8
+ ALSA client number 63
+ ALSA receiver port 0
+
+ Number of applications: 0
+
+ Number of synth devices: 1
+
+ synth 0: [EMU8000]
+ type 0x1 : subtype 0x20 : voices 32
+ capabilties : ioctl enabled / load_patch enabled
+
+ Number of MIDI devices: 3
+
+ midi 0: [Emu8000 Port-0] ALSA port 65:0
+ capability write / opened none
+
+ midi 1: [Emu8000 Port-1] ALSA port 65:1
+ capability write / opened none
+
+ midi 2: [0: MPU-401 (UART)] ALSA port 64:0
+ capability read/write / opened none</PRE>
+Note that the device number may be different from the information of
+<TT>/proc/asound/oss-devices</TT>
+or ones of the original OSS driver. Use the device number listed in <TT>/proc/asound/seq/oss</TT>
+to play via OSS sequencer emulation.
+<H2>
+3. Using Synthesizer Devices</H2>
+Run your favorite program. I've tested playmidi-2.4, awemidi-0.4.3, gmod-3.1
+and xmp-1.1.5. You can load samples via <TT>/dev/sequencer</TT> like sfxload,
+too.
+<P>If the lowlevel driver supports multiple access to synth devices (like
+Emu8000 driver), two or more applications are allowed to run at the same
+time.
+<H2>
+4. Using MIDI Devices</H2>
+So far, only MIDI output was tested. MIDI input was not checked at all,
+but hopefully it will work. Use the device number listed in <TT>/proc/asound/seq/oss</TT>.
+Be aware that these numbers are mostly different from the list in
+<TT>/proc/asound/oss-devices</TT>.
+<H2>
+5. Module Options</H2>
+The following module options are available:
+<UL>
+<LI>
+<TT>maxqlen</TT></LI>
+
+<BR>specifies the maximum read/write queue length. This queue is private
+for OSS sequencer, so that it is independent from the queue length of ALSA
+sequencer. Default value is 1024.
+<LI>
+<TT>seq_oss_debug</TT></LI>
+
+<BR>specifies the debug level and accepts zero (= no debug message) or
+positive integer. Default value is 0.</UL>
+
+<H2>
+6. Queue Mechanism</H2>
+OSS sequencer emulation uses an ALSA priority queue. The
+events from <TT>/dev/sequencer</TT> are processed and put onto the queue
+specified by module option.
+<P>All the events from <TT>/dev/sequencer</TT> are parsed at beginning.
+The timing events are also parsed at this moment, so that the events may
+be processed in real-time. Sending an event ABSTIME 0 switches the operation
+mode to real-time mode, and sending an event RELTIME 0 switches it off.
+In the real-time mode, all events are dispatched immediately.
+<P>The queued events are dispatched to the corresponding ALSA sequencer
+ports after scheduled time by ALSA sequencer dispatcher.
+<P>If the write-queue is full, the application sleeps until a certain amount
+(as default one half) becomes empty in blocking mode. The synchronization
+to write timing was implemented, too.
+<P>The input from MIDI devices or echo-back events are stored on read FIFO
+queue. If application reads <TT>/dev/sequencer</TT> in blocking mode, the
+process will be awaked.
+
+<H2>
+7. Interface to Synthesizer Device</H2>
+
+<H3>
+7.1. Registration</H3>
+To register an OSS synthesizer device, use <TT>snd_seq_oss_synth_register</TT>
+function.
+<PRE>int snd_seq_oss_synth_register(char *name, int type, int subtype, int nvoices,
+ snd_seq_oss_callback_t *oper, void *private_data)</PRE>
+The arguments <TT>name</TT>, <TT>type</TT>, <TT>subtype</TT> and
+<TT>nvoices</TT>
+are used for making the appropriate synth_info structure for ioctl. The
+return value is an index number of this device. This index must be remembered
+for unregister. If registration is failed, -errno will be returned.
+<P>To release this device, call <TT>snd_seq_oss_synth_unregister function</TT>:
+<PRE>int snd_seq_oss_synth_unregister(int index),</PRE>
+where the <TT>index</TT> is the index number returned by register function.
+<H3>
+7.2. Callbacks</H3>
+OSS synthesizer devices have capability for sample downloading and ioctls
+like sample reset. In OSS emulation, these special features are realized
+by using callbacks. The registration argument oper is used to specify these
+callbacks. The following callback functions must be defined:
+<PRE>snd_seq_oss_callback_t:
+ int (*open)(snd_seq_oss_arg_t *p, void *closure);
+ int (*close)(snd_seq_oss_arg_t *p);
+ int (*ioctl)(snd_seq_oss_arg_t *p, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
+ int (*load_patch)(snd_seq_oss_arg_t *p, int format, const char *buf, int offs, int count);
+ int (*reset)(snd_seq_oss_arg_t *p);
+Except for <TT>open</TT> and <TT>close</TT> callbacks, they are allowed
+to be NULL.
+<P>Each callback function takes the argument type snd_seq_oss_arg_t as the
+first argument.
+<PRE>struct snd_seq_oss_arg_t {
+ int app_index;
+ int file_mode;
+ int seq_mode;
+ snd_seq_addr_t addr;
+ void *private_data;
+ int event_passing;
+};</PRE>
+The first three fields, <TT>app_index</TT>, <TT>file_mode</TT> and
+<TT>seq_mode</TT>
+are initialized by OSS sequencer. The <TT>app_index</TT> is the application
+index which is unique to each application opening OSS sequencer. The
+<TT>file_mode</TT>
+is bit-flags indicating the file operation mode. See
+<TT>seq_oss.h</TT>
+for its meaning. The <TT>seq_mode</TT> is sequencer operation mode. In
+the current version, only <TT>SND_OSSSEQ_MODE_SYNTH</TT> is used.
+<P>The next two fields, <TT>addr</TT> and <TT>private_data</TT>, must be
+filled by the synth driver at open callback. The <TT>addr</TT> contains
+the address of ALSA sequencer port which is assigned to this device. If
+the driver allocates memory for <TT>private_data</TT>, it must be released
+in close callback by itself.
+<P>The last field, <TT>event_passing</TT>, indicates how to translate note-on
+/ off events. In <TT>PROCESS_EVENTS</TT> mode, the note 255 is regarded
+as velocity change, and key pressure event is passed to the port. In <TT>PASS_EVENTS</TT>
+mode, all note on/off events are passed to the port without modified. <TT>PROCESS_KEYPRESS</TT>
+mode checks the note above 128 and regards it as key pressure event (mainly
+for Emu8000 driver).
+<H4>
+7.2.1. Open Callback</H4>
+The <TT>open</TT> is called at each time this device is opened by an application
+using OSS sequencer. This must not be NULL. Typically, the open callback
+does the following procedure:
+<OL>
+<LI>
+Allocate private data record.</LI>
+
+<LI>
+Create an ALSA sequencer port.</LI>
+
+<LI>
+Set the new port address on arg->addr.</LI>
+
+<LI>
+Set the private data record pointer on arg->private_data.</LI>
+</OL>
+Note that the type bit-flags in port_info of this synth port must NOT contain
+<TT>TYPE_MIDI_GENERIC</TT>
+bit. Instead, <TT>TYPE_SPECIFIC</TT> should be used. Also, <TT>CAP_SUBSCRIPTION</TT>
+bit should NOT be included, too. This is necessary to tell it from other
+normal MIDI devices. If the open procedure succeeded, return zero. Otherwise,
+return -errno.
+<H4>
+7.2.2 Ioctl Callback</H4>
+The <TT>ioctl</TT> callback is called when the sequencer receives device-specific
+ioctls. The following two ioctls should be processed by this callback:
+<UL>
+<LI>
+<TT>IOCTL_SEQ_RESET_SAMPLES</TT></LI>
+
+<BR>reset all samples on memory -- return 0
+<LI>
+<TT>IOCTL_SYNTH_MEMAVL</TT></LI>
+
+<BR>return the available memory size
+<LI>
+<TT>FM_4OP_ENABLE</TT></LI>
+
+<BR>can be ignored usually</UL>
+The other ioctls are processed inside the sequencer without passing to
+the lowlevel driver.
+<H4>
+7.2.3 Load_Patch Callback</H4>
+The <TT>load_patch</TT> callback is used for sample-downloading. This callback
+must read the data on user-space and transfer to each device. Return 0
+if succeeded, and -errno if failed. The format argument is the patch key
+in patch_info record. The buf is user-space pointer where patch_info record
+is stored. The offs can be ignored. The count is total data size of this
+sample data.
+<H4>
+7.2.4 Close Callback</H4>
+The <TT>close</TT> callback is called when this device is closed by the
+applicaion. If any private data was allocated in open callback, it must
+be released in the close callback. The deletion of ALSA port should be
+done here, too. This callback must not be NULL.
+<H4>
+7.2.5 Reset Callback</H4>
+The <TT>reset</TT> callback is called when sequencer device is reset or
+closed by applications. The callback should turn off the sounds on the
+relevant port immediately, and initialize the status of the port. If this
+callback is undefined, OSS seq sends a <TT>HEARTBEAT</TT> event to the
+port.
+<H3>
+7.3 Events</H3>
+Most of the events are processed by sequencer and translated to the adequate
+ALSA sequencer events, so that each synth device can receive by input_event
+callback of ALSA sequencer port. The following ALSA events should be implemented
+by the driver:
+<BR>
+<TABLE BORDER WIDTH="75%" NOSAVE >
+<TR NOSAVE>
+<TD NOSAVE><B>ALSA event</B></TD>
+
+<TD><B>Original OSS events</B></TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD>NOTEON</TD>
+
+<TD>SEQ_NOTEON
+<BR>MIDI_NOTEON</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD>NOTE</TD>
+
+<TD>SEQ_NOTEOFF
+<BR>MIDI_NOTEOFF</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR NOSAVE>
+<TD NOSAVE>KEYPRESS</TD>
+
+<TD>MIDI_KEY_PRESSURE</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR NOSAVE>
+<TD>CHANPRESS</TD>
+
+<TD NOSAVE>SEQ_AFTERTOUCH
+<BR>MIDI_CHN_PRESSURE</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR NOSAVE>
+<TD NOSAVE>PGMCHANGE</TD>
+
+<TD NOSAVE>SEQ_PGMCHANGE
+<BR>MIDI_PGM_CHANGE</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD>PITCHBEND</TD>
+
+<TD>SEQ_CONTROLLER(CTRL_PITCH_BENDER)
+<BR>MIDI_PITCH_BEND</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD>CONTROLLER</TD>
+
+<TD>MIDI_CTL_CHANGE
+<BR>SEQ_BALANCE (with CTL_PAN)</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD>CONTROL14</TD>
+
+<TD>SEQ_CONTROLLER</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD>REGPARAM</TD>
+
+<TD>SEQ_CONTROLLER(CTRL_PITCH_BENDER_RANGE)</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD>SYSEX</TD>
+
+<TD>SEQ_SYSEX</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+
+<P>The most of these behavior can be realized by MIDI emulation driver
+included in the Emu8000 lowlevel driver. In the future release, this module
+will be independent.
+<P>Some OSS events (<TT>SEQ_PRIVATE</TT> and <TT>SEQ_VOLUME</TT> events) are passed as event
+type SND_SEQ_OSS_PRIVATE. The OSS sequencer passes these event 8 byte
+packets without any modification. The lowlevel driver should process these
+events appropriately.
+<H2>
+8. Interface to MIDI Device</H2>
+Since the OSS emulation probes the creation and deletion of ALSA MIDI sequencer
+ports automatically by receiving announcement from ALSA sequencer, the
+MIDI devices don't need to be registered explicitly like synth devices.
+However, the MIDI port_info registered to ALSA sequencer must include a group
+name <TT>SND_SEQ_GROUP_DEVICE</TT> and a capability-bit <TT>CAP_READ</TT> or
+<TT>CAP_WRITE</TT>. Also, subscription capabilities, <TT>CAP_SUBS_READ</TT> or <TT>CAP_SUBS_WRITE</TT>,
+must be defined, too. If these conditions are not satisfied, the port is not
+registered as OSS sequencer MIDI device.
+<P>The events via MIDI devices are parsed in OSS sequencer and converted
+to the corresponding ALSA sequencer events. The input from MIDI sequencer
+is also converted to MIDI byte events by OSS sequencer. This works just
+a reverse way of seq_midi module.
+<H2>
+9. Known Problems / TODO's</H2>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>
+Patch loading via ALSA instrument layer is not implemented yet.</LI>
+</UL>
+
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/serial-u16550.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/serial-u16550.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c191955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/serial-u16550.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+
+ Serial UART 16450/16550 MIDI driver
+ ===================================
+
+The adaptor module parameter allows you to select either:
+
+ 0 - Roland Soundcanvas support (default)
+ 1 - Midiator MS-124T support (1)
+ 2 - Midiator MS-124W S/A mode (2)
+ 3 - MS-124W M/B mode support (3)
+ 4 - Generic device with multiple input support (4)
+
+For the Midiator MS-124W, you must set the physical M-S and A-B
+switches on the Midiator to match the driver mode you select.
+
+In Roland Soundcanvas mode, multiple ALSA raw MIDI substreams are supported
+(midiCnD0-midiCnD15). Whenever you write to a different substream, the driver
+sends the nonstandard MIDI command sequence F5 NN, where NN is the substream
+number plus 1. Roland modules use this command to switch between different
+"parts", so this feature lets you treat each part as a distinct raw MIDI
+substream. The driver provides no way to send F5 00 (no selection) or to not
+send the F5 NN command sequence at all; perhaps it ought to.
+
+Usage example for simple serial converter:
+
+ /sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS0 uart none
+ /sbin/modprobe snd-serial-u16550 port=0x3f8 irq=4 speed=115200
+
+Usage example for Roland SoundCanvas with 4 MIDI ports:
+
+ /sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS0 uart none
+ /sbin/modprobe snd-serial-u16550 port=0x3f8 irq=4 outs=4
+
+In MS-124T mode, one raw MIDI substream is supported (midiCnD0); the outs
+module parameter is automatically set to 1. The driver sends the same data to
+all four MIDI Out connectors. Set the A-B switch and the speed module
+parameter to match (A=19200, B=9600).
+
+Usage example for MS-124T, with A-B switch in A position:
+
+ /sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS0 uart none
+ /sbin/modprobe snd-serial-u16550 port=0x3f8 irq=4 adaptor=1 \
+ speed=19200
+
+In MS-124W S/A mode, one raw MIDI substream is supported (midiCnD0);
+the outs module parameter is automatically set to 1. The driver sends
+the same data to all four MIDI Out connectors at full MIDI speed.
+
+Usage example for S/A mode:
+
+ /sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS0 uart none
+ /sbin/modprobe snd-serial-u16550 port=0x3f8 irq=4 adaptor=2
+
+In MS-124W M/B mode, the driver supports 16 ALSA raw MIDI substreams;
+the outs module parameter is automatically set to 16. The substream
+number gives a bitmask of which MIDI Out connectors the data should be
+sent to, with midiCnD1 sending to Out 1, midiCnD2 to Out 2, midiCnD4 to
+Out 3, and midiCnD8 to Out 4. Thus midiCnD15 sends the data to all 4 ports.
+As a special case, midiCnD0 also sends to all ports, since it is not useful
+to send the data to no ports. M/B mode has extra overhead to select the MIDI
+Out for each byte, so the aggregate data rate across all four MIDI Outs is
+at most one byte every 520 us, as compared with the full MIDI data rate of
+one byte every 320 us per port.
+
+Usage example for M/B mode:
+
+ /sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS0 uart none
+ /sbin/modprobe snd-serial-u16550 port=0x3f8 irq=4 adaptor=3
+
+The MS-124W hardware's M/A mode is currently not supported. This mode allows
+the MIDI Outs to act independently at double the aggregate throughput of M/B,
+but does not allow sending the same byte simultaneously to multiple MIDI Outs.
+The M/A protocol requires the driver to twiddle the modem control lines under
+timing constraints, so it would be a bit more complicated to implement than
+the other modes.
+
+Midiator models other than MS-124W and MS-124T are currently not supported.
+Note that the suffix letter is significant; the MS-124 and MS-124B are not
+compatible, nor are the other known models MS-101, MS-101B, MS-103, and MS-114.
+I do have documentation (tim.mann@compaq.com) that partially covers these models,
+but no units to experiment with. The MS-124W support is tested with a real unit.
+The MS-124T support is untested, but should work.
+
+The Generic driver supports multiple input and output substreams over a single
+serial port. Similar to Roland Soundcanvas mode, F5 NN is used to select the
+appropriate input or output stream (depending on the data direction).
+Additionally, the CTS signal is used to regulate the data flow. The number of
+inputs is specified by the ins parameter.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/AD1816 b/Documentation/sound/oss/AD1816
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14bd8f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/AD1816
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+Documentation for the AD1816(A) sound driver
+============================================
+
+Installation:
+-------------
+
+To get your AD1816(A) based sound card work, you'll have to enable support for
+experimental code ("Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers")
+and isapnp ("Plug and Play support", "ISA Plug and Play support"). Enable
+"Sound card support", "OSS modules support" and "Support for AD1816(A) based
+cards (EXPERIMENTAL)" in the sound configuration menu, too. Now build, install
+and reboot the new kernel as usual.
+
+Features:
+---------
+
+List of features supported by this driver:
+- full-duplex support
+- supported audio formats: unsigned 8bit, signed 16bit little endian,
+ signed 16bit big endian, µ-law, A-law
+- supported channels: mono and stereo
+- supported recording sources: Master, CD, Line, Line1, Line2, Mic
+- supports phat 3d stereo circuit (Line 3)
+
+
+Supported cards:
+----------------
+
+The following cards are known to work with this driver:
+- Terratec Base 1
+- Terratec Base 64
+- HP Kayak
+- Acer FX-3D
+- SY-1816
+- Highscreen Sound-Boostar 32 Wave 3D
+- Highscreen Sound-Boostar 16
+- AVM Apex Pro card
+- (Aztech SC-16 3D)
+- (Newcom SC-16 3D)
+- (Terratec EWS64S)
+
+Cards listed in brackets are not supported reliable. If you have such a card
+you should add the extra parameter:
+ options=1
+when loading the ad1816 module via modprobe.
+
+
+Troubleshooting:
+----------------
+
+First of all you should check, if the driver has been loaded
+properly.
+
+If loading of the driver succeeds, but playback/capture fails, check
+if you used the correct values for irq, dma and dma2 when loading the module.
+If one of them is wrong you usually get the following error message:
+
+Nov 6 17:06:13 tek01 kernel: Sound: DMA (output) timed out - IRQ/DRQ config error?
+
+If playback/capture is too fast or to slow, you should have a look at
+the clock chip of your sound card. The AD1816 was designed for a 33MHz
+oscillator, however most sound card manufacturer use slightly
+different oscillators as they are cheaper than 33MHz oscillators. If
+you have such a card you have to adjust the ad1816_clockfreq parameter
+above. For example: For a card using a 32.875MHz oscillator use
+ad1816_clockfreq=32875 instead of ad1816_clockfreq=33000.
+
+
+Updates, bugfixes and bugreports:
+--------------------------------
+
+As the driver is still experimental and under development, you should
+watch out for updates. Updates of the driver are available on the
+Internet from one of my home pages:
+ http://www.student.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/~tek/projects/linux.html
+or:
+ http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/~tek01/projects/linux.html
+
+Bugreports, bugfixes and related questions should be sent via E-Mail to:
+ tek@rbg.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de
+
+Thorsten Knabe <tek@rbg.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de>
+Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
+ Last modified: 2000/09/20
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/ALS b/Documentation/sound/oss/ALS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d01ffbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/ALS
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+ALS-007/ALS-100/ALS-200 based sound cards
+=========================================
+
+Support for sound cards based around the Avance Logic
+ALS-007/ALS-100/ALS-200 chip is included. These chips are a single
+chip PnP sound solution which is mostly hardware compatible with the
+Sound Blaster 16 card, with most differences occurring in the use of
+the mixer registers. For this reason the ALS code is integrated
+as part of the Sound Blaster 16 driver (adding only 800 bytes to the
+SB16 driver).
+
+To use an ALS sound card under Linux, enable the following options as
+modules in the sound configuration section of the kernel config:
+ - 100% Sound Blaster compatibles (SB16/32/64, ESS, Jazz16) support
+ - FM synthesizer (YM3812/OPL-3) support
+ - standalone MPU401 support may be required for some cards; for the
+ ALS-007, when using isapnptools, it is required
+Since the ALS-007/100/200 are PnP cards, ISAPnP support should probably be
+compiled in. If kernel level PnP support is not included, isapnptools will
+be required to configure the card before the sound modules are loaded.
+
+When using kernel level ISAPnP, the kernel should correctly identify and
+configure all resources required by the card when the "sb" module is
+inserted. Note that the ALS-007 does not have a 16 bit DMA channel and that
+the MPU401 interface on this card uses a different interrupt to the audio
+section. This should all be correctly configured by the kernel; if problems
+with the MPU401 interface surface, try using the standalone MPU401 module,
+passing "0" as the "sb" module's "mpu_io" module parameter to prevent the
+soundblaster driver attempting to register the MPU401 itself. The onboard
+synth device can be accessed using the "opl3" module.
+
+If isapnptools is used to wake up the sound card (as in 2.2.x), the settings
+of the card's resources should be passed to the kernel modules ("sb", "opl3"
+and "mpu401") using the module parameters. When configuring an ALS-007, be
+sure to specify different IRQs for the audio and MPU401 sections - this card
+requires they be different. For "sb", "io", "irq" and "dma" should be set
+to the same values used to configure the audio section of the card with
+isapnp. "dma16" should be explicitly set to "-1" for an ALS-007 since this
+card does not have a 16 bit dma channel; if not specified the kernel will
+default to using channel 5 anyway which will cause audio not to work.
+"mpu_io" should be set to 0. The "io" parameter of the "opl3" module should
+also agree with the setting used by isapnp. To get the MPU401 interface
+working on an ALS-007 card, the "mpu401" module will be required since this
+card uses separate IRQs for the audio and MPU401 sections and there is no
+parameter available to pass a different IRQ to the "sb" driver (whose
+inbuilt MPU401 driver would otherwise be fine). Insert the mpu401 module
+passing appropriate values using the "io" and "irq" parameters.
+
+The resulting sound driver will provide the following capabilities:
+ - 8 and 16 bit audio playback
+ - 8 and 16 bit audio recording
+ - Software selection of record source (line in, CD, FM, mic, master)
+ - Record and playback of midi data via the external MPU-401
+ - Playback of midi data using inbuilt FM synthesizer
+ - Control of the ALS-007 mixer via any OSS-compatible mixer programs.
+ Controls available are Master (L&R), Line in (L&R), CD (L&R),
+ DSP/PCM/audio out (L&R), FM (L&R) and Mic in (mono).
+
+Jonathan Woithe
+jwoithe@physics.adelaide.edu.au
+30 March 1998
+
+Modified 2000-02-26 by Dave Forrest, drf5n@virginia.edu to add ALS100/ALS200
+Modified 2000-04-10 by Paul Laufer, pelaufer@csupomona.edu to add ISAPnP info.
+Modified 2000-11-19 by Jonathan Woithe, jwoithe@physics.adelaide.edu.au
+ - updated information for kernel 2.4.x.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/AWE32 b/Documentation/sound/oss/AWE32
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb179bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/AWE32
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+ Installing and using Creative AWE midi sound under Linux.
+
+This documentation is devoted to the Creative Sound Blaster AWE32, AWE64 and
+SB32.
+
+1) Make sure you have an ORIGINAL Creative SB32, AWE32 or AWE64 card. This
+ is important, because the driver works only with real Creative cards.
+
+2) The first thing you need to do is re-compile your kernel with support for
+ your sound card. Run your favourite tool to configure the kernel and when
+ you get to the "Sound" menu you should enable support for the following:
+
+ Sound card support,
+ OSS sound modules,
+ 100% Sound Blaster compatibles (SB16/32/64, ESS, Jazz16) support,
+ AWE32 synth
+
+ If your card is "Plug and Play" you will also need to enable these two
+ options, found under the "Plug and Play configuration" menu:
+
+ Plug and Play support
+ ISA Plug and Play support
+
+ Now compile and install the kernel in normal fashion. If you don't know
+ how to do this you can find instructions for this in the README file
+ located in the root directory of the kernel source.
+
+3) Before you can start playing midi files you will have to load a sound
+ bank file. The utility needed for doing this is called "sfxload", and it
+ is one of the utilities found in a package called "awesfx". If this
+ package is not available in your distribution you can download the AWE
+ snapshot from Creative Labs Open Source website:
+
+ http://www.opensource.creative.com/snapshot.html
+
+ Once you have unpacked the AWE snapshot you will see a "awesfx"
+ directory. Follow the instructions in awesfx/docs/INSTALL to install the
+ utilities in this package. After doing this, sfxload should be installed
+ as:
+
+ /usr/local/bin/sfxload
+
+ To enable AWE general midi synthesis you should also get the sound bank
+ file for general midi from:
+
+ http://members.xoom.com/yar/synthgm.sbk.gz
+
+ Copy it to a directory of your choice, and unpack it there.
+
+4) Edit /etc/modprobe.conf, and insert the following lines at the end of the
+ file:
+
+ alias sound-slot-0 sb
+ alias sound-service-0-1 awe_wave
+ install awe_wave /sbin/modprobe --first-time -i awe_wave && /usr/local/bin/sfxload PATH_TO_SOUND_BANK_FILE
+
+ You will of course have to change "PATH_TO_SOUND_BANK_FILE" to the full
+ path of of the sound bank file. That will enable the Sound Blaster and AWE
+ wave synthesis. To play midi files you should get one of these programs if
+ you don't already have them:
+
+ Playmidi: http://playmidi.openprojects.net
+
+ AWEMidi Player (drvmidi) Included in the previously mentioned AWE
+ snapshot.
+
+ You will probably have to pass the "-e" switch to playmidi to have it use
+ your midi device. drvmidi should work without switches.
+
+ If something goes wrong please e-mail me. All comments and suggestions are
+ welcome.
+
+ Yaroslav Rosomakho (alons55@dialup.ptt.ru)
+ http://www.yar.opennet.ru
+
+Last Updated: Feb 3 2001
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/AudioExcelDSP16 b/Documentation/sound/oss/AudioExcelDSP16
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0f0892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/AudioExcelDSP16
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+Driver
+------
+
+Informations about Audio Excel DSP 16 driver can be found in the source
+file aedsp16.c
+Please, read the head of the source before using it. It contain useful
+informations.
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+The Audio Excel configuration, is now done with the standard Linux setup.
+You have to configure the sound card (Sound Blaster or Microsoft Sound System)
+and, if you want it, the Roland MPU-401 (do not use the Sound Blaster MPU-401,
+SB-MPU401) in the main driver menu. Activate the lowlevel drivers then select
+the Audio Excel hardware that you want to initialize. Check the IRQ/DMA/MIRQ
+of the Audio Excel initialization: it must be the same as the SBPRO (or MSS)
+setup. If the parameters are different, correct it.
+I you own a Gallant's audio card based on SC-6600, activate the SC-6600 support.
+If you want to change the configuration of the sound board, be sure to
+check off all the configuration items before re-configure it.
+
+Module parameters
+-----------------
+To use this driver as a module, you must configure some module parameters, to
+set up I/O addresses, IRQ lines and DMA channels. Some parameters are
+mandatory while some others are optional. Here a list of parameters you can
+use with this module:
+
+Name Description
+==== ===========
+MANDATORY
+io I/O base address (0x220 or 0x240)
+irq irq line (5, 7, 9, 10 or 11)
+dma dma channel (0, 1 or 3)
+
+OPTIONAL
+mss_base I/O base address for activate MSS mode (default SBPRO)
+ (0x530 or 0xE80)
+mpu_base I/O base address for activate MPU-401 mode
+ (0x300, 0x310, 0x320 or 0x330)
+mpu_irq MPU-401 irq line (5, 7, 9, 10 or 0)
+
+The /etc/modprobe.conf will have lines like this:
+
+options opl3 io=0x388
+options ad1848 io=0x530 irq=11 dma=3
+options aedsp16 io=0x220 irq=11 dma=3 mss_base=0x530
+
+Where the aedsp16 options are the options for this driver while opl3 and
+ad1848 are the corresponding options for the MSS and OPL3 modules.
+
+Loading MSS and OPL3 needs to pre load the aedsp16 module to set up correctly
+the sound card. Installation dependencies must be written in the modprobe.conf
+file:
+
+install ad1848 /sbin/modprobe aedsp16 && /sbin/modprobe -i ad1848
+install opl3 /sbin/modprobe aedsp16 && /sbin/modprobe -i opl3
+
+Then you must load the sound modules stack in this order:
+sound -> aedsp16 -> [ ad1848, opl3 ]
+
+With the above configuration, loading ad1848 or opl3 modules, will
+automatically load all the sound stack.
+
+Sound cards supported
+---------------------
+This driver supports the SC-6000 and SC-6600 based Gallant's sound card.
+It don't support the Audio Excel DSP 16 III (try the SC-6600 code).
+I'm working on the III version of the card: if someone have useful
+informations about it, please let me know.
+For all the non-supported audio cards, you have to boot MS-DOS (or WIN95)
+activating the audio card with the MS-DOS device driver, then you have to
+<ctrl>-<alt>-<del> and boot Linux.
+Follow these steps:
+
+1) Compile Linux kernel with standard sound driver, using the emulation
+ you want, with the parameters of your audio card,
+ e.g. Microsoft Sound System irq10 dma3
+2) Install your new kernel as the default boot kernel.
+3) Boot MS-DOS and configure the audio card with the boot time device
+ driver, for MSS irq10 dma3 in our example.
+4) <ctrl>-<alt>-<del> and boot Linux. This will maintain the DOS configuration
+ and will boot the new kernel with sound driver. The sound driver will find
+ the audio card and will recognize and attach it.
+
+Reports on User successes
+-------------------------
+
+> Date: Mon, 29 Jul 1996 08:35:40 +0100
+> From: Mr S J Greenaway <sjg95@unixfe.rl.ac.uk>
+> To: riccardo@cdc8g5.cdc.polimi.it (Riccardo Facchetti)
+> Subject: Re: Audio Excel DSP 16 initialization code
+>
+> Just to let you know got my Audio Excel (emulating a MSS) working
+> with my original SB16, thanks for the driver!
+
+
+Last revised: 20 August 1998
+Riccardo Facchetti
+fizban@tin.it
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/CMI8330 b/Documentation/sound/oss/CMI8330
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c439f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/CMI8330
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+Documentation for CMI 8330 (SoundPRO)
+-------------------------------------
+Alessandro Zummo <azummo@ita.flashnet.it>
+
+( Be sure to read Documentation/sound/oss/SoundPro too )
+
+
+This adapter is now directly supported by the sb driver.
+
+ The only thing you have to do is to compile the kernel sound
+support as a module and to enable kernel ISAPnP support,
+as shown below.
+
+
+CONFIG_SOUND=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_SB=m
+
+CONFIG_PNP=y
+CONFIG_ISAPNP=y
+
+
+and optionally:
+
+
+CONFIG_SOUND_MPU401=m
+
+ for MPU401 support.
+
+
+(I suggest you to use "make menuconfig" or "make xconfig"
+ for a more comfortable configuration editing)
+
+
+
+Then you can do
+
+ modprobe sb
+
+and everything will be (hopefully) configured.
+
+You should get something similar in syslog:
+
+sb: CMI8330 detected.
+sb: CMI8330 sb base located at 0x220
+sb: CMI8330 mpu base located at 0x330
+sb: CMI8330 mail reports to Alessandro Zummo <azummo@ita.flashnet.it>
+sb: ISAPnP reports CMI 8330 SoundPRO at i/o 0x220, irq 7, dma 1,5
+
+
+
+
+The old documentation file follows for reference
+purposes.
+
+
+How to enable CMI 8330 (SOUNDPRO) soundchip on Linux
+------------------------------------------
+Stefan Laudat <Stefan.Laudat@asit.ro>
+
+[Note: The CMI 8338 is unrelated and is supported by cmpci.o]
+
+
+ In order to use CMI8330 under Linux you just have to use a proper isapnp.conf, a good isapnp and a little bit of patience. I use isapnp 1.17, but
+you may get a better one I guess at http://www.roestock.demon.co.uk/isapnptools/.
+
+ Of course you will have to compile kernel sound support as module, as shown below:
+
+CONFIG_SOUND=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_OSS=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_SB=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_ADLIB=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_MPU401=m
+# Mikro$chaft sound system (kinda useful here ;))
+CONFIG_SOUND_MSS=m
+
+ The /etc/isapnp.conf file will be:
+
+<snip below>
+
+
+(READPORT 0x0203)
+(ISOLATE PRESERVE)
+(IDENTIFY *)
+(VERBOSITY 2)
+(CONFLICT (IO FATAL)(IRQ FATAL)(DMA FATAL)(MEM FATAL)) # or WARNING
+(VERIFYLD N)
+
+
+# WSS
+
+(CONFIGURE CMI0001/16777472 (LD 0
+(IO 0 (SIZE 8) (BASE 0x0530))
+(IO 1 (SIZE 8) (BASE 0x0388))
+(INT 0 (IRQ 7 (MODE +E)))
+(DMA 0 (CHANNEL 0))
+(NAME "CMI0001/16777472[0]{CMI8330/C3D Audio Adapter}")
+(ACT Y)
+))
+
+# MPU
+
+(CONFIGURE CMI0001/16777472 (LD 1
+(IO 0 (SIZE 2) (BASE 0x0330))
+(INT 0 (IRQ 11 (MODE +E)))
+(NAME "CMI0001/16777472[1]{CMI8330/C3D Audio Adapter}")
+(ACT Y)
+))
+
+# Joystick
+
+(CONFIGURE CMI0001/16777472 (LD 2
+(IO 0 (SIZE 8) (BASE 0x0200))
+(NAME "CMI0001/16777472[2]{CMI8330/C3D Audio Adapter}")
+(ACT Y)
+))
+
+# SoundBlaster
+
+(CONFIGURE CMI0001/16777472 (LD 3
+(IO 0 (SIZE 16) (BASE 0x0220))
+(INT 0 (IRQ 5 (MODE +E)))
+(DMA 0 (CHANNEL 1))
+(DMA 1 (CHANNEL 5))
+(NAME "CMI0001/16777472[3]{CMI8330/C3D Audio Adapter}")
+(ACT Y)
+))
+
+
+(WAITFORKEY)
+
+<end of snip>
+
+ The module sequence is trivial:
+
+/sbin/insmod soundcore
+/sbin/insmod sound
+/sbin/insmod uart401
+# insert this first
+/sbin/insmod ad1848 io=0x530 irq=7 dma=0 soundpro=1
+# The sb module is an alternative to the ad1848 (Microsoft Sound System)
+# Anyhow, this is full duplex and has MIDI
+/sbin/insmod sb io=0x220 dma=1 dma16=5 irq=5 mpu_io=0x330
+
+
+
+Alma Chao <elysian@ethereal.torsion.org> suggests the following /etc/modprobe.conf:
+
+alias sound ad1848
+alias synth0 opl3
+options ad1848 io=0x530 irq=7 dma=0 soundpro=1
+options opl3 io=0x388
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/CMI8338 b/Documentation/sound/oss/CMI8338
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..387d058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/CMI8338
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+Audio driver for CM8338/CM8738 chips by Chen-Li Tien
+
+
+HARDWARE SUPPORTED
+================================================================================
+C-Media CMI8338
+C-Media CMI8738
+On-board C-Media chips
+
+
+STEPS TO BUILD DRIVER
+================================================================================
+
+ 1. Backup the Config.in and Makefile in the sound driver directory
+ (/usr/src/linux/driver/sound).
+ The Configure.help provide help when you config driver in step
+ 4, please backup the original one (/usr/src/linux/Document) and
+ copy this file.
+ The cmpci is document for the driver in detail, please copy it
+ to /usr/src/linux/Document/sound so you can refer it. Backup if
+ there is already one.
+
+ 2. Extract the tar file by 'tar xvzf cmpci-xx.tar.gz' in the above
+ directory.
+
+ 3. Change directory to /usr/src/linux
+
+ 4. Config cm8338 driver by 'make menuconfig', 'make config' or
+ 'make xconfig' command.
+
+ 5. Please select Sound Card (CONFIG_SOUND=m) support and CMPCI
+ driver (CONFIG_SOUND_CMPCI=m) as modules. Resident mode not tested.
+ For driver option, please refer 'DRIVER PARAMETER'
+
+ 6. Compile the kernel if necessary.
+
+ 7. Compile the modules by 'make modules'.
+
+ 8. Install the modules by 'make modules_install'
+
+
+INSTALL DRIVER
+================================================================================
+
+ 1. Before first time to run the driver, create module dependency by
+ 'depmod -a'
+
+ 2. To install the driver manually, enter 'modprobe cmpci'.
+
+ 3. Driver installation for various distributions:
+
+ a. Slackware 4.0
+ Add the 'modprobe cmpci' command in your /etc/rc.d/rc.modules
+ file.so you can start the driver automatically each time booting.
+
+ b. Caldera OpenLinux 2.2
+ Use LISA to load the cmpci module.
+
+ c. RedHat 6.0 and S.u.S.E. 6.1
+ Add following command in /etc/conf.modules:
+
+ alias sound cmpci
+
+ also visit http://www.cmedia.com.tw for installation instruction.
+
+DRIVER PARAMETER
+================================================================================
+
+ Some functions for the cm8738 can be configured in Kernel Configuration
+ or modules parameters. Set these parameters to 1 to enable.
+
+ mpuio: I/O ports base for MPU-401, 0 if disabled.
+ fmio: I/O ports base for OPL-3, 0 if disabled.
+ spdif_inverse:Inverse the S/PDIF-in signal, this depends on your
+ CD-ROM or DVD-ROM.
+ spdif_loop: Enable S/PDIF loop, this route S/PDIF-in to S/PDIF-out
+ directly.
+ speakers: Number of speakers used.
+ use_line_as_rear:Enable this if you want to use line-in as
+ rear-out.
+ use_line_as_bass:Enable this if you want to use line-in as
+ bass-out.
+ joystick: Enable joystick. You will need to install Linux joystick
+ driver.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/CS4232 b/Documentation/sound/oss/CS4232
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d6af7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/CS4232
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+To configure the Crystal CS423x sound chip and activate its DSP functions,
+modules may be loaded in this order:
+
+ modprobe sound
+ insmod ad1848
+ insmod uart401
+ insmod cs4232 io=* irq=* dma=* dma2=*
+
+This is the meaning of the parameters:
+
+ io--I/O address of the Windows Sound System (normally 0x534)
+ irq--IRQ of this device
+ dma and dma2--DMA channels (DMA2 may be 0)
+
+On some cards, the board attempts to do non-PnP setup, and fails. If you
+have problems, use Linux' PnP facilities.
+
+To get MIDI facilities add
+
+ insmod opl3 io=*
+
+where "io" is the I/O address of the OPL3 synthesizer. This will be shown
+in /proc/sys/pnp and is normally 0x388.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/ESS b/Documentation/sound/oss/ESS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bba93b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/ESS
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+Documentation for the ESS AudioDrive chips
+
+In 2.4 kernels the SoundBlaster driver not only tries to detect an ESS chip, it
+tries to detect the type of ESS chip too. The correct detection of the chip
+doesn't always succeed however, so unless you use the kernel isapnp facilities
+(and you chip is pnp capable) the default behaviour is 2.0 behaviour which
+means: only detect ES688 and ES1688.
+
+All ESS chips now have a recording level setting. This is a need-to-have for
+people who want to use their ESS for recording sound.
+
+Every chip that's detected as a later-than-es1688 chip has a 6 bits logarithmic
+master volume control.
+
+Every chip that's detected as a ES1887 now has Full Duplex support. Made a
+little testprogram that shows that is works, haven't seen a real program that
+needs this however.
+
+For ESS chips an additional parameter "esstype" can be specified. This controls
+the (auto) detection of the ESS chips. It can have 3 kinds of values:
+
+-1 Act like 2.0 kernels: only detect ES688 or ES1688.
+0 Try to auto-detect the chip (may fail for ES1688)
+688 The chip will be treated as ES688
+1688 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ES1688
+1868 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ES1868
+1869 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ES1869
+1788 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ES1788
+1887 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ES1887
+1888 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ES1888
+
+Because Full Duplex is supported for ES1887 you can specify a second DMA
+channel by specifying module parameter dma16. It can be one of: 0, 1, 3 or 5.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/ESS1868 b/Documentation/sound/oss/ESS1868
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55e922f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/ESS1868
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+Documentation for the ESS1868F AudioDrive PnP sound card
+
+The ESS1868 sound card is a PnP ESS1688-compatible 16-bit sound card.
+
+It should be automatically detected by the Linux Kernel isapnp support when you
+load the sb.o module. Otherwise you should take care of:
+
+ * The ESS1868 does not allow use of a 16-bit DMA, thus DMA 0, 1, 2, and 3
+ may only be used.
+
+ * isapnptools version 1.14 does work with ESS1868. Earlier versions might
+ not.
+
+ * Sound support MUST be compiled as MODULES, not statically linked
+ into the kernel.
+
+
+NOTE: this is only needed when not using the kernel isapnp support!
+
+For configuring the sound card's I/O addresses, IRQ and DMA, here is a
+sample copy of the isapnp.conf directives regarding the ESS1868:
+
+(CONFIGURE ESS1868/-1 (LD 1
+(IO 0 (BASE 0x0220))
+(IO 1 (BASE 0x0388))
+(IO 2 (BASE 0x0330))
+(DMA 0 (CHANNEL 1))
+(INT 0 (IRQ 5 (MODE +E)))
+(ACT Y)
+))
+
+(for a full working isapnp.conf file, remember the
+(ISOLATE)
+(IDENTIFY *)
+at the beginning and the
+(WAITFORKEY)
+at the end.)
+
+In this setup, the main card I/O is 0x0220, FM synthesizer is 0x0388, and
+the MPU-401 MIDI port is located at 0x0330. IRQ is IRQ 5, DMA is channel 1.
+
+After configuring the sound card via isapnp, to use the card you must load
+the sound modules with the proper I/O information. Here is my setup:
+
+# ESS1868F AudioDrive initialization
+
+/sbin/modprobe sound
+/sbin/insmod uart401
+/sbin/insmod sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=-1
+/sbin/insmod mpu401 io=0x330
+/sbin/insmod opl3 io=0x388
+/sbin/insmod v_midi
+
+opl3 is the FM synthesizer
+/sbin/insmod opl3 io=0x388
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/INSTALL.awe b/Documentation/sound/oss/INSTALL.awe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..310f42c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/INSTALL.awe
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+================================================================
+ INSTALLATION OF AWE32 SOUND DRIVER FOR LINUX
+ Takashi Iwai <iwai@ww.uni-erlangen.de>
+================================================================
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+* Attention to SB-PnP Card Users
+
+If you're using PnP cards, the initialization of PnP is required
+before loading this driver. You have now three options:
+ 1. Use isapnptools.
+ 2. Use in-kernel isapnp support.
+ 3. Initialize PnP on DOS/Windows, then boot linux by loadlin.
+In this document, only the case 1 case is treated.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+* Installation on Red Hat 5.0 Sound Driver
+
+Please use install-rh.sh under RedHat5.0 directory.
+DO NOT USE install.sh below.
+See INSTALL.RH for more details.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+* Installation/Update by Shell Script
+
+ 1. Become root
+
+ % su
+
+ 2. If you have never configured the kernel tree yet, run make config
+ once (to make dependencies and symlinks).
+
+ # cd /usr/src/linux
+ # make xconfig
+
+ 3. Run install.sh script
+
+ # sh ./install.sh
+
+ 4. Configure your kernel
+
+ (for Linux 2.[01].x user)
+ # cd /usr/src/linux
+ # make xconfig (or make menuconfig)
+
+ (for Linux 1.2.x user)
+ # cd /usr/src/linux
+ # make config
+
+ Answer YES to both "lowlevel drivers" and "AWE32 wave synth" items
+ in Sound menu. ("lowlevel drivers" will appear only in 2.x
+ kernel.)
+
+ 5. Make your kernel (and modules), and install them as usual.
+
+ 5a. make kernel image
+ # make zImage
+
+ 5b. make modules and install them
+ # make modules && make modules_install
+
+ 5c. If you're using lilo, copy the kernel image and run lilo.
+ Otherwise, copy the kernel image to suitable directory or
+ media for your system.
+
+ 6. Reboot the kernel if necessary.
+ - If you updated only the modules, you don't have to reboot
+ the system. Just remove the old sound modules here.
+ in
+ # rmmod sound.o (linux-2.0 or OSS/Free)
+ # rmmod awe_wave.o (linux-2.1)
+
+ 7. If your AWE card is a PnP and not initialized yet, you'll have to
+ do it by isapnp tools. Otherwise, skip to 8.
+
+ This section described only a brief explanation. For more
+ details, please see the AWE64-Mini-HOWTO or isapnp tools FAQ.
+
+ 7a. If you have no isapnp.conf file, generate it by pnpdump.
+ Otherwise, skip to 7d.
+ # pnpdump > /etc/isapnp.conf
+
+ 7b. Edit isapnp.conf file. Comment out the appropriate
+ lines containing desirable I/O ports, DMA and IRQs.
+ Don't forget to enable (ACT Y) line.
+
+ 7c. Add two i/o ports (0xA20 and 0xE20) in WaveTable part.
+ ex)
+ (CONFIGURE CTL0048/58128 (LD 2
+ # ANSI string -->WaveTable<--
+ (IO 0 (BASE 0x0620))
+ (IO 1 (BASE 0x0A20))
+ (IO 2 (BASE 0x0E20))
+ (ACT Y)
+ ))
+
+ 7d. Load the config file.
+ CAUTION: This will reset all PnP cards!
+
+ # isapnp /etc/isapnp.conf
+
+ 8. Load the sound module (if you configured it as a module):
+
+ for 2.0 kernel or OSS/Free monolithic module:
+
+ # modprobe sound.o
+
+ for 2.1 kernel:
+
+ # modprobe sound
+ # insmod uart401
+ # insmod sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=5 mpu_io=0x330
+ (These values depend on your settings.)
+ # insmod awe_wave
+ (Be sure to load awe_wave after sb!)
+
+ See Documentation/sound/oss/AWE32 for
+ more details.
+
+ 9. (only for obsolete systems) If you don't have /dev/sequencer
+ device file, make it according to Readme.linux file on
+ /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound. (Run a shell script included in
+ that file). <-- This file no longer exists in the recent kernels!
+
+ 10. OK, load your own soundfont file, and enjoy MIDI!
+
+ % sfxload synthgm.sbk
+ % drvmidi foo.mid
+
+ 11. For more advanced use (eg. dynamic loading, virtual bank and
+ etc.), please read the awedrv FAQ or the instructions in awesfx
+ and awemidi packages.
+
+Good luck!
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/Introduction b/Documentation/sound/oss/Introduction
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15d4fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/Introduction
@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+Introduction Notes on Modular Sound Drivers and Soundcore
+Wade Hampton
+2/14/2001
+
+Purpose:
+========
+This document provides some general notes on the modular
+sound drivers and their configuration, along with the
+support modules sound.o and soundcore.o.
+
+Note, some of this probably should be added to the Sound-HOWTO!
+
+Note, soundlow.o was present with 2.2 kernels but is not
+required for 2.4.x kernels. References have been removed
+to this.
+
+
+Copying:
+========
+none
+
+
+History:
+========
+0.1.0 11/20/1998 First version, draft
+1.0.0 11/1998 Alan Cox changes, incorporation in 2.2.0
+ as Documentation/sound/oss/Introduction
+1.1.0 6/30/1999 Second version, added notes on making the drivers,
+ added info on multiple sound cards of similar types,]
+ added more diagnostics info, added info about esd.
+ added info on OSS and ALSA.
+1.1.1 19991031 Added notes on sound-slot- and sound-service.
+ (Alan Cox)
+1.1.2 20000920 Modified for Kernel 2.4 (Christoph Hellwig)
+1.1.3 20010214 Minor notes and corrections (Wade Hampton)
+ Added examples of sound-slot-0, etc.
+
+
+Modular Sound Drivers:
+======================
+
+Thanks to the GREAT work by Alan Cox (alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk),
+
+[And Oleg Drokin, Thomas Sailer, Andrew Veliath and more than a few
+ others - not to mention Hannu's original code being designed well
+ enough to cope with that kind of chopping up](Alan)
+
+the standard Linux kernels support a modular sound driver. From
+Alan's comments in linux/drivers/sound/README.FIRST:
+
+ The modular sound driver patches were funded by Red Hat Software
+ (www.redhat.com). The sound driver here is thus a modified version of
+ Hannu's code. Please bear that in mind when considering the appropriate
+ forums for bug reporting.
+
+The modular sound drivers may be loaded via insmod or modprobe.
+To support all the various sound modules, there are two general
+support modules that must be loaded first:
+
+ soundcore.o: Top level handler for the sound system, provides
+ a set of functions for registration of devices
+ by type.
+
+ sound.o: Common sound functions required by all modules.
+
+For the specific sound modules (e.g., sb.o for the Soundblaster),
+read the documentation on that module to determine what options
+are available, for example IRQ, address, DMA.
+
+Warning, the options for different cards sometime use different names
+for the same or a similar feature (dma1= versus dma16=). As a last
+resort, inspect the code (search for MODULE_PARM).
+
+Notes:
+
+1. There is a new OpenSource sound driver called ALSA which is
+ currently under development: http://www.alsa-project.org/
+ The ALSA drivers support some newer hardware that may not
+ be supported by this sound driver and also provide some
+ additional features.
+
+2. The commercial OSS driver may be obtained from the site:
+ http://www/opensound.com. This may be used for cards that
+ are unsupported by the kernel driver, or may be used
+ by other operating systems.
+
+3. The enlightenment sound daemon may be used for playing
+ multiple sounds at the same time via a single card, eliminating
+ some of the requirements for multiple sound card systems. For
+ more information, see: http://www.tux.org/~ricdude/EsounD.html
+ The "esd" program may be used with the real-player and mpeg
+ players like mpg123 and x11amp. The newer real-player
+ and some games even include built-in support for ESD!
+
+
+Building the Modules:
+=====================
+
+This document does not provide full details on building the
+kernel, etc. The notes below apply only to making the kernel
+sound modules. If this conflicts with the kernel's README,
+the README takes precedence.
+
+1. To make the kernel sound modules, cd to your /usr/src/linux
+ directory (typically) and type make config, make menuconfig,
+ or make xconfig (to start the command line, dialog, or x-based
+ configuration tool).
+
+2. Select the Sound option and a dialog will be displayed.
+
+3. Select M (module) for "Sound card support".
+
+4. Select your sound driver(s) as a module. For ProAudio, Sound
+ Blaster, etc., select M (module) for OSS sound modules.
+ [thanks to Marvin Stodolsky <stodolsk@erols.com>]A
+
+5. Make the kernel (e.g., make bzImage), and install the kernel.
+
+6. Make the modules and install them (make modules; make modules_install).
+
+Note, for 2.5.x kernels, make sure you have the newer module-init-tools
+installed or modules will not be loaded properly. 2.5.x requires an
+updated module-init-tools.
+
+
+Plug and Play (PnP:
+===================
+
+If the sound card is an ISA PnP card, isapnp may be used
+to configure the card. See the file isapnp.txt in the
+directory one level up (e.g., /usr/src/linux/Documentation).
+
+Also the 2.4.x kernels provide PnP capabilities, see the
+file NEWS in this directory.
+
+PCI sound cards are highly recommended, as they are far
+easier to configure and from what I have read, they use
+less resources and are more CPU efficient.
+
+
+INSMOD:
+=======
+
+If loading via insmod, the common modules must be loaded in the
+order below BEFORE loading the other sound modules. The card-specific
+modules may then be loaded (most require parameters). For example,
+I use the following via a shell script to load my SoundBlaster:
+
+SB_BASE=0x240
+SB_IRQ=9
+SB_DMA=3
+SB_DMA2=5
+SB_MPU=0x300
+#
+echo Starting sound
+/sbin/insmod soundcore
+/sbin/insmod sound
+#
+echo Starting sound blaster....
+/sbin/insmod uart401
+/sbin/insmod sb io=$SB_BASE irq=$SB_IRQ dma=$SB_DMA dma16=$SB_DMA2 mpu_io=$SB_MP
+
+When using sound as a module, I typically put these commands
+in a file such as /root/soundon.sh.
+
+
+MODPROBE:
+=========
+
+If loading via modprobe, these common files are automatically loaded
+when requested by modprobe. For example, my /etc/modprobe.conf contains:
+
+alias sound sb
+options sb io=0x240 irq=9 dma=3 dma16=5 mpu_io=0x300
+
+All you need to do to load the module is:
+
+ /sbin/modprobe sb
+
+
+Sound Status:
+=============
+
+The status of sound may be read/checked by:
+ cat (anyfile).au >/dev/audio
+
+[WWH: This may not work properly for SoundBlaster PCI 128 cards
+such as the es1370/1 (see the es1370/1 files in this directory)
+as they do not automatically support uLaw on /dev/audio.]
+
+The status of the modules and which modules depend on
+which other modules may be checked by:
+ /sbin/lsmod
+
+/sbin/lsmod should show something like the following:
+ sb 26280 0
+ uart401 5640 0 [sb]
+ sound 57112 0 [sb uart401]
+ soundcore 1968 8 [sb sound]
+
+
+Removing Sound:
+===============
+
+Sound may be removed by using /sbin/rmmod in the reverse order
+in which you load the modules. Note, if a program has a sound device
+open (e.g., xmixer), that module (and the modules on which it
+depends) may not be unloaded.
+
+For example, I use the following to remove my Soundblaster (rmmod
+in the reverse order in which I loaded the modules):
+
+/sbin/rmmod sb
+/sbin/rmmod uart401
+/sbin/rmmod sound
+/sbin/rmmod soundcore
+
+When using sound as a module, I typically put these commands
+in a script such as /root/soundoff.sh.
+
+
+Removing Sound for use with OSS:
+================================
+
+If you get really stuck or have a card that the kernel modules
+will not support, you can get a commercial sound driver from
+http://www.opensound.com. Before loading the commercial sound
+driver, you should do the following:
+
+1. remove sound modules (detailed above)
+2. remove the sound modules from /etc/modprobe.conf
+3. move the sound modules from /lib/modules/<kernel>/misc
+ (for example, I make a /lib/modules/<kernel>/misc/tmp
+ directory and copy the sound module files to that
+ directory).
+
+
+Multiple Sound Cards:
+=====================
+
+The sound drivers will support multiple sound cards and there
+are some great applications like multitrack that support them.
+Typically, you need two sound cards of different types. Note, this
+uses more precious interrupts and DMA channels and sometimes
+can be a configuration nightmare. I have heard reports of 3-4
+sound cards (typically I only use 2). You can sometimes use
+multiple PCI sound cards of the same type.
+
+On my machine I have two sound cards (cs4232 and Soundblaster Vibra
+16). By loading sound as modules, I can control which is the first
+sound device (/dev/dsp, /dev/audio, /dev/mixer) and which is
+the second. Normally, the cs4232 (Dell sound on the motherboard)
+would be the first sound device, but I prefer the Soundblaster.
+All you have to do is to load the one you want as /dev/dsp
+first (in my case "sb") and then load the other one
+(in my case "cs4232").
+
+If you have two cards of the same type that are jumpered
+cards or different PnP revisions, you may load the same
+module twice. For example, I have a SoundBlaster vibra 16
+and an older SoundBlaster 16 (jumpers). To load the module
+twice, you need to do the following:
+
+1. Copy the sound modules to a new name. For example
+ sb.o could be copied (or symlinked) to sb1.o for the
+ second SoundBlaster.
+
+2. Make a second entry in /etc/modprobe.conf, for example,
+ sound1 or sb1. This second entry should refer to the
+ new module names for example sb1, and should include
+ the I/O, etc. for the second sound card.
+
+3. Update your soundon.sh script, etc.
+
+Warning: I have never been able to get two PnP sound cards of the
+same type to load at the same time. I have tried this several times
+with the Soundblaster Vibra 16 cards. OSS has indicated that this
+is a PnP problem.... If anyone has any luck doing this, please
+send me an E-MAIL. PCI sound cards should not have this problem.a
+Since this was originally release, I have received a couple of
+mails from people who have accomplished this!
+
+NOTE: In Linux 2.4 the Sound Blaster driver (and only this one yet)
+supports multiple cards with one module by default.
+Read the file 'Soundblaster' in this directory for details.
+
+
+Sound Problems:
+===============
+
+First RTFM (including the troubleshooting section
+in the Sound-HOWTO).
+
+1) If you are having problems loading the modules (for
+ example, if you get device conflict errors) try the
+ following:
+
+ A) If you have Win95 or NT on the same computer,
+ write down what addresses, IRQ, and DMA channels
+ those were using for the same hardware. You probably
+ can use these addresses, IRQs, and DMA channels.
+ You should really do this BEFORE attempting to get
+ sound working!
+
+ B) Check (cat) /proc/interrupts, /proc/ioports,
+ and /proc/dma. Are you trying to use an address,
+ IRQ or DMA port that another device is using?
+
+ C) Check (cat) /proc/isapnp
+
+ D) Inspect your /var/log/messages file. Often that will
+ indicate what IRQ or IO port could not be obtained.
+
+ E) Try another port or IRQ. Note this may involve
+ using the PnP tools to move the sound card to
+ another location. Sometimes this is the only way
+ and it is more or less trial and error.
+
+2) If you get motor-boating (the same sound or part of a
+ sound clip repeated), you probably have either an IRQ
+ or DMA conflict. Move the card to another IRQ or DMA
+ port. This has happened to me when playing long files
+ when I had an IRQ conflict.
+
+3. If you get dropouts or pauses when playing high sample
+ rate files such as using mpg123 or x11amp/xmms, you may
+ have too slow of a CPU and may have to use the options to
+ play the files at 1/2 speed. For example, you may use
+ the -2 or -4 option on mpg123. You may also get this
+ when trying to play mpeg files stored on a CD-ROM
+ (my Toshiba T8000 PII/366 sometimes has this problem).
+
+4. If you get "cannot access device" errors, your /dev/dsp
+ files, etc. may be set to owner root, mode 600. You
+ may have to use the command:
+ chmod 666 /dev/dsp /dev/mixer /dev/audio
+
+5. If you get "device busy" errors, another program has the
+ sound device open. For example, if using the Enlightenment
+ sound daemon "esd", the "esd" program has the sound device.
+ If using "esd", please RTFM the docs on ESD. For example,
+ esddsp <program> may be used to play files via a non-esd
+ aware program.
+
+6) Ask for help on the sound list or send E-MAIL to the
+ sound driver author/maintainer.
+
+7) Turn on debug in drivers/sound/sound_config.h (DEB, DDB, MDB).
+
+8) If the system reports insufficient DMA memory then you may want to
+ load sound with the "dmabufs=1" option. Or in /etc/conf.modules add
+
+ preinstall sound dmabufs=1
+
+ This makes the sound system allocate its buffers and hang onto them.
+
+ You may also set persistent DMA when building a 2.4.x kernel.
+
+
+Configuring Sound:
+==================
+
+There are several ways of configuring your sound:
+
+1) On the kernel command line (when using the sound driver(s)
+ compiled in the kernel). Check the driver source and
+ documentation for details.
+
+2) On the command line when using insmod or in a bash script
+ using command line calls to load sound.
+
+3) In /etc/modprobe.conf when using modprobe.
+
+4) Via Red Hat's GPL'd /usr/sbin/sndconfig program (text based).
+
+5) Via the OSS soundconf program (with the commercial version
+ of the OSS driver.
+
+6) By just loading the module and let isapnp do everything relevant
+ for you. This works only with a few drivers yet and - of course -
+ only with isapnp hardware.
+
+And I am sure, several other ways.
+
+Anyone want to write a linuxconf module for configuring sound?
+
+
+Module Loading:
+===============
+
+When a sound card is first referenced and sound is modular, the sound system
+will ask for the sound devices to be loaded. Initially it requests that
+the driver for the sound system is loaded. It then will ask for
+sound-slot-0, where 0 is the first sound card. (sound-slot-1 the second and
+so on). Thus you can do
+
+alias sound-slot-0 sb
+
+To load a soundblaster at this point. If the slot loading does not provide
+the desired device - for example a soundblaster does not directly provide
+a midi synth in all cases then it will request "sound-service-0-n" where n
+is
+
+ 0 Mixer
+
+ 2 MIDI
+
+ 3, 4 DSP audio
+
+
+For example, I use the following to load my Soundblaster PCI 128
+(ES 1371) card first, followed by my SoundBlaster Vibra 16 card,
+then by my TV card:
+
+# Load the Soundblaster PCI 128 as /dev/dsp, /dev/dsp1, /dev/mixer
+alias sound-slot-0 es1371
+
+# Load the Soundblaster Vibra 16 as /dev/dsp2, /dev/mixer1
+alias sound-slot-1 sb
+options sb io=0x240 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=5 mpu_io=0x330
+
+# Load the BTTV (TV card) as /dev/mixer2
+alias sound-slot-2 bttv
+alias sound-service-2-0 tvmixer
+
+pre-install bttv modprobe tuner ; modprobe tvmixer
+pre-install tvmixer modprobe msp3400; modprobe tvaudio
+options tuner debug=0 type=8
+options bttv card=0 radio=0 pll=0
+
+
+For More Information (RTFM):
+============================
+1) Information on kernel modules: manual pages for insmod and modprobe.
+
+2) Information on PnP, RTFM manual pages for isapnp.
+
+3) Sound-HOWTO and Sound-Playing-HOWTO.
+
+4) OSS's WWW site at http://www.opensound.com.
+
+5) All the files in Documentation/sound.
+
+6) The comments and code in linux/drivers/sound.
+
+7) The sndconfig and rhsound documentation from Red Hat.
+
+8) The Linux-sound mailing list: sound-list@redhat.com.
+
+9) Enlightenment documentation (for info on esd)
+ http://www.tux.org/~ricdude/EsounD.html.
+
+10) ALSA home page: http://www.alsa-project.org/
+
+
+Contact Information:
+====================
+Wade Hampton: (whampton@staffnet.com)
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/MAD16 b/Documentation/sound/oss/MAD16
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..865dbd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/MAD16
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+(This recipe has been edited to update the configuration symbols,
+ and change over to modprobe.conf for 2.6)
+
+From: Shaw Carruthers <shaw@shawc.demon.co.uk>
+
+I have been using mad16 sound for some time now with no problems, current
+kernel 2.1.89
+
+lsmod shows:
+
+mad16 5176 0
+sb 22044 0 [mad16]
+uart401 5576 0 [mad16 sb]
+ad1848 14176 1 [mad16]
+sound 61928 0 [mad16 sb uart401 ad1848]
+
+.config has:
+
+CONFIG_SOUND=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_ADLIB=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_MAD16=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_YM3812=m
+
+modprobe.conf has:
+
+alias char-major-14-* mad16
+options sb mad16=1
+options mad16 io=0x530 irq=7 dma=0 dma16=1 && /usr/local/bin/aumix -w 15 -p 20 -m 0 -1 0 -2 0 -3 0 -i 0
+
+
+To get the built in mixer to work this needs to be:
+
+options adlib_card io=0x388 # FM synthesizer
+options sb mad16=1
+options mad16 io=0x530 irq=7 dma=0 dma16=1 mpu_io=816 mpu_irq=5 && /usr/local/bin/aumix -w 15 -p 20 -m 0 -1 0 -2 0 -3 0 -i 0
+
+The addition of the "mpu_io=816 mpu_irq=5" to the mad16 options line is
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+The mad16 module in addition supports the following options:
+
+option: meaning: default:
+joystick=0,1 disabled, enabled disabled
+cdtype=0x00,0x02,0x04, disabled, Sony CDU31A, disabled
+ 0x06,0x08,0x0a Mitsumi, Panasonic,
+ Secondary IDE, Primary IDE
+cdport=0x340,0x320, 0x340
+ 0x330,0x360
+cdirq=0,3,5,7,9,10,11 disabled, IRQ3, ... disabled
+cddma=0,5,6,7 disabled, DMA5, ... DMA5 for Mitsumi or IDE
+cddma=0,1,2,3 disabled, DMA1, ... DMA3 for Sony or Panasonic
+opl4=0,1 OPL3, OPL4 OPL3
+
+for more details see linux/drivers/sound/mad16.c
+
+Rui Sousa
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/Maestro b/Documentation/sound/oss/Maestro
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a80eb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/Maestro
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+ An OSS/Lite Driver for the ESS Maestro family of sound cards
+
+ Zach Brown, December 1999
+
+Driver Status and Availability
+------------------------------
+
+The most recent version of this driver will hopefully always be available at
+ http://www.zabbo.net/maestro/
+
+I will try and maintain the most recent stable version of the driver
+in both the stable and development kernel lines.
+
+ESS Maestro Chip Family
+-----------------------
+
+There are 3 main variants of the ESS Maestro PCI sound chip. The first
+is the Maestro 1. It was originally produced by Platform Tech as the
+'AGOGO'. It can be recognized by Platform Tech's PCI ID 0x1285 with
+0x0100 as the device ID. It was put on some sound boards and a few laptops.
+ESS bought the design and cleaned it up as the Maestro 2. This starts
+their marking with the ESS vendor ID 0x125D and the 'year' device IDs.
+The Maestro 2 claims 0x1968 while the Maestro 2e has 0x1978.
+
+The various families of Maestro are mostly identical as far as this
+driver is concerned. It doesn't touch the DSP parts that differ (though
+it could for FM synthesis).
+
+Driver OSS Behavior
+--------------------
+
+This OSS driver exports /dev/mixer and /dev/dsp to applications, which
+mostly adhere to the OSS spec. This driver doesn't register itself
+with /dev/sndstat, so don't expect information to appear there.
+
+The /dev/dsp device exported behaves almost as expected. Playback is
+supported in all the various lovely formats. 8/16bit stereo/mono from
+8khz to 48khz, and mmap()ing for playback behaves. Capture/recording
+is limited due to oddities with the Maestro hardware. One can only
+record in 16bit stereo. For recording the maestro uses non interleaved
+stereo buffers so that mmap()ing the incoming data does not result in
+a ring buffer of LRLR data. mmap()ing of the read buffers is therefore
+disallowed until this can be cleaned up.
+
+/dev/mixer is an interface to the AC'97 codec on the Maestro. It is
+worth noting that there are a variety of AC'97s that can be wired to
+the Maestro. Which is used is entirely up to the hardware implementor.
+This should only be visible to the user by the presence, or lack, of
+'Bass' and 'Treble' sliders in the mixer. Not all AC'97s have them.
+
+The driver doesn't support MIDI or FM playback at the moment. Typically
+the Maestro is wired to an MPU MIDI chip, but some hardware implementations
+don't. We need to assemble a white list of hardware implementations that
+have MIDI wired properly before we can claim to support it safely.
+
+Compiling and Installing
+------------------------
+
+With the drivers inclusion into the kernel, compiling and installing
+is the same as most OSS/Lite modular sound drivers. Compilation
+of the driver is enabled through the CONFIG_SOUND_MAESTRO variable
+in the config system.
+
+It may be modular or statically linked. If it is modular it should be
+installed with the rest of the modules for the kernel on the system.
+Typically this will be in /lib/modules/ somewhere. 'alias sound maestro'
+should also be added to your module configs (typically /etc/conf.modules)
+if you're using modular OSS/Lite sound and want to default to using a
+maestro chip.
+
+As this is a PCI device, the module does not need to be informed of
+any IO or IRQ resources it should use, it devines these from the
+system. Sometimes, on sucky PCs, the BIOS fails to allocated resources
+for the maestro. This will result in a message like:
+ maestro: PCI subsystem reports IRQ 0, this might not be correct.
+from the kernel. Should this happen the sound chip most likely will
+not operate correctly. To solve this one has to dig through their BIOS
+(typically entered by hitting a hot key at boot time) and figure out
+what magic needs to happen so that the BIOS will reward the maestro with
+an IRQ. This operation is incredibly system specific, so you're on your
+own. Sometimes the magic lies in 'PNP Capable Operating System' settings.
+
+There are very few options to the driver. One is 'debug' which will
+tell the driver to print minimal debugging information as it runs. This
+can be collected with 'dmesg' or through the klogd daemon.
+
+The other, more interesting option, is 'dsps_order'. Typically at
+install time the driver will only register one available /dev/dsp device
+for its use. The 'dsps_order' module parameter allows for more devices
+to be allocated, as a power of two. Up to 4 devices can be registered
+( dsps_order=2 ). These devices act as fully distinct units and use
+separate channels in the maestro.
+
+Power Management
+----------------
+
+As of version 0.14, this driver has a minimal understanding of PCI
+Power Management. If it finds a valid power management capability
+on the PCI device it will attempt to use the power management
+functions of the maestro. It will only do this on Maestro 2Es and
+only on machines that are known to function well. You can
+force the use of power management by setting the 'use_pm' module
+option to 1, or can disable it entirely by setting it to 0.
+
+When using power management, the driver does a few things
+differently. It will keep the chip in a lower power mode
+when the module is inserted but /dev/dsp is not open. This
+allows the mixer to function but turns off the clocks
+on other parts of the chip. When /dev/dsp is opened the chip
+is brought into full power mode, and brought back down
+when it is closed. It also powers down the chip entirely
+when the module is removed or the machine is shutdown. This
+can have nonobvious consequences. CD audio may not work
+after a power managing driver is removed. Also, software that
+doesn't understand power management may not be able to talk
+to the powered down chip until the machine goes through a hard
+reboot to bring it back.
+
+.. more details ..
+------------------
+
+drivers/sound/maestro.c contains comments that hopefully explain
+the maestro implementation.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/Maestro3 b/Documentation/sound/oss/Maestro3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a113718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/Maestro3
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+ An OSS/Lite Driver for the ESS Maestro3 family of sound chips
+
+ Zach Brown, January 2001
+
+Driver Status and Availability
+------------------------------
+
+The most recent version of this driver will hopefully always be available at
+ http://www.zabbo.net/maestro3/
+
+I will try and maintain the most recent stable version of the driver
+in both the stable and development kernel lines.
+
+Historically I've sucked pretty hard at actually doing that, however.
+
+ESS Maestro3 Chip Family
+-----------------------
+
+The 'Maestro3' is much like the Maestro2 chip. The noted improvement
+is the removal of the silicon in the '2' that did PCM mixing. All that
+work is now done through a custom DSP called the ASSP, the Asynchronus
+Specific Signal Processor.
+
+The 'Allegro' is a baby version of the Maestro3. I'm not entirely clear
+on the extent of the differences, but the driver supports them both :)
+
+The 'Allegro' shows up as PCI ID 0x1988 and the Maestro3 as 0x1998,
+both under ESS's vendor ID of 0x125D. The Maestro3 can also show up as
+0x199a when hardware strapping is used.
+
+The chip can also act as a multi function device. The modem IDs follow
+the audio multimedia device IDs. (so the modem part of an Allegro shows
+up as 0x1989)
+
+Driver OSS Behavior
+--------------------
+
+This OSS driver exports /dev/mixer and /dev/dsp to applications, which
+mostly adhere to the OSS spec. This driver doesn't register itself
+with /dev/sndstat, so don't expect information to appear there.
+
+The /dev/dsp device exported behaves as expected. Playback is
+supported in all the various lovely formats. 8/16bit stereo/mono from
+8khz to 48khz, with both read()/write(), and mmap().
+
+/dev/mixer is an interface to the AC'97 codec on the Maestro3. It is
+worth noting that there are a variety of AC'97s that can be wired to
+the Maestro3. Which is used is entirely up to the hardware implementor.
+This should only be visible to the user by the presence, or lack, of
+'Bass' and 'Treble' sliders in the mixer. Not all AC'97s have them.
+The Allegro has an onchip AC'97.
+
+The driver doesn't support MIDI or FM playback at the moment.
+
+Compiling and Installing
+------------------------
+
+With the drivers inclusion into the kernel, compiling and installing
+is the same as most OSS/Lite modular sound drivers. Compilation
+of the driver is enabled through the CONFIG_SOUND_MAESTRO3 variable
+in the config system.
+
+It may be modular or statically linked. If it is modular it should be
+installed with the rest of the modules for the kernel on the system.
+Typically this will be in /lib/modules/ somewhere. 'alias sound-slot-0
+maestro3' should also be added to your module configs (typically
+/etc/modprobe.conf) if you're using modular OSS/Lite sound and want to
+default to using a maestro3 chip.
+
+There are very few options to the driver. One is 'debug' which will
+tell the driver to print minimal debugging information as it runs. This
+can be collected with 'dmesg' or through the klogd daemon.
+
+One is 'external_amp', which tells the driver to attempt to enable
+an external amplifier. This defaults to '1', you can tell the driver
+not to bother enabling such an amplifier by setting it to '0'.
+
+And the last is 'gpio_pin', which tells the driver which GPIO pin number
+the external amp uses (0-15), The Allegro uses 8 by default, all others 1.
+If everything loads correctly and seems to be working but you get no sound,
+try tweaking this value.
+
+Systems known to need a different value
+ Panasonic ToughBook CF-72: gpio_pin=13
+
+Power Management
+----------------
+
+This driver has a minimal understanding of PCI Power Management. It will
+try and power down the chip when the system is suspended, and power
+it up with it is resumed. It will also try and power down the chip
+when the machine is shut down.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/MultiSound b/Documentation/sound/oss/MultiSound
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4a18bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/MultiSound
@@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@
+#! /bin/sh
+#
+# Turtle Beach MultiSound Driver Notes
+# -- Andrew Veliath <andrewtv@usa.net>
+#
+# Last update: September 10, 1998
+# Corresponding msnd driver: 0.8.3
+#
+# ** This file is a README (top part) and shell archive (bottom part).
+# The corresponding archived utility sources can be unpacked by
+# running `sh MultiSound' (the utilities are only needed for the
+# Pinnacle and Fiji cards). **
+#
+#
+# -=-=- Getting Firmware -=-=-
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# See the section `Obtaining and Creating Firmware Files' in this
+# document for instructions on obtaining the necessary firmware
+# files.
+#
+#
+# Supported Features
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# Currently, full-duplex digital audio (/dev/dsp only, /dev/audio is
+# not currently available) and mixer functionality (/dev/mixer) are
+# supported (memory mapped digital audio is not yet supported).
+# Digital transfers and monitoring can be done as well if you have
+# the digital daughterboard (see the section on using the S/PDIF port
+# for more information).
+#
+# Support for the Turtle Beach MultiSound Hurricane architecture is
+# composed of the following modules (these can also operate compiled
+# into the kernel):
+#
+# msnd - MultiSound base (requires soundcore)
+#
+# msnd_classic - Base audio/mixer support for Classic, Monetery and
+# Tahiti cards
+#
+# msnd_pinnacle - Base audio/mixer support for Pinnacle and Fiji cards
+#
+#
+# Important Notes - Read Before Using
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# The firmware files are not included (may change in future). You
+# must obtain these images from Turtle Beach (they are included in
+# the MultiSound Development Kits), and place them in /etc/sound for
+# example, and give the full paths in the Linux configuration. If
+# you are compiling in support for the MultiSound driver rather than
+# using it as a module, these firmware files must be accessible
+# during kernel compilation.
+#
+# Please note these files must be binary files, not assembler. See
+# the section later in this document for instructions to obtain these
+# files.
+#
+#
+# Configuring Card Resources
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# ** This section is very important, as your card may not work at all
+# or your machine may crash if you do not do this correctly. **
+#
+# * Classic/Monterey/Tahiti
+#
+# These cards are configured through the driver msnd_classic. You must
+# know the io port, then the driver will select the irq and memory resources
+# on the card. It is up to you to know if these are free locations or now,
+# a conflict can lock the machine up.
+#
+# * Pinnacle/Fiji
+#
+# The Pinnacle and Fiji cards have an extra config port, either
+# 0x250, 0x260 or 0x270. This port can be disabled to have the card
+# configured strictly through PnP, however you lose the ability to
+# access the IDE controller and joystick devices on this card when
+# using PnP. The included pinnaclecfg program in this shell archive
+# can be used to configure the card in non-PnP mode, and in PnP mode
+# you can use isapnptools. These are described briefly here.
+#
+# pinnaclecfg is not required; you can use the msnd_pinnacle module
+# to fully configure the card as well. However, pinnaclecfg can be
+# used to change the resource values of a particular device after the
+# msnd_pinnacle module has been loaded. If you are compiling the
+# driver into the kernel, you must set these values during compile
+# time, however other peripheral resource values can be changed with
+# the pinnaclecfg program after the kernel is loaded.
+#
+#
+# *** PnP mode
+#
+# Use pnpdump to obtain a sample configuration if you can; I was able
+# to obtain one with the command `pnpdump 1 0x203' -- this may vary
+# for you (running pnpdump by itself did not work for me). Then,
+# edit this file and use isapnp to uncomment and set the card values.
+# Use these values when inserting the msnd_pinnacle module. Using
+# this method, you can set the resources for the DSP and the Kurzweil
+# synth (Pinnacle). Since Linux does not directly support PnP
+# devices, you may have difficulty when using the card in PnP mode
+# when it the driver is compiled into the kernel. Using non-PnP mode
+# is preferable in this case.
+#
+# Here is an example mypinnacle.conf for isapnp that sets the card to
+# io base 0x210, irq 5 and mem 0xd8000, and also sets the Kurzweil
+# synth to 0x330 and irq 9 (may need editing for your system):
+#
+# (READPORT 0x0203)
+# (CSN 2)
+# (IDENTIFY *)
+#
+# # DSP
+# (CONFIGURE BVJ0440/-1 (LD 0
+# (INT 0 (IRQ 5 (MODE +E))) (IO 0 (BASE 0x0210)) (MEM 0 (BASE 0x0d8000))
+# (ACT Y)))
+#
+# # Kurzweil Synth (Pinnacle Only)
+# (CONFIGURE BVJ0440/-1 (LD 1
+# (IO 0 (BASE 0x0330)) (INT 0 (IRQ 9 (MODE +E)))
+# (ACT Y)))
+#
+# (WAITFORKEY)
+#
+#
+# *** Non-PnP mode
+#
+# The second way is by running the card in non-PnP mode. This
+# actually has some advantages in that you can access some other
+# devices on the card, such as the joystick and IDE controller. To
+# configure the card, unpack this shell archive and build the
+# pinnaclecfg program. Using this program, you can assign the
+# resource values to the card's devices, or disable the devices. As
+# an alternative to using pinnaclecfg, you can specify many of the
+# configuration values when loading the msnd_pinnacle module (or
+# during kernel configuration when compiling the driver into the
+# kernel).
+#
+# If you specify cfg=0x250 for the msnd_pinnacle module, it
+# automatically configure the card to the given io, irq and memory
+# values using that config port (the config port is jumper selectable
+# on the card to 0x250, 0x260 or 0x270).
+#
+# See the `msnd_pinnacle Additional Options' section below for more
+# information on these parameters (also, if you compile the driver
+# directly into the kernel, these extra parameters can be useful
+# here).
+#
+#
+# ** It is very easy to cause problems in your machine if you choose a
+# resource value which is incorrect. **
+#
+#
+# Examples
+# ~~~~~~~~
+#
+# * MultiSound Classic/Monterey/Tahiti:
+#
+# modprobe soundcore
+# insmod msnd
+# insmod msnd_classic io=0x290 irq=7 mem=0xd0000
+#
+# * MultiSound Pinnacle in PnP mode:
+#
+# modprobe soundcore
+# insmod msnd
+# isapnp mypinnacle.conf
+# insmod msnd_pinnacle io=0x210 irq=5 mem=0xd8000 <-- match mypinnacle.conf values
+#
+# * MultiSound Pinnacle in non-PnP mode (replace 0x250 with your configuration port,
+# one of 0x250, 0x260 or 0x270):
+#
+# insmod soundcore
+# insmod msnd
+# insmod msnd_pinnacle cfg=0x250 io=0x290 irq=5 mem=0xd0000
+#
+# * To use the MPU-compatible Kurzweil synth on the Pinnacle in PnP
+# mode, add the following (assumes you did `isapnp mypinnacle.conf'):
+#
+# insmod sound
+# insmod mpu401 io=0x330 irq=9 <-- match mypinnacle.conf values
+#
+# * To use the MPU-compatible Kurzweil synth on the Pinnacle in non-PnP
+# mode, add the following. Note how we first configure the peripheral's
+# resources, _then_ install a Linux driver for it:
+#
+# insmod sound
+# pinnaclecfg 0x250 mpu 0x330 9
+# insmod mpu401 io=0x330 irq=9
+#
+# -- OR you can use the following sequence without pinnaclecfg in non-PnP mode:
+#
+# insmod soundcore
+# insmod msnd
+# insmod msnd_pinnacle cfg=0x250 io=0x290 irq=5 mem=0xd0000 mpu_io=0x330 mpu_irq=9
+# insmod sound
+# insmod mpu401 io=0x330 irq=9
+#
+# * To setup the joystick port on the Pinnacle in non-PnP mode (though
+# you have to find the actual Linux joystick driver elsewhere), you
+# can use pinnaclecfg:
+#
+# pinnaclecfg 0x250 joystick 0x200
+#
+# -- OR you can configure this using msnd_pinnacle with the following:
+#
+# insmod soundcore
+# insmod msnd
+# insmod msnd_pinnacle cfg=0x250 io=0x290 irq=5 mem=0xd0000 joystick_io=0x200
+#
+#
+# msnd_classic, msnd_pinnacle Required Options
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# If the following options are not given, the module will not load.
+# Examine the kernel message log for informative error messages.
+# WARNING--probing isn't supported so try to make sure you have the
+# correct shared memory area, otherwise you may experience problems.
+#
+# io I/O base of DSP, e.g. io=0x210
+# irq IRQ number, e.g. irq=5
+# mem Shared memory area, e.g. mem=0xd8000
+#
+#
+# msnd_classic, msnd_pinnacle Additional Options
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# fifosize The digital audio FIFOs, in kilobytes. If not
+# specified, the default will be used. Increasing
+# this value will reduce the chance of a FIFO
+# underflow at the expense of increasing overall
+# latency. For example, fifosize=512 will
+# allocate 512kB read and write FIFOs (1MB total).
+# While this may reduce dropouts, a heavy machine
+# load will undoubtedly starve the FIFO of data
+# and you will eventually get dropouts. One
+# option is to alter the scheduling priority of
+# the playback process, using `nice' or some form
+# of POSIX soft real-time scheduling.
+#
+# calibrate_signal Setting this to one calibrates the ADCs to the
+# signal, zero calibrates to the card (defaults
+# to zero).
+#
+#
+# msnd_pinnacle Additional Options
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# digital Specify digital=1 to enable the S/PDIF input
+# if you have the digital daughterboard
+# adapter. This will enable access to the
+# DIGITAL1 input for the soundcard in the mixer.
+# Some mixer programs might have trouble setting
+# the DIGITAL1 source as an input. If you have
+# trouble, you can try the setdigital.c program
+# at the bottom of this document.
+#
+# cfg Non-PnP configuration port for the Pinnacle
+# and Fiji (typically 0x250, 0x260 or 0x270,
+# depending on the jumper configuration). If
+# this option is omitted, then it is assumed
+# that the card is in PnP mode, and that the
+# specified DSP resource values are already
+# configured with PnP (i.e. it won't attempt to
+# do any sort of configuration).
+#
+# When the Pinnacle is in non-PnP mode, you can use the following
+# options to configure particular devices. If a full specification
+# for a device is not given, then the device is not configured. Note
+# that you still must use a Linux driver for any of these devices
+# once their resources are setup (such as the Linux joystick driver,
+# or the MPU401 driver from OSS for the Kurzweil synth).
+#
+# mpu_io I/O port of MPU (on-board Kurzweil synth)
+# mpu_irq IRQ of MPU (on-board Kurzweil synth)
+# ide_io0 First I/O port of IDE controller
+# ide_io1 Second I/O port of IDE controller
+# ide_irq IRQ IDE controller
+# joystick_io I/O port of joystick
+#
+#
+# Obtaining and Creating Firmware Files
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# For the Classic/Tahiti/Monterey
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# Download to /tmp and unzip the following file from Turtle Beach:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.voyetra.com/pub/tbs/msndcl/msndvkit.zip
+#
+# When unzipped, unzip the file named MsndFiles.zip. Then copy the
+# following firmware files to /etc/sound (note the file renaming):
+#
+# cp DSPCODE/MSNDINIT.BIN /etc/sound/msndinit.bin
+# cp DSPCODE/MSNDPERM.REB /etc/sound/msndperm.bin
+#
+# When configuring the Linux kernel, specify /etc/sound/msndinit.bin and
+# /etc/sound/msndperm.bin for the two firmware files (Linux kernel
+# versions older than 2.2 do not ask for firmware paths, and are
+# hardcoded to /etc/sound).
+#
+# If you are compiling the driver into the kernel, these files must
+# be accessible during compilation, but will not be needed later.
+# The files must remain, however, if the driver is used as a module.
+#
+#
+# For the Pinnacle/Fiji
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# Download to /tmp and unzip the following file from Turtle Beach (be
+# sure to use the entire URL; some have had trouble navigating to the
+# URL):
+#
+# ftp://ftp.voyetra.com/pub/tbs/pinn/pnddk100.zip
+#
+# Unpack this shell archive, and run make in the created directory
+# (you need a C compiler and flex to build the utilities). This
+# should give you the executables conv, pinnaclecfg and setdigital.
+# conv is only used temporarily here to create the firmware files,
+# while pinnaclecfg is used to configure the Pinnacle or Fiji card in
+# non-PnP mode, and setdigital can be used to set the S/PDIF input on
+# the mixer (pinnaclecfg and setdigital should be copied to a
+# convenient place, possibly run during system initialization).
+#
+# To generating the firmware files with the `conv' program, we create
+# the binary firmware files by doing the following conversion
+# (assuming the archive unpacked into a directory named PINNDDK):
+#
+# ./conv < PINNDDK/dspcode/pndspini.asm > /etc/sound/pndspini.bin
+# ./conv < PINNDDK/dspcode/pndsperm.asm > /etc/sound/pndsperm.bin
+#
+# The conv (and conv.l) program is not needed after conversion and can
+# be safely deleted. Then, when configuring the Linux kernel, specify
+# /etc/sound/pndspini.bin and /etc/sound/pndsperm.bin for the two
+# firmware files (Linux kernel versions older than 2.2 do not ask for
+# firmware paths, and are hardcoded to /etc/sound).
+#
+# If you are compiling the driver into the kernel, these files must
+# be accessible during compilation, but will not be needed later.
+# The files must remain, however, if the driver is used as a module.
+#
+#
+# Using Digital I/O with the S/PDIF Port
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+#
+# If you have a Pinnacle or Fiji with the digital daughterboard and
+# want to set it as the input source, you can use this program if you
+# have trouble trying to do it with a mixer program (be sure to
+# insert the module with the digital=1 option, or say Y to the option
+# during compiled-in kernel operation). Upon selection of the S/PDIF
+# port, you should be able monitor and record from it.
+#
+# There is something to note about using the S/PDIF port. Digital
+# timing is taken from the digital signal, so if a signal is not
+# connected to the port and it is selected as recording input, you
+# will find PCM playback to be distorted in playback rate. Also,
+# attempting to record at a sampling rate other than the DAT rate may
+# be problematic (i.e. trying to record at 8000Hz when the DAT signal
+# is 44100Hz). If you have a problem with this, set the recording
+# input to analog if you need to record at a rate other than that of
+# the DAT rate.
+#
+#
+# -- Shell archive attached below, just run `sh MultiSound' to extract.
+# Contains Pinnacle/Fiji utilities to convert firmware, configure
+# in non-PnP mode, and select the DIGITAL1 input for the mixer.
+#
+#
+#!/bin/sh
+# This is a shell archive (produced by GNU sharutils 4.2).
+# To extract the files from this archive, save it to some FILE, remove
+# everything before the `!/bin/sh' line above, then type `sh FILE'.
+#
+# Made on 1998-12-04 10:07 EST by <andrewtv@ztransform.velsoft.com>.
+# Source directory was `/home/andrewtv/programming/pinnacle/pinnacle'.
+#
+# Existing files will *not* be overwritten unless `-c' is specified.
+#
+# This shar contains:
+# length mode name
+# ------ ---------- ------------------------------------------
+# 2046 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/setdigital.c
+# 10235 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c
+# 106 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/Makefile
+# 141 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/conv.l
+# 1472 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/msndreset.c
+#
+save_IFS="${IFS}"
+IFS="${IFS}:"
+gettext_dir=FAILED
+locale_dir=FAILED
+first_param="$1"
+for dir in $PATH
+do
+ if test "$gettext_dir" = FAILED && test -f $dir/gettext \
+ && ($dir/gettext --version >/dev/null 2>&1)
+ then
+ set `$dir/gettext --version 2>&1`
+ if test "$3" = GNU
+ then
+ gettext_dir=$dir
+ fi
+ fi
+ if test "$locale_dir" = FAILED && test -f $dir/shar \
+ && ($dir/shar --print-text-domain-dir >/dev/null 2>&1)
+ then
+ locale_dir=`$dir/shar --print-text-domain-dir`
+ fi
+done
+IFS="$save_IFS"
+if test "$locale_dir" = FAILED || test "$gettext_dir" = FAILED
+then
+ echo=echo
+else
+ TEXTDOMAINDIR=$locale_dir
+ export TEXTDOMAINDIR
+ TEXTDOMAIN=sharutils
+ export TEXTDOMAIN
+ echo="$gettext_dir/gettext -s"
+fi
+touch -am 1231235999 $$.touch >/dev/null 2>&1
+if test ! -f 1231235999 && test -f $$.touch; then
+ shar_touch=touch
+else
+ shar_touch=:
+ echo
+ $echo 'WARNING: not restoring timestamps. Consider getting and'
+ $echo "installing GNU \`touch', distributed in GNU File Utilities..."
+ echo
+fi
+rm -f 1231235999 $$.touch
+#
+if mkdir _sh01426; then
+ $echo 'x -' 'creating lock directory'
+else
+ $echo 'failed to create lock directory'
+ exit 1
+fi
+# ============= MultiSound.d/setdigital.c ==============
+if test ! -d 'MultiSound.d'; then
+ $echo 'x -' 'creating directory' 'MultiSound.d'
+ mkdir 'MultiSound.d'
+fi
+if test -f 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
+ $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' '(file already exists)'
+else
+ $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' '(text)'
+ sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' &&
+/*********************************************************************
+X *
+X * setdigital.c - sets the DIGITAL1 input for a mixer
+X *
+X * Copyright (C) 1998 Andrew Veliath
+X *
+X * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+X * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+X * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+X * (at your option) any later version.
+X *
+X * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+X * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+X * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+X * GNU General Public License for more details.
+X *
+X * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+X * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+X * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+X *
+X ********************************************************************/
+X
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/soundcard.h>
+X
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+X int fd;
+X unsigned long recmask, recsrc;
+X
+X if (argc != 2) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "usage: setdigital <mixer device>\n");
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X
+X if ((fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR)) < 0) {
+X perror(argv[1]);
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X
+X if (ioctl(fd, SOUND_MIXER_READ_RECMASK, &recmask) < 0) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: ioctl read recording mask failed\n");
+X perror("ioctl");
+X close(fd);
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X
+X if (!(recmask & SOUND_MASK_DIGITAL1)) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: cannot find DIGITAL1 device in mixer\n");
+X close(fd);
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X
+X if (ioctl(fd, SOUND_MIXER_READ_RECSRC, &recsrc) < 0) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: ioctl read recording source failed\n");
+X perror("ioctl");
+X close(fd);
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X
+X recsrc |= SOUND_MASK_DIGITAL1;
+X
+X if (ioctl(fd, SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECSRC, &recsrc) < 0) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: ioctl write recording source failed\n");
+X perror("ioctl");
+X close(fd);
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X
+X close(fd);
+X
+X return 0;
+}
+SHAR_EOF
+ $shar_touch -am 1204092598 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' &&
+ chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' ||
+ $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' 'failed'
+ if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
+ md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ || $echo 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c:' 'MD5 check failed'
+e87217fc3e71288102ba41fd81f71ec4 MultiSound.d/setdigital.c
+SHAR_EOF
+ else
+ shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c'`"
+ test 2046 -eq "$shar_count" ||
+ $echo 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c:' 'original size' '2046,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
+ fi
+fi
+# ============= MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c ==============
+if test -f 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
+ $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' '(file already exists)'
+else
+ $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' '(text)'
+ sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' &&
+/*********************************************************************
+X *
+X * pinnaclecfg.c - Pinnacle/Fiji Device Configuration Program
+X *
+X * This is for NON-PnP mode only. For PnP mode, use isapnptools.
+X *
+X * This is Linux-specific, and must be run with root permissions.
+X *
+X * Part of the Turtle Beach MultiSound Sound Card Driver for Linux
+X *
+X * Copyright (C) 1998 Andrew Veliath
+X *
+X * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+X * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+X * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+X * (at your option) any later version.
+X *
+X * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+X * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+X * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+X * GNU General Public License for more details.
+X *
+X * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+X * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+X * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+X *
+X ********************************************************************/
+X
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <asm/io.h>
+#include <asm/types.h>
+X
+#define IREG_LOGDEVICE 0x07
+#define IREG_ACTIVATE 0x30
+#define LD_ACTIVATE 0x01
+#define LD_DISACTIVATE 0x00
+#define IREG_EECONTROL 0x3F
+#define IREG_MEMBASEHI 0x40
+#define IREG_MEMBASELO 0x41
+#define IREG_MEMCONTROL 0x42
+#define IREG_MEMRANGEHI 0x43
+#define IREG_MEMRANGELO 0x44
+#define MEMTYPE_8BIT 0x00
+#define MEMTYPE_16BIT 0x02
+#define MEMTYPE_RANGE 0x00
+#define MEMTYPE_HIADDR 0x01
+#define IREG_IO0_BASEHI 0x60
+#define IREG_IO0_BASELO 0x61
+#define IREG_IO1_BASEHI 0x62
+#define IREG_IO1_BASELO 0x63
+#define IREG_IRQ_NUMBER 0x70
+#define IREG_IRQ_TYPE 0x71
+#define IRQTYPE_HIGH 0x02
+#define IRQTYPE_LOW 0x00
+#define IRQTYPE_LEVEL 0x01
+#define IRQTYPE_EDGE 0x00
+X
+#define HIBYTE(w) ((BYTE)(((WORD)(w) >> 8) & 0xFF))
+#define LOBYTE(w) ((BYTE)(w))
+#define MAKEWORD(low,hi) ((WORD)(((BYTE)(low))|(((WORD)((BYTE)(hi)))<<8)))
+X
+typedef __u8 BYTE;
+typedef __u16 USHORT;
+typedef __u16 WORD;
+X
+static int config_port = -1;
+X
+static int msnd_write_cfg(int cfg, int reg, int value)
+{
+X outb(reg, cfg);
+X outb(value, cfg + 1);
+X if (value != inb(cfg + 1)) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: msnd_write_cfg: I/O error\n");
+X return -EIO;
+X }
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_read_cfg(int cfg, int reg)
+{
+X outb(reg, cfg);
+X return inb(cfg + 1);
+}
+X
+static int msnd_write_cfg_io0(int cfg, int num, WORD io)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO0_BASEHI, HIBYTE(io)))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO0_BASELO, LOBYTE(io)))
+X return -EIO;
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_read_cfg_io0(int cfg, int num, WORD *io)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X
+X *io = MAKEWORD(msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO0_BASELO),
+X msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO0_BASEHI));
+X
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_write_cfg_io1(int cfg, int num, WORD io)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO1_BASEHI, HIBYTE(io)))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO1_BASELO, LOBYTE(io)))
+X return -EIO;
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_read_cfg_io1(int cfg, int num, WORD *io)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X
+X *io = MAKEWORD(msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO1_BASELO),
+X msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO1_BASEHI));
+X
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_write_cfg_irq(int cfg, int num, WORD irq)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IRQ_NUMBER, LOBYTE(irq)))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IRQ_TYPE, IRQTYPE_EDGE))
+X return -EIO;
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_read_cfg_irq(int cfg, int num, WORD *irq)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X
+X *irq = msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IRQ_NUMBER);
+X
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_write_cfg_mem(int cfg, int num, int mem)
+{
+X WORD wmem;
+X
+X mem >>= 8;
+X mem &= 0xfff;
+X wmem = (WORD)mem;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMBASEHI, HIBYTE(wmem)))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMBASELO, LOBYTE(wmem)))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (wmem && msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMCONTROL, (MEMTYPE_HIADDR | MEMTYPE_16BIT)))
+X return -EIO;
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_read_cfg_mem(int cfg, int num, int *mem)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X
+X *mem = MAKEWORD(msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMBASELO),
+X msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMBASEHI));
+X *mem <<= 8;
+X
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_activate_logical(int cfg, int num)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_ACTIVATE, LD_ACTIVATE))
+X return -EIO;
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_write_cfg_logical(int cfg, int num, WORD io0, WORD io1, WORD irq, int mem)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg_io0(cfg, num, io0))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg_io1(cfg, num, io1))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg_irq(cfg, num, irq))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_write_cfg_mem(cfg, num, mem))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_activate_logical(cfg, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int msnd_read_cfg_logical(int cfg, int num, WORD *io0, WORD *io1, WORD *irq, int *mem)
+{
+X if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_read_cfg_io0(cfg, num, io0))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_read_cfg_io1(cfg, num, io1))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_read_cfg_irq(cfg, num, irq))
+X return -EIO;
+X if (msnd_read_cfg_mem(cfg, num, mem))
+X return -EIO;
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static void usage(void)
+{
+X fprintf(stderr,
+X "\n"
+X "pinnaclecfg 1.0\n"
+X "\n"
+X "usage: pinnaclecfg <config port> [device config]\n"
+X "\n"
+X "This is for use with the card in NON-PnP mode only.\n"
+X "\n"
+X "Available devices (not all available for Fiji):\n"
+X "\n"
+X " Device Description\n"
+X " -------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
+X " reset Reset all devices (i.e. disable)\n"
+X " show Display current device configurations\n"
+X "\n"
+X " dsp <io> <irq> <mem> Audio device\n"
+X " mpu <io> <irq> Internal Kurzweil synth\n"
+X " ide <io0> <io1> <irq> On-board IDE controller\n"
+X " joystick <io> Joystick port\n"
+X "\n");
+X exit(1);
+}
+X
+static int cfg_reset(void)
+{
+X int i;
+X
+X for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
+X msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, i, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+X
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int cfg_show(void)
+{
+X int i;
+X int count = 0;
+X
+X for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+X WORD io0, io1, irq;
+X int mem;
+X msnd_read_cfg_logical(config_port, i, &io0, &io1, &irq, &mem);
+X switch (i) {
+X case 0:
+X if (io0 || irq || mem) {
+X printf("dsp 0x%x %d 0x%x\n", io0, irq, mem);
+X ++count;
+X }
+X break;
+X case 1:
+X if (io0 || irq) {
+X printf("mpu 0x%x %d\n", io0, irq);
+X ++count;
+X }
+X break;
+X case 2:
+X if (io0 || io1 || irq) {
+X printf("ide 0x%x 0x%x %d\n", io0, io1, irq);
+X ++count;
+X }
+X break;
+X case 3:
+X if (io0) {
+X printf("joystick 0x%x\n", io0);
+X ++count;
+X }
+X break;
+X }
+X }
+X
+X if (count == 0)
+X fprintf(stderr, "no devices configured\n");
+X
+X return 0;
+}
+X
+static int cfg_dsp(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+X int io, irq, mem;
+X
+X if (argc < 3 ||
+X sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io) != 1 ||
+X sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &irq) != 1 ||
+X sscanf(argv[2], "0x%x", &mem) != 1)
+X usage();
+X
+X if (!(io == 0x290 ||
+X io == 0x260 ||
+X io == 0x250 ||
+X io == 0x240 ||
+X io == 0x230 ||
+X io == 0x220 ||
+X io == 0x210 ||
+X io == 0x3e0)) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: io must be one of "
+X "210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 290, or 3E0\n");
+X usage();
+X }
+X
+X if (!(irq == 5 ||
+X irq == 7 ||
+X irq == 9 ||
+X irq == 10 ||
+X irq == 11 ||
+X irq == 12)) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: irq must be one of "
+X "5, 7, 9, 10, 11 or 12\n");
+X usage();
+X }
+X
+X if (!(mem == 0xb0000 ||
+X mem == 0xc8000 ||
+X mem == 0xd0000 ||
+X mem == 0xd8000 ||
+X mem == 0xe0000 ||
+X mem == 0xe8000)) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: mem must be one of "
+X "0xb0000, 0xc8000, 0xd0000, 0xd8000, 0xe0000 or 0xe8000\n");
+X usage();
+X }
+X
+X return msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, 0, io, 0, irq, mem);
+}
+X
+static int cfg_mpu(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+X int io, irq;
+X
+X if (argc < 2 ||
+X sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io) != 1 ||
+X sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &irq) != 1)
+X usage();
+X
+X return msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, 1, io, 0, irq, 0);
+}
+X
+static int cfg_ide(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+X int io0, io1, irq;
+X
+X if (argc < 3 ||
+X sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io0) != 1 ||
+X sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io1) != 1 ||
+X sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &irq) != 1)
+X usage();
+X
+X return msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, 2, io0, io1, irq, 0);
+}
+X
+static int cfg_joystick(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+X int io;
+X
+X if (argc < 1 ||
+X sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io) != 1)
+X usage();
+X
+X return msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, 3, io, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+X
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+X char *device;
+X int rv = 0;
+X
+X --argc; ++argv;
+X
+X if (argc < 2)
+X usage();
+X
+X sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &config_port);
+X if (config_port != 0x250 && config_port != 0x260 && config_port != 0x270) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: <config port> must be 0x250, 0x260 or 0x270\n");
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X if (ioperm(config_port, 2, 1)) {
+X perror("ioperm");
+X fprintf(stderr, "note: pinnaclecfg must be run as root\n");
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X device = argv[1];
+X
+X argc -= 2; argv += 2;
+X
+X if (strcmp(device, "reset") == 0)
+X rv = cfg_reset();
+X else if (strcmp(device, "show") == 0)
+X rv = cfg_show();
+X else if (strcmp(device, "dsp") == 0)
+X rv = cfg_dsp(argc, argv);
+X else if (strcmp(device, "mpu") == 0)
+X rv = cfg_mpu(argc, argv);
+X else if (strcmp(device, "ide") == 0)
+X rv = cfg_ide(argc, argv);
+X else if (strcmp(device, "joystick") == 0)
+X rv = cfg_joystick(argc, argv);
+X else {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: unknown device %s\n", device);
+X usage();
+X }
+X
+X if (rv)
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: device configuration failed\n");
+X
+X return 0;
+}
+SHAR_EOF
+ $shar_touch -am 1204092598 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' &&
+ chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' ||
+ $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' 'failed'
+ if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
+ md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ || $echo 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c:' 'MD5 check failed'
+366bdf27f0db767a3c7921d0a6db20fe MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c
+SHAR_EOF
+ else
+ shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c'`"
+ test 10235 -eq "$shar_count" ||
+ $echo 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c:' 'original size' '10235,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
+ fi
+fi
+# ============= MultiSound.d/Makefile ==============
+if test -f 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
+ $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' '(file already exists)'
+else
+ $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' '(text)'
+ sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' &&
+CC = gcc
+CFLAGS = -O
+PROGS = setdigital msndreset pinnaclecfg conv
+X
+all: $(PROGS)
+X
+clean:
+X rm -f $(PROGS)
+SHAR_EOF
+ $shar_touch -am 1204092398 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' &&
+ chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' ||
+ $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' 'failed'
+ if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
+ md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ || $echo 'MultiSound.d/Makefile:' 'MD5 check failed'
+76ca8bb44e3882edcf79c97df6c81845 MultiSound.d/Makefile
+SHAR_EOF
+ else
+ shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/Makefile'`"
+ test 106 -eq "$shar_count" ||
+ $echo 'MultiSound.d/Makefile:' 'original size' '106,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
+ fi
+fi
+# ============= MultiSound.d/conv.l ==============
+if test -f 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
+ $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' '(file already exists)'
+else
+ $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' '(text)'
+ sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' &&
+%%
+[ \n\t,\r]
+\;.*
+DB
+[0-9A-Fa-f]+H { int n; sscanf(yytext, "%xH", &n); printf("%c", n); }
+%%
+int yywrap() { return 1; }
+main() { yylex(); }
+SHAR_EOF
+ $shar_touch -am 0828231798 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' &&
+ chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' ||
+ $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' 'failed'
+ if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
+ md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ || $echo 'MultiSound.d/conv.l:' 'MD5 check failed'
+d2411fc32cd71a00dcdc1f009e858dd2 MultiSound.d/conv.l
+SHAR_EOF
+ else
+ shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/conv.l'`"
+ test 141 -eq "$shar_count" ||
+ $echo 'MultiSound.d/conv.l:' 'original size' '141,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
+ fi
+fi
+# ============= MultiSound.d/msndreset.c ==============
+if test -f 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
+ $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' '(file already exists)'
+else
+ $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' '(text)'
+ sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' &&
+/*********************************************************************
+X *
+X * msndreset.c - resets the MultiSound card
+X *
+X * Copyright (C) 1998 Andrew Veliath
+X *
+X * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+X * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+X * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+X * (at your option) any later version.
+X *
+X * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+X * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+X * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+X * GNU General Public License for more details.
+X *
+X * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+X * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+X * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+X *
+X ********************************************************************/
+X
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/soundcard.h>
+X
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+X int fd;
+X
+X if (argc != 2) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "usage: msndreset <mixer device>\n");
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X
+X if ((fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR)) < 0) {
+X perror(argv[1]);
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X
+X if (ioctl(fd, SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE1, 0) < 0) {
+X fprintf(stderr, "error: msnd ioctl reset failed\n");
+X perror("ioctl");
+X close(fd);
+X exit(1);
+X }
+X
+X close(fd);
+X
+X return 0;
+}
+SHAR_EOF
+ $shar_touch -am 1204100698 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' &&
+ chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' ||
+ $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' 'failed'
+ if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
+ md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+ || $echo 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c:' 'MD5 check failed'
+c52f876521084e8eb25e12e01dcccb8a MultiSound.d/msndreset.c
+SHAR_EOF
+ else
+ shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c'`"
+ test 1472 -eq "$shar_count" ||
+ $echo 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c:' 'original size' '1472,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
+ fi
+fi
+rm -fr _sh01426
+exit 0
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/NEWS b/Documentation/sound/oss/NEWS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a81e0ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/NEWS
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+Linux 2.4 Sound Changes
+2000-September-25
+Christoph Hellwig, <hch@infradead.org>
+
+
+
+=== isapnp support
+
+The Linux 2.4 Kernel does have reliable in-kernel isapnp support.
+Some drivers (sb.o, ad1816.o awe_wave.o) do now support automatically
+detecting and configuring isapnp devices.
+If you have a not yet supported isapnp soundcard, mail me the content
+of '/proc/isapnp' on your system and some information about your card
+and its driver(s) so I can try to get isapnp working for it.
+
+
+
+=== soundcard resources on kernel commandline
+
+Before Linux 2.4 you had to specify the resources for sounddrivers
+statically linked into the kernel at compile time
+(in make config/menuconfig/xconfig). In Linux 2.4 the resources are
+now specified at the boot-time kernel commandline (e.g. the lilo
+'append=' line or everything that's after the kernel name in grub).
+Read the Configure.help entry for your card for the parameters.
+
+
+=== softoss is gone
+
+In Linux 2.4 the softoss in-kernel software synthesizer is no more aviable.
+Use a user space software synthesizer like timidity instead.
+
+
+
+=== /dev/sndstat and /proc/sound are gone
+
+In older Linux versions those files exported some information about the
+OSS/Free configuration to userspace. In Linux 2.3 they were removed because
+they did not support the growing number of pci soundcards and there were
+some general problems with this interface.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/NM256 b/Documentation/sound/oss/NM256
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b503217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/NM256
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+=======================================================
+Documentation for the NeoMagic 256AV/256ZX sound driver
+=======================================================
+
+You're looking at version 1.1 of the driver. (Woohoo!) It has been
+successfully tested against the following laptop models:
+
+ Sony Z505S/Z505SX/Z505DX/Z505RX
+ Sony F150, F160, F180, F250, F270, F280, PCG-F26
+ Dell Latitude CPi, CPt (various submodels)
+
+There are a few caveats, which is why you should read the entirety of
+this document first.
+
+This driver was developed without any support or assistance from
+NeoMagic. There is no warranty, expressed, implied, or otherwise. It
+is free software in the public domain; feel free to use it, sell it,
+give it to your best friends, even claim that you wrote it (but why?!)
+but don't go whining to me, NeoMagic, Sony, Dell, or anyone else
+when it blows up your computer.
+
+Version 1.1 contains a change to try and detect non-AC97 versions of
+the hardware, and not install itself appropriately. It should also
+reinitialize the hardware on an APM resume event, assuming that APM
+was configured into your kernel.
+
+============
+Installation
+============
+
+Enable the sound drivers, the OSS sound drivers, and then the NM256
+driver. The NM256 driver *must* be configured as a module (it won't
+give you any other choice).
+
+Next, do the usual "make modules" and "make modules_install".
+Finally, insmod the soundcore, sound and nm256 modules.
+
+When the nm256 driver module is loaded, you should see a couple of
+confirmation messages in the kernel logfile indicating that it found
+the device (the device does *not* use any I/O ports or DMA channels).
+Now try playing a wav file, futz with the CD-ROM if you have one, etc.
+
+The NM256 is entirely a PCI-based device, and all the necessary
+information is automatically obtained from the card. It can only be
+configured as a module in a vain attempt to prevent people from
+hurting themselves. It works correctly if it shares an IRQ with
+another device (it normally shares IRQ 9 with the builtin eepro100
+ethernet on the Sony Z505 laptops).
+
+It does not run the card in any sort of compatibility mode. It will
+not work on laptops that have the SB16-compatible, AD1848-compatible
+or CS4232-compatible codec/mixer; you will want to use the appropriate
+compatible OSS driver with these chipsets. I cannot provide any
+assistance with machines using the SB16, AD1848 or CS4232 compatible
+versions. (The driver now attempts to detect the mixer version, and
+will refuse to load if it believes the hardware is not
+AC97-compatible.)
+
+The sound support is very basic, but it does include simultaneous
+playback and record capability. The mixer support is also quite
+simple, although this is in keeping with the rather limited
+functionality of the chipset.
+
+There is no hardware synthesizer available, as the Losedows OPL-3 and
+MIDI support is done via hardware emulation.
+
+Only three recording devices are available on the Sony: the
+microphone, the CD-ROM input, and the volume device (which corresponds
+to the stereo output). (Other devices may be available on other
+models of laptops.) The Z505 series does not have a builtin CD-ROM,
+so of course the CD-ROM input doesn't work. It does work on laptops
+with a builtin CD-ROM drive.
+
+The mixer device does not appear to have any tone controls, at least
+on the Z505 series. The mixer module checks for tone controls in the
+AC97 mixer, and will enable them if they are available.
+
+==============
+Known problems
+==============
+
+ * There are known problems with PCMCIA cards and the eepro100 ethernet
+ driver on the Z505S/Z505SX/Z505DX. Keep reading.
+
+ * There are also potential problems with using a virtual X display, and
+ also problems loading the module after the X server has been started.
+ Keep reading.
+
+ * The volume control isn't anywhere near linear. Sorry. This will be
+ fixed eventually, when I get sufficiently annoyed with it. (I doubt
+ it will ever be fixed now, since I've never gotten sufficiently
+ annoyed with it and nobody else seems to care.)
+
+ * There are reports that the CD-ROM volume is very low. Since I do not
+ have a CD-ROM equipped laptop, I cannot test this (it's kinda hard to
+ do remotely).
+
+ * Only 8 fixed-rate speeds are supported. This is mainly a chipset
+ limitation. It may be possible to support other speeds in the future.
+
+ * There is no support for the telephone mixer/codec. There is support
+ for a phonein/phoneout device in the mixer driver; whether or not
+ it does anything is anyone's guess. (Reports on this would be
+ appreciated. You'll have to figure out how to get the phone to
+ go off-hook before it'll work, tho.)
+
+ * This driver was not written with any cooperation or support from
+ NeoMagic. If you have any questions about this, see their website
+ for their official stance on supporting open source drivers.
+
+============
+Video memory
+============
+
+The NeoMagic sound engine uses a portion of the display memory to hold
+the sound buffer. (Crazy, eh?) The NeoMagic video BIOS sets up a
+special pointer at the top of video RAM to indicate where the top of
+the audio buffer should be placed.
+
+At the present time XFree86 is apparently not aware of this. It will
+thus write over either the pointer or the sound buffer with abandon.
+(Accelerated-X seems to do a better job here.)
+
+This implies a few things:
+
+ * Sometimes the NM256 driver has to guess at where the buffer
+ should be placed, especially if the module is loaded after the
+ X server is started. It's usually correct, but it will consistently
+ fail on the Sony F250.
+
+ * Virtual screens greater than 1024x768x16 under XFree86 are
+ problematic on laptops with only 2.5MB of screen RAM. This
+ includes all of the 256AV-equipped laptops. (Virtual displays
+ may or may not work on the 256ZX, which has at least 4MB of
+ video RAM.)
+
+If you start having problems with random noise being output either
+constantly (this is the usual symptom on the F250), or when windows
+are moved around (this is the usual symptom when using a virtual
+screen), the best fix is to
+
+ * Don't use a virtual frame buffer.
+ * Make sure you load the NM256 module before the X server is
+ started.
+
+On the F250, it is possible to force the driver to load properly even
+after the XFree86 server is started by doing:
+
+ insmod nm256 buffertop=0x25a800
+
+This forces the audio buffers to the correct offset in screen RAM.
+
+One user has reported a similar problem on the Sony F270, although
+others apparently aren't seeing any problems. His suggested command
+is
+
+ insmod nm256 buffertop=0x272800
+
+=================
+Official WWW site
+=================
+
+The official site for the NM256 driver is:
+
+ http://www.uglx.org/sony.html
+
+You should always be able to get the latest version of the driver there,
+and the driver will be supported for the foreseeable future.
+
+==============
+Z505RX and IDE
+==============
+
+There appears to be a problem with the IDE chipset on the Z505RX; one
+of the symptoms is that sound playback periodically hangs (when the
+disk is accessed). The user reporting the problem also reported that
+enabling all of the IDE chipset workarounds in the kernel solved the
+problem, tho obviously only one of them should be needed--if someone
+can give me more details I would appreciate it.
+
+==============================
+Z505S/Z505SX on-board Ethernet
+==============================
+
+If you're using the on-board Ethernet Pro/100 ethernet support on the Z505
+series, I strongly encourage you to download the latest eepro100 driver from
+Donald Becker's site:
+
+ ftp://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/linux/drivers/test/eepro100.c
+
+There was a reported problem on the Z505SX that if the ethernet
+interface is disabled and reenabled while the sound driver is loaded,
+the machine would lock up. I have included a workaround that is
+working satisfactorily. However, you may occasionally see a message
+about "Releasing interrupts, over 1000 bad interrupts" which indicates
+that the workaround is doing its job.
+
+==================================
+PCMCIA and the Z505S/Z505SX/Z505DX
+==================================
+
+There is also a known problem with the Sony Z505S and Z505SX hanging
+if a PCMCIA card is inserted while the ethernet driver is loaded, or
+in some cases if the laptop is suspended. This is caused by tons of
+spurious IRQ 9s, probably generated from the PCMCIA or ACPI bridges.
+
+There is currently no fix for the problem that works in every case.
+The only known workarounds are to disable the ethernet interface
+before inserting or removing a PCMCIA card, or with some cards
+disabling the PCMCIA card before ejecting it will also help the
+problem with the laptop hanging when the card is ejected.
+
+One user has reported that setting the tcic's cs_irq to some value
+other than 9 (like 11) fixed the problem. This doesn't work on my
+Z505S, however--changing the value causes the cardmgr to stop seeing
+card insertions and removals, cards don't seem to work correctly, and
+I still get hangs if a card is inserted when the kernel is booted.
+
+Using the latest ethernet driver and pcmcia package allows me to
+insert an Adaptec 1480A SlimScsi card without the laptop hanging,
+although I still have to shut down the card before ejecting or
+powering down the laptop. However, similar experiments with a DE-660
+ethernet card still result in hangs when the card is inserted. I am
+beginning to think that the interrupts are CardBus-related, since the
+Adaptec card is a CardBus card, and the DE-660 is not; however, I
+don't have any other CardBus cards to test with.
+
+======
+Thanks
+======
+
+First, I want to thank everyone (except NeoMagic of course) for their
+generous support and encouragement. I'd like to list everyone's name
+here that replied during the development phase, but the list is
+amazingly long.
+
+I will be rather unfair and single out a few people, however:
+
+ Justin Maurer, for being the first random net.person to try it,
+ and for letting me login to his Z505SX to get it working there
+
+ Edi Weitz for trying out several different versions, and giving
+ me a lot of useful feedback
+
+ Greg Rumple for letting me login remotely to get the driver
+ functional on the 256ZX, for his assistance on tracking
+ down all sorts of random stuff, and for trying out Accel-X
+
+ Zach Brown, for the initial AC97 mixer interface design
+
+ Jeff Garzik, for various helpful suggestions on the AC97
+ interface
+
+ "Mr. Bumpy" for feedback on the Z505RX
+
+ Bill Nottingham, for generous assistance in getting the mixer ID
+ code working
+
+=================
+Previous versions
+=================
+
+Versions prior to 0.3 (aka `noname') had problems with weird artifacts
+in the output and failed to set the recording rate properly. These
+problems have long since been fixed.
+
+Versions prior to 0.5 had problems with clicks in the output when
+anything other than 16-bit stereo sound was being played, and also had
+periodic clicks when recording.
+
+Version 0.7 first incorporated support for the NM256ZX chipset, which
+is found on some Dell Latitude laptops (the CPt, and apparently
+some CPi models as well). It also included the generic AC97
+mixer module.
+
+Version 0.75 renamed all the functions and files with slightly more
+generic names.
+
+Note that previous versions of this document claimed that recording was
+8-bit only; it actually has been working for 16-bits all along.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3 b/Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2468ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+A pure OPL3 card is nice and easy to configure. Simply do
+
+insmod opl3 io=0x388
+
+Change the I/O address in the very unlikely case this card is differently
+configured
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3-SA b/Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3-SA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66a9183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3-SA
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+OPL3-SA1 sound driver (opl3sa.o)
+
+---
+Note: This howto only describes how to setup the OPL3-SA1 chip; this info
+does not apply to the SA2, SA3, or SA4.
+---
+
+The Yamaha OPL3-SA1 sound chip is usually found built into motherboards, and
+it's a decent little chip offering a WSS mode, a SB Pro emulation mode, MPU401
+and OPL3 FM Synth capabilities.
+
+You can enable inclusion of the driver via CONFIG_SOUND_OPL3SA1=m, or
+CONFIG_SOUND_OPL3SA1=y through 'make config/xconfig/menuconfig'.
+
+You'll need to know all of the relevant info (irq, dma, and io port) for the
+chip's WSS mode, since that is the mode the kernel sound driver uses, and of
+course you'll also need to know about where the MPU401 and OPL3 ports and
+IRQs are if you want to use those.
+
+Here's the skinny on how to load it as a module:
+
+ modprobe opl3sa io=0x530 irq=11 dma=0 dma2=1 mpu_io=0x330 mpu_irq=5
+
+Module options in detail:
+
+ io: This is the WSS's port base.
+ irq: This is the WSS's IRQ.
+ dma: This is the WSS's DMA line. In my BIOS setup screen this was
+ listed as "WSS Play DMA"
+ dma2: This is the WSS's secondary DMA line. My BIOS calls it the
+ "WSS capture DMA"
+
+ mpu_io: This is the MPU401's port base.
+ mpu_irq: This is the MPU401's IRQ.
+
+If you'd like to use the OPL3 FM Synthesizer, make sure you enable
+CONFIG_SOUND_YM3812 (in 'make config'). That'll build the opl3.o module.
+
+Then a simple 'insmod opl3 io=0x388', and you now have FM Synth.
+
+You can also use the SoftOSS software synthesizer instead of the builtin OPL3.
+Here's how:
+
+Say 'y' or 'm' to "SoftOSS software wave table engine" in make config.
+
+If you said yes, the software synth is available once you boot your new
+kernel.
+
+If you chose to build it as a module, just insmod the resulting softoss2.o
+
+Questions? Comments?
+<stiker@northlink.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3-SA2 b/Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3-SA2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8b6d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3-SA2
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+Documentation for the OPL3-SA2, SA3, and SAx driver (opl3sa2.o)
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Scott Murray, scott@spiteful.org
+January 7, 2001
+
+NOTE: All trade-marked terms mentioned below are properties of their
+ respective owners.
+
+
+Supported Devices
+-----------------
+
+This driver is for PnP soundcards based on the following Yamaha audio
+controller chipsets:
+
+YMF711 aka OPL3-SA2
+YMF715 and YMF719 aka OPL3-SA3
+
+Up until recently (December 2000), I'd thought the 719 to be a
+different chipset, the OPL3-SAx. After an email exhange with
+Yamaha, however, it turns out that the 719 is just a re-badged
+715, and the chipsets are identical. The chipset detection code
+has been updated to reflect this.
+
+Anyways, all of these chipsets implement the following devices:
+
+OPL3 FM synthesizer
+Soundblaster Pro
+Microsoft/Windows Sound System
+MPU401 MIDI interface
+
+Note that this driver uses the MSS device, and to my knowledge these
+chipsets enforce an either/or situation with the Soundblaster Pro
+device and the MSS device. Since the MSS device has better
+capabilities, I have implemented the driver to use it.
+
+
+Mixer Channels
+--------------
+
+Older versions of this driver (pre-December 2000) had two mixers,
+an OPL3-SA2 or SA3 mixer and a MSS mixer. The OPL3-SA[23] mixer
+device contained a superset of mixer channels consisting of its own
+channels and all of the MSS mixer channels. To simplify the driver
+considerably, and to partition functionality better, the OPL3-SA[23]
+mixer device now contains has its own specific mixer channels. They
+are:
+
+Volume - Hardware master volume control
+Bass - SA3 only, now supports left and right channels
+Treble - SA3 only, now supports left and right channels
+Microphone - Hardware microphone input volume control
+Digital1 - Yamaha 3D enhancement "Wide" mixer
+
+All other mixer channels (e.g. "PCM", "CD", etc.) now have to be
+controlled via the "MS Sound System (CS4231)" mixer. To facilitate
+this, the mixer device creation order has been switched so that
+the MSS mixer is created first. This allows accessing the majority
+of the useful mixer channels even via single mixer-aware tools
+such as "aumix".
+
+
+Plug 'n Play
+------------
+
+In previous kernels (2.2.x), some configuration was required to
+get the driver to talk to the card. Being the new millennium and
+all, the 2.4.x kernels now support auto-configuration if ISA PnP
+support is configured in. Theoretically, the driver even supports
+having more than one card in this case.
+
+With the addition of PnP support to the driver, two new parameters
+have been added to control it:
+
+isapnp - set to 0 to disable ISA PnP card detection
+
+multiple - set to 0 to disable multiple PnP card detection
+
+
+Optional Parameters
+-------------------
+
+Recent (December 2000) additions to the driver (based on a patch
+provided by Peter Englmaier) are two new parameters:
+
+ymode - Set Yamaha 3D enhancement mode:
+ 0 = Desktop/Normal 5-12 cm speakers
+ 1 = Notebook PC (1) 3 cm speakers
+ 2 = Notebook PC (2) 1.5 cm speakers
+ 3 = Hi-Fi 16-38 cm speakers
+
+loopback - Set A/D input source. Useful for echo cancellation:
+ 0 = Mic Right channel (default)
+ 1 = Mono output loopback
+
+The ymode parameter has been tested and does work. The loopback
+parameter, however, is untested. Any feedback on its usefulness
+would be appreciated.
+
+
+Manual Configuration
+--------------------
+
+If for some reason you decide not to compile ISA PnP support into
+your kernel, or disabled the driver's usage of it by setting the
+isapnp parameter as discussed above, then you will need to do some
+manual configuration. There are two ways of doing this. The most
+common is to use the isapnptools package to initialize the card, and
+use the kernel module form of the sound subsystem and sound drivers.
+Alternatively, some BIOS's allow manual configuration of installed
+PnP devices in a BIOS menu, which should allow using the non-modular
+sound drivers, i.e. built into the kernel.
+
+I personally use isapnp and modules, and do not have access to a PnP
+BIOS machine to test. If you have such a beast, configuring the
+driver to be built into the kernel should just work (thanks to work
+done by David Luyer <luyer@ucs.uwa.edu.au>). You will still need
+to specify settings, which can be done by adding:
+
+opl3sa2=<io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<mssio>,<mpuio>
+
+to the kernel command line. For example:
+
+opl3sa2=0x370,5,0,1,0x530,0x330
+
+If you are instead using the isapnp tools (as most people have been
+before Linux 2.4.x), follow the directions in their documentation to
+produce a configuration file. Here is the relevant excerpt I used to
+use for my SA3 card from my isapnp.conf:
+
+(CONFIGURE YMH0800/-1 (LD 0
+
+# NOTE: IO 0 is for the unused SoundBlaster part of the chipset.
+(IO 0 (BASE 0x0220))
+(IO 1 (BASE 0x0530))
+(IO 2 (BASE 0x0388))
+(IO 3 (BASE 0x0330))
+(IO 4 (BASE 0x0370))
+(INT 0 (IRQ 5 (MODE +E)))
+(DMA 0 (CHANNEL 0))
+(DMA 1 (CHANNEL 1))
+
+Here, note that:
+
+Port Acceptable Range Purpose
+---- ---------------- -------
+IO 0 0x0220 - 0x0280 SB base address, unused.
+IO 1 0x0530 - 0x0F48 MSS base address
+IO 2 0x0388 - 0x03F8 OPL3 base address
+IO 3 0x0300 - 0x0334 MPU base address
+IO 4 0x0100 - 0x0FFE card's own base address for its control I/O ports
+
+The IRQ and DMA values can be any that are considered acceptable for a
+MSS. Assuming you've got isapnp all happy, then you should be able to
+do something like the following (which matches up with the isapnp
+configuration above):
+
+modprobe mpu401
+modprobe ad1848
+modprobe opl3sa2 io=0x370 mss_io=0x530 mpu_io=0x330 irq=5 dma=0 dma2=1
+modprobe opl3 io=0x388
+
+See the section "Automatic Module Loading" below for how to set up
+/etc/modprobe.conf to automate this.
+
+An important thing to remember that the opl3sa2 module's io argument is
+for it's own control port, which handles the card's master mixer for
+volume (on all cards), and bass and treble (on SA3 cards).
+
+
+Troubleshooting
+---------------
+
+If all goes well and you see no error messages, you should be able to
+start using the sound capabilities of your system. If you get an
+error message while trying to insert the opl3sa2 module, then make
+sure that the values of the various arguments match what you specified
+in your isapnp configuration file, and that there is no conflict with
+another device for an I/O port or interrupt. Checking the contents of
+/proc/ioports and /proc/interrupts can be useful to see if you're
+butting heads with another device.
+
+If you still cannot get the module to load, look at the contents of
+your system log file, usually /var/log/messages. If you see the
+message "opl3sa2: Unknown Yamaha audio controller version", then you
+have a different chipset version than I've encountered so far. Look
+for all messages in the log file that start with "opl3sa2: " and see
+if they provide any clues. If you do not see the chipset version
+message, and none of the other messages present in the system log are
+helpful, email me some details and I'll try my best to help.
+
+
+Automatic Module Loading
+------------------------
+
+Lastly, if you're using modules and want to set up automatic module
+loading with kmod, the kernel module loader, here is the section I
+currently use in my modprobe.conf file:
+
+# Sound
+alias sound-slot-0 opl3sa2
+options opl3sa2 io=0x370 mss_io=0x530 mpu_io=0x330 irq=7 dma=0 dma2=3
+options opl3 io=0x388
+
+That's all it currently takes to get an OPL3-SA3 card working on my
+system. Once again, if you have any other problems, email me at the
+address listed above.
+
+Scott
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/Opti b/Documentation/sound/oss/Opti
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c15af3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/Opti
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+Support for the OPTi 82C931 chip
+--------------------------------
+Note: parts of this README file apply also to other
+cards that use the mad16 driver.
+
+Some items in this README file are based on features
+added to the sound driver after Linux-2.1.91 was out.
+By the time of writing this I do not know which official
+kernel release will include these features.
+Please do not report inconsistencies on older Linux
+kernels.
+
+The OPTi 82C931 is supported in its non-PnP mode.
+Usually you do not need to set jumpers, etc. The sound driver
+will check the card status and if it is required it will
+force the card into a mode in which it can be programmed.
+
+If you have another OS installed on your computer it is recommended
+that Linux and the other OS use the same resources.
+
+Also, it is recommended that resources specified in /etc/modprobe.conf
+and resources specified in /etc/isapnp.conf agree.
+
+Compiling the sound driver
+--------------------------
+I highly recommend that you build a modularized sound driver.
+This document does not cover a sound-driver which is built in
+the kernel.
+
+Sound card support should be enabled as a module (chose m).
+Answer 'm' for these items:
+ Generic OPL2/OPL3 FM synthesizer support (CONFIG_SOUND_ADLIB)
+ Microsoft Sound System support (CONFIG_SOUND_MSS)
+ Support for OPTi MAD16 and/or Mozart based cards (CONFIG_SOUND_MAD16)
+ FM synthesizer (YM3812/OPL-3) support (CONFIG_SOUND_YM3812)
+
+The configuration menu may ask for addresses, IRQ lines or DMA
+channels. If the card is used as a module the module loading
+options will override these values.
+
+For the OPTi 931 you can answer 'n' to:
+ Support MIDI in older MAD16 based cards (requires SB) (CONFIG_SOUND_MAD16_OLDCARD)
+If you do need MIDI support in a Mozart or C928 based card you
+need to answer 'm' to the above question. In that case you will
+also need to answer 'm' to:
+ '100% Sound Blaster compatibles (SB16/32/64, ESS, Jazz16) support' (CONFIG_SOUND_SB)
+
+Go on and compile your kernel and modules. Install the modules. Run depmod -a.
+
+Using isapnptools
+-----------------
+In most systems with a PnP BIOS you do not need to use isapnp. The
+initialization provided by the BIOS is sufficient for the driver
+to pick up the card and continue initialization.
+
+If that fails, or if you have other PnP cards, you need to use isapnp
+to initialize the card.
+This was tested with isapnptools-1.11 but I recommend that you use
+isapnptools-1.13 (or newer). Run pnpdump to dump the information
+about your PnP cards. Then edit the resulting file and select
+the options of your choice. This file is normally installed as
+/etc/isapnp.conf.
+
+The driver has one limitation with respect to I/O port resources:
+IO3 base must be 0x0E0C. Although isapnp allows other ports, this
+address is hard-coded into the driver.
+
+Using kmod and autoloading the sound driver
+-------------------------------------------
+Comment: as of linux-2.1.90 kmod is replacing kerneld.
+The config file '/etc/modprobe.conf' is used as before.
+
+This is the sound part of my /etc/modprobe.conf file.
+Following that I will explain each line.
+
+alias mixer0 mad16
+alias audio0 mad16
+alias midi0 mad16
+alias synth0 opl3
+options sb mad16=1
+options mad16 irq=10 dma=0 dma16=1 io=0x530 joystick=1 cdtype=0
+options opl3 io=0x388
+install mad16 /sbin/modprobe -i mad16 && /sbin/ad1848_mixer_reroute 14 8 15 3 16 6
+
+If you have an MPU daughtercard or onboard MPU you will want to add to the
+"options mad16" line - eg
+
+options mad16 irq=5 dma=0 dma16=3 io=0x530 mpu_io=0x330 mpu_irq=9
+
+To set the I/O and IRQ of the MPU.
+
+
+Explain:
+
+alias mixer0 mad16
+alias audio0 mad16
+alias midi0 mad16
+alias synth0 opl3
+
+When any sound device is opened the kernel requests auto-loading
+of char-major-14. There is a built-in alias that translates this
+request to loading the main sound module.
+
+The sound module in its turn will request loading of a sub-driver
+for mixer, audio, midi or synthesizer device. The first 3 are
+supported by the mad16 driver. The synth device is supported
+by the opl3 driver.
+
+There is currently no way to autoload the sound device driver
+if more than one card is installed.
+
+options sb mad16=1
+
+This is left for historical reasons. If you enable the
+config option 'Support MIDI in older MAD16 based cards (requires SB)'
+or if you use an older mad16 driver it will force loading of the
+SoundBlaster driver. This option tells the SB driver not to look
+for a SB card but to wait for the mad16 driver.
+
+options mad16 irq=10 dma=0 dma16=1 io=0x530 joystick=1 cdtype=0
+options opl3 io=0x388
+
+post-install mad16 /sbin/ad1848_mixer_reroute 14 8 15 3 16 6
+
+This sets resources and options for the mad16 and opl3 drivers.
+I use two DMA channels (only one is required) to enable full duplex.
+joystick=1 enables the joystick port. cdtype=0 disables the cd port.
+You can also set mpu_io and mpu_irq in the mad16 options for the
+uart401 driver.
+
+This tells modprobe to run /sbin/ad1848_mixer_reroute after
+mad16 is successfully loaded and initialized. The source
+for ad1848_mixer_reroute is appended to the end of this readme
+file. It is impossible for the sound driver to know the actual
+connections to the mixer. The 3 inputs intended for cd, synth
+and line-in are mapped to the generic inputs line1, line2 and
+line3. This program reroutes these mixer channels to their
+right names (note the right mapping depends on the actual sound
+card that you use).
+The numeric parameters mean:
+ 14=line1 8=cd - reroute line1 to the CD input.
+ 15=line2 3=synth - reroute line2 to the synthesizer input.
+ 16=line3 6=line - reroute line3 to the line input.
+For reference on other input names look at the file
+/usr/include/linux/soundcard.h.
+
+Using a joystick
+-----------------
+You must enable a joystick in the mad16 options. (also
+in /etc/isapnp.conf if you use it).
+Tested with regular analog joysticks.
+
+A CDROM drive connected to the sound card
+-----------------------------------------
+The 82C931 chip has support only for secondary ATAPI cdrom.
+(cdtype=8). Loading the mad16 driver resets the C931 chip
+and if a cdrom was already mounted it may cause a complete
+system hang. Do not use the sound card if you have an alternative.
+If you do use the sound card it is important that you load
+the mad16 driver (use "modprobe mad16" to prevent auto-unloading)
+before the cdrom is accessed the first time.
+
+Using the sound driver built-in to the kernel may help here, but...
+Most new systems have a PnP BIOS and also two IDE controllers.
+The IDE controller on the sound card may be needed only on older
+systems (which have only one IDE controller) but these systems
+also do not have a PnP BIOS - requiring isapnptools and a modularized
+driver.
+
+Known problems
+--------------
+1. See the section on "A CDROM drive connected to the sound card".
+
+2. On my system the codec cannot capture companded sound samples.
+ (eg., recording from /dev/audio). When any companded capture is
+ requested I get stereo-16 bit samples instead. Playback of
+ companded samples works well. Apparently this problem is not common
+ to all C931 based cards. I do not know how to identify cards that
+ have this problem.
+
+Source for ad1848_mixer_reroute.c
+---------------------------------
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/soundcard.h>
+
+static char *mixer_names[SOUND_MIXER_NRDEVICES] =
+ SOUND_DEVICE_LABELS;
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv) {
+ int val, from, to;
+ int i, fd;
+
+ fd = open("/dev/mixer", O_RDWR);
+ if(fd < 0) {
+ perror("/dev/mixer");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ for(i = 2; i < argc; i += 2) {
+ from = atoi(argv[i-1]);
+ to = atoi(argv[i]);
+
+ if(to == SOUND_MIXER_NONE)
+ fprintf(stderr, "%s: turning off mixer %s\n",
+ argv[0], mixer_names[to]);
+ else
+ fprintf(stderr, "%s: rerouting mixer %s to %s\n",
+ argv[0], mixer_names[from], mixer_names[to]);
+
+ val = from << 8 | to;
+
+ if(ioctl(fd, SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE2, &val)) {
+ perror("AD1848 mixer reroute");
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/PAS16 b/Documentation/sound/oss/PAS16
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..951b3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/PAS16
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+Pro Audio Spectrum 16 for 2.3.99 and later
+=========================================
+by Thomas Molina (tmolina@home.com)
+last modified 3 Mar 2001
+Acknowledgement to Axel Boldt (boldt@math.ucsb.edu) for stuff taken
+from Configure.help, Riccardo Facchetti for stuff from README.OSS,
+and others whose names I could not find.
+
+This documentation is relevant for the PAS16 driver (pas2_card.c and
+friends) under kernel version 2.3.99 and later. If you are
+unfamiliar with configuring sound under Linux, please read the
+Sound-HOWTO, Documentation/sound/oss/Introduction and other
+relevant docs first.
+
+The following information is relevant information from README.OSS
+and legacy docs for the Pro Audio Spectrum 16 (PAS16):
+==================================================================
+
+The pas2_card.c driver supports the following cards --
+Pro Audio Spectrum 16 (PAS16) and compatibles:
+ Pro Audio Spectrum 16
+ Pro Audio Studio 16
+ Logitech Sound Man 16
+ NOTE! The original Pro Audio Spectrum as well as the PAS+ are not
+ and will not be supported by the driver.
+
+The sound driver configuration dialog
+-------------------------------------
+
+Sound configuration starts by making some yes/no questions. Be careful
+when answering to these questions since answering y to a question may
+prevent some later ones from being asked. For example don't answer y to
+the question about (PAS16) if you don't really have a PAS16. Sound
+configuration may also be made modular by answering m to configuration
+options presented.
+
+Note also that all questions may not be asked. The configuration program
+may disable some questions depending on the earlier choices. It may also
+select some options automatically as well.
+
+ "ProAudioSpectrum 16 support",
+ - Answer 'y'_ONLY_ if you have a Pro Audio Spectrum _16_,
+ Pro Audio Studio 16 or Logitech SoundMan 16 (be sure that
+ you read the above list correctly). Don't answer 'y' if you
+ have some other card made by Media Vision or Logitech since they
+ are not PAS16 compatible.
+ NOTE! Since 3.5-beta10 you need to enable SB support (next question)
+ if you want to use the SB emulation of PAS16. It's also possible to
+ the emulation if you want to use a true SB card together with PAS16
+ (there is another question about this that is asked later).
+
+ "Generic OPL2/OPL3 FM synthesizer support",
+ - Answer 'y' if your card has a FM chip made by Yamaha (OPL2/OPL3/OPL4).
+ The PAS16 has an OPL3-compatible FM chip.
+
+With PAS16 you can use two audio device files at the same time. /dev/dsp (and
+/dev/audio) is connected to the 8/16 bit native codec and the /dev/dsp1 (and
+/dev/audio1) is connected to the SB emulation (8 bit mono only).
+
+
+The new stuff for 2.3.99 and later
+============================================================================
+The following configuration options from Documentation/Configure.help
+are relevant to configuring the PAS16:
+
+Sound card support
+CONFIG_SOUND
+ If you have a sound card in your computer, i.e. if it can say more
+ than an occasional beep, say Y. Be sure to have all the information
+ about your sound card and its configuration down (I/O port,
+ interrupt and DMA channel), because you will be asked for it.
+
+ You want to read the Sound-HOWTO, available from
+ http://www.tldp.org/docs.html#howto . General information
+ about the modular sound system is contained in the files
+ Documentation/sound/oss/Introduction. The file
+ Documentation/sound/oss/README.OSS contains some slightly outdated but
+ still useful information as well.
+
+OSS sound modules
+CONFIG_SOUND_OSS
+ OSS is the Open Sound System suite of sound card drivers. They make
+ sound programming easier since they provide a common API. Say Y or M
+ here (the module will be called sound.o) if you haven't found a
+ driver for your sound card above, then pick your driver from the
+ list below.
+
+Persistent DMA buffers
+CONFIG_SOUND_DMAP
+ Linux can often have problems allocating DMA buffers for ISA sound
+ cards on machines with more than 16MB of RAM. This is because ISA
+ DMA buffers must exist below the 16MB boundary and it is quite
+ possible that a large enough free block in this region cannot be
+ found after the machine has been running for a while. If you say Y
+ here the DMA buffers (64Kb) will be allocated at boot time and kept
+ until the shutdown. This option is only useful if you said Y to
+ "OSS sound modules", above. If you said M to "OSS sound modules"
+ then you can get the persistent DMA buffer functionality by passing
+ the command-line argument "dmabuf=1" to the sound.o module.
+
+ Say y here for PAS16.
+
+ProAudioSpectrum 16 support
+CONFIG_SOUND_PAS
+ Answer Y only if you have a Pro Audio Spectrum 16, ProAudio Studio
+ 16 or Logitech SoundMan 16 sound card. Don't answer Y if you have
+ some other card made by Media Vision or Logitech since they are not
+ PAS16 compatible. It is not necessary to enable the separate
+ Sound Blaster support; it is included in the PAS driver.
+
+ If you compile the driver into the kernel, you have to add
+ "pas2=<io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<sbio>,<sbirq>,<sbdma>,<sbdma2>
+ to the kernel command line.
+
+FM Synthesizer (YM3812/OPL-3) support
+CONFIG_SOUND_YM3812
+ Answer Y if your card has a FM chip made by Yamaha (OPL2/OPL3/OPL4).
+ Answering Y is usually a safe and recommended choice, however some
+ cards may have software (TSR) FM emulation. Enabling FM support with
+ these cards may cause trouble (I don't currently know of any such
+ cards, however).
+ Please read the file Documentation/sound/oss/OPL3 if your card has an
+ OPL3 chip.
+ If you compile the driver into the kernel, you have to add
+ "opl3=<io>" to the kernel command line.
+
+ If you compile your drivers into the kernel, you MUST configure
+ OPL3 support as a module for PAS16 support to work properly.
+ You can then get OPL3 functionality by issuing the command:
+ insmod opl3
+ In addition, you must either add the following line to
+ /etc/modprobe.conf:
+ options opl3 io=0x388
+ or else add the following line to /etc/lilo.conf:
+ opl3=0x388
+
+
+EXAMPLES
+===================================================================
+To use the PAS16 in my computer I have enabled the following sound
+configuration options:
+
+CONFIG_SOUND=y
+CONFIG_SOUND_OSS=y
+CONFIG_SOUND_TRACEINIT=y
+CONFIG_SOUND_DMAP=y
+CONFIG_SOUND_PAS=y
+CONFIG_SOUND_SB=n
+CONFIG_SOUND_YM3812=m
+
+I have also included the following append line in /etc/lilo.conf:
+append="pas2=0x388,10,3,-1,0x220,5,1,-1 sb=0x220,5,1,-1 opl3=0x388"
+
+The io address of 0x388 is default configuration on the PAS16. The
+irq of 10 and dma of 3 may not match your installation. The above
+configuration enables PAS16, 8-bit Soundblaster and OPL3
+functionality. If Soundblaster functionality is not desired, the
+following line would be appropriate:
+append="pas2=0x388,10,3,-1,0,-1,-1,-1 opl3=0x388"
+
+If sound is built totally modular, the above options may be
+specified in /etc/modprobe.conf for pas2, sb and opl3
+respectively.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/PSS b/Documentation/sound/oss/PSS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..187b952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/PSS
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+The PSS cards and other ECHO based cards provide an onboard DSP with
+downloadable programs and also has an AD1848 "Microsoft Sound System"
+device. The PSS driver enables MSS and MPU401 modes of the card. SB
+is not enabled since it doesn't work concurrently with MSS.
+
+If you build this driver as a module then the driver takes the following
+parameters
+
+pss_io. The I/O base the PSS card is configured at (normally 0x220
+ or 0x240)
+
+mss_io The base address of the Microsoft Sound System interface.
+ This is normally 0x530, but may be 0x604 or other addresses.
+
+mss_irq The interrupt assigned to the Microsoft Sound System
+ emulation. IRQ's 3,5,7,9,10,11 and 12 are available. If you
+ get IRQ errors be sure to check the interrupt is set to
+ "ISA/Legacy" in the BIOS on modern machines.
+
+mss_dma The DMA channel used by the Microsoft Sound System.
+ This can be 0, 1, or 3. DMA 0 is not available on older
+ machines and will cause a crash on them.
+
+mpu_io The MPU emulation base address. This sets the base of the
+ synthesizer. It is typically 0x330 but can be altered.
+
+mpu_irq The interrupt to use for the synthesizer. It must differ
+ from the IRQ used by the Microsoft Sound System port.
+
+
+The mpu_io/mpu_irq fields are optional. If they are not specified the
+synthesizer parts are not configured.
+
+When the module is loaded it looks for a file called
+/etc/sound/pss_synth. This is the firmware file from the DOS install disks.
+This fil holds a general MIDI emulation. The file expected is called
+genmidi.ld on newer DOS driver install disks and synth.ld on older ones.
+
+You can also load alternative DSP algorithms into the card if you wish. One
+alternative driver can be found at http://www.mpg123.de/
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/PSS-updates b/Documentation/sound/oss/PSS-updates
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c84dd75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/PSS-updates
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+ This file contains notes for users of PSS sound cards who wish to use the
+newly added features of the newest version of this driver.
+
+ The major enhancements present in this new revision of this driver is the
+addition of two new module parameters that allow you to take full advantage of
+all the features present on your PSS sound card. These features include the
+ability to enable both the builtin CDROM and joystick ports.
+
+pss_enable_joystick
+
+ This parameter is basically a flag. A 0 will leave the joystick port
+disabled, while a non-zero value would enable the joystick port. The default
+setting is pss_enable_joystick=0 as this keeps this driver fully compatible
+with systems that were using previous versions of this driver. If you wish to
+enable the joystick port you will have to add pss_enable_joystick=1 as an
+argument to the driver. To actually use the joystick port you will then have
+to load the joystick driver itself. Just remember to load the joystick driver
+AFTER the pss sound driver.
+
+pss_cdrom_port
+
+ This parameter takes a port address as its parameter. Any available port
+address can be specified to enable the CDROM port, except for 0x0 and -1 as
+these values would leave the port disabled. Like the joystick port, the cdrom
+port will require that an appropriate CDROM driver be loaded before you can make
+use of the newly enabled CDROM port. Like the joystick port option above,
+remember to load the CDROM driver AFTER the pss sound driver. While it may
+differ on some PSS sound cards, all the PSS sound cards that I have seen have a
+builtin Wearnes CDROM port. If this is the case with your PSS sound card you
+should load aztcd with the appropriate port option that matches the port you
+assigned to the CDROM port when you loaded your pss sound driver. (ex.
+modprobe pss pss_cdrom_port=0x340 && modprobe aztcd aztcd=0x340) The default
+setting of this parameter leaves the CDROM port disabled to maintain full
+compatibility with systems using previous versions of this driver.
+
+ Other options have also been added for the added convenience and utility
+of the user. These options are only available if this driver is loaded as a
+module.
+
+pss_no_sound
+
+ This module parameter is a flag that can be used to tell the driver to
+just configure non-sound components. 0 configures all components, a non-0
+value will only attept to configure the CDROM and joystick ports. This
+parameter can be used by a user who only wished to use the builtin joystick
+and/or CDROM port(s) of his PSS sound card. If this driver is loaded with this
+parameter and with the parameter below set to true then a user can safely unload
+this driver with the following command "rmmod pss && rmmod ad1848 && rmmod
+mpu401 && rmmod sound && rmmod soundcore" and retain the full functionality of
+his CDROM and/or joystick port(s) while gaining back the memory previously used
+by the sound drivers. This default setting of this parameter is 0 to retain
+full behavioral compatibility with previous versions of this driver.
+
+pss_keep_settings
+
+ This parameter can be used to specify whether you want the driver to reset
+all emulations whenever its unloaded. This can be useful for those who are
+sharing resources (io ports, IRQ's, DMA's) between different ISA cards. This
+flag can also be useful in that future versions of this driver may reset all
+emulations by default on the driver's unloading (as it probably should), so
+specifying it now will ensure that all future versions of this driver will
+continue to work as expected. The default value of this parameter is 1 to
+retain full behavioral compatibility with previous versions of this driver.
+
+pss_firmware
+
+ This parameter can be used to specify the file containing the firmware
+code so that a user could tell the driver where that file is located instead
+of having to put it in a predefined location with a predefined name. The
+default setting of this parameter is "/etc/sound/pss_synth" as this was the
+path and filename the hardcoded value in the previous versions of this driver.
+
+Examples:
+
+# Normal PSS sound card system, loading of drivers.
+# Should be specified in an rc file (ex. Slackware uses /etc/rc.d/rc.modules).
+
+/sbin/modprobe pss pss_io=0x220 mpu_io=0x338 mpu_irq=9 mss_io=0x530 mss_irq=10 mss_dma=1 pss_cdrom_port=0x340 pss_enable_joystick=1
+/sbin/modprobe aztcd aztcd=0x340
+/sbin/modprobe joystick
+
+# System using the PSS sound card just for its CDROM and joystick ports.
+# Should be specified in an rc file (ex. Slackware uses /etc/rc.d/rc.modules).
+
+/sbin/modprobe pss pss_io=0x220 pss_cdrom_port=0x340 pss_enable_joystick=1 pss_no_sound=1
+/sbin/rmmod pss && /sbin/rmmod ad1848 && /sbin/rmmod mpu401 && /sbin/rmmod sound && /sbin/rmmod soundcore # This line not needed, but saves memory.
+/sbin/modprobe aztcd aztcd=0x340
+/sbin/modprobe joystick
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/README.OSS b/Documentation/sound/oss/README.OSS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd42b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/README.OSS
@@ -0,0 +1,1456 @@
+Introduction
+------------
+
+This file is a collection of all the old Readme files distributed with
+OSS/Lite by Hannu Savolainen. Since the new Linux sound driver is founded
+on it I think these information may still be interesting for users that
+have to configure their sound system.
+
+Be warned: Alan Cox is the current maintainer of the Linux sound driver so if
+you have problems with it, please contact him or the current device-specific
+driver maintainer (e.g. for aedsp16 specific problems contact me). If you have
+patches, contributions or suggestions send them to Alan: I'm sure they are
+welcome.
+
+In this document you will find a lot of references about OSS/Lite or ossfree:
+they are gone forever. Keeping this in mind and with a grain of salt this
+document can be still interesting and very helpful.
+
+[ File edited 17.01.1999 - Riccardo Facchetti ]
+[ Edited miroSOUND section 19.04.2001 - Robert Siemer ]
+
+OSS/Free version 3.8 release notes
+----------------------------------
+
+Please read the SOUND-HOWTO (available from sunsite.unc.edu and other Linux FTP
+sites). It gives instructions about using sound with Linux. It's bit out of
+date but still very useful. Information about bug fixes and such things
+is available from the web page (see above).
+
+Please check http://www.opensound.com/pguide for more info about programming
+with OSS API.
+
+ ====================================================
+- THIS VERSION ____REQUIRES____ Linux 2.1.57 OR LATER.
+ ====================================================
+
+Packages "snd-util-3.8.tar.gz" and "snd-data-0.1.tar.Z"
+contain useful utilities to be used with this driver.
+See http://www.opensound.com/ossfree/getting.html for
+download instructions.
+
+If you are looking for the installation instructions, please
+look forward into this document.
+
+Supported sound cards
+---------------------
+
+See below.
+
+Contributors
+------------
+
+This driver contains code by several contributors. In addition several other
+persons have given useful suggestions. The following is a list of major
+contributors. (I could have forgotten some names.)
+
+ Craig Metz 1/2 of the PAS16 Mixer and PCM support
+ Rob Hooft Volume computation algorithm for the FM synth.
+ Mika Liljeberg uLaw encoding and decoding routines
+ Jeff Tranter Linux SOUND HOWTO document
+ Greg Lee Volume computation algorithm for the GUS and
+ lots of valuable suggestions.
+ Andy Warner ISC port
+ Jim Lowe,
+ Amancio Hasty Jr FreeBSD/NetBSD port
+ Anders Baekgaard Bug hunting and valuable suggestions.
+ Joerg Schubert SB16 DSP support (initial version).
+ Andrew Robinson Improvements to the GUS driver
+ Megens SA MIDI recording for SB and SB Pro (initial version).
+ Mikael Nordqvist Linear volume support for GUS and
+ nonblocking /dev/sequencer.
+ Ian Hartas SVR4.2 port
+ Markus Aroharju and
+ Risto Kankkunen Major contributions to the mixer support
+ of GUS v3.7.
+ Hunyue Yau Mixer support for SG NX Pro.
+ Marc Hoffman PSS support (initial version).
+ Rainer Vranken Initialization for Jazz16 (initial version).
+ Peter Trattler Initial version of loadable module support for Linux.
+ JRA Gibson 16 bit mode for Jazz16 (initial version)
+ Davor Jadrijevic MAD16 support (initial version)
+ Gregor Hoffleit Mozart support (initial version)
+ Riccardo Facchetti Audio Excel DSP 16 (aedsp16) support
+ James Hightower Spotting a tiny but important bug in CS423x support.
+ Denis Sablic OPTi 82C924 specific enhancements (non PnP mode)
+ Tim MacKenzie Full duplex support for OPTi 82C930.
+
+ Please look at lowlevel/README for more contributors.
+
+There are probably many other names missing. If you have sent me some
+patches and your name is not in the above list, please inform me.
+
+Sending your contributions or patches
+-------------------------------------
+
+First of all it's highly recommended to contact me before sending anything
+or before even starting to do any work. Tell me what you suggest to be
+changed or what you have planned to do. Also ensure you are using the
+very latest (development) version of OSS/Free since the change may already be
+implemented there. In general it's a major waste of time to try to improve a
+several months old version. Information about the latest version can be found
+from http://www.opensound.com/ossfree. In general there is no point in
+sending me patches relative to production kernels.
+
+Sponsors etc.
+-------------
+
+The following companies have greatly helped development of this driver
+in form of a free copy of their product:
+
+Novell, Inc. UnixWare personal edition + SDK
+The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. A SCO OpenServer + SDK
+Ensoniq Corp, a SoundScape card and extensive amount of assistance
+MediaTrix Peripherals Inc, a AudioTrix Pro card + SDK
+Acer, Inc. a pair of AcerMagic S23 cards.
+
+In addition the following companies have provided me sufficient amount
+of technical information at least some of their products (free or $$$):
+
+Advanced Gravis Computer Technology Ltd.
+Media Vision Inc.
+Analog Devices Inc.
+Logitech Inc.
+Aztech Labs Inc.
+Crystal Semiconductor Corporation,
+Integrated Circuit Systems Inc.
+OAK Technology
+OPTi
+Turtle Beach
+miro
+Ad Lib Inc. ($$)
+Music Quest Inc. ($$)
+Creative Labs ($$$)
+
+If you have some problems
+=========================
+
+Read the sound HOWTO (sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/...?).
+Also look at the home page (http://www.opensound.com/ossfree). It may
+contain info about some recent bug fixes.
+
+It's likely that you have some problems when trying to use the sound driver
+first time. Sound cards don't have standard configuration so there are no
+good default configuration to use. Please try to use same I/O, DMA and IRQ
+values for the sound card than with DOS.
+
+If you get an error message when trying to use the driver, please look
+at /var/adm/messages for more verbose error message.
+
+
+The following errors are likely with /dev/dsp and /dev/audio.
+
+ - "No such device or address".
+ This error indicates that there are no suitable hardware for the
+ device file or the sound driver has been compiled without support for
+ this particular device. For example /dev/audio and /dev/dsp will not
+ work if "digitized voice support" was not enabled during "make config".
+
+ - "Device or resource busy". Probably the IRQ (or DMA) channel
+ required by the sound card is in use by some other device/driver.
+
+ - "I/O error". Almost certainly (99%) it's an IRQ or DMA conflict.
+ Look at the kernel messages in /var/adm/notice for more info.
+
+ - "Invalid argument". The application is calling ioctl()
+ with impossible parameters. Check that the application is
+ for sound driver version 2.X or later.
+
+Linux installation
+==================
+
+IMPORTANT! Read this if you are installing a separately
+ distributed version of this driver.
+
+ Check that your kernel version works with this
+ release of the driver (see Readme). Also verify
+ that your current kernel version doesn't have more
+ recent sound driver version than this one. IT'S HIGHLY
+ RECOMMENDED THAT YOU USE THE SOUND DRIVER VERSION THAT
+ IS DISTRIBUTED WITH KERNEL SOURCES.
+
+- When installing separately distributed sound driver you should first
+ read the above notice. Then try to find proper directory where and how
+ to install the driver sources. You should not try to install a separately
+ distributed driver version if you are not able to find the proper way
+ yourself (in this case use the version that is distributed with kernel
+ sources). Remove old version of linux/drivers/sound directory before
+ installing new files.
+
+- To build the device files you need to run the enclosed shell script
+ (see below). You need to do this only when installing sound driver
+ first time or when upgrading to much recent version than the earlier
+ one.
+
+- Configure and compile Linux as normally (remember to include the
+ sound support during "make config"). Please refer to kernel documentation
+ for instructions about configuring and compiling kernel. File Readme.cards
+ contains card specific instructions for configuring this driver for
+ use with various sound cards.
+
+Boot time configuration (using lilo and insmod)
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+This information has been removed. Too many users didn't believe
+that it's really not necessary to use this method. Please look at
+Readme of sound driver version 3.0.1 if you still want to use this method.
+
+Problems
+--------
+
+Common error messages:
+
+- /dev/???????: No such file or directory.
+Run the script at the end of this file.
+
+- /dev/???????: No such device.
+You are not running kernel which contains the sound driver. When using
+modularized sound driver this error means that the sound driver is not
+loaded.
+
+- /dev/????: No such device or address.
+Sound driver didn't detect suitable card when initializing. Please look at
+Readme.cards for info about configuring the driver with your card. Also
+check for possible boot (insmod) time error messages in /var/adm/messages.
+
+- Other messages or problems
+Please check http://www.opensound.com/ossfree for more info.
+
+Configuring version 3.8 (for Linux) with some common sound cards
+================================================================
+
+This document describes configuring sound cards with the freeware version of
+Open Sound Systems (OSS/Free). Information about the commercial version
+(OSS/Linux) and its configuration is available from
+http://www.opensound.com/linux.html. Information presented here is
+not valid for OSS/Linux.
+
+If you are unsure about how to configure OSS/Free
+you can download the free evaluation version of OSS/Linux from the above
+address. There is a chance that it can autodetect your sound card. In this case
+you can use the information included in soundon.log when configuring OSS/Free.
+
+
+IMPORTANT! This document covers only cards that were "known" when
+ this driver version was released. Please look at
+ http://www.opensound.com/ossfree for info about
+ cards introduced recently.
+
+ When configuring the sound driver, you should carefully
+ check each sound configuration option (particularly
+ "Support for /dev/dsp and /dev/audio"). The default values
+ offered by these programs are not necessarily valid.
+
+
+THE BIGGEST MISTAKES YOU CAN MAKE
+=================================
+
+1. Assuming that the card is Sound Blaster compatible when it's not.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The number one mistake is to assume that your card is compatible with
+Sound Blaster. Only the cards made by Creative Technology or which have
+one or more chips labeled by Creative are SB compatible. In addition there
+are few sound chipsets which are SB compatible in Linux such as ESS1688 or
+Jazz16. Note that SB compatibility in DOS/Windows does _NOT_ mean anything
+in Linux.
+
+IF YOU REALLY ARE 150% SURE YOU HAVE A SOUND BLASTER YOU CAN SKIP THE REST OF
+THIS CHAPTER.
+
+For most other "supposed to be SB compatible" cards you have to use other
+than SB drivers (see below). It is possible to get most sound cards to work
+in SB mode but in general it's a complete waste of time. There are several
+problems which you will encounter by using SB mode with cards that are not
+truly SB compatible:
+
+- The SB emulation is at most SB Pro (DSP version 3.x) which means that
+you get only 8 bit audio (there is always an another ("native") mode which
+gives the 16 bit capability). The 8 bit only operation is the reason why
+many users claim that sound quality in Linux is much worse than in DOS.
+In addition some applications require 16 bit mode and they produce just
+noise with a 8 bit only device.
+- The card may work only in some cases but refuse to work most of the
+time. The SB compatible mode always requires special initialization which is
+done by the DOS/Windows drivers. This kind of cards work in Linux after
+you have warm booted it after DOS but they don't work after cold boot
+(power on or reset).
+- You get the famous "DMA timed out" messages. Usually all SB clones have
+software selectable IRQ and DMA settings. If the (power on default) values
+currently used by the card don't match configuration of the driver you will
+get the above error message whenever you try to record or play. There are
+few other reasons to the DMA timeout message but using the SB mode seems
+to be the most common cause.
+
+2. Trying to use a PnP (Plug & Play) card just like an ordinary sound card
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Plug & Play is a protocol defined by Intel and Microsoft. It lets operating
+systems to easily identify and reconfigure I/O ports, IRQs and DMAs of ISA
+cards. The problem with PnP cards is that the standard Linux doesn't currently
+(versions 2.1.x and earlier) don't support PnP. This means that you will have
+to use some special tricks (see later) to get a PnP card alive. Many PnP cards
+work after they have been initialized but this is not always the case.
+
+There are sometimes both PnP and non-PnP versions of the same sound card.
+The non-PnP version is the original model which usually has been discontinued
+more than an year ago. The PnP version has the same name but with "PnP"
+appended to it (sometimes not). This causes major confusion since the non-PnP
+model works with Linux but the PnP one doesn't.
+
+You should carefully check if "Plug & Play" or "PnP" is mentioned in the name
+of the card or in the documentation or package that came with the card.
+Everything described in the rest of this document is not necessarily valid for
+PnP models of sound cards even you have managed to wake up the card properly.
+Many PnP cards are simply too different from their non-PnP ancestors which are
+covered by this document.
+
+
+Cards that are not (fully) supported by this driver
+===================================================
+
+See http://www.opensound.com/ossfree for information about sound cards
+to be supported in future.
+
+
+How to use sound without recompiling kernel and/or sound driver
+===============================================================
+
+There is a commercial sound driver which comes in precompiled form and doesn't
+require recompiling of the kernel. See http://www.4Front-tech.com/oss.html for
+more info.
+
+
+Configuring PnP cards
+=====================
+
+New versions of most sound cards use the so-called ISA PnP protocol for
+soft configuring their I/O, IRQ, DMA and shared memory resources.
+Currently at least cards made by Creative Technology (SB32 and SB32AWE
+PnP), Gravis (GUS PnP and GUS PnP Pro), Ensoniq (Soundscape PnP) and
+Aztech (some Sound Galaxy models) use PnP technology. The CS4232/4236 audio
+chip by Crystal Semiconductor (Intel Atlantis, HP Pavilion and many other
+motherboards) is also based on PnP technology but there is a "native" driver
+available for it (see information about CS4232 later in this document).
+
+PnP sound cards (as well as most other PnP ISA cards) are not supported
+by this version of the driver . Proper
+support for them should be released during 97 once the kernel level
+PnP support is available.
+
+There is a method to get most of the PnP cards to work. The basic method
+is the following:
+
+1) Boot DOS so the card's DOS drivers have a chance to initialize it.
+2) _Cold_ boot to Linux by using "loadlin.exe". Hitting ctrl-alt-del
+works with older machines but causes a hard reset of all cards on recent
+(Pentium) machines.
+3) If you have the sound driver in Linux configured properly, the card should
+work now. "Proper" means that I/O, IRQ and DMA settings are the same as in
+DOS. The hard part is to find which settings were used. See the documentation of
+your card for more info.
+
+Windows 95 could work as well as DOS but running loadlin may be difficult.
+Probably you should "shut down" your machine to MS-DOS mode before running it.
+
+Some machines have a BIOS utility for setting PnP resources. This is a good
+way to configure some cards. In this case you don't need to boot DOS/Win95
+before starting Linux.
+
+Another way to initialize PnP cards without DOS/Win95 is a Linux based
+PnP isolation tool. When writing this there is a pre alpha test version
+of such a tool available from ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/unix/linux/utils. The
+file is called isapnptools-*. Please note that this tool is just a temporary
+solution which may be incompatible with future kernel versions having proper
+support for PnP cards. There are bugs in setting DMA channels in earlier
+versions of isapnptools so at least version 1.6 is required with sound cards.
+
+Yet another way to use PnP cards is to use (commercial) OSS/Linux drivers. See
+http://www.opensound.com/linux.html for more info. This is probably the way you
+should do it if you don't want to spend time recompiling the kernel and
+required tools.
+
+
+Read this before trying to configure the driver
+===============================================
+
+There are currently many cards that work with this driver. Some of the cards
+have native support while others work since they emulate some other
+card (usually SB, MSS/WSS and/or MPU401). The following cards have native
+support in the driver. Detailed instructions for configuring these cards
+will be given later in this document.
+
+Pro Audio Spectrum 16 (PAS16) and compatibles:
+ Pro Audio Spectrum 16
+ Pro Audio Studio 16
+ Logitech Sound Man 16
+ NOTE! The original Pro Audio Spectrum as well as the PAS+ are not
+ and will not be supported by the driver.
+
+Media Vision Jazz16 based cards
+ Pro Sonic 16
+ Logitech SoundMan Wave
+ (Other Jazz based cards should work but I don't have any reports
+ about them).
+
+Sound Blasters
+ SB 1.0 to 2.0
+ SB Pro
+ SB 16
+ SB32/64/AWE
+ Configure SB32/64/AWE just like SB16. See lowlevel/README.awe
+ for information about using the wave table synth.
+ NOTE! AWE63/Gold and 16/32/AWE "PnP" cards need to be activated
+ using isapnptools before they work with OSS/Free.
+ SB16 compatible cards by other manufacturers than Creative.
+ You have been fooled since there are _no_ SB16 compatible
+ cards on the market (as of May 1997). It's likely that your card
+ is compatible just with SB Pro but there is also a non-SB-
+ compatible 16 bit mode. Usually it's MSS/WSS but it could also
+ be a proprietary one like MV Jazz16 or ESS ES688. OPTi
+ MAD16 chips are very common in so called "SB 16 bit cards"
+ (try with the MAD16 driver).
+
+ ======================================================================
+ "Supposed to be SB compatible" cards.
+ Forget the SB compatibility and check for other alternatives
+ first. The only cards that work with the SB driver in
+ Linux have been made by Creative Technology (there is at least
+ one chip on the card with "CREATIVE" printed on it). The
+ only other SB compatible chips are ESS and Jazz16 chips
+ (maybe ALSxxx chips too but they probably don't work).
+ Most other "16 bit SB compatible" cards such as "OPTi/MAD16" or
+ "Crystal" are _NOT_ SB compatible in Linux.
+
+ Practically all sound cards have some kind of SB emulation mode
+ in addition to their native (16 bit) mode. In most cases this
+ (8 bit only) SB compatible mode doesn't work with Linux. If
+ you get it working it may cause problems with games and
+ applications which require 16 bit audio. Some 16 bit only
+ applications don't check if the card actually supports 16 bits.
+ They just dump 16 bit data to a 8 bit card which produces just
+ noise.
+
+ In most cases the 16 bit native mode is supported by Linux.
+ Use the SB mode with "clones" only if you don't find anything
+ better from the rest of this doc.
+ ======================================================================
+
+Gravis Ultrasound (GUS)
+ GUS
+ GUS + the 16 bit option
+ GUS MAX
+ GUS ACE (No MIDI port and audio recording)
+ GUS PnP (with RAM)
+
+MPU-401 and compatibles
+ The driver works both with the full (intelligent mode) MPU-401
+ cards (such as MPU IPC-T and MQX-32M) and with the UART only
+ dumb MIDI ports. MPU-401 is currently the most common MIDI
+ interface. Most sound cards are compatible with it. However,
+ don't enable MPU401 mode blindly. Many cards with native support
+ in the driver have their own MPU401 driver. Enabling the standard one
+ will cause a conflict with these cards. So check if your card is
+ in the list of supported cards before enabling MPU401.
+
+Windows Sound System (MSS/WSS)
+ Even when Microsoft has discontinued their own Sound System card
+ they managed to make it a standard. MSS compatible cards are based on
+ a codec chip which is easily available from at least two manufacturers
+ (AD1848 by Analog Devices and CS4231/CS4248 by Crystal Semiconductor).
+ Currently most sound cards are based on one of the MSS compatible codec
+ chips. The CS4231 is used in the high quality cards such as GUS MAX,
+ MediaTrix AudioTrix Pro and TB Tropez (GUS MAX is not MSS compatible).
+
+ Having a AD1848, CS4248 or CS4231 codec chip on the card is a good
+ sign. Even if the card is not MSS compatible, it could be easy to write
+ support for it. Note also that most MSS compatible cards
+ require special boot time initialization which may not be present
+ in the driver. Also, some MSS compatible cards have native support.
+ Enabling the MSS support with these cards is likely to
+ cause a conflict. So check if your card is listed in this file before
+ enabling the MSS support.
+
+Yamaha FM synthesizers (OPL2, OPL3 (not OPL3-SA) and OPL4)
+ Most sound cards have a FM synthesizer chip. The OPL2 is a 2
+ operator chip used in the original AdLib card. Currently it's used
+ only in the cheapest (8 bit mono) cards. The OPL3 is a 4 operator
+ FM chip which provides better sound quality and/or more available
+ voices than the OPL2. The OPL4 is a new chip that has an OPL3 and
+ a wave table synthesizer packed onto the same chip. The driver supports
+ just the OPL3 mode directly. Most cards with an OPL4 (like
+ SM Wave and AudioTrix Pro) support the OPL4 mode using MPU401
+ emulation. Writing a native OPL4 support is difficult
+ since Yamaha doesn't give information about their sample ROM chip.
+
+ Enable the generic OPL2/OPL3 FM synthesizer support if your
+ card has a FM chip made by Yamaha. Don't enable it if your card
+ has a software (TRS) based FM emulator.
+
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------
+ NOTE! OPL3-SA is different chip than the ordinary OPL3. In addition
+ to the FM synth this chip has also digital audio (WSS) and
+ MIDI (MPU401) capabilities. Support for OPL3-SA is described below.
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Yamaha OPL3-SA1
+
+ Yamaha OPL3-SA1 (YMF701) is an audio controller chip used on some
+ (Intel) motherboards and on cheap sound cards. It should not be
+ confused with the original OPL3 chip (YMF278) which is entirely
+ different chip. OPL3-SA1 has support for MSS, MPU401 and SB Pro
+ (not used in OSS/Free) in addition to the OPL3 FM synth.
+
+ There are also chips called OPL3-SA2, OPL3-SA3, ..., OPL3SA-N. They
+ are PnP chips and will not work with the OPL3-SA1 driver. You should
+ use the standard MSS, MPU401 and OPL3 options with these chips and to
+ activate the card using isapnptools.
+
+4Front Technologies SoftOSS
+
+ SoftOSS is a software based wave table emulation which works with
+ any 16 bit stereo sound card. Due to its nature a fast CPU is
+ required (P133 is minimum). Although SoftOSS does _not_ use MMX
+ instructions it has proven out that recent processors (which appear
+ to have MMX) perform significantly better with SoftOSS than earlier
+ ones. For example a P166MMX beats a PPro200. SoftOSS should not be used
+ on 486 or 386 machines.
+
+ The amount of CPU load caused by SoftOSS can be controlled by
+ selecting the CONFIG_SOFTOSS_RATE and CONFIG_SOFTOSS_VOICES
+ parameters properly (they will be prompted by make config). It's
+ recommended to set CONFIG_SOFTOSS_VOICES to 32. If you have a
+ P166MMX or faster (PPro200 is not faster) you can set
+ CONFIG_SOFTOSS_RATE to 44100 (kHz). However with slower systems it
+ recommended to use sampling rates around 22050 or even 16000 kHz.
+ Selecting too high values for these parameters may hang your
+ system when playing MIDI files with hight degree of polyphony
+ (number of concurrently playing notes). It's also possible to
+ decrease CONFIG_SOFTOSS_VOICES. This makes it possible to use
+ higher sampling rates. However using fewer voices decreases
+ playback quality more than decreasing the sampling rate.
+
+ SoftOSS keeps the samples loaded on the system's RAM so much RAM is
+ required. SoftOSS should never be used on machines with less than 16 MB
+ of RAM since this is potentially dangerous (you may accidentally run out
+ of memory which probably crashes the machine).
+
+ SoftOSS implements the wave table API originally designed for GUS. For
+ this reason all applications designed for GUS should work (at least
+ after minor modifications). For example gmod/xgmod and playmidi -g are
+ known to work.
+
+ To work SoftOSS will require GUS compatible
+ patch files to be installed on the system (in /dos/ultrasnd/midi). You
+ can use the public domain MIDIA patchset available from several ftp
+ sites.
+
+ *********************************************************************
+ IMPORTANT NOTICE! The original patch set distributed with the Gravis
+ Ultrasound card is not in public domain (even though it's available from
+ some FTP sites). You should contact Voice Crystal (www.voicecrystal.com)
+ if you like to use these patches with SoftOSS included in OSS/Free.
+ *********************************************************************
+
+PSS based cards (AD1848 + ADSP-2115 + Echo ESC614 ASIC)
+ Analog Devices and Echo Speech have together defined a sound card
+ architecture based on the above chips. The DSP chip is used
+ for emulation of SB Pro, FM and General MIDI/MT32.
+
+ There are several cards based on this architecture. The most known
+ ones are Orchid SW32 and Cardinal DSP16.
+
+ The driver supports downloading DSP algorithms to these cards.
+
+ NOTE! You will have to use the "old" config script when configuring
+ PSS cards.
+
+MediaTrix AudioTrix Pro
+ The ATP card is built around a CS4231 codec and an OPL4 synthesizer
+ chips. The OPL4 mode is supported by a microcontroller running a
+ General MIDI emulator. There is also a SB 1.5 compatible playback mode.
+
+Ensoniq SoundScape and compatibles
+ Ensoniq has designed a sound card architecture based on the
+ OTTO synthesizer chip used in their professional MIDI synthesizers.
+ Several companies (including Ensoniq, Reveal and Spea) are selling
+ cards based on this architecture.
+
+ NOTE! The SoundScape PnP is not supported by OSS/Free. Ensoniq VIVO and
+ VIVO90 cards are not compatible with Soundscapes so the Soundscape
+ driver will not work with them. You may want to use OSS/Linux with these
+ cards.
+
+OPTi MAD16 and Mozart based cards
+ The Mozart (OAK OTI-601), MAD16 (OPTi 82C928), MAD16 Pro (OPTi 82C929),
+ OPTi 82C924/82C925 (in _non_ PnP mode) and OPTi 82C930 interface
+ chips are used in many different sound cards, including some
+ cards by Reveal miro and Turtle Beach (Tropez). The purpose of these
+ chips is to connect other audio components to the PC bus. The
+ interface chip performs address decoding for the other chips.
+ NOTE! Tropez Plus is not MAD16 but CS4232 based.
+ NOTE! MAD16 PnP cards (82C924, 82C925, 82C931) are not MAD16 compatible
+ in the PnP mode. You will have to use them in MSS mode after having
+ initialized them using isapnptools or DOS. 82C931 probably requires
+ initialization using DOS/Windows (running isapnptools is not enough).
+ It's possible to use 82C931 with OSS/Free by jumpering it to non-PnP
+ mode (provided that the card has a jumper for this). In non-PnP mode
+ 82C931 is compatible with 82C930 and should work with the MAD16 driver
+ (without need to use isapnptools or DOS to initialize it). All OPTi
+ chips are supported by OSS/Linux (both in PnP and non-PnP modes).
+
+Audio Excel DSP16
+ Support for this card was written by Riccardo Faccetti
+ (riccardo@cdc8g5.cdc.polimi.it). The AEDSP16 driver included in
+ the lowlevel/ directory. To use it you should enable the
+ "Additional low level drivers" option.
+
+Crystal CS4232 and CS4236 based cards such as AcerMagic S23, TB Tropez _Plus_ and
+ many PC motherboards (Compaq, HP, Intel, ...)
+ CS4232 is a PnP multimedia chip which contains a CS3231A codec,
+ SB and MPU401 emulations. There is support for OPL3 too.
+ Unfortunately the MPU401 mode doesn't work (I don't know how to
+ initialize it). CS4236 is an enhanced (compatible) version of CS4232.
+ NOTE! Don't ever try to use isapnptools with CS4232 since this will just
+ freeze your machine (due to chip bugs). If you have problems in getting
+ CS4232 working you could try initializing it with DOS (CS4232C.EXE) and
+ then booting Linux using loadlin. CS4232C.EXE loads a secret firmware
+ patch which is not documented by Crystal.
+
+Turtle Beach Maui and Tropez "classic"
+ This driver version supports sample, patch and program loading commands
+ described in the Maui/Tropez User's manual.
+ There is now full initialization support too. The audio side of
+ the Tropez is based on the MAD16 chip (see above).
+ NOTE! Tropez Plus is different card than Tropez "classic" and will not
+ work fully in Linux. You can get audio features working by configuring
+ the card as a CS4232 based card (above).
+
+
+Jumpers and software configuration
+==================================
+
+Some of the earliest sound cards were jumper configurable. You have to
+configure the driver use I/O, IRQ and DMA settings
+that match the jumpers. Just few 8 bit cards are fully jumper
+configurable (SB 1.x/2.x, SB Pro and clones).
+Some cards made by Aztech have an EEPROM which contains the
+config info. These cards behave much like hardware jumpered cards.
+
+Most cards have jumper for the base I/O address but other parameters
+are software configurable. Sometimes there are few other jumpers too.
+
+Latest cards are fully software configurable or they are PnP ISA
+compatible. There are no jumpers on the board.
+
+The driver handles software configurable cards automatically. Just configure
+the driver to use I/O, IRQ and DMA settings which are known to work.
+You could usually use the same values than with DOS and/or Windows.
+Using different settings is possible but not recommended since it may cause
+some trouble (for example when warm booting from an OS to another or
+when installing new hardware to the machine).
+
+Sound driver sets the soft configurable parameters of the card automatically
+during boot. Usually you don't need to run any extra initialization
+programs when booting Linux but there are some exceptions. See the
+card-specific instructions below for more info.
+
+The drawback of software configuration is that the driver needs to know
+how the card must be initialized. It cannot initialize unknown cards
+even if they are otherwise compatible with some other cards (like SB,
+MPU401 or Windows Sound System).
+
+
+What if your card was not listed above?
+=======================================
+
+The first thing to do is to look at the major IC chips on the card.
+Many of the latest sound cards are based on some standard chips. If you
+are lucky, all of them could be supported by the driver. The most common ones
+are the OPTi MAD16, Mozart, SoundScape (Ensoniq) and the PSS architectures
+listed above. Also look at the end of this file for list of unsupported
+cards and the ones which could be supported later.
+
+The last resort is to send _exact_ name and model information of the card
+to me together with a list of the major IC chips (manufactured, model) to
+me. I could then try to check if your card looks like something familiar.
+
+There are many more cards in the world than listed above. The first thing to
+do with these cards is to check if they emulate some other card or interface
+such as SB, MSS and/or MPU401. In this case there is a chance to get the
+card to work by booting DOS before starting Linux (boot DOS, hit ctrl-alt-del
+and boot Linux without hard resetting the machine). In this method the
+DOS based driver initializes the hardware to use known I/O, IRQ and DMA
+settings. If sound driver is configured to use the same settings, everything
+should work OK.
+
+
+Configuring sound driver (with Linux)
+=====================================
+
+The sound driver is currently distributed as part of the Linux kernel. The
+files are in /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound/.
+
+****************************************************************************
+* ALWAYS USE THE SOUND DRIVER VERSION WHICH IS DISTRIBUTED WITH *
+* THE KERNEL SOURCE PACKAGE YOU ARE USING. SOME ALPHA AND BETA TEST *
+* VERSIONS CAN BE INSTALLED FROM A SEPARATELY DISTRIBUTED PACKAGE *
+* BUT CHECK THAT THE PACKAGE IS NOT MUCH OLDER (OR NEWER) THAN THE *
+* KERNEL YOU ARE USING. IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THE KERNEL/DRIVER *
+* INTERFACE CHANGES BETWEEN KERNEL RELEASES WHICH MAY CAUSE SOME *
+* INCOMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS. *
+* *
+* IN CASE YOU INSTALL A SEPARATELY DISTRIBUTED SOUND DRIVER VERSION, *
+* BE SURE TO REMOVE OR RENAME THE OLD SOUND DRIVER DIRECTORY BEFORE *
+* INSTALLING THE NEW ONE. LEAVING OLD FILES TO THE SOUND DRIVER *
+* DIRECTORY _WILL_ CAUSE PROBLEMS WHEN THE DRIVER IS USED OR *
+* COMPILED. *
+****************************************************************************
+
+To configure the driver, run "make config" in the kernel source directory
+(/usr/src/linux). Answer "y" or "m" to the question about Sound card support
+(after the questions about mouse, CD-ROM, ftape, etc. support). Questions
+about options for sound will then be asked.
+
+After configuring the kernel and sound driver and compile the kernel
+following instructions in the kernel README.
+
+The sound driver configuration dialog
+-------------------------------------
+
+Sound configuration starts by making some yes/no questions. Be careful
+when answering to these questions since answering y to a question may
+prevent some later ones from being asked. For example don't answer y to
+the first question (PAS16) if you don't really have a PAS16. Don't enable
+more cards than you really need since they just consume memory. Also
+some drivers (like MPU401) may conflict with your SCSI controller and
+prevent kernel from booting. If you card was in the list of supported
+cards (above), please look at the card specific config instructions
+(later in this file) before starting to configure. Some cards must be
+configured in way which is not obvious.
+
+So here is the beginning of the config dialog. Answer 'y' or 'n' to these
+questions. The default answer is shown so that (y/n) means 'y' by default and
+(n/y) means 'n'. To use the default value, just hit ENTER. But be careful
+since using the default _doesn't_ guarantee anything.
+
+Note also that all questions may not be asked. The configuration program
+may disable some questions depending on the earlier choices. It may also
+select some options automatically as well.
+
+ "ProAudioSpectrum 16 support",
+ - Answer 'y'_ONLY_ if you have a Pro Audio Spectrum _16_,
+ Pro Audio Studio 16 or Logitech SoundMan 16 (be sure that
+ you read the above list correctly). Don't answer 'y' if you
+ have some other card made by Media Vision or Logitech since they
+ are not PAS16 compatible.
+ NOTE! Since 3.5-beta10 you need to enable SB support (next question)
+ if you want to use the SB emulation of PAS16. It's also possible to
+ the emulation if you want to use a true SB card together with PAS16
+ (there is another question about this that is asked later).
+ "Sound Blaster support",
+ - Answer 'y' if you have an original SB card made by Creative Labs
+ or a full 100% hardware compatible clone (like Thunderboard or
+ SM Games). If your card was in the list of supported cards (above),
+ please look at the card specific instructions later in this file
+ before answering this question. For an unknown card you may answer
+ 'y' if the card claims to be SB compatible.
+ Enable this option also with PAS16 (changed since v3.5-beta9).
+
+ Don't enable SB if you have a MAD16 or Mozart compatible card.
+
+ "Generic OPL2/OPL3 FM synthesizer support",
+ - Answer 'y' if your card has a FM chip made by Yamaha (OPL2/OPL3/OPL4).
+ Answering 'y' is usually a safe and recommended choice. However some
+ cards may have software (TSR) FM emulation. Enabling FM support
+ with these cards may cause trouble. However I don't currently know
+ such cards.
+ "Gravis Ultrasound support",
+ - Answer 'y' if you have GUS or GUS MAX. Answer 'n' if you don't
+ have GUS since the GUS driver consumes much memory.
+ Currently I don't have experiences with the GUS ACE so I don't
+ know what to answer with it.
+ "MPU-401 support (NOT for SB16)",
+ - Be careful with this question. The MPU401 interface is supported
+ by almost any sound card today. However some natively supported cards
+ have their own driver for MPU401. Enabling the MPU401 option with
+ these cards will cause a conflict. Also enabling MPU401 on a system
+ that doesn't really have a MPU401 could cause some trouble. If your
+ card was in the list of supported cards (above), please look at
+ the card specific instructions later in this file.
+
+ In MOST cases this MPU401 driver should only be used with "true"
+ MIDI-only MPU401 professional cards. In most other cases there
+ is another way to get the MPU401 compatible interface of a
+ sound card to work.
+ Support for the MPU401 compatible MIDI port of SB16, ESS1688
+ and MV Jazz16 cards is included in the SB driver. Use it instead
+ of this separate MPU401 driver with these cards. As well
+ Soundscape, PSS and Maui drivers include their own MPU401
+ options.
+
+ It's safe to answer 'y' if you have a true MPU401 MIDI interface
+ card.
+ "6850 UART Midi support",
+ - It's safe to answer 'n' to this question in all cases. The 6850
+ UART interface is so rarely used.
+ "PSS (ECHO-ADI2111) support",
+ - Answer 'y' only if you have Orchid SW32, Cardinal DSP16 or some
+ other card based on the PSS chipset (AD1848 codec + ADSP-2115
+ DSP chip + Echo ESC614 ASIC CHIP).
+ "16 bit sampling option of GUS (_NOT_ GUS MAX)",
+ - Answer 'y' if you have installed the 16 bit sampling daughtercard
+ to your GUS. Answer 'n' if you have GUS MAX. Enabling this option
+ disables GUS MAX support.
+ "GUS MAX support",
+ - Answer 'y' only if you have a GUS MAX.
+ "Microsoft Sound System support",
+ - Again think carefully before answering 'y' to this question. It's
+ safe to answer 'y' in case you have the original Windows Sound
+ System card made by Microsoft or Aztech SG 16 Pro (or NX16 Pro).
+ Also you may answer 'y' in case your card was not listed earlier
+ in this file. For cards having native support in the driver, consult
+ the card specific instructions later in this file. Some drivers
+ have their own MSS support and enabling this option will cause a
+ conflict.
+ Note! The MSS driver permits configuring two DMA channels. This is a
+ "nonstandard" feature and works only with very few cards (if any).
+ In most cases the second DMA channel should be disabled or set to
+ the same channel than the first one. Trying to configure two separate
+ channels with cards that don't support this feature will prevent
+ audio (at least recording) from working.
+ "Ensoniq Soundscape support",
+ - Answer 'y' if you have a sound card based on the Ensoniq SoundScape
+ chipset. Such cards are being manufactured at least by Ensoniq,
+ Spea and Reveal (note that Reveal makes other cards also). The oldest
+ cards made by Spea don't work properly with Linux.
+ Soundscape PnP as well as Ensoniq VIVO work only with the commercial
+ OSS/Linux version.
+ "MediaTrix AudioTrix Pro support",
+ - Answer 'y' if you have the AudioTrix Pro.
+ "Support for MAD16 and/or Mozart based cards",
+ - Answer y if your card has a Mozart (OAK OTI-601) or MAD16
+ (OPTi 82C928, 82C929, 82C924/82C925 or 82C930) audio interface chip.
+ These chips are
+ currently quite common so it's possible that many no-name cards
+ have one of them. In addition the MAD16 chip is used in some
+ cards made by known manufacturers such as Turtle Beach (Tropez),
+ Reveal (some models) and Diamond (some recent models).
+ Note OPTi 82C924 and 82C925 are MAD16 compatible only in non PnP
+ mode (jumper selectable on many cards).
+ "Support for TB Maui"
+ - This enables TB Maui specific initialization. Works with TB Maui
+ and TB Tropez (may not work with Tropez Plus).
+
+
+Then the configuration program asks some y/n questions about the higher
+level services. It's recommended to answer 'y' to each of these questions.
+Answer 'n' only if you know you will not need the option.
+
+ "MIDI interface support",
+ - Answering 'n' disables /dev/midi## devices and access to any
+ MIDI ports using /dev/sequencer and /dev/music. This option
+ also affects any MPU401 and/or General MIDI compatible devices.
+ "FM synthesizer (YM3812/OPL-3) support",
+ - Answer 'y' here.
+ "/dev/sequencer support",
+ - Answering 'n' disables /dev/sequencer and /dev/music.
+
+Entering the I/O, IRQ and DMA config parameters
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+After the above questions the configuration program prompts for the
+card specific configuration information. Usually just a set of
+I/O address, IRQ and DMA numbers are asked. With some cards the program
+asks for some files to be used during initialization of the card. For example
+many cards have a DSP chip or microprocessor which must be initialized by
+downloading a program (microcode) file to the card.
+
+Instructions for answering these questions are given in the next section.
+
+
+Card specific information
+=========================
+
+This section gives additional instructions about configuring some cards.
+Please refer manual of your card for valid I/O, IRQ and DMA numbers. Using
+the same settings with DOS/Windows and Linux is recommended. Using
+different values could cause some problems when switching between
+different operating systems.
+
+Sound Blasters (the original ones by Creative)
+---------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE! Check if you have a PnP Sound Blaster (cards sold after summer 1995
+ are almost certainly PnP ones). With PnP cards you should use isapnptools
+ to activate them (see above).
+
+It's possible to configure these cards to use different I/O, IRQ and
+DMA settings. Since the possible/default settings have changed between various
+models, you have to consult manual of your card for the proper ones. It's
+a good idea to use the same values than with DOS/Windows. With SB and SB Pro
+it's the only choice. SB16 has software selectable IRQ and DMA channels but
+using different values with DOS and Linux is likely to cause troubles. The
+DOS driver is not able to reset the card properly after warm boot from Linux
+if Linux has used different IRQ or DMA values.
+
+The original (steam) Sound Blaster (versions 1.x and 2.x) use always
+DMA1. There is no way to change it.
+
+The SB16 needs two DMA channels. A 8 bit one (1 or 3) is required for
+8 bit operation and a 16 bit one (5, 6 or 7) for the 16 bit mode. In theory
+it's possible to use just one (8 bit) DMA channel by answering the 8 bit
+one when the configuration program asks for the 16 bit one. This may work
+in some systems but is likely to cause terrible noise on some other systems.
+
+It's possible to use two SB16/32/64 at the same time. To do this you should
+first configure OSS/Free for one card. Then edit local.h manually and define
+SB2_BASE, SB2_IRQ, SB2_DMA and SB2_DMA2 for the second one. You can't get
+the OPL3, MIDI and EMU8000 devices of the second card to work. If you are
+going to use two PnP Sound Blasters, ensure that they are of different model
+and have different PnP IDs. There is no way to get two cards with the same
+card ID and serial number to work. The easiest way to check this is trying
+if isapnptools can see both cards or just one.
+
+NOTE! Don't enable the SM Games option (asked by the configuration program)
+ if you are not 101% sure that your card is a Logitech Soundman Games
+ (not a SM Wave or SM16).
+
+SB Clones
+---------
+
+First of all: There are no SB16 clones. There are SB Pro clones with a
+16 bit mode which is not SB16 compatible. The most likely alternative is that
+the 16 bit mode means MSS/WSS.
+
+There are just a few fully 100% hardware SB or SB Pro compatible cards.
+I know just Thunderboard and SM Games. Other cards require some kind of
+hardware initialization before they become SB compatible. Check if your card
+was listed in the beginning of this file. In this case you should follow
+instructions for your card later in this file.
+
+For other not fully SB clones you may try initialization using DOS in
+the following way:
+
+ - Boot DOS so that the card specific driver gets run.
+ - Hit ctrl-alt-del (or use loadlin) to boot Linux. Don't
+ switch off power or press the reset button.
+ - If you use the same I/O, IRQ and DMA settings in Linux, the
+ card should work.
+
+If your card is both SB and MSS compatible, I recommend using the MSS mode.
+Most cards of this kind are not able to work in the SB and the MSS mode
+simultaneously. Using the MSS mode provides 16 bit recording and playback.
+
+ProAudioSpectrum 16 and compatibles
+-----------------------------------
+
+PAS16 has a SB emulation chip which can be used together with the native
+(16 bit) mode of the card. To enable this emulation you should configure
+the driver to have SB support too (this has been changed since version
+3.5-beta9 of this driver).
+
+With current driver versions it's also possible to use PAS16 together with
+another SB compatible card. In this case you should configure SB support
+for the other card and to disable the SB emulation of PAS16 (there is a
+separate questions about this).
+
+With PAS16 you can use two audio device files at the same time. /dev/dsp (and
+/dev/audio) is connected to the 8/16 bit native codec and the /dev/dsp1 (and
+/dev/audio1) is connected to the SB emulation (8 bit mono only).
+
+Gravis Ultrasound
+-----------------
+
+There are many different revisions of the Ultrasound card (GUS). The
+earliest ones (pre 3.7) don't have a hardware mixer. With these cards
+the driver uses a software emulation for synth and pcm playbacks. It's
+also possible to switch some of the inputs (line in, mic) off by setting
+mixer volume of the channel level below 10%. For recording you have
+to select the channel as a recording source and to use volume above 10%.
+
+GUS 3.7 has a hardware mixer.
+
+GUS MAX and the 16 bit sampling daughtercard have a CS4231 codec chip which
+also contains a mixer.
+
+Configuring GUS is simple. Just enable the GUS support and GUS MAX or
+the 16 bit daughtercard if you have them. Note that enabling the daughter
+card disables GUS MAX driver.
+
+NOTE for owners of the 16 bit daughtercard: By default the daughtercard
+uses /dev/dsp (and /dev/audio). Command "ln -sf /dev/dsp1 /dev/dsp"
+selects the daughter card as the default device.
+
+With just the standard GUS enabled the configuration program prompts
+for the I/O, IRQ and DMA numbers for the card. Use the same values than
+with DOS.
+
+With the daughter card option enabled you will be prompted for the I/O,
+IRQ and DMA numbers for the daughter card. You have to use different I/O
+and DMA values than for the standard GUS. The daughter card permits
+simultaneous recording and playback. Use /dev/dsp (the daughtercard) for
+recording and /dev/dsp1 (GUS GF1) for playback.
+
+GUS MAX uses the same I/O address and IRQ settings than the original GUS
+(GUS MAX = GUS + a CS4231 codec). In addition an extra DMA channel may be used.
+Using two DMA channels permits simultaneous playback using two devices
+(dev/dsp0 and /dev/dsp1). The second DMA channel is required for
+full duplex audio.
+To enable the second DMA channels, give a valid DMA channel when the config
+program asks for the GUS MAX DMA (entering -1 disables the second DMA).
+Using 16 bit DMA channels (5,6 or 7) is recommended.
+
+If you have problems in recording with GUS MAX, you could try to use
+just one 8 bit DMA channel. Recording will not work with one DMA
+channel if it's a 16 bit one.
+
+Microphone input of GUS MAX is connected to mixer in little bit nonstandard
+way. There is actually two microphone volume controls. Normal "mic" controls
+only recording level. Mixer control "speaker" is used to control volume of
+microphone signal connected directly to line/speaker out. So just decrease
+volume of "speaker" if you have problems with microphone feedback.
+
+GUS ACE works too but any attempt to record or to use the MIDI port
+will fail.
+
+GUS PnP (with RAM) is partially supported but it needs to be initialized using
+DOS or isapnptools before starting the driver.
+
+MPU401 and Windows Sound System
+-------------------------------
+
+Again. Don't enable these options in case your card is listed
+somewhere else in this file.
+
+Configuring these cards is obvious (or it should be). With MSS
+you should probably enable the OPL3 synth also since
+most MSS compatible cards have it. However check that this is true
+before enabling OPL3.
+
+Sound driver supports more than one MPU401 compatible cards at the same time
+but the config program asks config info for just the first of them.
+Adding the second or third MPU interfaces must be done manually by
+editing sound/local.h (after running the config program). Add defines for
+MPU2_BASE & MPU2_IRQ (and MPU3_BASE & MPU3_IRQ) to the file.
+
+CAUTION!
+
+The default I/O base of Adaptec AHA-1542 SCSI controller is 0x330 which
+is also the default of the MPU401 driver. Don't configure the sound driver to
+use 0x330 as the MPU401 base if you have a AHA1542. The kernel will not boot
+if you make this mistake.
+
+PSS
+---
+
+Even the PSS cards are compatible with SB, MSS and MPU401, you must not
+enable these options when configuring the driver. The configuration
+program handles these options itself. (You may use the SB, MPU and MSS options
+together with PSS if you have another card on the system).
+
+The PSS driver enables MSS and MPU401 modes of the card. SB is not enabled
+since it doesn't work concurrently with MSS. The driver loads also a
+DSP algorithm which is used to for the general MIDI emulation. The
+algorithm file (.ld) is read by the config program and written to a
+file included when the pss.c is compiled. For this reason the config
+program asks if you want to download the file. Use the genmidi.ld file
+distributed with the DOS/Windows drivers of the card (don't use the mt32.ld).
+With some cards the file is called 'synth.ld'. You must have access to
+the file when configuring the driver. The easiest way is to mount the DOS
+partition containing the file with Linux.
+
+It's possible to load your own DSP algorithms and run them with the card.
+Look at the directory pss_test of snd-util-3.0.tar.gz for more info.
+
+AudioTrix Pro
+-------------
+
+You have to enable the OPL3 and SB (not SB Pro or SB16) drivers in addition
+to the native AudioTrix driver. Don't enable MSS or MPU drivers.
+
+Configuring ATP is little bit tricky since it uses so many I/O, IRQ and
+DMA numbers. Using the same values than with DOS/Win is a good idea. Don't
+attempt to use the same IRQ or DMA channels twice.
+
+The SB mode of ATP is implemented so the ATP driver just enables SB
+in the proper address. The SB driver handles the rest. You have to configure
+both the SB driver and the SB mode of ATP to use the same IRQ, DMA and I/O
+settings.
+
+Also the ATP has a microcontroller for the General MIDI emulation (OPL4).
+For this reason the driver asks for the name of a file containing the
+microcode (TRXPRO.HEX). This file is usually located in the directory
+where the DOS drivers were installed. You must have access to this file
+when configuring the driver.
+
+If you have the effects daughtercard, it must be initialized by running
+the setfx program of snd-util-3.0.tar.gz package. This step is not required
+when using the (future) binary distribution version of the driver.
+
+Ensoniq SoundScape
+------------------
+
+NOTE! The new PnP SoundScape is not supported yet. Soundscape compatible
+ cards made by Reveal don't work with Linux. They use older revision
+ of the Soundscape chipset which is not fully compatible with
+ newer cards made by Ensoniq.
+
+The SoundScape driver handles initialization of MSS and MPU supports
+itself so you don't need to enable other drivers than SoundScape
+(enable also the /dev/dsp, /dev/sequencer and MIDI supports).
+
+!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+!!!!! !!!!
+!!!!! NOTE! Before version 3.5-beta6 there WERE two sets of audio !!!!
+!!!!! device files (/dev/dsp0 and /dev/dsp1). The first one WAS !!!!
+!!!!! used only for card initialization and the second for audio !!!!
+!!!!! purposes. It WAS required to change /dev/dsp (a symlink) to !!!!
+!!!!! point to /dev/dsp1. !!!!
+!!!!! !!!!
+!!!!! This is not required with OSS versions 3.5-beta6 and later !!!!
+!!!!! since there is now just one audio device file. Please !!!!
+!!!!! change /dev/dsp to point back to /dev/dsp0 if you are !!!!
+!!!!! upgrading from an earlier driver version using !!!!
+!!!!! (cd /dev;rm dsp;ln -s dsp0 dsp). !!!!
+!!!!! !!!!
+!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+The configuration program asks one DMA channel and two interrupts. One IRQ
+and one DMA is used by the MSS codec. The second IRQ is required for the
+MPU401 mode (you have to use different IRQs for both purposes).
+There were earlier two DMA channels for SoundScape but the current driver
+version requires just one.
+
+The SoundScape card has a Motorola microcontroller which must initialized
+_after_ boot (the driver doesn't initialize it during boot).
+The initialization is done by running the 'ssinit' program which is
+distributed in the snd-util-3.0.tar.gz package. You have to edit two
+defines in the ssinit.c and then compile the program. You may run ssinit
+manually (after each boot) or add it to /etc/rc.d/rc.local.
+
+The ssinit program needs the microcode file that comes with the DOS/Windows
+driver of the card. You will need to use version 1.30.00 or later
+of the microcode file (sndscape.co0 or sndscape.co1 depending on
+your card model). THE OLD sndscape.cod WILL NOT WORK. IT WILL HANG YOUR
+MACHINE. The only way to get the new microcode file is to download
+and install the DOS/Windows driver from ftp://ftp.ensoniq.com/pub.
+
+Then you have to select the proper microcode file to use: soundscape.co0
+is the right one for most cards and sndscape.co1 is for few (older) cards
+made by Reveal and/or Spea. The driver has capability to detect the card
+version during boot. Look at the boot log messages in /var/adm/messages
+and locate the sound driver initialization message for the SoundScape
+card. If the driver displays string <Ensoniq Soundscape (old)>, you have
+an old card and you will need to use sndscape.co1. For other cards use
+soundscape.co0. New Soundscape revisions such as Elite and PnP use
+code files with higher numbers (.co2, .co3, etc.).
+
+NOTE! Ensoniq Soundscape VIVO is not compatible with other Soundscape cards.
+ Currently it's possible to use it in Linux only with OSS/Linux
+ drivers.
+
+Check /var/adm/messages after running ssinit. The driver prints
+the board version after downloading the microcode file. That version
+number must match the number in the name of the microcode file (extension).
+
+Running ssinit with a wrong version of the sndscape.co? file is not
+dangerous as long as you don't try to use a file called sndscape.cod.
+If you have initialized the card using a wrong microcode file (sounds
+are terrible), just modify ssinit.c to use another microcode file and try
+again. It's possible to use an earlier version of sndscape.co[01] but it
+may sound weird.
+
+MAD16 (Pro) and Mozart
+----------------------
+
+You need to enable just the MAD16 /Mozart support when configuring
+the driver. _Don't_ enable SB, MPU401 or MSS. However you will need the
+/dev/audio, /dev/sequencer and MIDI supports.
+
+Mozart and OPTi 82C928 (the original MAD16) chips don't support
+MPU401 mode so enter just 0 when the configuration program asks the
+MPU/MIDI I/O base. The MAD16 Pro (OPTi 82C929) and 82C930 chips have MPU401
+mode.
+
+TB Tropez is based on the 82C929 chip. It has two MIDI ports.
+The one connected to the MAD16 chip is the second one (there is a second
+MIDI connector/pins somewhere??). If you have not connected the second MIDI
+port, just disable the MIDI port of MAD16. The 'Maui' compatible synth of
+Tropez is jumper configurable and not connected to the MAD16 chip (the
+Maui driver can be used with it).
+
+Some MAD16 based cards may cause feedback, whistle or terrible noise if the
+line3 mixer channel is turned too high. This happens at least with Shuttle
+Sound System. Current driver versions set volume of line3 low enough so
+this should not be a problem.
+
+If you have a MAD16 card which have an OPL4 (FM + Wave table) synthesizer
+chip (_not_ an OPL3), you have to append a line containing #define MAD16_OPL4
+to the file linux/drivers/sound/local.h (after running make config).
+
+MAD16 cards having a CS4231 codec support full duplex mode. This mode
+can be enabled by configuring the card to use two DMA channels. Possible
+DMA channel pairs are: 0&1, 1&0 and 3&0.
+
+NOTE! Cards having an OPTi 82C924/82C925 chip work with OSS/Free only in
+non-PnP mode (usually jumper selectable). The PnP mode is supported only
+by OSS/Linux.
+
+MV Jazz (ProSonic)
+------------------
+
+The Jazz16 driver is just a hack made to the SB Pro driver. However it works
+fairly well. You have to enable SB, SB Pro (_not_ SB16) and MPU401 supports
+when configuring the driver. The configuration program asks later if you
+want support for MV Jazz16 based cards (after asking SB base address). Answer
+'y' here and the driver asks the second (16 bit) DMA channel.
+
+The Jazz16 driver uses the MPU401 driver in a way which will cause
+problems if you have another MPU401 compatible card. In this case you must
+give address of the Jazz16 based MPU401 interface when the config
+program prompts for the MPU401 information. Then look at the MPU401
+specific section for instructions about configuring more than one MPU401 cards.
+
+Logitech Soundman Wave
+----------------------
+
+Read the above MV Jazz specific instructions first.
+
+The Logitech SoundMan Wave (don't confuse this with the SM16 or SM Games) is
+a MV Jazz based card which has an additional OPL4 based wave table
+synthesizer. The OPL4 chip is handled by an on board microcontroller
+which must be initialized during boot. The config program asks if
+you have a SM Wave immediately after asking the second DMA channel of jazz16.
+If you answer 'y', the config program will ask name of the file containing
+code to be loaded to the microcontroller. The file is usually called
+MIDI0001.BIN and it's located in the DOS/Windows driver directory. The file
+may also be called as TSUNAMI.BIN or something else (older cards?).
+
+The OPL4 synth will be inaccessible without loading the microcontroller code.
+
+Also remember to enable SB MPU401 support if you want to use the OPL4 mode.
+(Don't enable the 'normal' MPU401 device as with some earlier driver
+versions (pre 3.5-alpha8)).
+
+NOTE! Don't answer 'y' when the driver asks about SM Games support
+ (the next question after the MIDI0001.BIN name). However
+ answering 'y' doesn't cause damage your computer so don't panic.
+
+Sound Galaxies
+--------------
+
+There are many different Sound Galaxy cards made by Aztech. The 8 bit
+ones are fully SB or SB Pro compatible and there should be no problems
+with them.
+
+The older 16 bit cards (SG Pro16, SG NX Pro16, Nova and Lyra) have
+an EEPROM chip for storing the configuration data. There is a microcontroller
+which initializes the card to match the EEPROM settings when the machine
+is powered on. These cards actually behave just like they have jumpers
+for all of the settings. Configure driver for MSS, MPU, SB/SB Pro and OPL3
+supports with these cards.
+
+There are some new Sound Galaxies in the market. I have no experience with
+them so read the card's manual carefully.
+
+ESS ES1688 and ES688 'AudioDrive' based cards
+---------------------------------------------
+
+Support for these two ESS chips is embedded in the SB driver.
+Configure these cards just like SB. Enable the 'SB MPU401 MIDI port'
+if you want to use MIDI features of ES1688. ES688 doesn't have MPU mode
+so you don't need to enable it (the driver uses normal SB MIDI automatically
+with ES688).
+
+NOTE! ESS cards are not compatible with MSS/WSS so don't worry if MSS support
+of OSS doesn't work with it.
+
+There are some ES1688/688 based sound cards and (particularly) motherboards
+which use software configurable I/O port relocation feature of the chip.
+This ESS proprietary feature is supported only by OSS/Linux.
+
+There are ES1688 based cards which use different interrupt pin assignment than
+recommended by ESS (5, 7, 9/2 and 10). In this case all IRQs don't work.
+At least a card called (Pearl?) Hypersound 16 supports IRQ 15 but it doesn't
+work.
+
+ES1868 is a PnP chip which is (supposed to be) compatible with ESS1688
+probably works with OSS/Free after initialization using isapnptools.
+
+Reveal cards
+------------
+
+There are several different cards made/marketed by Reveal. Some of them
+are compatible with SoundScape and some use the MAD16 chip. You may have
+to look at the card and try to identify its origin.
+
+Diamond
+-------
+
+The oldest (Sierra Aria based) sound cards made by Diamond are not supported
+(they may work if the card is initialized using DOS). The recent (LX?)
+models are based on the MAD16 chip which is supported by the driver.
+
+Audio Excel DSP16
+-----------------
+
+Support for this card is currently not functional. A new driver for it
+should be available later this year.
+
+PCMCIA cards
+------------
+
+Sorry, can't help. Some cards may work and some don't.
+
+TI TM4000M notebooks
+--------------------
+
+These computers have a built in sound support based on the Jazz chipset.
+Look at the instructions for MV Jazz (above). It's also important to note
+that there is something wrong with the mouse port and sound at least on
+some TM models. Don't enable the "C&T 82C710 mouse port support" when
+configuring Linux. Having it enabled is likely to cause mysterious problems
+and kernel failures when sound is used.
+
+miroSOUND
+---------
+
+The miroSOUND PCM1-pro, PCM12 and PCM20 radio has been used
+successfully. These cards are based on the MAD16, OPL4, and CS4231A chips
+and everything said in the section about MAD16 cards applies here,
+too. The only major difference between the PCMxx and other MAD16 cards
+is that instead of the mixer in the CS4231 codec a separate mixer
+controlled by an on-board 80C32 microcontroller is used. Control of
+the mixer takes place via the ACI (miro's audio control interface)
+protocol that is implemented in a separate lowlevel driver. Make sure
+you compile this ACI driver together with the normal MAD16 support
+when you use a miroSOUND PCMxx card. The ACI mixer is controlled by
+/dev/mixer and the CS4231 mixer by /dev/mixer1 (depends on load
+time). Only in special cases you want to change something regularly on
+the CS4231 mixer.
+
+The miroSOUND PCM12 and PCM20 radio is capable of full duplex
+operation (simultaneous PCM replay and recording), which allows you to
+implement nice real-time signal processing audio effect software and
+network telephones. The ACI mixer has to be switched into the "solo"
+mode for duplex operation in order to avoid feedback caused by the
+mixer (input hears output signal). You can de-/activate this mode
+through toggleing the record button for the wave controller with an
+OSS-mixer.
+
+The PCM20 contains a radio tuner, which is also controlled by
+ACI. This radio tuner is supported by the ACI driver together with the
+miropcm20.o module. Also the 7-band equalizer is integrated
+(limited by the OSS-design). Developement has started and maybe
+finished for the RDS decoder on this card, too. You will be able to
+read RadioText, the Programme Service name, Programme TYpe and
+others. Even the v4l radio module benefits from it with a refined
+strength value. See aci.[ch] and miropcm20*.[ch] for more details.
+
+The following configuration parameters have worked fine for the PCM12
+in Markus Kuhn's system, many other configurations might work, too:
+CONFIG_MAD16_BASE=0x530, CONFIG_MAD16_IRQ=11, CONFIG_MAD16_DMA=3,
+CONFIG_MAD16_DMA2=0, CONFIG_MAD16_MPU_BASE=0x330, CONFIG_MAD16_MPU_IRQ=10,
+DSP_BUFFSIZE=65536, SELECTED_SOUND_OPTIONS=0x00281000.
+
+Bas van der Linden is using his PCM1-pro with a configuration that
+differs in: CONFIG_MAD16_IRQ=7, CONFIG_MAD16_DMA=1, CONFIG_MAD16_MPU_IRQ=9
+
+Compaq Deskpro XL
+-----------------
+
+The builtin sound hardware of Compaq Deskpro XL is now supported.
+You need to configure the driver with MSS and OPL3 supports enabled.
+In addition you need to manually edit linux/drivers/sound/local.h and
+to add a line containing "#define DESKPROXL" if you used
+make menuconfig/xconfig.
+
+Others?
+-------
+
+Since there are so many different sound cards, it's likely that I have
+forgotten to mention many of them. Please inform me if you know yet another
+card which works with Linux, please inform me (or is anybody else
+willing to maintain a database of supported cards (just like in XF86)?).
+
+Cards not supported yet
+=======================
+
+Please check the version of sound driver you are using before
+complaining that your card is not supported. It's possible you are
+using a driver version which was released months before your card was
+introduced.
+
+First of all, there is an easy way to make most sound cards work with Linux.
+Just use the DOS based driver to initialize the card to a known state, then use
+loadlin.exe to boot Linux. If Linux is configured to use the same I/O, IRQ and
+DMA numbers as DOS, the card could work.
+(ctrl-alt-del can be used in place of loadlin.exe but it doesn't work with
+new motherboards). This method works also with all/most PnP sound cards.
+
+Don't get fooled with SB compatibility. Most cards are compatible with
+SB but that may require a TSR which is not possible with Linux. If
+the card is compatible with MSS, it's a better choice. Some cards
+don't work in the SB and MSS modes at the same time.
+
+Then there are cards which are no longer manufactured and/or which
+are relatively rarely used (such as the 8 bit ProAudioSpectrum
+models). It's extremely unlikely that such cards ever get supported.
+Adding support for a new card requires much work and increases time
+required in maintaining the driver (some changes need to be done
+to all low level drivers and be tested too, maybe with multiple
+operating systems). For this reason I have made a decision to not support
+obsolete cards. It's possible that someone else makes a separately
+distributed driver (diffs) for the card.
+
+Writing a driver for a new card is not possible if there are no
+programming information available about the card. If you don't
+find your new card from this file, look from the home page
+(http://www.opensound.com/ossfree). Then please contact
+manufacturer of the card and ask if they have (or are willing to)
+released technical details of the card. Do this before contacting me. I
+can only answer 'no' if there are no programming information available.
+
+I have made decision to not accept code based on reverse engineering
+to the driver. There are three main reasons: First I don't want to break
+relationships to sound card manufacturers. The second reason is that
+maintaining and supporting a driver without any specs will be a pain.
+The third reason is that companies have freedom to refuse selling their
+products to other than Windows users.
+
+Some companies don't give low level technical information about their
+products to public or at least their require signing a NDA. It's not
+possible to implement a freeware driver for them. However it's possible
+that support for such cards become available in the commercial version
+of this driver (see http://www.4Front-tech.com/oss.html for more info).
+
+There are some common audio chipsets that are not supported yet. For example
+Sierra Aria and IBM Mwave. It's possible that these architectures
+get some support in future but I can't make any promises. Just look
+at the home page (http://www.opensound.com/ossfree/new_cards.html)
+for latest info.
+
+Information about unsupported sound cards and chipsets is welcome as well
+as free copies of sound cards, SDKs and operating systems.
+
+If you have any corrections and/or comments, please contact me.
+
+Hannu Savolainen
+hannu@opensound.com
+
+Personal home page: http://www.compusonic.fi/~hannu
+home page of OSS/Free: http://www.opensound.com/ossfree
+
+home page of commercial OSS
+(Open Sound System) drivers: http://www.opensound.com/oss.html
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/README.awe b/Documentation/sound/oss/README.awe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80054cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/README.awe
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+================================================================
+ AWE32 Sound Driver for Linux / FreeBSD
+ version 0.4.3; Nov. 1, 1998
+
+ Takashi Iwai <iwai@ww.uni-erlangen.de>
+================================================================
+
+* GENERAL NOTES
+
+This is a sound driver extension for SoundBlaster AWE32 and other
+compatible cards (AWE32-PnP, SB32, SB32-PnP, AWE64 & etc) to enable
+the wave synth operations. The driver is provided for Linux 1.2.x
+and 2.[012].x kernels, as well as FreeBSD, on Intel x86 and DEC
+Alpha systems.
+
+This driver was written by Takashi Iwai <iwai@ww.uni-erlangen.de>,
+and provided "as is". The original source (awedrv-0.4.3.tar.gz) and
+binary packages are available on the following URL:
+ http://bahamut.mm.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~iwai/awedrv/
+Note that since the author is apart from this web site, the update is
+not frequent now.
+
+
+* NOTE TO LINUX USERS
+
+To enable this driver on linux-2.[01].x kernels, you need turn on
+"AWE32 synth" options in sound menu when configure your linux kernel
+and modules. The precise installation procedure is described in the
+AWE64-Mini-HOWTO and linux-kernel/Documetation/sound/AWE32.
+
+If you're using PnP cards, the card must be initialized before loading
+the sound driver. There're several options to do this:
+ - Initialize the card via ISA PnP tools, and load the sound module.
+ - Initialize the card on DOS, and load linux by loadlin.exe
+ - Use PnP kernel driver (for Linux-2.x.x)
+The detailed instruction for the solution using isapnp tools is found
+in many documents like above. A brief instruction is also included in
+the installation document of this package.
+For PnP driver project, please refer to the following URL:
+ http://www-jcr.lmh.ox.ac.uk/~pnp/
+
+
+* USING THE DRIVER
+
+The awedrv has several different playing modes to realize easy channel
+allocation for MIDI songs. To hear the exact sound quality, you need
+to obtain the extended sequencer program, drvmidi or playmidi-2.5.
+
+For playing MIDI files, you *MUST* load the soundfont file on the
+driver previously by sfxload utility. Otherwise you'll here no sounds
+at all! All the utilities and driver source packages are found in the
+above URL. The sfxload program is included in the package
+awesfx-0.4.3.tgz. Binary packages are available there, too. See the
+instruction in each package for installation.
+
+Loading a soundfont file is very simple. Just execute the command
+
+ % sfxload synthgm.sbk
+
+Then, sfxload transfers the file "synthgm.sbk" to the driver.
+Both SF1 and SF2 formats are accepted.
+
+Now you can hear midi musics by a midi player.
+
+ % drvmidi foo.mid
+
+If you run MIDI player after MOD player, you need to load soundfont
+files again, since MOD player programs clear the previous loaded
+samples by their own data.
+
+If you have only 512kb on the sound card, I recommend to use dynamic
+sample loading via -L option of drvmidi. 2MB GM/GS soundfont file is
+available in most midi files.
+
+ % sfxload synthgm
+ % drvmidi -L 2mbgmgs foo.mid
+
+This makes a big difference (believe me)! For more details, please
+refer to the FAQ list which is available on the URL above.
+
+The current chorus, reverb and equalizer status can be changed by
+aweset utility program (included in awesfx package). Note that
+some awedrv-native programs (like drvmidi and xmp) will change the
+current settings by themselves. The aweset program is effective
+only for other programs like playmidi.
+
+Enjoy.
+
+
+* COMPILE FLAGS
+
+Compile conditions are defined in awe_config.h.
+
+[Compatibility Conditions]
+The following flags are defined automatically when using installation
+shell script.
+
+- AWE_MODULE_SUPPORT
+ indicates your Linux kernel supports module for each sound card
+ (in recent 2.1 or 2.2 kernels and unofficial patched 2.0 kernels
+ as distributed in the RH5.0 package).
+ This flag is automatically set when you're using 2.1.x kernels.
+ You can pass the base address and memory size via the following
+ module options,
+ io = base I/O port address (eg. 0x620)
+ memsize = DRAM size in kilobytes (eg. 512)
+ As default, AWE driver probes these values automatically.
+
+
+[Hardware Conditions]
+You DON'T have to define the following two values.
+Define them only when the driver couldn't detect the card properly.
+
+- AWE_DEFAULT_BASE_ADDR (default: not defined)
+ specifies the base port address of your AWE32 card.
+ 0 means to autodetect the address.
+
+- AWE_DEFAULT_MEM_SIZE (default: not defined)
+ specifies the memory size of your AWE32 card in kilobytes.
+ -1 means to autodetect its size.
+
+
+[Sample Table Size]
+From ver.0.4.0, sample tables are allocated dynamically (except
+Linux-1.2.x system), so you need NOT to touch these parameters.
+Linux-1.2.x users may need to increase these values to appropriate size
+if the sound card is equipped with more DRAM.
+
+- AWE_MAX_SF_LISTS, AWE_MAX_SAMPLES, AWE_MAX_INFOS
+
+
+[Other Conditions]
+
+- AWE_ALWAYS_INIT_FM (default: not defined)
+ indicates the AWE driver always initialize FM passthrough even
+ without DRAM on board. Emu8000 chip has a restriction for playing
+ samples on DRAM that at least two channels must be occupied as
+ passthrough channels.
+
+- AWE_DEBUG_ON (default: defined)
+ turns on debugging messages if defined.
+
+- AWE_HAS_GUS_COMPATIBILITY (default: defined)
+ Enables GUS compatibility mode if defined, reading GUS patches and
+ GUS control commands. Define this option to use GMOD or other
+ GUS module players.
+
+- CONFIG_AWE32_MIDIEMU (default: defined)
+ Adds a MIDI emulation device by Emu8000 wavetable. The emulation
+ device can be accessed as an external MIDI, and sends the MIDI
+ control codes directly. XG and GS sysex/NRPN are accepted.
+ No MIDI input is supported.
+
+- CONFIG_AWE32_MIXER (default: not defined)
+ Adds a mixer device for AWE32 bass/treble equalizer control.
+ You can access this device using /dev/mixer?? (usually mixer01).
+
+- AWE_USE_NEW_VOLUME_CALC (default: defined)
+ Use the new method to calculate the volume change as compatible
+ with DOS/Win drivers. This option can be toggled via aweset
+ program, or drvmidi player.
+
+- AWE_CHECK_VTARGET (default: defined)
+ Check the current volume target value when searching for an
+ empty channel to allocate a new voice. This is experimentally
+ implemented in this version. (probably, this option doesn't
+ affect the sound quality severely...)
+
+- AWE_ALLOW_SAMPLE_SHARING (default: defined)
+ Allow sample sharing for differently loaded patches.
+ This function is available only together with awesfx-0.4.3p3.
+ Note that this is still an experimental option.
+
+- DEF_FM_CHORUS_DEPTH (default: 0x10)
+ The default strength to be sent to the chorus effect engine.
+ From 0 to 0xff. Larger numbers may often cause weird sounds.
+
+- DEF_FM_REVERB_DEPTH (default: 0x10)
+ The default strength to be sent to the reverb effect engine.
+ From 0 to 0xff. Larger numbers may often cause weird sounds.
+
+
+* ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+Thanks to Witold Jachimczyk (witek@xfactor.wpi.edu) for much advice
+on programming of AWE32. Much code is brought from his AWE32-native
+MOD player, ALMP.
+The port of awedrv to FreeBSD is done by Randall Hopper
+(rhh@ct.picker.com).
+The new volume calculation routine was derived from Mark Weaver's
+ADIP compatible routines.
+I also thank linux-awe-ml members for their efforts
+to reboot their system many times :-)
+
+
+* TODO'S
+
+- Complete DOS/Win compatibility
+- DSP-like output
+
+
+* COPYRIGHT
+
+Copyright (C) 1996-1998 Takashi Iwai
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/README.modules b/Documentation/sound/oss/README.modules
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e691d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/README.modules
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+Building a modular sound driver
+================================
+
+ The following information is current as of linux-2.1.85. Check the other
+readme files, especially README.OSS, for information not specific to
+making sound modular.
+
+ First, configure your kernel. This is an idea of what you should be
+setting in the sound section:
+
+<M> Sound card support
+
+<M> 100% Sound Blaster compatibles (SB16/32/64, ESS, Jazz16) support
+
+ I have SoundBlaster. Select your card from the list.
+
+<M> Generic OPL2/OPL3 FM synthesizer support
+<M> FM synthesizer (YM3812/OPL-3) support
+
+ If you don't set these, you will probably find you can play .wav files
+but not .midi. As the help for them says, set them unless you know your
+card does not use one of these chips for FM support.
+
+ Once you are configured, make zlilo, modules, modules_install; reboot.
+Note that it is no longer necessary or possible to configure sound in the
+drivers/sound dir. Now one simply configures and makes one's kernel and
+modules in the usual way.
+
+ Then, add to your /etc/modprobe.conf something like:
+
+alias char-major-14-* sb
+install sb /sbin/modprobe -i sb && /sbin/modprobe adlib_card
+options sb io=0x220 irq=7 dma=1 dma16=5 mpu_io=0x330
+options adlib_card io=0x388 # FM synthesizer
+
+ Alternatively, if you have compiled in kernel level ISAPnP support:
+
+alias char-major-14 sb
+post-install sb /sbin/modprobe "-k" "adlib_card"
+options adlib_card io=0x388
+
+ The effect of this is that the sound driver and all necessary bits and
+pieces autoload on demand, assuming you use kerneld (a sound choice) and
+autoclean when not in use. Also, options for the device drivers are
+set. They will not work without them. Change as appropriate for your card.
+If you are not yet using the very cool kerneld, you will have to "modprobe
+-k sb" yourself to get things going. Eventually things may be fixed so
+that this kludgery is not necessary; for the time being, it seems to work
+well.
+
+ Replace 'sb' with the driver for your card, and give it the right
+options. To find the filename of the driver, look in
+/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/misc. Mine looks like:
+
+adlib_card.o # This is the generic OPLx driver
+opl3.o # The OPL3 driver
+sb.o # <<The SoundBlaster driver. Yours may differ.>>
+sound.o # The sound driver
+uart401.o # Used by sb, maybe other cards
+
+ Whichever card you have, try feeding it the options that would be the
+default if you were making the driver wired, not as modules. You can
+look at function referred to by module_init() for the card to see what
+args are expected.
+
+ Note that at present there is no way to configure the io, irq and other
+parameters for the modular drivers as one does for the wired drivers.. One
+needs to pass the modules the necessary parameters as arguments, either
+with /etc/modprobe.conf or with command-line args to modprobe, e.g.
+
+modprobe sb io=0x220 irq=7 dma=1 dma16=5 mpu_io=0x330
+modprobe adlib_card io=0x388
+
+ recommend using /etc/modprobe.conf.
+
+Persistent DMA Buffers:
+
+The sound modules normally allocate DMA buffers during open() and
+deallocate them during close(). Linux can often have problems allocating
+DMA buffers for ISA cards on machines with more than 16MB RAM. This is
+because ISA DMA buffers must exist below the 16MB boundary and it is quite
+possible that we can't find a large enough free block in this region after
+the machine has been running for any amount of time. The way to avoid this
+problem is to allocate the DMA buffers during module load and deallocate
+them when the module is unloaded. For this to be effective we need to load
+the sound modules right after the kernel boots, either manually or by an
+init script, and keep them around until we shut down. This is a little
+wasteful of RAM, but it guarantees that sound always works.
+
+To make the sound driver use persistent DMA buffers we need to pass the
+sound.o module a "dmabuf=1" command-line argument. This is normally done
+in /etc/modprobe.conf like so:
+
+options sound dmabuf=1
+
+If you have 16MB or less RAM or a PCI sound card, this is wasteful and
+unnecessary. It is possible that machine with 16MB or less RAM will find
+this option useful, but if your machine is so memory-starved that it
+cannot find a 64K block free, you will be wasting even more RAM by keeping
+the sound modules loaded and the DMA buffers allocated when they are not
+needed. The proper solution is to upgrade your RAM. But you do also have
+this improper solution as well. Use it wisely.
+
+ I'm afraid I know nothing about anything but my setup, being more of a
+text-mode guy anyway. If you have options for other cards or other helpful
+hints, send them to me, Jim Bray, jb@as220.org, http://as220.org/jb.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/README.ymfsb b/Documentation/sound/oss/README.ymfsb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af8a7d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/README.ymfsb
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+Legacy audio driver for YMF7xx PCI cards.
+
+
+FIRST OF ALL
+============
+
+ This code references YAMAHA's sample codes and data sheets.
+ I respect and thank for all people they made open the informations
+ about YMF7xx cards.
+
+ And this codes heavily based on Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>'s
+ old VIA 82Cxxx driver (via82cxxx.c). I also respect him.
+
+
+DISCLIMER
+=========
+
+ This driver is currently at early ALPHA stage. It may cause serious
+ damage to your computer when used.
+ PLEASE USE IT AT YOUR OWN RISK.
+
+
+ABOUT THIS DRIVER
+=================
+
+ This code enables you to use your YMF724[A-F], YMF740[A-C], YMF744, YMF754
+ cards. When enabled, your card acts as "SoundBlaster Pro" compatible card.
+ It can only play 22.05kHz / 8bit / Stereo samples, control external MIDI
+ port.
+ If you want to use your card as recent "16-bit" card, you should use
+ Alsa or OSS/Linux driver. Of course you can write native PCI driver for
+ your cards :)
+
+
+USAGE
+=====
+
+ # modprobe ymfsb (options)
+
+
+OPTIONS FOR MODULE
+==================
+
+ io : SB base address (0x220, 0x240, 0x260, 0x280)
+ synth_io : OPL3 base address (0x388, 0x398, 0x3a0, 0x3a8)
+ dma : DMA number (0,1,3)
+ master_volume: AC'97 PCM out Vol (0-100)
+ spdif_out : SPDIF-out flag (0:disable 1:enable)
+
+ These options will change in future...
+
+
+FREQUENCY
+=========
+
+ When playing sounds via this driver, you will hear its pitch is slightly
+ lower than original sounds. Since this driver recognizes your card acts
+ with 21.739kHz sample rates rather than 22.050kHz (I think it must be
+ hardware restriction). So many players become tone deafness.
+ To prevent this, you should express some options to your sound player
+ that specify correct sample frequency. For example, to play your MP3 file
+ correctly with mpg123, specify the frequency like following:
+
+ % mpg123 -r 21739 foo.mp3
+
+
+SPDIF OUT
+=========
+
+ With installing modules with option 'spdif_out=1', you can enjoy your
+ sounds from SPDIF-out of your card (if it had).
+ Its Fs is fixed to 48kHz (It never means the sample frequency become
+ up to 48kHz. All sounds via SPDIF-out also 22kHz samples). So your
+ digital-in capable components has to be able to handle 48kHz Fs.
+
+
+COPYING
+=======
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+ any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+
+TODO
+====
+ * support for multiple cards
+ (set the different SB_IO,MPU_IO,OPL_IO for each cards)
+
+ * support for OPL (dmfm) : There will be no requirements... :-<
+
+
+AUTHOR
+======
+
+ Daisuke Nagano <breeze.nagano@nifty.ne.jp>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/SoundPro b/Documentation/sound/oss/SoundPro
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d4db1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/SoundPro
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+Documentation for the SoundPro CMI8330 extensions in the WSS driver (ad1848.o)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+( Be sure to read Documentation/sound/oss/CMI8330 too )
+
+Ion Badulescu, ionut@cs.columbia.edu
+February 24, 1999
+
+(derived from the OPL3-SA2 documentation by Scott Murray)
+
+The SoundPro CMI8330 (ISA) is a chip usually found on some Taiwanese
+motherboards. The official name in the documentation is CMI8330, SoundPro
+is the nickname and the big inscription on the chip itself.
+
+The chip emulates a WSS as well as a SB16, but it has certain differences
+in the mixer section which require separate support. It also emulates an
+MPU401 and an OPL3 synthesizer, so you probably want to enable support
+for these, too.
+
+The chip identifies itself as an AD1848, but its mixer is significantly
+more advanced than the original AD1848 one. If your system works with
+either WSS or SB16 and you are having problems with some mixer controls
+(no CD audio, no line-in, etc), you might want to give this driver a try.
+Detection should work, but it hasn't been widely tested, so it might still
+mis-identify the chip. You can still force soundpro=1 in the modprobe
+parameters for ad1848. Please let me know if it happens to you, so I can
+adjust the detection routine.
+
+The chip is capable of doing full-duplex, but since the driver sees it as an
+AD1848, it cannot take advantage of this. Moreover, the full-duplex mode is
+not achievable through the WSS interface, b/c it needs a dma16 line which is
+assigned only to the SB16 subdevice (with isapnp). Windows documentation
+says the user must use WSS Playback and SB16 Recording for full-duplex, so
+it might be possible to do the same thing under Linux. You can try loading
+up both ad1848 and sb then use one for playback and the other for
+recording. I don't know if this works, b/c I haven't tested it. Anyway, if
+you try it, be very careful: the SB16 mixer *mostly* works, but certain
+settings can have unexpected effects. Use the WSS mixer for best results.
+
+There is also a PCI SoundPro chip. I have not seen this chip, so I have
+no idea if the driver will work with it. I suspect it won't.
+
+As with PnP cards, some configuration is required. There are two ways
+of doing this. The most common is to use the isapnptools package to
+initialize the card, and use the kernel module form of the sound
+subsystem and sound drivers. Alternatively, some BIOS's allow manual
+configuration of installed PnP devices in a BIOS menu, which should
+allow using the non-modular sound drivers, i.e. built into the kernel.
+Since in this latter case you cannot use module parameters, you will
+have to enable support for the SoundPro at compile time.
+
+The IRQ and DMA values can be any that are considered acceptable for a
+WSS. Assuming you've got isapnp all happy, then you should be able to
+do something like the following (which *must* match the isapnp/BIOS
+configuration):
+
+modprobe ad1848 io=0x530 irq=11 dma=0 soundpro=1
+-and maybe-
+modprobe sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=5
+
+-then-
+modprobe mpu401 io=0x330 irq=9
+modprobe opl3 io=0x388
+
+If all goes well and you see no error messages, you should be able to
+start using the sound capabilities of your system. If you get an
+error message while trying to insert the module(s), then make
+sure that the values of the various arguments match what you specified
+in your isapnp configuration file, and that there is no conflict with
+another device for an I/O port or interrupt. Checking the contents of
+/proc/ioports and /proc/interrupts can be useful to see if you're
+butting heads with another device.
+
+If you do not see the chipset version message, and none of the other
+messages present in the system log are helpful, try adding 'debug=1'
+to the ad1848 parameters, email me the syslog results and I'll do
+my best to help.
+
+Lastly, if you're using modules and want to set up automatic module
+loading with kmod, the kernel module loader, here is the section I
+currently use in my conf.modules file:
+
+# Sound
+post-install sound modprobe -k ad1848; modprobe -k mpu401; modprobe -k opl3
+options ad1848 io=0x530 irq=11 dma=0
+options sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=5
+options mpu401 io=0x330 irq=9
+options opl3 io=0x388
+
+The above ensures that ad1848 will be loaded whenever the sound system
+is being used.
+
+Good luck.
+
+Ion
+
+NOT REALLY TESTED:
+- recording
+- recording device selection
+- full-duplex
+
+TODO:
+- implement mixer support for surround, loud, digital CD switches.
+- come up with a scheme which allows recording volumes for each subdevice.
+This is a major OSS API change.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/Soundblaster b/Documentation/sound/oss/Soundblaster
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b288d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/Soundblaster
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+modprobe sound
+insmod uart401
+insmod sb ...
+
+This loads the driver for the Sound Blaster and assorted clones. Cards that
+are covered by other drivers should not be using this driver.
+
+The Sound Blaster module takes the following arguments
+
+io I/O address of the Sound Blaster chip (0x220,0x240,0x260,0x280)
+irq IRQ of the Sound Blaster chip (5,7,9,10)
+dma 8-bit DMA channel for the Sound Blaster (0,1,3)
+dma16 16-bit DMA channel for SB16 and equivalent cards (5,6,7)
+mpu_io I/O for MPU chip if present (0x300,0x330)
+
+sm_games=1 Set if you have a Logitech soundman games
+acer=1 Set this to detect cards in some ACER notebooks
+mwave_bug=1 Set if you are trying to use this driver with mwave (see on)
+type Use this to specify a specific card type
+
+The following arguments are taken if ISAPnP support is compiled in
+
+isapnp=0 Set this to disable ISAPnP detection (use io=0xXXX etc. above)
+multiple=0 Set to disable detection of multiple Soundblaster cards.
+ Consider it a bug if this option is needed, and send in a
+ report.
+pnplegacy=1 Set this to be able to use a PnP card(s) along with a single
+ non-PnP (legacy) card. Above options for io, irq, etc. are
+ needed, and will apply only to the legacy card.
+reverse=1 Reverses the order of the search in the PnP table.
+uart401=1 Set to enable detection of mpu devices on some clones.
+isapnpjump=n Jumps to slot n in the driver's PnP table. Use the source,
+ Luke.
+
+You may well want to load the opl3 driver for synth music on most SB and
+clone SB devices
+
+insmod opl3 io=0x388
+
+Using Mwave
+
+To make this driver work with Mwave you must set mwave_bug. You also need
+to warm boot from DOS/Windows with the required firmware loaded under this
+OS. IBM are being difficult about documenting how to load this firmware.
+
+Avance Logic ALS007
+
+This card is supported; see the separate file ALS007 for full details.
+
+Avance Logic ALS100
+
+This card is supported; setup should be as for a standard Sound Blaster 16.
+The driver will identify the audio device as a "Sound Blaster 16 (ALS-100)".
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/Tropez+ b/Documentation/sound/oss/Tropez+
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b93a6b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/Tropez+
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+From: Paul Barton-Davis <pbd@op.net>
+
+Here is the configuration I use with a Tropez+ and my modular
+driver:
+
+ alias char-major-14 wavefront
+ alias synth0 wavefront
+ alias mixer0 cs4232
+ alias audio0 cs4232
+ pre-install wavefront modprobe "-k" "cs4232"
+ post-install wavefront modprobe "-k" "opl3"
+ options wavefront io=0x200 irq=9
+ options cs4232 synthirq=9 synthio=0x200 io=0x530 irq=5 dma=1 dma2=0
+ options opl3 io=0x388
+
+Things to note:
+
+ the wavefront options "io" and "irq" ***MUST*** match the "synthio"
+ and "synthirq" cs4232 options.
+
+ you can do without the opl3 module if you don't
+ want to use the OPL/[34] synth on the soundcard
+
+ the opl3 io parameter is conventionally not adjustable.
+
+Please see drivers/sound/README.wavefront for more details.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/VIA-chipset b/Documentation/sound/oss/VIA-chipset
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3786523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/VIA-chipset
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+Running sound cards on VIA chipsets
+
+o There are problems with VIA chipsets and sound cards that appear to
+ lock the hardware solidly. Test programs under DOS have verified the
+ problem exists on at least some (but apparently not all) VIA boards
+
+o VIA have so far failed to bother to answer support mail on the subject
+ so if you are a VIA engineer feeling aggrieved as you read this
+ document go chase your own people. If there is a workaround please
+ let us know so we can implement it.
+
+
+Certain patterns of ISA DMA access used for most PC sound cards cause the
+VIA chipsets to lock up. From the collected reports this appears to cover a
+wide range of boards. Some also lock up with sound cards under Win* as well.
+
+Linux implements a workaround providing your chipset is PCI and you compiled
+with PCI Quirks enabled. If so you will see a message
+ "Activating ISA DMA bug workarounds"
+
+during booting. If you have a VIA PCI chipset that hangs when you use the
+sound and is not generating this message even with PCI quirks enabled
+please report the information to the linux-kernel list (see REPORTING-BUGS).
+
+If you are one of the tiny number of unfortunates with a 486 ISA/VLB VIA
+chipset board you need to do the following to build a special kernel for
+your board
+
+ edit linux/include/asm-i386/dma.h
+
+change
+
+#define isa_dma_bridge_buggy (0)
+
+to
+
+#define isa_dma_bridge_buggy (1)
+
+and rebuild a kernel without PCI quirk support.
+
+
+Other than this particular glitch the VIA [M]VP* chipsets appear to work
+perfectly with Linux.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/VIBRA16 b/Documentation/sound/oss/VIBRA16
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68a5a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/VIBRA16
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+Sound Blaster 16X Vibra addendum
+--------------------------------
+by Marius Ilioaea <mariusi@protv.ro>
+ Stefan Laudat <stefan@asit.ro>
+
+Sat Mar 6 23:55:27 EET 1999
+
+ Hello again,
+
+ Playing with a SB Vibra 16x soundcard we found it very difficult
+to setup because the kernel reported a lot of DMA errors and wouldn't
+simply play any sound.
+ A good starting point is that the vibra16x chip full-duplex facility
+is neither still exploited by the sb driver found in the linux kernel
+(tried it with a 2.2.2-ac7), nor in the commercial OSS package (it reports
+it as half-duplex soundcard). Oh, I almost forgot, the RedHat sndconfig
+failed detecting it ;)
+ So, the big problem still remains, because the sb module wants a
+8-bit and a 16-bit dma, which we could not allocate for vibra... it supports
+only two 8-bit dma channels, the second one will be passed to the module
+as a 16 bit channel, the kernel will yield about that but everything will
+be okay, trust us.
+ The only inconvenient you may find is that you will have
+some sound playing jitters if you have HDD dma support enabled - but this
+will happen with almost all soundcards...
+
+ A fully working isapnp.conf is just here:
+
+<snip here>
+
+(READPORT 0x0203)
+(ISOLATE PRESERVE)
+(IDENTIFY *)
+(VERBOSITY 2)
+(CONFLICT (IO FATAL)(IRQ FATAL)(DMA FATAL)(MEM FATAL)) # or WARNING
+# SB 16 and OPL3 devices
+(CONFIGURE CTL00f0/-1 (LD 0
+(INT 0 (IRQ 5 (MODE +E)))
+(DMA 0 (CHANNEL 1))
+(DMA 1 (CHANNEL 3))
+(IO 0 (SIZE 16) (BASE 0x0220))
+(IO 2 (SIZE 4) (BASE 0x0388))
+(NAME "CTL00f0/-1[0]{Audio }")
+(ACT Y)
+))
+
+# Joystick device - only if you need it :-/
+
+(CONFIGURE CTL00f0/-1 (LD 1
+(IO 0 (SIZE 1) (BASE 0x0200))
+(NAME "CTL00f0/-1[1]{Game }")
+(ACT Y)
+))
+(WAITFORKEY)
+
+<end of snipping>
+
+ So, after a good kernel modules compilation and a 'depmod -a kernel_ver'
+you may want to:
+
+modprobe sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=3
+
+ Or, take the hard way:
+
+modprobe soundcore
+modprobe sound
+modprobe uart401
+modprobe sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=3
+# do you need MIDI?
+modprobe opl3=0x388
+
+ Just in case, the kernel sound support should be:
+
+CONFIG_SOUND=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_OSS=m
+CONFIG_SOUND_SB=m
+
+ Enjoy your new noisy Linux box! ;)
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/WaveArtist b/Documentation/sound/oss/WaveArtist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4f3407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/WaveArtist
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+
+ (the following is from the armlinux CVS)
+
+ WaveArtist mixer and volume levels can be accessed via these commands:
+
+ nn30 read registers nn, where nn = 00 - 09 for mixer settings
+ 0a - 13 for channel volumes
+ mm31 write the volume setting in pairs, where mm = (nn - 10) / 2
+ rr32 write the mixer settings in pairs, where rr = nn/2
+ xx33 reset all settings to default
+ 0y34 select mono source, y=0 = left, y=1 = right
+
+ bits
+ nn 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 00 | 0 | 0 0 1 1 | left line mixer gain | left aux1 mixer gain |lmute|
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 01 | 0 | 0 1 0 1 | left aux2 mixer gain | right 2 left mic gain |mmute|
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 02 | 0 | 0 1 1 1 | left mic mixer gain | left mic | left mixer gain |dith |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 03 | 0 | 1 0 0 1 | left mixer input select |lrfg | left ADC gain |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 04 | 0 | 1 0 1 1 | right line mixer gain | right aux1 mixer gain |rmute|
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 05 | 0 | 1 1 0 1 | right aux2 mixer gain | left 2 right mic gain |test |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 06 | 0 | 1 1 1 1 | right mic mixer gain | right mic |right mixer gain |rbyps|
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 07 | 1 | 0 0 0 1 | right mixer select |rrfg | right ADC gain |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 08 | 1 | 0 0 1 1 | mono mixer gain |right ADC mux sel|left ADC mux sel |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 09 | 1 | 0 1 0 1 |loopb|left linout|loop|ADCch|TxFch|OffCD|test |loopb|loopb|osamp|
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 0a | 0 | left PCM channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 0b | 0 | right PCM channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 0c | 0 | left FM channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 0d | 0 | right FM channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 0e | 0 | left wavetable channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 0f | 0 | right wavetable channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 10 | 0 | left PCM expansion channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 11 | 0 | right PCM expansion channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 12 | 0 | left FM expansion channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ 13 | 0 | right FM expansion channel volume |
+----+---+------------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+
+ lmute: left mute
+ mmute: mono mute
+ dith: dithds
+ lrfg:
+ rmute: right mute
+ rbyps: right bypass
+ rrfg:
+ ADCch:
+ TxFch:
+ OffCD:
+ osamp:
+
+ And the following diagram is derived from the description in the CVS archive:
+
+ MIC L (mouthpiece)
+ +------+
+ -->PreAmp>-\
+ +--^---+ |
+ | |
+ r2b4-5 | +--------+
+ /----*-------------------------------->5 |
+ | | |
+ | /----------------------------------->4 |
+ | | | |
+ | | /--------------------------------->3 1of5 | +---+
+ | | | | mux >-->AMP>--> ADC L
+ | | | /------------------------------->2 | +-^-+
+ | | | | | | |
+ Line | | | | +----+ +------+ +---+ /---->1 | r3b3-0
+ ------------*->mute>--> Gain >--> | | | |
+ L | | | +----+ +------+ | | | *->0 |
+ | | | | | | +---^----+
+ Aux2 | | | +----+ +------+ | | | |
+ ----------*--->mute>--> Gain >--> M | | r8b0-2
+ L | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | | | \------\
+ Aux1 | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ --------*----->mute>--> Gain >--> I | |
+ L | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | | |
+ | +----+ +------+ | | +---+ |
+ *------->mute>--> Gain >--> X >-->AMP>--*
+ | +----+ +------+ | | +-^-+ |
+ | | | | |
+ | +----+ +------+ | | r2b1-3 |
+ | /----->mute>--> Gain >--> E | |
+ | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | | | |
+ | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | /--->mute>--> Gain >--> R | |
+ | | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | | | | | r9b8-9
+ | | | +----+ +------+ | | | |
+ | | | /->mute>--> Gain >--> | | +---v---+
+ | | | | +----+ +------+ +---+ /-*->0 |
+ DAC | | | | | | |
+ ------------*----------------------------------->? | +----+
+ L | | | | | Mux >-->mute>--> L output
+ | | | | /->? | +--^-+
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | /--------->? | r0b0
+ | | | | | | +-------+
+ | | | | | |
+ Mono | | | | | | +-------+
+ ----------* | \---> | +----+
+ | | | | | | Mix >-->mute>--> Mono output
+ | | | | *-> | +--^-+
+ | | | | | +-------+ |
+ | | | | | r1b0
+ DAC | | | | | +-------+
+ ------------*-------------------------*--------->1 | +----+
+ R | | | | | | Mux >-->mute>--> R output
+ | | | | +----+ +------+ +---+ *->0 | +--^-+
+ | | | \->mute>--> Gain >--> | | +---^---+ |
+ | | | +----+ +------+ | | | | r5b0
+ | | | | | | r6b0
+ | | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | \--->mute>--> Gain >--> M | |
+ | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | | | |
+ | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | *----->mute>--> Gain >--> I | |
+ | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | | | |
+ | | +----+ +------+ | | +---+ |
+ \------->mute>--> Gain >--> X >-->AMP>--*
+ | +----+ +------+ | | +-^-+ |
+ /--/ | | | |
+ Aux1 | +----+ +------+ | | r6b1-3 |
+ -------*------>mute>--> Gain >--> E | |
+ R | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | | | |
+ Aux2 | | +----+ +------+ | | /------/
+ ---------*---->mute>--> Gain >--> R | |
+ R | | | +----+ +------+ | | |
+ | | | | | | +--------+
+ Line | | | +----+ +------+ | | | *->0 |
+ -----------*-->mute>--> Gain >--> | | | |
+ R | | | | +----+ +------+ +---+ \---->1 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | \-------------------------------->2 | +---+
+ | | | | Mux >-->AMP>--> ADC R
+ | | \---------------------------------->3 | +-^-+
+ | | | | |
+ | \------------------------------------>4 | r7b3-0
+ | | |
+ \-----*-------------------------------->5 |
+ | +---^----+
+ r6b4-5 | |
+ | | r8b3-5
+ +--v---+ |
+ -->PreAmp>-/
+ +------+
+ MIC R (electret mic)
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/Wavefront b/Documentation/sound/oss/Wavefront
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16f57ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/Wavefront
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+ An OSS/Free Driver for WaveFront soundcards
+ (Turtle Beach Maui, Tropez, Tropez Plus)
+
+ Paul Barton-Davis, July 1998
+
+ VERSION 0.2.5
+
+Driver Status
+-------------
+
+Requires: Kernel 2.1.106 or later (the driver is included with kernels
+2.1.109 and above)
+
+As of 7/22/1998, this driver is currently in *BETA* state. This means
+that it compiles and runs, and that I use it on my system (Linux
+2.1.106) with some reasonably demanding applications and uses. I
+believe the code is approaching an initial "finished" state that
+provides bug-free support for the Tropez Plus.
+
+Please note that to date, the driver has ONLY been tested on a Tropez
+Plus. I would very much like to hear (and help out) people with Tropez
+and Maui cards, since I think the driver can support those cards as
+well.
+
+Finally, the driver has not been tested (or even compiled) as a static
+(non-modular) part of the kernel. Alan Cox's good work in modularizing
+OSS/Free for Linux makes this rather unnecessary.
+
+Some Questions
+--------------
+
+**********************************************************************
+0) What does this driver do that the maui driver did not ?
+**********************************************************************
+
+* can fully initialize a WaveFront card from cold boot - no DOS
+ utilities needed
+* working patch/sample/program loading and unloading (the maui
+ driver didn't document how to make this work, and assumed
+ user-level preparation of the patch data for writing
+ to the board. ick.)
+* full user-level access to all WaveFront commands
+* for the Tropez Plus, (primitive) control of the YSS225 FX processor
+* Virtual MIDI mode supported - 2 MIDI devices accessible via the
+ WaveFront's MPU401/UART emulation. One
+ accesses the WaveFront synth, the other accesses the
+ external MIDI connector. Full MIDI read/write semantics
+ for both devices.
+* OSS-compliant /dev/sequencer interface for the WaveFront synth,
+ including native and GUS-format patch downloading.
+* semi-intelligent patch management (prototypical at this point)
+
+**********************************************************************
+1) What to do about MIDI interfaces ?
+**********************************************************************
+
+The Tropez Plus (and perhaps other WF cards) can in theory support up
+to 2 physical MIDI interfaces. One of these is connected to the
+ICS2115 chip (the WaveFront synth itself) and is controlled by
+MPU/UART-401 emulation code running as part of the WaveFront OS. The
+other is controlled by the CS4232 chip present on the board. However,
+physical access to the CS4232 connector is difficult, and it is
+unlikely (though not impossible) that you will want to use it.
+
+An older version of this driver introduced an additional kernel config
+variable which controlled whether or not the CS4232 MIDI interface was
+configured. Because of Alan Cox's work on modularizing the sound
+drivers, and now backporting them to 2.0.34 kernels, there seems to be
+little reason to support "static" configuration variables, and so this
+has been abandoned in favor of *only* module parameters. Specifying
+"mpuio" and "mpuirq" for the cs4232 parameter will result in the
+CS4232 MIDI interface being configured; leaving them unspecified will
+leave it unconfigured (and thus unusable).
+
+BTW, I have heard from one Tropez+ user that the CS4232 interface is
+more reliable than the ICS2115 one. I have had no problems with the
+latter, and I don't have the right cable to test the former one
+out. Reports welcome.
+
+**********************************************************************
+2) Why does line XXX of the code look like this .... ?
+**********************************************************************
+
+Either because it's not finished yet, or because you're a better coder
+than I am, or because you don't understand some aspect of how the card
+or the code works.
+
+I absolutely welcome comments, criticisms and suggestions about the
+design and implementation of the driver.
+
+**********************************************************************
+3) What files are included ?
+**********************************************************************
+
+ drivers/sound/README.wavefront -- this file
+
+ drivers/sound/wavefront.patch -- patches for the 2.1.106 sound drivers
+ needed to make the rest of this work
+ DO NOT USE IF YOU'VE APPLIED THEM
+ BEFORE, OR HAVE 2.1.109 OR ABOVE
+
+ drivers/sound/wavfront.c -- the driver
+ drivers/sound/ys225.h -- data declarations for FX config
+ drivers/sound/ys225.c -- data definitions for FX config
+ drivers/sound/wf_midi.c -- the "uart401" driver
+ to support virtual MIDI mode.
+ include/wavefront.h -- the header file
+ Documentation/sound/oss/Tropez+ -- short docs on configuration
+
+**********************************************************************
+4) How do I compile/install/use it ?
+**********************************************************************
+
+PART ONE: install the source code into your sound driver directory
+
+ cd <top-of-your-2.1.106-code-base-e.g.-/usr/src/linux>
+ tar -zxvf <where-you-put/wavefront.tar.gz>
+
+PART TWO: apply the patches
+
+ DO THIS ONLY IF YOU HAVE A KERNEL VERSION BELOW 2.1.109
+ AND HAVE NOT ALREADY INSTALLED THE PATCH(ES).
+
+ cd drivers/sound
+ patch < wavefront.patch
+
+PART THREE: configure your kernel
+
+ cd <top of your kernel tree>
+ make xconfig (or whichever config option you use)
+
+ - choose YES for Sound Support
+ - choose MODULE (M) for OSS Sound Modules
+ - choose MODULE(M) to YM3812/OPL3 support
+ - choose MODULE(M) for WaveFront support
+ - choose MODULE(M) for CS4232 support
+
+ - choose "N" for everything else (unless you have other
+ soundcards you want support for)
+
+
+ make boot
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ <whatever you normally do for a kernel install>
+ make modules
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ make modules_install
+
+Here's my autoconf.h SOUND section:
+
+/*
+ * Sound
+ */
+#define CONFIG_SOUND 1
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_OSS
+#define CONFIG_SOUND_OSS_MODULE 1
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_PAS
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_SB
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_ADLIB
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_GUS
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_MPU401
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_PSS
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_MSS
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_SSCAPE
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_TRIX
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_MAD16
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_WAVEFRONT
+#define CONFIG_SOUND_WAVEFRONT_MODULE 1
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_CS4232
+#define CONFIG_SOUND_CS4232_MODULE 1
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_MAUI
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_SGALAXY
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_OPL3SA1
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_SOFTOSS
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_YM3812
+#define CONFIG_SOUND_YM3812_MODULE 1
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_VMIDI
+#undef CONFIG_SOUND_UART6850
+/*
+ * Additional low level sound drivers
+ */
+#undef CONFIG_LOWLEVEL_SOUND
+
+************************************************************
+6) How do I configure my card ?
+************************************************************
+
+You need to edit /etc/modprobe.conf. Here's mine (edited to show the
+relevant details):
+
+ # Sound system
+ alias char-major-14-* wavefront
+ alias synth0 wavefront
+ alias mixer0 cs4232
+ alias audio0 cs4232
+ install wavefront /sbin/modprobe cs4232 && /sbin/modprobe -i wavefront && /sbin/modprobe opl3
+ options wavefront io=0x200 irq=9
+ options cs4232 synthirq=9 synthio=0x200 io=0x530 irq=5 dma=1 dma2=0
+ options opl3 io=0x388
+
+Things to note:
+
+ the wavefront options "io" and "irq" ***MUST*** match the "synthio"
+ and "synthirq" cs4232 options.
+
+ you can do without the opl3 module if you don't
+ want to use the OPL/[34] FM synth on the soundcard
+
+ the opl3 io parameter is conventionally not adjustable.
+ In theory, any not-in-use IO port address would work, but
+ just use 0x388 and stick with the crowd.
+
+**********************************************************************
+7) What about firmware ?
+**********************************************************************
+
+Turtle Beach have not given me permission to distribute their firmware
+for the ICS2115. However, if you have a WaveFront card, then you
+almost certainly have the firmware, and if not, its freely available
+on their website, at:
+
+ http://www.tbeach.com/tbs/downloads/scardsdown.htm#tropezplus
+
+The file is called WFOS2001.MOT (for the Tropez+).
+
+This driver, however, doesn't use the pure firmware as distributed,
+but instead relies on a somewhat processed form of it. You can
+generate this very easily. Following an idea from Andrew Veliath's
+Pinnacle driver, the following flex program will generate the
+processed version:
+
+---- cut here -------------------------
+%option main
+%%
+^S[28].*\r$ printf ("%c%.*s", yyleng-1,yyleng-1,yytext);
+<<EOF>> { fputc ('\0', stdout); return; }
+\n {}
+. {}
+---- cut here -------------------------
+
+To use it, put the above in file (say, ws.l) compile it like this:
+
+ shell> flex -ows.c ws.l
+ shell> cc -o ws ws.c
+
+and then use it like this:
+
+ ws < my-copy-of-the-oswf.mot-file > /etc/sound/wavefront.os
+
+If you put it somewhere else, you'll always have to use the wf_ospath
+module parameter (see below) or alter the source code.
+
+**********************************************************************
+7) How do I get it working ?
+**********************************************************************
+
+Optionally, you can reboot with the "new" kernel (even though the only
+changes have really been made to a module).
+
+Then, as root do:
+
+ modprobe wavefront
+
+You should get something like this in /var/log/messages:
+
+ WaveFront: firmware 1.20 already loaded.
+
+or
+
+ WaveFront: no response to firmware probe, assume raw.
+
+then:
+
+ WaveFront: waiting for memory configuration ...
+ WaveFront: hardware version 1.64
+ WaveFront: available DRAM 8191k
+ WaveFront: 332 samples used (266 real, 13 aliases, 53 multi), 180 empty
+ WaveFront: 128 programs slots in use
+ WaveFront: 256 patch slots filled, 142 in use
+
+The whole process takes about 16 seconds, the longest waits being
+after reporting the hardware version (during the firmware download),
+and after reporting program status (during patch status inquiry). Its
+shorter (about 10 secs) if the firmware is already loaded (i.e. only
+warm reboots since the last firmware load).
+
+The "available DRAM" line will vary depending on how much added RAM
+your card has. Mine has 8MB.
+
+To check basically functionality, use play(1) or splay(1) to send a
+.WAV or other audio file through the audio portion. Then use playmidi
+to play a General MIDI file. Try the "-D 0" to hear the
+difference between sending MIDI to the WaveFront and using the OPL/3,
+which is the default (I think ...). If you have an external synth(s)
+hooked to the soundcard, you can use "-e" to route to the
+external synth(s) (in theory, -D 1 should work as well, but I think
+there is a bug in playmidi which prevents this from doing what it
+should).
+
+**********************************************************************
+8) What are the module parameters ?
+**********************************************************************
+
+Its best to read wavefront.c for this, but here is a summary:
+
+integers:
+ wf_raw - if set, ignore apparent presence of firmware
+ loaded onto the ICS2115, reset the whole
+ board, and initialize it from scratch. (default = 0)
+
+ fx_raw - if set, always initialize the YSS225 processor
+ on the Tropez plus. (default = 1)
+
+ < The next 4 are basically for kernel hackers to allow
+ tweaking the driver for testing purposes. >
+
+ wait_usecs - loop timer used when waiting for
+ status conditions on the board.
+ The default is 150.
+
+ debug_default - debugging flags. See sound/wavefront.h
+ for WF_DEBUG_* values. Default is zero.
+ Setting this allows you to debug the
+ driver during module installation.
+strings:
+ ospath - path to get to the pre-processed OS firmware.
+ (default: /etc/sound/wavefront.os)
+
+**********************************************************************
+9) Who should I contact if I have problems?
+**********************************************************************
+
+Just me: Paul Barton-Davis <pbd@op.net>
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/btaudio b/Documentation/sound/oss/btaudio
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a693e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/btaudio
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+
+Intro
+=====
+
+people start bugging me about this with questions, looks like I
+should write up some documentation for this beast. That way I
+don't have to answer that much mails I hope. Yes, I'm lazy...
+
+
+You might have noticed that the bt878 grabber cards have actually
+_two_ PCI functions:
+
+$ lspci
+[ ... ]
+00:0a.0 Multimedia video controller: Brooktree Corporation Bt878 (rev 02)
+00:0a.1 Multimedia controller: Brooktree Corporation Bt878 (rev 02)
+[ ... ]
+
+The first does video, it is backward compatible to the bt848. The second
+does audio. btaudio is a driver for the second function. It's a sound
+driver which can be used for recording sound (and _only_ recording, no
+playback). As most TV cards come with a short cable which can be plugged
+into your sound card's line-in you probably don't need this driver if all
+you want to do is just watching TV...
+
+
+Driver Status
+=============
+
+Still somewhat experimental. The driver should work stable, i.e. it
+should'nt crash your box. It might not work as expected, have bugs,
+not being fully OSS API compilant, ...
+
+Latest versions are available from http://bytesex.org/bttv/, the
+driver is in the bttv tarball. Kernel patches might be available too,
+have a look at http://bytesex.org/bttv/listing.html.
+
+The chip knows two different modes. btaudio registers two dsp
+devices, one for each mode. They can not be used at the same time.
+
+
+Digital audio mode
+==================
+
+The chip gives you 16 bit stereo sound. The sample rate depends on
+the external source which feeds the bt878 with digital sound via I2S
+interface. There is a insmod option (rate) to tell the driver which
+sample rate the hardware uses (32000 is the default).
+
+One possible source for digital sound is the msp34xx audio processor
+chip which provides digital sound via I2S with 32 kHz sample rate. My
+Hauppauge board works this way.
+
+The Osprey-200 reportly gives you digital sound with 44100 Hz sample
+rate. It is also possible that you get no sound at all.
+
+
+analog mode (A/D)
+=================
+
+You can tell the driver to use this mode with the insmod option "analog=1".
+The chip has three analog inputs. Consequently you'll get a mixer device
+to control these.
+
+The analog mode supports mono only. Both 8 + 16 bit. Both are _signed_
+int, which is uncommon for the 8 bit case. Sample rate range is 119 kHz
+to 448 kHz. Yes, the number of digits is correct. The driver supports
+downsampling by powers of two, so you can ask for more usual sample rates
+like 44 kHz too.
+
+With my Hauppauge I get noisy sound on the second input (mapped to line2
+by the mixer device). Others get a useable signal on line1.
+
+
+some examples
+=============
+
+* read audio data from btaudio (dsp2), send to es1730 (dsp,dsp1):
+ $ sox -w -r 32000 -t ossdsp /dev/dsp2 -t ossdsp /dev/dsp
+
+* read audio data from btaudio, send to esound daemon (which might be
+ running on another host):
+ $ sox -c 2 -w -r 32000 -t ossdsp /dev/dsp2 -t sw - | esdcat -r 32000
+ $ sox -c 1 -w -r 32000 -t ossdsp /dev/dsp2 -t sw - | esdcat -m -r 32000
+
+
+Have fun,
+
+ Gerd
+
+--
+Gerd Knorr <kraxel@bytesex.org>
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/cs46xx b/Documentation/sound/oss/cs46xx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88d6cf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/cs46xx
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+
+Documentation for the Cirrus Logic/Crystal SoundFusion cs46xx/cs4280 audio
+controller chips (2001/05/11)
+
+The cs46xx audio driver supports the DSP line of Cirrus controllers.
+Specifically, the cs4610, cs4612, cs4614, cs4622, cs4624, cs4630 and the cs4280
+products. This driver uses the generic ac97_codec driver for AC97 codec
+support.
+
+
+Features:
+
+Full Duplex Playback/Capture supported from 8k-48k.
+16Bit Signed LE & 8Bit Unsigned, with Mono or Stereo supported.
+
+APM/PM - 2.2.x PM is enabled and functional. APM can also
+be enabled for 2.4.x by modifying the CS46XX_ACPI_SUPPORT macro
+definition.
+
+DMA playback buffer size is configurable from 16k (defaultorder=2) up to 2Meg
+(defaultorder=11). DMA capture buffer size is fixed at a single 4k page as
+two 2k fragments.
+
+MMAP seems to work well with QuakeIII, and test XMMS plugin.
+
+Myth2 works, but the polling logic is not fully correct, but is functional.
+
+The 2.4.4-ac6 gameport code in the cs461x joystick driver has been tested
+with a Microsoft Sidewinder joystick (cs461x.o and sidewinder.o). This
+audio driver must be loaded prior to the joystick driver to enable the
+DSP task image supporting the joystick device.
+
+
+Limitations:
+
+SPDIF is currently not supported.
+
+Primary codec support only. No secondary codec support is implemented.
+
+
+
+NOTES:
+
+Hercules Game Theatre XP - the EGPIO2 pin controls the external Amp,
+and has been tested.
+Module parameter hercules_egpio_disable set to 1, will force a 0 to EGPIODR
+to disable the external amplifier.
+
+VTB Santa Cruz - the GPIO7/GPIO8 on the Secondary Codec control
+the external amplifier for the "back" speakers, since we do not
+support the secondary codec then this external amp is not
+turned on. The primary codec external amplifier is supported but
+note that the AC97 EAPD bit is inverted logic (amp_voyetra()).
+
+DMA buffer size - there are issues with many of the Linux applications
+concerning the optimal buffer size. Several applications request a
+certain fragment size and number and then do not verify that the driver
+has the ability to support the requested configuration.
+SNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT ioctl is used to request a fragment size and
+number of fragments. Some applications exit if an error is returned
+on this particular ioctl. Therefore, in alignment with the other OSS audio
+drivers, no error is returned when a SETFRAGs IOCTL is received, but the
+values passed from the app are not used in any buffer calculation
+(ossfragshift/ossmaxfrags are not used).
+Use the "defaultorder=N" module parameter to change the buffer size if
+you have an application that requires a specific number of fragments
+or a specific buffer size (see below).
+
+Debug Interface
+---------------
+There is an ioctl debug interface to allow runtime modification of the
+debug print levels. This debug interface code can be disabled from the
+compilation process with commenting the following define:
+#define CSDEBUG_INTERFACE 1
+There is also a debug print methodolgy to select printf statements from
+different areas of the driver. A debug print level is also used to allow
+additional printfs to be active. Comment out the following line in the
+driver to disable compilation of the CS_DBGOUT print statements:
+#define CSDEBUG 1
+
+Please see the definitions for cs_debuglevel and cs_debugmask for additional
+information on the debug levels and sections.
+
+There is also a csdbg executable to allow runtime manipulation of these
+parameters. for a copy email: twoller@crystal.cirrus.com
+
+
+
+MODULE_PARMS definitions
+------------------------
+MODULE_PARM(defaultorder, "i");
+defaultorder=N
+where N is a value from 1 to 12
+The buffer order determines the size of the dma buffer for the driver.
+under Linux, a smaller buffer allows more responsiveness from many of the
+applications (e.g. games). A larger buffer allows some of the apps (esound)
+to not underrun the dma buffer as easily. As default, use 32k (order=3)
+rather than 64k as some of the games work more responsively.
+(2^N) * PAGE_SIZE = allocated buffer size
+
+MODULE_PARM(cs_debuglevel, "i");
+MODULE_PARM(cs_debugmask, "i");
+cs_debuglevel=N
+cs_debugmask=0xMMMMMMMM
+where N is a value from 0 (no debug printfs), to 9 (maximum)
+0xMMMMMMMM is a debug mask corresponding to the CS_xxx bits (see driver source).
+
+MODULE_PARM(hercules_egpio_disable, "i");
+hercules_egpio_disable=N
+where N is a 0 (enable egpio), or a 1 (disable egpio support)
+
+MODULE_PARM(initdelay, "i");
+initdelay=N
+This value is used to determine the millescond delay during the initialization
+code prior to powering up the PLL. On laptops this value can be used to
+assist with errors on resume, mostly with IBM laptops. Basically, if the
+system is booted under battery power then the mdelay()/udelay() functions fail to
+properly delay the required time. Also, if the system is booted under AC power
+and then the power removed, the mdelay()/udelay() functions will not delay properly.
+
+MODULE_PARM(powerdown, "i");
+powerdown=N
+where N is 0 (disable any powerdown of the internal blocks) or 1 (enable powerdown)
+
+
+MODULE_PARM(external_amp, "i");
+external_amp=1
+if N is set to 1, then force enabling the EAPD support in the primary AC97 codec.
+override the detection logic and force the external amp bit in the AC97 0x26 register
+to be reset (0). EAPD should be 0 for powerup, and 1 for powerdown. The VTB Santa Cruz
+card has inverted logic, so there is a special function for these cards.
+
+MODULE_PARM(thinkpad, "i");
+thinkpad=1
+if N is set to 1, then force enabling the clkrun functionality.
+Currently, when the part is being used, then clkrun is disabled for the entire system,
+but re-enabled when the driver is released or there is no outstanding open count.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/es1370 b/Documentation/sound/oss/es1370
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b38b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/es1370
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/proc/sound, /dev/sndstat
+-------------------------
+
+/proc/sound and /dev/sndstat is not supported by the
+driver. To find out whether the driver succeeded loading,
+check the kernel log (dmesg).
+
+
+ALaw/uLaw sample formats
+------------------------
+
+This driver does not support the ALaw/uLaw sample formats.
+ALaw is the default mode when opening a sound device
+using OSS/Free. The reason for the lack of support is
+that the hardware does not support these formats, and adding
+conversion routines to the kernel would lead to very ugly
+code in the presence of the mmap interface to the driver.
+And since xquake uses mmap, mmap is considered important :-)
+and no sane application uses ALaw/uLaw these days anyway.
+In short, playing a Sun .au file as follows:
+
+cat my_file.au > /dev/dsp
+
+does not work. Instead, you may use the play script from
+Chris Bagwell's sox-12.14 package (available from the URL
+below) to play many different audio file formats.
+The script automatically determines the audio format
+and does do audio conversions if necessary.
+http://home.sprynet.com/sprynet/cbagwell/projects.html
+
+
+Blocking vs. nonblocking IO
+---------------------------
+
+Unlike OSS/Free this driver honours the O_NONBLOCK file flag
+not only during open, but also during read and write.
+This is an effort to make the sound driver interface more
+regular. Timidity has problems with this; a patch
+is available from http://www.ife.ee.ethz.ch/~sailer/linux/pciaudio.html.
+(Timidity patched will also run on OSS/Free).
+
+
+MIDI UART
+---------
+
+The driver supports a simple MIDI UART interface, with
+no ioctl's supported.
+
+
+MIDI synthesizer
+----------------
+
+This soundcard does not have any hardware MIDI synthesizer;
+MIDI synthesis has to be done in software. To allow this
+the driver/soundcard supports two PCM (/dev/dsp) interfaces.
+The second one goes to the mixer "synth" setting and supports
+only a limited set of sampling rates (44100, 22050, 11025, 5512).
+By setting lineout to 1 on the driver command line
+(eg. insmod es1370 lineout=1) it is even possible on some
+cards to convert the LINEIN jack into a second LINEOUT jack, thus
+making it possible to output four independent audio channels!
+
+There is a freely available software package that allows
+MIDI file playback on this soundcard called Timidity.
+See http://www.cgs.fi/~tt/timidity/.
+
+
+
+Thomas Sailer
+t.sailer@alumni.ethz.ch
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/es1371 b/Documentation/sound/oss/es1371
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c315126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/es1371
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/proc/sound, /dev/sndstat
+-------------------------
+
+/proc/sound and /dev/sndstat is not supported by the
+driver. To find out whether the driver succeeded loading,
+check the kernel log (dmesg).
+
+
+ALaw/uLaw sample formats
+------------------------
+
+This driver does not support the ALaw/uLaw sample formats.
+ALaw is the default mode when opening a sound device
+using OSS/Free. The reason for the lack of support is
+that the hardware does not support these formats, and adding
+conversion routines to the kernel would lead to very ugly
+code in the presence of the mmap interface to the driver.
+And since xquake uses mmap, mmap is considered important :-)
+and no sane application uses ALaw/uLaw these days anyway.
+In short, playing a Sun .au file as follows:
+
+cat my_file.au > /dev/dsp
+
+does not work. Instead, you may use the play script from
+Chris Bagwell's sox-12.14 package (available from the URL
+below) to play many different audio file formats.
+The script automatically determines the audio format
+and does do audio conversions if necessary.
+http://home.sprynet.com/sprynet/cbagwell/projects.html
+
+
+Blocking vs. nonblocking IO
+---------------------------
+
+Unlike OSS/Free this driver honours the O_NONBLOCK file flag
+not only during open, but also during read and write.
+This is an effort to make the sound driver interface more
+regular. Timidity has problems with this; a patch
+is available from http://www.ife.ee.ethz.ch/~sailer/linux/pciaudio.html.
+(Timidity patched will also run on OSS/Free).
+
+
+MIDI UART
+---------
+
+The driver supports a simple MIDI UART interface, with
+no ioctl's supported.
+
+
+MIDI synthesizer
+----------------
+
+This soundcard does not have any hardware MIDI synthesizer;
+MIDI synthesis has to be done in software. To allow this
+the driver/soundcard supports two PCM (/dev/dsp) interfaces.
+
+There is a freely available software package that allows
+MIDI file playback on this soundcard called Timidity.
+See http://www.cgs.fi/~tt/timidity/.
+
+
+
+Thomas Sailer
+t.sailer@alumni.ethz.ch
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/mwave b/Documentation/sound/oss/mwave
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..858334bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/mwave
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+ How to try to survive an IBM Mwave under Linux SB drivers
+
+
++ IBM have now released documentation of sorts and Torsten is busy
+ trying to make the Mwave work. This is not however a trivial task.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+OK, first thing - the IRQ problem IS a problem, whether the test is bypassed or
+not. It is NOT a Linux problem, but an MWAVE problem that is fixed with the
+latest MWAVE patches. So, in other words, don't bypass the test for MWAVES!
+
+I have Windows 95 on /dev/hda1, swap on /dev/hda2, and Red Hat 5 on /dev/hda3.
+
+The steps, then:
+
+ Boot to Linux.
+ Mount Windows 95 file system (assume mount point = /dos95).
+ mkdir /dos95/linux
+ mkdir /dos95/linux/boot
+ mkdir /dos95/linux/boot/parms
+
+ Copy the kernel, any initrd image, and loadlin to /dos95/linux/boot/.
+
+ Reboot to Windows 95.
+
+ Edit C:/msdos.sys and add or change the following:
+
+ Logo=0
+ BootGUI=0
+
+ Note that msdos.sys is a text file but it needs to be made 'unhidden',
+ readable and writable before it can be edited. This can be done with
+ DOS' "attrib" command.
+
+ Edit config.sys to have multiple config menus. I have one for windows 95 and
+ five for Linux, like this:
+------------
+[menu]
+menuitem=W95, Windows 95
+menuitem=LINTP, Linux - ThinkPad
+menuitem=LINTP3, Linux - ThinkPad Console
+menuitem=LINDOC, Linux - Docked
+menuitem=LINDOC3, Linux - Docked Console
+menuitem=LIN1, Linux - Single User Mode
+REM menudefault=W95,10
+
+[W95]
+
+[LINTP]
+
+[LINDOC]
+
+[LINTP3]
+
+[LINDOC3]
+
+[LIN1]
+
+[COMMON]
+FILES=30
+REM Please read README.TXT in C:\MWW subdirectory before changing the DOS= statement.
+DOS=HIGH,UMB
+DEVICE=C:\MWW\MANAGER\MWD50430.EXE
+SHELL=c:\command.com /e:2048
+-------------------
+
+The important things are the SHELL and DEVICE statements.
+
+ Then change autoexec.bat. Basically everything in there originally should be
+ done ONLY when Windows 95 is booted. Then you add new things specifically
+ for Linux. Mine is as follows
+
+---------------
+@ECHO OFF
+if "%CONFIG%" == "W95" goto W95
+
+REM
+REM Linux stuff
+REM
+SET MWPATH=C:\MWW\DLL;C:\MWW\MWGAMES;C:\MWW\DSP
+SET BLASTER=A220 I5 D1
+SET MWROOT=C:\MWW
+SET LIBPATH=C:\MWW\DLL
+SET PATH=C:\WINDOWS;C:\MWW\DLL;
+CALL MWAVE START NOSHOW
+c:\linux\boot\loadlin.exe @c:\linux\boot\parms\%CONFIG%.par
+
+:W95
+REM
+REM Windows 95 stuff
+REM
+c:\toolkit\guard
+SET MSINPUT=C:\MSINPUT
+SET MWPATH=C:\MWW\DLL;C:\MWW\MWGAMES;C:\MWW\DSP
+REM The following is used by DOS games to recognize Sound Blaster hardware.
+REM If hardware settings are changed, please change this line as well.
+REM See the Mwave README file for instructions.
+SET BLASTER=A220 I5 D1
+SET MWROOT=C:\MWW
+SET LIBPATH=C:\MWW\DLL
+SET PATH=C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND;E:\ORAWIN95\BIN;f:\msdev\bin;e:\v30\bin.dbg;v:\devt\v30\bin;c:\JavaSDK\Bin;C:\MWW\DLL;
+SET INCLUDE=f:\MSDEV\INCLUDE;F:\MSDEV\MFC\INCLUDE
+SET LIB=F:\MSDEV\LIB;F:\MSDEV\MFC\LIB
+win
+
+------------------------
+
+Now build a file in c:\linux\boot\parms for each Linux config that you have.
+
+For example, my LINDOC3 config is for a docked Thinkpad at runlevel 3 with no
+initrd image, and has a parameter file named LINDOC3.PAR in c:\linux\boot\parms:
+
+-----------------------
+# LOADLIN @param_file image=other_image root=/dev/other
+#
+# Linux Console in docking station
+#
+c:\linux\boot\zImage.krn # First value must be filename of Linux kernel.
+root=/dev/hda3 # device which gets mounted as root FS
+ro # Other kernel arguments go here.
+apm=off
+doc=yes
+3
+-----------------------
+
+The doc=yes parameter is an environment variable used by my init scripts, not
+a kernel argument.
+
+However, the apm=off parameter IS a kernel argument! APM, at least in my setup,
+causes the kernel to crash when loaded via loadlin (but NOT when loaded via
+LILO). The APM stuff COULD be forced out of the kernel via the kernel compile
+options. Instead, I got an unofficial patch to the APM drivers that allows them
+to be dynamically deactivated via kernel arguments. Whatever you chose to
+document, APM, it seems, MUST be off for setups like mine.
+
+Now make sure C:\MWW\MWCONFIG.REF looks like this:
+
+----------------------
+[NativeDOS]
+Default=SB1.5
+SBInputSource=CD
+SYNTH=FM
+QSound=OFF
+Reverb=OFF
+Chorus=OFF
+ReverbDepth=5
+ChorusDepth=5
+SBInputVolume=5
+SBMainVolume=10
+SBWaveVolume=10
+SBSynthVolume=10
+WaveTableVolume=10
+AudioPowerDriver=ON
+
+[FastCFG]
+Show=No
+HideOption=Off
+-----------------------------
+
+OR the Default= line COULD be
+
+Default=SBPRO
+
+Reboot to Windows 95 and choose Linux. When booted, use sndconfig to configure
+the sound modules and voilà - ThinkPad sound with Linux.
+
+Now the gotchas - you can either have CD sound OR Mixers but not both. That's a
+problem with the SB1.5 (CD sound) or SBPRO (Mixers) settings. No one knows why
+this is!
+
+For some reason MPEG3 files, when played through mpg123, sound like they
+are playing at 1/8th speed - not very useful! If you have ANY insight
+on why this second thing might be happening, I would be grateful.
+
+===========================================================
+ _/ _/_/_/_/
+ _/_/ _/_/ _/
+ _/ _/_/ _/_/_/_/ Martin John Bartlett
+ _/ _/ _/ _/ (martin@nitram.demon.co.uk)
+_/ _/_/_/_/
+ _/
+_/ _/
+ _/_/
+===========================================================
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/rme96xx b/Documentation/sound/oss/rme96xx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87d7b7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/rme96xx
@@ -0,0 +1,767 @@
+Beta release of the rme96xx (driver for RME 96XX cards like the
+"Hammerfall" and the "Hammerfall light")
+
+Important: The driver module has to be installed on a freshly rebooted system,
+otherwise the driver might not be able to acquire its buffers.
+
+features:
+
+ - OSS programming interface (i.e. runs with standard OSS soundsoftware)
+ - OSS/Multichannel interface (OSS multichannel is done by just aquiring
+ more than 2 channels). The driver does not use more than one device
+ ( yet .. this feature may be implemented later )
+ - more than one RME card supported
+
+The driver uses a specific multichannel interface, which I will document
+when the driver gets stable. (take a look at the defines in rme96xx.h,
+which adds blocked multichannel formats i.e instead of
+lrlrlrlr --> llllrrrr etc.
+
+Use the "rmectrl" programm to look at the status of the card ..
+or use xrmectrl, a GUI interface for the ctrl program.
+
+What you can do with the rmectrl program is to set the stereo device for
+OSS emulation (e.g. if you use SPDIF out).
+
+You do:
+
+./ctrl offset 24 24
+
+which makes the stereo device use channels 25 and 26.
+
+Guenter Geiger <geiger@epy.co.at>
+
+copy the first part of the attached source code into rmectrl.c
+and the second part into xrmectrl (or get the program from
+http://gige.xdv.org/pages/soft/pages/rme)
+
+to compile: gcc -o rmectrl rmectrl.c
+------------------------------ snip ------------------------------------
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/soundcard.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "rme96xx.h"
+
+/*
+ remctrl.c
+ (C) 2000 Guenter Geiger <geiger@debian.org>
+ HP20020201 - Heiko Purnhagen <purnhage@tnt.uni-hannover.de>
+*/
+
+/* # define DEVICE_NAME "/dev/mixer" */
+# define DEVICE_NAME "/dev/mixer1"
+
+
+void usage(void)
+{
+ fprintf(stderr,"usage: rmectrl [/dev/mixer<n>] [command [options]]\n\n");
+ fprintf(stderr,"where command is one of:\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," help show this help\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," status show status bits\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," control show control bits\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," mix show mixer/offset status\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," master <n> set sync master\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," pro <n> set spdif out pro\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," emphasis <n> set spdif out emphasis\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," dolby <n> set spdif out no audio\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," optout <n> set spdif out optical\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," wordclock <n> set sync wordclock\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," spdifin <n> set spdif in (0=optical,1=coax,2=intern)\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," syncref <n> set sync source (0=ADAT1,1=ADAT2,2=ADAT3,3=SPDIF)\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," adat1cd <n> set ADAT1 on internal CD\n");
+ fprintf(stderr," offset <devnr> <in> <out> set dev (0..3) offset (0..25)\n");
+ exit(-1);
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+ int cards;
+ int ret;
+ int i;
+ double ft;
+ int fd, fdwr;
+ int param,orig;
+ rme_status_t stat;
+ rme_ctrl_t ctrl;
+ char *device;
+ int argidx;
+
+ if (argc < 2)
+ usage();
+
+ if (*argv[1]=='/') {
+ device = argv[1];
+ argidx = 2;
+ }
+ else {
+ device = DEVICE_NAME;
+ argidx = 1;
+ }
+
+ fprintf(stdout,"mixer device %s\n",device);
+ if ((fd = open(device,O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stdout,"opening device failed\n");
+ exit(-1);
+ }
+
+ if ((fdwr = open(device,O_WRONLY)) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stdout,"opening device failed\n");
+ exit(-1);
+ }
+
+ if (argc < argidx+1)
+ usage();
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"help"))
+ usage();
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"-h"))
+ usage();
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"--help"))
+ usage();
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"status")) {
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE2,&stat);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.irq %d\n",stat.irq);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.lockmask %d\n",stat.lockmask);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.sr48 %d\n",stat.sr48);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.wclock %d\n",stat.wclock);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.bufpoint %d\n",stat.bufpoint);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.syncmask %d\n",stat.syncmask);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.doublespeed %d\n",stat.doublespeed);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.tc_busy %d\n",stat.tc_busy);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.tc_out %d\n",stat.tc_out);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.crystalrate %d (0=64k 3=96k 4=88.2k 5=48k 6=44.1k 7=32k)\n",stat.crystalrate);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.spdif_error %d\n",stat.spdif_error);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.bufid %d\n",stat.bufid);
+ fprintf(stdout,"stat.tc_valid %d\n",stat.tc_valid);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"control")) {
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.start %d\n",ctrl.start);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.latency %d (0=64 .. 7=8192)\n",ctrl.latency);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.master %d\n",ctrl.master);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.ie %d\n",ctrl.ie);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.sr48 %d\n",ctrl.sr48);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.spare %d\n",ctrl.spare);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.doublespeed %d\n",ctrl.doublespeed);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.pro %d\n",ctrl.pro);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.emphasis %d\n",ctrl.emphasis);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.dolby %d\n",ctrl.dolby);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.opt_out %d\n",ctrl.opt_out);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.wordclock %d\n",ctrl.wordclock);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.spdif_in %d (0=optical,1=coax,2=intern)\n",ctrl.spdif_in);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.sync_ref %d (0=ADAT1,1=ADAT2,2=ADAT3,3=SPDIF)\n",ctrl.sync_ref);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.spdif_reset %d\n",ctrl.spdif_reset);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.spdif_select %d\n",ctrl.spdif_select);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.spdif_clock %d\n",ctrl.spdif_clock);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.spdif_write %d\n",ctrl.spdif_write);
+ fprintf(stdout,"ctrl.adat1_cd %d\n",ctrl.adat1_cd);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"mix")) {
+ rme_mixer mix;
+ int i;
+
+ for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
+ mix.devnr = i;
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE1,&mix);
+ if (mix.devnr == i) {
+ fprintf(stdout,"devnr %d\n",mix.devnr);
+ fprintf(stdout,"mix.i_offset %2d (0-25)\n",mix.i_offset);
+ fprintf(stdout,"mix.o_offset %2d (0-25)\n",mix.o_offset);
+ }
+ }
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+/* the control flags */
+
+ if (argc < argidx+2)
+ usage();
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"master")) {
+ int val = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ printf("master = %d\n",val);
+ ctrl.master = val;
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"pro")) {
+ int val = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ printf("pro = %d\n",val);
+ ctrl.pro = val;
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"emphasis")) {
+ int val = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ printf("emphasis = %d\n",val);
+ ctrl.emphasis = val;
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"dolby")) {
+ int val = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ printf("dolby = %d\n",val);
+ ctrl.dolby = val;
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"optout")) {
+ int val = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ printf("optout = %d\n",val);
+ ctrl.opt_out = val;
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"wordclock")) {
+ int val = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ printf("wordclock = %d\n",val);
+ ctrl.wordclock = val;
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"spdifin")) {
+ int val = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ printf("spdifin = %d\n",val);
+ ctrl.spdif_in = val;
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"syncref")) {
+ int val = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ printf("syncref = %d\n",val);
+ ctrl.sync_ref = val;
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"adat1cd")) {
+ int val = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+ ioctl(fd,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ printf("adat1cd = %d\n",val);
+ ctrl.adat1_cd = val;
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE3,&ctrl);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+/* setting offset */
+
+ if (argc < argidx+4)
+ usage();
+
+ if (!strcmp(argv[argidx],"offset")) {
+ rme_mixer mix;
+
+ mix.devnr = atoi(argv[argidx+1]);
+
+ mix.i_offset = atoi(argv[argidx+2]);
+ mix.o_offset = atoi(argv[argidx+3]);
+ ioctl(fdwr,SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE1,&mix);
+ fprintf(stdout,"devnr %d\n",mix.devnr);
+ fprintf(stdout,"mix.i_offset to %d\n",mix.i_offset);
+ fprintf(stdout,"mix.o_offset to %d\n",mix.o_offset);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ usage();
+ exit (0); /* to avoid warning */
+}
+
+
+---------------------------- <snip> --------------------------------
+#!/usr/bin/wish
+
+# xrmectrl
+# (C) 2000 Guenter Geiger <geiger@debian.org>
+# HP20020201 - Heiko Purnhagen <purnhage@tnt.uni-hannover.de>
+
+#set defaults "-relief ridged"
+set CTRLPROG "./rmectrl"
+if {$argc} {
+ set CTRLPROG "$CTRLPROG $argv"
+}
+puts "CTRLPROG $CTRLPROG"
+
+frame .butts
+button .butts.exit -text "Exit" -command "exit" -relief ridge
+#button .butts.state -text "State" -command "get_all"
+
+pack .butts.exit -side left
+pack .butts -side bottom
+
+
+#
+# STATUS
+#
+
+frame .status
+
+# Sampling Rate
+
+frame .status.sr
+label .status.sr.text -text "Sampling Rate" -justify left
+radiobutton .status.sr.441 -selectcolor red -text "44.1 kHz" -width 10 -anchor nw -variable srate -value 44100 -font times
+radiobutton .status.sr.480 -selectcolor red -text "48 kHz" -width 10 -anchor nw -variable srate -value 48000 -font times
+radiobutton .status.sr.882 -selectcolor red -text "88.2 kHz" -width 10 -anchor nw -variable srate -value 88200 -font times
+radiobutton .status.sr.960 -selectcolor red -text "96 kHz" -width 10 -anchor nw -variable srate -value 96000 -font times
+
+pack .status.sr.text .status.sr.441 .status.sr.480 .status.sr.882 .status.sr.960 -side top -padx 3
+
+# Lock
+
+frame .status.lock
+label .status.lock.text -text "Lock" -justify left
+checkbutton .status.lock.adat1 -selectcolor red -text "ADAT1" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable adatlock1 -font times
+checkbutton .status.lock.adat2 -selectcolor red -text "ADAT2" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable adatlock2 -font times
+checkbutton .status.lock.adat3 -selectcolor red -text "ADAT3" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable adatlock3 -font times
+
+pack .status.lock.text .status.lock.adat1 .status.lock.adat2 .status.lock.adat3 -side top -padx 3
+
+# Sync
+
+frame .status.sync
+label .status.sync.text -text "Sync" -justify left
+checkbutton .status.sync.adat1 -selectcolor red -text "ADAT1" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable adatsync1 -font times
+checkbutton .status.sync.adat2 -selectcolor red -text "ADAT2" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable adatsync2 -font times
+checkbutton .status.sync.adat3 -selectcolor red -text "ADAT3" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable adatsync3 -font times
+
+pack .status.sync.text .status.sync.adat1 .status.sync.adat2 .status.sync.adat3 -side top -padx 3
+
+# Timecode
+
+frame .status.tc
+label .status.tc.text -text "Timecode" -justify left
+checkbutton .status.tc.busy -selectcolor red -text "busy" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable tcbusy -font times
+checkbutton .status.tc.out -selectcolor red -text "out" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable tcout -font times
+checkbutton .status.tc.valid -selectcolor red -text "valid" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable tcvalid -font times
+
+pack .status.tc.text .status.tc.busy .status.tc.out .status.tc.valid -side top -padx 3
+
+# SPDIF In
+
+frame .status.spdif
+label .status.spdif.text -text "SPDIF In" -justify left
+label .status.spdif.sr -text "--.- kHz" -anchor n -width 10 -font times
+checkbutton .status.spdif.error -selectcolor red -text "Input Lock" -anchor nw -width 10 -variable spdiferr -font times
+
+pack .status.spdif.text .status.spdif.sr .status.spdif.error -side top -padx 3
+
+pack .status.sr .status.lock .status.sync .status.tc .status.spdif -side left -fill x -anchor n -expand 1
+
+
+#
+# CONTROL
+#
+
+proc setprof {} {
+ global CTRLPROG
+ global spprof
+ exec $CTRLPROG pro $spprof
+}
+
+proc setemph {} {
+ global CTRLPROG
+ global spemph
+ exec $CTRLPROG emphasis $spemph
+}
+
+proc setnoaud {} {
+ global CTRLPROG
+ global spnoaud
+ exec $CTRLPROG dolby $spnoaud
+}
+
+proc setoptical {} {
+ global CTRLPROG
+ global spoptical
+ exec $CTRLPROG optout $spoptical
+}
+
+proc setspdifin {} {
+ global CTRLPROG
+ global spdifin
+ exec $CTRLPROG spdifin [expr $spdifin - 1]
+}
+
+proc setsyncsource {} {
+ global CTRLPROG
+ global syncsource
+ exec $CTRLPROG syncref [expr $syncsource -1]
+}
+
+
+proc setmaster {} {
+ global CTRLPROG
+ global master
+ exec $CTRLPROG master $master
+}
+
+proc setwordclock {} {
+ global CTRLPROG
+ global wordclock
+ exec $CTRLPROG wordclock $wordclock
+}
+
+proc setadat1cd {} {
+ global CTRLPROG
+ global adat1cd
+ exec $CTRLPROG adat1cd $adat1cd
+}
+
+
+frame .control
+
+# SPDIF In & SPDIF Out
+
+
+frame .control.spdif
+
+frame .control.spdif.in
+label .control.spdif.in.text -text "SPDIF In" -justify left
+radiobutton .control.spdif.in.input1 -text "Optical" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable spdifin -value 1 -command setspdifin -selectcolor blue -font times
+radiobutton .control.spdif.in.input2 -text "Coaxial" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable spdifin -value 2 -command setspdifin -selectcolor blue -font times
+radiobutton .control.spdif.in.input3 -text "Intern " -anchor nw -width 13 -variable spdifin -command setspdifin -value 3 -selectcolor blue -font times
+
+checkbutton .control.spdif.in.adat1cd -text "ADAT1 Intern" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable adat1cd -command setadat1cd -selectcolor blue -font times
+
+pack .control.spdif.in.text .control.spdif.in.input1 .control.spdif.in.input2 .control.spdif.in.input3 .control.spdif.in.adat1cd
+
+label .control.spdif.space
+
+frame .control.spdif.out
+label .control.spdif.out.text -text "SPDIF Out" -justify left
+checkbutton .control.spdif.out.pro -text "Professional" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable spprof -command setprof -selectcolor blue -font times
+checkbutton .control.spdif.out.emphasis -text "Emphasis" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable spemph -command setemph -selectcolor blue -font times
+checkbutton .control.spdif.out.dolby -text "NoAudio" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable spnoaud -command setnoaud -selectcolor blue -font times
+checkbutton .control.spdif.out.optout -text "Optical Out" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable spoptical -command setoptical -selectcolor blue -font times
+
+pack .control.spdif.out.optout .control.spdif.out.dolby .control.spdif.out.emphasis .control.spdif.out.pro .control.spdif.out.text -side bottom
+
+pack .control.spdif.in .control.spdif.space .control.spdif.out -side top -fill y -padx 3 -expand 1
+
+# Sync Mode & Sync Source
+
+frame .control.sync
+frame .control.sync.mode
+label .control.sync.mode.text -text "Sync Mode" -justify left
+checkbutton .control.sync.mode.master -text "Master" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable master -command setmaster -selectcolor blue -font times
+checkbutton .control.sync.mode.wc -text "Wordclock" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable wordclock -command setwordclock -selectcolor blue -font times
+
+pack .control.sync.mode.text .control.sync.mode.master .control.sync.mode.wc
+
+label .control.sync.space
+
+frame .control.sync.src
+label .control.sync.src.text -text "Sync Source" -justify left
+radiobutton .control.sync.src.input1 -text "ADAT1" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable syncsource -value 1 -command setsyncsource -selectcolor blue -font times
+radiobutton .control.sync.src.input2 -text "ADAT2" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable syncsource -value 2 -command setsyncsource -selectcolor blue -font times
+radiobutton .control.sync.src.input3 -text "ADAT3" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable syncsource -command setsyncsource -value 3 -selectcolor blue -font times
+radiobutton .control.sync.src.input4 -text "SPDIF" -anchor nw -width 13 -variable syncsource -command setsyncsource -value 4 -selectcolor blue -font times
+
+pack .control.sync.src.input4 .control.sync.src.input3 .control.sync.src.input2 .control.sync.src.input1 .control.sync.src.text -side bottom
+
+pack .control.sync.mode .control.sync.space .control.sync.src -side top -fill y -padx 3 -expand 1
+
+label .control.space -text "" -width 10
+
+# Buffer Size
+
+frame .control.buf
+label .control.buf.text -text "Buffer Size (Latency)" -justify left
+radiobutton .control.buf.b1 -selectcolor red -text "64 (1.5 ms)" -width 13 -anchor nw -variable ssrate -value 1 -font times
+radiobutton .control.buf.b2 -selectcolor red -text "128 (3 ms)" -width 13 -anchor nw -variable ssrate -value 2 -font times
+radiobutton .control.buf.b3 -selectcolor red -text "256 (6 ms)" -width 13 -anchor nw -variable ssrate -value 3 -font times
+radiobutton .control.buf.b4 -selectcolor red -text "512 (12 ms)" -width 13 -anchor nw -variable ssrate -value 4 -font times
+radiobutton .control.buf.b5 -selectcolor red -text "1024 (23 ms)" -width 13 -anchor nw -variable ssrate -value 5 -font times
+radiobutton .control.buf.b6 -selectcolor red -text "2048 (46 ms)" -width 13 -anchor nw -variable ssrate -value 6 -font times
+radiobutton .control.buf.b7 -selectcolor red -text "4096 (93 ms)" -width 13 -anchor nw -variable ssrate -value 7 -font times
+radiobutton .control.buf.b8 -selectcolor red -text "8192 (186 ms)" -width 13 -anchor nw -variable ssrate -value 8 -font times
+
+pack .control.buf.text .control.buf.b1 .control.buf.b2 .control.buf.b3 .control.buf.b4 .control.buf.b5 .control.buf.b6 .control.buf.b7 .control.buf.b8 -side top -padx 3
+
+# Offset
+
+frame .control.offset
+
+frame .control.offset.in
+label .control.offset.in.text -text "Offset In" -justify left
+label .control.offset.in.off0 -text "dev\#0: -" -anchor nw -width 10 -font times
+label .control.offset.in.off1 -text "dev\#1: -" -anchor nw -width 10 -font times
+label .control.offset.in.off2 -text "dev\#2: -" -anchor nw -width 10 -font times
+label .control.offset.in.off3 -text "dev\#3: -" -anchor nw -width 10 -font times
+
+pack .control.offset.in.text .control.offset.in.off0 .control.offset.in.off1 .control.offset.in.off2 .control.offset.in.off3
+
+label .control.offset.space
+
+frame .control.offset.out
+label .control.offset.out.text -text "Offset Out" -justify left
+label .control.offset.out.off0 -text "dev\#0: -" -anchor nw -width 10 -font times
+label .control.offset.out.off1 -text "dev\#1: -" -anchor nw -width 10 -font times
+label .control.offset.out.off2 -text "dev\#2: -" -anchor nw -width 10 -font times
+label .control.offset.out.off3 -text "dev\#3: -" -anchor nw -width 10 -font times
+
+pack .control.offset.out.off3 .control.offset.out.off2 .control.offset.out.off1 .control.offset.out.off0 .control.offset.out.text -side bottom
+
+pack .control.offset.in .control.offset.space .control.offset.out -side top -fill y -padx 3 -expand 1
+
+
+pack .control.spdif .control.sync .control.space .control.buf .control.offset -side left -fill both -anchor n -expand 1
+
+
+label .statustext -text Status -justify center -relief ridge
+label .controltext -text Control -justify center -relief ridge
+
+label .statusspace
+label .controlspace
+
+pack .statustext .status .statusspace .controltext .control .controlspace -side top -anchor nw -fill both -expand 1
+
+
+proc get_bit {output sstr} {
+ set idx1 [string last [concat $sstr 1] $output]
+ set idx1 [expr $idx1 != -1]
+ return $idx1
+}
+
+proc get_val {output sstr} {
+ set val [string wordend $output [string last $sstr $output]]
+ set val [string range $output $val [expr $val+1]]
+ return $val
+}
+
+proc get_val2 {output sstr} {
+ set val [string wordend $output [string first $sstr $output]]
+ set val [string range $output $val [expr $val+2]]
+ return $val
+}
+
+proc get_control {} {
+ global spprof
+ global spemph
+ global spnoaud
+ global spoptical
+ global spdifin
+ global ssrate
+ global master
+ global wordclock
+ global syncsource
+ global CTRLPROG
+
+ set f [open "| $CTRLPROG control" r+]
+ set ooo [read $f 1000]
+ close $f
+# puts $ooo
+
+ set spprof [ get_bit $ooo "pro"]
+ set spemph [ get_bit $ooo "emphasis"]
+ set spnoaud [ get_bit $ooo "dolby"]
+ set spoptical [ get_bit $ooo "opt_out"]
+ set spdifin [ expr [ get_val $ooo "spdif_in"] + 1]
+ set ssrate [ expr [ get_val $ooo "latency"] + 1]
+ set master [ expr [ get_val $ooo "master"]]
+ set wordclock [ expr [ get_val $ooo "wordclock"]]
+ set syncsource [ expr [ get_val $ooo "sync_ref"] + 1]
+}
+
+proc get_status {} {
+ global srate
+ global ctrlcom
+
+ global adatlock1
+ global adatlock2
+ global adatlock3
+
+ global adatsync1
+ global adatsync2
+ global adatsync3
+
+ global tcbusy
+ global tcout
+ global tcvalid
+
+ global spdiferr
+ global crystal
+ global .status.spdif.text
+ global CTRLPROG
+
+
+ set f [open "| $CTRLPROG status" r+]
+ set ooo [read $f 1000]
+ close $f
+# puts $ooo
+
+# samplerate
+
+ set idx1 [string last "sr48 1" $ooo]
+ set idx2 [string last "doublespeed 1" $ooo]
+ if {$idx1 >= 0} {
+ set fact1 48000
+ } else {
+ set fact1 44100
+ }
+
+ if {$idx2 >= 0} {
+ set fact2 2
+ } else {
+ set fact2 1
+ }
+ set srate [expr $fact1 * $fact2]
+# ADAT lock
+
+ set val [get_val $ooo lockmask]
+ set adatlock1 0
+ set adatlock2 0
+ set adatlock3 0
+ if {[expr $val & 1]} {
+ set adatlock3 1
+ }
+ if {[expr $val & 2]} {
+ set adatlock2 1
+ }
+ if {[expr $val & 4]} {
+ set adatlock1 1
+ }
+
+# ADAT sync
+ set val [get_val $ooo syncmask]
+ set adatsync1 0
+ set adatsync2 0
+ set adatsync3 0
+
+ if {[expr $val & 1]} {
+ set adatsync3 1
+ }
+ if {[expr $val & 2]} {
+ set adatsync2 1
+ }
+ if {[expr $val & 4]} {
+ set adatsync1 1
+ }
+
+# TC busy
+
+ set tcbusy [get_bit $ooo "busy"]
+ set tcout [get_bit $ooo "out"]
+ set tcvalid [get_bit $ooo "valid"]
+ set spdiferr [expr [get_bit $ooo "spdif_error"] == 0]
+
+# 000=64kHz, 100=88.2kHz, 011=96kHz
+# 111=32kHz, 110=44.1kHz, 101=48kHz
+
+ set val [get_val $ooo crystalrate]
+
+ set crystal "--.- kHz"
+ if {$val == 0} {
+ set crystal "64 kHz"
+ }
+ if {$val == 4} {
+ set crystal "88.2 kHz"
+ }
+ if {$val == 3} {
+ set crystal "96 kHz"
+ }
+ if {$val == 7} {
+ set crystal "32 kHz"
+ }
+ if {$val == 6} {
+ set crystal "44.1 kHz"
+ }
+ if {$val == 5} {
+ set crystal "48 kHz"
+ }
+ .status.spdif.sr configure -text $crystal
+}
+
+proc get_offset {} {
+ global inoffset
+ global outoffset
+ global CTRLPROG
+
+ set f [open "| $CTRLPROG mix" r+]
+ set ooo [read $f 1000]
+ close $f
+# puts $ooo
+
+ if { [string match "*devnr*" $ooo] } {
+ set ooo [string range $ooo [string wordend $ooo [string first devnr $ooo]] end]
+ set val [get_val2 $ooo i_offset]
+ .control.offset.in.off0 configure -text "dev\#0: $val"
+ set val [get_val2 $ooo o_offset]
+ .control.offset.out.off0 configure -text "dev\#0: $val"
+ } else {
+ .control.offset.in.off0 configure -text "dev\#0: -"
+ .control.offset.out.off0 configure -text "dev\#0: -"
+ }
+ if { [string match "*devnr*" $ooo] } {
+ set ooo [string range $ooo [string wordend $ooo [string first devnr $ooo]] end]
+ set val [get_val2 $ooo i_offset]
+ .control.offset.in.off1 configure -text "dev\#1: $val"
+ set val [get_val2 $ooo o_offset]
+ .control.offset.out.off1 configure -text "dev\#1: $val"
+ } else {
+ .control.offset.in.off1 configure -text "dev\#1: -"
+ .control.offset.out.off1 configure -text "dev\#1: -"
+ }
+ if { [string match "*devnr*" $ooo] } {
+ set ooo [string range $ooo [string wordend $ooo [string first devnr $ooo]] end]
+ set val [get_val2 $ooo i_offset]
+ .control.offset.in.off2 configure -text "dev\#2: $val"
+ set val [get_val2 $ooo o_offset]
+ .control.offset.out.off2 configure -text "dev\#2: $val"
+ } else {
+ .control.offset.in.off2 configure -text "dev\#2: -"
+ .control.offset.out.off2 configure -text "dev\#2: -"
+ }
+ if { [string match "*devnr*" $ooo] } {
+ set ooo [string range $ooo [string wordend $ooo [string first devnr $ooo]] end]
+ set val [get_val2 $ooo i_offset]
+ .control.offset.in.off3 configure -text "dev\#3: $val"
+ set val [get_val2 $ooo o_offset]
+ .control.offset.out.off3 configure -text "dev\#3: $val"
+ } else {
+ .control.offset.in.off3 configure -text "dev\#3: -"
+ .control.offset.out.off3 configure -text "dev\#3: -"
+ }
+}
+
+
+proc get_all {} {
+get_status
+get_control
+get_offset
+}
+
+# main
+while {1} {
+ after 200
+ get_all
+ update
+}
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/solo1 b/Documentation/sound/oss/solo1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f53d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/solo1
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+Recording
+---------
+
+Recording does not work on the author's card, but there
+is at least one report of it working on later silicon.
+The chip behaves differently than described in the data sheet,
+likely due to a chip bug. Working around this would require
+the help of ESS (for example by publishing an errata sheet),
+but ESS has not done so so far.
+
+Also, the chip only supports 24 bit addresses for recording,
+which means it cannot work on some Alpha mainboards.
+
+
+/proc/sound, /dev/sndstat
+-------------------------
+
+/proc/sound and /dev/sndstat is not supported by the
+driver. To find out whether the driver succeeded loading,
+check the kernel log (dmesg).
+
+
+ALaw/uLaw sample formats
+------------------------
+
+This driver does not support the ALaw/uLaw sample formats.
+ALaw is the default mode when opening a sound device
+using OSS/Free. The reason for the lack of support is
+that the hardware does not support these formats, and adding
+conversion routines to the kernel would lead to very ugly
+code in the presence of the mmap interface to the driver.
+And since xquake uses mmap, mmap is considered important :-)
+and no sane application uses ALaw/uLaw these days anyway.
+In short, playing a Sun .au file as follows:
+
+cat my_file.au > /dev/dsp
+
+does not work. Instead, you may use the play script from
+Chris Bagwell's sox-12.14 package (or later, available from the URL
+below) to play many different audio file formats.
+The script automatically determines the audio format
+and does do audio conversions if necessary.
+http://home.sprynet.com/sprynet/cbagwell/projects.html
+
+
+Blocking vs. nonblocking IO
+---------------------------
+
+Unlike OSS/Free this driver honours the O_NONBLOCK file flag
+not only during open, but also during read and write.
+This is an effort to make the sound driver interface more
+regular. Timidity has problems with this; a patch
+is available from http://www.ife.ee.ethz.ch/~sailer/linux/pciaudio.html.
+(Timidity patched will also run on OSS/Free).
+
+
+MIDI UART
+---------
+
+The driver supports a simple MIDI UART interface, with
+no ioctl's supported.
+
+
+MIDI synthesizer
+----------------
+
+The card has an OPL compatible FM synthesizer.
+
+Thomas Sailer
+t.sailer@alumni.ethz.ch
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/sonicvibes b/Documentation/sound/oss/sonicvibes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84dee2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/sonicvibes
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/proc/sound, /dev/sndstat
+-------------------------
+
+/proc/sound and /dev/sndstat is not supported by the
+driver. To find out whether the driver succeeded loading,
+check the kernel log (dmesg).
+
+
+ALaw/uLaw sample formats
+------------------------
+
+This driver does not support the ALaw/uLaw sample formats.
+ALaw is the default mode when opening a sound device
+using OSS/Free. The reason for the lack of support is
+that the hardware does not support these formats, and adding
+conversion routines to the kernel would lead to very ugly
+code in the presence of the mmap interface to the driver.
+And since xquake uses mmap, mmap is considered important :-)
+and no sane application uses ALaw/uLaw these days anyway.
+In short, playing a Sun .au file as follows:
+
+cat my_file.au > /dev/dsp
+
+does not work. Instead, you may use the play script from
+Chris Bagwell's sox-12.14 package (available from the URL
+below) to play many different audio file formats.
+The script automatically determines the audio format
+and does do audio conversions if necessary.
+http://home.sprynet.com/sprynet/cbagwell/projects.html
+
+
+Blocking vs. nonblocking IO
+---------------------------
+
+Unlike OSS/Free this driver honours the O_NONBLOCK file flag
+not only during open, but also during read and write.
+This is an effort to make the sound driver interface more
+regular. Timidity has problems with this; a patch
+is available from http://www.ife.ee.ethz.ch/~sailer/linux/pciaudio.html.
+(Timidity patched will also run on OSS/Free).
+
+
+MIDI UART
+---------
+
+The driver supports a simple MIDI UART interface, with
+no ioctl's supported.
+
+
+MIDI synthesizer
+----------------
+
+The card both has an OPL compatible FM synthesizer as well as
+a wavetable synthesizer.
+
+I haven't managed so far to get the OPL synth running.
+
+Using the wavetable synthesizer requires allocating
+1-4MB of physically contiguous memory, which isn't possible
+currently on Linux without ugly hacks like the bigphysarea
+patch. Therefore, the driver doesn't support wavetable
+synthesis.
+
+
+No support from S3
+------------------
+
+I do not get any support from S3. Therefore, the driver
+still has many problems. For example, although the manual
+states that the chip should be able to access the sample
+buffer anywhere in 32bit address space, I haven't managed to
+get it working with buffers above 16M. Therefore, the card
+has the same disadvantages as ISA soundcards.
+
+Given that the card is also very noisy, and if you haven't
+already bought it, you should strongly opt for one of the
+comparatively priced Ensoniq products.
+
+
+Thomas Sailer
+t.sailer@alumni.ethz.ch
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/ultrasound b/Documentation/sound/oss/ultrasound
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32cd504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/ultrasound
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+modprobe sound
+insmod ad1848
+insmod gus io=* irq=* dma=* ...
+
+This loads the driver for the Gravis Ultrasound family of sound cards.
+
+The gus module takes the following arguments
+
+io I/O address of the Ultrasound card (eg. io=0x220)
+irq IRQ of the Sound Blaster card
+dma DMA channel for the Sound Blaster
+dma16 2nd DMA channel, only needed for full duplex operation
+type 1 for PnP card
+gus16 1 for using 16 bit sampling daughter board
+no_wave_dma Set to disable DMA usage for wavetable (see note)
+db16 ???
+
+
+no_wave_dma option
+
+This option defaults to a value of 0, which allows the Ultrasound wavetable
+DSP to use DMA for for playback and downloading samples. This is the same
+as the old behaviour. If set to 1, no DMA is needed for downloading samples,
+and allows owners of a GUS MAX to make use of simultaneous digital audio
+(/dev/dsp), MIDI, and wavetable playback.
+
+
+If you have problems in recording with GUS MAX, you could try to use
+just one 8 bit DMA channel. Recording will not work with one DMA
+channel if it's a 16 bit one.
diff --git a/Documentation/sound/oss/vwsnd b/Documentation/sound/oss/vwsnd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6ea0a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sound/oss/vwsnd
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+vwsnd - Sound driver for the Silicon Graphics 320 and 540 Visual
+Workstations' onboard audio.
+
+Copyright 1999 Silicon Graphics, Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+
+At the time of this writing, March 1999, there are two models of
+Visual Workstation, the 320 and the 540. This document only describes
+those models. Future Visual Workstation models may have different
+sound capabilities, and this driver will probably not work on those
+boxes.
+
+The Visual Workstation has an Analog Devices AD1843 "SoundComm" audio
+codec chip. The AD1843 is accessed through the Cobalt I/O ASIC, also
+known as Lithium. This driver programs both both chips.
+
+==============================================================================
+QUICK CONFIGURATION
+
+ # insmod soundcore
+ # insmod vwsnd
+
+==============================================================================
+I/O CONNECTIONS
+
+On the Visual Workstation, only three of the AD1843 inputs are hooked
+up. The analog line in jacks are connected to the AD1843's AUX1
+input. The CD audio lines are connected to the AD1843's AUX2 input.
+The microphone jack is connected to the AD1843's MIC input. The mic
+jack is mono, but the signal is delivered to both the left and right
+MIC inputs. You can record in stereo from the mic input, but you will
+get the same signal on both channels (within the limits of A/D
+accuracy). Full scale on the Line input is +/- 2.0 V. Full scale on
+the MIC input is 20 dB less, or +/- 0.2 V.
+
+The AD1843's LOUT1 outputs are connected to the Line Out jacks. The
+AD1843's HPOUT outputs are connected to the speaker/headphone jack.
+LOUT2 is not connected. Line out's maximum level is +/- 2.0 V peak to
+peak. The speaker/headphone out's maximum is +/- 4.0 V peak to peak.
+
+The AD1843's PCM input channel and one of its output channels (DAC1)
+are connected to Lithium. The other output channel (DAC2) is not
+connected.
+
+==============================================================================
+CAPABILITIES
+
+The AD1843 has PCM input and output (Pulse Code Modulation, also known
+as wavetable). PCM input and output can be mono or stereo in any of
+four formats. The formats are 16 bit signed and 8 bit unsigned,
+u-Law, and A-Law format. Any sample rate from 4 KHz to 49 KHz is
+available, in 1 Hz increments.
+
+The AD1843 includes an analog mixer that can mix all three input
+signals (line, mic and CD) into the analog outputs. The mixer has a
+separate gain control and mute switch for each input.
+
+There are two outputs, line out and speaker/headphone out. They
+always produce the same signal, and the speaker always has 3 dB more
+gain than the line out. The speaker/headphone output can be muted,
+but this driver does not export that function.
+
+The hardware can sync audio to the video clock, but this driver does
+not have a way to specify syncing to video.
+
+==============================================================================
+PROGRAMMING
+
+This section explains the API supported by the driver. Also see the
+Open Sound Programming Guide at http://www.opensound.com/pguide/ .
+This section assumes familiarity with that document.
+
+The driver has two interfaces, an I/O interface and a mixer interface.
+There is no MIDI or sequencer capability.
+
+==============================================================================
+PROGRAMMING PCM I/O
+
+The I/O interface is usually accessed as /dev/audio or /dev/dsp.
+Using the standard Open Sound System (OSS) ioctl calls, the sample
+rate, number of channels, and sample format may be set within the
+limitations described above. The driver supports triggering. It also
+supports getting the input and output pointers with one-sample
+accuracy.
+
+The SNDCTL_DSP_GETCAP ioctl returns these capabilities.
+
+ DSP_CAP_DUPLEX - driver supports full duplex.
+
+ DSP_CAP_TRIGGER - driver supports triggering.
+
+ DSP_CAP_REALTIME - values returned by SNDCTL_DSP_GETIPTR
+ and SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR are accurate to a few samples.
+
+Memory mapping (mmap) is not implemented.
+
+The driver permits subdivided fragment sizes from 64 to 4096 bytes.
+The number of fragments can be anything from 3 fragments to however
+many fragments fit into 124 kilobytes. It is up to the user to
+determine how few/small fragments can be used without introducing
+glitches with a given workload. Linux is not realtime, so we can't
+promise anything. (sigh...)
+
+When this driver is switched into or out of mu-Law or A-Law mode on
+output, it may produce an audible click. This is unavoidable. To
+prevent clicking, use signed 16-bit mode instead, and convert from
+mu-Law or A-Law format in software.
+
+==============================================================================
+PROGRAMMING THE MIXER INTERFACE
+
+The mixer interface is usually accessed as /dev/mixer. It is accessed
+through ioctls. The mixer allows the application to control gain or
+mute several audio signal paths, and also allows selection of the
+recording source.
+
+Each of the constants described here can be read using the
+MIXER_READ(SOUND_MIXER_xxx) ioctl. Those that are not read-only can
+also be written using the MIXER_WRITE(SOUND_MIXER_xxx) ioctl. In most
+cases, <sys/soundcard.h> defines constants SOUND_MIXER_READ_xxx and
+SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_xxx which work just as well.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_CAPS Read-only
+
+This is a mask of optional driver capabilities that are implemented.
+This driver's only capability is SOUND_CAP_EXCL_INPUT, which means
+that only one recording source can be active at a time.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_DEVMASK Read-only
+
+This is a mask of the sound channels. This driver's channels are PCM,
+LINE, MIC, CD, and RECLEV.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_STEREODEVS Read-only
+
+This is a mask of which sound channels are capable of stereo. All
+channels are capable of stereo. (But see caveat on MIC input in I/O
+CONNECTIONS section above).
+
+SOUND_MIXER_OUTMASK Read-only
+
+This is a mask of channels that route inputs through to outputs.
+Those are LINE, MIC, and CD.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_RECMASK Read-only
+
+This is a mask of channels that can be recording sources. Those are
+PCM, LINE, MIC, CD.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_PCM Default: 0x5757 (0 dB)
+
+This is the gain control for PCM output. The left and right channel
+gain are controlled independently. This gain control has 64 levels,
+which range from -82.5 dB to +12.0 dB in 1.5 dB steps. Those 64
+levels are mapped onto 100 levels at the ioctl, see below.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_LINE Default: 0x4a4a (0 dB)
+
+This is the gain control for mixing the Line In source into the
+outputs. The left and right channel gain are controlled
+independently. This gain control has 32 levels, which range from
+-34.5 dB to +12.0 dB in 1.5 dB steps. Those 32 levels are mapped onto
+100 levels at the ioctl, see below.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_MIC Default: 0x4a4a (0 dB)
+
+This is the gain control for mixing the MIC source into the outputs.
+The left and right channel gain are controlled independently. This
+gain control has 32 levels, which range from -34.5 dB to +12.0 dB in
+1.5 dB steps. Those 32 levels are mapped onto 100 levels at the
+ioctl, see below.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_CD Default: 0x4a4a (0 dB)
+
+This is the gain control for mixing the CD audio source into the
+outputs. The left and right channel gain are controlled
+independently. This gain control has 32 levels, which range from
+-34.5 dB to +12.0 dB in 1.5 dB steps. Those 32 levels are mapped onto
+100 levels at the ioctl, see below.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_RECLEV Default: 0 (0 dB)
+
+This is the gain control for PCM input (RECording LEVel). The left
+and right channel gain are controlled independently. This gain
+control has 16 levels, which range from 0 dB to +22.5 dB in 1.5 dB
+steps. Those 16 levels are mapped onto 100 levels at the ioctl, see
+below.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_RECSRC Default: SOUND_MASK_LINE
+
+This is a mask of currently selected PCM input sources (RECording
+SouRCes). Because the AD1843 can only have a single recording source
+at a time, only one bit at a time can be set in this mask. The
+allowable values are SOUND_MASK_PCM, SOUND_MASK_LINE, SOUND_MASK_MIC,
+or SOUND_MASK_CD. Selecting SOUND_MASK_PCM sets up internal
+resampling which is useful for loopback testing and for hardware
+sample rate conversion. But software sample rate conversion is
+probably faster, so I don't know how useful that is.
+
+SOUND_MIXER_OUTSRC DEFAULT: SOUND_MASK_LINE|SOUND_MASK_MIC|SOUND_MASK_CD
+
+This is a mask of sources that are currently passed through to the
+outputs. Those sources whose bits are not set are muted.
+
+==============================================================================
+GAIN CONTROL
+
+There are five gain controls listed above. Each has 16, 32, or 64
+steps. Each control has 1.5 dB of gain per step. Each control is
+stereo.
+
+The OSS defines the argument to a channel gain ioctl as having two
+components, left and right, each of which ranges from 0 to 100. The
+two components are packed into the same word, with the left side gain
+in the least significant byte, and the right side gain in the second
+least significant byte. In C, we would say this.
+
+ #include <assert.h>
+
+ ...
+
+ assert(leftgain >= 0 && leftgain <= 100);
+ assert(rightgain >= 0 && rightgain <= 100);
+ arg = leftgain | rightgain << 8;
+
+So each OSS gain control has 101 steps. But the hardware has 16, 32,
+or 64 steps. The hardware steps are spread across the 101 OSS steps
+nearly evenly. The conversion formulas are like this, given N equals
+16, 32, or 64.
+
+ int round = N/2 - 1;
+ OSS_gain_steps = (hw_gain_steps * 100 + round) / (N - 1);
+ hw_gain_steps = (OSS_gain_steps * (N - 1) + round) / 100;
+
+Here is a snippet of C code that will return the left and right gain
+of any channel in dB. Pass it one of the predefined gain_desc_t
+structures to access any of the five channels' gains.
+
+ typedef struct gain_desc {
+ float min_gain;
+ float gain_step;
+ int nbits;
+ int chan;
+ } gain_desc_t;
+
+ const gain_desc_t gain_pcm = { -82.5, 1.5, 6, SOUND_MIXER_PCM };
+ const gain_desc_t gain_line = { -34.5, 1.5, 5, SOUND_MIXER_LINE };
+ const gain_desc_t gain_mic = { -34.5, 1.5, 5, SOUND_MIXER_MIC };
+ const gain_desc_t gain_cd = { -34.5, 1.5, 5, SOUND_MIXER_CD };
+ const gain_desc_t gain_reclev = { 0.0, 1.5, 4, SOUND_MIXER_RECLEV };
+
+ int get_gain_dB(int fd, const gain_desc_t *gp,
+ float *left, float *right)
+ {
+ int word;
+ int lg, rg;
+ int mask = (1 << gp->nbits) - 1;
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, MIXER_READ(gp->chan), &word) != 0)
+ return -1; /* fail */
+ lg = word & 0xFF;
+ rg = word >> 8 & 0xFF;
+ lg = (lg * mask + mask / 2) / 100;
+ rg = (rg * mask + mask / 2) / 100;
+ *left = gp->min_gain + gp->gain_step * lg;
+ *right = gp->min_gain + gp->gain_step * rg;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+And here is the corresponding routine to set a channel's gain in dB.
+
+ int set_gain_dB(int fd, const gain_desc_t *gp, float left, float right)
+ {
+ float max_gain =
+ gp->min_gain + (1 << gp->nbits) * gp->gain_step;
+ float round = gp->gain_step / 2;
+ int mask = (1 << gp->nbits) - 1;
+ int word;
+ int lg, rg;
+
+ if (left < gp->min_gain || right < gp->min_gain)
+ return EINVAL;
+ lg = (left - gp->min_gain + round) / gp->gain_step;
+ rg = (right - gp->min_gain + round) / gp->gain_step;
+ if (lg >= (1 << gp->nbits) || rg >= (1 << gp->nbits))
+ return EINVAL;
+ lg = (100 * lg + mask / 2) / mask;
+ rg = (100 * rg + mask / 2) / mask;
+ word = lg | rg << 8;
+
+ return ioctl(fd, MIXER_WRITE(gp->chan), &word);
+ }
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sparc/README-2.5 b/Documentation/sparc/README-2.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..806fe49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sparc/README-2.5
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+BTFIXUP
+-------
+
+To build new kernels you have to issue "make image". The ready kernel
+in ELF format is placed in arch/sparc/boot/image. Explanation is below.
+
+BTFIXUP is a unique feature of Linux/sparc among other architectures,
+developed by Jakub Jelinek (I think... Obviously David S. Miller took
+part, too). It allows to boot the same kernel at different
+sub-architectures, such as sun4c, sun4m, sun4d, where SunOS uses
+different kernels. This feature is convinient for people who you move
+disks between boxes and for distrution builders.
+
+To function, BTFIXUP must link the kernel "in the draft" first,
+analyze the result, write a special stub code based on that, and
+build the final kernel with the stub (btfix.o).
+
+Kai Germaschewski improved the build system of the kernel in the 2.5 series
+significantly. Unfortunately, the traditional way of running the draft
+linking from architecture specific Makefile before the actual linking
+by generic Makefile is nearly impossible to support properly in the
+new build system. Therefore, the way we integrate BTFIXUP with the
+build system was changed in 2.5.40. Now, generic Makefile performs
+the draft linking and stores the result in file vmlinux. Architecture
+specific post-processing invokes BTFIXUP machinery and final linking
+in the same way as other architectures do bootstraps.
+
+Implications of that change are as follows.
+
+1. Hackers must type "make image" now, instead of just "make", in the same
+ way as s390 people do now. It is analogous to "make bzImage" on i386.
+ This does NOT affect sparc64, you continue to use "make" to build sparc64
+ kernels.
+
+2. vmlinux is not the final kernel, so RPM builders have to adjust
+ their spec files (if they delivered vmlinux for debugging).
+ System.map generated for vmlinux is still valid.
+
+3. Scripts that produce a.out images have to be changed. First, if they
+ invoke make, they have to use "make image". Second, they have to pick up
+ the new kernel in arch/sparc/boot/image instead of vmlinux.
+
+4. Since we are compliant with Kai's build system now, make -j is permitted.
+
+-- Pete Zaitcev
+zaitcev@yahoo.com
diff --git a/Documentation/sparc/sbus_drivers.txt b/Documentation/sparc/sbus_drivers.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..876195d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sparc/sbus_drivers.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+
+ Writing SBUS Drivers
+
+ David S. Miller (davem@redhat.com)
+
+ The SBUS driver interfaces of the Linux kernel have been
+revamped completely for 2.4.x for several reasons. Foremost were
+performance and complexity concerns. This document details these
+new interfaces and how they are used to write an SBUS device driver.
+
+ SBUS drivers need to include <asm/sbus.h> to get access
+to functions and structures described here.
+
+ Probing and Detection
+
+ Each SBUS device inside the machine is described by a
+structure called "struct sbus_dev". Likewise, each SBUS bus
+found in the system is described by a "struct sbus_bus". For
+each SBUS bus, the devices underneath are hung in a tree-like
+fashion off of the bus structure.
+
+ The SBUS device structure contains enough information
+for you to implement your device probing algorithm and obtain
+the bits necessary to run your device. The most commonly
+used members of this structure, and their typical usage,
+will be detailed below.
+
+ Here is how probing is performed by an SBUS driver
+under Linux:
+
+ static void init_one_mydevice(struct sbus_dev *sdev)
+ {
+ ...
+ }
+
+ static int mydevice_match(struct sbus_dev *sdev)
+ {
+ if (some_criteria(sdev))
+ return 1;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ static void mydevice_probe(void)
+ {
+ struct sbus_bus *sbus;
+ struct sbus_dev *sdev;
+
+ for_each_sbus(sbus) {
+ for_each_sbusdev(sdev, sbus) {
+ if (mydevice_match(sdev))
+ init_one_mydevice(sdev);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ All this does is walk through all SBUS devices in the
+system, checks each to see if it is of the type which
+your driver is written for, and if so it calls the init
+routine to attach the device and prepare to drive it.
+
+ "init_one_mydevice" might do things like allocate software
+state structures, map in I/O registers, place the hardware
+into an initialized state, etc.
+
+ Mapping and Accessing I/O Registers
+
+ Each SBUS device structure contains an array of descriptors
+which describe each register set. We abuse struct resource for that.
+They each correspond to the "reg" properties provided by the OBP firmware.
+
+ Before you can access your device's registers you must map
+them. And later if you wish to shutdown your driver (for module
+unload or similar) you must unmap them. You must treat them as
+a resource, which you allocate (map) before using and free up
+(unmap) when you are done with it.
+
+ The mapping information is stored in an opaque value
+typed as an "unsigned long". This is the type of the return value
+of the mapping interface, and the arguments to the unmapping
+interface. Let's say you want to map the first set of registers.
+Perhaps part of your driver software state structure looks like:
+
+ struct mydevice {
+ unsigned long control_regs;
+ ...
+ struct sbus_dev *sdev;
+ ...
+ };
+
+ At initialization time you then use the sbus_ioremap
+interface to map in your registers, like so:
+
+ static void init_one_mydevice(struct sbus_dev *sdev)
+ {
+ struct mydevice *mp;
+ ...
+
+ mp->control_regs = sbus_ioremap(&sdev->resource[0], 0,
+ CONTROL_REGS_SIZE, "mydevice regs");
+ if (!mp->control_regs) {
+ /* Failure, cleanup and return. */
+ }
+ }
+
+ Second argument to sbus_ioremap is an offset for
+cranky devices with broken OBP PROM. The sbus_ioremap uses only
+a start address and flags from the resource structure.
+Therefore it is possible to use the same resource to map
+several sets of registers or even to fabricate a resource
+structure if driver gets physical address from some private place.
+This practice is discouraged though. Use whatever OBP PROM
+provided to you.
+
+ And here is how you might unmap these registers later at
+driver shutdown or module unload time, using the sbus_iounmap
+interface:
+
+ static void mydevice_unmap_regs(struct mydevice *mp)
+ {
+ sbus_iounmap(mp->control_regs, CONTROL_REGS_SIZE);
+ }
+
+ Finally, to actually access your registers there are 6
+interface routines at your disposal. Accesses are byte (8 bit),
+word (16 bit), or longword (32 bit) sized. Here they are:
+
+ u8 sbus_readb(unsigned long reg) /* read byte */
+ u16 sbus_readw(unsigned long reg) /* read word */
+ u32 sbus_readl(unsigned long reg) /* read longword */
+ void sbus_writeb(u8 value, unsigned long reg) /* write byte */
+ void sbus_writew(u16 value, unsigned long reg) /* write word */
+ void sbus_writel(u32 value, unsigned long reg) /* write longword */
+
+ So, let's say your device has a control register of some sort
+at offset zero. The following might implement resetting your device:
+
+ #define CONTROL 0x00UL
+
+ #define CONTROL_RESET 0x00000001 /* Reset hardware */
+
+ static void mydevice_reset(struct mydevice *mp)
+ {
+ sbus_writel(CONTROL_RESET, mp->regs + CONTROL);
+ }
+
+ Or perhaps there is a data port register at an offset of
+16 bytes which allows you to read bytes from a fifo in the device:
+
+ #define DATA 0x10UL
+
+ static u8 mydevice_get_byte(struct mydevice *mp)
+ {
+ return sbus_readb(mp->regs + DATA);
+ }
+
+ It's pretty straightforward, and clueful readers may have
+noticed that these interfaces mimick the PCI interfaces of the
+Linux kernel. This was not by accident.
+
+ WARNING:
+
+ DO NOT try to treat these opaque register mapping
+ values as a memory mapped pointer to some structure
+ which you can dereference.
+
+ It may be memory mapped, it may not be. In fact it
+ could be a physical address, or it could be the time
+ of day xor'd with 0xdeadbeef. :-)
+
+ Whatever it is, it's an implementation detail. The
+ interface was done this way to shield the driver
+ author from such complexities.
+
+ Doing DVMA
+
+ SBUS devices can perform DMA transactions in a way similar
+to PCI but dissimilar to ISA, e.g. DMA masters supply address.
+In contrast to PCI, however, that address (a bus address) is
+translated by IOMMU before a memory access is performed and therefore
+it is virtual. Sun calls this procedure DVMA.
+
+ Linux supports two styles of using SBUS DVMA: "consistent memory"
+and "streaming DVMA". CPU view of consistent memory chunk is, well,
+consistent with a view of a device. Think of it as an uncached memory.
+Typically this way of doing DVMA is not very fast and drivers use it
+mostly for control blocks or queues. On some CPUs we cannot flush or
+invalidate individual pages or cache lines and doing explicit flushing
+over ever little byte in every control block would be wasteful.
+
+Streaming DVMA is a preferred way to transfer large amounts of data.
+This process works in the following way:
+1. a CPU stops accessing a certain part of memory,
+ flushes its caches covering that memory;
+2. a device does DVMA accesses, then posts an interrupt;
+3. CPU invalidates its caches and starts to access the memory.
+
+A single streaming DVMA operation can touch several discontiguous
+regions of a virtual bus address space. This is called a scatter-gather
+DVMA.
+
+[TBD: Why do not we neither Solaris attempt to map disjoint pages
+into a single virtual chunk with the help of IOMMU, so that non SG
+DVMA masters would do SG? It'd be very helpful for RAID.]
+
+ In order to perform a consistent DVMA a driver does something
+like the following:
+
+ char *mem; /* Address in the CPU space */
+ u32 busa; /* Address in the SBus space */
+
+ mem = (char *) sbus_alloc_consistent(sdev, MYMEMSIZE, &busa);
+
+ Then mem is used when CPU accesses this memory and u32
+is fed to the device so that it can do DVMA. This is typically
+done with an sbus_writel() into some device register.
+
+ Do not forget to free the DVMA resources once you are done:
+
+ sbus_free_consistent(sdev, MYMEMSIZE, mem, busa);
+
+ Streaming DVMA is more interesting. First you allocate some
+memory suitable for it or pin down some user pages. Then it all works
+like this:
+
+ char *mem = argumen1;
+ unsigned int size = argument2;
+ u32 busa; /* Address in the SBus space */
+
+ *mem = 1; /* CPU can access */
+ busa = sbus_map_single(sdev, mem, size);
+ if (busa == 0) .......
+
+ /* Tell the device to use busa here */
+ /* CPU cannot access the memory without sbus_dma_sync_single() */
+
+ sbus_unmap_single(sdev, busa, size);
+ if (*mem == 0) .... /* CPU can access again */
+
+ It is possible to retain mappings and ask the device to
+access data again and again without calling sbus_unmap_single.
+However, CPU caches must be invalidated with sbus_dma_sync_single
+before such access.
+
+[TBD but what about writeback caches here... do we have any?]
+
+ There is an equivalent set of functions doing the same thing
+only with several memory segments at once for devices capable of
+scatter-gather transfers. Use the Source, Luke.
+
+ Examples
+
+ drivers/net/sunhme.c
+ This is a complicated driver which illustrates many concepts
+discussed above and plus it handles both PCI and SBUS boards.
+
+ drivers/scsi/esp.c
+ Check it out for scatter-gather DVMA.
+
+ drivers/sbus/char/bpp.c
+ A non-DVMA device.
+
+ drivers/net/sunlance.c
+ Lance driver abuses consistent mappings for data transfer.
+It is a nifty trick which we do not particularly recommend...
+Just check it out and know that it's legal.
+
+ Bad examples, do NOT use
+
+ drivers/video/cgsix.c
+ This one uses result of sbus_ioremap as if it is an address.
+This does NOT work on sparc64 and therefore is broken. We will
+convert it at a later date.
diff --git a/Documentation/sparse.txt b/Documentation/sparse.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f978414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sparse.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+Copyright 2004 Linus Torvalds
+Copyright 2004 Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz>
+
+Using sparse for typechecking
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+"__bitwise" is a type attribute, so you have to do something like this:
+
+ typedef int __bitwise pm_request_t;
+
+ enum pm_request {
+ PM_SUSPEND = (__force pm_request_t) 1,
+ PM_RESUME = (__force pm_request_t) 2
+ };
+
+which makes PM_SUSPEND and PM_RESUME "bitwise" integers (the "__force" is
+there because sparse will complain about casting to/from a bitwise type,
+but in this case we really _do_ want to force the conversion). And because
+the enum values are all the same type, now "enum pm_request" will be that
+type too.
+
+And with gcc, all the __bitwise/__force stuff goes away, and it all ends
+up looking just like integers to gcc.
+
+Quite frankly, you don't need the enum there. The above all really just
+boils down to one special "int __bitwise" type.
+
+So the simpler way is to just do
+
+ typedef int __bitwise pm_request_t;
+
+ #define PM_SUSPEND ((__force pm_request_t) 1)
+ #define PM_RESUME ((__force pm_request_t) 2)
+
+and you now have all the infrastructure needed for strict typechecking.
+
+One small note: the constant integer "0" is special. You can use a
+constant zero as a bitwise integer type without sparse ever complaining.
+This is because "bitwise" (as the name implies) was designed for making
+sure that bitwise types don't get mixed up (little-endian vs big-endian
+vs cpu-endian vs whatever), and there the constant "0" really _is_
+special.
+
+Modify top-level Makefile to say
+
+CHECK = sparse -Wbitwise
+
+or you don't get any checking at all.
+
+
+Where to get sparse
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+With BK, you can just get it from
+
+ bk://sparse.bkbits.net/sparse
+
+and DaveJ has tar-balls at
+
+ http://www.codemonkey.org.uk/projects/bitkeeper/sparse/
+
+
+Once you have it, just do
+
+ make
+ make install
+
+as your regular user, and it will install sparse in your ~/bin directory.
+After that, doing a kernel make with "make C=1" will run sparse on all the
+C files that get recompiled, or with "make C=2" will run sparse on the
+files whether they need to be recompiled or not (ie the latter is fast way
+to check the whole tree if you have already built it).
diff --git a/Documentation/specialix.txt b/Documentation/specialix.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a4b428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/specialix.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+
+ specialix.txt -- specialix IO8+ multiport serial driver readme.
+
+
+
+ Copyright (C) 1997 Roger Wolff (R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl)
+
+ Specialix pays for the development and support of this driver.
+ Please DO contact io8-linux@specialix.co.uk if you require
+ support.
+
+ This driver was developed in the BitWizard linux device
+ driver service. If you require a linux device driver for your
+ product, please contact devices@BitWizard.nl for a quote.
+
+ This code is firmly based on the riscom/8 serial driver,
+ written by Dmitry Gorodchanin. The specialix IO8+ card
+ programming information was obtained from the CL-CD1865 Data
+ Book, and Specialix document number 6200059: IO8+ Hardware
+ Functional Specification, augmented by document number 6200088:
+ Merak Hardware Functional Specification. (IO8+/PCI is also
+ called Merak)
+
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+ the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
+ USA.
+
+
+Intro
+=====
+
+
+This file contains some random information, that I like to have online
+instead of in a manual that can get lost. Ever misplace your Linux
+kernel sources? And the manual of one of the boards in your computer?
+
+
+Addresses and interrupts
+========================
+
+Address dip switch settings:
+The dip switch sets bits 2-9 of the IO address.
+
+ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
+ +-----------------+
+ 0 | X X X X X X X |
+ | | = IoBase = 0x100
+ 1 | X |
+ +-----------------+ ------ RS232 connectors ---->
+
+ | | |
+ edge connector
+ | | |
+ V V V
+
+Base address 0x100 caused a conflict in one of my computers once. I
+haven't the foggiest why. My Specialix card is now at 0x180. My
+other computer runs just fine with the Specialix card at 0x100....
+The card occupies 4 addresses, but actually only two are really used.
+
+The PCI version doesn't have any dip switches. The BIOS assigns
+an IO address.
+
+The driver now still autoprobes at 0x100, 0x180, 0x250 and 0x260. If
+that causes trouble for you, please report that. I'll remove
+autoprobing then.
+
+The driver will tell the card what IRQ to use, so you don't have to
+change any jumpers to change the IRQ. Just use a command line
+argument (irq=xx) to the insmod program to set the interrupt.
+
+The BIOS assigns the IRQ on the PCI version. You have no say in what
+IRQ to use in that case.
+
+If your specialix cards are not at the default locations, you can use
+the kernel command line argument "specialix=io0,irq0,io1,irq1...".
+Here "io0" is the io address for the first card, and "irq0" is the
+irq line that the first card should use. And so on.
+
+Examples.
+
+You use the driver as a module and have three cards at 0x100, 0x250
+and 0x180. And some way or another you want them detected in that
+order. Moreover irq 12 is taken (e.g. by your PS/2 mouse).
+
+ insmod specialix.o iobase=0x100,0x250,0x180 irq=9,11,15
+
+The same three cards, but now in the kernel would require you to
+add
+
+ specialix=0x100,9,0x250,11,0x180,15
+
+to the command line. This would become
+
+ append="specialix=0x100,9,0x250,11,0x180,15"
+
+in your /etc/lilo.conf file if you use lilo.
+
+The Specialix driver is slightly odd: It allows you to have the second
+or third card detected without having a first card. This has
+advantages and disadvantages. A slot that isn't filled by an ISA card,
+might be filled if a PCI card is detected. Thus if you have an ISA
+card at 0x250 and a PCI card, you would get:
+
+sx0: specialix IO8+ Board at 0x100 not found.
+sx1: specialix IO8+ Board at 0x180 not found.
+sx2: specialix IO8+ board detected at 0x250, IRQ 12, CD1865 Rev. B.
+sx3: specialix IO8+ Board at 0x260 not found.
+sx0: specialix IO8+ board detected at 0xd800, IRQ 9, CD1865 Rev. B.
+
+This would happen if you don't give any probe hints to the driver.
+If you would specify:
+
+ specialix=0x250,11
+
+you'd get the following messages:
+
+sx0: specialix IO8+ board detected at 0x250, IRQ 11, CD1865 Rev. B.
+sx1: specialix IO8+ board detected at 0xd800, IRQ 9, CD1865 Rev. B.
+
+ISA probing is aborted after the IO address you gave is exhausted, and
+the PCI card is now detected as the second card. The ISA card is now
+also forced to IRQ11....
+
+
+Baud rates
+==========
+
+The rev 1.2 and below boards use a CL-CD1864. These chips can only
+do 64kbit. The rev 1.3 and newer boards use a CL-CD1865. These chips
+are officially capable of 115k2.
+
+The Specialix card uses a 25MHz crystal (in times two mode, which in
+fact is a divided by two mode). This is not enough to reach the rated
+115k2 on all ports at the same time. With this clock rate you can only
+do 37% of this rate. This means that at 115k2 on all ports you are
+going to lose characters (The chip cannot handle that many incoming
+bits at this clock rate.) (Yes, you read that correctly: there is a
+limit to the number of -=bits=- per second that the chip can handle.)
+
+If you near the "limit" you will first start to see a graceful
+degradation in that the chip cannot keep the transmitter busy at all
+times. However with a central clock this slow, you can also get it to
+miss incoming characters. The driver will print a warning message when
+you are outside the official specs. The messages usually show up in
+the file /var/log/messages .
+
+The specialix card cannot reliably do 115k2. If you use it, you have
+to do "extensive testing" (*) to verify if it actually works.
+
+When "mgetty" communicates with my modem at 115k2 it reports:
+got: +++[0d]ATQ0V1H0[0d][0d][8a]O[cb][0d][8a]
+ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^
+
+The three characters that have the "^^^" under them have suffered a
+bit error in the highest bit. In conclusion: I've tested it, and found
+that it simply DOESN'T work for me. I also suspect that this is also
+caused by the baud rate being just a little bit out of tune.
+
+I upgraded the crystal to 66Mhz on one of my Specialix cards. Works
+great! Contact me for details. (Voids warranty, requires a steady hand
+and more such restrictions....)
+
+
+(*) Cirrus logic CD1864 databook, page 40.
+
+
+Cables for the Specialix IO8+
+=============================
+
+The pinout of the connectors on the IO8+ is:
+
+ pin short direction long name
+ name
+ Pin 1 DCD input Data Carrier Detect
+ Pin 2 RXD input Receive
+ Pin 3 DTR/RTS output Data Terminal Ready/Ready To Send
+ Pin 4 GND - Ground
+ Pin 5 TXD output Transmit
+ Pin 6 CTS input Clear To Send
+
+
+ -- 6 5 4 3 2 1 --
+ | |
+ | |
+ | |
+ | |
+ +----- -----+
+ |__________|
+ clip
+
+ Front view of an RJ12 connector. Cable moves "into" the paper.
+ (the plug is ready to plug into your mouth this way...)
+
+
+ NULL cable. I don't know who is going to use these except for
+ testing purposes, but I tested the cards with this cable. (It
+ took quite a while to figure out, so I'm not going to delete
+ it. So there! :-)
+
+
+ This end goes This end needs
+ straight into the some twists in
+ RJ12 plug. the wiring.
+ IO8+ RJ12 IO8+ RJ12
+ 1 DCD white -
+ - - 1 DCD
+ 2 RXD black 5 TXD
+ 3 DTR/RTS red 6 CTS
+ 4 GND green 4 GND
+ 5 TXD yellow 2 RXD
+ 6 CTS blue 3 DTR/RTS
+
+
+ Same NULL cable, but now sorted on the second column.
+
+ 1 DCD white -
+ - - 1 DCD
+ 5 TXD yellow 2 RXD
+ 6 CTS blue 3 DTR/RTS
+ 4 GND green 4 GND
+ 2 RXD black 5 TXD
+ 3 DTR/RTS red 6 CTS
+
+
+
+ This is a modem cable usable for hardware handshaking:
+ RJ12 DB25 DB9
+ 1 DCD white 8 DCD 1 DCD
+ 2 RXD black 3 RXD 2 RXD
+ 3 DTR/RTS red 4 RTS 7 RTS
+ 4 GND green 7 GND 5 GND
+ 5 TXD yellow 2 TXD 3 TXD
+ 6 CTS blue 5 CTS 8 CTS
+ +---- 6 DSR 6 DSR
+ +---- 20 DTR 4 DTR
+
+ This is a modem cable usable for software handshaking:
+ It allows you to reset the modem using the DTR ioctls.
+ I (REW) have never tested this, "but xxxxxxxxxxxxx
+ says that it works." If you test this, please
+ tell me and I'll fill in your name on the xxx's.
+
+ RJ12 DB25 DB9
+ 1 DCD white 8 DCD 1 DCD
+ 2 RXD black 3 RXD 2 RXD
+ 3 DTR/RTS red 20 DTR 4 DTR
+ 4 GND green 7 GND 5 GND
+ 5 TXD yellow 2 TXD 3 TXD
+ 6 CTS blue 5 CTS 8 CTS
+ +---- 6 DSR 6 DSR
+ +---- 4 RTS 7 RTS
+
+ I bought a 6 wire flat cable. It was colored as indicated.
+ Check that yours is the same before you trust me on this.
+
+
+Hardware handshaking issues.
+============================
+
+The driver can be compiled in two different ways. The default
+("Specialix DTR/RTS pin is RTS" is off) the pin behaves as DTR when
+hardware handshaking is off. It behaves as the RTS hardware
+handshaking signal when hardware handshaking is selected.
+
+When you use this, you have to use the appropriate cable. The
+cable will either be compatible with hardware handshaking or with
+software handshaking. So switching on the fly is not really an
+option.
+
+I actually prefer to use the "Specialix DTR/RTS pin is RTS" option.
+This makes the DTR/RTS pin always an RTS pin, and ioctls to
+change DTR are always ignored. I have a cable that is configured
+for this.
+
+
+Ports and devices
+=================
+
+Port 0 is the one furthest from the card-edge connector.
+
+Devices:
+
+You should make the devices as follows:
+
+bash
+cd /dev
+for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 \
+ 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
+do
+ echo -n "$i "
+ mknod /dev/ttyW$i c 75 $i
+ mknod /dev/cuw$i c 76 $i
+done
+echo ""
+
+If your system doesn't come with these devices preinstalled, bug your
+linux-vendor about this. They have had ample time to get this
+implemented by now.
+
+You cannot have more than 4 boards in one computer. The card only
+supports 4 different interrupts. If you really want this, contact me
+about this and I'll give you a few tips (requires soldering iron)....
+
+If you have enough PCI slots, you can probably use more than 4 PCI
+versions of the card though....
+
+The PCI version of the card cannot adhere to the mechanical part of
+the PCI spec because the 8 serial connectors are simply too large. If
+it doesn't fit in your computer, bring back the card.
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+ Fixed bugs and restrictions:
+ - During initialization, interrupts are blindly turned on.
+ Having a shadow variable would cause an extra memory
+ access on every IO instruction.
+ - The interrupt (on the card) should be disabled when we
+ don't allocate the Linux end of the interrupt. This allows
+ a different driver/card to use it while all ports are not in
+ use..... (a la standard serial port)
+ == An extra _off variant of the sx_in and sx_out macros are
+ now available. They don't set the interrupt enable bit.
+ These are used during initialization. Normal operation uses
+ the old variant which enables the interrupt line.
+ - RTS/DTR issue needs to be implemented according to
+ specialix' spec.
+ I kind of like the "determinism" of the current
+ implementation. Compile time flag?
+ == Ok. Compile time flag! Default is how Specialix likes it.
+ == Now a config time flag! Gets saved in your config file. Neat!
+ - Can you set the IO address from the lilo command line?
+ If you need this, bug me about it, I'll make it.
+ == Hah! No bugging needed. Fixed! :-)
+ - Cirrus logic hasn't gotten back to me yet why the CD1865 can
+ and the CD1864 can't do 115k2. I suspect that this is
+ because the CD1864 is not rated for 33MHz operation.
+ Therefore the CD1864 versions of the card can't do 115k2 on
+ all ports just like the CD1865 versions. The driver does
+ not block 115k2 on CD1864 cards.
+ == I called the Cirrus Logic representative here in Holland.
+ The CD1864 databook is identical to the CD1865 databook,
+ except for an extra warning at the end. Similar Bit errors
+ have been observed in testing at 115k2 on both an 1865 and
+ a 1864 chip. I see no reason why I would prohibit 115k2 on
+ 1864 chips and not do it on 1865 chips. Actually there is
+ reason to prohibit it on BOTH chips. I print a warning.
+ If you use 115k2, you're on your own.
+ - A spiky CD may send spurious HUPs. Also in CLOCAL???
+ -- A fix for this turned out to be counter productive.
+ Different fix? Current behaviour is acceptable?
+ -- Maybe the current implementation is correct. If anybody
+ gets bitten by this, please report, and it will get fixed.
+
+ -- Testing revealed that when in CLOCAL, the problem doesn't
+ occur. As warned for in the CD1865 manual, the chip may
+ send modem intr's on a spike. We could filter those out,
+ but that would be a cludge anyway (You'd still risk getting
+ a spurious HUP when two spikes occur.).....
+
+
+
+ Bugs & restrictions:
+ - This is a difficult card to autoprobe.
+ You have to WRITE to the address register to even
+ read-probe a CD186x register. Disable autodetection?
+ -- Specialix: any suggestions?
+ - Arbitrary baud rates are not implemented yet.
+ If you need this, bug me about it.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/spinlocks.txt b/Documentation/spinlocks.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c212299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/spinlocks.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+UPDATE March 21 2005 Amit Gud <gud@eth.net>
+
+Macros SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED and RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED are deprecated and will be
+removed soon. So for any new code dynamic initialization should be used:
+
+ spinlock_t xxx_lock;
+ rwlock_t xxx_rw_lock;
+
+ static int __init xxx_init(void)
+ {
+ spin_lock_init(&xxx_lock);
+ rw_lock_init(&xxx_rw_lock);
+ ...
+ }
+
+ module_init(xxx_init);
+
+Reasons for deprecation
+ - it hurts automatic lock validators
+ - it becomes intrusive for the realtime preemption patches
+
+Following discussion is still valid, however, with the dynamic initialization
+of spinlocks instead of static.
+
+-----------------------
+
+On Fri, 2 Jan 1998, Doug Ledford wrote:
+>
+> I'm working on making the aic7xxx driver more SMP friendly (as well as
+> importing the latest FreeBSD sequencer code to have 7895 support) and wanted
+> to get some info from you. The goal here is to make the various routines
+> SMP safe as well as UP safe during interrupts and other manipulating
+> routines. So far, I've added a spin_lock variable to things like my queue
+> structs. Now, from what I recall, there are some spin lock functions I can
+> use to lock these spin locks from other use as opposed to a (nasty)
+> save_flags(); cli(); stuff; restore_flags(); construct. Where do I find
+> these routines and go about making use of them? Do they only lock on a
+> per-processor basis or can they also lock say an interrupt routine from
+> mucking with a queue if the queue routine was manipulating it when the
+> interrupt occurred, or should I still use a cli(); based construct on that
+> one?
+
+See <asm/spinlock.h>. The basic version is:
+
+ spinlock_t xxx_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
+
+
+ unsigned long flags;
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&xxx_lock, flags);
+ ... critical section here ..
+ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&xxx_lock, flags);
+
+and the above is always safe. It will disable interrupts _locally_, but the
+spinlock itself will guarantee the global lock, so it will guarantee that
+there is only one thread-of-control within the region(s) protected by that
+lock.
+
+Note that it works well even under UP - the above sequence under UP
+essentially is just the same as doing a
+
+ unsigned long flags;
+
+ save_flags(flags); cli();
+ ... critical section ...
+ restore_flags(flags);
+
+so the code does _not_ need to worry about UP vs SMP issues: the spinlocks
+work correctly under both (and spinlocks are actually more efficient on
+architectures that allow doing the "save_flags + cli" in one go because I
+don't export that interface normally).
+
+NOTE NOTE NOTE! The reason the spinlock is so much faster than a global
+interrupt lock under SMP is exactly because it disables interrupts only on
+the local CPU. The spin-lock is safe only when you _also_ use the lock
+itself to do locking across CPU's, which implies that EVERYTHING that
+touches a shared variable has to agree about the spinlock they want to
+use.
+
+The above is usually pretty simple (you usually need and want only one
+spinlock for most things - using more than one spinlock can make things a
+lot more complex and even slower and is usually worth it only for
+sequences that you _know_ need to be split up: avoid it at all cost if you
+aren't sure). HOWEVER, it _does_ mean that if you have some code that does
+
+ cli();
+ .. critical section ..
+ sti();
+
+and another sequence that does
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(flags);
+ .. critical section ..
+ spin_unlock_irqrestore(flags);
+
+then they are NOT mutually exclusive, and the critical regions can happen
+at the same time on two different CPU's. That's fine per se, but the
+critical regions had better be critical for different things (ie they
+can't stomp on each other).
+
+The above is a problem mainly if you end up mixing code - for example the
+routines in ll_rw_block() tend to use cli/sti to protect the atomicity of
+their actions, and if a driver uses spinlocks instead then you should
+think about issues like the above..
+
+This is really the only really hard part about spinlocks: once you start
+using spinlocks they tend to expand to areas you might not have noticed
+before, because you have to make sure the spinlocks correctly protect the
+shared data structures _everywhere_ they are used. The spinlocks are most
+easily added to places that are completely independent of other code (ie
+internal driver data structures that nobody else ever touches, for
+example).
+
+----
+
+Lesson 2: reader-writer spinlocks.
+
+If your data accesses have a very natural pattern where you usually tend
+to mostly read from the shared variables, the reader-writer locks
+(rw_lock) versions of the spinlocks are often nicer. They allow multiple
+readers to be in the same critical region at once, but if somebody wants
+to change the variables it has to get an exclusive write lock. The
+routines look the same as above:
+
+ rwlock_t xxx_lock = RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
+
+
+ unsigned long flags;
+
+ read_lock_irqsave(&xxx_lock, flags);
+ .. critical section that only reads the info ...
+ read_unlock_irqrestore(&xxx_lock, flags);
+
+ write_lock_irqsave(&xxx_lock, flags);
+ .. read and write exclusive access to the info ...
+ write_unlock_irqrestore(&xxx_lock, flags);
+
+The above kind of lock is useful for complex data structures like linked
+lists etc, especially when you know that most of the work is to just
+traverse the list searching for entries without changing the list itself,
+for example. Then you can use the read lock for that kind of list
+traversal, which allows many concurrent readers. Anything that _changes_
+the list will have to get the write lock.
+
+Note: you cannot "upgrade" a read-lock to a write-lock, so if you at _any_
+time need to do any changes (even if you don't do it every time), you have
+to get the write-lock at the very beginning. I could fairly easily add a
+primitive to create a "upgradeable" read-lock, but it hasn't been an issue
+yet. Tell me if you'd want one.
+
+----
+
+Lesson 3: spinlocks revisited.
+
+The single spin-lock primitives above are by no means the only ones. They
+are the most safe ones, and the ones that work under all circumstances,
+but partly _because_ they are safe they are also fairly slow. They are
+much faster than a generic global cli/sti pair, but slower than they'd
+need to be, because they do have to disable interrupts (which is just a
+single instruction on a x86, but it's an expensive one - and on other
+architectures it can be worse).
+
+If you have a case where you have to protect a data structure across
+several CPU's and you want to use spinlocks you can potentially use
+cheaper versions of the spinlocks. IFF you know that the spinlocks are
+never used in interrupt handlers, you can use the non-irq versions:
+
+ spin_lock(&lock);
+ ...
+ spin_unlock(&lock);
+
+(and the equivalent read-write versions too, of course). The spinlock will
+guarantee the same kind of exclusive access, and it will be much faster.
+This is useful if you know that the data in question is only ever
+manipulated from a "process context", ie no interrupts involved.
+
+The reasons you mustn't use these versions if you have interrupts that
+play with the spinlock is that you can get deadlocks:
+
+ spin_lock(&lock);
+ ...
+ <- interrupt comes in:
+ spin_lock(&lock);
+
+where an interrupt tries to lock an already locked variable. This is ok if
+the other interrupt happens on another CPU, but it is _not_ ok if the
+interrupt happens on the same CPU that already holds the lock, because the
+lock will obviously never be released (because the interrupt is waiting
+for the lock, and the lock-holder is interrupted by the interrupt and will
+not continue until the interrupt has been processed).
+
+(This is also the reason why the irq-versions of the spinlocks only need
+to disable the _local_ interrupts - it's ok to use spinlocks in interrupts
+on other CPU's, because an interrupt on another CPU doesn't interrupt the
+CPU that holds the lock, so the lock-holder can continue and eventually
+releases the lock).
+
+Note that you can be clever with read-write locks and interrupts. For
+example, if you know that the interrupt only ever gets a read-lock, then
+you can use a non-irq version of read locks everywhere - because they
+don't block on each other (and thus there is no dead-lock wrt interrupts.
+But when you do the write-lock, you have to use the irq-safe version.
+
+For an example of being clever with rw-locks, see the "waitqueue_lock"
+handling in kernel/sched.c - nothing ever _changes_ a wait-queue from
+within an interrupt, they only read the queue in order to know whom to
+wake up. So read-locks are safe (which is good: they are very common
+indeed), while write-locks need to protect themselves against interrupts.
+
+ Linus
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt b/Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cea1387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+The Linux Kernel Driver Interface
+(all of your questions answered and then some)
+
+Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>
+
+This is being written to try to explain why Linux does not have a binary
+kernel interface, nor does it have a stable kernel interface. Please
+realize that this article describes the _in kernel_ interfaces, not the
+kernel to userspace interfaces. The kernel to userspace interface is
+the one that application programs use, the syscall interface. That
+interface is _very_ stable over time, and will not break. I have old
+programs that were built on a pre 0.9something kernel that still work
+just fine on the latest 2.6 kernel release. This interface is the one
+that users and application programmers can count on being stable.
+
+
+Executive Summary
+-----------------
+You think you want a stable kernel interface, but you really do not, and
+you don't even know it. What you want is a stable running driver, and
+you get that only if your driver is in the main kernel tree. You also
+get lots of other good benefits if your driver is in the main kernel
+tree, all of which has made Linux into such a strong, stable, and mature
+operating system which is the reason you are using it in the first
+place.
+
+
+Intro
+-----
+
+It's only the odd person who wants to write a kernel driver that needs
+to worry about the in-kernel interfaces changing. For the majority of
+the world, they neither see this interface, nor do they care about it at
+all.
+
+First off, I'm not going to address _any_ legal issues about closed
+source, hidden source, binary blobs, source wrappers, or any other term
+that describes kernel drivers that do not have their source code
+released under the GPL. Please consult a lawyer if you have any legal
+questions, I'm a programmer and hence, I'm just going to be describing
+the technical issues here (not to make light of the legal issues, they
+are real, and you do need to be aware of them at all times.)
+
+So, there are two main topics here, binary kernel interfaces and stable
+kernel source interfaces. They both depend on each other, but we will
+discuss the binary stuff first to get it out of the way.
+
+
+Binary Kernel Interface
+-----------------------
+Assuming that we had a stable kernel source interface for the kernel, a
+binary interface would naturally happen too, right? Wrong. Please
+consider the following facts about the Linux kernel:
+ - Depending on the version of the C compiler you use, different kernel
+ data structures will contain different alignment of structures, and
+ possibly include different functions in different ways (putting
+ functions inline or not.) The individual function organization
+ isn't that important, but the different data structure padding is
+ very important.
+ - Depending on what kernel build options you select, a wide range of
+ different things can be assumed by the kernel:
+ - different structures can contain different fields
+ - Some functions may not be implemented at all, (i.e. some locks
+ compile away to nothing for non-SMP builds.)
+ - Parameter passing of variables from function to function can be
+ done in different ways (the CONFIG_REGPARM option controls
+ this.)
+ - Memory within the kernel can be aligned in different ways,
+ depending on the build options.
+ - Linux runs on a wide range of different processor architectures.
+ There is no way that binary drivers from one architecture will run
+ on another architecture properly.
+
+Now a number of these issues can be addressed by simply compiling your
+module for the exact specific kernel configuration, using the same exact
+C compiler that the kernel was built with. This is sufficient if you
+want to provide a module for a specific release version of a specific
+Linux distribution. But multiply that single build by the number of
+different Linux distributions and the number of different supported
+releases of the Linux distribution and you quickly have a nightmare of
+different build options on different releases. Also realize that each
+Linux distribution release contains a number of different kernels, all
+tuned to different hardware types (different processor types and
+different options), so for even a single release you will need to create
+multiple versions of your module.
+
+Trust me, you will go insane over time if you try to support this kind
+of release, I learned this the hard way a long time ago...
+
+
+Stable Kernel Source Interfaces
+-------------------------------
+
+This is a much more "volatile" topic if you talk to people who try to
+keep a Linux kernel driver that is not in the main kernel tree up to
+date over time.
+
+Linux kernel development is continuous and at a rapid pace, never
+stopping to slow down. As such, the kernel developers find bugs in
+current interfaces, or figure out a better way to do things. If they do
+that, they then fix the current interfaces to work better. When they do
+so, function names may change, structures may grow or shrink, and
+function parameters may be reworked. If this happens, all of the
+instances of where this interface is used within the kernel are fixed up
+at the same time, ensuring that everything continues to work properly.
+
+As a specific examples of this, the in-kernel USB interfaces have
+undergone at least three different reworks over the lifetime of this
+subsystem. These reworks were done to address a number of different
+issues:
+ - A change from a synchronous model of data streams to an asynchronous
+ one. This reduced the complexity of a number of drivers and
+ increased the throughput of all USB drivers such that we are now
+ running almost all USB devices at their maximum speed possible.
+ - A change was made in the way data packets were allocated from the
+ USB core by USB drivers so that all drivers now needed to provide
+ more information to the USB core to fix a number of documented
+ deadlocks.
+
+This is in stark contrast to a number of closed source operating systems
+which have had to maintain their older USB interfaces over time. This
+provides the ability for new developers to accidentally use the old
+interfaces and do things in improper ways, causing the stability of the
+operating system to suffer.
+
+In both of these instances, all developers agreed that these were
+important changes that needed to be made, and they were made, with
+relatively little pain. If Linux had to ensure that it preserve a
+stable source interface, a new interface would have been created, and
+the older, broken one would have had to be maintained over time, leading
+to extra work for the USB developers. Since all Linux USB developers do
+their work on their own time, asking programmers to do extra work for no
+gain, for free, is not a possibility.
+
+Security issues are also a very important for Linux. When a
+security issue is found, it is fixed in a very short amount of time. A
+number of times this has caused internal kernel interfaces to be
+reworked to prevent the security problem from occurring. When this
+happens, all drivers that use the interfaces were also fixed at the
+same time, ensuring that the security problem was fixed and could not
+come back at some future time accidentally. If the internal interfaces
+were not allowed to change, fixing this kind of security problem and
+insuring that it could not happen again would not be possible.
+
+Kernel interfaces are cleaned up over time. If there is no one using a
+current interface, it is deleted. This ensures that the kernel remains
+as small as possible, and that all potential interfaces are tested as
+well as they can be (unused interfaces are pretty much impossible to
+test for validity.)
+
+
+What to do
+----------
+
+So, if you have a Linux kernel driver that is not in the main kernel
+tree, what are you, a developer, supposed to do? Releasing a binary
+driver for every different kernel version for every distribution is a
+nightmare, and trying to keep up with an ever changing kernel interface
+is also a rough job.
+
+Simple, get your kernel driver into the main kernel tree (remember we
+are talking about GPL released drivers here, if your code doesn't fall
+under this category, good luck, you are on your own here, you leech
+<insert link to leech comment from Andrew and Linus here>.) If your
+driver is in the tree, and a kernel interface changes, it will be fixed
+up by the person who did the kernel change in the first place. This
+ensures that your driver is always buildable, and works over time, with
+very little effort on your part.
+
+The very good side effects of having your driver in the main kernel tree
+are:
+ - The quality of the driver will rise as the maintenance costs (to the
+ original developer) will decrease.
+ - Other developers will add features to your driver.
+ - Other people will find and fix bugs in your driver.
+ - Other people will find tuning opportunities in your driver.
+ - Other people will update the driver for you when external interface
+ changes require it.
+ - The driver automatically gets shipped in all Linux distributions
+ without having to ask the distros to add it.
+
+As Linux supports a larger number of different devices "out of the box"
+than any other operating system, and it supports these devices on more
+different processor architectures than any other operating system, this
+proven type of development model must be doing something right :)
+
+
+
+------
+
+Thanks to Randy Dunlap, Andrew Morton, David Brownell, Hanna Linder,
+Robert Love, and Nishanth Aravamudan for their review and comments on
+early drafts of this paper.
diff --git a/Documentation/stallion.txt b/Documentation/stallion.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c4902d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/stallion.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+* NOTE - This is an unmaintained driver. Lantronix, which bought Stallion
+technologies, is not active in driver maintenance, and they have no information
+on when or if they will have a 2.6 driver.
+
+James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com> - 12-12-2004
+
+Stallion Multiport Serial Driver Readme
+---------------------------------------
+
+Copyright (C) 1994-1999, Stallion Technologies.
+
+Version: 5.5.1
+Date: 28MAR99
+
+
+
+1. INTRODUCTION
+
+There are two drivers that work with the different families of Stallion
+multiport serial boards. One is for the Stallion smart boards - that is
+EasyIO, EasyConnection 8/32 and EasyConnection 8/64-PCI, the other for
+the true Stallion intelligent multiport boards - EasyConnection 8/64
+(ISA, EISA, MCA), EasyConnection/RA-PCI, ONboard and Brumby.
+
+If you are using any of the Stallion intelligent multiport boards (Brumby,
+ONboard, EasyConnection 8/64 (ISA, EISA, MCA), EasyConnection/RA-PCI) with
+Linux you will need to get the driver utility package. This contains a
+firmware loader and the firmware images necessary to make the devices operate.
+
+The Stallion Technologies ftp site, ftp.stallion.com, will always have
+the latest version of the driver utility package.
+
+ftp://ftp.stallion.com/drivers/ata5/Linux/ata-linux-550.tar.gz
+
+As of the printing of this document the latest version of the driver
+utility package is 5.5.0. If a later version is now available then you
+should use the latest version.
+
+If you are using the EasyIO, EasyConnection 8/32 or EasyConnection 8/64-PCI
+boards then you don't need this package, although it does have a serial stats
+display program.
+
+If you require DIP switch settings, EISA or MCA configuration files, or any
+other information related to Stallion boards then have a look at Stallion's
+web pages at http://www.stallion.com.
+
+
+
+2. INSTALLATION
+
+The drivers can be used as loadable modules or compiled into the kernel.
+You can choose which when doing a "config" on the kernel.
+
+All ISA, EISA and MCA boards that you want to use need to be configured into
+the driver(s). All PCI boards will be automatically detected when you load
+the driver - so they do not need to be entered into the driver(s)
+configuration structure. Note that kernel PCI support is required to use PCI
+boards.
+
+There are two methods of configuring ISA, EISA and MCA boards into the drivers.
+If using the driver as a loadable module then the simplest method is to pass
+the driver configuration as module arguments. The other method is to modify
+the driver source to add configuration lines for each board in use.
+
+If you have pre-built Stallion driver modules then the module argument
+configuration method should be used. A lot of Linux distributions come with
+pre-built driver modules in /lib/modules/X.Y.Z/misc for the kernel in use.
+That makes things pretty simple to get going.
+
+
+2.1 MODULE DRIVER CONFIGURATION:
+
+The simplest configuration for modules is to use the module load arguments
+to configure any ISA, EISA or MCA boards. PCI boards are automatically
+detected, so do not need any additional configuration at all.
+
+If using EasyIO, EasyConnection 8/32 ISA or MCA, or EasyConnection 8/63-PCI
+boards then use the "stallion" driver module, Otherwise if you are using
+an EasyConnection 8/64 ISA, EISA or MCA, EasyConnection/RA-PCI, ONboard,
+Brumby or original Stallion board then use the "istallion" driver module.
+
+Typically to load up the smart board driver use:
+
+ modprobe stallion
+
+This will load the EasyIO and EasyConnection 8/32 driver. It will output a
+message to say that it loaded and print the driver version number. It will
+also print out whether it found the configured boards or not. These messages
+may not appear on the console, but typically are always logged to
+/var/adm/messages or /var/log/syslog files - depending on how the klogd and
+syslogd daemons are setup on your system.
+
+To load the intelligent board driver use:
+
+ modprobe istallion
+
+It will output similar messages to the smart board driver.
+
+If not using an auto-detectable board type (that is a PCI board) then you
+will also need to supply command line arguments to the modprobe command
+when loading the driver. The general form of the configuration argument is
+
+ board?=<name>[,<ioaddr>[,<addr>][,<irq>]]
+
+where:
+
+ board? -- specifies the arbitrary board number of this board,
+ can be in the range 0 to 3.
+
+ name -- textual name of this board. The board name is the common
+ board name, or any "shortened" version of that. The board
+ type number may also be used here.
+
+ ioaddr -- specifies the I/O address of this board. This argument is
+ optional, but should generally be specified.
+
+ addr -- optional second address argument. Some board types require
+ a second I/O address, some require a memory address. The
+ exact meaning of this argument depends on the board type.
+
+ irq -- optional IRQ line used by this board.
+
+Up to 4 board configuration arguments can be specified on the load line.
+Here is some examples:
+
+ modprobe stallion board0=easyio,0x2a0,5
+
+This configures an EasyIO board as board 0 at I/O address 0x2a0 and IRQ 5.
+
+ modprobe istallion board3=ec8/64,0x2c0,0xcc000
+
+This configures an EasyConnection 8/64 ISA as board 3 at I/O address 0x2c0 at
+memory address 0xcc000.
+
+ modprobe stallion board1=ec8/32-at,0x2a0,0x280,10
+
+This configures an EasyConnection 8/32 ISA board at primary I/O address 0x2a0,
+secondary address 0x280 and IRQ 10.
+
+You will probably want to enter this module load and configuration information
+into your system startup scripts so that the drivers are loaded and configured
+on each system boot. Typically the start up script would be something like
+/etc/modprobe.conf.
+
+
+2.2 STATIC DRIVER CONFIGURATION:
+
+For static driver configuration you need to modify the driver source code.
+Entering ISA, EISA and MCA boards into the driver(s) configuration structure
+involves editing the driver(s) source file. It's pretty easy if you follow
+the instructions below. Both drivers can support up to 4 boards. The smart
+card driver (the stallion.c driver) supports any combination of EasyIO and
+EasyConnection 8/32 boards (up to a total of 4). The intelligent driver
+supports any combination of ONboards, Brumbys, Stallions and EasyConnection
+8/64 (ISA and EISA) boards (up to a total of 4).
+
+To set up the driver(s) for the boards that you want to use you need to
+edit the appropriate driver file and add configuration entries.
+
+If using EasyIO or EasyConnection 8/32 ISA or MCA boards,
+ In drivers/char/stallion.c:
+ - find the definition of the stl_brdconf array (of structures)
+ near the top of the file
+ - modify this to match the boards you are going to install
+ (the comments before this structure should help)
+ - save and exit
+
+If using ONboard, Brumby, Stallion or EasyConnection 8/64 (ISA or EISA)
+boards,
+ In drivers/char/istallion.c:
+ - find the definition of the stli_brdconf array (of structures)
+ near the top of the file
+ - modify this to match the boards you are going to install
+ (the comments before this structure should help)
+ - save and exit
+
+Once you have set up the board configurations then you are ready to build
+the kernel or modules.
+
+When the new kernel is booted, or the loadable module loaded then the
+driver will emit some kernel trace messages about whether the configured
+boards were detected or not. Depending on how your system logger is set
+up these may come out on the console, or just be logged to
+/var/adm/messages or /var/log/syslog. You should check the messages to
+confirm that all is well.
+
+
+2.3 SHARING INTERRUPTS
+
+It is possible to share interrupts between multiple EasyIO and
+EasyConnection 8/32 boards in an EISA system. To do this you must be using
+static driver configuration, modifying the driver source code to add driver
+configuration. Then a couple of extra things are required:
+
+1. When entering the board resources into the stallion.c file you need to
+ mark the boards as using level triggered interrupts. Do this by replacing
+ the "0" entry at field position 6 (the last field) in the board
+ configuration structure with a "1". (This is the structure that defines
+ the board type, I/O locations, etc. for each board). All boards that are
+ sharing an interrupt must be set this way, and each board should have the
+ same interrupt number specified here as well. Now build the module or
+ kernel as you would normally.
+
+2. When physically installing the boards into the system you must enter
+ the system EISA configuration utility. You will need to install the EISA
+ configuration files for *all* the EasyIO and EasyConnection 8/32 boards
+ that are sharing interrupts. The Stallion EasyIO and EasyConnection 8/32
+ EISA configuration files required are supplied by Stallion Technologies
+ on the EASY Utilities floppy diskette (usually supplied in the box with
+ the board when purchased. If not, you can pick it up from Stallion's FTP
+ site, ftp.stallion.com). You will need to edit the board resources to
+ choose level triggered interrupts, and make sure to set each board's
+ interrupt to the same IRQ number.
+
+You must complete both the above steps for this to work. When you reboot
+or load the driver your EasyIO and EasyConnection 8/32 boards will be
+sharing interrupts.
+
+
+2.4 USING HIGH SHARED MEMORY
+
+The EasyConnection 8/64-EI, ONboard and Stallion boards are capable of
+using shared memory addresses above the usual 640K - 1Mb range. The ONboard
+ISA and the Stallion boards can be programmed to use memory addresses up to
+16Mb (the ISA bus addressing limit), and the EasyConnection 8/64-EI and
+ONboard/E can be programmed for memory addresses up to 4Gb (the EISA bus
+addressing limit).
+
+The higher than 1Mb memory addresses are fully supported by this driver.
+Just enter the address as you normally would for a lower than 1Mb address
+(in the driver's board configuration structure).
+
+
+
+2.5 TROUBLE SHOOTING
+
+If a board is not found by the driver but is actually in the system then the
+most likely problem is that the I/O address is wrong. Change the module load
+argument for the loadable module form. Or change it in the driver stallion.c
+or istallion.c configuration structure and rebuild the kernel or modules, or
+change it on the board.
+
+On EasyIO and EasyConnection 8/32 boards the IRQ is software programmable, so
+if there is a conflict you may need to change the IRQ used for a board. There
+are no interrupts to worry about for ONboard, Brumby or EasyConnection 8/64
+(ISA, EISA and MCA) boards. The memory region on EasyConnection 8/64 and
+ONboard boards is software programmable, but not on the Brumby boards.
+
+
+
+3. USING THE DRIVERS
+
+3.1 INTELLIGENT DRIVER OPERATION
+
+The intelligent boards also need to have their "firmware" code downloaded
+to them. This is done via a user level application supplied in the driver
+utility package called "stlload". Compile this program wherever you dropped
+the package files, by typing "make". In its simplest form you can then type
+
+ ./stlload -i cdk.sys
+
+in this directory and that will download board 0 (assuming board 0 is an
+EasyConnection 8/64 or EasyConnection/RA board). To download to an
+ONboard, Brumby or Stallion do:
+
+ ./stlload -i 2681.sys
+
+Normally you would want all boards to be downloaded as part of the standard
+system startup. To achieve this, add one of the lines above into the
+/etc/rc.d/rc.S or /etc/rc.d/rc.serial file. To download each board just add
+the "-b <brd-number>" option to the line. You will need to download code for
+every board. You should probably move the stlload program into a system
+directory, such as /usr/sbin. Also, the default location of the cdk.sys image
+file in the stlload down-loader is /usr/lib/stallion. Create that directory
+and put the cdk.sys and 2681.sys files in it. (It's a convenient place to put
+them anyway). As an example your /etc/rc.d/rc.S file might have the
+following lines added to it (if you had 3 boards):
+
+ /usr/sbin/stlload -b 0 -i /usr/lib/stallion/cdk.sys
+ /usr/sbin/stlload -b 1 -i /usr/lib/stallion/2681.sys
+ /usr/sbin/stlload -b 2 -i /usr/lib/stallion/2681.sys
+
+The image files cdk.sys and 2681.sys are specific to the board types. The
+cdk.sys will only function correctly on an EasyConnection 8/64 board. Similarly
+the 2681.sys image fill only operate on ONboard, Brumby and Stallion boards.
+If you load the wrong image file into a board it will fail to start up, and
+of course the ports will not be operational!
+
+If you are using the modularized version of the driver you might want to put
+the modprobe calls in the startup script as well (before the download lines
+obviously).
+
+
+3.2 USING THE SERIAL PORTS
+
+Once the driver is installed you will need to setup some device nodes to
+access the serial ports. The simplest method is to use the /dev/MAKEDEV program.
+It will automatically create device entries for Stallion boards. This will
+create the normal serial port devices as /dev/ttyE# where# is the port number
+starting from 0. A bank of 64 minor device numbers is allocated to each board,
+so the first port on the second board is port 64,etc. A set of callout type
+devices may also be created. They are created as the devices /dev/cue# where #
+is the same as for the ttyE devices.
+
+For the most part the Stallion driver tries to emulate the standard PC system
+COM ports and the standard Linux serial driver. The idea is that you should
+be able to use Stallion board ports and COM ports interchangeably without
+modifying anything but the device name. Anything that doesn't work like that
+should be considered a bug in this driver!
+
+If you look at the driver code you will notice that it is fairly closely
+based on the Linux serial driver (linux/drivers/char/serial.c). This is
+intentional, obviously this is the easiest way to emulate its behavior!
+
+Since this driver tries to emulate the standard serial ports as much as
+possible, most system utilities should work as they do for the standard
+COM ports. Most importantly "stty" works as expected and "setserial" can
+also be used (excepting the ability to auto-configure the I/O and IRQ
+addresses of boards). Higher baud rates are supported in the usual fashion
+through setserial or using the CBAUDEX extensions. Note that the EasyIO and
+EasyConnection (all types) support at least 57600 and 115200 baud. The newer
+EasyConnection XP modules and new EasyIO boards support 230400 and 460800
+baud as well. The older boards including ONboard and Brumby support a
+maximum baud rate of 38400.
+
+If you are unfamiliar with how to use serial ports, then get the Serial-HOWTO
+by Greg Hankins. It will explain everything you need to know!
+
+
+
+4. NOTES
+
+You can use both drivers at once if you have a mix of board types installed
+in a system. However to do this you will need to change the major numbers
+used by one of the drivers. Currently both drivers use major numbers 24, 25
+and 28 for their devices. Change one driver to use some other major numbers,
+and then modify the mkdevnods script to make device nodes based on those new
+major numbers. For example, you could change the istallion.c driver to use
+major numbers 60, 61 and 62. You will also need to create device nodes with
+different names for the ports, for example ttyF# and cuf#.
+
+The original Stallion board is no longer supported by Stallion Technologies.
+Although it is known to work with the istallion driver.
+
+Finding a free physical memory address range can be a problem. The older
+boards like the Stallion and ONboard need large areas (64K or even 128K), so
+they can be very difficult to get into a system. If you have 16 Mb of RAM
+then you have no choice but to put them somewhere in the 640K -> 1Mb range.
+ONboards require 64K, so typically 0xd0000 is good, or 0xe0000 on some
+systems. If you have an original Stallion board, "V4.0" or Rev.O, then you
+need a 64K memory address space, so again 0xd0000 and 0xe0000 are good.
+Older Stallion boards are a much bigger problem. They need 128K of address
+space and must be on a 128K boundary. If you don't have a VGA card then
+0xc0000 might be usable - there is really no other place you can put them
+below 1Mb.
+
+Both the ONboard and old Stallion boards can use higher memory addresses as
+well, but you must have less than 16Mb of RAM to be able to use them. Usual
+high memory addresses used include 0xec0000 and 0xf00000.
+
+The Brumby boards only require 16Kb of address space, so you can usually
+squeeze them in somewhere. Common addresses are 0xc8000, 0xcc000, or in
+the 0xd0000 range. EasyConnection 8/64 boards are even better, they only
+require 4Kb of address space, again usually 0xc8000, 0xcc000 or 0xd0000
+are good.
+
+If you are using an EasyConnection 8/64-EI or ONboard/E then usually the
+0xd0000 or 0xe0000 ranges are the best options below 1Mb. If neither of
+them can be used then the high memory support to use the really high address
+ranges is the best option. Typically the 2Gb range is convenient for them,
+and gets them well out of the way.
+
+The ports of the EasyIO-8M board do not have DCD or DTR signals. So these
+ports cannot be used as real modem devices. Generally, when using these
+ports you should only use the cueX devices.
+
+The driver utility package contains a couple of very useful programs. One
+is a serial port statistics collection and display program - very handy
+for solving serial port problems. The other is an extended option setting
+program that works with the intelligent boards.
+
+
+
+5. DISCLAIMER
+
+The information contained in this document is believed to be accurate and
+reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Stallion Technologies
+Pty. Ltd. for its use, nor any infringements of patents or other rights
+of third parties resulting from its use. Stallion Technologies reserves
+the right to modify the design of its products and will endeavour to change
+the information in manuals and accompanying documentation accordingly.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/svga.txt b/Documentation/svga.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd66ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/svga.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+ Video Mode Selection Support 2.13
+ (c) 1995--1999 Martin Mares, <mj@ucw.cz>
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+1. Intro
+~~~~~~~~
+ This small document describes the "Video Mode Selection" feature which
+allows the use of various special video modes supported by the video BIOS. Due
+to usage of the BIOS, the selection is limited to boot time (before the
+kernel decompression starts) and works only on 80X86 machines.
+
+ ** Short intro for the impatient: Just use vga=ask for the first time,
+ ** enter `scan' on the video mode prompt, pick the mode you want to use,
+ ** remember its mode ID (the four-digit hexadecimal number) and then
+ ** set the vga parameter to this number (converted to decimal first).
+
+ The video mode to be used is selected by a kernel parameter which can be
+specified in the kernel Makefile (the SVGA_MODE=... line) or by the "vga=..."
+option of LILO (or some other boot loader you use) or by the "vidmode" utility
+(present in standard Linux utility packages). You can use the following values
+of this parameter:
+
+ NORMAL_VGA - Standard 80x25 mode available on all display adapters.
+
+ EXTENDED_VGA - Standard 8-pixel font mode: 80x43 on EGA, 80x50 on VGA.
+
+ ASK_VGA - Display a video mode menu upon startup (see below).
+
+ 0..35 - Menu item number (when you have used the menu to view the list of
+ modes available on your adapter, you can specify the menu item you want
+ to use). 0..9 correspond to "0".."9", 10..35 to "a".."z". Warning: the
+ mode list displayed may vary as the kernel version changes, because the
+ modes are listed in a "first detected -- first displayed" manner. It's
+ better to use absolute mode numbers instead.
+
+ 0x.... - Hexadecimal video mode ID (also displayed on the menu, see below
+ for exact meaning of the ID). Warning: rdev and LILO don't support
+ hexadecimal numbers -- you have to convert it to decimal manually.
+
+2. Menu
+~~~~~~~
+ The ASK_VGA mode causes the kernel to offer a video mode menu upon
+bootup. It displays a "Press <RETURN> to see video modes available, <SPACE>
+to continue or wait 30 secs" message. If you press <RETURN>, you enter the
+menu, if you press <SPACE> or wait 30 seconds, the kernel will boot up in
+the standard 80x25 mode.
+
+ The menu looks like:
+
+Video adapter: <name-of-detected-video-adapter>
+Mode: COLSxROWS:
+0 0F00 80x25
+1 0F01 80x50
+2 0F02 80x43
+3 0F03 80x26
+....
+Enter mode number or `scan': <flashing-cursor-here>
+
+ <name-of-detected-video-adapter> tells what video adapter did Linux detect
+-- it's either a generic adapter name (MDA, CGA, HGC, EGA, VGA, VESA VGA [a VGA
+with VESA-compliant BIOS]) or a chipset name (e.g., Trident). Direct detection
+of chipsets is turned off by default (see CONFIG_VIDEO_SVGA in chapter 4 to see
+how to enable it if you really want) as it's inherently unreliable due to
+absolutely insane PC design.
+
+ "0 0F00 80x25" means that the first menu item (the menu items are numbered
+from "0" to "9" and from "a" to "z") is a 80x25 mode with ID=0x0f00 (see the
+next section for a description of mode IDs).
+
+ <flashing-cursor-here> encourages you to enter the item number or mode ID
+you wish to set and press <RETURN>. If the computer complains something about
+"Unknown mode ID", it is trying to tell you that it isn't possible to set such
+a mode. It's also possible to press only <RETURN> which leaves the current mode.
+
+ The mode list usually contains a few basic modes and some VESA modes. In
+case your chipset has been detected, some chipset-specific modes are shown as
+well (some of these might be missing or unusable on your machine as different
+BIOSes are often shipped with the same card and the mode numbers depend purely
+on the VGA BIOS).
+
+ The modes displayed on the menu are partially sorted: The list starts with
+the standard modes (80x25 and 80x50) followed by "special" modes (80x28 and
+80x43), local modes (if the local modes feature is enabled), VESA modes and
+finally SVGA modes for the auto-detected adapter.
+
+ If you are not happy with the mode list offered (e.g., if you think your card
+is able to do more), you can enter "scan" instead of item number / mode ID. The
+program will try to ask the BIOS for all possible video mode numbers and test
+what happens then. The screen will be probably flashing wildly for some time and
+strange noises will be heard from inside the monitor and so on and then, really
+all consistent video modes supported by your BIOS will appear (plus maybe some
+`ghost modes'). If you are afraid this could damage your monitor, don't use this
+function.
+
+ After scanning, the mode ordering is a bit different: the auto-detected SVGA
+modes are not listed at all and the modes revealed by `scan' are shown before
+all VESA modes.
+
+3. Mode IDs
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+ Because of the complexity of all the video stuff, the video mode IDs
+used here are also a bit complex. A video mode ID is a 16-bit number usually
+expressed in a hexadecimal notation (starting with "0x"). You can set a mode
+by entering its mode directly if you know it even if it isn't shown on the menu.
+
+The ID numbers can be divided to three regions:
+
+ 0x0000 to 0x00ff - menu item references. 0x0000 is the first item. Don't use
+ outside the menu as this can change from boot to boot (especially if you
+ have used the `scan' feature).
+
+ 0x0100 to 0x017f - standard BIOS modes. The ID is a BIOS video mode number
+ (as presented to INT 10, function 00) increased by 0x0100.
+
+ 0x0200 to 0x08ff - VESA BIOS modes. The ID is a VESA mode ID increased by
+ 0x0100. All VESA modes should be autodetected and shown on the menu.
+
+ 0x0900 to 0x09ff - Video7 special modes. Set by calling INT 0x10, AX=0x6f05.
+ (Usually 940=80x43, 941=132x25, 942=132x44, 943=80x60, 944=100x60,
+ 945=132x28 for the standard Video7 BIOS)
+
+ 0x0f00 to 0x0fff - special modes (they are set by various tricks -- usually
+ by modifying one of the standard modes). Currently available:
+ 0x0f00 standard 80x25, don't reset mode if already set (=FFFF)
+ 0x0f01 standard with 8-point font: 80x43 on EGA, 80x50 on VGA
+ 0x0f02 VGA 80x43 (VGA switched to 350 scanlines with a 8-point font)
+ 0x0f03 VGA 80x28 (standard VGA scans, but 14-point font)
+ 0x0f04 leave current video mode
+ 0x0f05 VGA 80x30 (480 scans, 16-point font)
+ 0x0f06 VGA 80x34 (480 scans, 14-point font)
+ 0x0f07 VGA 80x60 (480 scans, 8-point font)
+ 0x0f08 Graphics hack (see the CONFIG_VIDEO_HACK paragraph below)
+
+ 0x1000 to 0x7fff - modes specified by resolution. The code has a "0xRRCC"
+ form where RR is a number of rows and CC is a number of columns.
+ E.g., 0x1950 corresponds to a 80x25 mode, 0x2b84 to 132x43 etc.
+ This is the only fully portable way to refer to a non-standard mode,
+ but it relies on the mode being found and displayed on the menu
+ (remember that mode scanning is not done automatically).
+
+ 0xff00 to 0xffff - aliases for backward compatibility:
+ 0xffff equivalent to 0x0f00 (standard 80x25)
+ 0xfffe equivalent to 0x0f01 (EGA 80x43 or VGA 80x50)
+
+ If you add 0x8000 to the mode ID, the program will try to recalculate
+vertical display timing according to mode parameters, which can be used to
+eliminate some annoying bugs of certain VGA BIOSes (usually those used for
+cards with S3 chipsets and old Cirrus Logic BIOSes) -- mainly extra lines at the
+end of the display.
+
+4. Options
+~~~~~~~~~~
+ Some options can be set in the source text (in arch/i386/boot/video.S).
+All of them are simple #define's -- change them to #undef's when you want to
+switch them off. Currently supported:
+
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_SVGA - enables autodetection of SVGA cards. This is switched
+off by default as it's a bit unreliable due to terribly bad PC design. If you
+really want to have the adapter autodetected (maybe in case the `scan' feature
+doesn't work on your machine), switch this on and don't cry if the results
+are not completely sane. In case you really need this feature, please drop me
+a mail as I think of removing it some day.
+
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_VESA - enables autodetection of VESA modes. If it doesn't work
+on your machine (or displays a "Error: Scanning of VESA modes failed" message),
+you can switch it off and report as a bug.
+
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_COMPACT - enables compacting of the video mode list. If there
+are more modes with the same screen size, only the first one is kept (see above
+for more info on mode ordering). However, in very strange cases it's possible
+that the first "version" of the mode doesn't work although some of the others
+do -- in this case turn this switch off to see the rest.
+
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_RETAIN - enables retaining of screen contents when switching
+video modes. Works only with some boot loaders which leave enough room for the
+buffer. (If you have old LILO, you can adjust heap_end_ptr and loadflags
+in setup.S, but it's better to upgrade the boot loader...)
+
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_LOCAL - enables inclusion of "local modes" in the list. The
+local modes are added automatically to the beginning of the list not depending
+on hardware configuration. The local modes are listed in the source text after
+the "local_mode_table:" line. The comment before this line describes the format
+of the table (which also includes a video card name to be displayed on the
+top of the menu).
+
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_400_HACK - force setting of 400 scan lines for standard VGA
+modes. This option is intended to be used on certain buggy BIOSes which draw
+some useless logo using font download and then fail to reset the correct mode.
+Don't use unless needed as it forces resetting the video card.
+
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_GFX_HACK - includes special hack for setting of graphics modes
+to be used later by special drivers (e.g., 800x600 on IBM ThinkPad -- see
+ftp://ftp.phys.keio.ac.jp/pub/XFree86/800x600/XF86Configs/XF86Config.IBM_TP560).
+Allows to set _any_ BIOS mode including graphic ones and forcing specific
+text screen resolution instead of peeking it from BIOS variables. Don't use
+unless you think you know what you're doing. To activate this setup, use
+mode number 0x0f08 (see section 3).
+
+5. Still doesn't work?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ When the mode detection doesn't work (e.g., the mode list is incorrect or
+the machine hangs instead of displaying the menu), try to switch off some of
+the configuration options listed in section 4. If it fails, you can still use
+your kernel with the video mode set directly via the kernel parameter.
+
+ In either case, please send me a bug report containing what _exactly_
+happens and how do the configuration switches affect the behaviour of the bug.
+
+ If you start Linux from M$-DOS, you might also use some DOS tools for
+video mode setting. In this case, you must specify the 0x0f04 mode ("leave
+current settings") to Linux, because if you don't and you use any non-standard
+mode, Linux will switch to 80x25 automatically.
+
+ If you set some extended mode and there's one or more extra lines on the
+bottom of the display containing already scrolled-out text, your VGA BIOS
+contains the most common video BIOS bug called "incorrect vertical display
+end setting". Adding 0x8000 to the mode ID might fix the problem. Unfortunately,
+this must be done manually -- no autodetection mechanisms are available.
+
+ If you have a VGA card and your display still looks as on EGA, your BIOS
+is probably broken and you need to set the CONFIG_VIDEO_400_HACK switch to
+force setting of the correct mode.
+
+6. History
+~~~~~~~~~~
+1.0 (??-Nov-95) First version supporting all adapters supported by the old
+ setup.S + Cirrus Logic 54XX. Present in some 1.3.4? kernels
+ and then removed due to instability on some machines.
+2.0 (28-Jan-96) Rewritten from scratch. Cirrus Logic 64XX support added, almost
+ everything is configurable, the VESA support should be much more
+ stable, explicit mode numbering allowed, "scan" implemented etc.
+2.1 (30-Jan-96) VESA modes moved to 0x200-0x3ff. Mode selection by resolution
+ supported. Few bugs fixed. VESA modes are listed prior to
+ modes supplied by SVGA autodetection as they are more reliable.
+ CLGD autodetect works better. Doesn't depend on 80x25 being
+ active when started. Scanning fixed. 80x43 (any VGA) added.
+ Code cleaned up.
+2.2 (01-Feb-96) EGA 80x43 fixed. VESA extended to 0x200-0x4ff (non-standard 02XX
+ VESA modes work now). Display end bug workaround supported.
+ Special modes renumbered to allow adding of the "recalculate"
+ flag, 0xffff and 0xfffe became aliases instead of real IDs.
+ Screen contents retained during mode changes.
+2.3 (15-Mar-96) Changed to work with 1.3.74 kernel.
+2.4 (18-Mar-96) Added patches by Hans Lermen fixing a memory overwrite problem
+ with some boot loaders. Memory management rewritten to reflect
+ these changes. Unfortunately, screen contents retaining works
+ only with some loaders now.
+ Added a Tseng 132x60 mode.
+2.5 (19-Mar-96) Fixed a VESA mode scanning bug introduced in 2.4.
+2.6 (25-Mar-96) Some VESA BIOS errors not reported -- it fixes error reports on
+ several cards with broken VESA code (e.g., ATI VGA).
+2.7 (09-Apr-96) - Accepted all VESA modes in range 0x100 to 0x7ff, because some
+ cards use very strange mode numbers.
+ - Added Realtek VGA modes (thanks to Gonzalo Tornaria).
+ - Hardware testing order slightly changed, tests based on ROM
+ contents done as first.
+ - Added support for special Video7 mode switching functions
+ (thanks to Tom Vander Aa).
+ - Added 480-scanline modes (especially useful for notebooks,
+ original version written by hhanemaa@cs.ruu.nl, patched by
+ Jeff Chua, rewritten by me).
+ - Screen store/restore fixed.
+2.8 (14-Apr-96) - Previous release was not compilable without CONFIG_VIDEO_SVGA.
+ - Better recognition of text modes during mode scan.
+2.9 (12-May-96) - Ignored VESA modes 0x80 - 0xff (more VESA BIOS bugs!)
+2.10 (11-Nov-96)- The whole thing made optional.
+ - Added the CONFIG_VIDEO_400_HACK switch.
+ - Added the CONFIG_VIDEO_GFX_HACK switch.
+ - Code cleanup.
+2.11 (03-May-97)- Yet another cleanup, now including also the documentation.
+ - Direct testing of SVGA adapters turned off by default, `scan'
+ offered explicitly on the prompt line.
+ - Removed the doc section describing adding of new probing
+ functions as I try to get rid of _all_ hardware probing here.
+2.12 (25-May-98)- Added support for VESA frame buffer graphics.
+2.13 (14-May-99)- Minor documentation fixes.
diff --git a/Documentation/sx.txt b/Documentation/sx.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb4efa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sx.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+
+ sx.txt -- specialix SX/SI multiport serial driver readme.
+
+
+
+ Copyright (C) 1997 Roger Wolff (R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl)
+
+ Specialix pays for the development and support of this driver.
+ Please DO contact support@specialix.co.uk if you require
+ support.
+
+ This driver was developed in the BitWizard linux device
+ driver service. If you require a linux device driver for your
+ product, please contact devices@BitWizard.nl for a quote.
+
+ (History)
+ There used to be an SI driver by Simon Allan. This is a complete
+ rewrite from scratch. Just a few lines-of-code have been snatched.
+
+ (Sources)
+ Specialix document number 6210028: SX Host Card and Download Code
+ Software Functional Specification.
+
+ (Copying)
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+ the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+ Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
+ USA.
+
+ (Addendum)
+ I'd appreciate it that if you have fixes, that you send them
+ to me first.
+
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+This file contains some random information, that I like to have online
+instead of in a manual that can get lost. Ever misplace your Linux
+kernel sources? And the manual of one of the boards in your computer?
+
+
+Theory of operation
+===================
+
+An important thing to know is that the driver itself doesn't have the
+firmware for the card. This means that you need the separate package
+"sx_firmware". For now you can get the source at
+
+ ftp://ftp.bitwizard.nl/specialix/sx_firmware_<version>.tgz
+
+The firmware load needs a "misc" device, so you'll need to enable the
+"Support for user misc device modules" in your kernel configuration.
+The misc device needs to be called "/dev/specialix_sxctl". It needs
+misc major 10, and minor number 167 (assigned by HPA). The section
+on creating device files below also creates this device.
+
+After loading the sx.o module into your kernel, the driver will report
+the number of cards detected, but because it doesn't have any
+firmware, it will not be able to determine the number of ports. Only
+when you then run "sx_firmware" will the firmware be downloaded and
+the rest of the driver initialized. At that time the sx_firmware
+program will report the number of ports installed.
+
+In contrast with many other multi port serial cards, some of the data
+structures are only allocated when the card knows the number of ports
+that are connected. This means we won't waste memory for 120 port
+descriptor structures when you only have 8 ports. If you experience
+problems due to this, please report them: I haven't seen any.
+
+
+Interrupts
+==========
+
+A multi port serial card, would generate a horrendous amount of
+interrupts if it would interrupt the CPU for every received
+character. Even more than 10 years ago, the trick not to use
+interrupts but to poll the serial cards was invented.
+
+The SX card allow us to do this two ways. First the card limits its
+own interrupt rate to a rate that won't overwhelm the CPU. Secondly,
+we could forget about the cards interrupt completely and use the
+internal timer for this purpose.
+
+Polling the card can take up to a few percent of your CPU. Using the
+interrupts would be better if you have most of the ports idle. Using
+timer-based polling is better if your card almost always has work to
+do. You save the separate interrupt in that case.
+
+In any case, it doesn't really matter all that much.
+
+The most common problem with interrupts is that for ISA cards in a PCI
+system the BIOS has to be told to configure that interrupt as "legacy
+ISA". Otherwise the card can pull on the interrupt line all it wants
+but the CPU won't see this.
+
+If you can't get the interrupt to work, remember that polling mode is
+more efficient (provided you actually use the card intensively).
+
+
+Allowed Configurations
+======================
+
+Some configurations are disallowed. Even though at a glance they might
+seem to work, they are known to lockup the bus between the host card
+and the device concentrators. You should respect the drivers decision
+not to support certain configurations. It's there for a reason.
+
+Warning: Seriously technical stuff ahead. Executive summary: Don't use
+SX cards except configured at a 64k boundary. Skip the next paragraph.
+
+The SX cards can theoretically be placed at a 32k boundary. So for
+instance you can put an SX card at 0xc8000-0xd7fff. This is not a
+"recommended configuration". ISA cards have to tell the bus controller
+how they like their timing. Due to timing issues they have to do this
+based on which 64k window the address falls into. This means that the
+32k window below and above the SX card have to use exactly the same
+timing as the SX card. That reportedly works for other SX cards. But
+you're still left with two useless 32k windows that should not be used
+by anybody else.
+
+
+Configuring the driver
+======================
+
+PCI cards are always detected. The driver auto-probes for ISA cards at
+some sensible addresses. Please report if the auto-probe causes trouble
+in your system, or when a card isn't detected.
+
+I'm afraid I haven't implemented "kernel command line parameters" yet.
+This means that if the default doesn't work for you, you shouldn't use
+the compiled-into-the-kernel version of the driver. Use a module
+instead. If you convince me that you need this, I'll make it for
+you. Deal?
+
+I'm afraid that the module parameters are a bit clumsy. If you have a
+better idea, please tell me.
+
+You can specify several parameters:
+
+ sx_poll: number of jiffies between timer-based polls.
+
+ Set this to "0" to disable timer based polls.
+ Initialization of cards without a working interrupt
+ will fail.
+
+ Set this to "1" if you want a polling driver.
+ (on Intel: 100 polls per second). If you don't use
+ fast baud rates, you might consider a value like "5".
+ (If you don't know how to do the math, use 1).
+
+ sx_slowpoll: Number of jiffies between timer-based polls.
+ Set this to "100" to poll once a second.
+ This should get the card out of a stall if the driver
+ ever misses an interrupt. I've never seen this happen,
+ and if it does, that's a bug. Tell me.
+
+ sx_maxints: Number of interrupts to request from the card.
+ The card normally limits interrupts to about 100 per
+ second to offload the host CPU. You can increase this
+ number to reduce latency on the card a little.
+ Note that if you give a very high number you can overload
+ your CPU as well as the CPU on the host card. This setting
+ is inaccurate and not recommended for SI cards (But it
+ works).
+
+ sx_irqmask: The mask of allowable IRQs to use. I suggest you set
+ this to 0 (disable IRQs all together) and use polling if
+ the assignment of IRQs becomes problematic. This is defined
+ as the sum of (1 << irq) 's that you want to allow. So
+ sx_irqmask of 8 (1 << 3) specifies that only irq 3 may
+ be used by the SX driver. If you want to specify to the
+ driver: "Either irq 11 or 12 is ok for you to use", then
+ specify (1 << 11) | (1 << 12) = 0x1800 .
+
+ sx_debug: You can enable different sorts of debug traces with this.
+ At "-1" all debugging traces are active. You'll get several
+ times more debugging output than you'll get characters
+ transmitted.
+
+
+Baud rates
+==========
+
+Theoretically new SXDCs should be capable of more than 460k
+baud. However the line drivers usually give up before that. Also the
+CPU on the card may not be able to handle 8 channels going at full
+blast at that speed. Moreover, the buffers are not large enough to
+allow operation with 100 interrupts per second. You'll have to realize
+that the card has a 256 byte buffer, so you'll have to increase the
+number of interrupts per second if you have more than 256*100 bytes
+per second to transmit. If you do any performance testing in this
+area, I'd be glad to hear from you...
+
+(Psst Linux users..... I think the Linux driver is more efficient than
+the driver for other OSes. If you can and want to benchmark them
+against each other, be my guest, and report your findings...... :-)
+
+
+Ports and devices
+=================
+
+Port 0 is the top connector on the module closest to the host
+card. Oh, the ports on the SXDCs and TAs are labelled from 1 to 8
+instead of from 0 to 7, as they are numbered by linux. I'm stubborn in
+this: I know for sure that I wouldn't be able to calculate which port
+is which anymore if I would change that....
+
+
+Devices:
+
+You should make the device files as follows:
+
+#!/bin/sh
+# (I recommend that you cut-and-paste this into a file and run that)
+cd /dev
+t=0
+mknod specialix_sxctl c 10 167
+while [ $t -lt 64 ]
+ do
+ echo -n "$t "
+ mknod ttyX$t c 32 $t
+ mknod cux$t c 33 $t
+ t=`expr $t + 1`
+done
+echo ""
+rm /etc/psdevtab
+ps > /dev/null
+
+
+This creates 64 devices. If you have more, increase the constant on
+the line with "while". The devices start at 0, as is customary on
+Linux. Specialix seems to like starting the numbering at 1.
+
+If your system doesn't come with these devices pre-installed, bug your
+linux-vendor about this. They should have these devices
+"pre-installed" before the new millennium. The "ps" stuff at the end
+is to "tell" ps that the new devices exist.
+
+Officially the maximum number of cards per computer is 4. This driver
+however supports as many cards in one machine as you want. You'll run
+out of interrupts after a few, but you can switch to polled operation
+then. At about 256 ports (More than 8 cards), we run out of minor
+device numbers. Sorry. I suggest you buy a second computer.... (Or
+switch to RIO).
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+ Fixed bugs and restrictions:
+ - Hangup processing.
+ -- Done.
+
+ - the write path in generic_serial (lockup / oops).
+ -- Done (Ugly: not the way I want it. Copied from serial.c).
+
+ - write buffer isn't flushed at close.
+ -- Done. I still seem to lose a few chars at close.
+ Sorry. I think that this is a firmware issue. (-> Specialix)
+
+ - drain hardware before changing termios
+ - Change debug on the fly.
+ - ISA free irq -1. (no firmware loaded).
+ - adding c8000 as a probe address. Added warning.
+ - Add a RAMtest for the RAM on the card.c
+ - Crash when opening a port "way" of the number of allowed ports.
+ (for example opening port 60 when there are only 24 ports attached)
+ - Sometimes the use-count strays a bit. After a few hours of
+ testing the use count is sometimes "3". If you are not like
+ me and can remember what you did to get it that way, I'd
+ appreciate an Email. Possibly fixed. Tell me if anyone still
+ sees this.
+ - TAs don't work right if you don't connect all the modem control
+ signals. SXDCs do. T225 firmware problem -> Specialix.
+ (Mostly fixed now, I think. Tell me if you encounter this!)
+
+ Bugs & restrictions:
+
+ - Arbitrary baud rates. Requires firmware update. (-> Specialix)
+
+ - Low latency (mostly firmware, -> Specialix)
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/README b/Documentation/sysctl/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c3306e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sysctl/README
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+Documentation for /proc/sys/ kernel version 2.2.10
+ (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel <riel@nl.linux.org>
+
+'Why', I hear you ask, 'would anyone even _want_ documentation
+for them sysctl files? If anybody really needs it, it's all in
+the source...'
+
+Well, this documentation is written because some people either
+don't know they need to tweak something, or because they don't
+have the time or knowledge to read the source code.
+
+Furthermore, the programmers who built sysctl have built it to
+be actually used, not just for the fun of programming it :-)
+
+==============================================================
+
+Legal blurb:
+
+As usual, there are two main things to consider:
+1. you get what you pay for
+2. it's free
+
+The consequences are that I won't guarantee the correctness of
+this document, and if you come to me complaining about how you
+screwed up your system because of wrong documentation, I won't
+feel sorry for you. I might even laugh at you...
+
+But of course, if you _do_ manage to screw up your system using
+only the sysctl options used in this file, I'd like to hear of
+it. Not only to have a great laugh, but also to make sure that
+you're the last RTFMing person to screw up.
+
+In short, e-mail your suggestions, corrections and / or horror
+stories to: <riel@nl.linux.org>
+
+Rik van Riel.
+
+==============================================================
+
+Introduction:
+
+Sysctl is a means of configuring certain aspects of the kernel
+at run-time, and the /proc/sys/ directory is there so that you
+don't even need special tools to do it!
+In fact, there are only four things needed to use these config
+facilities:
+- a running Linux system
+- root access
+- common sense (this is especially hard to come by these days)
+- knowledge of what all those values mean
+
+As a quick 'ls /proc/sys' will show, the directory consists of
+several (arch-dependent?) subdirs. Each subdir is mainly about
+one part of the kernel, so you can do configuration on a piece
+by piece basis, or just some 'thematic frobbing'.
+
+The subdirs are about:
+abi/ execution domains & personalities
+debug/ <empty>
+dev/ device specific information (eg dev/cdrom/info)
+fs/ specific filesystems
+ filehandle, inode, dentry and quota tuning
+ binfmt_misc <Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt>
+kernel/ global kernel info / tuning
+ miscellaneous stuff
+net/ networking stuff, for documentation look in:
+ <Documentation/networking/>
+proc/ <empty>
+sunrpc/ SUN Remote Procedure Call (NFS)
+vm/ memory management tuning
+ buffer and cache management
+
+These are the subdirs I have on my system. There might be more
+or other subdirs in another setup. If you see another dir, I'd
+really like to hear about it :-)
diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/abi.txt b/Documentation/sysctl/abi.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63f4ebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sysctl/abi.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+Documentation for /proc/sys/abi/* kernel version 2.6.0.test2
+ (c) 2003, Fabian Frederick <ffrederick@users.sourceforge.net>
+
+For general info : README.
+
+==============================================================
+
+This path is binary emulation relevant aka personality types aka abi.
+When a process is executed, it's linked to an exec_domain whose
+personality is defined using values available from /proc/sys/abi.
+You can find further details about abi in include/linux/personality.h.
+
+Here are the files featuring in 2.6 kernel :
+
+- defhandler_coff
+- defhandler_elf
+- defhandler_lcall7
+- defhandler_libcso
+- fake_utsname
+- trace
+
+===========================================================
+defhandler_coff:
+defined value :
+PER_SCOSVR3
+0x0003 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | WHOLE_SECONDS | SHORT_INODE
+
+===========================================================
+defhandler_elf:
+defined value :
+PER_LINUX
+0
+
+===========================================================
+defhandler_lcall7:
+defined value :
+PER_SVR4
+0x0001 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO,
+
+===========================================================
+defhandler_libsco:
+defined value:
+PER_SVR4
+0x0001 | STICKY_TIMEOUTS | MMAP_PAGE_ZERO,
+
+===========================================================
+fake_utsname:
+Unused
+
+===========================================================
+trace:
+Unused
+
+===========================================================
diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt b/Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b62c62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+Documentation for /proc/sys/fs/* kernel version 2.2.10
+ (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel <riel@nl.linux.org>
+
+For general info and legal blurb, please look in README.
+
+==============================================================
+
+This file contains documentation for the sysctl files in
+/proc/sys/fs/ and is valid for Linux kernel version 2.2.
+
+The files in this directory can be used to tune and monitor
+miscellaneous and general things in the operation of the Linux
+kernel. Since some of the files _can_ be used to screw up your
+system, it is advisable to read both documentation and source
+before actually making adjustments.
+
+Currently, these files are in /proc/sys/fs:
+- dentry-state
+- dquot-max
+- dquot-nr
+- file-max
+- file-nr
+- inode-max
+- inode-nr
+- inode-state
+- overflowuid
+- overflowgid
+- super-max
+- super-nr
+
+Documentation for the files in /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc is
+in Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt.
+
+==============================================================
+
+dentry-state:
+
+From linux/fs/dentry.c:
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+struct {
+ int nr_dentry;
+ int nr_unused;
+ int age_limit; /* age in seconds */
+ int want_pages; /* pages requested by system */
+ int dummy[2];
+} dentry_stat = {0, 0, 45, 0,};
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Dentries are dynamically allocated and deallocated, and
+nr_dentry seems to be 0 all the time. Hence it's safe to
+assume that only nr_unused, age_limit and want_pages are
+used. Nr_unused seems to be exactly what its name says.
+Age_limit is the age in seconds after which dcache entries
+can be reclaimed when memory is short and want_pages is
+nonzero when shrink_dcache_pages() has been called and the
+dcache isn't pruned yet.
+
+==============================================================
+
+dquot-max & dquot-nr:
+
+The file dquot-max shows the maximum number of cached disk
+quota entries.
+
+The file dquot-nr shows the number of allocated disk quota
+entries and the number of free disk quota entries.
+
+If the number of free cached disk quotas is very low and
+you have some awesome number of simultaneous system users,
+you might want to raise the limit.
+
+==============================================================
+
+file-max & file-nr:
+
+The kernel allocates file handles dynamically, but as yet it
+doesn't free them again.
+
+The value in file-max denotes the maximum number of file-
+handles that the Linux kernel will allocate. When you get lots
+of error messages about running out of file handles, you might
+want to increase this limit.
+
+The three values in file-nr denote the number of allocated
+file handles, the number of unused file handles and the maximum
+number of file handles. When the allocated file handles come
+close to the maximum, but the number of unused file handles is
+significantly greater than 0, you've encountered a peak in your
+usage of file handles and you don't need to increase the maximum.
+
+==============================================================
+
+inode-max, inode-nr & inode-state:
+
+As with file handles, the kernel allocates the inode structures
+dynamically, but can't free them yet.
+
+The value in inode-max denotes the maximum number of inode
+handlers. This value should be 3-4 times larger than the value
+in file-max, since stdin, stdout and network sockets also
+need an inode struct to handle them. When you regularly run
+out of inodes, you need to increase this value.
+
+The file inode-nr contains the first two items from
+inode-state, so we'll skip to that file...
+
+Inode-state contains three actual numbers and four dummies.
+The actual numbers are, in order of appearance, nr_inodes,
+nr_free_inodes and preshrink.
+
+Nr_inodes stands for the number of inodes the system has
+allocated, this can be slightly more than inode-max because
+Linux allocates them one pageful at a time.
+
+Nr_free_inodes represents the number of free inodes (?) and
+preshrink is nonzero when the nr_inodes > inode-max and the
+system needs to prune the inode list instead of allocating
+more.
+
+==============================================================
+
+overflowgid & overflowuid:
+
+Some filesystems only support 16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux
+UIDs and GIDs are 32 bits. When one of these filesystems is mounted
+with writes enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed 65535 is translated
+to a fixed value before being written to disk.
+
+These sysctls allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID.
+The default is 65534.
+
+==============================================================
+
+super-max & super-nr:
+
+These numbers control the maximum number of superblocks, and
+thus the maximum number of mounted filesystems the kernel
+can have. You only need to increase super-max if you need to
+mount more filesystems than the current value in super-max
+allows you to.
+
+==============================================================
+
+aio-nr & aio-max-nr:
+
+aio-nr shows the current system-wide number of asynchronous io
+requests. aio-max-nr allows you to change the maximum value
+aio-nr can grow to.
+
+==============================================================
diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt b/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3515917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+Documentation for /proc/sys/kernel/* kernel version 2.2.10
+ (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel <riel@nl.linux.org>
+
+For general info and legal blurb, please look in README.
+
+==============================================================
+
+This file contains documentation for the sysctl files in
+/proc/sys/kernel/ and is valid for Linux kernel version 2.2.
+
+The files in this directory can be used to tune and monitor
+miscellaneous and general things in the operation of the Linux
+kernel. Since some of the files _can_ be used to screw up your
+system, it is advisable to read both documentation and source
+before actually making adjustments.
+
+Currently, these files might (depending on your configuration)
+show up in /proc/sys/kernel:
+- acct
+- core_pattern
+- core_uses_pid
+- ctrl-alt-del
+- dentry-state
+- domainname
+- hostname
+- hotplug
+- java-appletviewer [ binfmt_java, obsolete ]
+- java-interpreter [ binfmt_java, obsolete ]
+- l2cr [ PPC only ]
+- modprobe ==> Documentation/kmod.txt
+- msgmax
+- msgmnb
+- msgmni
+- osrelease
+- ostype
+- overflowgid
+- overflowuid
+- panic
+- pid_max
+- powersave-nap [ PPC only ]
+- printk
+- real-root-dev ==> Documentation/initrd.txt
+- reboot-cmd [ SPARC only ]
+- rtsig-max
+- rtsig-nr
+- sem
+- sg-big-buff [ generic SCSI device (sg) ]
+- shmall
+- shmmax [ sysv ipc ]
+- shmmni
+- stop-a [ SPARC only ]
+- sysrq ==> Documentation/sysrq.txt
+- tainted
+- threads-max
+- version
+
+==============================================================
+
+acct:
+
+highwater lowwater frequency
+
+If BSD-style process accounting is enabled these values control
+its behaviour. If free space on filesystem where the log lives
+goes below <lowwater>% accounting suspends. If free space gets
+above <highwater>% accounting resumes. <Frequency> determines
+how often do we check the amount of free space (value is in
+seconds). Default:
+4 2 30
+That is, suspend accounting if there left <= 2% free; resume it
+if we got >=4%; consider information about amount of free space
+valid for 30 seconds.
+
+==============================================================
+
+core_pattern:
+
+core_pattern is used to specify a core dumpfile pattern name.
+. max length 64 characters; default value is "core"
+. core_pattern is used as a pattern template for the output filename;
+ certain string patterns (beginning with '%') are substituted with
+ their actual values.
+. backward compatibility with core_uses_pid:
+ If core_pattern does not include "%p" (default does not)
+ and core_uses_pid is set, then .PID will be appended to
+ the filename.
+. corename format specifiers:
+ %<NUL> '%' is dropped
+ %% output one '%'
+ %p pid
+ %u uid
+ %g gid
+ %s signal number
+ %t UNIX time of dump
+ %h hostname
+ %e executable filename
+ %<OTHER> both are dropped
+
+==============================================================
+
+core_uses_pid:
+
+The default coredump filename is "core". By setting
+core_uses_pid to 1, the coredump filename becomes core.PID.
+If core_pattern does not include "%p" (default does not)
+and core_uses_pid is set, then .PID will be appended to
+the filename.
+
+==============================================================
+
+ctrl-alt-del:
+
+When the value in this file is 0, ctrl-alt-del is trapped and
+sent to the init(1) program to handle a graceful restart.
+When, however, the value is > 0, Linux's reaction to a Vulcan
+Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, without even
+syncing its dirty buffers.
+
+Note: when a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in 'raw'
+mode, the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it
+ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and it's up to the program
+to decide what to do with it.
+
+==============================================================
+
+domainname & hostname:
+
+These files can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the
+hostname of your box in exactly the same way as the commands
+domainname and hostname, i.e.:
+# echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
+# echo "mydomain" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname
+has the same effect as
+# hostname "darkstar"
+# domainname "mydomain"
+
+Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the
+hostname "darkstar" and DNS (Internet Domain Name Server)
+domainname "frop.org", not to be confused with the NIS (Network
+Information Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) domainname. These two
+domain names are in general different. For a detailed discussion
+see the hostname(1) man page.
+
+==============================================================
+
+hotplug:
+
+Path for the hotplug policy agent.
+Default value is "/sbin/hotplug".
+
+==============================================================
+
+l2cr: (PPC only)
+
+This flag controls the L2 cache of G3 processor boards. If
+0, the cache is disabled. Enabled if nonzero.
+
+==============================================================
+
+osrelease, ostype & version:
+
+# cat osrelease
+2.1.88
+# cat ostype
+Linux
+# cat version
+#5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998
+
+The files osrelease and ostype should be clear enough. Version
+needs a little more clarification however. The '#5' means that
+this is the fifth kernel built from this source base and the
+date behind it indicates the time the kernel was built.
+The only way to tune these values is to rebuild the kernel :-)
+
+==============================================================
+
+overflowgid & overflowuid:
+
+if your architecture did not always support 32-bit UIDs (i.e. arm, i386,
+m68k, sh, and sparc32), a fixed UID and GID will be returned to
+applications that use the old 16-bit UID/GID system calls, if the actual
+UID or GID would exceed 65535.
+
+These sysctls allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID.
+The default is 65534.
+
+==============================================================
+
+panic:
+
+The value in this file represents the number of seconds the
+kernel waits before rebooting on a panic. When you use the
+software watchdog, the recommended setting is 60.
+
+==============================================================
+
+panic_on_oops:
+
+Controls the kernel's behaviour when an oops or BUG is encountered.
+
+0: try to continue operation
+
+1: delay a few seconds (to give klogd time to record the oops output) and
+ then panic. If the `panic' sysctl is also non-zero then the machine will
+ be rebooted.
+
+==============================================================
+
+pid_max:
+
+PID allocation wrap value. When the kenrel's next PID value
+reaches this value, it wraps back to a minimum PID value.
+PIDs of value pid_max or larger are not allocated.
+
+==============================================================
+
+powersave-nap: (PPC only)
+
+If set, Linux-PPC will use the 'nap' mode of powersaving,
+otherwise the 'doze' mode will be used.
+
+==============================================================
+
+printk:
+
+The four values in printk denote: console_loglevel,
+default_message_loglevel, minimum_console_loglevel and
+default_console_loglevel respectively.
+
+These values influence printk() behavior when printing or
+logging error messages. See 'man 2 syslog' for more info on
+the different loglevels.
+
+- console_loglevel: messages with a higher priority than
+ this will be printed to the console
+- default_message_level: messages without an explicit priority
+ will be printed with this priority
+- minimum_console_loglevel: minimum (highest) value to which
+ console_loglevel can be set
+- default_console_loglevel: default value for console_loglevel
+
+==============================================================
+
+printk_ratelimit:
+
+Some warning messages are rate limited. printk_ratelimit specifies
+the minimum length of time between these messages (in jiffies), by
+default we allow one every 5 seconds.
+
+A value of 0 will disable rate limiting.
+
+==============================================================
+
+printk_ratelimit_burst:
+
+While long term we enforce one message per printk_ratelimit
+seconds, we do allow a burst of messages to pass through.
+printk_ratelimit_burst specifies the number of messages we can
+send before ratelimiting kicks in.
+
+==============================================================
+
+reboot-cmd: (Sparc only)
+
+??? This seems to be a way to give an argument to the Sparc
+ROM/Flash boot loader. Maybe to tell it what to do after
+rebooting. ???
+
+==============================================================
+
+rtsig-max & rtsig-nr:
+
+The file rtsig-max can be used to tune the maximum number
+of POSIX realtime (queued) signals that can be outstanding
+in the system.
+
+rtsig-nr shows the number of RT signals currently queued.
+
+==============================================================
+
+sg-big-buff:
+
+This file shows the size of the generic SCSI (sg) buffer.
+You can't tune it just yet, but you could change it on
+compile time by editing include/scsi/sg.h and changing
+the value of SG_BIG_BUFF.
+
+There shouldn't be any reason to change this value. If
+you can come up with one, you probably know what you
+are doing anyway :)
+
+==============================================================
+
+shmmax:
+
+This value can be used to query and set the run time limit
+on the maximum shared memory segment size that can be created.
+Shared memory segments up to 1Gb are now supported in the
+kernel. This value defaults to SHMMAX.
+
+==============================================================
+
+tainted:
+
+Non-zero if the kernel has been tainted. Numeric values, which
+can be ORed together:
+
+ 1 - A module with a non-GPL license has been loaded, this
+ includes modules with no license.
+ Set by modutils >= 2.4.9 and module-init-tools.
+ 2 - A module was force loaded by insmod -f.
+ Set by modutils >= 2.4.9 and module-init-tools.
+ 4 - Unsafe SMP processors: SMP with CPUs not designed for SMP.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/sunrpc.txt b/Documentation/sysctl/sunrpc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae1ecac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sysctl/sunrpc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Documentation for /proc/sys/sunrpc/* kernel version 2.2.10
+ (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel <riel@nl.linux.org>
+
+For general info and legal blurb, please look in README.
+
+==============================================================
+
+This file contains the documentation for the sysctl files in
+/proc/sys/sunrpc and is valid for Linux kernel version 2.2.
+
+The files in this directory can be used to (re)set the debug
+flags of the SUN Remote Procedure Call (RPC) subsystem in
+the Linux kernel. This stuff is used for NFS, KNFSD and
+maybe a few other things as well.
+
+The files in there are used to control the debugging flags:
+rpc_debug, nfs_debug, nfsd_debug and nlm_debug.
+
+These flags are for kernel hackers only. You should read the
+source code in net/sunrpc/ for more information.
diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt b/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f1aae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+Documentation for /proc/sys/vm/* kernel version 2.2.10
+ (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel <riel@nl.linux.org>
+
+For general info and legal blurb, please look in README.
+
+==============================================================
+
+This file contains the documentation for the sysctl files in
+/proc/sys/vm and is valid for Linux kernel version 2.2.
+
+The files in this directory can be used to tune the operation
+of the virtual memory (VM) subsystem of the Linux kernel and
+the writeout of dirty data to disk.
+
+Default values and initialization routines for most of these
+files can be found in mm/swap.c.
+
+Currently, these files are in /proc/sys/vm:
+- overcommit_memory
+- page-cluster
+- dirty_ratio
+- dirty_background_ratio
+- dirty_expire_centisecs
+- dirty_writeback_centisecs
+- max_map_count
+- min_free_kbytes
+- laptop_mode
+- block_dump
+
+==============================================================
+
+dirty_ratio, dirty_background_ratio, dirty_expire_centisecs,
+dirty_writeback_centisecs, vfs_cache_pressure, laptop_mode,
+block_dump, swap_token_timeout:
+
+See Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
+
+==============================================================
+
+overcommit_memory:
+
+This value contains a flag that enables memory overcommitment.
+
+When this flag is 0, the kernel attempts to estimate the amount
+of free memory left when userspace requests more memory.
+
+When this flag is 1, the kernel pretends there is always enough
+memory until it actually runs out.
+
+When this flag is 2, the kernel uses a "never overcommit"
+policy that attempts to prevent any overcommit of memory.
+
+This feature can be very useful because there are a lot of
+programs that malloc() huge amounts of memory "just-in-case"
+and don't use much of it.
+
+The default value is 0.
+
+See Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting and
+security/commoncap.c::cap_vm_enough_memory() for more information.
+
+==============================================================
+
+overcommit_ratio:
+
+When overcommit_memory is set to 2, the committed address
+space is not permitted to exceed swap plus this percentage
+of physical RAM. See above.
+
+==============================================================
+
+page-cluster:
+
+The Linux VM subsystem avoids excessive disk seeks by reading
+multiple pages on a page fault. The number of pages it reads
+is dependent on the amount of memory in your machine.
+
+The number of pages the kernel reads in at once is equal to
+2 ^ page-cluster. Values above 2 ^ 5 don't make much sense
+for swap because we only cluster swap data in 32-page groups.
+
+==============================================================
+
+max_map_count:
+
+This file contains the maximum number of memory map areas a process
+may have. Memory map areas are used as a side-effect of calling
+malloc, directly by mmap and mprotect, and also when loading shared
+libraries.
+
+While most applications need less than a thousand maps, certain
+programs, particularly malloc debuggers, may consume lots of them,
+e.g., up to one or two maps per allocation.
+
+The default value is 65536.
+
+==============================================================
+
+min_free_kbytes:
+
+This is used to force the Linux VM to keep a minimum number
+of kilobytes free. The VM uses this number to compute a pages_min
+value for each lowmem zone in the system. Each lowmem zone gets
+a number of reserved free pages based proportionally on its size.
diff --git a/Documentation/sysrq.txt b/Documentation/sysrq.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f98c2e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/sysrq.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks
+Documentation for sysrq.c version 1.15
+Last update: $Date: 2001/01/28 10:15:59 $
+
+* What is the magic SysRq key?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+It is a 'magical' key combo you can hit which the kernel will respond to
+regardless of whatever else it is doing, unless it is completely locked up.
+
+* How do I enable the magic SysRq key?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+You need to say "yes" to 'Magic SysRq key (CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ)' when
+configuring the kernel. When running a kernel with SysRq compiled in,
+/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq controls the functions allowed to be invoked via
+the SysRq key. By default the file contains 1 which means that every
+possible SysRq request is allowed (in older versions SysRq was disabled
+by default, and you were required to specifically enable it at run-time
+but this is not the case any more). Here is the list of possible values
+in /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq:
+ 0 - disable sysrq completely
+ 1 - enable all functions of sysrq
+ >1 - bitmask of allowed sysrq functions (see below for detailed function
+ description):
+ 2 - enable control of console logging level
+ 4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw)
+ 8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc.
+ 16 - enable sync command
+ 32 - enable remount read-only
+ 64 - enable signalling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill)
+ 128 - allow reboot/poweroff
+ 256 - allow nicing of all RT tasks
+
+You can set the value in the file by the following command:
+ echo "number" >/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
+
+Note that the value of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq influences only the invocation
+via a keyboard. Invocation of any operation via /proc/sysrq-trigger is always
+allowed.
+
+* How do I use the magic SysRq key?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+On x86 - You press the key combo 'ALT-SysRq-<command key>'. Note - Some
+ keyboards may not have a key labeled 'SysRq'. The 'SysRq' key is
+ also known as the 'Print Screen' key. Also some keyboards cannot
+ handle so many keys being pressed at the same time, so you might
+ have better luck with "press Alt", "press SysRq", "release Alt",
+ "press <command key>", release everything.
+
+On SPARC - You press 'ALT-STOP-<command key>', I believe.
+
+On the serial console (PC style standard serial ports only) -
+ You send a BREAK, then within 5 seconds a command key. Sending
+ BREAK twice is interpreted as a normal BREAK.
+
+On PowerPC - Press 'ALT - Print Screen (or F13) - <command key>,
+ Print Screen (or F13) - <command key> may suffice.
+
+On other - If you know of the key combos for other architectures, please
+ let me know so I can add them to this section.
+
+On all - write a character to /proc/sysrq-trigger. eg:
+
+ echo t > /proc/sysrq-trigger
+
+* What are the 'command' keys?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+'r' - Turns off keyboard raw mode and sets it to XLATE.
+
+'k' - Secure Access Key (SAK) Kills all programs on the current virtual
+ console. NOTE: See important comments below in SAK section.
+
+'b' - Will immediately reboot the system without syncing or unmounting
+ your disks.
+
+'o' - Will shut your system off (if configured and supported).
+
+'s' - Will attempt to sync all mounted filesystems.
+
+'u' - Will attempt to remount all mounted filesystems read-only.
+
+'p' - Will dump the current registers and flags to your console.
+
+'t' - Will dump a list of current tasks and their information to your
+ console.
+
+'m' - Will dump current memory info to your console.
+
+'v' - Dumps Voyager SMP processor info to your console.
+
+'0'-'9' - Sets the console log level, controlling which kernel messages
+ will be printed to your console. ('0', for example would make
+ it so that only emergency messages like PANICs or OOPSes would
+ make it to your console.)
+
+'f' - Will call oom_kill to kill a memory hog process
+
+'e' - Send a SIGTERM to all processes, except for init.
+
+'i' - Send a SIGKILL to all processes, except for init.
+
+'l' - Send a SIGKILL to all processes, INCLUDING init. (Your system
+ will be non-functional after this.)
+
+'h' - Will display help ( actually any other key than those listed
+ above will display help. but 'h' is easy to remember :-)
+
+* Okay, so what can I use them for?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Well, un'R'aw is very handy when your X server or a svgalib program crashes.
+
+sa'K' (Secure Access Key) is useful when you want to be sure there are no
+trojan program is running at console and which could grab your password
+when you would try to login. It will kill all programs on given console
+and thus letting you make sure that the login prompt you see is actually
+the one from init, not some trojan program.
+IMPORTANT:In its true form it is not a true SAK like the one in :IMPORTANT
+IMPORTANT:c2 compliant systems, and it should be mistook as such. :IMPORTANT
+ It seems other find it useful as (System Attention Key) which is
+useful when you want to exit a program that will not let you switch consoles.
+(For example, X or a svgalib program.)
+
+re'B'oot is good when you're unable to shut down. But you should also 'S'ync
+and 'U'mount first.
+
+'S'ync is great when your system is locked up, it allows you to sync your
+disks and will certainly lessen the chance of data loss and fscking. Note
+that the sync hasn't taken place until you see the "OK" and "Done" appear
+on the screen. (If the kernel is really in strife, you may not ever get the
+OK or Done message...)
+
+'U'mount is basically useful in the same ways as 'S'ync. I generally 'S'ync,
+'U'mount, then re'B'oot when my system locks. It's saved me many a fsck.
+Again, the unmount (remount read-only) hasn't taken place until you see the
+"OK" and "Done" message appear on the screen.
+
+The loglevel'0'-'9' is useful when your console is being flooded with
+kernel messages you do not want to see. Setting '0' will prevent all but
+the most urgent kernel messages from reaching your console. (They will
+still be logged if syslogd/klogd are alive, though.)
+
+t'E'rm and k'I'll are useful if you have some sort of runaway process you
+are unable to kill any other way, especially if it's spawning other
+processes.
+
+* Sometimes SysRq seems to get 'stuck' after using it, what can I do?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+That happens to me, also. I've found that tapping shift, alt, and control
+on both sides of the keyboard, and hitting an invalid sysrq sequence again
+will fix the problem. (ie, something like alt-sysrq-z). Switching to another
+virtual console (ALT+Fn) and then back again should also help.
+
+* I hit SysRq, but nothing seems to happen, what's wrong?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+There are some keyboards that send different scancodes for SysRq than the
+pre-defined 0x54. So if SysRq doesn't work out of the box for a certain
+keyboard, run 'showkey -s' to find out the proper scancode sequence. Then
+use 'setkeycodes <sequence> 84' to define this sequence to the usual SysRq
+code (84 is decimal for 0x54). It's probably best to put this command in a
+boot script. Oh, and by the way, you exit 'showkey' by not typing anything
+for ten seconds.
+
+* I want to add SysRQ key events to a module, how does it work?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+In order to register a basic function with the table, you must first include
+the header 'include/linux/sysrq.h', this will define everything else you need.
+Next, you must create a sysrq_key_op struct, and populate it with A) the key
+handler function you will use, B) a help_msg string, that will print when SysRQ
+prints help, and C) an action_msg string, that will print right before your
+handler is called. Your handler must conform to the protoype in 'sysrq.h'.
+
+After the sysrq_key_op is created, you can call the macro
+register_sysrq_key(int key, struct sysrq_key_op *op_p) that is defined in
+sysrq.h, this will register the operation pointed to by 'op_p' at table
+key 'key', if that slot in the table is blank. At module unload time, you must
+call the macro unregister_sysrq_key(int key, struct sysrq_key_op *op_p), which
+will remove the key op pointed to by 'op_p' from the key 'key', if and only if
+it is currently registered in that slot. This is in case the slot has been
+overwritten since you registered it.
+
+The Magic SysRQ system works by registering key operations against a key op
+lookup table, which is defined in 'drivers/char/sysrq.c'. This key table has
+a number of operations registered into it at compile time, but is mutable,
+and 4 functions are exported for interface to it: __sysrq_lock_table,
+__sysrq_unlock_table, __sysrq_get_key_op, and __sysrq_put_key_op. The
+functions __sysrq_swap_key_ops and __sysrq_swap_key_ops_nolock are defined
+in the header itself, and the REGISTER and UNREGISTER macros are built from
+these. More complex (and dangerous!) manipulations of the table are possible
+using these functions, but you must be careful to always lock the table before
+you read or write from it, and to unlock it again when you are done. (And of
+course, to never ever leave an invalid pointer in the table). Null pointers in
+the table are always safe :)
+
+If for some reason you feel the need to call the handle_sysrq function from
+within a function called by handle_sysrq, you must be aware that you are in
+a lock (you are also in an interrupt handler, which means don't sleep!), so
+you must call __handle_sysrq_nolock instead.
+
+* I have more questions, who can I ask?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+You may feel free to send email to myrdraal@deathsdoor.com, and I will
+respond as soon as possible.
+ -Myrdraal
+
+And I'll answer any questions about the registration system you got, also
+responding as soon as possible.
+ -Crutcher
+
+* Credits
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Written by Mydraal <myrdraal@deathsdoor.com>
+Updated by Adam Sulmicki <adam@cfar.umd.edu>
+Updated by Jeremy M. Dolan <jmd@turbogeek.org> 2001/01/28 10:15:59
+Added to by Crutcher Dunnavant <crutcher+kernel@datastacks.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/telephony/ixj.txt b/Documentation/telephony/ixj.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..621024f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/telephony/ixj.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+Linux Quicknet-Drivers-Howto
+Quicknet Technologies, Inc. (www.quicknet.net)
+Version 0.3.4 December 18, 1999
+
+1.0 Introduction
+
+This document describes the first GPL release version of the Linux
+driver for the Quicknet Internet PhoneJACK and Internet LineJACK
+cards. More information about these cards is available at
+www.quicknet.net. The driver version discussed in this document is
+0.3.4.
+
+These cards offer nice telco style interfaces to use your standard
+telephone/key system/PBX as the user interface for VoIP applications.
+The Internet LineJACK also offers PSTN connectivity for a single line
+Internet to PSTN gateway. Of course, you can add more than one card
+to a system to obtain multi-line functionality. At this time, the
+driver supports the POTS port on both the Internet PhoneJACK and the
+Internet LineJACK, but the PSTN port on the latter card is not yet
+supported.
+
+This document, and the drivers for the cards, are intended for a
+limited audience that includes technically capable programmers who
+would like to experiment with Quicknet cards. The drivers are
+considered in ALPHA status and are not yet considered stable enough
+for general, widespread use in an unlimited audience.
+
+That's worth saying again:
+
+THE LINUX DRIVERS FOR QUICKNET CARDS ARE PRESENTLY IN A ALPHA STATE
+AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED AS READY FOR NORMAL WIDESPREAD USE.
+
+They are released early in the spirit of Internet development and to
+make this technology available to innovators who would benefit from
+early exposure.
+
+When we promote the device driver to "beta" level it will be
+considered ready for non-programmer, non-technical users. Until then,
+please be aware that these drivers may not be stable and may affect
+the performance of your system.
+
+
+1.1 Latest Additions/Improvements
+
+The 0.3.4 version of the driver is the first GPL release. Several
+features had to be removed from the prior binary only module, mostly
+for reasons of Intellectual Property rights. We can't release
+information that is not ours - so certain aspects of the driver had to
+be removed to protect the rights of others.
+
+Specifically, very old Internet PhoneJACK cards have non-standard
+G.723.1 codecs (due to the early nature of the DSPs in those days).
+The auto-conversion code to bring those cards into compliance with
+todays standards is available as a binary only module to those people
+needing it. If you bought your card after 1997 or so, you are OK -
+it's only the very old cards that are affected.
+
+Also, the code to download G.728/G.729/G.729a codecs to the DSP is
+available as a binary only module as well. This IP is not ours to
+release.
+
+Hooks are built into the GPL driver to allow it to work with other
+companion modules that are completely separate from this module.
+
+1.2 Copyright, Trademarks, Disclaimer, & Credits
+
+Copyright
+
+Copyright (c) 1999 Quicknet Technologies, Inc. Permission is granted
+to freely copy and distribute this document provided you preserve it
+in its original form. For corrections and minor changes contact the
+maintainer at linux@quicknet.net.
+
+Trademarks
+
+Internet PhoneJACK and Internet LineJACK are registered trademarks of
+Quicknet Technologies, Inc.
+
+Disclaimer
+
+Much of the info in this HOWTO is early information released by
+Quicknet Technologies, Inc. for the express purpose of allowing early
+testing and use of the Linux drivers developed for their products.
+While every attempt has been made to be thorough, complete and
+accurate, the information contained here may be unreliable and there
+are likely a number of errors in this document. Please let the
+maintainer know about them. Since this is free documentation, it
+should be obvious that neither I nor previous authors can be held
+legally responsible for any errors.
+
+Credits
+
+This HOWTO was written by:
+
+ Greg Herlein <gherlein@quicknet.net>
+ Ed Okerson <eokerson@quicknet.net>
+
+1.3 Future Plans: You Can Help
+
+Please let the maintainer know of any errors in facts, opinions,
+logic, spelling, grammar, clarity, links, etc. But first, if the date
+is over a month old, check to see that you have the latest
+version. Please send any info that you think belongs in this document.
+
+You can also contribute code and/or bug-fixes for the sample
+applications.
+
+
+1.4 Where to get things
+
+You can download the latest versions of the driver from:
+
+http://www.quicknet.net/develop.htm
+
+You can download the latest version of this document from:
+
+http://www.quicknet.net/develop.htm
+
+
+1.5 Mailing List
+
+Quicknet operates a mailing list to provide a public forum on using
+these drivers.
+
+To subscribe to the linux-sdk mailing list, send an email to:
+
+ majordomo@linux.quicknet.net
+
+In the body of the email, type:
+
+ subscribe linux-sdk <your-email-address>
+
+Please delete any signature block that you would normally add to the
+bottom of your email - it tends to confuse majordomo.
+
+To send mail to the list, address your mail to
+
+ linux-sdk@linux.quicknet.net
+
+Your message will go out to everyone on the list.
+
+To unsubscribe to the linux-sdk mailing list, send an email to:
+
+ majordomo@linux.quicknet.net
+
+In the body of the email, type:
+
+ unsubscribe linux-sdk <your-email-address>
+
+
+
+2.0 Requirements
+
+2.1 Quicknet Card(s)
+
+You will need at least one Internet PhoneJACK or Internet LineJACK
+cards. These are ISA or PCI bus devices that use Plug-n-Play for
+configuration, and use no IRQs. The driver will support up to 16
+cards in any one system, of any mix between the two types.
+
+Note that you will need two cards to do any useful testing alone, since
+you will need a card on both ends of the connection. Of course, if
+you are doing collaborative work, perhaps your friends or coworkers
+have cards too. If not, we'll gladly sell them some!
+
+
+2.2 ISAPNP
+
+Since the Quicknet cards are Plug-n-Play devices, you will need the
+isapnp tools package to configure the cards, or you can use the isapnp
+module to autoconfigure them. The former package probably came with
+your Linux distribution. Documentation on this package is available
+online at:
+
+http://mailer.wiwi.uni-marburg.de/linux/LDP/HOWTO/Plug-and-Play-HOWTO.html
+
+The isapnp autoconfiguration is available on the Quicknet website at:
+
+ http://www.quicknet.net/develop.htm
+
+though it may be in the kernel by the time you read this.
+
+
+3.0 Card Configuration
+
+If you did not get your drivers as part of the linux kernel, do the
+following to install them:
+
+ a. untar the distribution file. We use the following command:
+ tar -xvzf ixj-0.x.x.tgz
+
+This creates a subdirectory holding all the necessary files. Go to that
+subdirectory.
+
+ b. run the "ixj_dev_create" script to remove any stray device
+files left in the /dev directory, and to create the new officially
+designated device files. Note that the old devices were called
+/dev/ixj, and the new method uses /dev/phone.
+
+ c. type "make;make install" - this will compile and install the
+module.
+
+ d. type "depmod -av" to rebuild all your kernel version dependencies.
+
+ e. if you are using the isapnp module to configure the cards
+ automatically, then skip to step f. Otherwise, ensure that you
+ have run the isapnp configuration utility to properly configure
+ the cards.
+
+ e1. The Internet PhoneJACK has one configuration register that
+ requires 16 IO ports. The Internet LineJACK card has two
+ configuration registers and isapnp reports that IO 0
+ requires 16 IO ports and IO 1 requires 8. The Quicknet
+ driver assumes that these registers are configured to be
+ contiguous, i.e. if IO 0 is set to 0x340 then IO 1 should
+ be set to 0x350.
+
+ Make sure that none of the cards overlap if you have
+ multiple cards in the system.
+
+ If you are new to the isapnp tools, you can jumpstart
+ yourself by doing the following:
+
+ e2. go to the /etc directory and run pnpdump to get a blank
+ isapnp.conf file.
+
+ pnpdump > /etc/isapnp.conf
+
+ e3. edit the /etc/isapnp.conf file to set the IO warnings and
+ the register IO addresses. The IO warnings means that you
+ should find the line in the file that looks like this:
+
+ (CONFLICT (IO FATAL)(IRQ FATAL)(DMA FATAL)(MEM FATAL)) # or WARNING
+
+ and you should edit the line to look like this:
+
+ (CONFLICT (IO WARNING)(IRQ FATAL)(DMA FATAL)(MEM FATAL)) #
+ or WARNING
+
+ The next step is to set the IO port addresses. The issue
+ here is that isapnp does not identify all of the ports out
+ there. Specifically any device that does not have a driver
+ or module loaded by Linux will not be registered. This
+ includes older sound cards and network cards. We have
+ found that the IO port 0x300 is often used even though
+ isapnp claims that no-one is using those ports. We
+ recommend that for a single card installation that port
+ 0x340 (and 0x350) be used. The IO port line should change
+ from this:
+
+ (IO 0 (SIZE 16) (BASE 0x0300) (CHECK))
+
+ to this:
+
+ (IO 0 (SIZE 16) (BASE 0x0340) )
+
+ e4. if you have multiple Quicknet cards, make sure that you do
+ not have any overlaps. Be especially careful if you are
+ mixing Internet PhoneJACK and Internet LineJACK cards in
+ the same system. In these cases we recommend moving the
+ IO port addresses to the 0x400 block. Please note that on
+ a few machines the 0x400 series are used. Feel free to
+ experiment with other addresses. Our cards have been
+ proven to work using IO addresses of up to 0xFF0.
+
+ e5. the last step is to uncomment the activation line so the
+ drivers will be associated with the port. This means the
+ line (immediately below) the IO line should go from this:
+
+ # (ACT Y)
+
+ to this:
+
+ (ACT Y)
+
+ Once you have finished editing the isapnp.conf file you
+ must submit it into the pnp driverconfigure the cards.
+ This is done using the following command:
+
+ isapnp isapnp.conf
+
+ If this works you should see a line that identifies the
+ Quicknet device, the IO port(s) chosen, and a message
+ "Enabled OK".
+
+ f. if you are loading the module by hand, use insmod. An example
+of this would look like this:
+
+ insmod phonedev
+ insmod ixj dspio=0x320,0x310 xio=0,0x330
+
+Then verify the module loaded by running lsmod. If you are not using a
+module that matches your kernel version, you may need to "force" the
+load using the -f option in the insmod command.
+
+ insmod phonedev
+ insmod -f ixj dspio=0x320,0x310 xio=0,0x330
+
+
+If you are using isapnp to autoconfigure your card, then you do NOT
+need any of the above, though you need to use depmod to load the
+driver, like this:
+
+ depmod ixj
+
+which will result in the needed drivers getting loaded automatically.
+
+ g. if you are planning on using kerneld to automatically load the
+module for you, then you need to edit /etc/conf.modules and add the
+following lines:
+
+ options ixj dspio=0x340 xio=0x330 ixjdebug=0
+
+If you do this, then when you execute an application that uses the
+module kerneld will load the module for you. Note that to do this,
+you need to have your kernel set to support kerneld. You can check
+for this by looking at /usr/src/linux/.config and you should see this:
+
+ # Loadable module support
+ #
+ <snip>
+ CONFIG_KMOD=y
+
+ h. if you want non-root users to be able to read and write to the
+ixj devices (this is a good idea!) you should do the following:
+
+ - decide upon a group name to use and create that group if
+ needed. Add the user names to that group that you wish to
+ have access to the device. For example, we typically will
+ create a group named "ixj" in /etc/group and add all users
+ to that group that we want to run software that can use the
+ ixjX devices.
+
+ - change the permissions on the device files, like this:
+
+ chgrp ixj /dev/ixj*
+ chmod 660 /dev/ixj*
+
+Once this is done, then non-root users should be able to use the
+devices. If you have enabled autoloading of modules, then the user
+should be able to open the device and have the module loaded
+automatically for them.
+
+
+4.0 Driver Installation problems.
+
+We have tested these drivers on the 2.2.9, 2.2.10, 2.2.12, and 2.2.13 kernels
+and in all cases have eventually been able to get the drivers to load and
+run. We have found four types of problems that prevent this from happening.
+The problems and solutions are:
+
+ a. A step was missed in the installation. Go back and use section 3
+as a checklist. Many people miss running the ixj_dev_create script and thus
+never load the device names into the filesystem.
+
+ b. The kernel is inconsistently linked. We have found this problem in
+the Out Of the Box installation of several distributions. The symptoms
+are that neither driver will load, and that the unknown symbols include "jiffy"
+and "kmalloc". The solution is to recompile both the kernel and the
+modules. The command string for the final compile looks like this:
+
+ In the kernel directory:
+ 1. cp .config /tmp
+ 2. make mrproper
+ 3. cp /tmp/.config .
+ 4. make clean;make bzImage;make modules;make modules_install
+
+This rebuilds both the kernel and all the modules and makes sure they all
+have the same linkages. This generally solves the problem once the new
+kernel is installed and the system rebooted.
+
+ c. The kernel has been patched, then unpatched. This happens when
+someone decides to use an earlier kernel after they load a later kernel.
+The symptoms are proceeding through all three above steps and still not
+being able to load the driver. What has happened is that the generated
+header files are out of sync with the kernel itself. The solution is
+to recompile (again) using "make mrproper". This will remove and then
+regenerate all the necessary header files. Once this is done, then you
+need to install and reboot the kernel. We have not seen any problem
+loading one of our drivers after this treatment.
+
+5.0 Known Limitations
+
+We cannot currently play "dial-tone" and listen for DTMF digits at the
+same time using the ISA PhoneJACK. This is a bug in the 8020 DSP chip
+used on that product. All other Quicknet products function normally
+in this regard. We have a work-around, but it's not done yet. Until
+then, if you want dial-tone, you can always play a recorded dial-tone
+sound into the audio until you have gathered the DTMF digits.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/time_interpolators.txt b/Documentation/time_interpolators.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3b6085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/time_interpolators.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+Time Interpolators
+------------------
+
+Time interpolators are a base of time calculation between timer ticks and
+allow an accurate determination of time down to the accuracy of the time
+source in nanoseconds.
+
+The architecture specific code typically provides gettimeofday and
+settimeofday under Linux. The time interpolator provides both if an arch
+defines CONFIG_TIME_INTERPOLATION. The arch still must set up timer tick
+operations and call the necessary functions to advance the clock.
+
+With the time interpolator a standardized interface exists for time
+interpolation between ticks. The provided logic is highly scalable
+and has been tested in SMP situations of up to 512 CPUs.
+
+If CONFIG_TIME_INTERPOLATION is defined then the architecture specific code
+(or the device drivers - like HPET) may register time interpolators.
+These are typically defined in the following way:
+
+static struct time_interpolator my_interpolator {
+ .frequency = MY_FREQUENCY,
+ .source = TIME_SOURCE_MMIO32,
+ .shift = 8, /* scaling for higher accuracy */
+ .drift = -1, /* Unknown drift */
+ .jitter = 0 /* time source is stable */
+};
+
+void time_init(void)
+{
+ ....
+ /* Initialization of the timer *.
+ my_interpolator.address = &my_timer;
+ register_time_interpolator(&my_interpolator);
+ ....
+}
+
+For more details see include/linux/timex.h and kernel/timer.c.
+
+Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com>, October 31, 2004
+
diff --git a/Documentation/tipar.txt b/Documentation/tipar.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67133ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/tipar.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+
+ Parallel link cable for Texas Instruments handhelds
+ ===================================================
+
+
+Author: Romain Lievin
+Homepage: http://lpg.ticalc.org/prj_tidev/index.html
+
+
+INTRODUCTION:
+
+This is a driver for the very common home-made parallel link cable, a cable
+designed for connecting TI8x/9x graphing calculators (handhelds) to a computer
+or workstation (Alpha, Sparc). Given that driver is built on parport, the
+parallel port abstraction layer, this driver is architecture-independent.
+
+It can also be used with another device plugged on the same port (such as a
+ZIP drive). I have a 100MB ZIP and both of them work fine!
+
+If you need more information, please visit the 'TI drivers' homepage at the URL
+above.
+
+WHAT YOU NEED:
+
+A TI calculator and a program capable of communicating with your calculator.
+
+TiLP will work for sure (since I am its developer!). yal92 may be able to use
+it by changing tidev for tipar (may require some hacking...).
+
+HOW TO USE IT:
+
+You must have first compiled parport support (CONFIG_PARPORT_DEV): either
+compiled in your kernel, either as a module.
+
+Next, (as root):
+
+ modprobe parport
+ modprobe tipar
+
+If it is not already there (it usually is), create the device:
+
+ mknod /dev/tipar0 c 115 0
+ mknod /dev/tipar1 c 115 1
+ mknod /dev/tipar2 c 115 2
+
+You will have to set permissions on this device to allow you to read/write
+from it:
+
+ chmod 666 /dev/tipar[0..2]
+
+Now you are ready to run a linking program such as TiLP. Be sure to configure
+it properly (RTFM).
+
+MODULE PARAMETERS:
+
+ You can set these with: modprobe tipar NAME=VALUE
+ There is currently no way to set these on a per-cable basis.
+
+ NAME: timeout
+ TYPE: integer
+ DEFAULT: 15
+ DESC: Timeout value in tenth of seconds. If no data is available once this
+ time has expired then the driver will return with a timeout error.
+
+ NAME: delay
+ TYPE: integer
+ DEFAULT: 10
+ DESC: Inter-bit delay in micro-seconds. A lower value gives an higher data
+ rate but makes transmission less reliable.
+
+These parameters can be changed at run time by any program via ioctl(2) calls
+as listed in ./include/linux/ticable.h.
+
+Rather than write 50 pages describing the ioctl() and so on, it is
+perhaps more useful you look at ticables library (dev_link.c) that demonstrates
+how to use them, and demonstrates the features of the driver. This is
+probably a lot more useful to people interested in writing applications
+that will be using this driver.
+
+QUIRKS/BUGS:
+
+None.
+
+HOW TO CONTACT US:
+
+You can email me at roms@lpg.ticalc.org. Please prefix the subject line
+with "TIPAR: " so that I am certain to notice your message.
+You can also mail JB at jb@jblache.org. He packaged these drivers for Debian.
+
+CREDITS:
+
+The code is based on tidev.c & parport.c.
+The driver has been developed independently of Texas Instruments.
diff --git a/Documentation/tty.txt b/Documentation/tty.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3958cf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/tty.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+
+ The Lockronomicon
+
+Your guide to the ancient and twisted locking policies of the tty layer and
+the warped logic behind them. Beware all ye who read on.
+
+FIXME: still need to work out the full set of BKL assumptions and document
+them so they can eventually be killed off.
+
+
+Line Discipline
+---------------
+
+Line disciplines are registered with tty_register_ldisc() passing the
+discipline number and the ldisc structure. At the point of registration the
+discipline must be ready to use and it is possible it will get used before
+the call returns success. If the call returns an error then it won't get
+called. Do not re-use ldisc numbers as they are part of the userspace ABI
+and writing over an existing ldisc will cause demons to eat your computer.
+After the return the ldisc data has been copied so you may free your own
+copy of the structure. You must not re-register over the top of the line
+discipline even with the same data or your computer again will be eaten by
+demons.
+
+In order to remove a line discipline call tty_register_ldisc passing NULL.
+In ancient times this always worked. In modern times the function will
+return -EBUSY if the ldisc is currently in use. Since the ldisc referencing
+code manages the module counts this should not usually be a concern.
+
+Heed this warning: the reference count field of the registered copies of the
+tty_ldisc structure in the ldisc table counts the number of lines using this
+discipline. The reference count of the tty_ldisc structure within a tty
+counts the number of active users of the ldisc at this instant. In effect it
+counts the number of threads of execution within an ldisc method (plus those
+about to enter and exit although this detail matters not).
+
+Line Discipline Methods
+-----------------------
+
+TTY side interfaces:
+
+close() - This is called on a terminal when the line
+ discipline is being unplugged. At the point of
+ execution no further users will enter the
+ ldisc code for this tty. Can sleep.
+
+open() - Called when the line discipline is attached to
+ the terminal. No other call into the line
+ discipline for this tty will occur until it
+ completes successfully. Can sleep.
+
+write() - A process is writing data through the line
+ discipline. Multiple write calls are serialized
+ by the tty layer for the ldisc. May sleep.
+
+flush_buffer() - May be called at any point between open and close.
+
+chars_in_buffer() - Report the number of bytes in the buffer.
+
+set_termios() - Called on termios structure changes. The caller
+ passes the old termios data and the current data
+ is in the tty. Called under the termios semaphore so
+ allowed to sleep. Serialized against itself only.
+
+read() - Move data from the line discipline to the user.
+ Multiple read calls may occur in parallel and the
+ ldisc must deal with serialization issues. May
+ sleep.
+
+poll() - Check the status for the poll/select calls. Multiple
+ poll calls may occur in parallel. May sleep.
+
+ioctl() - Called when an ioctl is handed to the tty layer
+ that might be for the ldisc. Multiple ioctl calls
+ may occur in parallel. May sleep.
+
+Driver Side Interfaces:
+
+receive_buf() - Hand buffers of bytes from the driver to the ldisc
+ for processing. Semantics currently rather
+ mysterious 8(
+
+receive_room() - Can be called by the driver layer at any time when
+ the ldisc is opened. The ldisc must be able to
+ handle the reported amount of data at that instant.
+ Synchronization between active receive_buf and
+ receive_room calls is down to the driver not the
+ ldisc. Must not sleep.
+
+write_wakeup() - May be called at any point between open and close.
+ The TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP flag indicates if a call
+ is needed but always races versus calls. Thus the
+ ldisc must be careful about setting order and to
+ handle unexpected calls. Must not sleep.
+
+ The driver is forbidden from calling this directly
+ from the ->write call from the ldisc as the ldisc
+ is permitted to call the driver write method from
+ this function. In such a situation defer it.
+
+
+Locking
+
+Callers to the line discipline functions from the tty layer are required to
+take line discipline locks. The same is true of calls from the driver side
+but not yet enforced.
+
+Three calls are now provided
+
+ ldisc = tty_ldisc_ref(tty);
+
+takes a handle to the line discipline in the tty and returns it. If no ldisc
+is currently attached or the ldisc is being closed and re-opened at this
+point then NULL is returned. While this handle is held the ldisc will not
+change or go away.
+
+ tty_ldisc_deref(ldisc)
+
+Returns the ldisc reference and allows the ldisc to be closed. Returning the
+reference takes away your right to call the ldisc functions until you take
+a new reference.
+
+ ldisc = tty_ldisc_ref_wait(tty);
+
+Performs the same function as tty_ldisc_ref except that it will wait for an
+ldisc change to complete and then return a reference to the new ldisc.
+
+While these functions are slightly slower than the old code they should have
+minimal impact as most receive logic uses the flip buffers and they only
+need to take a reference when they push bits up through the driver.
+
+A caution: The ldisc->open(), ldisc->close() and driver->set_ldisc
+functions are called with the ldisc unavailable. Thus tty_ldisc_ref will
+fail in this situation if used within these functions. Ldisc and driver
+code calling its own functions must be careful in this case.
+
+
+Driver Interface
+----------------
+
+open() - Called when a device is opened. May sleep
+
+close() - Called when a device is closed. At the point of
+ return from this call the driver must make no
+ further ldisc calls of any kind. May sleep
+
+write() - Called to write bytes to the device. May not
+ sleep. May occur in parallel in special cases.
+ Because this includes panic paths drivers generally
+ shouldn't try and do clever locking here.
+
+put_char() - Stuff a single character onto the queue. The
+ driver is guaranteed following up calls to
+ flush_chars.
+
+flush_chars() - Ask the kernel to write put_char queue
+
+write_room() - Return the number of characters tht can be stuffed
+ into the port buffers without overflow (or less).
+ The ldisc is responsible for being intelligent
+ about multi-threading of write_room/write calls
+
+ioctl() - Called when an ioctl may be for the driver
+
+set_termios() - Called on termios change, serialized against
+ itself by a semaphore. May sleep.
+
+set_ldisc() - Notifier for discipline change. At the point this
+ is done the discipline is not yet usable. Can now
+ sleep (I think)
+
+throttle() - Called by the ldisc to ask the driver to do flow
+ control. Serialization including with unthrottle
+ is the job of the ldisc layer.
+
+unthrottle() - Called by the ldisc to ask the driver to stop flow
+ control.
+
+stop() - Ldisc notifier to the driver to stop output. As with
+ throttle the serializations with start() are down
+ to the ldisc layer.
+
+start() - Ldisc notifier to the driver to start output.
+
+hangup() - Ask the tty driver to cause a hangup initiated
+ from the host side. [Can sleep ??]
+
+break_ctl() - Send RS232 break. Can sleep. Can get called in
+ parallel, driver must serialize (for now), and
+ with write calls.
+
+wait_until_sent() - Wait for characters to exit the hardware queue
+ of the driver. Can sleep
+
+send_xchar() - Send XON/XOFF and if possible jump the queue with
+ it in order to get fast flow control responses.
+ Cannot sleep ??
+
diff --git a/Documentation/uml/UserModeLinux-HOWTO.txt b/Documentation/uml/UserModeLinux-HOWTO.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c7b654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/uml/UserModeLinux-HOWTO.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4686 @@
+ User Mode Linux HOWTO
+ User Mode Linux Core Team
+ Mon Nov 18 14:16:16 EST 2002
+
+ This document describes the use and abuse of Jeff Dike's User Mode
+ Linux: a port of the Linux kernel as a normal Intel Linux process.
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ Table of Contents
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1. Introduction
+
+ 1.1 How is User Mode Linux Different?
+ 1.2 Why Would I Want User Mode Linux?
+
+ 2. Compiling the kernel and modules
+
+ 2.1 Compiling the kernel
+ 2.2 Compiling and installing kernel modules
+ 2.3 Compiling and installing uml_utilities
+
+ 3. Running UML and logging in
+
+ 3.1 Running UML
+ 3.2 Logging in
+ 3.3 Examples
+
+ 4. UML on 2G/2G hosts
+
+ 4.1 Introduction
+ 4.2 The problem
+ 4.3 The solution
+
+ 5. Setting up serial lines and consoles
+
+ 5.1 Specifying the device
+ 5.2 Specifying the channel
+ 5.3 Examples
+
+ 6. Setting up the network
+
+ 6.1 General setup
+ 6.2 Userspace daemons
+ 6.3 Specifying ethernet addresses
+ 6.4 UML interface setup
+ 6.5 Multicast
+ 6.6 TUN/TAP with the uml_net helper
+ 6.7 TUN/TAP with a preconfigured tap device
+ 6.8 Ethertap
+ 6.9 The switch daemon
+ 6.10 Slip
+ 6.11 Slirp
+ 6.12 pcap
+ 6.13 Setting up the host yourself
+
+ 7. Sharing Filesystems between Virtual Machines
+
+ 7.1 A warning
+ 7.2 Using layered block devices
+ 7.3 Note!
+ 7.4 Another warning
+ 7.5 uml_moo : Merging a COW file with its backing file
+
+ 8. Creating filesystems
+
+ 8.1 Create the filesystem file
+ 8.2 Assign the file to a UML device
+ 8.3 Creating and mounting the filesystem
+
+ 9. Host file access
+
+ 9.1 Using hostfs
+ 9.2 hostfs as the root filesystem
+ 9.3 Building hostfs
+
+ 10. The Management Console
+ 10.1 version
+ 10.2 halt and reboot
+ 10.3 config
+ 10.4 remove
+ 10.5 sysrq
+ 10.6 help
+ 10.7 cad
+ 10.8 stop
+ 10.9 go
+
+ 11. Kernel debugging
+
+ 11.1 Starting the kernel under gdb
+ 11.2 Examining sleeping processes
+ 11.3 Running ddd on UML
+ 11.4 Debugging modules
+ 11.5 Attaching gdb to the kernel
+ 11.6 Using alternate debuggers
+
+ 12. Kernel debugging examples
+
+ 12.1 The case of the hung fsck
+ 12.2 Episode 2: The case of the hung fsck
+
+ 13. What to do when UML doesn't work
+
+ 13.1 Strange compilation errors when you build from source
+ 13.2 UML hangs on boot after mounting devfs
+ 13.3 A variety of panics and hangs with /tmp on a reiserfs filesystem
+ 13.4 The compile fails with errors about conflicting types for 'open', 'dup', and 'waitpid'
+ 13.5 UML doesn't work when /tmp is an NFS filesystem
+ 13.6 UML hangs on boot when compiled with gprof support
+ 13.7 syslogd dies with a SIGTERM on startup
+ 13.8 TUN/TAP networking doesn't work on a 2.4 host
+ 13.9 You can network to the host but not to other machines on the net
+ 13.10 I have no root and I want to scream
+ 13.11 UML build conflict between ptrace.h and ucontext.h
+ 13.12 The UML BogoMips is exactly half the host's BogoMips
+ 13.13 When you run UML, it immediately segfaults
+ 13.14 xterms appear, then immediately disappear
+ 13.15 Any other panic, hang, or strange behavior
+
+ 14. Diagnosing Problems
+
+ 14.1 Case 1 : Normal kernel panics
+ 14.2 Case 2 : Tracing thread panics
+ 14.3 Case 3 : Tracing thread panics caused by other threads
+ 14.4 Case 4 : Hangs
+
+ 15. Thanks
+
+ 15.1 Code and Documentation
+ 15.2 Flushing out bugs
+ 15.3 Buglets and clean-ups
+ 15.4 Case Studies
+ 15.5 Other contributions
+
+
+ ______________________________________________________________________
+
+ 11.. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
+
+ Welcome to User Mode Linux. It's going to be fun.
+
+
+
+ 11..11.. HHooww iiss UUsseerr MMooddee LLiinnuuxx DDiiffffeerreenntt??
+
+ Normally, the Linux Kernel talks straight to your hardware (video
+ card, keyboard, hard drives, etc), and any programs which run ask the
+ kernel to operate the hardware, like so:
+
+
+
+ +-----------+-----------+----+
+ | Process 1 | Process 2 | ...|
+ +-----------+-----------+----+
+ | Linux Kernel |
+ +----------------------------+
+ | Hardware |
+ +----------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+ The User Mode Linux Kernel is different; instead of talking to the
+ hardware, it talks to a `real' Linux kernel (called the `host kernel'
+ from now on), like any other program. Programs can then run inside
+ User-Mode Linux as if they were running under a normal kernel, like
+ so:
+
+
+
+ +----------------+
+ | Process 2 | ...|
+ +-----------+----------------+
+ | Process 1 | User-Mode Linux|
+ +----------------------------+
+ | Linux Kernel |
+ +----------------------------+
+ | Hardware |
+ +----------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 11..22.. WWhhyy WWoouulldd II WWaanntt UUsseerr MMooddee LLiinnuuxx??
+
+
+ 1. If User Mode Linux crashes, your host kernel is still fine.
+
+ 2. You can run a usermode kernel as a non-root user.
+
+ 3. You can debug the User Mode Linux like any normal process.
+
+ 4. You can run gprof (profiling) and gcov (coverage testing).
+
+ 5. You can play with your kernel without breaking things.
+
+ 6. You can use it as a sandbox for testing new apps.
+
+ 7. You can try new development kernels safely.
+
+ 8. You can run different distributions simultaneously.
+
+ 9. It's extremely fun.
+
+
+
+
+
+ 22.. CCoommppiilliinngg tthhee kkeerrnneell aanndd mmoodduulleess
+
+
+
+
+ 22..11.. CCoommppiilliinngg tthhee kkeerrnneell
+
+
+ Compiling the user mode kernel is just like compiling any other
+ kernel. Let's go through the steps, using 2.4.0-prerelease (current
+ as of this writing) as an example:
+
+
+ 1. Download the latest UML patch from
+
+ the download page <http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/dl-
+ sf.html>
+
+ In this example, the file is uml-patch-2.4.0-prerelease.bz2.
+
+
+ 2. Download the matching kernel from your favourite kernel mirror,
+ such as:
+
+ ftp://ftp.ca.kernel.org/pub/kernel/v2.4/linux-2.4.0-prerelease.tar.bz2
+ <ftp://ftp.ca.kernel.org/pub/kernel/v2.4/linux-2.4.0-prerelease.tar.bz2>
+ .
+
+
+ 3. Make a directory and unpack the kernel into it.
+
+
+
+ host%
+ mkdir ~/uml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host%
+ cd ~/uml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host%
+ tar -xzvf linux-2.4.0-prerelease.tar.bz2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 4. Apply the patch using
+
+
+
+ host%
+ cd ~/uml/linux
+
+
+
+ host%
+ bzcat uml-patch-2.4.0-prerelease.bz2 | patch -p1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 5. Run your favorite config; `make xconfig ARCH=um' is the most
+ convenient. `make config ARCH=um' and 'make menuconfig ARCH=um'
+ will work as well. The defaults will give you a useful kernel. If
+ you want to change something, go ahead, it probably won't hurt
+ anything.
+
+
+ Note: If the host is configured with a 2G/2G address space split
+ rather than the usual 3G/1G split, then the packaged UML binaries
+ will not run. They will immediately segfault. See ``UML on 2G/2G
+ hosts'' for the scoop on running UML on your system.
+
+
+
+ 6. Finish with `make linux ARCH=um': the result is a file called
+ `linux' in the top directory of your source tree.
+
+ Make sure that you don't build this kernel in /usr/src/linux. On some
+ distributions, /usr/include/asm is a link into this pool. The user-
+ mode build changes the other end of that link, and things that include
+ <asm/anything.h> stop compiling.
+
+ The sources are also available from cvs at the project's cvs page,
+ which has directions on getting the sources. You can also browse the
+ CVS pool from there.
+
+ If you get the CVS sources, you will have to check them out into an
+ empty directory. You will then have to copy each file into the
+ corresponding directory in the appropriate kernel pool.
+
+ If you don't have the latest kernel pool, you can get the
+ corresponding user-mode sources with
+
+
+ host% cvs co -r v_2_3_x linux
+
+
+
+
+ where 'x' is the version in your pool. Note that you will not get the
+ bug fixes and enhancements that have gone into subsequent releases.
+
+
+ If you build your own kernel, and want to boot it from one of the
+ filesystems distributed from this site, then, in nearly all cases,
+ devfs must be compiled into the kernel and mounted at boot time. The
+ exception is the SuSE filesystem. For this, devfs must either not be
+ in the kernel at all, or "devfs=nomount" must be on the kernel command
+ line. Any disagreement between the kernel and the filesystem being
+ booted about whether devfs is being used will result in the boot
+ getting no further than single-user mode.
+
+
+ If you don't want to use devfs, you can remove the need for it from a
+ filesystem by copying /dev from someplace, making a bunch of /dev/ubd
+ devices:
+
+
+ UML# for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; do mknod ubd$i b 98 $i; done
+
+
+
+
+ and changing /etc/fstab and /etc/inittab to refer to the non-devfs
+ devices.
+
+
+
+ 22..22.. CCoommppiilliinngg aanndd iinnssttaalllliinngg kkeerrnneell mmoodduulleess
+
+ UML modules are built in the same way as the native kernel (with the
+ exception of the 'ARCH=um' that you always need for UML):
+
+
+ host% make modules ARCH=um
+
+
+
+
+ Any modules that you want to load into this kernel need to be built in
+ the user-mode pool. Modules from the native kernel won't work.
+
+ You can install them by using ftp or something to copy them into the
+ virtual machine and dropping them into /lib/modules/`uname -r`.
+
+ You can also get the kernel build process to install them as follows:
+
+ 1. with the kernel not booted, mount the root filesystem in the top
+ level of the kernel pool:
+
+
+ host% mount root_fs mnt -o loop
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 2. run
+
+
+ host%
+ make modules_install INSTALL_MOD_PATH=`pwd`/mnt ARCH=um
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 3. unmount the filesystem
+
+
+ host% umount mnt
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 4. boot the kernel on it
+
+
+ When the system is booted, you can use insmod as usual to get the
+ modules into the kernel. A number of things have been loaded into UML
+ as modules, especially filesystems and network protocols and filters,
+ so most symbols which need to be exported probably already are.
+ However, if you do find symbols that need exporting, let us
+ <http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/contacts.html> know, and
+ they'll be "taken care of".
+
+
+
+ 22..33.. CCoommppiilliinngg aanndd iinnssttaalllliinngg uummll__uuttiilliittiieess
+
+ Many features of the UML kernel require a user-space helper program,
+ so a uml_utilities package is distributed separately from the kernel
+ patch which provides these helpers. Included within this is:
+
+ +o port-helper - Used by consoles which connect to xterms or ports
+
+ +o tunctl - Configuration tool to create and delete tap devices
+
+ +o uml_net - Setuid binary for automatic tap device configuration
+
+ +o uml_switch - User-space virtual switch required for daemon
+ transport
+
+ The uml_utilities tree is compiled with:
+
+
+ host#
+ make && make install
+
+
+
+
+ Note that UML kernel patches may require a specific version of the
+ uml_utilities distribution. If you don't keep up with the mailing
+ lists, ensure that you have the latest release of uml_utilities if you
+ are experiencing problems with your UML kernel, particularly when
+ dealing with consoles or command-line switches to the helper programs
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 33.. RRuunnnniinngg UUMMLL aanndd llooggggiinngg iinn
+
+
+
+ 33..11.. RRuunnnniinngg UUMMLL
+
+ It runs on 2.2.15 or later, and all 2.4 kernels.
+
+
+ Booting UML is straightforward. Simply run 'linux': it will try to
+ mount the file `root_fs' in the current directory. You do not need to
+ run it as root. If your root filesystem is not named `root_fs', then
+ you need to put a `ubd0=root_fs_whatever' switch on the linux command
+ line.
+
+
+ You will need a filesystem to boot UML from. There are a number
+ available for download from here <http://user-mode-
+ linux.sourceforge.net/dl-sf.html> . There are also several tools
+ <http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/fs_making.html> which can be
+ used to generate UML-compatible filesystem images from media.
+ The kernel will boot up and present you with a login prompt.
+
+
+ Note: If the host is configured with a 2G/2G address space split
+ rather than the usual 3G/1G split, then the packaged UML binaries will
+ not run. They will immediately segfault. See ``UML on 2G/2G hosts''
+ for the scoop on running UML on your system.
+
+
+
+ 33..22.. LLooggggiinngg iinn
+
+
+
+ The prepackaged filesystems have a root account with password 'root'
+ and a user account with password 'user'. The login banner will
+ generally tell you how to log in. So, you log in and you will find
+ yourself inside a little virtual machine. Our filesystems have a
+ variety of commands and utilities installed (and it is fairly easy to
+ add more), so you will have a lot of tools with which to poke around
+ the system.
+
+ There are a couple of other ways to log in:
+
+ +o On a virtual console
+
+
+
+ Each virtual console that is configured (i.e. the device exists in
+ /dev and /etc/inittab runs a getty on it) will come up in its own
+ xterm. If you get tired of the xterms, read ``Setting up serial
+ lines and consoles'' to see how to attach the consoles to
+ something else, like host ptys.
+
+
+
+ +o Over the serial line
+
+
+ In the boot output, find a line that looks like:
+
+
+
+ serial line 0 assigned pty /dev/ptyp1
+
+
+
+
+ Attach your favorite terminal program to the corresponding tty. I.e.
+ for minicom, the command would be
+
+
+ host% minicom -o -p /dev/ttyp1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o Over the net
+
+
+ If the network is running, then you can telnet to the virtual
+ machine and log in to it. See ``Setting up the network'' to learn
+ about setting up a virtual network.
+
+ When you're done using it, run halt, and the kernel will bring itself
+ down and the process will exit.
+
+
+ 33..33.. EExxaammpplleess
+
+ Here are some examples of UML in action:
+
+ +o A login session <http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/login.html>
+
+ +o A virtual network <http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/net.html>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 44.. UUMMLL oonn 22GG//22GG hhoossttss
+
+
+
+
+ 44..11.. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
+
+
+ Most Linux machines are configured so that the kernel occupies the
+ upper 1G (0xc0000000 - 0xffffffff) of the 4G address space and
+ processes use the lower 3G (0x00000000 - 0xbfffffff). However, some
+ machine are configured with a 2G/2G split, with the kernel occupying
+ the upper 2G (0x80000000 - 0xffffffff) and processes using the lower
+ 2G (0x00000000 - 0x7fffffff).
+
+
+
+
+ 44..22.. TThhee pprroobblleemm
+
+
+ The prebuilt UML binaries on this site will not run on 2G/2G hosts
+ because UML occupies the upper .5G of the 3G process address space
+ (0xa0000000 - 0xbfffffff). Obviously, on 2G/2G hosts, this is right
+ in the middle of the kernel address space, so UML won't even load - it
+ will immediately segfault.
+
+
+
+
+ 44..33.. TThhee ssoolluuttiioonn
+
+
+ The fix for this is to rebuild UML from source after enabling
+ CONFIG_HOST_2G_2G (under 'General Setup'). This will cause UML to
+ load itself in the top .5G of that smaller process address space,
+ where it will run fine. See ``Compiling the kernel and modules'' if
+ you need help building UML from source.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 55.. SSeettttiinngg uupp sseerriiaall lliinneess aanndd ccoonnssoolleess
+
+
+ It is possible to attach UML serial lines and consoles to many types
+ of host I/O channels by specifying them on the command line.
+
+
+ You can attach them to host ptys, ttys, file descriptors, and ports.
+ This allows you to do things like
+
+ +o have a UML console appear on an unused host console,
+
+ +o hook two virtual machines together by having one attach to a pty
+ and having the other attach to the corresponding tty
+
+ +o make a virtual machine accessible from the net by attaching a
+ console to a port on the host.
+
+
+ The general format of the command line option is device=channel.
+
+
+
+ 55..11.. SSppeecciiffyyiinngg tthhee ddeevviiccee
+
+ Devices are specified with "con" or "ssl" (console or serial line,
+ respectively), optionally with a device number if you are talking
+ about a specific device.
+
+
+ Using just "con" or "ssl" describes all of the consoles or serial
+ lines. If you want to talk about console #3 or serial line #10, they
+ would be "con3" and "ssl10", respectively.
+
+
+ A specific device name will override a less general "con=" or "ssl=".
+ So, for example, you can assign a pty to each of the serial lines
+ except for the first two like this:
+
+
+ ssl=pty ssl0=tty:/dev/tty0 ssl1=tty:/dev/tty1
+
+
+
+
+ The specificity of the device name is all that matters; order on the
+ command line is irrelevant.
+
+
+
+ 55..22.. SSppeecciiffyyiinngg tthhee cchhaannnneell
+
+ There are a number of different types of channels to attach a UML
+ device to, each with a different way of specifying exactly what to
+ attach to.
+
+ +o pseudo-terminals - device=pty pts terminals - device=pts
+
+
+ This will cause UML to allocate a free host pseudo-terminal for the
+ device. The terminal that it got will be announced in the boot
+ log. You access it by attaching a terminal program to the
+ corresponding tty:
+
+ +o screen /dev/pts/n
+
+ +o screen /dev/ttyxx
+
+ +o minicom -o -p /dev/ttyxx - minicom seems not able to handle pts
+ devices
+
+ +o kermit - start it up, 'open' the device, then 'connect'
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o terminals - device=tty:tty device file
+
+
+ This will make UML attach the device to the specified tty (i.e
+
+
+ con1=tty:/dev/tty3
+
+
+
+
+ will attach UML's console 1 to the host's /dev/tty3). If the tty that
+ you specify is the slave end of a tty/pty pair, something else must
+ have already opened the corresponding pty in order for this to work.
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o xterms - device=xterm
+
+
+ UML will run an xterm and the device will be attached to it.
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o Port - device=port:port number
+
+
+ This will attach the UML devices to the specified host port.
+ Attaching console 1 to the host's port 9000 would be done like
+ this:
+
+
+ con1=port:9000
+
+
+
+
+ Attaching all the serial lines to that port would be done similarly:
+
+
+ ssl=port:9000
+
+
+
+
+ You access these devices by telnetting to that port. Each active tel-
+ net session gets a different device. If there are more telnets to a
+ port than UML devices attached to it, then the extra telnet sessions
+ will block until an existing telnet detaches, or until another device
+ becomes active (i.e. by being activated in /etc/inittab).
+
+ This channel has the advantage that you can both attach multiple UML
+ devices to it and know how to access them without reading the UML boot
+ log. It is also unique in allowing access to a UML from remote
+ machines without requiring that the UML be networked. This could be
+ useful in allowing public access to UMLs because they would be
+ accessible from the net, but wouldn't need any kind of network
+ filtering or access control because they would have no network access.
+
+
+ If you attach the main console to a portal, then the UML boot will
+ appear to hang. In reality, it's waiting for a telnet to connect, at
+ which point the boot will proceed.
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o already-existing file descriptors - device=file descriptor
+
+
+ If you set up a file descriptor on the UML command line, you can
+ attach a UML device to it. This is most commonly used to put the
+ main console back on stdin and stdout after assigning all the other
+ consoles to something else:
+
+
+ con0=fd:0,fd:1 con=pts
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o Nothing - device=null
+
+
+ This allows the device to be opened, in contrast to 'none', but
+ reads will block, and writes will succeed and the data will be
+ thrown out.
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o None - device=none
+
+
+ This causes the device to disappear. If you are using devfs, the
+ device will not appear in /dev. If not, then attempts to open it
+ will return -ENODEV.
+
+
+
+ You can also specify different input and output channels for a device
+ by putting a comma between them:
+
+
+ ssl3=tty:/dev/tty2,xterm
+
+
+
+
+ will cause serial line 3 to accept input on the host's /dev/tty3 and
+ display output on an xterm. That's a silly example - the most common
+ use of this syntax is to reattach the main console to stdin and stdout
+ as shown above.
+
+
+ If you decide to move the main console away from stdin/stdout, the
+ initial boot output will appear in the terminal that you're running
+ UML in. However, once the console driver has been officially
+ initialized, then the boot output will start appearing wherever you
+ specified that console 0 should be. That device will receive all
+ subsequent output.
+
+
+
+ 55..33.. EExxaammpplleess
+
+ There are a number of interesting things you can do with this
+ capability.
+
+
+ First, this is how you get rid of those bleeding console xterms by
+ attaching them to host ptys:
+
+
+ con=pty con0=fd:0,fd:1
+
+
+
+
+ This will make a UML console take over an unused host virtual console,
+ so that when you switch to it, you will see the UML login prompt
+ rather than the host login prompt:
+
+
+ con1=tty:/dev/tty6
+
+
+
+
+ You can attach two virtual machines together with what amounts to a
+ serial line as follows:
+
+ Run one UML with a serial line attached to a pty -
+
+
+ ssl1=pty
+
+
+
+
+ Look at the boot log to see what pty it got (this example will assume
+ that it got /dev/ptyp1).
+
+ Boot the other UML with a serial line attached to the corresponding
+ tty -
+
+
+ ssl1=tty:/dev/ttyp1
+
+
+
+
+ Log in, make sure that it has no getty on that serial line, attach a
+ terminal program like minicom to it, and you should see the login
+ prompt of the other virtual machine.
+
+
+ 66.. SSeettttiinngg uupp tthhee nneettwwoorrkk
+
+
+
+ This page describes how to set up the various transports and to
+ provide a UML instance with network access to the host, other machines
+ on the local net, and the rest of the net.
+
+
+ As of 2.4.5, UML networking has been completely redone to make it much
+ easier to set up, fix bugs, and add new features.
+
+
+ There is a new helper, uml_net, which does the host setup that
+ requires root privileges.
+
+
+ There are currently five transport types available for a UML virtual
+ machine to exchange packets with other hosts:
+
+ +o ethertap
+
+ +o TUN/TAP
+
+ +o Multicast
+
+ +o a switch daemon
+
+ +o slip
+
+ +o slirp
+
+ +o pcap
+
+ The TUN/TAP, ethertap, slip, and slirp transports allow a UML
+ instance to exchange packets with the host. They may be directed
+ to the host or the host may just act as a router to provide access
+ to other physical or virtual machines.
+
+
+ The pcap transport is a synthetic read-only interface, using the
+ libpcap binary to collect packets from interfaces on the host and
+ filter them. This is useful for building preconfigured traffic
+ monitors or sniffers.
+
+
+ The daemon and multicast transports provide a completely virtual
+ network to other virtual machines. This network is completely
+ disconnected from the physical network unless one of the virtual
+ machines on it is acting as a gateway.
+
+
+ With so many host transports, which one should you use? Here's when
+ you should use each one:
+
+ +o ethertap - if you want access to the host networking and it is
+ running 2.2
+
+ +o TUN/TAP - if you want access to the host networking and it is
+ running 2.4. Also, the TUN/TAP transport is able to use a
+ preconfigured device, allowing it to avoid using the setuid uml_net
+ helper, which is a security advantage.
+
+ +o Multicast - if you want a purely virtual network and you don't want
+ to set up anything but the UML
+
+ +o a switch daemon - if you want a purely virtual network and you
+ don't mind running the daemon in order to get somewhat better
+ performance
+
+ +o slip - there is no particular reason to run the slip backend unless
+ ethertap and TUN/TAP are just not available for some reason
+
+ +o slirp - if you don't have root access on the host to setup
+ networking, or if you don't want to allocate an IP to your UML
+
+ +o pcap - not much use for actual network connectivity, but great for
+ monitoring traffic on the host
+
+ Ethertap is available on 2.4 and works fine. TUN/TAP is preferred
+ to it because it has better performance and ethertap is officially
+ considered obsolete in 2.4. Also, the root helper only needs to
+ run occasionally for TUN/TAP, rather than handling every packet, as
+ it does with ethertap. This is a slight security advantage since
+ it provides fewer opportunities for a nasty UML user to somehow
+ exploit the helper's root privileges.
+
+
+ 66..11.. GGeenneerraall sseettuupp
+
+ First, you must have the virtual network enabled in your UML. If are
+ running a prebuilt kernel from this site, everything is already
+ enabled. If you build the kernel yourself, under the "Network device
+ support" menu, enable "Network device support", and then the three
+ transports.
+
+
+ The next step is to provide a network device to the virtual machine.
+ This is done by describing it on the kernel command line.
+
+ The general format is
+
+
+ eth <n> = <transport> , <transport args>
+
+
+
+
+ For example, a virtual ethernet device may be attached to a host
+ ethertap device as follows:
+
+
+ eth0=ethertap,tap0,fe:fd:0:0:0:1,192.168.0.254
+
+
+
+
+ This sets up eth0 inside the virtual machine to attach itself to the
+ host /dev/tap0, assigns it an ethernet address, and assigns the host
+ tap0 interface an IP address.
+
+
+
+ Note that the IP address you assign to the host end of the tap device
+ must be different than the IP you assign to the eth device inside UML.
+ If you are short on IPs and don't want to comsume two per UML, then
+ you can reuse the host's eth IP address for the host ends of the tap
+ devices. Internally, the UMLs must still get unique IPs for their eth
+ devices. You can also give the UMLs non-routable IPs (192.168.x.x or
+ 10.x.x.x) and have the host masquerade them. This will let outgoing
+ connections work, but incoming connections won't without more work,
+ such as port forwarding from the host.
+ Also note that when you configure the host side of an interface, it is
+ only acting as a gateway. It will respond to pings sent to it
+ locally, but is not useful to do that since it's a host interface.
+ You are not talking to the UML when you ping that interface and get a
+ response.
+
+
+ You can also add devices to a UML and remove them at runtime. See the
+ ``The Management Console'' page for details.
+
+
+ The sections below describe this in more detail.
+
+
+ Once you've decided how you're going to set up the devices, you boot
+ UML, log in, configure the UML side of the devices, and set up routes
+ to the outside world. At that point, you will be able to talk to any
+ other machines, physical or virtual, on the net.
+
+
+ If ifconfig inside UML fails and the network refuses to come up, run
+ tell you what went wrong.
+
+
+
+ 66..22.. UUsseerrssppaaccee ddaaeemmoonnss
+
+ You will likely need the setuid helper, or the switch daemon, or both.
+ They are both installed with the RPM and deb, so if you've installed
+ either, you can skip the rest of this section.
+
+
+ If not, then you need to check them out of CVS, build them, and
+ install them. The helper is uml_net, in CVS /tools/uml_net, and the
+ daemon is uml_switch, in CVS /tools/uml_router. They are both built
+ with a plain 'make'. Both need to be installed in a directory that's
+ in your path - /usr/bin is recommend. On top of that, uml_net needs
+ to be setuid root.
+
+
+
+ 66..33.. SSppeecciiffyyiinngg eetthheerrnneett aaddddrreesssseess
+
+ Below, you will see that the TUN/TAP, ethertap, and daemon interfaces
+ allow you to specify hardware addresses for the virtual ethernet
+ devices. This is generally not necessary. If you don't have a
+ specific reason to do it, you probably shouldn't. If one is not
+ specified on the command line, the driver will assign one based on the
+ device IP address. It will provide the address fe:fd:nn:nn:nn:nn
+ where nn.nn.nn.nn is the device IP address. This is nearly always
+ sufficient to guarantee a unique hardware address for the device. A
+ couple of exceptions are:
+
+ +o Another set of virtual ethernet devices are on the same network and
+ they are assigned hardware addresses using a different scheme which
+ may conflict with the UML IP address-based scheme
+
+ +o You aren't going to use the device for IP networking, so you don't
+ assign the device an IP address
+
+ If you let the driver provide the hardware address, you should make
+ sure that the device IP address is known before the interface is
+ brought up. So, inside UML, this will guarantee that:
+
+
+
+ UML#
+ ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.250 up
+
+
+
+
+ If you decide to assign the hardware address yourself, make sure that
+ the first byte of the address is even. Addresses with an odd first
+ byte are broadcast addresses, which you don't want assigned to a
+ device.
+
+
+
+ 66..44.. UUMMLL iinntteerrffaaccee sseettuupp
+
+ Once the network devices have been described on the command line, you
+ should boot UML and log in.
+
+
+ The first thing to do is bring the interface up:
+
+
+ UML# ifconfig ethn ip-address up
+
+
+
+
+ You should be able to ping the host at this point.
+
+
+ To reach the rest of the world, you should set a default route to the
+ host:
+
+
+ UML# route add default gw host ip
+
+
+
+
+ Again, with host ip of 192.168.0.4:
+
+
+ UML# route add default gw 192.168.0.4
+
+
+
+
+ This page used to recommend setting a network route to your local net.
+ This is wrong, because it will cause UML to try to figure out hardware
+ addresses of the local machines by arping on the interface to the
+ host. Since that interface is basically a single strand of ethernet
+ with two nodes on it (UML and the host) and arp requests don't cross
+ networks, they will fail to elicit any responses. So, what you want
+ is for UML to just blindly throw all packets at the host and let it
+ figure out what to do with them, which is what leaving out the network
+ route and adding the default route does.
+
+
+ Note: If you can't communicate with other hosts on your physical
+ ethernet, it's probably because of a network route that's
+ automatically set up. If you run 'route -n' and see a route that
+ looks like this:
+
+
+
+
+ Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
+ 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
+
+
+
+
+ with a mask that's not 255.255.255.255, then replace it with a route
+ to your host:
+
+
+ UML#
+ route del -net 192.168.0.0 dev eth0 netmask 255.255.255.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ UML#
+ route add -host 192.168.0.4 dev eth0
+
+
+
+
+ This, plus the default route to the host, will allow UML to exchange
+ packets with any machine on your ethernet.
+
+
+
+ 66..55.. MMuullttiiccaasstt
+
+ The simplest way to set up a virtual network between multiple UMLs is
+ to use the mcast transport. This was written by Harald Welte and is
+ present in UML version 2.4.5-5um and later. Your system must have
+ multicast enabled in the kernel and there must be a multicast-capable
+ network device on the host. Normally, this is eth0, but if there is
+ no ethernet card on the host, then you will likely get strange error
+ messages when you bring the device up inside UML.
+
+
+ To use it, run two UMLs with
+
+
+ eth0=mcast
+
+
+
+
+ on their command lines. Log in, configure the ethernet device in each
+ machine with different IP addresses:
+
+
+ UML1# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.254
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ UML2# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.253
+
+
+
+
+ and they should be able to talk to each other.
+
+ The full set of command line options for this transport are
+
+
+
+ ethn=mcast,ethernet address,multicast
+ address,multicast port,ttl
+
+
+
+
+ Harald's original README is here <http://user-mode-linux.source-
+ forge.net/text/mcast.txt> and explains these in detail, as well as
+ some other issues.
+
+
+
+ 66..66.. TTUUNN//TTAAPP wwiitthh tthhee uummll__nneett hheellppeerr
+
+ TUN/TAP is the preferred mechanism on 2.4 to exchange packets with the
+ host. The TUN/TAP backend has been in UML since 2.4.9-3um.
+
+
+ The easiest way to get up and running is to let the setuid uml_net
+ helper do the host setup for you. This involves insmod-ing the tun.o
+ module if necessary, configuring the device, and setting up IP
+ forwarding, routing, and proxy arp. If you are new to UML networking,
+ do this first. If you're concerned about the security implications of
+ the setuid helper, use it to get up and running, then read the next
+ section to see how to have UML use a preconfigured tap device, which
+ avoids the use of uml_net.
+
+
+ If you specify an IP address for the host side of the device, the
+ uml_net helper will do all necessary setup on the host - the only
+ requirement is that TUN/TAP be available, either built in to the host
+ kernel or as the tun.o module.
+
+ The format of the command line switch to attach a device to a TUN/TAP
+ device is
+
+
+ eth <n> =tuntap,,, <IP address>
+
+
+
+
+ For example, this argument will attach the UML's eth0 to the next
+ available tap device and assign an ethernet address to it based on its
+ IP address
+
+
+ eth0=tuntap,,,192.168.0.254
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Note that the IP address that must be used for the eth device inside
+ UML is fixed by the routing and proxy arp that is set up on the
+ TUN/TAP device on the host. You can use a different one, but it won't
+ work because reply packets won't reach the UML. This is a feature.
+ It prevents a nasty UML user from doing things like setting the UML IP
+ to the same as the network's nameserver or mail server.
+
+
+ There are a couple potential problems with running the TUN/TAP
+ transport on a 2.4 host kernel
+
+ +o TUN/TAP seems not to work on 2.4.3 and earlier. Upgrade the host
+ kernel or use the ethertap transport.
+
+ +o With an upgraded kernel, TUN/TAP may fail with
+
+
+ File descriptor in bad state
+
+
+
+
+ This is due to a header mismatch between the upgraded kernel and the
+ kernel that was originally installed on the machine. The fix is to
+ make sure that /usr/src/linux points to the headers for the running
+ kernel.
+
+ These were pointed out by Tim Robinson <timro at trkr dot net> in
+ <http://www.geocrawler.com/lists/3/SourceForge/597/0/> name="this uml-
+ user post"> .
+
+
+
+ 66..77.. TTUUNN//TTAAPP wwiitthh aa pprreeccoonnffiigguurreedd ttaapp ddeevviiccee
+
+ If you prefer not to have UML use uml_net (which is somewhat
+ insecure), with UML 2.4.17-11, you can set up a TUN/TAP device
+ beforehand. The setup needs to be done as root, but once that's done,
+ there is no need for root assistance. Setting up the device is done
+ as follows:
+
+ +o Create the device with tunctl (available from the UML utilities
+ tarball)
+
+
+
+
+ host# tunctl -u uid
+
+
+
+
+ where uid is the user id or username that UML will be run as. This
+ will tell you what device was created.
+
+ +o Configure the device IP (change IP addresses and device name to
+ suit)
+
+
+
+
+ host# ifconfig tap0 192.168.0.254 up
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o Set up routing and arping if desired - this is my recipe, there are
+ other ways of doing the same thing
+
+
+ host#
+ bash -c 'echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward'
+
+ host#
+ route add -host 192.168.0.253 dev tap0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ bash -c 'echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/tap0/proxy_arp'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ arp -Ds 192.168.0.253 eth0 pub
+
+
+
+
+ Note that this must be done every time the host boots - this configu-
+ ration is not stored across host reboots. So, it's probably a good
+ idea to stick it in an rc file. An even better idea would be a little
+ utility which reads the information from a config file and sets up
+ devices at boot time.
+
+ +o Rather than using up two IPs and ARPing for one of them, you can
+ also provide direct access to your LAN by the UML by using a
+ bridge.
+
+
+ host#
+ brctl addbr br0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0 promisc up
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ ifconfig tap0 0.0.0.0 promisc up
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ ifconfig br0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ brctl stp br0 off
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ brctl setfd br0 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ brctl sethello br0 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ brctl addif br0 eth0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ brctl addif br0 tap0
+
+
+
+
+ Note that 'br0' should be setup using ifconfig with the existing IP
+ address of eth0, as eth0 no longer has its own IP.
+
+ +o
+
+
+ Also, the /dev/net/tun device must be writable by the user running
+ UML in order for the UML to use the device that's been configured
+ for it. The simplest thing to do is
+
+
+ host# chmod 666 /dev/net/tun
+
+
+
+
+ Making it world-writeable looks bad, but it seems not to be
+ exploitable as a security hole. However, it does allow anyone to cre-
+ ate useless tap devices (useless because they can't configure them),
+ which is a DOS attack. A somewhat more secure alternative would to be
+ to create a group containing all the users who have preconfigured tap
+ devices and chgrp /dev/net/tun to that group with mode 664 or 660.
+
+
+ +o Once the device is set up, run UML with 'eth0=tuntap,device name'
+ (i.e. 'eth0=tuntap,tap0') on the command line (or do it with the
+ mconsole config command).
+
+ +o Bring the eth device up in UML and you're in business.
+
+ If you don't want that tap device any more, you can make it non-
+ persistent with
+
+
+ host# tunctl -d tap device
+
+
+
+
+ Finally, tunctl has a -b (for brief mode) switch which causes it to
+ output only the name of the tap device it created. This makes it
+ suitable for capture by a script:
+
+
+ host# TAP=`tunctl -u 1000 -b`
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 66..88.. EEtthheerrttaapp
+
+ Ethertap is the general mechanism on 2.2 for userspace processes to
+ exchange packets with the kernel.
+
+
+
+ To use this transport, you need to describe the virtual network device
+ on the UML command line. The general format for this is
+
+
+ eth <n> =ethertap, <device> , <ethernet address> , <tap IP address>
+
+
+
+
+ So, the previous example
+
+
+ eth0=ethertap,tap0,fe:fd:0:0:0:1,192.168.0.254
+
+
+
+
+ attaches the UML eth0 device to the host /dev/tap0, assigns it the
+ ethernet address fe:fd:0:0:0:1, and assigns the IP address
+ 192.168.0.254 to the tap device.
+
+
+
+ The tap device is mandatory, but the others are optional. If the
+ ethernet address is omitted, one will be assigned to it.
+
+
+ The presence of the tap IP address will cause the helper to run and do
+ whatever host setup is needed to allow the virtual machine to
+ communicate with the outside world. If you're not sure you know what
+ you're doing, this is the way to go.
+
+
+ If it is absent, then you must configure the tap device and whatever
+ arping and routing you will need on the host. However, even in this
+ case, the uml_net helper still needs to be in your path and it must be
+ setuid root if you're not running UML as root. This is because the
+ tap device doesn't support SIGIO, which UML needs in order to use
+ something as a source of input. So, the helper is used as a
+ convenient asynchronous IO thread.
+
+ If you're using the uml_net helper, you can ignore the following host
+ setup - uml_net will do it for you. You just need to make sure you
+ have ethertap available, either built in to the host kernel or
+ available as a module.
+
+
+ If you want to set things up yourself, you need to make sure that the
+ appropriate /dev entry exists. If it doesn't, become root and create
+ it as follows:
+
+
+ mknod /dev/tap <minor> c 36 <minor> + 16
+
+
+
+
+ For example, this is how to create /dev/tap0:
+
+
+ mknod /dev/tap0 c 36 0 + 16
+
+
+
+
+ You also need to make sure that the host kernel has ethertap support.
+ If ethertap is enabled as a module, you apparently need to insmod
+ ethertap once for each ethertap device you want to enable. So,
+
+
+ host#
+ insmod ethertap
+
+
+
+
+ will give you the tap0 interface. To get the tap1 interface, you need
+ to run
+
+
+ host#
+ insmod ethertap unit=1 -o ethertap1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 66..99.. TThhee sswwiittcchh ddaaeemmoonn
+
+ NNoottee: This is the daemon formerly known as uml_router, but which was
+ renamed so the network weenies of the world would stop growling at me.
+
+
+ The switch daemon, uml_switch, provides a mechanism for creating a
+ totally virtual network. By default, it provides no connection to the
+ host network (but see -tap, below).
+
+
+ The first thing you need to do is run the daemon. Running it with no
+ arguments will make it listen on a default pair of unix domain
+ sockets.
+
+
+ If you want it to listen on a different pair of sockets, use
+
+
+ -unix control socket data socket
+
+
+
+
+
+ If you want it to act as a hub rather than a switch, use
+
+
+ -hub
+
+
+
+
+
+ If you want the switch to be connected to host networking (allowing
+ the umls to get access to the outside world through the host), use
+
+
+ -tap tap0
+
+
+
+
+
+ Note that the tap device must be preconfigured (see "TUN/TAP with a
+ preconfigured tap device", above). If you're using a different tap
+ device than tap0, specify that instead of tap0.
+
+
+ uml_switch can be backgrounded as follows
+
+
+ host%
+ uml_switch [ options ] < /dev/null > /dev/null
+
+
+
+
+ The reason it doesn't background by default is that it listens to
+ stdin for EOF. When it sees that, it exits.
+
+
+ The general format of the kernel command line switch is
+
+
+
+ ethn=daemon,ethernet address,socket
+ type,control socket,data socket
+
+
+
+
+ You can leave off everything except the 'daemon'. You only need to
+ specify the ethernet address if the one that will be assigned to it
+ isn't acceptable for some reason. The rest of the arguments describe
+ how to communicate with the daemon. You should only specify them if
+ you told the daemon to use different sockets than the default. So, if
+ you ran the daemon with no arguments, running the UML on the same
+ machine with
+ eth0=daemon
+
+
+
+
+ will cause the eth0 driver to attach itself to the daemon correctly.
+
+
+
+ 66..1100.. SSlliipp
+
+ Slip is another, less general, mechanism for a process to communicate
+ with the host networking. In contrast to the ethertap interface,
+ which exchanges ethernet frames with the host and can be used to
+ transport any higher-level protocol, it can only be used to transport
+ IP.
+
+
+ The general format of the command line switch is
+
+
+
+ ethn=slip,slip IP
+
+
+
+
+ The slip IP argument is the IP address that will be assigned to the
+ host end of the slip device. If it is specified, the helper will run
+ and will set up the host so that the virtual machine can reach it and
+ the rest of the network.
+
+
+ There are some oddities with this interface that you should be aware
+ of. You should only specify one slip device on a given virtual
+ machine, and its name inside UML will be 'umn', not 'eth0' or whatever
+ you specified on the command line. These problems will be fixed at
+ some point.
+
+
+
+ 66..1111.. SSlliirrpp
+
+ slirp uses an external program, usually /usr/bin/slirp, to provide IP
+ only networking connectivity through the host. This is similar to IP
+ masquerading with a firewall, although the translation is performed in
+ user-space, rather than by the kernel. As slirp does not set up any
+ interfaces on the host, or changes routing, slirp does not require
+ root access or setuid binaries on the host.
+
+
+ The general format of the command line switch for slirp is:
+
+
+
+ ethn=slirp,ethernet address,slirp path
+
+
+
+
+ The ethernet address is optional, as UML will set up the interface
+ with an ethernet address based upon the initial IP address of the
+ interface. The slirp path is generally /usr/bin/slirp, although it
+ will depend on distribution.
+
+
+ The slirp program can have a number of options passed to the command
+ line and we can't add them to the UML command line, as they will be
+ parsed incorrectly. Instead, a wrapper shell script can be written or
+ the options inserted into the /.slirprc file. More information on
+ all of the slirp options can be found in its man pages.
+
+
+ The eth0 interface on UML should be set up with the IP 10.2.0.15,
+ although you can use anything as long as it is not used by a network
+ you will be connecting to. The default route on UML should be set to
+ use
+
+
+ UML#
+ route add default dev eth0
+
+
+
+
+ slirp provides a number of useful IP addresses which can be used by
+ UML, such as 10.0.2.3 which is an alias for the DNS server specified
+ in /etc/resolv.conf on the host or the IP given in the 'dns' option
+ for slirp.
+
+
+ Even with a baudrate setting higher than 115200, the slirp connection
+ is limited to 115200. If you need it to go faster, the slirp binary
+ needs to be compiled with FULL_BOLT defined in config.h.
+
+
+
+ 66..1122.. ppccaapp
+
+ The pcap transport is attached to a UML ethernet device on the command
+ line or with uml_mconsole with the following syntax:
+
+
+
+ ethn=pcap,host interface,filter
+ expression,option1,option2
+
+
+
+
+ The expression and options are optional.
+
+
+ The interface is whatever network device on the host you want to
+ sniff. The expression is a pcap filter expression, which is also what
+ tcpdump uses, so if you know how to specify tcpdump filters, you will
+ use the same expressions here. The options are up to two of
+ 'promisc', control whether pcap puts the host interface into
+ promiscuous mode. 'optimize' and 'nooptimize' control whether the pcap
+ expression optimizer is used.
+
+
+ Example:
+
+
+
+ eth0=pcap,eth0,tcp
+
+ eth1=pcap,eth0,!tcp
+
+
+
+ will cause the UML eth0 to emit all tcp packets on the host eth0 and
+ the UML eth1 to emit all non-tcp packets on the host eth0.
+
+
+
+ 66..1133.. SSeettttiinngg uupp tthhee hhoosstt yyoouurrsseellff
+
+ If you don't specify an address for the host side of the ethertap or
+ slip device, UML won't do any setup on the host. So this is what is
+ needed to get things working (the examples use a host-side IP of
+ 192.168.0.251 and a UML-side IP of 192.168.0.250 - adjust to suit your
+ own network):
+
+ +o The device needs to be configured with its IP address. Tap devices
+ are also configured with an mtu of 1484. Slip devices are
+ configured with a point-to-point address pointing at the UML ip
+ address.
+
+
+ host# ifconfig tap0 arp mtu 1484 192.168.0.251 up
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ host#
+ ifconfig sl0 192.168.0.251 pointopoint 192.168.0.250 up
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o If a tap device is being set up, a route is set to the UML IP.
+
+
+ UML# route add -host 192.168.0.250 gw 192.168.0.251
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o To allow other hosts on your network to see the virtual machine,
+ proxy arp is set up for it.
+
+
+ host# arp -Ds 192.168.0.250 eth0 pub
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o Finally, the host is set up to route packets.
+
+
+ host# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 77.. SShhaarriinngg FFiilleessyysstteemmss bbeettwweeeenn VViirrttuuaall MMaacchhiinneess
+
+
+
+
+ 77..11.. AA wwaarrnniinngg
+
+ Don't attempt to share filesystems simply by booting two UMLs from the
+ same file. That's the same thing as booting two physical machines
+ from a shared disk. It will result in filesystem corruption.
+
+
+
+ 77..22.. UUssiinngg llaayyeerreedd bblloocckk ddeevviicceess
+
+ The way to share a filesystem between two virtual machines is to use
+ the copy-on-write (COW) layering capability of the ubd block driver.
+ As of 2.4.6-2um, the driver supports layering a read-write private
+ device over a read-only shared device. A machine's writes are stored
+ in the private device, while reads come from either device - the
+ private one if the requested block is valid in it, the shared one if
+ not. Using this scheme, the majority of data which is unchanged is
+ shared between an arbitrary number of virtual machines, each of which
+ has a much smaller file containing the changes that it has made. With
+ a large number of UMLs booting from a large root filesystem, this
+ leads to a huge disk space saving. It will also help performance,
+ since the host will be able to cache the shared data using a much
+ smaller amount of memory, so UML disk requests will be served from the
+ host's memory rather than its disks.
+
+
+
+
+ To add a copy-on-write layer to an existing block device file, simply
+ add the name of the COW file to the appropriate ubd switch:
+
+
+ ubd0=root_fs_cow,root_fs_debian_22
+
+
+
+
+ where 'root_fs_cow' is the private COW file and 'root_fs_debian_22' is
+ the existing shared filesystem. The COW file need not exist. If it
+ doesn't, the driver will create and initialize it. Once the COW file
+ has been initialized, it can be used on its own on the command line:
+
+
+ ubd0=root_fs_cow
+
+
+
+
+ The name of the backing file is stored in the COW file header, so it
+ would be redundant to continue specifying it on the command line.
+
+
+
+ 77..33.. NNoottee!!
+
+ When checking the size of the COW file in order to see the gobs of
+ space that you're saving, make sure you use 'ls -ls' to see the actual
+ disk consumption rather than the length of the file. The COW file is
+ sparse, so the length will be very different from the disk usage.
+ Here is a 'ls -l' of a COW file and backing file from one boot and
+ shutdown:
+ host% ls -l cow.debian debian2.2
+ -rw-r--r-- 1 jdike jdike 492504064 Aug 6 21:16 cow.debian
+ -rwxrw-rw- 1 jdike jdike 537919488 Aug 6 20:42 debian2.2
+
+
+
+
+ Doesn't look like much saved space, does it? Well, here's 'ls -ls':
+
+
+ host% ls -ls cow.debian debian2.2
+ 880 -rw-r--r-- 1 jdike jdike 492504064 Aug 6 21:16 cow.debian
+ 525832 -rwxrw-rw- 1 jdike jdike 537919488 Aug 6 20:42 debian2.2
+
+
+
+
+ Now, you can see that the COW file has less than a meg of disk, rather
+ than 492 meg.
+
+
+
+ 77..44.. AAnnootthheerr wwaarrnniinngg
+
+ Once a filesystem is being used as a readonly backing file for a COW
+ file, do not boot directly from it or modify it in any way. Doing so
+ will invalidate any COW files that are using it. The mtime and size
+ of the backing file are stored in the COW file header at its creation,
+ and they must continue to match. If they don't, the driver will
+ refuse to use the COW file.
+
+
+
+
+ If you attempt to evade this restriction by changing either the
+ backing file or the COW header by hand, you will get a corrupted
+ filesystem.
+
+
+
+
+ Among other things, this means that upgrading the distribution in a
+ backing file and expecting that all of the COW files using it will see
+ the upgrade will not work.
+
+
+
+
+ 77..55.. uummll__mmoooo :: MMeerrggiinngg aa CCOOWW ffiillee wwiitthh iittss bbaacckkiinngg ffiillee
+
+ Depending on how you use UML and COW devices, it may be advisable to
+ merge the changes in the COW file into the backing file every once in
+ a while.
+
+
+
+
+ The utility that does this is uml_moo. Its usage is
+
+
+ host% uml_moo COW file new backing file
+
+
+
+
+ There's no need to specify the backing file since that information is
+ already in the COW file header. If you're paranoid, boot the new
+ merged file, and if you're happy with it, move it over the old backing
+ file.
+
+
+
+
+ uml_moo creates a new backing file by default as a safety measure. It
+ also has a destructive merge option which will merge the COW file
+ directly into its current backing file. This is really only usable
+ when the backing file only has one COW file associated with it. If
+ there are multiple COWs associated with a backing file, a -d merge of
+ one of them will invalidate all of the others. However, it is
+ convenient if you're short of disk space, and it should also be
+ noticably faster than a non-destructive merge.
+
+
+
+
+ uml_moo is installed with the UML deb and RPM. If you didn't install
+ UML from one of those packages, you can also get it from the UML
+ utilities <http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/dl-sf.html#UML
+ utilities> tar file in tools/moo.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 88.. CCrreeaattiinngg ffiilleessyysstteemmss
+
+
+ You may want to create and mount new UML filesystems, either because
+ your root filesystem isn't large enough or because you want to use a
+ filesystem other than ext2.
+
+
+ This was written on the occasion of reiserfs being included in the
+ 2.4.1 kernel pool, and therefore the 2.4.1 UML, so the examples will
+ talk about reiserfs. This information is generic, and the examples
+ should be easy to translate to the filesystem of your choice.
+
+
+ 88..11.. CCrreeaattee tthhee ffiilleessyysstteemm ffiillee
+
+ dd is your friend. All you need to do is tell dd to create an empty
+ file of the appropriate size. I usually make it sparse to save time
+ and to avoid allocating disk space until it's actually used. For
+ example, the following command will create a sparse 100 meg file full
+ of zeroes.
+
+
+ host%
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=new_filesystem seek=100 count=1 bs=1M
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 88..22.. AAssssiiggnn tthhee ffiillee ttoo aa UUMMLL ddeevviiccee
+
+ Add an argument like the following to the UML command line:
+
+ ubd4=new_filesystem
+
+
+
+
+ making sure that you use an unassigned ubd device number.
+
+
+
+ 88..33.. CCrreeaattiinngg aanndd mmoouunnttiinngg tthhee ffiilleessyysstteemm
+
+ Make sure that the filesystem is available, either by being built into
+ the kernel, or available as a module, then boot up UML and log in. If
+ the root filesystem doesn't have the filesystem utilities (mkfs, fsck,
+ etc), then get them into UML by way of the net or hostfs.
+
+
+ Make the new filesystem on the device assigned to the new file:
+
+
+ host# mkreiserfs /dev/ubd/4
+
+
+ <----------- MKREISERFSv2 ----------->
+
+ ReiserFS version 3.6.25
+ Block size 4096 bytes
+ Block count 25856
+ Used blocks 8212
+ Journal - 8192 blocks (18-8209), journal header is in block 8210
+ Bitmaps: 17
+ Root block 8211
+ Hash function "r5"
+ ATTENTION: ALL DATA WILL BE LOST ON '/dev/ubd/4'! (y/n)y
+ journal size 8192 (from 18)
+ Initializing journal - 0%....20%....40%....60%....80%....100%
+ Syncing..done.
+
+
+
+
+ Now, mount it:
+
+
+ UML#
+ mount /dev/ubd/4 /mnt
+
+
+
+
+ and you're in business.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 99.. HHoosstt ffiillee aacccceessss
+
+
+ If you want to access files on the host machine from inside UML, you
+ can treat it as a separate machine and either nfs mount directories
+ from the host or copy files into the virtual machine with scp or rcp.
+ However, since UML is running on the the host, it can access those
+ files just like any other process and make them available inside the
+ virtual machine without needing to use the network.
+
+
+ This is now possible with the hostfs virtual filesystem. With it, you
+ can mount a host directory into the UML filesystem and access the
+ files contained in it just as you would on the host.
+
+
+ 99..11.. UUssiinngg hhoossttffss
+
+ To begin with, make sure that hostfs is available inside the virtual
+ machine with
+
+
+ UML# cat /proc/filesystems
+
+
+
+ . hostfs should be listed. If it's not, either rebuild the kernel
+ with hostfs configured into it or make sure that hostfs is built as a
+ module and available inside the virtual machine, and insmod it.
+
+
+ Now all you need to do is run mount:
+
+
+ UML# mount none /mnt/host -t hostfs
+
+
+
+
+ will mount the host's / on the virtual machine's /mnt/host.
+
+
+ If you don't want to mount the host root directory, then you can
+ specify a subdirectory to mount with the -o switch to mount:
+
+
+ UML# mount none /mnt/home -t hostfs -o /home
+
+
+
+
+ will mount the hosts's /home on the virtual machine's /mnt/home.
+
+
+
+ 99..22.. hhoossttffss aass tthhee rroooott ffiilleessyysstteemm
+
+ It's possible to boot from a directory hierarchy on the host using
+ hostfs rather than using the standard filesystem in a file.
+
+ To start, you need that hierarchy. The easiest way is to loop mount
+ an existing root_fs file:
+
+
+ host# mount root_fs uml_root_dir -o loop
+
+
+
+
+ You need to change the filesystem type of / in etc/fstab to be
+ 'hostfs', so that line looks like this:
+
+ /dev/ubd/0 / hostfs defaults 1 1
+
+
+
+
+ Then you need to chown to yourself all the files in that directory
+ that are owned by root. This worked for me:
+
+
+ host# find . -uid 0 -exec chown jdike {} \;
+
+
+
+
+ Next, make sure that your UML kernel has hostfs compiled in, not as a
+ module. Then run UML with the boot device pointing at that directory:
+
+
+ ubd0=/path/to/uml/root/directory
+
+
+
+
+ UML should then boot as it does normally.
+
+
+ 99..33.. BBuuiillddiinngg hhoossttffss
+
+ If you need to build hostfs because it's not in your kernel, you have
+ two choices:
+
+
+
+ +o Compiling hostfs into the kernel:
+
+
+ Reconfigure the kernel and set the 'Host filesystem' option under
+
+
+ +o Compiling hostfs as a module:
+
+
+ Reconfigure the kernel and set the 'Host filesystem' option under
+ be in arch/um/fs/hostfs/hostfs.o. Install that in
+ /lib/modules/`uname -r`/fs in the virtual machine, boot it up, and
+
+
+ UML# insmod hostfs
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1100.. TThhee MMaannaaggeemmeenntt CCoonnssoollee
+
+
+
+ The UML management console is a low-level interface to the kernel,
+ somewhat like the i386 SysRq interface. Since there is a full-blown
+ operating system under UML, there is much greater flexibility possible
+ than with the SysRq mechanism.
+
+
+ There are a number of things you can do with the mconsole interface:
+
+ +o get the kernel version
+
+ +o add and remove devices
+
+ +o halt or reboot the machine
+
+ +o Send SysRq commands
+
+ +o Pause and resume the UML
+
+
+ You need the mconsole client (uml_mconsole) which is present in CVS
+ (/tools/mconsole) in 2.4.5-9um and later, and will be in the RPM in
+ 2.4.6.
+
+
+ You also need CONFIG_MCONSOLE (under 'General Setup') enabled in UML.
+ When you boot UML, you'll see a line like:
+
+
+ mconsole initialized on /home/jdike/.uml/umlNJ32yL/mconsole
+
+
+
+
+ If you specify a unique machine id one the UML command line, i.e.
+
+
+ umid=debian
+
+
+
+
+ you'll see this
+
+
+ mconsole initialized on /home/jdike/.uml/debian/mconsole
+
+
+
+
+ That file is the socket that uml_mconsole will use to communicate with
+ UML. Run it with either the umid or the full path as its argument:
+
+
+ host% uml_mconsole debian
+
+
+
+
+ or
+
+
+ host% uml_mconsole /home/jdike/.uml/debian/mconsole
+
+
+
+
+ You'll get a prompt, at which you can run one of these commands:
+
+ +o version
+
+ +o halt
+
+ +o reboot
+
+ +o config
+
+ +o remove
+
+ +o sysrq
+
+ +o help
+
+ +o cad
+
+ +o stop
+
+ +o go
+
+
+ 1100..11.. vveerrssiioonn
+
+ This takes no arguments. It prints the UML version.
+
+
+ (mconsole) version
+ OK Linux usermode 2.4.5-9um #1 Wed Jun 20 22:47:08 EDT 2001 i686
+
+
+
+
+ There are a couple actual uses for this. It's a simple no-op which
+ can be used to check that a UML is running. It's also a way of
+ sending an interrupt to the UML. This is sometimes useful on SMP
+ hosts, where there's a bug which causes signals to UML to be lost,
+ often causing it to appear to hang. Sending such a UML the mconsole
+ version command is a good way to 'wake it up' before networking has
+ been enabled, as it does not do anything to the function of the UML.
+
+
+
+ 1100..22.. hhaalltt aanndd rreebboooott
+
+ These take no arguments. They shut the machine down immediately, with
+ no syncing of disks and no clean shutdown of userspace. So, they are
+ pretty close to crashing the machine.
+
+
+ (mconsole) halt
+ OK
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1100..33.. ccoonnffiigg
+
+ "config" adds a new device to the virtual machine. Currently the ubd
+ and network drivers support this. It takes one argument, which is the
+ device to add, with the same syntax as the kernel command line.
+
+
+
+
+ (mconsole)
+ config ubd3=/home/jdike/incoming/roots/root_fs_debian22
+
+ OK
+ (mconsole) config eth1=mcast
+ OK
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1100..44.. rreemmoovvee
+
+ "remove" deletes a device from the system. Its argument is just the
+ name of the device to be removed. The device must be idle in whatever
+ sense the driver considers necessary. In the case of the ubd driver,
+ the removed block device must not be mounted, swapped on, or otherwise
+ open, and in the case of the network driver, the device must be down.
+
+
+ (mconsole) remove ubd3
+ OK
+ (mconsole) remove eth1
+ OK
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1100..55.. ssyyssrrqq
+
+ This takes one argument, which is a single letter. It calls the
+ generic kernel's SysRq driver, which does whatever is called for by
+ that argument. See the SysRq documentation in Documentation/sysrq.txt
+ in your favorite kernel tree to see what letters are valid and what
+ they do.
+
+
+
+ 1100..66.. hheellpp
+
+ "help" returns a string listing the valid commands and what each one
+ does.
+
+
+
+ 1100..77.. ccaadd
+
+ This invokes the Ctl-Alt-Del action on init. What exactly this ends
+ up doing is up to /etc/inittab. Normally, it reboots the machine.
+ With UML, this is usually not desired, so if a halt would be better,
+ then find the section of inittab that looks like this
+
+
+ # What to do when CTRL-ALT-DEL is pressed.
+ ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
+
+
+
+
+ and change the command to halt.
+
+
+
+ 1100..88.. ssttoopp
+
+ This puts the UML in a loop reading mconsole requests until a 'go'
+ mconsole command is received. This is very useful for making backups
+ of UML filesystems, as the UML can be stopped, then synced via 'sysrq
+ s', so that everything is written to the filesystem. You can then copy
+ the filesystem and then send the UML 'go' via mconsole.
+
+
+ Note that a UML running with more than one CPU will have problems
+ after you send the 'stop' command, as only one CPU will be held in a
+ mconsole loop and all others will continue as normal. This is a bug,
+ and will be fixed.
+
+
+
+ 1100..99.. ggoo
+
+ This resumes a UML after being paused by a 'stop' command. Note that
+ when the UML has resumed, TCP connections may have timed out and if
+ the UML is paused for a long period of time, crond might go a little
+ crazy, running all the jobs it didn't do earlier.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1111.. KKeerrnneell ddeebbuuggggiinngg
+
+
+ NNoottee:: The interface that makes debugging, as described here, possible
+ is present in 2.4.0-test6 kernels and later.
+
+
+ Since the user-mode kernel runs as a normal Linux process, it is
+ possible to debug it with gdb almost like any other process. It is
+ slightly different because the kernel's threads are already being
+ ptraced for system call interception, so gdb can't ptrace them.
+ However, a mechanism has been added to work around that problem.
+
+
+ In order to debug the kernel, you need build it from source. See
+ ``Compiling the kernel and modules'' for information on doing that.
+ Make sure that you enable CONFIG_DEBUGSYM and CONFIG_PT_PROXY during
+ the config. These will compile the kernel with -g, and enable the
+ ptrace proxy so that gdb works with UML, respectively.
+
+
+
+
+ 1111..11.. SSttaarrttiinngg tthhee kkeerrnneell uunnddeerr ggddbb
+
+ You can have the kernel running under the control of gdb from the
+ beginning by putting 'debug' on the command line. You will get an
+ xterm with gdb running inside it. The kernel will send some commands
+ to gdb which will leave it stopped at the beginning of start_kernel.
+ At this point, you can get things going with 'next', 'step', or
+ 'cont'.
+
+
+ There is a transcript of a debugging session here <debug-
+ session.html> , with breakpoints being set in the scheduler and in an
+ interrupt handler.
+ 1111..22.. EExxaammiinniinngg sslleeeeppiinngg pprroocceesssseess
+
+ Not every bug is evident in the currently running process. Sometimes,
+ processes hang in the kernel when they shouldn't because they've
+ deadlocked on a semaphore or something similar. In this case, when
+ you ^C gdb and get a backtrace, you will see the idle thread, which
+ isn't very relevant.
+
+
+ What you want is the stack of whatever process is sleeping when it
+ shouldn't be. You need to figure out which process that is, which is
+ generally fairly easy. Then you need to get its host process id,
+ which you can do either by looking at ps on the host or at
+ task.thread.extern_pid in gdb.
+
+
+ Now what you do is this:
+
+ +o detach from the current thread
+
+
+ (UML gdb) det
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o attach to the thread you are interested in
+
+
+ (UML gdb) att <host pid>
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o look at its stack and anything else of interest
+
+
+ (UML gdb) bt
+
+
+
+
+ Note that you can't do anything at this point that requires that a
+ process execute, e.g. calling a function
+
+ +o when you're done looking at that process, reattach to the current
+ thread and continue it
+
+
+ (UML gdb)
+ att 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ (UML gdb)
+ c
+
+
+
+
+ Here, specifying any pid which is not the process id of a UML thread
+ will cause gdb to reattach to the current thread. I commonly use 1,
+ but any other invalid pid would work.
+
+
+
+ 1111..33.. RRuunnnniinngg dddddd oonn UUMMLL
+
+ ddd works on UML, but requires a special kludge. The process goes
+ like this:
+
+ +o Start ddd
+
+
+ host% ddd linux
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o With ps, get the pid of the gdb that ddd started. You can ask the
+ gdb to tell you, but for some reason that confuses things and
+ causes a hang.
+
+ +o run UML with 'debug=parent gdb-pid=<pid>' added to the command line
+ - it will just sit there after you hit return
+
+ +o type 'att 1' to the ddd gdb and you will see something like
+
+
+ 0xa013dc51 in __kill ()
+
+
+ (gdb)
+
+
+
+
+
+ +o At this point, type 'c', UML will boot up, and you can use ddd just
+ as you do on any other process.
+
+
+
+ 1111..44.. DDeebbuuggggiinngg mmoodduulleess
+
+ gdb has support for debugging code which is dynamically loaded into
+ the process. This support is what is needed to debug kernel modules
+ under UML.
+
+
+ Using that support is somewhat complicated. You have to tell gdb what
+ object file you just loaded into UML and where in memory it is. Then,
+ it can read the symbol table, and figure out where all the symbols are
+ from the load address that you provided. It gets more interesting
+ when you load the module again (i.e. after an rmmod). You have to
+ tell gdb to forget about all its symbols, including the main UML ones
+ for some reason, then load then all back in again.
+
+
+ There's an easy way and a hard way to do this. The easy way is to use
+ the umlgdb expect script written by Chandan Kudige. It basically
+ automates the process for you.
+
+
+ First, you must tell it where your modules are. There is a list in
+ the script that looks like this:
+ set MODULE_PATHS {
+ "fat" "/usr/src/uml/linux-2.4.18/fs/fat/fat.o"
+ "isofs" "/usr/src/uml/linux-2.4.18/fs/isofs/isofs.o"
+ "minix" "/usr/src/uml/linux-2.4.18/fs/minix/minix.o"
+ }
+
+
+
+
+ You change that to list the names and paths of the modules that you
+ are going to debug. Then you run it from the toplevel directory of
+ your UML pool and it basically tells you what to do:
+
+
+
+
+ ******** GDB pid is 21903 ********
+ Start UML as: ./linux <kernel switches> debug gdb-pid=21903
+
+
+
+ GNU gdb 5.0rh-5 Red Hat Linux 7.1
+ Copyright 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
+ welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
+ Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
+ There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
+ This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux"...
+ (gdb) b sys_init_module
+ Breakpoint 1 at 0xa0011923: file module.c, line 349.
+ (gdb) att 1
+
+
+
+
+ After you run UML and it sits there doing nothing, you hit return at
+ the 'att 1' and continue it:
+
+
+ Attaching to program: /home/jdike/linux/2.4/um/./linux, process 1
+ 0xa00f4221 in __kill ()
+ (UML gdb) c
+ Continuing.
+
+
+
+
+ At this point, you debug normally. When you insmod something, the
+ expect magic will kick in and you'll see something like:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ *** Module hostfs loaded ***
+ Breakpoint 1, sys_init_module (name_user=0x805abb0 "hostfs",
+ mod_user=0x8070e00) at module.c:349
+ 349 char *name, *n_name, *name_tmp = NULL;
+ (UML gdb) finish
+ Run till exit from #0 sys_init_module (name_user=0x805abb0 "hostfs",
+ mod_user=0x8070e00) at module.c:349
+ 0xa00e2e23 in execute_syscall (r=0xa8140284) at syscall_kern.c:411
+ 411 else res = EXECUTE_SYSCALL(syscall, regs);
+ Value returned is $1 = 0
+ (UML gdb)
+ p/x (int)module_list + module_list->size_of_struct
+
+ $2 = 0xa9021054
+ (UML gdb) symbol-file ./linux
+ Load new symbol table from "./linux"? (y or n) y
+ Reading symbols from ./linux...
+ done.
+ (UML gdb)
+ add-symbol-file /home/jdike/linux/2.4/um/arch/um/fs/hostfs/hostfs.o 0xa9021054
+
+ add symbol table from file "/home/jdike/linux/2.4/um/arch/um/fs/hostfs/hostfs.o" at
+ .text_addr = 0xa9021054
+ (y or n) y
+
+ Reading symbols from /home/jdike/linux/2.4/um/arch/um/fs/hostfs/hostfs.o...
+ done.
+ (UML gdb) p *module_list
+ $1 = {size_of_struct = 84, next = 0xa0178720, name = 0xa9022de0 "hostfs",
+ size = 9016, uc = {usecount = {counter = 0}, pad = 0}, flags = 1,
+ nsyms = 57, ndeps = 0, syms = 0xa9023170, deps = 0x0, refs = 0x0,
+ init = 0xa90221f0 <init_hostfs>, cleanup = 0xa902222c <exit_hostfs>,
+ ex_table_start = 0x0, ex_table_end = 0x0, persist_start = 0x0,
+ persist_end = 0x0, can_unload = 0, runsize = 0, kallsyms_start = 0x0,
+ kallsyms_end = 0x0,
+ archdata_start = 0x1b855 <Address 0x1b855 out of bounds>,
+ archdata_end = 0xe5890000 <Address 0xe5890000 out of bounds>,
+ kernel_data = 0xf689c35d <Address 0xf689c35d out of bounds>}
+ >> Finished loading symbols for hostfs ...
+
+
+
+
+ That's the easy way. It's highly recommended. The hard way is
+ described below in case you're interested in what's going on.
+
+
+ Boot the kernel under the debugger and load the module with insmod or
+ modprobe. With gdb, do:
+
+
+ (UML gdb) p module_list
+
+
+
+
+ This is a list of modules that have been loaded into the kernel, with
+ the most recently loaded module first. Normally, the module you want
+ is at module_list. If it's not, walk down the next links, looking at
+ the name fields until find the module you want to debug. Take the
+ address of that structure, and add module.size_of_struct (which in
+ 2.4.10 kernels is 96 (0x60)) to it. Gdb can make this hard addition
+ for you :-):
+
+
+
+ (UML gdb)
+ printf "%#x\n", (int)module_list module_list->size_of_struct
+
+
+
+
+ The offset from the module start occasionally changes (before 2.4.0,
+ it was module.size_of_struct + 4), so it's a good idea to check the
+ init and cleanup addresses once in a while, as describe below. Now
+ do:
+
+
+ (UML gdb)
+ add-symbol-file /path/to/module/on/host that_address
+
+
+
+
+ Tell gdb you really want to do it, and you're in business.
+
+
+ If there's any doubt that you got the offset right, like breakpoints
+ appear not to work, or they're appearing in the wrong place, you can
+ check it by looking at the module structure. The init and cleanup
+ fields should look like:
+
+
+ init = 0x588066b0 <init_hostfs>, cleanup = 0x588066c0 <exit_hostfs>
+
+
+
+
+ with no offsets on the symbol names. If the names are right, but they
+ are offset, then the offset tells you how much you need to add to the
+ address you gave to add-symbol-file.
+
+
+ When you want to load in a new version of the module, you need to get
+ gdb to forget about the old one. The only way I've found to do that
+ is to tell gdb to forget about all symbols that it knows about:
+
+
+ (UML gdb) symbol-file
+
+
+
+
+ Then reload the symbols from the kernel binary:
+
+
+ (UML gdb) symbol-file /path/to/kernel
+
+
+
+
+ and repeat the process above. You'll also need to re-enable break-
+ points. They were disabled when you dumped all the symbols because
+ gdb couldn't figure out where they should go.
+
+
+
+ 1111..55.. AAttttaacchhiinngg ggddbb ttoo tthhee kkeerrnneell
+
+ If you don't have the kernel running under gdb, you can attach gdb to
+ it later by sending the tracing thread a SIGUSR1. The first line of
+ the console output identifies its pid:
+ tracing thread pid = 20093
+
+
+
+
+ When you send it the signal:
+
+
+ host% kill -USR1 20093
+
+
+
+
+ you will get an xterm with gdb running in it.
+
+
+ If you have the mconsole compiled into UML, then the mconsole client
+ can be used to start gdb:
+
+
+ (mconsole) (mconsole) config gdb=xterm
+
+
+
+
+ will fire up an xterm with gdb running in it.
+
+
+
+ 1111..66.. UUssiinngg aalltteerrnnaattee ddeebbuuggggeerrss
+
+ UML has support for attaching to an already running debugger rather
+ than starting gdb itself. This is present in CVS as of 17 Apr 2001.
+ I sent it to Alan for inclusion in the ac tree, and it will be in my
+ 2.4.4 release.
+
+
+ This is useful when gdb is a subprocess of some UI, such as emacs or
+ ddd. It can also be used to run debuggers other than gdb on UML.
+ Below is an example of using strace as an alternate debugger.
+
+
+ To do this, you need to get the pid of the debugger and pass it in
+ with the
+
+
+ If you are using gdb under some UI, then tell it to 'att 1', and
+ you'll find yourself attached to UML.
+
+
+ If you are using something other than gdb as your debugger, then
+ you'll need to get it to do the equivalent of 'att 1' if it doesn't do
+ it automatically.
+
+
+ An example of an alternate debugger is strace. You can strace the
+ actual kernel as follows:
+
+ +o Run the following in a shell
+
+
+ host%
+ sh -c 'echo pid=$$; echo -n hit return; read x; exec strace -p 1 -o strace.out'
+
+
+
+ +o Run UML with 'debug' and 'gdb-pid=<pid>' with the pid printed out
+ by the previous command
+
+ +o Hit return in the shell, and UML will start running, and strace
+ output will start accumulating in the output file.
+
+ Note that this is different from running
+
+
+ host% strace ./linux
+
+
+
+
+ That will strace only the main UML thread, the tracing thread, which
+ doesn't do any of the actual kernel work. It just oversees the vir-
+ tual machine. In contrast, using strace as described above will show
+ you the low-level activity of the virtual machine.
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1122.. KKeerrnneell ddeebbuuggggiinngg eexxaammpplleess
+
+ 1122..11.. TThhee ccaassee ooff tthhee hhuunngg ffsscckk
+
+ When booting up the kernel, fsck failed, and dropped me into a shell
+ to fix things up. I ran fsck -y, which hung:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Setting hostname uml [ OK ]
+ Checking root filesystem
+ /dev/fhd0 was not cleanly unmounted, check forced.
+ Error reading block 86894 (Attempt to read block from filesystem resulted in short read) while reading indirect blocks of inode 19780.
+
+ /dev/fhd0: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.
+ (i.e., without -a or -p options)
+ [ FAILED ]
+
+ *** An error occurred during the file system check.
+ *** Dropping you to a shell; the system will reboot
+ *** when you leave the shell.
+ Give root password for maintenance
+ (or type Control-D for normal startup):
+
+ [root@uml /root]# fsck -y /dev/fhd0
+ fsck -y /dev/fhd0
+ Parallelizing fsck version 1.14 (9-Jan-1999)
+ e2fsck 1.14, 9-Jan-1999 for EXT2 FS 0.5b, 95/08/09
+ /dev/fhd0 contains a file system with errors, check forced.
+ Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
+ Error reading block 86894 (Attempt to read block from filesystem resulted in short read) while reading indirect blocks of inode 19780. Ignore error? yes
+
+ Inode 19780, i_blocks is 1548, should be 540. Fix? yes
+
+ Pass 2: Checking directory structure
+ Error reading block 49405 (Attempt to read block from filesystem resulted in short read). Ignore error? yes
+
+ Directory inode 11858, block 0, offset 0: directory corrupted
+ Salvage? yes
+
+ Missing '.' in directory inode 11858.
+ Fix? yes
+
+ Missing '..' in directory inode 11858.
+ Fix? yes
+
+
+
+
+
+ The standard drill in this sort of situation is to fire up gdb on the
+ signal thread, which, in this case, was pid 1935. In another window,
+ I run gdb and attach pid 1935.
+
+
+
+
+ ~/linux/2.3.26/um 1016: gdb linux
+ GNU gdb 4.17.0.11 with Linux support
+ Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
+ welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
+ Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
+ There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
+ This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux"...
+
+ (gdb) att 1935
+ Attaching to program `/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/linux', Pid 1935
+ 0x100756d9 in __wait4 ()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Let's see what's currently running:
+
+
+
+ (gdb) p current_task.pid
+ $1 = 0
+
+
+
+
+
+ It's the idle thread, which means that fsck went to sleep for some
+ reason and never woke up.
+
+
+ Let's guess that the last process in the process list is fsck:
+
+
+
+ (gdb) p current_task.prev_task.comm
+ $13 = "fsck.ext2\000\000\000\000\000\000"
+
+
+
+
+
+ It is, so let's see what it thinks it's up to:
+
+
+
+ (gdb) p current_task.prev_task.thread
+ $14 = {extern_pid = 1980, tracing = 0, want_tracing = 0, forking = 0,
+ kernel_stack_page = 0, signal_stack = 1342627840, syscall = {id = 4, args = {
+ 3, 134973440, 1024, 0, 1024}, have_result = 0, result = 50590720},
+ request = {op = 2, u = {exec = {ip = 1350467584, sp = 2952789424}, fork = {
+ regs = {1350467584, 2952789424, 0 <repeats 15 times>}, sigstack = 0,
+ pid = 0}, switch_to = 0x507e8000, thread = {proc = 0x507e8000,
+ arg = 0xaffffdb0, flags = 0, new_pid = 0}, input_request = {
+ op = 1350467584, fd = -1342177872, proc = 0, pid = 0}}}}
+
+
+
+
+
+ The interesting things here are the fact that its .thread.syscall.id
+ is __NR_write (see the big switch in arch/um/kernel/syscall_kern.c or
+ the defines in include/asm-um/arch/unistd.h), and that it never
+ returned. Also, its .request.op is OP_SWITCH (see
+ arch/um/include/user_util.h). These mean that it went into a write,
+ and, for some reason, called schedule().
+
+
+ The fact that it never returned from write means that its stack should
+ be fairly interesting. Its pid is 1980 (.thread.extern_pid). That
+ process is being ptraced by the signal thread, so it must be detached
+ before gdb can attach it:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ (gdb) call detach(1980)
+
+ Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
+ <function called from gdb>
+ The program being debugged stopped while in a function called from GDB.
+ When the function (detach) is done executing, GDB will silently
+ stop (instead of continuing to evaluate the expression containing
+ the function call).
+ (gdb) call detach(1980)
+ $15 = 0
+
+
+
+
+
+ The first detach segfaults for some reason, and the second one
+ succeeds.
+
+
+ Now I detach from the signal thread, attach to the fsck thread, and
+ look at its stack:
+
+
+ (gdb) det
+ Detaching from program: /home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/linux Pid 1935
+ (gdb) att 1980
+ Attaching to program `/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/linux', Pid 1980
+ 0x10070451 in __kill ()
+ (gdb) bt
+ #0 0x10070451 in __kill ()
+ #1 0x10068ccd in usr1_pid (pid=1980) at process.c:30
+ #2 0x1006a03f in _switch_to (prev=0x50072000, next=0x507e8000)
+ at process_kern.c:156
+ #3 0x1006a052 in switch_to (prev=0x50072000, next=0x507e8000, last=0x50072000)
+ at process_kern.c:161
+ #4 0x10001d12 in schedule () at sched.c:777
+ #5 0x1006a744 in __down (sem=0x507d241c) at semaphore.c:71
+ #6 0x1006aa10 in __down_failed () at semaphore.c:157
+ #7 0x1006c5d8 in segv_handler (sc=0x5006e940) at trap_user.c:174
+ #8 0x1006c5ec in kern_segv_handler (sig=11) at trap_user.c:182
+ #9 <signal handler called>
+ #10 0x10155404 in errno ()
+ #11 0x1006c0aa in segv (address=1342179328, is_write=2) at trap_kern.c:50
+ #12 0x1006c5d8 in segv_handler (sc=0x5006eaf8) at trap_user.c:174
+ #13 0x1006c5ec in kern_segv_handler (sig=11) at trap_user.c:182
+ #14 <signal handler called>
+ #15 0xc0fd in ?? ()
+ #16 0x10016647 in sys_write (fd=3,
+ buf=0x80b8800 <Address 0x80b8800 out of bounds>, count=1024)
+ at read_write.c:159
+ #17 0x1006d5b3 in execute_syscall (syscall=4, args=0x5006ef08)
+ at syscall_kern.c:254
+ #18 0x1006af87 in really_do_syscall (sig=12) at syscall_user.c:35
+ #19 <signal handler called>
+ #20 0x400dc8b0 in ?? ()
+
+
+
+
+
+ The interesting things here are :
+
+ +o There are two segfaults on this stack (frames 9 and 14)
+
+ +o The first faulting address (frame 11) is 0x50000800
+
+ (gdb) p (void *)1342179328
+ $16 = (void *) 0x50000800
+
+
+
+
+
+ The initial faulting address is interesting because it is on the idle
+ thread's stack. I had been seeing the idle thread segfault for no
+ apparent reason, and the cause looked like stack corruption. In hopes
+ of catching the culprit in the act, I had turned off all protections
+ to that stack while the idle thread wasn't running. This apparently
+ tripped that trap.
+
+
+ However, the more immediate problem is that second segfault and I'm
+ going to concentrate on that. First, I want to see where the fault
+ happened, so I have to go look at the sigcontent struct in frame 8:
+
+
+
+ (gdb) up
+ #1 0x10068ccd in usr1_pid (pid=1980) at process.c:30
+ 30 kill(pid, SIGUSR1);
+ (gdb)
+ #2 0x1006a03f in _switch_to (prev=0x50072000, next=0x507e8000)
+ at process_kern.c:156
+ 156 usr1_pid(getpid());
+ (gdb)
+ #3 0x1006a052 in switch_to (prev=0x50072000, next=0x507e8000, last=0x50072000)
+ at process_kern.c:161
+ 161 _switch_to(prev, next);
+ (gdb)
+ #4 0x10001d12 in schedule () at sched.c:777
+ 777 switch_to(prev, next, prev);
+ (gdb)
+ #5 0x1006a744 in __down (sem=0x507d241c) at semaphore.c:71
+ 71 schedule();
+ (gdb)
+ #6 0x1006aa10 in __down_failed () at semaphore.c:157
+ 157 }
+ (gdb)
+ #7 0x1006c5d8 in segv_handler (sc=0x5006e940) at trap_user.c:174
+ 174 segv(sc->cr2, sc->err & 2);
+ (gdb)
+ #8 0x1006c5ec in kern_segv_handler (sig=11) at trap_user.c:182
+ 182 segv_handler(sc);
+ (gdb) p *sc
+ Cannot access memory at address 0x0.
+
+
+
+
+ That's not very useful, so I'll try a more manual method:
+
+
+ (gdb) p *((struct sigcontext *) (&sig + 1))
+ $19 = {gs = 0, __gsh = 0, fs = 0, __fsh = 0, es = 43, __esh = 0, ds = 43,
+ __dsh = 0, edi = 1342179328, esi = 1350378548, ebp = 1342630440,
+ esp = 1342630420, ebx = 1348150624, edx = 1280, ecx = 0, eax = 0,
+ trapno = 14, err = 4, eip = 268480945, cs = 35, __csh = 0, eflags = 66118,
+ esp_at_signal = 1342630420, ss = 43, __ssh = 0, fpstate = 0x0, oldmask = 0,
+ cr2 = 1280}
+
+
+
+ The ip is in handle_mm_fault:
+
+
+ (gdb) p (void *)268480945
+ $20 = (void *) 0x1000b1b1
+ (gdb) i sym $20
+ handle_mm_fault + 57 in section .text
+
+
+
+
+
+ Specifically, it's in pte_alloc:
+
+
+ (gdb) i line *$20
+ Line 124 of "/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/include/asm/pgalloc.h"
+ starts at address 0x1000b1b1 <handle_mm_fault+57>
+ and ends at 0x1000b1b7 <handle_mm_fault+63>.
+
+
+
+
+
+ To find where in handle_mm_fault this is, I'll jump forward in the
+ code until I see an address in that procedure:
+
+
+
+ (gdb) i line *0x1000b1c0
+ Line 126 of "/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/include/asm/pgalloc.h"
+ starts at address 0x1000b1b7 <handle_mm_fault+63>
+ and ends at 0x1000b1c3 <handle_mm_fault+75>.
+ (gdb) i line *0x1000b1d0
+ Line 131 of "/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/include/asm/pgalloc.h"
+ starts at address 0x1000b1d0 <handle_mm_fault+88>
+ and ends at 0x1000b1da <handle_mm_fault+98>.
+ (gdb) i line *0x1000b1e0
+ Line 61 of "/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/include/asm/pgalloc.h"
+ starts at address 0x1000b1da <handle_mm_fault+98>
+ and ends at 0x1000b1e1 <handle_mm_fault+105>.
+ (gdb) i line *0x1000b1f0
+ Line 134 of "/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/include/asm/pgalloc.h"
+ starts at address 0x1000b1f0 <handle_mm_fault+120>
+ and ends at 0x1000b200 <handle_mm_fault+136>.
+ (gdb) i line *0x1000b200
+ Line 135 of "/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/include/asm/pgalloc.h"
+ starts at address 0x1000b200 <handle_mm_fault+136>
+ and ends at 0x1000b208 <handle_mm_fault+144>.
+ (gdb) i line *0x1000b210
+ Line 139 of "/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/include/asm/pgalloc.h"
+ starts at address 0x1000b210 <handle_mm_fault+152>
+ and ends at 0x1000b219 <handle_mm_fault+161>.
+ (gdb) i line *0x1000b220
+ Line 1168 of "memory.c" starts at address 0x1000b21e <handle_mm_fault+166>
+ and ends at 0x1000b222 <handle_mm_fault+170>.
+
+
+
+
+
+ Something is apparently wrong with the page tables or vma_structs, so
+ lets go back to frame 11 and have a look at them:
+
+
+
+ #11 0x1006c0aa in segv (address=1342179328, is_write=2) at trap_kern.c:50
+ 50 handle_mm_fault(current, vma, address, is_write);
+ (gdb) call pgd_offset_proc(vma->vm_mm, address)
+ $22 = (pgd_t *) 0x80a548c
+
+
+
+
+
+ That's pretty bogus. Page tables aren't supposed to be in process
+ text or data areas. Let's see what's in the vma:
+
+
+ (gdb) p *vma
+ $23 = {vm_mm = 0x507d2434, vm_start = 0, vm_end = 134512640,
+ vm_next = 0x80a4f8c, vm_page_prot = {pgprot = 0}, vm_flags = 31200,
+ vm_avl_height = 2058, vm_avl_left = 0x80a8c94, vm_avl_right = 0x80d1000,
+ vm_next_share = 0xaffffdb0, vm_pprev_share = 0xaffffe63,
+ vm_ops = 0xaffffe7a, vm_pgoff = 2952789626, vm_file = 0xafffffec,
+ vm_private_data = 0x62}
+ (gdb) p *vma.vm_mm
+ $24 = {mmap = 0x507d2434, mmap_avl = 0x0, mmap_cache = 0x8048000,
+ pgd = 0x80a4f8c, mm_users = {counter = 0}, mm_count = {counter = 134904288},
+ map_count = 134909076, mmap_sem = {count = {counter = 135073792},
+ sleepers = -1342177872, wait = {lock = <optimized out or zero length>,
+ task_list = {next = 0xaffffe63, prev = 0xaffffe7a},
+ __magic = -1342177670, __creator = -1342177300}, __magic = 98},
+ page_table_lock = {}, context = 138, start_code = 0, end_code = 0,
+ start_data = 0, end_data = 0, start_brk = 0, brk = 0, start_stack = 0,
+ arg_start = 0, arg_end = 0, env_start = 0, env_end = 0, rss = 1350381536,
+ total_vm = 0, locked_vm = 0, def_flags = 0, cpu_vm_mask = 0, swap_cnt = 0,
+ swap_address = 0, segments = 0x0}
+
+
+
+
+
+ This also pretty bogus. With all of the 0x80xxxxx and 0xaffffxxx
+ addresses, this is looking like a stack was plonked down on top of
+ these structures. Maybe it's a stack overflow from the next page:
+
+
+
+ (gdb) p vma
+ $25 = (struct vm_area_struct *) 0x507d2434
+
+
+
+
+
+ That's towards the lower quarter of the page, so that would have to
+ have been pretty heavy stack overflow:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ (gdb) x/100x $25
+ 0x507d2434: 0x507d2434 0x00000000 0x08048000 0x080a4f8c
+ 0x507d2444: 0x00000000 0x080a79e0 0x080a8c94 0x080d1000
+ 0x507d2454: 0xaffffdb0 0xaffffe63 0xaffffe7a 0xaffffe7a
+ 0x507d2464: 0xafffffec 0x00000062 0x0000008a 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2474: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2484: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2494: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x507d2fe0 0x00000000
+ 0x507d24a4: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d24b4: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d24c4: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d24d4: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d24e4: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d24f4: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2504: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2514: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2524: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2534: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x507d25dc 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2544: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2554: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2564: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2574: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2584: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d2594: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d25a4: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+ 0x507d25b4: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+
+
+
+
+
+ It's not stack overflow. The only "stack-like" piece of this data is
+ the vma_struct itself.
+
+
+ At this point, I don't see any avenues to pursue, so I just have to
+ admit that I have no idea what's going on. What I will do, though, is
+ stick a trap on the segfault handler which will stop if it sees any
+ writes to the idle thread's stack. That was the thing that happened
+ first, and it may be that if I can catch it immediately, what's going
+ on will be somewhat clearer.
+
+
+ 1122..22.. EEppiissooddee 22:: TThhee ccaassee ooff tthhee hhuunngg ffsscckk
+
+ After setting a trap in the SEGV handler for accesses to the signal
+ thread's stack, I reran the kernel.
+
+
+ fsck hung again, this time by hitting the trap:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Setting hostname uml [ OK ]
+ Checking root filesystem
+ /dev/fhd0 contains a file system with errors, check forced.
+ Error reading block 86894 (Attempt to read block from filesystem resulted in short read) while reading indirect blocks of inode 19780.
+
+ /dev/fhd0: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.
+ (i.e., without -a or -p options)
+ [ FAILED ]
+
+ *** An error occurred during the file system check.
+ *** Dropping you to a shell; the system will reboot
+ *** when you leave the shell.
+ Give root password for maintenance
+ (or type Control-D for normal startup):
+
+ [root@uml /root]# fsck -y /dev/fhd0
+ fsck -y /dev/fhd0
+ Parallelizing fsck version 1.14 (9-Jan-1999)
+ e2fsck 1.14, 9-Jan-1999 for EXT2 FS 0.5b, 95/08/09
+ /dev/fhd0 contains a file system with errors, check forced.
+ Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
+ Error reading block 86894 (Attempt to read block from filesystem resulted in short read) while reading indirect blocks of inode 19780. Ignore error? yes
+
+ Pass 2: Checking directory structure
+ Error reading block 49405 (Attempt to read block from filesystem resulted in short read). Ignore error? yes
+
+ Directory inode 11858, block 0, offset 0: directory corrupted
+ Salvage? yes
+
+ Missing '.' in directory inode 11858.
+ Fix? yes
+
+ Missing '..' in directory inode 11858.
+ Fix? yes
+
+ Untested (4127) [100fe44c]: trap_kern.c line 31
+
+
+
+
+
+ I need to get the signal thread to detach from pid 4127 so that I can
+ attach to it with gdb. This is done by sending it a SIGUSR1, which is
+ caught by the signal thread, which detaches the process:
+
+
+ kill -USR1 4127
+
+
+
+
+
+ Now I can run gdb on it:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ~/linux/2.3.26/um 1034: gdb linux
+ GNU gdb 4.17.0.11 with Linux support
+ Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
+ welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
+ Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
+ There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
+ This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux"...
+ (gdb) att 4127
+ Attaching to program `/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/linux', Pid 4127
+ 0x10075891 in __libc_nanosleep ()
+
+
+
+
+
+ The backtrace shows that it was in a write and that the fault address
+ (address in frame 3) is 0x50000800, which is right in the middle of
+ the signal thread's stack page:
+
+
+ (gdb) bt
+ #0 0x10075891 in __libc_nanosleep ()
+ #1 0x1007584d in __sleep (seconds=1000000)
+ at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sleep.c:78
+ #2 0x1006ce9a in stop () at user_util.c:191
+ #3 0x1006bf88 in segv (address=1342179328, is_write=2) at trap_kern.c:31
+ #4 0x1006c628 in segv_handler (sc=0x5006eaf8) at trap_user.c:174
+ #5 0x1006c63c in kern_segv_handler (sig=11) at trap_user.c:182
+ #6 <signal handler called>
+ #7 0xc0fd in ?? ()
+ #8 0x10016647 in sys_write (fd=3, buf=0x80b8800 "R.", count=1024)
+ at read_write.c:159
+ #9 0x1006d603 in execute_syscall (syscall=4, args=0x5006ef08)
+ at syscall_kern.c:254
+ #10 0x1006af87 in really_do_syscall (sig=12) at syscall_user.c:35
+ #11 <signal handler called>
+ #12 0x400dc8b0 in ?? ()
+ #13 <signal handler called>
+ #14 0x400dc8b0 in ?? ()
+ #15 0x80545fd in ?? ()
+ #16 0x804daae in ?? ()
+ #17 0x8054334 in ?? ()
+ #18 0x804d23e in ?? ()
+ #19 0x8049632 in ?? ()
+ #20 0x80491d2 in ?? ()
+ #21 0x80596b5 in ?? ()
+ (gdb) p (void *)1342179328
+ $3 = (void *) 0x50000800
+
+
+
+
+
+ Going up the stack to the segv_handler frame and looking at where in
+ the code the access happened shows that it happened near line 110 of
+ block_dev.c:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ (gdb) up
+ #1 0x1007584d in __sleep (seconds=1000000)
+ at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sleep.c:78
+ ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sleep.c:78: No such file or directory.
+ (gdb)
+ #2 0x1006ce9a in stop () at user_util.c:191
+ 191 while(1) sleep(1000000);
+ (gdb)
+ #3 0x1006bf88 in segv (address=1342179328, is_write=2) at trap_kern.c:31
+ 31 KERN_UNTESTED();
+ (gdb)
+ #4 0x1006c628 in segv_handler (sc=0x5006eaf8) at trap_user.c:174
+ 174 segv(sc->cr2, sc->err & 2);
+ (gdb) p *sc
+ $1 = {gs = 0, __gsh = 0, fs = 0, __fsh = 0, es = 43, __esh = 0, ds = 43,
+ __dsh = 0, edi = 1342179328, esi = 134973440, ebp = 1342631484,
+ esp = 1342630864, ebx = 256, edx = 0, ecx = 256, eax = 1024, trapno = 14,
+ err = 6, eip = 268550834, cs = 35, __csh = 0, eflags = 66070,
+ esp_at_signal = 1342630864, ss = 43, __ssh = 0, fpstate = 0x0, oldmask = 0,
+ cr2 = 1342179328}
+ (gdb) p (void *)268550834
+ $2 = (void *) 0x1001c2b2
+ (gdb) i sym $2
+ block_write + 1090 in section .text
+ (gdb) i line *$2
+ Line 209 of "/home/dike/linux/2.3.26/um/include/asm/arch/string.h"
+ starts at address 0x1001c2a1 <block_write+1073>
+ and ends at 0x1001c2bf <block_write+1103>.
+ (gdb) i line *0x1001c2c0
+ Line 110 of "block_dev.c" starts at address 0x1001c2bf <block_write+1103>
+ and ends at 0x1001c2e3 <block_write+1139>.
+
+
+
+
+
+ Looking at the source shows that the fault happened during a call to
+ copy_to_user to copy the data into the kernel:
+
+
+ 107 count -= chars;
+ 108 copy_from_user(p,buf,chars);
+ 109 p += chars;
+ 110 buf += chars;
+
+
+
+
+
+ p is the pointer which must contain 0x50000800, since buf contains
+ 0x80b8800 (frame 8 above). It is defined as:
+
+
+ p = offset + bh->b_data;
+
+
+
+
+
+ I need to figure out what bh is, and it just so happens that bh is
+ passed as an argument to mark_buffer_uptodate and mark_buffer_dirty a
+ few lines later, so I do a little disassembly:
+
+
+
+
+ (gdb) disas 0x1001c2bf 0x1001c2e0
+ Dump of assembler code from 0x1001c2bf to 0x1001c2d0:
+ 0x1001c2bf <block_write+1103>: addl %eax,0xc(%ebp)
+ 0x1001c2c2 <block_write+1106>: movl 0xfffffdd4(%ebp),%edx
+ 0x1001c2c8 <block_write+1112>: btsl $0x0,0x18(%edx)
+ 0x1001c2cd <block_write+1117>: btsl $0x1,0x18(%edx)
+ 0x1001c2d2 <block_write+1122>: sbbl %ecx,%ecx
+ 0x1001c2d4 <block_write+1124>: testl %ecx,%ecx
+ 0x1001c2d6 <block_write+1126>: jne 0x1001c2e3 <block_write+1139>
+ 0x1001c2d8 <block_write+1128>: pushl $0x0
+ 0x1001c2da <block_write+1130>: pushl %edx
+ 0x1001c2db <block_write+1131>: call 0x1001819c <__mark_buffer_dirty>
+ End of assembler dump.
+
+
+
+
+
+ At that point, bh is in %edx (address 0x1001c2da), which is calculated
+ at 0x1001c2c2 as %ebp + 0xfffffdd4, so I figure exactly what that is,
+ taking %ebp from the sigcontext_struct above:
+
+
+ (gdb) p (void *)1342631484
+ $5 = (void *) 0x5006ee3c
+ (gdb) p 0x5006ee3c+0xfffffdd4
+ $6 = 1342630928
+ (gdb) p (void *)$6
+ $7 = (void *) 0x5006ec10
+ (gdb) p *((void **)$7)
+ $8 = (void *) 0x50100200
+
+
+
+
+
+ Now, I look at the structure to see what's in it, and particularly,
+ what its b_data field contains:
+
+
+ (gdb) p *((struct buffer_head *)0x50100200)
+ $13 = {b_next = 0x50289380, b_blocknr = 49405, b_size = 1024, b_list = 0,
+ b_dev = 15872, b_count = {counter = 1}, b_rdev = 15872, b_state = 24,
+ b_flushtime = 0, b_next_free = 0x501001a0, b_prev_free = 0x50100260,
+ b_this_page = 0x501001a0, b_reqnext = 0x0, b_pprev = 0x507fcf58,
+ b_data = 0x50000800 "", b_page = 0x50004000,
+ b_end_io = 0x10017f60 <end_buffer_io_sync>, b_dev_id = 0x0,
+ b_rsector = 98810, b_wait = {lock = <optimized out or zero length>,
+ task_list = {next = 0x50100248, prev = 0x50100248}, __magic = 1343226448,
+ __creator = 0}, b_kiobuf = 0x0}
+
+
+
+
+
+ The b_data field is indeed 0x50000800, so the question becomes how
+ that happened. The rest of the structure looks fine, so this probably
+ is not a case of data corruption. It happened on purpose somehow.
+
+
+ The b_page field is a pointer to the page_struct representing the
+ 0x50000000 page. Looking at it shows the kernel's idea of the state
+ of that page:
+
+
+
+ (gdb) p *$13.b_page
+ $17 = {list = {next = 0x50004a5c, prev = 0x100c5174}, mapping = 0x0,
+ index = 0, next_hash = 0x0, count = {counter = 1}, flags = 132, lru = {
+ next = 0x50008460, prev = 0x50019350}, wait = {
+ lock = <optimized out or zero length>, task_list = {next = 0x50004024,
+ prev = 0x50004024}, __magic = 1342193708, __creator = 0},
+ pprev_hash = 0x0, buffers = 0x501002c0, virtual = 1342177280,
+ zone = 0x100c5160}
+
+
+
+
+
+ Some sanity-checking: the virtual field shows the "virtual" address of
+ this page, which in this kernel is the same as its "physical" address,
+ and the page_struct itself should be mem_map[0], since it represents
+ the first page of memory:
+
+
+
+ (gdb) p (void *)1342177280
+ $18 = (void *) 0x50000000
+ (gdb) p mem_map
+ $19 = (mem_map_t *) 0x50004000
+
+
+
+
+
+ These check out fine.
+
+
+ Now to check out the page_struct itself. In particular, the flags
+ field shows whether the page is considered free or not:
+
+
+ (gdb) p (void *)132
+ $21 = (void *) 0x84
+
+
+
+
+
+ The "reserved" bit is the high bit, which is definitely not set, so
+ the kernel considers the signal stack page to be free and available to
+ be used.
+
+
+ At this point, I jump to conclusions and start looking at my early
+ boot code, because that's where that page is supposed to be reserved.
+
+
+ In my setup_arch procedure, I have the following code which looks just
+ fine:
+
+
+
+ bootmap_size = init_bootmem(start_pfn, end_pfn - start_pfn);
+ free_bootmem(__pa(low_physmem) + bootmap_size, high_physmem - low_physmem);
+
+
+
+
+
+ Two stack pages have already been allocated, and low_physmem points to
+ the third page, which is the beginning of free memory.
+ The init_bootmem call declares the entire memory to the boot memory
+ manager, which marks it all reserved. The free_bootmem call frees up
+ all of it, except for the first two pages. This looks correct to me.
+
+
+ So, I decide to see init_bootmem run and make sure that it is marking
+ those first two pages as reserved. I never get that far.
+
+
+ Stepping into init_bootmem, and looking at bootmem_map before looking
+ at what it contains shows the following:
+
+
+
+ (gdb) p bootmem_map
+ $3 = (void *) 0x50000000
+
+
+
+
+
+ Aha! The light dawns. That first page is doing double duty as a
+ stack and as the boot memory map. The last thing that the boot memory
+ manager does is to free the pages used by its memory map, so this page
+ is getting freed even its marked as reserved.
+
+
+ The fix was to initialize the boot memory manager before allocating
+ those two stack pages, and then allocate them through the boot memory
+ manager. After doing this, and fixing a couple of subsequent buglets,
+ the stack corruption problem disappeared.
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1133.. WWhhaatt ttoo ddoo wwhheenn UUMMLL ddooeessnn''tt wwoorrkk
+
+
+
+
+ 1133..11.. SSttrraannggee ccoommppiillaattiioonn eerrrroorrss wwhheenn yyoouu bbuuiilldd ffrroomm ssoouurrccee
+
+ As of test11, it is necessary to have "ARCH=um" in the environment or
+ on the make command line for all steps in building UML, including
+ clean, distclean, or mrproper, config, menuconfig, or xconfig, dep,
+ and linux. If you forget for any of them, the i386 build seems to
+ contaminate the UML build. If this happens, start from scratch with
+
+
+ host%
+ make mrproper ARCH=um
+
+
+
+
+ and repeat the build process with ARCH=um on all the steps.
+
+
+ See ``Compiling the kernel and modules'' for more details.
+
+
+ Another cause of strange compilation errors is building UML in
+ /usr/src/linux. If you do this, the first thing you need to do is
+ clean up the mess you made. The /usr/src/linux/asm link will now
+ point to /usr/src/linux/asm-um. Make it point back to
+ /usr/src/linux/asm-i386. Then, move your UML pool someplace else and
+ build it there. Also see below, where a more specific set of symptoms
+ is described.
+
+
+
+ 1133..22.. UUMMLL hhaannggss oonn bboooott aafftteerr mmoouunnttiinngg ddeevvffss
+
+ The boot looks like this:
+
+
+ VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.
+ Mounted devfs on /dev
+
+
+
+
+ You're probably running a recent distribution on an old machine. I
+ saw this with the RH7.1 filesystem running on a Pentium. The shared
+ library loader, ld.so, was executing an instruction (cmove) which the
+ Pentium didn't support. That instruction was apparently added later.
+ If you run UML under the debugger, you'll see the hang caused by one
+ instruction causing an infinite SIGILL stream.
+
+
+ The fix is to boot UML on an older filesystem.
+
+
+
+ 1133..33.. AA vvaarriieettyy ooff ppaanniiccss aanndd hhaannggss wwiitthh //ttmmpp oonn aa rreeiisseerrffss ffiilleessyyss--
+ tteemm
+
+ I saw this on reiserfs 3.5.21 and it seems to be fixed in 3.5.27.
+ Panics preceded by
+
+
+ Detaching pid nnnn
+
+
+
+ are diagnostic of this problem. This is a reiserfs bug which causes a
+ thread to occasionally read stale data from a mmapped page shared with
+ another thread. The fix is to upgrade the filesystem or to have /tmp
+ be an ext2 filesystem.
+
+
+
+ 1133..44.. TThhee ccoommppiillee ffaaiillss wwiitthh eerrrroorrss aabboouutt ccoonnfflliiccttiinngg ttyyppeess ffoorr
+ ''ooppeenn'',, ''dduupp'',, aanndd ''wwaaiittppiidd''
+
+ This happens when you build in /usr/src/linux. The UML build makes
+ the include/asm link point to include/asm-um. /usr/include/asm points
+ to /usr/src/linux/include/asm, so when that link gets moved, files
+ which need to include the asm-i386 versions of headers get the
+ incompatible asm-um versions. The fix is to move the include/asm link
+ back to include/asm-i386 and to do UML builds someplace else.
+
+
+
+ 1133..55.. UUMMLL ddooeessnn''tt wwoorrkk wwhheenn //ttmmpp iiss aann NNFFSS ffiilleessyysstteemm
+
+ This seems to be a similar situation with the resierfs problem above.
+ Some versions of NFS seems not to handle mmap correctly, which UML
+ depends on. The workaround is have /tmp be non-NFS directory.
+
+
+ 1133..66.. UUMMLL hhaannggss oonn bboooott wwhheenn ccoommppiilleedd wwiitthh ggpprrooff ssuuppppoorrtt
+
+ If you build UML with gprof support and, early in the boot, it does
+ this
+
+
+ kernel BUG at page_alloc.c:100!
+
+
+
+
+ you have a buggy gcc. You can work around the problem by removing
+ UM_FASTCALL from CFLAGS in arch/um/Makefile-i386. This will open up
+ another bug, but that one is fairly hard to reproduce.
+
+
+
+ 1133..77.. ssyyssllooggdd ddiieess wwiitthh aa SSIIGGTTEERRMM oonn ssttaarrttuupp
+
+ The exact boot error depends on the distribution that you're booting,
+ but Debian produces this:
+
+
+ /etc/rc2.d/S10sysklogd: line 49: 93 Terminated
+ start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --exec /sbin/syslogd -- $SYSLOGD
+
+
+
+
+ This is a syslogd bug. There's a race between a parent process
+ installing a signal handler and its child sending the signal. See
+ this uml-devel post <http://www.geocrawler.com/lists/3/Source-
+ Forge/709/0/6612801> for the details.
+
+
+
+ 1133..88.. TTUUNN//TTAAPP nneettwwoorrkkiinngg ddooeessnn''tt wwoorrkk oonn aa 22..44 hhoosstt
+
+ There are a couple of problems which were
+ <http://www.geocrawler.com/lists/3/SourceForge/597/0/> name="pointed
+ out"> by Tim Robinson <timro at trkr dot net>
+
+ +o It doesn't work on hosts running 2.4.7 (or thereabouts) or earlier.
+ The fix is to upgrade to something more recent and then read the
+ next item.
+
+ +o If you see
+
+
+ File descriptor in bad state
+
+
+
+ when you bring up the device inside UML, you have a header mismatch
+ between the original kernel and the upgraded one. Make /usr/src/linux
+ point at the new headers. This will only be a problem if you build
+ uml_net yourself.
+
+
+
+ 1133..99.. YYoouu ccaann nneettwwoorrkk ttoo tthhee hhoosstt bbuutt nnoott ttoo ootthheerr mmaacchhiinneess oonn tthhee
+ nneett
+
+ If you can connect to the host, and the host can connect to UML, but
+ you can not connect to any other machines, then you may need to enable
+ IP Masquerading on the host. Usually this is only experienced when
+ using private IP addresses (192.168.x.x or 10.x.x.x) for host/UML
+ networking, rather than the public address space that your host is
+ connected to. UML does not enable IP Masquerading, so you will need
+ to create a static rule to enable it:
+
+
+ host%
+ iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
+
+
+
+
+ Replace eth0 with the interface that you use to talk to the rest of
+ the world.
+
+
+ Documentation on IP Masquerading, and SNAT, can be found at
+ www.netfilter.org <http://www.netfilter.org> .
+
+
+ If you can reach the local net, but not the outside Internet, then
+ that is usually a routing problem. The UML needs a default route:
+
+
+ UML#
+ route add default gw gateway IP
+
+
+
+
+ The gateway IP can be any machine on the local net that knows how to
+ reach the outside world. Usually, this is the host or the local net-
+ work's gateway.
+
+
+ Occasionally, we hear from someone who can reach some machines, but
+ not others on the same net, or who can reach some ports on other
+ machines, but not others. These are usually caused by strange
+ firewalling somewhere between the UML and the other box. You track
+ this down by running tcpdump on every interface the packets travel
+ over and see where they disappear. When you find a machine that takes
+ the packets in, but does not send them onward, that's the culprit.
+
+
+
+ 1133..1100.. II hhaavvee nnoo rroooott aanndd II wwaanntt ttoo ssccrreeaamm
+
+ Thanks to Birgit Wahlich for telling me about this strange one. It
+ turns out that there's a limit of six environment variables on the
+ kernel command line. When that limit is reached or exceeded, argument
+ processing stops, which means that the 'root=' argument that UML
+ usually adds is not seen. So, the filesystem has no idea what the
+ root device is, so it panics.
+
+
+ The fix is to put less stuff on the command line. Glomming all your
+ setup variables into one is probably the best way to go.
+
+
+
+ 1133..1111.. UUMMLL bbuuiilldd ccoonnfflliicctt bbeettwweeeenn ppttrraaccee..hh aanndd uuccoonntteexxtt..hh
+
+ On some older systems, /usr/include/asm/ptrace.h and
+ /usr/include/sys/ucontext.h define the same names. So, when they're
+ included together, the defines from one completely mess up the parsing
+ of the other, producing errors like:
+ /usr/include/sys/ucontext.h:47: parse error before
+ `10'
+
+
+
+
+ plus a pile of warnings.
+
+
+ This is a libc botch, which has since been fixed, and I don't see any
+ way around it besides upgrading.
+
+
+
+ 1133..1122.. TThhee UUMMLL BBooggooMMiippss iiss eexxaaccttllyy hhaallff tthhee hhoosstt''ss BBooggooMMiippss
+
+ On i386 kernels, there are two ways of running the loop that is used
+ to calculate the BogoMips rating, using the TSC if it's there or using
+ a one-instruction loop. The TSC produces twice the BogoMips as the
+ loop. UML uses the loop, since it has nothing resembling a TSC, and
+ will get almost exactly the same BogoMips as a host using the loop.
+ However, on a host with a TSC, its BogoMips will be double the loop
+ BogoMips, and therefore double the UML BogoMips.
+
+
+
+ 1133..1133.. WWhheenn yyoouu rruunn UUMMLL,, iitt iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy sseeggffaauullttss
+
+ If the host is configured with the 2G/2G address space split, that's
+ why. See ``UML on 2G/2G hosts'' for the details on getting UML to
+ run on your host.
+
+
+
+ 1133..1144.. xxtteerrmmss aappppeeaarr,, tthheenn iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy ddiissaappppeeaarr
+
+ If you're running an up to date kernel with an old release of
+ uml_utilities, the port-helper program will not work properly, so
+ xterms will exit straight after they appear. The solution is to
+ upgrade to the latest release of uml_utilities. Usually this problem
+ occurs when you have installed a packaged release of UML then compiled
+ your own development kernel without upgrading the uml_utilities from
+ the source distribution.
+
+
+
+ 1133..1155.. AAnnyy ootthheerr ppaanniicc,, hhaanngg,, oorr ssttrraannggee bbeehhaavviioorr
+
+ If you're seeing truly strange behavior, such as hangs or panics that
+ happen in random places, or you try running the debugger to see what's
+ happening and it acts strangely, then it could be a problem in the
+ host kernel. If you're not running a stock Linus or -ac kernel, then
+ try that. An early version of the preemption patch and a 2.4.10 SuSE
+ kernel have caused very strange problems in UML.
+
+
+ Otherwise, let me know about it. Send a message to one of the UML
+ mailing lists - either the developer list - user-mode-linux-devel at
+ lists dot sourceforge dot net (subscription info) or the user list -
+ user-mode-linux-user at lists dot sourceforge do net (subscription
+ info), whichever you prefer. Don't assume that everyone knows about
+ it and that a fix is imminent.
+
+
+ If you want to be super-helpful, read ``Diagnosing Problems'' and
+ follow the instructions contained therein.
+ 1144.. DDiiaaggnnoossiinngg PPrroobblleemmss
+
+
+ If you get UML to crash, hang, or otherwise misbehave, you should
+ report this on one of the project mailing lists, either the developer
+ list - user-mode-linux-devel at lists dot sourceforge dot net
+ (subscription info) or the user list - user-mode-linux-user at lists
+ dot sourceforge dot net (subscription info). When you do, it is
+ likely that I will want more information. So, it would be helpful to
+ read the stuff below, do whatever is applicable in your case, and
+ report the results to the list.
+
+
+ For any diagnosis, you're going to need to build a debugging kernel.
+ The binaries from this site aren't debuggable. If you haven't done
+ this before, read about ``Compiling the kernel and modules'' and
+ ``Kernel debugging'' UML first.
+
+
+ 1144..11.. CCaassee 11 :: NNoorrmmaall kkeerrnneell ppaanniiccss
+
+ The most common case is for a normal thread to panic. To debug this,
+ you will need to run it under the debugger (add 'debug' to the command
+ line). An xterm will start up with gdb running inside it. Continue
+ it when it stops in start_kernel and make it crash. Now ^C gdb and
+
+
+ If the panic was a "Kernel mode fault", then there will be a segv
+ frame on the stack and I'm going to want some more information. The
+ stack might look something like this:
+
+
+ (UML gdb) backtrace
+ #0 0x1009bf76 in __sigprocmask (how=1, set=0x5f347940, oset=0x0)
+ at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sigprocmask.c:49
+ #1 0x10091411 in change_sig (signal=10, on=1) at process.c:218
+ #2 0x10094785 in timer_handler (sig=26) at time_kern.c:32
+ #3 0x1009bf38 in __restore ()
+ at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sigaction.c:125
+ #4 0x1009534c in segv (address=8, ip=268849158, is_write=2, is_user=0)
+ at trap_kern.c:66
+ #5 0x10095c04 in segv_handler (sig=11) at trap_user.c:285
+ #6 0x1009bf38 in __restore ()
+
+
+
+
+ I'm going to want to see the symbol and line information for the value
+ of ip in the segv frame. In this case, you would do the following:
+
+
+ (UML gdb) i sym 268849158
+
+
+
+
+ and
+
+
+ (UML gdb) i line *268849158
+
+
+
+
+ The reason for this is the __restore frame right above the segv_han-
+ dler frame is hiding the frame that actually segfaulted. So, I have
+ to get that information from the faulting ip.
+
+
+ 1144..22.. CCaassee 22 :: TTrraacciinngg tthhrreeaadd ppaanniiccss
+
+ The less common and more painful case is when the tracing thread
+ panics. In this case, the kernel debugger will be useless because it
+ needs a healthy tracing thread in order to work. The first thing to
+ do is get a backtrace from the tracing thread. This is done by
+ figuring out what its pid is, firing up gdb, and attaching it to that
+ pid. You can figure out the tracing thread pid by looking at the
+ first line of the console output, which will look like this:
+
+
+ tracing thread pid = 15851
+
+
+
+
+ or by running ps on the host and finding the line that looks like
+ this:
+
+
+ jdike 15851 4.5 0.4 132568 1104 pts/0 S 21:34 0:05 ./linux [(tracing thread)]
+
+
+
+
+ If the panic was 'segfault in signals', then follow the instructions
+ above for collecting information about the location of the seg fault.
+
+
+ If the tracing thread flaked out all by itself, then send that
+ backtrace in and wait for our crack debugging team to fix the problem.
+
+
+ 1144..33.. CCaassee 33 :: TTrraacciinngg tthhrreeaadd ppaanniiccss ccaauusseedd bbyy ootthheerr tthhrreeaaddss
+
+ However, there are cases where the misbehavior of another thread
+ caused the problem. The most common panic of this type is:
+
+
+ wait_for_stop failed to wait for <pid> to stop with <signal number>
+
+
+
+
+ In this case, you'll need to get a backtrace from the process men-
+ tioned in the panic, which is complicated by the fact that the kernel
+ debugger is defunct and without some fancy footwork, another gdb can't
+ attach to it. So, this is how the fancy footwork goes:
+
+ In a shell:
+
+
+ host% kill -STOP pid
+
+
+
+
+ Run gdb on the tracing thread as described in case 2 and do:
+
+
+ (host gdb) call detach(pid)
+
+
+ If you get a segfault, do it again. It always works the second time.
+
+ Detach from the tracing thread and attach to that other thread:
+
+
+ (host gdb) detach
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ (host gdb) attach pid
+
+
+
+
+ If gdb hangs when attaching to that process, go back to a shell and
+ do:
+
+
+ host%
+ kill -CONT pid
+
+
+
+
+ And then get the backtrace:
+
+
+ (host gdb) backtrace
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1144..44.. CCaassee 44 :: HHaannggss
+
+ Hangs seem to be fairly rare, but they sometimes happen. When a hang
+ happens, we need a backtrace from the offending process. Run the
+ kernel debugger as described in case 1 and get a backtrace. If the
+ current process is not the idle thread, then send in the backtrace.
+ You can tell that it's the idle thread if the stack looks like this:
+
+
+ #0 0x100b1401 in __libc_nanosleep ()
+ #1 0x100a2885 in idle_sleep (secs=10) at time.c:122
+ #2 0x100a546f in do_idle () at process_kern.c:445
+ #3 0x100a5508 in cpu_idle () at process_kern.c:471
+ #4 0x100ec18f in start_kernel () at init/main.c:592
+ #5 0x100a3e10 in start_kernel_proc (unused=0x0) at um_arch.c:71
+ #6 0x100a383f in signal_tramp (arg=0x100a3dd8) at trap_user.c:50
+
+
+
+
+ If this is the case, then some other process is at fault, and went to
+ sleep when it shouldn't have. Run ps on the host and figure out which
+ process should not have gone to sleep and stayed asleep. Then attach
+ to it with gdb and get a backtrace as described in case 3.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1155.. TThhaannkkss
+
+
+ A number of people have helped this project in various ways, and this
+ page gives recognition where recognition is due.
+
+
+ If you're listed here and you would prefer a real link on your name,
+ or no link at all, instead of the despammed email address pseudo-link,
+ let me know.
+
+
+ If you're not listed here and you think maybe you should be, please
+ let me know that as well. I try to get everyone, but sometimes my
+ bookkeeping lapses and I forget about contributions.
+
+
+ 1155..11.. CCooddee aanndd DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn
+
+ Rusty Russell <rusty at linuxcare.com.au> -
+
+ +o wrote the HOWTO <http://user-mode-
+ linux.sourceforge.net/UserModeLinux-HOWTO.html>
+
+ +o prodded me into making this project official and putting it on
+ SourceForge
+
+ +o came up with the way cool UML logo <http://user-mode-
+ linux.sourceforge.net/uml-small.png>
+
+ +o redid the config process
+
+
+ Peter Moulder <reiter at netspace.net.au> - Fixed my config and build
+ processes, and added some useful code to the block driver
+
+
+ Bill Stearns <wstearns at pobox.com> -
+
+ +o HOWTO updates
+
+ +o lots of bug reports
+
+ +o lots of testing
+
+ +o dedicated a box (uml.ists.dartmouth.edu) to support UML development
+
+ +o wrote the mkrootfs script, which allows bootable filesystems of
+ RPM-based distributions to be cranked out
+
+ +o cranked out a large number of filesystems with said script
+
+
+ Jim Leu <jleu at mindspring.com> - Wrote the virtual ethernet driver
+ and associated usermode tools
+
+ Lars Brinkhoff <http://lars.nocrew.org/> - Contributed the ptrace
+ proxy from his own project <http://a386.nocrew.org/> to allow easier
+ kernel debugging
+
+
+ Andrea Arcangeli <andrea at suse.de> - Redid some of the early boot
+ code so that it would work on machines with Large File Support
+
+
+ Chris Emerson <http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~cemerson/> - Did
+ the first UML port to Linux/ppc
+
+
+ Harald Welte <laforge at gnumonks.org> - Wrote the multicast
+ transport for the network driver
+
+
+ Jorgen Cederlof - Added special file support to hostfs
+
+
+ Greg Lonnon <glonnon at ridgerun dot com> - Changed the ubd driver
+ to allow it to layer a COW file on a shared read-only filesystem and
+ wrote the iomem emulation support
+
+
+ Henrik Nordstrom <http://hem.passagen.se/hno/> - Provided a variety
+ of patches, fixes, and clues
+
+
+ Lennert Buytenhek - Contributed various patches, a rewrite of the
+ network driver, the first implementation of the mconsole driver, and
+ did the bulk of the work needed to get SMP working again.
+
+
+ Yon Uriarte - Fixed the TUN/TAP network backend while I slept.
+
+
+ Adam Heath - Made a bunch of nice cleanups to the initialization code,
+ plus various other small patches.
+
+
+ Matt Zimmerman - Matt volunteered to be the UML Debian maintainer and
+ is doing a real nice job of it. He also noticed and fixed a number of
+ actually and potentially exploitable security holes in uml_net. Plus
+ the occasional patch. I like patches.
+
+
+ James McMechan - James seems to have taken over maintenance of the ubd
+ driver and is doing a nice job of it.
+
+
+ Chandan Kudige - wrote the umlgdb script which automates the reloading
+ of module symbols.
+
+
+ Steve Schmidtke - wrote the UML slirp transport and hostaudio drivers,
+ enabling UML processes to access audio devices on the host. He also
+ submitted patches for the slip transport and lots of other things.
+
+
+ David Coulson <http://davidcoulson.net> -
+
+ +o Set up the usermodelinux.org <http://usermodelinux.org> site,
+ which is a great way of keeping the UML user community on top of
+ UML goings-on.
+
+ +o Site documentation and updates
+
+ +o Nifty little UML management daemon UMLd
+ <http://uml.openconsultancy.com/umld/>
+
+ +o Lots of testing and bug reports
+
+
+
+
+ 1155..22.. FFlluusshhiinngg oouutt bbuuggss
+
+
+
+ +o Yuri Pudgorodsky
+
+ +o Gerald Britton
+
+ +o Ian Wehrman
+
+ +o Gord Lamb
+
+ +o Eugene Koontz
+
+ +o John H. Hartman
+
+ +o Anders Karlsson
+
+ +o Daniel Phillips
+
+ +o John Fremlin
+
+ +o Rainer Burgstaller
+
+ +o James Stevenson
+
+ +o Matt Clay
+
+ +o Cliff Jefferies
+
+ +o Geoff Hoff
+
+ +o Lennert Buytenhek
+
+ +o Al Viro
+
+ +o Frank Klingenhoefer
+
+ +o Livio Baldini Soares
+
+ +o Jon Burgess
+
+ +o Petru Paler
+
+ +o Paul
+
+ +o Chris Reahard
+
+ +o Sverker Nilsson
+
+ +o Gong Su
+
+ +o johan verrept
+
+ +o Bjorn Eriksson
+
+ +o Lorenzo Allegrucci
+
+ +o Muli Ben-Yehuda
+
+ +o David Mansfield
+
+ +o Howard Goff
+
+ +o Mike Anderson
+
+ +o John Byrne
+
+ +o Sapan J. Batia
+
+ +o Iris Huang
+
+ +o Jan Hudec
+
+ +o Voluspa
+
+
+
+
+ 1155..33.. BBuugglleettss aanndd cclleeaann--uuppss
+
+
+
+ +o Dave Zarzycki
+
+ +o Adam Lazur
+
+ +o Boria Feigin
+
+ +o Brian J. Murrell
+
+ +o JS
+
+ +o Roman Zippel
+
+ +o Wil Cooley
+
+ +o Ayelet Shemesh
+
+ +o Will Dyson
+
+ +o Sverker Nilsson
+
+ +o dvorak
+
+ +o v.naga srinivas
+
+ +o Shlomi Fish
+
+ +o Roger Binns
+
+ +o johan verrept
+
+ +o MrChuoi
+
+ +o Peter Cleve
+
+ +o Vincent Guffens
+
+ +o Nathan Scott
+
+ +o Patrick Caulfield
+
+ +o jbearce
+
+ +o Catalin Marinas
+
+ +o Shane Spencer
+
+ +o Zou Min
+
+
+ +o Ryan Boder
+
+ +o Lorenzo Colitti
+
+ +o Gwendal Grignou
+
+ +o Andre' Breiler
+
+ +o Tsutomu Yasuda
+
+
+
+ 1155..44.. CCaassee SSttuuddiieess
+
+
+ +o Jon Wright
+
+ +o William McEwan
+
+ +o Michael Richardson
+
+
+
+ 1155..55.. OOtthheerr ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonnss
+
+
+ Bill Carr <Bill.Carr at compaq.com> made the Red Hat mkrootfs script
+ work with RH 6.2.
+
+ Michael Jennings <mikejen at hevanet.com> sent in some material which
+ is now gracing the top of the index page <http://user-mode-
+ linux.sourceforge.net/index.html> of this site.
+
+ SGI <http://www.sgi.com> (and more specifically Ralf Baechle <ralf at
+ uni-koblenz.de> ) gave me an account on oss.sgi.com
+ <http://www.oss.sgi.com> . The bandwidth there made it possible to
+ produce most of the filesystems available on the project download
+ page.
+
+ Laurent Bonnaud <Laurent.Bonnaud at inpg.fr> took the old grotty
+ Debian filesystem that I've been distributing and updated it to 2.2.
+ It is now available by itself here.
+
+ Rik van Riel gave me some ftp space on ftp.nl.linux.org so I can make
+ releases even when Sourceforge is broken.
+
+ Rodrigo de Castro looked at my broken pte code and told me what was
+ wrong with it, letting me fix a long-standing (several weeks) and
+ serious set of bugs.
+
+ Chris Reahard built a specialized root filesystem for running a DNS
+ server jailed inside UML. It's available from the download
+ <http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/dl-sf.html> page in the Jail
+ Filesysems section.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/unicode.txt b/Documentation/unicode.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a33f81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/unicode.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+ Last update: 2005-01-17, version 1.4
+
+This file is maintained by H. Peter Anvin <unicode@lanana.org> as part
+of the Linux Assigned Names And Numbers Authority (LANANA) project.
+The current version can be found at:
+
+ http://www.lanana.org/docs/unicode/unicode.txt
+
+ ------------------------
+
+The Linux kernel code has been rewritten to use Unicode to map
+characters to fonts. By downloading a single Unicode-to-font table,
+both the eight-bit character sets and UTF-8 mode are changed to use
+the font as indicated.
+
+This changes the semantics of the eight-bit character tables subtly.
+The four character tables are now:
+
+Map symbol Map name Escape code (G0)
+
+LAT1_MAP Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) ESC ( B
+GRAF_MAP DEC VT100 pseudographics ESC ( 0
+IBMPC_MAP IBM code page 437 ESC ( U
+USER_MAP User defined ESC ( K
+
+In particular, ESC ( U is no longer "straight to font", since the font
+might be completely different than the IBM character set. This
+permits for example the use of block graphics even with a Latin-1 font
+loaded.
+
+Note that although these codes are similar to ISO 2022, neither the
+codes nor their uses match ISO 2022; Linux has two 8-bit codes (G0 and
+G1), whereas ISO 2022 has four 7-bit codes (G0-G3).
+
+In accordance with the Unicode standard/ISO 10646 the range U+F000 to
+U+F8FF has been reserved for OS-wide allocation (the Unicode Standard
+refers to this as a "Corporate Zone", since this is inaccurate for
+Linux we call it the "Linux Zone"). U+F000 was picked as the starting
+point since it lets the direct-mapping area start on a large power of
+two (in case 1024- or 2048-character fonts ever become necessary).
+This leaves U+E000 to U+EFFF as End User Zone.
+
+[v1.2]: The Unicodes range from U+F000 and up to U+F7FF have been
+hard-coded to map directly to the loaded font, bypassing the
+translation table. The user-defined map now defaults to U+F000 to
+U+F0FF, emulating the previous behaviour. In practice, this range
+might be shorter; for example, vgacon can only handle 256-character
+(U+F000..U+F0FF) or 512-character (U+F000..U+F1FF) fonts.
+
+
+Actual characters assigned in the Linux Zone
+--------------------------------------------
+
+In addition, the following characters not present in Unicode 1.1.4
+have been defined; these are used by the DEC VT graphics map. [v1.2]
+THIS USE IS OBSOLETE AND SHOULD NO LONGER BE USED; PLEASE SEE BELOW.
+
+U+F800 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 1
+U+F801 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 3
+U+F803 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 7
+U+F804 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 9
+
+The DEC VT220 uses a 6x10 character matrix, and these characters form
+a smooth progression in the DEC VT graphics character set. I have
+omitted the scan 5 line, since it is also used as a block-graphics
+character, and hence has been coded as U+2500 FORMS LIGHT HORIZONTAL.
+
+[v1.3]: These characters have been officially added to Unicode 3.2.0;
+they are added at U+23BA, U+23BB, U+23BC, U+23BD. Linux now uses the
+new values.
+
+[v1.2]: The following characters have been added to represent common
+keyboard symbols that are unlikely to ever be added to Unicode proper
+since they are horribly vendor-specific. This, of course, is an
+excellent example of horrible design.
+
+U+F810 KEYBOARD SYMBOL FLYING FLAG
+U+F811 KEYBOARD SYMBOL PULLDOWN MENU
+U+F812 KEYBOARD SYMBOL OPEN APPLE
+U+F813 KEYBOARD SYMBOL SOLID APPLE
+
+Klingon language support
+------------------------
+
+In 1996, Linux was the first operating system in the world to add
+support for the artificial language Klingon, created by Marc Okrand
+for the "Star Trek" television series. This encoding was later
+adopted by the ConScript Unicode Registry and proposed (but ultimately
+rejected) for inclusion in Unicode Plane 1. Thus, it remains as a
+Linux/CSUR private assignment in the Linux Zone.
+
+This encoding has been endorsed by the Klingon Language Institute.
+For more information, contact them at:
+
+ http://www.kli.org/
+
+Since the characters in the beginning of the Linux CZ have been more
+of the dingbats/symbols/forms type and this is a language, I have
+located it at the end, on a 16-cell boundary in keeping with standard
+Unicode practice.
+
+NOTE: This range is now officially managed by the ConScript Unicode
+Registry. The normative reference is at:
+
+ http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html
+
+Klingon has an alphabet of 26 characters, a positional numeric writing
+system with 10 digits, and is written left-to-right, top-to-bottom.
+
+Several glyph forms for the Klingon alphabet have been proposed.
+However, since the set of symbols appear to be consistent throughout,
+with only the actual shapes being different, in keeping with standard
+Unicode practice these differences are considered font variants.
+
+U+F8D0 KLINGON LETTER A
+U+F8D1 KLINGON LETTER B
+U+F8D2 KLINGON LETTER CH
+U+F8D3 KLINGON LETTER D
+U+F8D4 KLINGON LETTER E
+U+F8D5 KLINGON LETTER GH
+U+F8D6 KLINGON LETTER H
+U+F8D7 KLINGON LETTER I
+U+F8D8 KLINGON LETTER J
+U+F8D9 KLINGON LETTER L
+U+F8DA KLINGON LETTER M
+U+F8DB KLINGON LETTER N
+U+F8DC KLINGON LETTER NG
+U+F8DD KLINGON LETTER O
+U+F8DE KLINGON LETTER P
+U+F8DF KLINGON LETTER Q
+ - Written <q> in standard Okrand Latin transliteration
+U+F8E0 KLINGON LETTER QH
+ - Written <Q> in standard Okrand Latin transliteration
+U+F8E1 KLINGON LETTER R
+U+F8E2 KLINGON LETTER S
+U+F8E3 KLINGON LETTER T
+U+F8E4 KLINGON LETTER TLH
+U+F8E5 KLINGON LETTER U
+U+F8E6 KLINGON LETTER V
+U+F8E7 KLINGON LETTER W
+U+F8E8 KLINGON LETTER Y
+U+F8E9 KLINGON LETTER GLOTTAL STOP
+
+U+F8F0 KLINGON DIGIT ZERO
+U+F8F1 KLINGON DIGIT ONE
+U+F8F2 KLINGON DIGIT TWO
+U+F8F3 KLINGON DIGIT THREE
+U+F8F4 KLINGON DIGIT FOUR
+U+F8F5 KLINGON DIGIT FIVE
+U+F8F6 KLINGON DIGIT SIX
+U+F8F7 KLINGON DIGIT SEVEN
+U+F8F8 KLINGON DIGIT EIGHT
+U+F8F9 KLINGON DIGIT NINE
+
+U+F8FD KLINGON COMMA
+U+F8FE KLINGON FULL STOP
+U+F8FF KLINGON SYMBOL FOR EMPIRE
+
+Other Fictional and Artificial Scripts
+--------------------------------------
+
+Since the assignment of the Klingon Linux Unicode block, a registry of
+fictional and artificial scripts has been established by John Cowan
+<jcowan@reutershealth.com> and Michael Everson <everson@evertype.com>.
+The ConScript Unicode Registry is accessible at:
+
+ http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/
+
+The ranges used fall at the low end of the End User Zone and can hence
+not be normatively assigned, but it is recommended that people who
+wish to encode fictional scripts use these codes, in the interest of
+interoperability. For Klingon, CSUR has adopted the Linux encoding.
+The CSUR people are driving adding Tengwar and Cirth into Unicode
+Plane 1; the addition of Klingon to Unicode Plane 1 has been rejected
+and so the above encoding remains official.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/CREDITS b/Documentation/usb/CREDITS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01e7f85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/CREDITS
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+Credits for the Simple Linux USB Driver:
+
+The following people have contributed to this code (in alphabetical
+order by last name). I'm sure this list should be longer, its
+difficult to maintain, add yourself with a patch if desired.
+
+ Georg Acher <acher@informatik.tu-muenchen.de>
+ David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
+ Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
+ Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@intel.com>
+ Johannes Erdfelt <johannes@erdfelt.com>
+ Deti Fliegl <deti@fliegl.de>
+ ham <ham@unsuave.com>
+ Bradley M Keryan <keryan@andrew.cmu.edu>
+ Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>
+ Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz>
+ Paul Mackerras <paulus@cs.anu.edu.au>
+ Petko Manlolov <petkan@dce.bg>
+ David E. Nelson <dnelson@jump.net>
+ Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>
+ Bill Ryder <bryder@sgi.com>
+ Thomas Sailer <sailer@ife.ee.ethz.ch>
+ Gregory P. Smith <greg@electricrain.com>
+ Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
+ Roman Weissgaerber <weissg@vienna.at>
+ <Kazuki.Yasumatsu@fujixerox.co.jp>
+
+Special thanks to:
+
+ Inaky Perez Gonzalez <inaky@peloncho.fis.ucm.es> for starting the
+ Linux USB driver effort and writing much of the larger uusbd driver.
+ Much has been learned from that effort.
+
+ The NetBSD & FreeBSD USB developers. For being on the Linux USB list
+ and offering suggestions and sharing implementation experiences.
+
+Additional thanks to the following companies and people for donations
+of hardware, support, time and development (this is from the original
+THANKS file in Inaky's driver):
+
+ The following corporations have helped us in the development
+ of Linux USB / UUSBD:
+
+ - 3Com GmbH for donating a ISDN Pro TA and supporting me
+ in technical questions and with test equipment. I'd never
+ expect such a great help.
+
+ - USAR Systems provided us with one of their excellent USB
+ Evaluation Kits. It allows us to test the Linux-USB driver
+ for compliance with the latest USB specification. USAR
+ Systems recognized the importance of an up-to-date open
+ Operating System and supports this project with
+ Hardware. Thanks!.
+
+ - Thanks to Intel Corporation for their precious help.
+
+ - We teamed up with Cherry to make Linux the first OS with
+ built-in USB support. Cherry is one of the biggest keyboard
+ makers in the world.
+
+ - CMD Technology, Inc. sponsored us kindly donating a CSA-6700
+ PCI-to-USB Controller Board to test the OHCI implementation.
+
+ - Due to their support to us, Keytronic can be sure that they
+ will sell keyboards to some of the 3 million (at least)
+ Linux users.
+
+ - Many thanks to ing büro h doran [http://www.ibhdoran.com]!
+ It was almost impossible to get a PC backplate USB connector
+ for the motherboard here at Europe (mine, home-made, was
+ quite lousy :). Now I know where to acquire nice USB stuff!
+
+ - Genius Germany donated a USB mouse to test the mouse boot
+ protocol. They've also donated a F-23 digital joystick and a
+ NetMouse Pro. Thanks!
+
+ - AVM GmbH Berlin is supporting the development of the Linux
+ USB driver for the AVM ISDN Controller B1 USB. AVM is a
+ leading manufacturer for active and passive ISDN Controllers
+ and CAPI 2.0-based software. The active design of the AVM B1
+ is open for all OS platforms, including Linux.
+
+ - Thanks to Y-E Data, Inc. for donating their FlashBuster-U
+ USB Floppy Disk Drive, so we could test the bulk transfer
+ code.
+
+ - Many thanks to Logitech for contributing a three axis USB
+ mouse.
+
+ Logitech designs, manufactures and markets
+ Human Interface Devices, having a long history and
+ experience in making devices such as keyboards, mice,
+ trackballs, cameras, loudspeakers and control devices for
+ gaming and professional use.
+
+ Being a recognized vendor and seller for all these devices,
+ they have donated USB mice, a joystick and a scanner, as a
+ way to acknowledge the importance of Linux and to allow
+ Logitech customers to enjoy support in their favorite
+ operating systems and all Linux users to use Logitech and
+ other USB hardware.
+
+ Logitech is official sponsor of the Linux Conference on
+ Feb. 11th 1999 in Vienna, where we'll will present the
+ current state of the Linux USB effort.
+
+ - CATC has provided means to uncover dark corners of the UHCI
+ inner workings with a USB Inspector.
+
+ - Thanks to Entrega for providing PCI to USB cards, hubs and
+ converter products for development.
+
+ - Thanks to ConnectTech for providing a WhiteHEAT usb to
+ serial converter, and the documentation for the device to
+ allow a driver to be written.
+
+ - Thanks to ADMtek for providing Pegasus and Pegasus II
+ evaluation boards, specs and valuable advices during
+ the driver development.
+
+ And thanks go to (hey! in no particular order :)
+
+ - Oren Tirosh <orenti@hishome.net>, for standing so patiently
+ all my doubts'bout USB and giving lots of cool ideas.
+
+ - Jochen Karrer <karrer@wpfd25.physik.uni-wuerzburg.de>, for
+ pointing out mortal bugs and giving advice.
+
+ - Edmund Humemberger <ed@atnet.at>, for it's great work on
+ public relationships and general management stuff for the
+ Linux-USB effort.
+
+ - Alberto Menegazzi <flash@flash.iol.it> is starting the
+ documentation for the UUSBD. Go for it!
+
+ - Ric Klaren <ia_ric@cs.utwente.nl> for doing nice
+ introductory documents (competing with Alberto's :).
+
+ - Christian Groessler <cpg@aladdin.de>, for it's help on those
+ itchy bits ... :)
+
+ - Paul MacKerras for polishing OHCI and pushing me harder for
+ the iMac support, giving improvements and enhancements.
+
+ - Fernando Herrera <fherrera@eurielec.etsit.upm.es> has taken
+ charge of composing, maintaining and feeding the
+ long-awaited, unique and marvelous UUSBD FAQ! Tadaaaa!!!
+
+ - Rasca Gmelch <thron@gmx.de> has revived the raw driver and
+ pointed bugs, as well as started the uusbd-utils package.
+
+ - Peter Dettori <dettori@ozy.dec.com> is uncovering bugs like
+ crazy, as well as making cool suggestions, great :)
+
+ - All the Free Software and Linux community, the FSF & the GNU
+ project, the MIT X consortium, the TeX people ... everyone!
+ You know who you are!
+
+ - Big thanks to Richard Stallman for creating Emacs!
+
+ - The people at the linux-usb mailing list, for reading so
+ many messages :) Ok, no more kidding; for all your advises!
+
+ - All the people at the USB Implementors Forum for their
+ help and assistance.
+
+ - Nathan Myers <ncm@cantrip.org>, for his advice! (hope you
+ liked Cibeles' party).
+
+ - Linus Torvalds, for starting, developing and managing Linux.
+
+ - Mike Smith, Craig Keithley, Thierry Giron and Janet Schank
+ for convincing me USB Standard hubs are not that standard
+ and that's good to allow for vendor specific quirks on the
+ standard hub driver.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/URB.txt b/Documentation/usb/URB.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d59b95c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/URB.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+Revised: 2000-Dec-05.
+Again: 2002-Jul-06
+
+ NOTE:
+
+ The USB subsystem now has a substantial section in "The Linux Kernel API"
+ guide (in Documentation/DocBook), generated from the current source
+ code. This particular documentation file isn't particularly current or
+ complete; don't rely on it except for a quick overview.
+
+
+1.1. Basic concept or 'What is an URB?'
+
+The basic idea of the new driver is message passing, the message itself is
+called USB Request Block, or URB for short.
+
+- An URB consists of all relevant information to execute any USB transaction
+ and deliver the data and status back.
+
+- Execution of an URB is inherently an asynchronous operation, i.e. the
+ usb_submit_urb(urb) call returns immediately after it has successfully queued
+ the requested action.
+
+- Transfers for one URB can be canceled with usb_unlink_urb(urb) at any time.
+
+- Each URB has a completion handler, which is called after the action
+ has been successfully completed or canceled. The URB also contains a
+ context-pointer for passing information to the completion handler.
+
+- Each endpoint for a device logically supports a queue of requests.
+ You can fill that queue, so that the USB hardware can still transfer
+ data to an endpoint while your driver handles completion of another.
+ This maximizes use of USB bandwidth, and supports seamless streaming
+ of data to (or from) devices when using periodic transfer modes.
+
+
+1.2. The URB structure
+
+Some of the fields in an URB are:
+
+struct urb
+{
+// (IN) device and pipe specify the endpoint queue
+ struct usb_device *dev; // pointer to associated USB device
+ unsigned int pipe; // endpoint information
+
+ unsigned int transfer_flags; // ISO_ASAP, SHORT_NOT_OK, etc.
+
+// (IN) all urbs need completion routines
+ void *context; // context for completion routine
+ void (*complete)(struct urb *); // pointer to completion routine
+
+// (OUT) status after each completion
+ int status; // returned status
+
+// (IN) buffer used for data transfers
+ void *transfer_buffer; // associated data buffer
+ int transfer_buffer_length; // data buffer length
+ int number_of_packets; // size of iso_frame_desc
+
+// (OUT) sometimes only part of CTRL/BULK/INTR transfer_buffer is used
+ int actual_length; // actual data buffer length
+
+// (IN) setup stage for CTRL (pass a struct usb_ctrlrequest)
+ unsigned char* setup_packet; // setup packet (control only)
+
+// Only for PERIODIC transfers (ISO, INTERRUPT)
+ // (IN/OUT) start_frame is set unless ISO_ASAP isn't set
+ int start_frame; // start frame
+ int interval; // polling interval
+
+ // ISO only: packets are only "best effort"; each can have errors
+ int error_count; // number of errors
+ struct usb_iso_packet_descriptor iso_frame_desc[0];
+};
+
+Your driver must create the "pipe" value using values from the appropriate
+endpoint descriptor in an interface that it's claimed.
+
+
+1.3. How to get an URB?
+
+URBs are allocated with the following call
+
+ struct urb *usb_alloc_urb(int isoframes, int mem_flags)
+
+Return value is a pointer to the allocated URB, 0 if allocation failed.
+The parameter isoframes specifies the number of isochronous transfer frames
+you want to schedule. For CTRL/BULK/INT, use 0. The mem_flags parameter
+holds standard memory allocation flags, letting you control (among other
+things) whether the underlying code may block or not.
+
+To free an URB, use
+
+ void usb_free_urb(struct urb *urb)
+
+You may not free an urb that you've submitted, but which hasn't yet been
+returned to you in a completion callback.
+
+
+1.4. What has to be filled in?
+
+Depending on the type of transaction, there are some inline functions
+defined in <linux/usb.h> to simplify the initialization, such as
+fill_control_urb() and fill_bulk_urb(). In general, they need the usb
+device pointer, the pipe (usual format from usb.h), the transfer buffer,
+the desired transfer length, the completion handler, and its context.
+Take a look at the some existing drivers to see how they're used.
+
+Flags:
+For ISO there are two startup behaviors: Specified start_frame or ASAP.
+For ASAP set URB_ISO_ASAP in transfer_flags.
+
+If short packets should NOT be tolerated, set URB_SHORT_NOT_OK in
+transfer_flags.
+
+
+1.5. How to submit an URB?
+
+Just call
+
+ int usb_submit_urb(struct urb *urb, int mem_flags)
+
+The mem_flags parameter, such as SLAB_ATOMIC, controls memory allocation,
+such as whether the lower levels may block when memory is tight.
+
+It immediately returns, either with status 0 (request queued) or some
+error code, usually caused by the following:
+
+- Out of memory (-ENOMEM)
+- Unplugged device (-ENODEV)
+- Stalled endpoint (-EPIPE)
+- Too many queued ISO transfers (-EAGAIN)
+- Too many requested ISO frames (-EFBIG)
+- Invalid INT interval (-EINVAL)
+- More than one packet for INT (-EINVAL)
+
+After submission, urb->status is -EINPROGRESS; however, you should never
+look at that value except in your completion callback.
+
+For isochronous endpoints, your completion handlers should (re)submit
+URBs to the same endpoint with the ISO_ASAP flag, using multi-buffering,
+to get seamless ISO streaming.
+
+
+1.6. How to cancel an already running URB?
+
+For an URB which you've submitted, but which hasn't been returned to
+your driver by the host controller, call
+
+ int usb_unlink_urb(struct urb *urb)
+
+It removes the urb from the internal list and frees all allocated
+HW descriptors. The status is changed to reflect unlinking. After
+usb_unlink_urb() returns with that status code, you can free the URB
+with usb_free_urb().
+
+There is also an asynchronous unlink mode. To use this, set the
+the URB_ASYNC_UNLINK flag in urb->transfer flags before calling
+usb_unlink_urb(). When using async unlinking, the URB will not
+normally be unlinked when usb_unlink_urb() returns. Instead, wait
+for the completion handler to be called.
+
+
+1.7. What about the completion handler?
+
+The handler is of the following type:
+
+ typedef void (*usb_complete_t)(struct urb *);
+
+i.e. it gets just the URB that caused the completion call.
+In the completion handler, you should have a look at urb->status to
+detect any USB errors. Since the context parameter is included in the URB,
+you can pass information to the completion handler.
+
+Note that even when an error (or unlink) is reported, data may have been
+transferred. That's because USB transfers are packetized; it might take
+sixteen packets to transfer your 1KByte buffer, and ten of them might
+have transferred succesfully before the completion is called.
+
+
+NOTE: ***** WARNING *****
+Don't use urb->dev field in your completion handler; it's cleared
+as part of giving urbs back to drivers. (Addressing an issue with
+ownership of periodic URBs, which was otherwise ambiguous.) Instead,
+use urb->context to hold all the data your driver needs.
+
+NOTE: ***** WARNING *****
+Also, NEVER SLEEP IN A COMPLETION HANDLER. These are normally called
+during hardware interrupt processing. If you can, defer substantial
+work to a tasklet (bottom half) to keep system latencies low. You'll
+probably need to use spinlocks to protect data structures you manipulate
+in completion handlers.
+
+
+1.8. How to do isochronous (ISO) transfers?
+
+For ISO transfers you have to fill a usb_iso_packet_descriptor structure,
+allocated at the end of the URB by usb_alloc_urb(n,mem_flags), for each
+packet you want to schedule. You also have to set urb->interval to say
+how often to make transfers; it's often one per frame (which is once
+every microframe for highspeed devices). The actual interval used will
+be a power of two that's no bigger than what you specify.
+
+The usb_submit_urb() call modifies urb->interval to the implemented interval
+value that is less than or equal to the requested interval value. If
+ISO_ASAP scheduling is used, urb->start_frame is also updated.
+
+For each entry you have to specify the data offset for this frame (base is
+transfer_buffer), and the length you want to write/expect to read.
+After completion, actual_length contains the actual transferred length and
+status contains the resulting status for the ISO transfer for this frame.
+It is allowed to specify a varying length from frame to frame (e.g. for
+audio synchronisation/adaptive transfer rates). You can also use the length
+0 to omit one or more frames (striping).
+
+For scheduling you can choose your own start frame or ISO_ASAP. As explained
+earlier, if you always keep at least one URB queued and your completion
+keeps (re)submitting a later URB, you'll get smooth ISO streaming (if usb
+bandwidth utilization allows).
+
+If you specify your own start frame, make sure it's several frames in advance
+of the current frame. You might want this model if you're synchronizing
+ISO data with some other event stream.
+
+
+1.9. How to start interrupt (INT) transfers?
+
+Interrupt transfers, like isochronous transfers, are periodic, and happen
+in intervals that are powers of two (1, 2, 4 etc) units. Units are frames
+for full and low speed devices, and microframes for high speed ones.
+
+Currently, after you submit one interrupt URB, that urb is owned by the
+host controller driver until you cancel it with usb_unlink_urb(). You
+may unlink interrupt urbs in their completion handlers, if you need to.
+
+After a transfer completion is called, the URB is automagically resubmitted.
+THIS BEHAVIOR IS EXPECTED TO BE REMOVED!!
+
+Interrupt transfers may only send (or receive) the "maxpacket" value for
+the given interrupt endpoint; if you need more data, you will need to
+copy that data out of (or into) another buffer. Similarly, you can't
+queue interrupt transfers.
+THESE RESTRICTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE REMOVED!!
+
+Note that this automagic resubmission model does make it awkward to use
+interrupt OUT transfers. The portable solution involves unlinking those
+OUT urbs after the data is transferred, and perhaps submitting a final
+URB for a short packet.
+
+The usb_submit_urb() call modifies urb->interval to the implemented interval
+value that is less than or equal to the requested interval value.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/acm.txt b/Documentation/usb/acm.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ef45ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/acm.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+ Linux ACM driver v0.16
+ (c) 1999 Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>
+ Sponsored by SuSE
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+0. Disclaimer
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
+any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
+more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59
+Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+
+ Should you need to contact me, the author, you can do so either by e-mail
+- mail your message to <vojtech@suse.cz>, or by paper mail: Vojtech Pavlik,
+Ucitelska 1576, Prague 8, 182 00 Czech Republic
+
+ For your convenience, the GNU General Public License version 2 is included
+in the package: See the file COPYING.
+
+1. Usage
+~~~~~~~~
+ The drivers/usb/class/cdc-acm.c drivers works with USB modems and USB ISDN terminal
+adapters that conform to the Universal Serial Bus Communication Device Class
+Abstract Control Model (USB CDC ACM) specification.
+
+ Many modems do, here is a list of those I know of:
+
+ 3Com OfficeConnect 56k
+ 3Com Voice FaxModem Pro
+ 3Com Sportster
+ MultiTech MultiModem 56k
+ Zoom 2986L FaxModem
+ Compaq 56k FaxModem
+ ELSA Microlink 56k
+
+ I know of one ISDN TA that does work with the acm driver:
+
+ 3Com USR ISDN Pro TA
+
+ Unfortunately many modems and most ISDN TAs use proprietary interfaces and
+thus won't work with this drivers. Check for ACM compliance before buying.
+
+ The driver (with devfs) creates these devices in /dev/usb/acm:
+
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 166, 0 Apr 1 10:49 0
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 166, 1 Apr 1 10:49 1
+ crw-r--r-- 1 root root 166, 2 Apr 1 10:49 2
+
+ And so on, up to 31, with the limit being possible to change in acm.c to up
+to 256, so you can use up to 256 USB modems with one computer (you'll need
+three USB cards for that, though).
+
+ If you don't use devfs, then you can create device nodes with the same
+minor/major numbers anywhere you want, but either the above location or
+/dev/usb/ttyACM0 is preferred.
+
+ To use the modems you need these modules loaded:
+
+ usbcore.ko
+ uhci-hcd.ko ohci-hcd.ko or ehci-hcd.ko
+ cdc-acm.ko
+
+ After that, the modem[s] should be accessible. You should be able to use
+minicom, ppp and mgetty with them.
+
+2. Verifying that it works
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ The first step would be to check /proc/bus/usb/devices, it should look
+like this:
+
+T: Bus=01 Lev=00 Prnt=00 Port=00 Cnt=00 Dev#= 1 Spd=12 MxCh= 2
+B: Alloc= 0/900 us ( 0%), #Int= 0, #Iso= 0
+D: Ver= 1.00 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs= 1
+P: Vendor=0000 ProdID=0000 Rev= 0.00
+S: Product=USB UHCI Root Hub
+S: SerialNumber=6800
+C:* #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=40 MxPwr= 0mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=hub
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 8 Ivl=255ms
+T: Bus=01 Lev=01 Prnt=01 Port=01 Cnt=01 Dev#= 2 Spd=12 MxCh= 0
+D: Ver= 1.00 Cls=02(comm.) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs= 2
+P: Vendor=04c1 ProdID=008f Rev= 2.07
+S: Manufacturer=3Com Inc.
+S: Product=3Com U.S. Robotics Pro ISDN TA
+S: SerialNumber=UFT53A49BVT7
+C: #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=60 MxPwr= 0mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 3 Cls=ff(vend.) Sub=ff Prot=ff Driver=acm
+E: Ad=85(I) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 64 Ivl= 0ms
+E: Ad=04(O) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 64 Ivl= 0ms
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 16 Ivl=128ms
+C:* #Ifs= 2 Cfg#= 2 Atr=60 MxPwr= 0mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=02(comm.) Sub=02 Prot=01 Driver=acm
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 16 Ivl=128ms
+I: If#= 1 Alt= 0 #EPs= 2 Cls=0a(data ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=acm
+E: Ad=85(I) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 64 Ivl= 0ms
+E: Ad=04(O) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 64 Ivl= 0ms
+
+The presence of these three lines (and the Cls= 'comm' and 'data' classes)
+is important, it means it's an ACM device. The Driver=acm means the acm
+driver is used for the device. If you see only Cls=ff(vend.) then you're out
+of luck, you have a device with vendor specific-interface.
+
+D: Ver= 1.00 Cls=02(comm.) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs= 2
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=02(comm.) Sub=02 Prot=01 Driver=acm
+I: If#= 1 Alt= 0 #EPs= 2 Cls=0a(data ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=acm
+
+In the system log you should see:
+
+usb.c: USB new device connect, assigned device number 2
+usb.c: kmalloc IF c7691fa0, numif 1
+usb.c: kmalloc IF c7b5f3e0, numif 2
+usb.c: skipped 4 class/vendor specific interface descriptors
+usb.c: new device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
+usb.c: USB device number 2 default language ID 0x409
+Manufacturer: 3Com Inc.
+Product: 3Com U.S. Robotics Pro ISDN TA
+SerialNumber: UFT53A49BVT7
+acm.c: probing config 1
+acm.c: probing config 2
+ttyACM0: USB ACM device
+acm.c: acm_control_msg: rq: 0x22 val: 0x0 len: 0x0 result: 0
+acm.c: acm_control_msg: rq: 0x20 val: 0x0 len: 0x7 result: 7
+usb.c: acm driver claimed interface c7b5f3e0
+usb.c: acm driver claimed interface c7b5f3f8
+usb.c: acm driver claimed interface c7691fa0
+
+If all this seems to be OK, fire up minicom and set it to talk to the ttyACM
+device and try typing 'at'. If it responds with 'OK', then everything is
+working.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/auerswald.txt b/Documentation/usb/auerswald.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ee4d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/auerswald.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+ Auerswald USB kernel driver
+ ===========================
+
+What is it? What can I do with it?
+==================================
+The auerswald USB kernel driver connects your linux 2.4.x
+system to the auerswald usb-enabled devices.
+
+There are two types of auerswald usb devices:
+a) small PBX systems (ISDN)
+b) COMfort system telephones (ISDN)
+
+The driver installation creates the devices
+/dev/usb/auer0..15. These devices carry a vendor-
+specific protocol. You may run all auerswald java
+software on it. The java software needs a native
+library "libAuerUsbJNINative.so" installed on
+your system. This library is available from
+auerswald and shipped as part of the java software.
+
+You may create the devices with:
+ mknod -m 666 /dev/usb/auer0 c 180 112
+ ...
+ mknod -m 666 /dev/usb/auer15 c 180 127
+
+Future plans
+============
+- Connection to ISDN4LINUX (the hisax interface)
+
+The maintainer of this driver is wolfgang@iksw-muees.de
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/bluetooth.txt b/Documentation/usb/bluetooth.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..774f5d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/bluetooth.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+INTRODUCTION
+
+ The USB Bluetooth driver supports any USB Bluetooth device.
+ It currently works well with the Linux USB Bluetooth stack from Axis
+ (available at http://developer.axis.com/software/bluetooth/ ) and
+ has been rumored to work with other Linux USB Bluetooth stacks.
+
+
+CONFIGURATION
+
+ Currently the driver can handle up to 256 different USB Bluetooth
+ devices at once.
+
+ If you are not using devfs:
+ The major number that the driver uses is 216 so to use the driver,
+ create the following nodes:
+ mknod /dev/ttyUB0 c 216 0
+ mknod /dev/ttyUB1 c 216 1
+ mknod /dev/ttyUB2 c 216 2
+ mknod /dev/ttyUB3 c 216 3
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ mknod /dev/ttyUB254 c 216 254
+ mknod /dev/ttyUB255 c 216 255
+
+ If you are using devfs:
+ The devices supported by this driver will show up as
+ /dev/usb/ttub/{0,1,...}
+
+ When the device is connected and recognized by the driver, the driver
+ will print to the system log, which node the device has been bound to.
+
+
+CONTACT:
+
+ If anyone has any problems using this driver, please contact me, or
+ join the Linux-USB mailing list (information on joining the mailing
+ list, as well as a link to its searchable archive is at
+ http://www.linux-usb.org/ )
+
+
+Greg Kroah-Hartman
+greg@kroah.com
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/dma.txt b/Documentation/usb/dma.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62844ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/dma.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+In Linux 2.5 kernels (and later), USB device drivers have additional control
+over how DMA may be used to perform I/O operations. The APIs are detailed
+in the kernel usb programming guide (kerneldoc, from the source code).
+
+
+API OVERVIEW
+
+The big picture is that USB drivers can continue to ignore most DMA issues,
+though they still must provide DMA-ready buffers (see DMA-mapping.txt).
+That's how they've worked through the 2.4 (and earlier) kernels.
+
+OR: they can now be DMA-aware.
+
+- New calls enable DMA-aware drivers, letting them allocate dma buffers and
+ manage dma mappings for existing dma-ready buffers (see below).
+
+- URBs have an additional "transfer_dma" field, as well as a transfer_flags
+ bit saying if it's valid. (Control requests also have "setup_dma" and a
+ corresponding transfer_flags bit.)
+
+- "usbcore" will map those DMA addresses, if a DMA-aware driver didn't do
+ it first and set URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP or URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP. HCDs
+ don't manage dma mappings for URBs.
+
+- There's a new "generic DMA API", parts of which are usable by USB device
+ drivers. Never use dma_set_mask() on any USB interface or device; that
+ would potentially break all devices sharing that bus.
+
+
+ELIMINATING COPIES
+
+It's good to avoid making CPUs copy data needlessly. The costs can add up,
+and effects like cache-trashing can impose subtle penalties.
+
+- When you're allocating a buffer for DMA purposes anyway, use the buffer
+ primitives. Think of them as kmalloc and kfree that give you the right
+ kind of addresses to store in urb->transfer_buffer and urb->transfer_dma,
+ while guaranteeing that no hidden copies through DMA "bounce" buffers will
+ slow things down. You'd also set URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP in
+ urb->transfer_flags:
+
+ void *usb_buffer_alloc (struct usb_device *dev, size_t size,
+ int mem_flags, dma_addr_t *dma);
+
+ void usb_buffer_free (struct usb_device *dev, size_t size,
+ void *addr, dma_addr_t dma);
+
+ For control transfers you can use the buffer primitives or not for each
+ of the transfer buffer and setup buffer independently. Set the flag bits
+ URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP and URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP to indicate which
+ buffers you have prepared. For non-control transfers URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP
+ is ignored.
+
+ The memory buffer returned is "dma-coherent"; sometimes you might need to
+ force a consistent memory access ordering by using memory barriers. It's
+ not using a streaming DMA mapping, so it's good for small transfers on
+ systems where the I/O would otherwise tie up an IOMMU mapping. (See
+ Documentation/DMA-mapping.txt for definitions of "coherent" and "streaming"
+ DMA mappings.)
+
+ Asking for 1/Nth of a page (as well as asking for N pages) is reasonably
+ space-efficient.
+
+- Devices on some EHCI controllers could handle DMA to/from high memory.
+ Driver probe() routines can notice this using a generic DMA call, then
+ tell higher level code (network, scsi, etc) about it like this:
+
+ if (dma_supported (&intf->dev, 0xffffffffffffffffULL))
+ net->features |= NETIF_F_HIGHDMA;
+
+ That can eliminate dma bounce buffering of requests that originate (or
+ terminate) in high memory, in cases where the buffers aren't allocated
+ with usb_buffer_alloc() but instead are dma-mapped.
+
+
+WORKING WITH EXISTING BUFFERS
+
+Existing buffers aren't usable for DMA without first being mapped into the
+DMA address space of the device.
+
+- When you're using scatterlists, you can map everything at once. On some
+ systems, this kicks in an IOMMU and turns the scatterlists into single
+ DMA transactions:
+
+ int usb_buffer_map_sg (struct usb_device *dev, unsigned pipe,
+ struct scatterlist *sg, int nents);
+
+ void usb_buffer_dmasync_sg (struct usb_device *dev, unsigned pipe,
+ struct scatterlist *sg, int n_hw_ents);
+
+ void usb_buffer_unmap_sg (struct usb_device *dev, unsigned pipe,
+ struct scatterlist *sg, int n_hw_ents);
+
+ It's probably easier to use the new usb_sg_*() calls, which do the DMA
+ mapping and apply other tweaks to make scatterlist i/o be fast.
+
+- Some drivers may prefer to work with the model that they're mapping large
+ buffers, synchronizing their safe re-use. (If there's no re-use, then let
+ usbcore do the map/unmap.) Large periodic transfers make good examples
+ here, since it's cheaper to just synchronize the buffer than to unmap it
+ each time an urb completes and then re-map it on during resubmission.
+
+ These calls all work with initialized urbs: urb->dev, urb->pipe,
+ urb->transfer_buffer, and urb->transfer_buffer_length must all be
+ valid when these calls are used (urb->setup_packet must be valid too
+ if urb is a control request):
+
+ struct urb *usb_buffer_map (struct urb *urb);
+
+ void usb_buffer_dmasync (struct urb *urb);
+
+ void usb_buffer_unmap (struct urb *urb);
+
+ The calls manage urb->transfer_dma for you, and set URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP
+ so that usbcore won't map or unmap the buffer. The same goes for
+ urb->setup_dma and URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP for control requests.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/ehci.txt b/Documentation/usb/ehci.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1536b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/ehci.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+27-Dec-2002
+
+The EHCI driver is used to talk to high speed USB 2.0 devices using
+USB 2.0-capable host controller hardware. The USB 2.0 standard is
+compatible with the USB 1.1 standard. It defines three transfer speeds:
+
+ - "High Speed" 480 Mbit/sec (60 MByte/sec)
+ - "Full Speed" 12 Mbit/sec (1.5 MByte/sec)
+ - "Low Speed" 1.5 Mbit/sec
+
+USB 1.1 only addressed full speed and low speed. High speed devices
+can be used on USB 1.1 systems, but they slow down to USB 1.1 speeds.
+
+USB 1.1 devices may also be used on USB 2.0 systems. When plugged
+into an EHCI controller, they are given to a USB 1.1 "companion"
+controller, which is a OHCI or UHCI controller as normally used with
+such devices. When USB 1.1 devices plug into USB 2.0 hubs, they
+interact with the EHCI controller through a "Transaction Translator"
+(TT) in the hub, which turns low or full speed transactions into
+high speed "split transactions" that don't waste transfer bandwidth.
+
+At this writing, this driver has been seen to work with implementations
+of EHCI from (in alphabetical order): Intel, NEC, Philips, and VIA.
+Other EHCI implementations are becoming available from other vendors;
+you should expect this driver to work with them too.
+
+While usb-storage devices have been available since mid-2001 (working
+quite speedily on the 2.4 version of this driver), hubs have only
+been available since late 2001, and other kinds of high speed devices
+appear to be on hold until more systems come with USB 2.0 built-in.
+Such new systems have been available since early 2002, and became much
+more typical in the second half of 2002.
+
+Note that USB 2.0 support involves more than just EHCI. It requires
+other changes to the Linux-USB core APIs, including the hub driver,
+but those changes haven't needed to really change the basic "usbcore"
+APIs exposed to USB device drivers.
+
+- David Brownell
+ <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
+
+
+FUNCTIONALITY
+
+This driver is regularly tested on x86 hardware, and has also been
+used on PPC hardware so big/little endianness issues should be gone.
+It's believed to do all the right PCI magic so that I/O works even on
+systems with interesting DMA mapping issues.
+
+Transfer Types
+
+At this writing the driver should comfortably handle all control, bulk,
+and interrupt transfers, including requests to USB 1.1 devices through
+transaction translators (TTs) in USB 2.0 hubs. But you may find bugs.
+
+High Speed Isochronous (ISO) transfer support is also functional, but
+at this writing no Linux drivers have been using that support.
+
+Full Speed Isochronous transfer support, through transaction translators,
+is not yet available. Note that split transaction support for ISO
+transfers can't share much code with the code for high speed ISO transfers,
+since EHCI represents these with a different data structure. So for now,
+most USB audio and video devices can't be connected to high speed buses.
+
+Driver Behavior
+
+Transfers of all types can be queued. This means that control transfers
+from a driver on one interface (or through usbfs) won't interfere with
+ones from another driver, and that interrupt transfers can use periods
+of one frame without risking data loss due to interrupt processing costs.
+
+The EHCI root hub code hands off USB 1.1 devices to its companion
+controller. This driver doesn't need to know anything about those
+drivers; a OHCI or UHCI driver that works already doesn't need to change
+just because the EHCI driver is also present.
+
+There are some issues with power management; suspend/resume doesn't
+behave quite right at the moment.
+
+Also, some shortcuts have been taken with the scheduling periodic
+transactions (interrupt and isochronous transfers). These place some
+limits on the number of periodic transactions that can be scheduled,
+and prevent use of polling intervals of less than one frame.
+
+
+USE BY
+
+Assuming you have an EHCI controller (on a PCI card or motherboard)
+and have compiled this driver as a module, load this like:
+
+ # modprobe ehci-hcd
+
+and remove it by:
+
+ # rmmod ehci-hcd
+
+You should also have a driver for a "companion controller", such as
+"ohci-hcd" or "uhci-hcd". In case of any trouble with the EHCI driver,
+remove its module and then the driver for that companion controller will
+take over (at lower speed) all the devices that were previously handled
+by the EHCI driver.
+
+Module parameters (pass to "modprobe") include:
+
+ log2_irq_thresh (default 0):
+ Log2 of default interrupt delay, in microframes. The default
+ value is 0, indicating 1 microframe (125 usec). Maximum value
+ is 6, indicating 2^6 = 64 microframes. This controls how often
+ the EHCI controller can issue interrupts.
+
+If you're using this driver on a 2.5 kernel, and you've enabled USB
+debugging support, you'll see three files in the "sysfs" directory for
+any EHCI controller:
+
+ "async" dumps the asynchronous schedule, used for control
+ and bulk transfers. Shows each active qh and the qtds
+ pending, usually one qtd per urb. (Look at it with
+ usb-storage doing disk I/O; watch the request queues!)
+ "periodic" dumps the periodic schedule, used for interrupt
+ and isochronous transfers. Doesn't show qtds.
+ "registers" show controller register state, and
+
+The contents of those files can help identify driver problems.
+
+
+Device drivers shouldn't care whether they're running over EHCI or not,
+but they may want to check for "usb_device->speed == USB_SPEED_HIGH".
+High speed devices can do things that full speed (or low speed) ones
+can't, such as "high bandwidth" periodic (interrupt or ISO) transfers.
+Also, some values in device descriptors (such as polling intervals for
+periodic transfers) use different encodings when operating at high speed.
+
+However, do make a point of testing device drivers through USB 2.0 hubs.
+Those hubs report some failures, such as disconnections, differently when
+transaction translators are in use; some drivers have been seen to behave
+badly when they see different faults than OHCI or UHCI report.
+
+
+PERFORMANCE
+
+USB 2.0 throughput is gated by two main factors: how fast the host
+controller can process requests, and how fast devices can respond to
+them. The 480 Mbit/sec "raw transfer rate" is obeyed by all devices,
+but aggregate throughput is also affected by issues like delays between
+individual high speed packets, driver intelligence, and of course the
+overall system load. Latency is also a performance concern.
+
+Bulk transfers are most often used where throughput is an issue. It's
+good to keep in mind that bulk transfers are always in 512 byte packets,
+and at most 13 of those fit into one USB 2.0 microframe. Eight USB 2.0
+microframes fit in a USB 1.1 frame; a microframe is 1 msec/8 = 125 usec.
+
+So more than 50 MByte/sec is available for bulk transfers, when both
+hardware and device driver software allow it. Periodic transfer modes
+(isochronous and interrupt) allow the larger packet sizes which let you
+approach the quoted 480 MBit/sec transfer rate.
+
+Hardware Performance
+
+At this writing, individual USB 2.0 devices tend to max out at around
+20 MByte/sec transfer rates. This is of course subject to change;
+and some devices now go faster, while others go slower.
+
+The first NEC implementation of EHCI seems to have a hardware bottleneck
+at around 28 MByte/sec aggregate transfer rate. While this is clearly
+enough for a single device at 20 MByte/sec, putting three such devices
+onto one bus does not get you 60 MByte/sec. The issue appears to be
+that the controller hardware won't do concurrent USB and PCI access,
+so that it's only trying six (or maybe seven) USB transactions each
+microframe rather than thirteen. (Seems like a reasonable trade off
+for a product that beat all the others to market by over a year!)
+
+It's expected that newer implementations will better this, throwing
+more silicon real estate at the problem so that new motherboard chip
+sets will get closer to that 60 MByte/sec target. That includes an
+updated implementation from NEC, as well as other vendors' silicon.
+
+There's a minimum latency of one microframe (125 usec) for the host
+to receive interrupts from the EHCI controller indicating completion
+of requests. That latency is tunable; there's a module option. By
+default ehci-hcd driver uses the minimum latency, which means that if
+you issue a control or bulk request you can often expect to learn that
+it completed in less than 250 usec (depending on transfer size).
+
+Software Performance
+
+To get even 20 MByte/sec transfer rates, Linux-USB device drivers will
+need to keep the EHCI queue full. That means issuing large requests,
+or using bulk queuing if a series of small requests needs to be issued.
+When drivers don't do that, their performance results will show it.
+
+In typical situations, a usb_bulk_msg() loop writing out 4 KB chunks is
+going to waste more than half the USB 2.0 bandwidth. Delays between the
+I/O completion and the driver issuing the next request will take longer
+than the I/O. If that same loop used 16 KB chunks, it'd be better; a
+sequence of 128 KB chunks would waste a lot less.
+
+But rather than depending on such large I/O buffers to make synchronous
+I/O be efficient, it's better to just queue up several (bulk) requests
+to the HC, and wait for them all to complete (or be canceled on error).
+Such URB queuing should work with all the USB 1.1 HC drivers too.
+
+In the Linux 2.5 kernels, new usb_sg_*() api calls have been defined; they
+queue all the buffers from a scatterlist. They also use scatterlist DMA
+mapping (which might apply an IOMMU) and IRQ reduction, all of which will
+help make high speed transfers run as fast as they can.
+
+
+TBD: Interrupt and ISO transfer performance issues. Those periodic
+transfers are fully scheduled, so the main issue is likely to be how
+to trigger "high bandwidth" modes.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/error-codes.txt b/Documentation/usb/error-codes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e36f16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/error-codes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+Revised: 2004-Oct-21
+
+This is the documentation of (hopefully) all possible error codes (and
+their interpretation) that can be returned from usbcore.
+
+Some of them are returned by the Host Controller Drivers (HCDs), which
+device drivers only see through usbcore. As a rule, all the HCDs should
+behave the same except for transfer speed dependent behaviors and the
+way certain faults are reported.
+
+
+**************************************************************************
+* Error codes returned by usb_submit_urb *
+**************************************************************************
+
+Non-USB-specific:
+
+0 URB submission went fine
+
+-ENOMEM no memory for allocation of internal structures
+
+USB-specific:
+
+-ENODEV specified USB-device or bus doesn't exist
+
+-ENOENT specified interface or endpoint does not exist or
+ is not enabled
+
+-ENXIO host controller driver does not support queuing of this type
+ of urb. (treat as a host controller bug.)
+
+-EINVAL a) Invalid transfer type specified (or not supported)
+ b) Invalid or unsupported periodic transfer interval
+ c) ISO: attempted to change transfer interval
+ d) ISO: number_of_packets is < 0
+ e) various other cases
+
+-EAGAIN a) specified ISO start frame too early
+ b) (using ISO-ASAP) too much scheduled for the future
+ wait some time and try again.
+
+-EFBIG Host controller driver can't schedule that many ISO frames.
+
+-EPIPE Specified endpoint is stalled. For non-control endpoints,
+ reset this status with usb_clear_halt().
+
+-EMSGSIZE (a) endpoint maxpacket size is zero; it is not usable
+ in the current interface altsetting.
+ (b) ISO packet is biger than endpoint maxpacket
+ (c) requested data transfer size is invalid (negative)
+
+-ENOSPC This request would overcommit the usb bandwidth reserved
+ for periodic transfers (interrupt, isochronous).
+
+-ESHUTDOWN The device or host controller has been disabled due to some
+ problem that could not be worked around.
+
+-EPERM Submission failed because urb->reject was set.
+
+-EHOSTUNREACH URB was rejected because the device is suspended.
+
+
+**************************************************************************
+* Error codes returned by in urb->status *
+* or in iso_frame_desc[n].status (for ISO) *
+**************************************************************************
+
+USB device drivers may only test urb status values in completion handlers.
+This is because otherwise there would be a race between HCDs updating
+these values on one CPU, and device drivers testing them on another CPU.
+
+A transfer's actual_length may be positive even when an error has been
+reported. That's because transfers often involve several packets, so that
+one or more packets could finish before an error stops further endpoint I/O.
+
+
+0 Transfer completed successfully
+
+-ENOENT URB was synchronously unlinked by usb_unlink_urb
+
+-EINPROGRESS URB still pending, no results yet
+ (That is, if drivers see this it's a bug.)
+
+-EPROTO (*, **) a) bitstuff error
+ b) no response packet received within the
+ prescribed bus turn-around time
+ c) unknown USB error
+
+-EILSEQ (*, **) a) CRC mismatch
+ b) no response packet received within the
+ prescribed bus turn-around time
+ c) unknown USB error
+
+ Note that often the controller hardware does not
+ distinguish among cases a), b), and c), so a
+ driver cannot tell whether there was a protocol
+ error, a failure to respond (often caused by
+ device disconnect), or some other fault.
+
+-ETIMEDOUT (**) No response packet received within the prescribed
+ bus turn-around time. This error may instead be
+ reported as -EPROTO or -EILSEQ.
+
+ Note that the synchronous USB message functions
+ also use this code to indicate timeout expired
+ before the transfer completed.
+
+-EPIPE (**) Endpoint stalled. For non-control endpoints,
+ reset this status with usb_clear_halt().
+
+-ECOMM During an IN transfer, the host controller
+ received data from an endpoint faster than it
+ could be written to system memory
+
+-ENOSR During an OUT transfer, the host controller
+ could not retrieve data from system memory fast
+ enough to keep up with the USB data rate
+
+-EOVERFLOW (*) The amount of data returned by the endpoint was
+ greater than either the max packet size of the
+ endpoint or the remaining buffer size. "Babble".
+
+-EREMOTEIO The data read from the endpoint did not fill the
+ specified buffer, and URB_SHORT_NOT_OK was set in
+ urb->transfer_flags.
+
+-ENODEV Device was removed. Often preceded by a burst of
+ other errors, since the hub driver does't detect
+ device removal events immediately.
+
+-EXDEV ISO transfer only partially completed
+ look at individual frame status for details
+
+-EINVAL ISO madness, if this happens: Log off and go home
+
+-ECONNRESET URB was asynchronously unlinked by usb_unlink_urb
+
+-ESHUTDOWN The device or host controller has been disabled due
+ to some problem that could not be worked around,
+ such as a physical disconnect.
+
+
+(*) Error codes like -EPROTO, -EILSEQ and -EOVERFLOW normally indicate
+hardware problems such as bad devices (including firmware) or cables.
+
+(**) This is also one of several codes that different kinds of host
+controller use to to indicate a transfer has failed because of device
+disconnect. In the interval before the hub driver starts disconnect
+processing, devices may receive such fault reports for every request.
+
+
+
+**************************************************************************
+* Error codes returned by usbcore-functions *
+* (expect also other submit and transfer status codes) *
+**************************************************************************
+
+usb_register():
+-EINVAL error during registering new driver
+
+usb_get_*/usb_set_*():
+usb_control_msg():
+usb_bulk_msg():
+-ETIMEDOUT Timeout expired before the transfer completed.
+ In the future this code may change to -ETIME,
+ whose definition is a closer match to this sort
+ of error.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/gadget_serial.txt b/Documentation/usb/gadget_serial.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a938c3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/gadget_serial.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+
+ Linux Gadget Serial Driver v2.0
+ 11/20/2004
+
+
+License and Disclaimer
+----------------------
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
+Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+MA 02111-1307 USA.
+
+This document and the the gadget serial driver itself are
+Copyright (C) 2004 by Al Borchers (alborchers@steinerpoint.com).
+
+If you have questions, problems, or suggestions for this driver
+please contact Al Borchers at alborchers@steinerpoint.com.
+
+
+Prerequisites
+-------------
+Versions of the gadget serial driver are available for the
+2.4 Linux kernels, but this document assumes you are using
+version 2.0 or later of the gadget serial driver in a 2.6
+Linux kernel.
+
+This document assumes that you are familiar with Linux and
+Windows and know how to configure and build Linux kernels, run
+standard utilities, use minicom and HyperTerminal, and work with
+USB and serial devices. It also assumes you configure the Linux
+gadget and usb drivers as modules.
+
+
+Overview
+--------
+The gadget serial driver is a Linux USB gadget driver, a USB device
+side driver. It runs on a Linux system that has USB device side
+hardware; for example, a PDA, an embedded Linux system, or a PC
+with a USB development card.
+
+The gadget serial driver talks over USB to either a CDC ACM driver
+or a generic USB serial driver running on a host PC.
+
+ Host
+ --------------------------------------
+ | Host-Side CDC ACM USB Host |
+ | Operating | or | Controller | USB
+ | System | Generic USB | Driver |--------
+ | (Linux or | Serial | and | |
+ | Windows) Driver USB Stack | |
+ -------------------------------------- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ Gadget |
+ -------------------------------------- |
+ | Gadget USB Periph. | |
+ | Device-Side | Gadget | Controller | |
+ | Linux | Serial | Driver |--------
+ | Operating | Driver | and |
+ | System USB Stack |
+ --------------------------------------
+
+On the device-side Linux system, the gadget serial driver looks
+like a serial device.
+
+On the host-side system, the gadget serial device looks like a
+CDC ACM compliant class device or a simple vendor specific device
+with bulk in and bulk out endpoints, and it is treated similarly
+to other serial devices.
+
+The host side driver can potentially be any ACM compliant driver
+or any driver that can talk to a device with a simple bulk in/out
+interface. Gadget serial has been tested with the Linux ACM driver,
+the Windows usbser.sys ACM driver, and the Linux USB generic serial
+driver.
+
+With the gadget serial driver and the host side ACM or generic
+serial driver running, you should be able to communicate between
+the host and the gadget side systems as if they were connected by a
+serial cable.
+
+The gadget serial driver only provides simple unreliable data
+communication. It does not yet handle flow control or many other
+features of normal serial devices.
+
+
+Installing the Gadget Serial Driver
+-----------------------------------
+To use the gadget serial driver you must configure the Linux gadget
+side kernel for "Support for USB Gadgets", for a "USB Peripheral
+Controller" (for example, net2280), and for the "Serial Gadget"
+driver. All this are listed under "USB Gadget Support" when
+configuring the kernel. Then rebuild and install the kernel or
+modules.
+
+The gadget serial driver uses major number 127, for now. So you
+will need to create a device node for it, like this:
+
+ mknod /dev/ttygserial c 127 0
+
+You only need to do this once.
+
+Then you must load the gadget serial driver. To load it as an
+ACM device, do this:
+
+ modprobe g_serial use_acm=1
+
+To load it as a vendor specific bulk in/out device, do this:
+
+ modprobe g_serial
+
+This will also automatically load the underlying gadget peripheral
+controller driver. This must be done each time you reboot the gadget
+side Linux system. You can add this to the start up scripts, if
+desired.
+
+If gadget serial is loaded as an ACM device you will want to use
+either the Windows or Linux ACM driver on the host side. If gadget
+serial is loaded as a bulk in/out device, you will want to use the
+Linux generic serial driver on the host side. Follow the appropriate
+instructions below to install the host side driver.
+
+
+Installing the Windows Host ACM Driver
+--------------------------------------
+To use the Windows ACM driver you must have the files "gserial.inf"
+and "usbser.sys" together in a folder on the Windows machine.
+
+The "gserial.inf" file is given here.
+
+-------------------- CUT HERE --------------------
+[Version]
+Signature="$Windows NT$"
+Class=Ports
+ClassGuid={4D36E978-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}
+Provider=%LINUX%
+DriverVer=08/17/2004,0.0.2.0
+; Copyright (C) 2004 Al Borchers (alborchers@steinerpoint.com)
+
+[Manufacturer]
+%LINUX%=GSerialDeviceList
+
+[GSerialDeviceList]
+%GSERIAL%=GSerialInstall, USB\VID_0525&PID_A4A7
+
+[DestinationDirs]
+DefaultDestDir=10,System32\Drivers
+
+[GSerialInstall]
+CopyFiles=GSerialCopyFiles
+AddReg=GSerialAddReg
+
+[GSerialCopyFiles]
+usbser.sys
+
+[GSerialAddReg]
+HKR,,DevLoader,,*ntkern
+HKR,,NTMPDriver,,usbser.sys
+HKR,,EnumPropPages32,,"MsPorts.dll,SerialPortPropPageProvider"
+
+[GSerialInstall.Services]
+AddService = usbser,0x0002,GSerialService
+
+[GSerialService]
+DisplayName = %GSERIAL_DISPLAY_NAME%
+ServiceType = 1 ; SERVICE_KERNEL_DRIVER
+StartType = 3 ; SERVICE_DEMAND_START
+ErrorControl = 1 ; SERVICE_ERROR_NORMAL
+ServiceBinary = %10%\System32\Drivers\usbser.sys
+LoadOrderGroup = Base
+
+[Strings]
+LINUX = "Linux"
+GSERIAL = "Gadget Serial"
+GSERIAL_DISPLAY_NAME = "USB Gadget Serial Driver"
+-------------------- CUT HERE --------------------
+
+The "usbser.sys" file comes with various versions of Windows.
+For example, it can be found on Windows XP typically in
+
+ C:\WINDOWS\Driver Cache\i386\driver.cab
+
+Or it can be found on the Windows 98SE CD in the "win98" folder
+in the "DRIVER11.CAB" through "DRIVER20.CAB" cab files. You will
+need the DOS "expand" program, the Cygwin "cabextract" program, or
+a similar program to unpack these cab files and extract "usbser.sys".
+
+For example, to extract "usbser.sys" into the current directory
+on Windows XP, open a DOS window and run a command like
+
+ expand C:\WINDOWS\Driver~1\i386\driver.cab -F:usbser.sys .
+
+(Thanks to Nishant Kamat for pointing out this DOS command.)
+
+When the gadget serial driver is loaded and the USB device connected
+to the Windows host with a USB cable, Windows should recognize the
+gadget serial device and ask for a driver. Tell Windows to find the
+driver in the folder that contains "gserial.inf" and "usbser.sys".
+
+For example, on Windows XP, when the gadget serial device is first
+plugged in, the "Found New Hardware Wizard" starts up. Select
+"Install from a list or specific location (Advanced)", then on
+the next screen select "Include this location in the search" and
+enter the path or browse to the folder containing "gserial.inf" and
+"usbser.sys". Windows will complain that the Gadget Serial driver
+has not passed Windows Logo testing, but select "Continue anyway"
+and finish the driver installation.
+
+On Windows XP, in the "Device Manager" (under "Control Panel",
+"System", "Hardware") expand the "Ports (COM & LPT)" entry and you
+should see "Gadget Serial" listed as the driver for one of the COM
+ports.
+
+To uninstall the Windows XP driver for "Gadget Serial", right click
+on the "Gadget Serial" entry in the "Device Manager" and select
+"Uninstall".
+
+
+Installing the Linux Host ACM Driver
+------------------------------------
+To use the Linux ACM driver you must configure the Linux host side
+kernel for "Support for Host-side USB" and for "USB Modem (CDC ACM)
+support".
+
+Once the gadget serial driver is loaded and the USB device connected
+to the Linux host with a USB cable, the host system should recognize
+the gadget serial device. For example, the command
+
+ cat /proc/bus/usb/devices
+
+should show something like this:
+
+T: Bus=01 Lev=01 Prnt=01 Port=01 Cnt=02 Dev#= 5 Spd=480 MxCh= 0
+D: Ver= 2.00 Cls=02(comm.) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS=64 #Cfgs= 1
+P: Vendor=0525 ProdID=a4a7 Rev= 2.01
+S: Manufacturer=Linux 2.6.8.1 with net2280
+S: Product=Gadget Serial
+S: SerialNumber=0
+C:* #Ifs= 2 Cfg#= 2 Atr=c0 MxPwr= 2mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=02(comm.) Sub=02 Prot=01 Driver=acm
+E: Ad=83(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 8 Ivl=32ms
+I: If#= 1 Alt= 0 #EPs= 2 Cls=0a(data ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=acm
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 512 Ivl=0ms
+E: Ad=02(O) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 512 Ivl=0ms
+
+If the host side Linux system is configured properly, the ACM driver
+should be loaded automatically. The command "lsmod" should show the
+"acm" module is loaded.
+
+
+Installing the Linux Host Generic USB Serial Driver
+---------------------------------------------------
+To use the Linux generic USB serial driver you must configure the
+Linux host side kernel for "Support for Host-side USB", for "USB
+Serial Converter support", and for the "USB Generic Serial Driver".
+
+Once the gadget serial driver is loaded and the USB device connected
+to the Linux host with a USB cable, the host system should recognize
+the gadget serial device. For example, the command
+
+ cat /proc/bus/usb/devices
+
+should show something like this:
+
+T: Bus=01 Lev=01 Prnt=01 Port=01 Cnt=02 Dev#= 6 Spd=480 MxCh= 0
+D: Ver= 2.00 Cls=ff(vend.) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS=64 #Cfgs= 1
+P: Vendor=0525 ProdID=a4a6 Rev= 2.01
+S: Manufacturer=Linux 2.6.8.1 with net2280
+S: Product=Gadget Serial
+S: SerialNumber=0
+C:* #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=c0 MxPwr= 2mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 2 Cls=0a(data ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=serial
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 512 Ivl=0ms
+E: Ad=02(O) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 512 Ivl=0ms
+
+You must explicitly load the usbserial driver with parameters to
+configure it to recognize the gadget serial device, like this:
+
+ modprobe usbserial vendor=0x0525 product=0xA4A6
+
+If everything is working, usbserial will print a message in the
+system log saying something like "Gadget Serial converter now
+attached to ttyUSB0".
+
+
+Testing with Minicom or HyperTerminal
+-------------------------------------
+Once the gadget serial driver and the host driver are both installed,
+and a USB cable connects the gadget device to the host, you should
+be able to communicate over USB between the gadget and host systems.
+You can use minicom or HyperTerminal to try this out.
+
+On the gadget side run "minicom -s" to configure a new minicom
+session. Under "Serial port setup" set "/dev/ttygserial" as the
+"Serial Device". Set baud rate, data bits, parity, and stop bits,
+to 9600, 8, none, and 1--these settings mostly do not matter.
+Under "Modem and dialing" erase all the modem and dialing strings.
+
+On a Linux host running the ACM driver, configure minicom similarly
+but use "/dev/ttyACM0" as the "Serial Device". (If you have other
+ACM devices connected, change the device name appropriately.)
+
+On a Linux host running the USB generic serial driver, configure
+minicom similarly, but use "/dev/ttyUSB0" as the "Serial Device".
+(If you have other USB serial devices connected, change the device
+name appropriately.)
+
+On a Windows host configure a new HyperTerminal session to use the
+COM port assigned to Gadget Serial. The "Port Settings" will be
+set automatically when HyperTerminal connects to the gadget serial
+device, so you can leave them set to the default values--these
+settings mostly do not matter.
+
+With minicom configured and running on the gadget side and with
+minicom or HyperTerminal configured and running on the host side,
+you should be able to send data back and forth between the gadget
+side and host side systems. Anything you type on the terminal
+window on the gadget side should appear in the terminal window on
+the host side and vice versa.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/hiddev.txt b/Documentation/usb/hiddev.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd6fb4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/hiddev.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+Care and feeding of your Human Interface Devices
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+In addition to the normal input type HID devices, USB also uses the
+human interface device protocols for things that are not really human
+interfaces, but have similar sorts of communication needs. The two big
+examples for this are power devices (especially uninterruptable power
+supplies) and monitor control on higher end monitors.
+
+To support these disparite requirements, the Linux USB system provides
+HID events to two separate interfaces:
+* the input subsystem, which converts HID events into normal input
+device interfaces (such as keyboard, mouse and joystick) and a
+normalised event interface - see Documentation/input/input.txt
+* the hiddev interface, which provides fairly raw HID events
+
+The data flow for a HID event produced by a device is something like
+the following :
+
+ usb.c ---> hid-core.c ----> hid-input.c ----> [keyboard/mouse/joystick/event]
+ |
+ |
+ --> hiddev.c ----> POWER / MONITOR CONTROL
+
+In addition, other subsystems (apart from USB) can potentially feed
+events into the input subsystem, but these have no effect on the hid
+device interface.
+
+USING THE HID DEVICE INTERFACE
+
+The hiddev interface is a char interface using the normal USB major,
+with the minor numbers starting at 96 and finishing at 111. Therefore,
+you need the following commands:
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev0 c 180 96
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev1 c 180 97
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev2 c 180 98
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev3 c 180 99
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev4 c 180 100
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev5 c 180 101
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev6 c 180 102
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev7 c 180 103
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev8 c 180 104
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev9 c 180 105
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev10 c 180 106
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev11 c 180 107
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev12 c 180 108
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev13 c 180 109
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev14 c 180 110
+mknod /dev/usb/hiddev15 c 180 111
+
+So you point your hiddev compliant user-space program at the correct
+interface for your device, and it all just works.
+
+Assuming that you have a hiddev compliant user-space program, of
+course. If you need to write one, read on.
+
+
+THE HIDDEV API
+This description should be read in conjunction with the HID
+specification, freely available from http://www.usb.org, and
+conveniently linked of http://www.linux-usb.org.
+
+The hiddev API uses a read() interface, and a set of ioctl() calls.
+
+HID devices exchange data with the host computer using data
+bundles called "reports". Each report is divided into "fields",
+each of which can have one or more "usages". In the hid-core,
+each one of these usages has a single signed 32 bit value.
+
+read():
+This is the event interface. When the HID device's state changes,
+it performs an interrupt transfer containing a report which contains
+the changed value. The hid-core.c module parses the report, and
+returns to hiddev.c the individual usages that have changed within
+the report. In its basic mode, the hiddev will make these individual
+usage changes available to the reader using a struct hiddev_event:
+
+ struct hiddev_event {
+ unsigned hid;
+ signed int value;
+ };
+
+containing the HID usage identifier for the status that changed, and
+the value that it was changed to. Note that the structure is defined
+within <linux/hiddev.h>, along with some other useful #defines and
+structures. The HID usage identifier is a composite of the HID usage
+page shifted to the 16 high order bits ORed with the usage code. The
+behavior of the read() function can be modified using the HIDIOCSFLAG
+ioctl() described below.
+
+
+ioctl():
+This is the control interface. There are a number of controls:
+
+HIDIOCGVERSION - int (read)
+Gets the version code out of the hiddev driver.
+
+HIDIOCAPPLICATION - (none)
+This ioctl call returns the HID application usage associated with the
+hid device. The third argument to ioctl() specifies which application
+index to get. This is useful when the device has more than one
+application collection. If the index is invalid (greater or equal to
+the number of application collections this device has) the ioctl
+returns -1. You can find out beforehand how many application
+collections the device has from the num_applications field from the
+hiddev_devinfo structure.
+
+HIDIOCGCOLLECTIONINFO - struct hiddev_collection_info (read/write)
+This returns a superset of the information above, providing not only
+application collections, but all the collections the device has. It
+also returns the level the collection lives in the hierarchy.
+The user passes in a hiddev_collection_info struct with the index
+field set to the index that should be returned. The ioctl fills in
+the other fields. If the index is larger than the last collection
+index, the ioctl returns -1 and sets errno to -EINVAL.
+
+HIDIOCGDEVINFO - struct hiddev_devinfo (read)
+Gets a hiddev_devinfo structure which describes the device.
+
+HIDIOCGSTRING - struct struct hiddev_string_descriptor (read/write)
+Gets a string descriptor from the device. The caller must fill in the
+"index" field to indicate which descriptor should be returned.
+
+HIDIOCINITREPORT - (none)
+Instructs the kernel to retrieve all input and feature report values
+from the device. At this point, all the usage structures will contain
+current values for the device, and will maintain it as the device
+changes. Note that the use of this ioctl is unnecessary in general,
+since later kernels automatically initialize the reports from the
+device at attach time.
+
+HIDIOCGNAME - string (variable length)
+Gets the device name
+
+HIDIOCGREPORT - struct hiddev_report_info (write)
+Instructs the kernel to get a feature or input report from the device,
+in order to selectively update the usage structures (in contrast to
+INITREPORT).
+
+HIDIOCSREPORT - struct hiddev_report_info (write)
+Instructs the kernel to send a report to the device. This report can
+be filled in by the user through HIDIOCSUSAGE calls (below) to fill in
+individual usage values in the report before sending the report in full
+to the device.
+
+HIDIOCGREPORTINFO - struct hiddev_report_info (read/write)
+Fills in a hiddev_report_info structure for the user. The report is
+looked up by type (input, output or feature) and id, so these fields
+must be filled in by the user. The ID can be absolute -- the actual
+report id as reported by the device -- or relative --
+HID_REPORT_ID_FIRST for the first report, and (HID_REPORT_ID_NEXT |
+report_id) for the next report after report_id. Without a-priori
+information about report ids, the right way to use this ioctl is to
+use the relative IDs above to enumerate the valid IDs. The ioctl
+returns non-zero when there is no more next ID. The real report ID is
+filled into the returned hiddev_report_info structure.
+
+HIDIOCGFIELDINFO - struct hiddev_field_info (read/write)
+Returns the field information associated with a report in a
+hiddev_field_info structure. The user must fill in report_id and
+report_type in this structure, as above. The field_index should also
+be filled in, which should be a number from 0 and maxfield-1, as
+returned from a previous HIDIOCGREPORTINFO call.
+
+HIDIOCGUCODE - struct hiddev_usage_ref (read/write)
+Returns the usage_code in a hiddev_usage_ref structure, given that
+given its report type, report id, field index, and index within the
+field have already been filled into the structure.
+
+HIDIOCGUSAGE - struct hiddev_usage_ref (read/write)
+Returns the value of a usage in a hiddev_usage_ref structure. The
+usage to be retrieved can be specified as above, or the user can
+choose to fill in the report_type field and specify the report_id as
+HID_REPORT_ID_UNKNOWN. In this case, the hiddev_usage_ref will be
+filled in with the report and field information associated with this
+usage if it is found.
+
+HIDIOCSUSAGE - struct hiddev_usage_ref (write)
+Sets the value of a usage in an output report. The user fills in
+the hiddev_usage_ref structure as above, but additionally fills in
+the value field.
+
+HIDIOGCOLLECTIONINDEX - struct hiddev_usage_ref (write)
+Returns the collection index associated with this usage. This
+indicates where in the collection hierarchy this usage sits.
+
+HIDIOCGFLAG - int (read)
+HIDIOCSFLAG - int (write)
+These operations respectively inspect and replace the mode flags
+that influence the read() call above. The flags are as follows:
+
+ HIDDEV_FLAG_UREF - read() calls will now return
+ struct hiddev_usage_ref instead of struct hiddev_event.
+ This is a larger structure, but in situations where the
+ device has more than one usage in its reports with the
+ same usage code, this mode serves to resolve such
+ ambiguity.
+
+ HIDDEV_FLAG_REPORT - This flag can only be used in conjunction
+ with HIDDEV_FLAG_UREF. With this flag set, when the device
+ sends a report, a struct hiddev_usage_ref will be returned
+ to read() filled in with the report_type and report_id, but
+ with field_index set to FIELD_INDEX_NONE. This serves as
+ additional notification when the device has sent a report.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/hotplug.txt b/Documentation/usb/hotplug.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f531706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/hotplug.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+LINUX HOTPLUGGING
+
+In hotpluggable busses like USB (and Cardbus PCI), end-users plug devices
+into the bus with power on. In most cases, users expect the devices to become
+immediately usable. That means the system must do many things, including:
+
+ - Find a driver that can handle the device. That may involve
+ loading a kernel module; newer drivers can use module-init-tools
+ to publish their device (and class) support to user utilities.
+
+ - Bind a driver to that device. Bus frameworks do that using a
+ device driver's probe() routine.
+
+ - Tell other subsystems to configure the new device. Print
+ queues may need to be enabled, networks brought up, disk
+ partitions mounted, and so on. In some cases these will
+ be driver-specific actions.
+
+This involves a mix of kernel mode and user mode actions. Making devices
+be immediately usable means that any user mode actions can't wait for an
+administrator to do them: the kernel must trigger them, either passively
+(triggering some monitoring daemon to invoke a helper program) or
+actively (calling such a user mode helper program directly).
+
+Those triggered actions must support a system's administrative policies;
+such programs are called "policy agents" here. Typically they involve
+shell scripts that dispatch to more familiar administration tools.
+
+Because some of those actions rely on information about drivers (metadata)
+that is currently available only when the drivers are dynamically linked,
+you get the best hotplugging when you configure a highly modular system.
+
+
+KERNEL HOTPLUG HELPER (/sbin/hotplug)
+
+When you compile with CONFIG_HOTPLUG, you get a new kernel parameter:
+/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug, which normally holds the pathname "/sbin/hotplug".
+That parameter names a program which the kernel may invoke at various times.
+
+The /sbin/hotplug program can be invoked by any subsystem as part of its
+reaction to a configuration change, from a thread in that subsystem.
+Only one parameter is required: the name of a subsystem being notified of
+some kernel event. That name is used as the first key for further event
+dispatch; any other argument and environment parameters are specified by
+the subsystem making that invocation.
+
+Hotplug software and other resources is available at:
+
+ http://linux-hotplug.sourceforge.net
+
+Mailing list information is also available at that site.
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+USB POLICY AGENT
+
+The USB subsystem currently invokes /sbin/hotplug when USB devices
+are added or removed from system. The invocation is done by the kernel
+hub daemon thread [khubd], or else as part of root hub initialization
+(done by init, modprobe, kapmd, etc). Its single command line parameter
+is the string "usb", and it passes these environment variables:
+
+ ACTION ... "add", "remove"
+ PRODUCT ... USB vendor, product, and version codes (hex)
+ TYPE ... device class codes (decimal)
+ INTERFACE ... interface 0 class codes (decimal)
+
+If "usbdevfs" is configured, DEVICE and DEVFS are also passed. DEVICE is
+the pathname of the device, and is useful for devices with multiple and/or
+alternate interfaces that complicate driver selection. By design, USB
+hotplugging is independent of "usbdevfs": you can do most essential parts
+of USB device setup without using that filesystem, and without running a
+user mode daemon to detect changes in system configuration.
+
+Currently available policy agent implementations can load drivers for
+modules, and can invoke driver-specific setup scripts. The newest ones
+leverage USB module-init-tools support. Later agents might unload drivers.
+
+
+USB MODUTILS SUPPORT
+
+Current versions of module-init-tools will create a "modules.usbmap" file
+which contains the entries from each driver's MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE. Such
+files can be used by various user mode policy agents to make sure all the
+right driver modules get loaded, either at boot time or later.
+
+See <linux/usb.h> for full information about such table entries; or look
+at existing drivers. Each table entry describes one or more criteria to
+be used when matching a driver to a device or class of devices. The
+specific criteria are identified by bits set in "match_flags", paired
+with field values. You can construct the criteria directly, or with
+macros such as these, and use driver_info to store more information.
+
+ USB_DEVICE (vendorId, productId)
+ ... matching devices with specified vendor and product ids
+ USB_DEVICE_VER (vendorId, productId, lo, hi)
+ ... like USB_DEVICE with lo <= productversion <= hi
+ USB_INTERFACE_INFO (class, subclass, protocol)
+ ... matching specified interface class info
+ USB_DEVICE_INFO (class, subclass, protocol)
+ ... matching specified device class info
+
+A short example, for a driver that supports several specific USB devices
+and their quirks, might have a MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE like this:
+
+ static const struct usb_device_id mydriver_id_table = {
+ { USB_DEVICE (0x9999, 0xaaaa), driver_info: QUIRK_X },
+ { USB_DEVICE (0xbbbb, 0x8888), driver_info: QUIRK_Y|QUIRK_Z },
+ ...
+ { } /* end with an all-zeroes entry */
+ }
+ MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE (usb, mydriver_id_table);
+
+Most USB device drivers should pass these tables to the USB subsystem as
+well as to the module management subsystem. Not all, though: some driver
+frameworks connect using interfaces layered over USB, and so they won't
+need such a "struct usb_driver".
+
+Drivers that connect directly to the USB subsystem should be declared
+something like this:
+
+ static struct usb_driver mydriver = {
+ .name = "mydriver",
+ .id_table = mydriver_id_table,
+ .probe = my_probe,
+ .disconnect = my_disconnect,
+
+ /*
+ if using the usb chardev framework:
+ .minor = MY_USB_MINOR_START,
+ .fops = my_file_ops,
+ if exposing any operations through usbdevfs:
+ .ioctl = my_ioctl,
+ */
+ }
+
+When the USB subsystem knows about a driver's device ID table, it's used when
+choosing drivers to probe(). The thread doing new device processing checks
+drivers' device ID entries from the MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE against interface and
+device descriptors for the device. It will only call probe() if there is a
+match, and the third argument to probe() will be the entry that matched.
+
+If you don't provide an id_table for your driver, then your driver may get
+probed for each new device; the third parameter to probe() will be null.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/ibmcam.txt b/Documentation/usb/ibmcam.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce2f21a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/ibmcam.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+README for Linux device driver for the IBM "C-It" USB video camera
+
+INTRODUCTION:
+
+This driver does not use all features known to exist in
+the IBM camera. However most of needed features work well.
+
+This driver was developed using logs of observed USB traffic
+which was produced by standard Windows driver (c-it98.sys).
+I did not have data sheets from Xirlink.
+
+Video formats:
+ 128x96 [model 1]
+ 176x144
+ 320x240 [model 2]
+ 352x240 [model 2]
+ 352x288
+Frame rate: 3 - 30 frames per second (FPS)
+External interface: USB
+Internal interface: Video For Linux (V4L)
+Supported controls:
+- by V4L: Contrast, Brightness, Color, Hue
+- by driver options: frame rate, lighting conditions, video format,
+ default picture settings, sharpness.
+
+SUPPORTED CAMERAS:
+
+Xirlink "C-It" camera, also known as "IBM PC Camera".
+The device uses proprietary ASIC (and compression method);
+it is manufactured by Xirlink. See http://www.xirlink.com/
+http://www.ibmpccamera.com or http://www.c-itnow.com/ for
+details and pictures.
+
+This very chipset ("X Chip", as marked at the factory)
+is used in several other cameras, and they are supported
+as well:
+
+- IBM NetCamera
+- Veo Stingray
+
+The Linux driver was developed with camera with following
+model number (or FCC ID): KSX-XVP510. This camera has three
+interfaces, each with one endpoint (control, iso, iso). This
+type of cameras is referred to as "model 1". These cameras are
+no longer manufactured.
+
+Xirlink now manufactures new cameras which are somewhat different.
+In particular, following models [FCC ID] belong to that category:
+
+XVP300 [KSX-X9903]
+XVP600 [KSX-X9902]
+XVP610 [KSX-X9902]
+
+(see http://www.xirlink.com/ibmpccamera/ for updates, they refer
+to these new cameras by Windows driver dated 12-27-99, v3005 BETA)
+These cameras have two interfaces, one endpoint in each (iso, bulk).
+Such type of cameras is referred to as "model 2". They are supported
+(with exception of 352x288 native mode).
+
+Some IBM NetCameras (Model 4) are made to generate only compressed
+video streams. This is great for performance, but unfortunately
+nobody knows how to decompress the stream :-( Therefore, these
+cameras are *unsupported* and if you try to use one of those, all
+you get is random colored horizontal streaks, not the image!
+If you have one of those cameras, you probably should return it
+to the store and get something that is supported.
+
+Tell me more about all that "model" business
+--------------------------------------------
+
+I just invented model numbers to uniquely identify flavors of the
+hardware/firmware that were sold. It was very confusing to use
+brand names or some other internal numbering schemes. So I found
+by experimentation that all Xirlink chipsets fall into four big
+classes, and I called them "models". Each model is programmed in
+its own way, and each model sends back the video in its own way.
+
+Quirks of Model 2 cameras:
+-------------------------
+
+Model 2 does not have hardware contrast control. Corresponding V4L
+control is implemented in software, which is not very nice to your
+CPU, but at least it works.
+
+This driver provides 352x288 mode by switching the camera into
+quasi-352x288 RGB mode (800 Kbits per frame) essentially limiting
+this mode to 10 frames per second or less, in ideal conditions on
+the bus (USB is shared, after all). The frame rate
+has to be programmed very conservatively. Additional concern is that
+frame rate depends on brightness setting; therefore the picture can
+be good at one brightness and broken at another! I did not want to fix
+the frame rate at slowest setting, but I had to move it pretty much down
+the scale (so that framerate option barely matters). I also noticed that
+camera after first powering up produces frames slightly faster than during
+consecutive uses. All this means that if you use 352x288 (which is
+default), be warned - you may encounter broken picture on first connect;
+try to adjust brightness - brighter image is slower, so USB will be able
+to send all data. However if you regularly use Model 2 cameras you may
+prefer 176x144 which makes perfectly good I420, with no scaling and
+lesser demands on USB (300 Kbits per second, or 26 frames per second).
+
+Another strange effect of 352x288 mode is the fine vertical grid visible
+on some colored surfaces. I am sure it is caused by me not understanding
+what the camera is trying to say. Blame trade secrets for that.
+
+The camera that I had also has a hardware quirk: if disconnected,
+it needs few minutes to "relax" before it can be plugged in again
+(poorly designed USB processor reset circuit?)
+
+[Veo Stingray with Product ID 0x800C is also Model 2, but I haven't
+observed this particular flaw in it.]
+
+Model 2 camera can be programmed for very high sensitivity (even starlight
+may be enough), this makes it convenient for tinkering with. The driver
+code has enough comments to help a programmer to tweak the camera
+as s/he feels necessary.
+
+WHAT YOU NEED:
+
+- A supported IBM PC (C-it) camera (model 1 or 2)
+
+- A Linux box with USB support (2.3/2.4; 2.2 w/backport may work)
+
+- A Video4Linux compatible frame grabber program such as xawtv.
+
+HOW TO COMPILE THE DRIVER:
+
+You need to compile the driver only if you are a developer
+or if you want to make changes to the code. Most distributions
+precompile all modules, so you can go directly to the next
+section "HOW TO USE THE DRIVER".
+
+The ibmcam driver uses usbvideo helper library (module),
+so if you are studying the ibmcam code you will be led there.
+
+The driver itself consists of only one file in usb/ directory:
+ibmcam.c. This file is included into the Linux kernel build
+process if you configure the kernel for CONFIG_USB_IBMCAM.
+Run "make xconfig" and in USB section you will find the IBM
+camera driver. Select it, save the configuration and recompile.
+
+HOW TO USE THE DRIVER:
+
+I recommend to compile driver as a module. This gives you an
+easier access to its configuration. The camera has many more
+settings than V4L can operate, so some settings are done using
+module options.
+
+To begin with, on most modern Linux distributions the driver
+will be automatically loaded whenever you plug the supported
+camera in. Therefore, you don't need to do anything. However
+if you want to experiment with some module parameters then
+you can load and unload the driver manually, with camera
+plugged in or unplugged.
+
+Typically module is installed with command 'modprobe', like this:
+
+# modprobe ibmcam framerate=1
+
+Alternatively you can use 'insmod' in similar fashion:
+
+# insmod /lib/modules/2.x.y/usb/ibmcam.o framerate=1
+
+Module can be inserted with camera connected or disconnected.
+
+The driver can have options, though some defaults are provided.
+
+Driver options: (* indicates that option is model-dependent)
+
+Name Type Range [default] Example
+-------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------
+debug Integer 0-9 [0] debug=1
+flags Integer 0-0xFF [0] flags=0x0d
+framerate Integer 0-6 [2] framerate=1
+hue_correction Integer 0-255 [128] hue_correction=115
+init_brightness Integer 0-255 [128] init_brightness=100
+init_contrast Integer 0-255 [192] init_contrast=200
+init_color Integer 0-255 [128] init_color=130
+init_hue Integer 0-255 [128] init_hue=115
+lighting Integer 0-2* [1] lighting=2
+sharpness Integer 0-6* [4] sharpness=3
+size Integer 0-2* [2] size=1
+
+Options for Model 2 only:
+
+Name Type Range [default] Example
+-------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------
+init_model2_rg Integer 0..255 [0x70] init_model2_rg=128
+init_model2_rg2 Integer 0..255 [0x2f] init_model2_rg2=50
+init_model2_sat Integer 0..255 [0x34] init_model2_sat=65
+init_model2_yb Integer 0..255 [0xa0] init_model2_yb=200
+
+debug You don't need this option unless you are a developer.
+ If you are a developer then you will see in the code
+ what values do what. 0=off.
+
+flags This is a bit mask, and you can combine any number of
+ bits to produce what you want. Usually you don't want
+ any of extra features this option provides:
+
+ FLAGS_RETRY_VIDIOCSYNC 1 This bit allows to retry failed
+ VIDIOCSYNC ioctls without failing.
+ Will work with xawtv, will not
+ with xrealproducer. Default is
+ not set.
+ FLAGS_MONOCHROME 2 Activates monochrome (b/w) mode.
+ FLAGS_DISPLAY_HINTS 4 Shows colored pixels which have
+ magic meaning to developers.
+ FLAGS_OVERLAY_STATS 8 Shows tiny numbers on screen,
+ useful only for debugging.
+ FLAGS_FORCE_TESTPATTERN 16 Shows blue screen with numbers.
+ FLAGS_SEPARATE_FRAMES 32 Shows each frame separately, as
+ it was received from the camera.
+ Default (not set) is to mix the
+ preceding frame in to compensate
+ for occasional loss of Isoc data
+ on high frame rates.
+ FLAGS_CLEAN_FRAMES 64 Forces "cleanup" of each frame
+ prior to use; relevant only if
+ FLAGS_SEPARATE_FRAMES is set.
+ Default is not to clean frames,
+ this is a little faster but may
+ produce flicker if frame rate is
+ too high and Isoc data gets lost.
+ FLAGS_NO_DECODING 128 This flag turns the video stream
+ decoder off, and dumps the raw
+ Isoc data from the camera into
+ the reading process. Useful to
+ developers, but not to users.
+
+framerate This setting controls frame rate of the camera. This is
+ an approximate setting (in terms of "worst" ... "best")
+ because camera changes frame rate depending on amount
+ of light available. Setting 0 is slowest, 6 is fastest.
+ Beware - fast settings are very demanding and may not
+ work well with all video sizes. Be conservative.
+
+hue_correction This highly optional setting allows to adjust the
+ hue of the image in a way slightly different from
+ what usual "hue" control does. Both controls affect
+ YUV colorspace: regular "hue" control adjusts only
+ U component, and this "hue_correction" option similarly
+ adjusts only V component. However usually it is enough
+ to tweak only U or V to compensate for colored light or
+ color temperature; this option simply allows more
+ complicated correction when and if it is necessary.
+
+init_brightness These settings specify _initial_ values which will be
+init_contrast used to set up the camera. If your V4L application has
+init_color its own controls to adjust the picture then these
+init_hue controls will be used too. These options allow you to
+ preconfigure the camera when it gets connected, before
+ any V4L application connects to it. Good for webcams.
+
+init_model2_rg These initial settings alter color balance of the
+init_model2_rg2 camera on hardware level. All four settings may be used
+init_model2_sat to tune the camera to specific lighting conditions. These
+init_model2_yb settings only apply to Model 2 cameras.
+
+lighting This option selects one of three hardware-defined
+ photosensitivity settings of the camera. 0=bright light,
+ 1=Medium (default), 2=Low light. This setting affects
+ frame rate: the dimmer the lighting the lower the frame
+ rate (because longer exposition time is needed). The
+ Model 2 cameras allow values more than 2 for this option,
+ thus enabling extremely high sensitivity at cost of frame
+ rate, color saturation and imaging sensor noise.
+
+sharpness This option controls smoothing (noise reduction)
+ made by camera. Setting 0 is most smooth, setting 6
+ is most sharp. Be aware that CMOS sensor used in the
+ camera is pretty noisy, so if you choose 6 you will
+ be greeted with "snowy" image. Default is 4. Model 2
+ cameras do not support this feature.
+
+size This setting chooses one of several image sizes that are
+ supported by this driver. Cameras may support more, but
+ it's difficult to reverse-engineer all formats.
+ Following video sizes are supported:
+
+ size=0 128x96 (Model 1 only)
+ size=1 160x120
+ size=2 176x144
+ size=3 320x240 (Model 2 only)
+ size=4 352x240 (Model 2 only)
+ size=5 352x288
+ size=6 640x480 (Model 3 only)
+
+ The 352x288 is the native size of the Model 1 sensor
+ array, so it's the best resolution the camera can
+ yield. The best resolution of Model 2 is 176x144, and
+ larger images are produced by stretching the bitmap.
+ Model 3 has sensor with 640x480 grid, and it works too,
+ but the frame rate will be exceptionally low (1-2 FPS);
+ it may be still OK for some applications, like security.
+ Choose the image size you need. The smaller image can
+ support faster frame rate. Default is 352x288.
+
+For more information and the Troubleshooting FAQ visit this URL:
+
+ http://www.linux-usb.org/ibmcam/
+
+WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE:
+
+- The button on the camera is not used. I don't know how to get to it.
+ I know now how to read button on Model 2, but what to do with it?
+
+- Camera reports its status back to the driver; however I don't know
+ what returned data means. If camera fails at some initialization
+ stage then something should be done, and I don't do that because
+ I don't even know that some command failed. This is mostly Model 1
+ concern because Model 2 uses different commands which do not return
+ status (and seem to complete successfully every time).
+
+- Some flavors of Model 4 NetCameras produce only compressed video
+ streams, and I don't know how to decode them.
+
+CREDITS:
+
+The code is based in no small part on the CPiA driver by Johannes Erdfelt,
+Randy Dunlap, and others. Big thanks to them for their pioneering work on that
+and the USB stack.
+
+I also thank John Lightsey for his donation of the Veo Stingray camera.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/linux.inf b/Documentation/usb/linux.inf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f7217d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/linux.inf
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+; MS-Windows driver config matching some basic modes of the
+; Linux-USB Ethernet/RNDIS gadget firmware:
+;
+; - RNDIS plus CDC Ethernet ... this may be familiar as a DOCSIS
+; cable modem profile, and supports most non-Microsoft USB hosts
+;
+; - RNDIS plus CDC Subset ... used by hardware that incapable of
+; full CDC Ethernet support.
+;
+; Microsoft only directly supports RNDIS drivers, and bundled them into XP.
+; The Microsoft "Remote NDIS USB Driver Kit" is currently found at:
+; http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/hwdev/resources/HWservices/rndis.mspx
+
+
+[Version]
+Signature = "$CHICAGO$"
+Class = Net
+ClassGUID = {4d36e972-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}
+Provider = %Linux%
+Compatible = 1
+MillenniumPreferred = .ME
+DriverVer = 03/30/2004,0.0.0.0
+; catalog file would be used by WHQL
+;CatalogFile = Linux.cat
+
+[Manufacturer]
+%Linux% = LinuxDevices,NT.5.1
+
+[LinuxDevices]
+; NetChip IDs, used by both firmware modes
+%LinuxDevice% = RNDIS, USB\VID_0525&PID_a4a2
+
+[LinuxDevices.NT.5.1]
+%LinuxDevice% = RNDIS.NT.5.1, USB\VID_0525&PID_a4a2
+
+[ControlFlags]
+ExcludeFromSelect=*
+
+; Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition specific sections --------
+
+[RNDIS]
+DeviceID = usb8023
+MaxInstance = 512
+DriverVer = 03/30/2004,0.0.0.0
+AddReg = RNDIS_AddReg_98, RNDIS_AddReg_Common
+
+[RNDIS_AddReg_98]
+HKR, , DevLoader, 0, *ndis
+HKR, , DeviceVxDs, 0, usb8023.sys
+HKR, NDIS, LogDriverName, 0, "usb8023"
+HKR, NDIS, MajorNdisVersion, 1, 5
+HKR, NDIS, MinorNdisVersion, 1, 0
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, DefUpper, 0, "ndis3,ndis4,ndis5"
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, DefLower, 0, "ethernet"
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, UpperRange, 0, "ndis3,ndis4,ndis5"
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, LowerRange, 0, "ethernet"
+HKR, Ndi\Install, ndis3, 0, "RNDIS_Install_98"
+HKR, Ndi\Install, ndis4, 0, "RNDIS_Install_98"
+HKR, Ndi\Install, ndis5, 0, "RNDIS_Install_98"
+HKR, Ndi, DeviceId, 0, "USB\VID_0525&PID_a4a2"
+
+[RNDIS_Install_98]
+CopyFiles=RNDIS_CopyFiles_98
+
+[RNDIS_CopyFiles_98]
+usb8023.sys, usb8023w.sys, , 0
+rndismp.sys, rndismpw.sys, , 0
+
+; Windows Millennium Edition specific sections --------------------
+
+[RNDIS.ME]
+DeviceID = usb8023
+MaxInstance = 512
+DriverVer = 03/30/2004,0.0.0.0
+AddReg = RNDIS_AddReg_ME, RNDIS_AddReg_Common
+Characteristics = 0x84 ; NCF_PHYSICAL + NCF_HAS_UI
+BusType = 15
+
+[RNDIS_AddReg_ME]
+HKR, , DevLoader, 0, *ndis
+HKR, , DeviceVxDs, 0, usb8023.sys
+HKR, NDIS, LogDriverName, 0, "usb8023"
+HKR, NDIS, MajorNdisVersion, 1, 5
+HKR, NDIS, MinorNdisVersion, 1, 0
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, DefUpper, 0, "ndis3,ndis4,ndis5"
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, DefLower, 0, "ethernet"
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, UpperRange, 0, "ndis3,ndis4,ndis5"
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, LowerRange, 0, "ethernet"
+HKR, Ndi\Install, ndis3, 0, "RNDIS_Install_ME"
+HKR, Ndi\Install, ndis4, 0, "RNDIS_Install_ME"
+HKR, Ndi\Install, ndis5, 0, "RNDIS_Install_ME"
+HKR, Ndi, DeviceId, 0, "USB\VID_0525&PID_a4a2"
+
+[RNDIS_Install_ME]
+CopyFiles=RNDIS_CopyFiles_ME
+
+[RNDIS_CopyFiles_ME]
+usb8023.sys, usb8023m.sys, , 0
+rndismp.sys, rndismpm.sys, , 0
+
+; Windows 2000 specific sections ---------------------------------
+
+[RNDIS.NT]
+Characteristics = 0x84 ; NCF_PHYSICAL + NCF_HAS_UI
+BusType = 15
+DriverVer = 03/30/2004,0.0.0.0
+AddReg = RNDIS_AddReg_NT, RNDIS_AddReg_Common
+CopyFiles = RNDIS_CopyFiles_NT
+
+[RNDIS.NT.Services]
+AddService = USB_RNDIS, 2, RNDIS_ServiceInst_NT, RNDIS_EventLog
+
+[RNDIS_CopyFiles_NT]
+; no rename of files on Windows 2000, use the 'k' names as is
+usb8023k.sys, , , 0
+rndismpk.sys, , , 0
+
+[RNDIS_ServiceInst_NT]
+DisplayName = %ServiceDisplayName%
+ServiceType = 1
+StartType = 3
+ErrorControl = 1
+ServiceBinary = %12%\usb8023k.sys
+LoadOrderGroup = NDIS
+AddReg = RNDIS_WMI_AddReg_NT
+
+[RNDIS_WMI_AddReg_NT]
+HKR, , MofImagePath, 0x00020000, "System32\drivers\rndismpk.sys"
+
+; Windows XP specific sections -----------------------------------
+
+[RNDIS.NT.5.1]
+Characteristics = 0x84 ; NCF_PHYSICAL + NCF_HAS_UI
+BusType = 15
+DriverVer = 03/30/2004,0.0.0.0
+AddReg = RNDIS_AddReg_NT, RNDIS_AddReg_Common
+; no copyfiles - the files are already in place
+
+[RNDIS.NT.5.1.Services]
+AddService = USB_RNDIS, 2, RNDIS_ServiceInst_51, RNDIS_EventLog
+
+[RNDIS_ServiceInst_51]
+DisplayName = %ServiceDisplayName%
+ServiceType = 1
+StartType = 3
+ErrorControl = 1
+ServiceBinary = %12%\usb8023.sys
+LoadOrderGroup = NDIS
+AddReg = RNDIS_WMI_AddReg_51
+
+[RNDIS_WMI_AddReg_51]
+HKR, , MofImagePath, 0x00020000, "System32\drivers\rndismp.sys"
+
+; Windows 2000 and Windows XP common sections --------------------
+
+[RNDIS_AddReg_NT]
+HKR, Ndi, Service, 0, "USB_RNDIS"
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, UpperRange, 0, "ndis5"
+HKR, Ndi\Interfaces, LowerRange, 0, "ethernet"
+
+[RNDIS_EventLog]
+AddReg = RNDIS_EventLog_AddReg
+
+[RNDIS_EventLog_AddReg]
+HKR, , EventMessageFile, 0x00020000, "%%SystemRoot%%\System32\netevent.dll"
+HKR, , TypesSupported, 0x00010001, 7
+
+; Common Sections -------------------------------------------------
+
+[RNDIS_AddReg_Common]
+HKR, NDI\params\NetworkAddress, ParamDesc, 0, %NetworkAddress%
+HKR, NDI\params\NetworkAddress, type, 0, "edit"
+HKR, NDI\params\NetworkAddress, LimitText, 0, "12"
+HKR, NDI\params\NetworkAddress, UpperCase, 0, "1"
+HKR, NDI\params\NetworkAddress, default, 0, " "
+HKR, NDI\params\NetworkAddress, optional, 0, "1"
+
+[SourceDisksNames]
+1=%SourceDisk%,,1
+
+[SourceDisksFiles]
+usb8023m.sys=1
+rndismpm.sys=1
+usb8023w.sys=1
+rndismpw.sys=1
+usb8023k.sys=1
+rndismpk.sys=1
+
+[DestinationDirs]
+RNDIS_CopyFiles_98 = 10, system32/drivers
+RNDIS_CopyFiles_ME = 10, system32/drivers
+RNDIS_CopyFiles_NT = 12
+
+[Strings]
+ServiceDisplayName = "USB Remote NDIS Network Device Driver"
+NetworkAddress = "Network Address"
+Linux = "Linux Developer Community"
+LinuxDevice = "Linux USB Ethernet/RNDIS Gadget"
+SourceDisk = "Ethernet/RNDIS Gadget Driver Install Disk"
+
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/mtouchusb.txt b/Documentation/usb/mtouchusb.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd806bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/mtouchusb.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+CHANGES
+
+- 0.3 - Created based off of scanner & INSTALL from the original touchscreen
+ driver on freshmeat (http://freshmeat.net/projects/3mtouchscreendriver)
+- Amended for linux-2.4.18, then 2.4.19
+
+- 0.5 - Complete rewrite using Linux Input in 2.6.3
+ Unfortunately no calibration support at this time
+
+- 1.4 - Multiple changes to support the EXII 5000UC and house cleaning
+ Changed reset from standard USB dev reset to vendor reset
+ Changed data sent to host from compensated to raw coordinates
+ Eliminated vendor/product module params
+ Performed multiple successfull tests with an EXII-5010UC
+
+SUPPORTED HARDWARE:
+
+ All controllers have the Vendor: 0x0596 & Product: 0x0001
+
+
+ Controller Description Part Number
+ ------------------------------------------------------
+
+ USB Capacitive - Pearl Case 14-205 (Discontinued)
+ USB Capacitive - Black Case 14-124 (Discontinued)
+ USB Capacitive - No Case 14-206 (Discontinued)
+
+ USB Capacitive - Pearl Case EXII-5010UC
+ USB Capacitive - Black Case EXII-5030UC
+ USB Capacitive - No Case EXII-5050UC
+
+DRIVER NOTES:
+
+Installation is simple, you only need to add Linux Input, Linux USB, and the
+driver to the kernel. The driver can also be optionally built as a module.
+
+This driver appears to be one of possible 2 Linux USB Input Touchscreen
+drivers. Although 3M produces a binary only driver available for
+download, I persist in updating this driver since I would like to use the
+touchscreen for embedded apps using QTEmbedded, DirectFB, etc. So I feel the
+logical choice is to use Linux Imput.
+
+Currently there is no way to calibrate the device via this driver. Even if
+the device could be calibrated, the driver pulls to raw coordinate data from
+the controller. This means calibration must be performed within the
+userspace.
+
+The controller screen resolution is now 0 to 16384 for both X and Y reporting
+the raw touch data. This is the same for the old and new capacitive USB
+controllers.
+
+Perhaps at some point an abstract function will be placed into evdev so
+generic functions like calibrations, resets, and vendor information can be
+requested from the userspace (And the drivers would handle the vendor specific
+tasks).
+
+ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/UPDATES/X CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE:
+
+http://groomlakelabs.com/grandamp/code/microtouch/
+
+TODO:
+
+Implement a control urb again to handle requests to and from the device
+such as calibration, etc once/if it becomes available.
+
+DISCLAMER:
+
+I am not a MicroTouch/3M employee, nor have I ever been. 3M does not support
+this driver! If you want touch drivers only supported within X, please go to:
+
+http://www.3m.com/3MTouchSystems/downloads/
+
+THANKS:
+
+A huge thank you to 3M Touch Systems for the EXII-5010UC controllers for
+testing!
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/ohci.txt b/Documentation/usb/ohci.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99320d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/ohci.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+23-Aug-2002
+
+The "ohci-hcd" driver is a USB Host Controller Driver (HCD) that is derived
+from the "usb-ohci" driver from the 2.4 kernel series. The "usb-ohci" code
+was written primarily by Roman Weissgaerber <weissg@vienna.at> but with
+contributions from many others (read its copyright/licencing header).
+
+It supports the "Open Host Controller Interface" (OHCI), which standardizes
+hardware register protocols used to talk to USB 1.1 host controllers. As
+compared to the earlier "Universal Host Controller Interface" (UHCI) from
+Intel, it pushes more intelligence into the hardware. USB 1.1 controllers
+from vendors other than Intel and VIA generally use OHCI.
+
+Changes since the 2.4 kernel include
+
+ - improved robustness; bugfixes; and less overhead
+ - supports the updated and simplified usbcore APIs
+ - interrupt transfers can be larger, and can be queued
+ - less code, by using the upper level "hcd" framework
+ - supports some non-PCI implementations of OHCI
+ - ... more
+
+The "ohci-hcd" driver handles all USB 1.1 transfer types. Transfers of all
+types can be queued. That was also true in "usb-ohci", except for interrupt
+transfers. Previously, using periods of one frame would risk data loss due
+to overhead in IRQ processing. When interrupt transfers are queued, those
+risks can be minimized by making sure the hardware always has transfers to
+work on while the OS is getting around to the relevant IRQ processing.
+
+- David Brownell
+ <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
+
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/ov511.txt b/Documentation/usb/ov511.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1974ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/ov511.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Readme for Linux device driver for the OmniVision OV511 USB to camera bridge IC
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Author: Mark McClelland
+Homepage: http://alpha.dyndns.org/ov511
+
+INTRODUCTION:
+
+This is a driver for the OV511, a USB-only chip used in many "webcam" devices.
+Any camera using the OV511/OV511+ and the OV6620/OV7610/20/20AE should work.
+Video capture devices that use the Philips SAA7111A decoder also work. It
+supports streaming and capture of color or monochrome video via the Video4Linux
+API. Most V4L apps are compatible with it. Most resolutions with a width and
+height that are a multiple of 8 are supported.
+
+If you need more information, please visit the OV511 homepage at the above URL.
+
+WHAT YOU NEED:
+
+- If you want to help with the development, get the chip's specification docs at
+ http://www.ovt.com/omniusbp.html
+
+- A Video4Linux compatible frame grabber program (I recommend vidcat and xawtv)
+ vidcat is part of the w3cam package: http://www.hdk-berlin.de/~rasca/w3cam/
+ xawtv is available at: http://www.in-berlin.de/User/kraxel/xawtv.html
+
+HOW TO USE IT:
+
+Note: These are simplified instructions. For complete instructions see:
+ http://alpha.dyndns.org/ov511/install.html
+
+You must have first compiled USB support, support for your specific USB host
+controller (UHCI or OHCI), and Video4Linux support for your kernel (I recommend
+making them modules.) Make sure "Enforce bandwidth allocation" is NOT enabled.
+
+Next, (as root):
+
+ modprobe usbcore
+ modprobe usb-uhci <OR> modprobe usb-ohci
+ modprobe videodev
+ modprobe ov511
+
+If it is not already there (it usually is), create the video device:
+
+ mknod /dev/video0 c 81 0
+
+Optionally, symlink /dev/video to /dev/video0
+
+You will have to set permissions on this device to allow you to read/write
+from it:
+
+ chmod 666 /dev/video
+ chmod 666 /dev/video0 (if necessary)
+
+Now you are ready to run a video app! Both vidcat and xawtv work well for me
+at 640x480.
+
+[Using vidcat:]
+
+ vidcat -s 640x480 -p c > test.jpg
+ xview test.jpg
+
+[Using xawtv:]
+
+From the main xawtv directory:
+
+ make clean
+ ./configure
+ make
+ make install
+
+Now you should be able to run xawtv. Right click for the options dialog.
+
+MODULE PARAMETERS:
+
+ You can set these with: insmod ov511 NAME=VALUE
+ There is currently no way to set these on a per-camera basis.
+
+ NAME: autobright
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 1
+ DESC: Brightness is normally under automatic control and can't be set
+ manually by the video app. Set to 0 for manual control.
+
+ NAME: autogain
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 1
+ DESC: Auto Gain Control enable. This feature is not yet implemented.
+
+ NAME: autoexp
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 1
+ DESC: Auto Exposure Control enable. This feature is not yet implemented.
+
+ NAME: debug
+ TYPE: integer (0-6)
+ DEFAULT: 3
+ DESC: Sets the threshold for printing debug messages. The higher the value,
+ the more is printed. The levels are cumulative, and are as follows:
+ 0=no debug messages
+ 1=init/detection/unload and other significant messages
+ 2=some warning messages
+ 3=config/control function calls
+ 4=most function calls and data parsing messages
+ 5=highly repetitive mesgs
+
+ NAME: snapshot
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0
+ DESC: Set to 1 to enable snapshot mode. read()/VIDIOCSYNC will block until
+ the snapshot button is pressed. Note: enabling this mode disables
+ /proc/video/ov511/<minor#>/button
+
+ NAME: cams
+ TYPE: integer (1-4 for OV511, 1-31 for OV511+)
+ DEFAULT: 1
+ DESC: Number of cameras allowed to stream simultaneously on a single bus.
+ Values higher than 1 reduce the data rate of each camera, allowing two
+ or more to be used at once. If you have a complicated setup involving
+ both OV511 and OV511+ cameras, trial-and-error may be necessary for
+ finding the optimum setting.
+
+ NAME: compress
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0
+ DESC: Set this to 1 to turn on the camera's compression engine. This can
+ potentially increase the frame rate at the expense of quality, if you
+ have a fast CPU. You must load the proper compression module for your
+ camera before starting your application (ov511_decomp or ov518_decomp).
+
+ NAME: testpat
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0
+ DESC: This configures the camera's sensor to transmit a colored test-pattern
+ instead of an image. This does not work correctly yet.
+
+ NAME: dumppix
+ TYPE: integer (0-2)
+ DEFAULT: 0
+ DESC: Dumps raw pixel data and skips post-processing and format conversion.
+ It is for debugging purposes only. Options are:
+ 0: Disable (default)
+ 1: Dump raw data from camera, excluding headers and trailers
+ 2: Dumps data exactly as received from camera
+
+ NAME: led
+ TYPE: integer (0-2)
+ DEFAULT: 1 (Always on)
+ DESC: Controls whether the LED (the little light) on the front of the camera
+ is always off (0), always on (1), or only on when driver is open (2).
+ This is not supported with the OV511, and might only work with certain
+ cameras (ones that actually have the LED wired to the control pin, and
+ not just hard-wired to be on all the time).
+
+ NAME: dump_bridge
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0
+ DESC: Dumps the bridge (OV511[+] or OV518[+]) register values to the system
+ log. Only useful for serious debugging/development purposes.
+
+ NAME: dump_sensor
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0
+ DESC: Dumps the sensor register values to the system log. Only useful for
+ serious debugging/development purposes.
+
+ NAME: printph
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0
+ DESC: Setting this to 1 will dump the first 12 bytes of each isoc frame. This
+ is only useful if you are trying to debug problems with the isoc data
+ stream (i.e.: camera initializes, but vidcat hangs until Ctrl-C). Be
+ warned that this dumps a large number of messages to your kernel log.
+
+ NAME: phy, phuv, pvy, pvuv, qhy, qhuv, qvy, qvuv
+ TYPE: integer (0-63 for phy and phuv, 0-255 for rest)
+ DEFAULT: OV511 default values
+ DESC: These are registers 70h - 77h of the OV511, which control the
+ prediction ranges and quantization thresholds of the compressor, for
+ the Y and UV channels in the horizontal and vertical directions. See
+ the OV511 or OV511+ data sheet for more detailed descriptions. These
+ normally do not need to be changed.
+
+ NAME: lightfreq
+ TYPE: integer (0, 50, or 60)
+ DEFAULT: 0 (use sensor default)
+ DESC: Sets the sensor to match your lighting frequency. This can reduce the
+ appearance of "banding", i.e. horizontal lines or waves of light and
+ dark that are often caused by artificial lighting. Valid values are:
+ 0 - Use default (depends on sensor, most likely 60 Hz)
+ 50 - For European and Asian 50 Hz power
+ 60 - For American 60 Hz power
+
+ NAME: bandingfilter
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0 (off)
+ DESC: Enables the sensor´s banding filter exposure algorithm. This reduces
+ or stabilizes the "banding" caused by some artificial light sources
+ (especially fluorescent). You might have to set lightfreq correctly for
+ this to work right. As an added bonus, this sometimes makes it
+ possible to capture your monitor´s output.
+
+ NAME: fastset
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0 (off)
+ DESC: Allows picture settings (brightness, contrast, color, and hue) to take
+ effect immediately, even in the middle of a frame. This reduces the
+ time to change settings, but can ruin frames during the change. Only
+ affects OmniVision sensors.
+
+ NAME: force_palette
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0 (off)
+ DESC: Forces the palette (color format) to a specific value. If an
+ application requests a different palette, it will be rejected, thereby
+ forcing it to try others until it succeeds. This is useful for forcing
+ greyscale mode with a color camera, for example. Supported modes are:
+ 0 (Allows all the following formats)
+ 1 VIDEO_PALETTE_GREY (Linear greyscale)
+ 10 VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV420 (YUV 4:2:0 Planar)
+ 15 VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV420P (YUV 4:2:0 Planar, same as 10)
+
+ NAME: backlight
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0 (off)
+ DESC: Setting this flag changes the exposure algorithm for OmniVision sensors
+ such that objects in the camera's view (i.e. your head) can be clearly
+ seen when they are illuminated from behind. It reduces or eliminates
+ the sensor's auto-exposure function, so it should only be used when
+ needed. Additionally, it is only supported with the OV6620 and OV7620.
+
+ NAME: unit_video
+ TYPE: Up to 16 comma-separated integers
+ DEFAULT: 0,0,0... (automatically assign the next available minor(s))
+ DESC: You can specify up to 16 minor numbers to be assigned to ov511 devices.
+ For example, "unit_video=1,3" will make the driver use /dev/video1 and
+ /dev/video3 for the first two devices it detects. Additional devices
+ will be assigned automatically starting at the first available device
+ node (/dev/video0 in this case). Note that you cannot specify 0 as a
+ minor number. This feature requires kernel version 2.4.5 or higher.
+
+ NAME: remove_zeros
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0 (do not skip any incoming data)
+ DESC: Setting this to 1 will remove zero-padding from incoming data. This
+ will compensate for the blocks of corruption that can appear when the
+ camera cannot keep up with the speed of the USB bus (eg. at low frame
+ resolutions). This feature is always enabled when compression is on.
+
+ NAME: mirror
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0 (off)
+ DESC: Setting this to 1 will reverse ("mirror") the image horizontally. This
+ might be necessary if your camera has a custom lens assembly. This has
+ no effect with video capture devices.
+
+ NAME: ov518_color
+ TYPE: integer (Boolean)
+ DEFAULT: 0 (off)
+ DESC: Enable OV518 color support. This is off by default since it doesn't
+ work most of the time. If you want to try it, you must also load
+ ov518_decomp with the "nouv=0" parameter. If you get improper colors or
+ diagonal lines through the image, restart your video app and try again.
+ Repeat as necessary.
+
+WORKING FEATURES:
+ o Color streaming/capture at most widths and heights that are multiples of 8.
+ o Monochrome (use force_palette=1 to enable)
+ o Setting/getting of saturation, contrast, brightness, and hue (only some of
+ them work the OV7620 and OV7620AE)
+ o /proc status reporting
+ o SAA7111A video capture support at 320x240 and 640x480
+ o Compression support
+ o SMP compatibility
+
+HOW TO CONTACT ME:
+
+You can email me at mark@alpha.dyndns.org . Please prefix the subject line
+with "OV511: " so that I am certain to notice your message.
+
+CREDITS:
+
+The code is based in no small part on the CPiA driver by Johannes Erdfelt,
+Randy Dunlap, and others. Big thanks to them for their pioneering work on that
+and the USB stack. Thanks to Bret Wallach for getting camera reg IO, ISOC, and
+image capture working. Thanks to Orion Sky Lawlor, Kevin Moore, and Claudio
+Matsuoka for their work as well.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/proc_usb_info.txt b/Documentation/usb/proc_usb_info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..729c72d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/proc_usb_info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+/proc/bus/usb filesystem output
+===============================
+(version 2003.05.30)
+
+
+The usbfs filesystem for USB devices is traditionally mounted at
+/proc/bus/usb. It provides the /proc/bus/usb/devices file, as well as
+the /proc/bus/usb/BBB/DDD files.
+
+
+**NOTE**: If /proc/bus/usb appears empty, and a host controller
+ driver has been linked, then you need to mount the
+ filesystem. Issue the command (as root):
+
+ mount -t usbfs none /proc/bus/usb
+
+ An alternative and more permanent method would be to add
+
+ none /proc/bus/usb usbfs defaults 0 0
+
+ to /etc/fstab. This will mount usbfs at each reboot.
+ You can then issue `cat /proc/bus/usb/devices` to extract
+ USB device information, and user mode drivers can use usbfs
+ to interact with USB devices.
+
+ There are a number of mount options supported by usbfs.
+ Consult the source code (linux/drivers/usb/core/inode.c) for
+ information about those options.
+
+**NOTE**: The filesystem has been renamed from "usbdevfs" to
+ "usbfs", to reduce confusion with "devfs". You may
+ still see references to the older "usbdevfs" name.
+
+For more information on mounting the usbfs file system, see the
+"USB Device Filesystem" section of the USB Guide. The latest copy
+of the USB Guide can be found at http://www.linux-usb.org/
+
+
+THE /proc/bus/usb/BBB/DDD FILES:
+--------------------------------
+Each connected USB device has one file. The BBB indicates the bus
+number. The DDD indicates the device address on that bus. Both
+of these numbers are assigned sequentially, and can be reused, so
+you can't rely on them for stable access to devices. For example,
+it's relatively common for devices to re-enumerate while they are
+still connected (perhaps someone jostled their power supply, hub,
+or USB cable), so a device might be 002/027 when you first connect
+it and 002/048 sometime later.
+
+These files can be read as binary data. The binary data consists
+of first the device descriptor, then the descriptors for each
+configuration of the device. That information is also shown in
+text form by the /proc/bus/usb/devices file, described later.
+
+These files may also be used to write user-level drivers for the USB
+devices. You would open the /proc/bus/usb/BBB/DDD file read/write,
+read its descriptors to make sure it's the device you expect, and then
+bind to an interface (or perhaps several) using an ioctl call. You
+would issue more ioctls to the device to communicate to it using
+control, bulk, or other kinds of USB transfers. The IOCTLs are
+listed in the <linux/usbdevice_fs.h> file, and at this writing the
+source code (linux/drivers/usb/devio.c) is the primary reference
+for how to access devices through those files.
+
+Note that since by default these BBB/DDD files are writable only by
+root, only root can write such user mode drivers. You can selectively
+grant read/write permissions to other users by using "chmod". Also,
+usbfs mount options such as "devmode=0666" may be helpful.
+
+
+
+THE /proc/bus/usb/devices FILE:
+-------------------------------
+In /proc/bus/usb/devices, each device's output has multiple
+lines of ASCII output.
+I made it ASCII instead of binary on purpose, so that someone
+can obtain some useful data from it without the use of an
+auxiliary program. However, with an auxiliary program, the numbers
+in the first 4 columns of each "T:" line (topology info:
+Lev, Prnt, Port, Cnt) can be used to build a USB topology diagram.
+
+Each line is tagged with a one-character ID for that line:
+
+T = Topology (etc.)
+B = Bandwidth (applies only to USB host controllers, which are
+ virtualized as root hubs)
+D = Device descriptor info.
+P = Product ID info. (from Device descriptor, but they won't fit
+ together on one line)
+S = String descriptors.
+C = Configuration descriptor info. (* = active configuration)
+I = Interface descriptor info.
+E = Endpoint descriptor info.
+
+=======================================================================
+
+/proc/bus/usb/devices output format:
+
+Legend:
+ d = decimal number (may have leading spaces or 0's)
+ x = hexadecimal number (may have leading spaces or 0's)
+ s = string
+
+
+Topology info:
+
+T: Bus=dd Lev=dd Prnt=dd Port=dd Cnt=dd Dev#=ddd Spd=ddd MxCh=dd
+| | | | | | | | |__MaxChildren
+| | | | | | | |__Device Speed in Mbps
+| | | | | | |__DeviceNumber
+| | | | | |__Count of devices at this level
+| | | | |__Connector/Port on Parent for this device
+| | | |__Parent DeviceNumber
+| | |__Level in topology for this bus
+| |__Bus number
+|__Topology info tag
+
+ Speed may be:
+ 1.5 Mbit/s for low speed USB
+ 12 Mbit/s for full speed USB
+ 480 Mbit/s for high speed USB (added for USB 2.0)
+
+
+Bandwidth info:
+B: Alloc=ddd/ddd us (xx%), #Int=ddd, #Iso=ddd
+| | | |__Number of isochronous requests
+| | |__Number of interrupt requests
+| |__Total Bandwidth allocated to this bus
+|__Bandwidth info tag
+
+ Bandwidth allocation is an approximation of how much of one frame
+ (millisecond) is in use. It reflects only periodic transfers, which
+ are the only transfers that reserve bandwidth. Control and bulk
+ transfers use all other bandwidth, including reserved bandwidth that
+ is not used for transfers (such as for short packets).
+
+ The percentage is how much of the "reserved" bandwidth is scheduled by
+ those transfers. For a low or full speed bus (loosely, "USB 1.1"),
+ 90% of the bus bandwidth is reserved. For a high speed bus (loosely,
+ "USB 2.0") 80% is reserved.
+
+
+Device descriptor info & Product ID info:
+
+D: Ver=x.xx Cls=xx(s) Sub=xx Prot=xx MxPS=dd #Cfgs=dd
+P: Vendor=xxxx ProdID=xxxx Rev=xx.xx
+
+where
+D: Ver=x.xx Cls=xx(sssss) Sub=xx Prot=xx MxPS=dd #Cfgs=dd
+| | | | | | |__NumberConfigurations
+| | | | | |__MaxPacketSize of Default Endpoint
+| | | | |__DeviceProtocol
+| | | |__DeviceSubClass
+| | |__DeviceClass
+| |__Device USB version
+|__Device info tag #1
+
+where
+P: Vendor=xxxx ProdID=xxxx Rev=xx.xx
+| | | |__Product revision number
+| | |__Product ID code
+| |__Vendor ID code
+|__Device info tag #2
+
+
+String descriptor info:
+
+S: Manufacturer=ssss
+| |__Manufacturer of this device as read from the device.
+| For USB host controller drivers (virtual root hubs) this may
+| be omitted, or (for newer drivers) will identify the kernel
+| version and the driver which provides this hub emulation.
+|__String info tag
+
+S: Product=ssss
+| |__Product description of this device as read from the device.
+| For older USB host controller drivers (virtual root hubs) this
+| indicates the driver; for newer ones, it's a product (and vendor)
+| description that often comes from the kernel's PCI ID database.
+|__String info tag
+
+S: SerialNumber=ssss
+| |__Serial Number of this device as read from the device.
+| For USB host controller drivers (virtual root hubs) this is
+| some unique ID, normally a bus ID (address or slot name) that
+| can't be shared with any other device.
+|__String info tag
+
+
+
+Configuration descriptor info:
+
+C:* #Ifs=dd Cfg#=dd Atr=xx MPwr=dddmA
+| | | | | |__MaxPower in mA
+| | | | |__Attributes
+| | | |__ConfiguratioNumber
+| | |__NumberOfInterfaces
+| |__ "*" indicates the active configuration (others are " ")
+|__Config info tag
+
+ USB devices may have multiple configurations, each of which act
+ rather differently. For example, a bus-powered configuration
+ might be much less capable than one that is self-powered. Only
+ one device configuration can be active at a time; most devices
+ have only one configuration.
+
+ Each configuration consists of one or more interfaces. Each
+ interface serves a distinct "function", which is typically bound
+ to a different USB device driver. One common example is a USB
+ speaker with an audio interface for playback, and a HID interface
+ for use with software volume control.
+
+
+Interface descriptor info (can be multiple per Config):
+
+I: If#=dd Alt=dd #EPs=dd Cls=xx(sssss) Sub=xx Prot=xx Driver=ssss
+| | | | | | | |__Driver name
+| | | | | | | or "(none)"
+| | | | | | |__InterfaceProtocol
+| | | | | |__InterfaceSubClass
+| | | | |__InterfaceClass
+| | | |__NumberOfEndpoints
+| | |__AlternateSettingNumber
+| |__InterfaceNumber
+|__Interface info tag
+
+ A given interface may have one or more "alternate" settings.
+ For example, default settings may not use more than a small
+ amount of periodic bandwidth. To use significant fractions
+ of bus bandwidth, drivers must select a non-default altsetting.
+
+ Only one setting for an interface may be active at a time, and
+ only one driver may bind to an interface at a time. Most devices
+ have only one alternate setting per interface.
+
+
+Endpoint descriptor info (can be multiple per Interface):
+
+E: Ad=xx(s) Atr=xx(ssss) MxPS=dddd Ivl=dddss
+| | | | |__Interval (max) between transfers
+| | | |__EndpointMaxPacketSize
+| | |__Attributes(EndpointType)
+| |__EndpointAddress(I=In,O=Out)
+|__Endpoint info tag
+
+ The interval is nonzero for all periodic (interrupt or isochronous)
+ endpoints. For high speed endpoints the transfer interval may be
+ measured in microseconds rather than milliseconds.
+
+ For high speed periodic endpoints, the "MaxPacketSize" reflects
+ the per-microframe data transfer size. For "high bandwidth"
+ endpoints, that can reflect two or three packets (for up to
+ 3KBytes every 125 usec) per endpoint.
+
+ With the Linux-USB stack, periodic bandwidth reservations use the
+ transfer intervals and sizes provided by URBs, which can be less
+ than those found in endpoint descriptor.
+
+
+=======================================================================
+
+
+If a user or script is interested only in Topology info, for
+example, use something like "grep ^T: /proc/bus/usb/devices"
+for only the Topology lines. A command like
+"grep -i ^[tdp]: /proc/bus/usb/devices" can be used to list
+only the lines that begin with the characters in square brackets,
+where the valid characters are TDPCIE. With a slightly more able
+script, it can display any selected lines (for example, only T, D,
+and P lines) and change their output format. (The "procusb"
+Perl script is the beginning of this idea. It will list only
+selected lines [selected from TBDPSCIE] or "All" lines from
+/proc/bus/usb/devices.)
+
+The Topology lines can be used to generate a graphic/pictorial
+of the USB devices on a system's root hub. (See more below
+on how to do this.)
+
+The Interface lines can be used to determine what driver is
+being used for each device.
+
+The Configuration lines could be used to list maximum power
+(in milliamps) that a system's USB devices are using.
+For example, "grep ^C: /proc/bus/usb/devices".
+
+
+Here's an example, from a system which has a UHCI root hub,
+an external hub connected to the root hub, and a mouse and
+a serial converter connected to the external hub.
+
+T: Bus=00 Lev=00 Prnt=00 Port=00 Cnt=00 Dev#= 1 Spd=12 MxCh= 2
+B: Alloc= 28/900 us ( 3%), #Int= 2, #Iso= 0
+D: Ver= 1.00 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs= 1
+P: Vendor=0000 ProdID=0000 Rev= 0.00
+S: Product=USB UHCI Root Hub
+S: SerialNumber=dce0
+C:* #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=40 MxPwr= 0mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=hub
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 8 Ivl=255ms
+T: Bus=00 Lev=01 Prnt=01 Port=00 Cnt=01 Dev#= 2 Spd=12 MxCh= 4
+D: Ver= 1.00 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs= 1
+P: Vendor=0451 ProdID=1446 Rev= 1.00
+C:* #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=e0 MxPwr=100mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=hub
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 1 Ivl=255ms
+T: Bus=00 Lev=02 Prnt=02 Port=00 Cnt=01 Dev#= 3 Spd=1.5 MxCh= 0
+D: Ver= 1.00 Cls=00(>ifc ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs= 1
+P: Vendor=04b4 ProdID=0001 Rev= 0.00
+C:* #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=80 MxPwr=100mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=03(HID ) Sub=01 Prot=02 Driver=mouse
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 3 Ivl= 10ms
+T: Bus=00 Lev=02 Prnt=02 Port=02 Cnt=02 Dev#= 4 Spd=12 MxCh= 0
+D: Ver= 1.00 Cls=00(>ifc ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs= 1
+P: Vendor=0565 ProdID=0001 Rev= 1.08
+S: Manufacturer=Peracom Networks, Inc.
+S: Product=Peracom USB to Serial Converter
+C:* #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=a0 MxPwr=100mA
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 3 Cls=00(>ifc ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=serial
+E: Ad=81(I) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 64 Ivl= 16ms
+E: Ad=01(O) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 16 Ivl= 16ms
+E: Ad=82(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 8 Ivl= 8ms
+
+
+Selecting only the "T:" and "I:" lines from this (for example, by using
+"procusb ti"), we have:
+
+T: Bus=00 Lev=00 Prnt=00 Port=00 Cnt=00 Dev#= 1 Spd=12 MxCh= 2
+T: Bus=00 Lev=01 Prnt=01 Port=00 Cnt=01 Dev#= 2 Spd=12 MxCh= 4
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=hub
+T: Bus=00 Lev=02 Prnt=02 Port=00 Cnt=01 Dev#= 3 Spd=1.5 MxCh= 0
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=03(HID ) Sub=01 Prot=02 Driver=mouse
+T: Bus=00 Lev=02 Prnt=02 Port=02 Cnt=02 Dev#= 4 Spd=12 MxCh= 0
+I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 3 Cls=00(>ifc ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=serial
+
+
+Physically this looks like (or could be converted to):
+
+ +------------------+
+ | PC/root_hub (12)| Dev# = 1
+ +------------------+ (nn) is Mbps.
+ Level 0 | CN.0 | CN.1 | [CN = connector/port #]
+ +------------------+
+ /
+ /
+ +-----------------------+
+ Level 1 | Dev#2: 4-port hub (12)|
+ +-----------------------+
+ |CN.0 |CN.1 |CN.2 |CN.3 |
+ +-----------------------+
+ \ \____________________
+ \_____ \
+ \ \
+ +--------------------+ +--------------------+
+ Level 2 | Dev# 3: mouse (1.5)| | Dev# 4: serial (12)|
+ +--------------------+ +--------------------+
+
+
+
+Or, in a more tree-like structure (ports [Connectors] without
+connections could be omitted):
+
+PC: Dev# 1, root hub, 2 ports, 12 Mbps
+|_ CN.0: Dev# 2, hub, 4 ports, 12 Mbps
+ |_ CN.0: Dev #3, mouse, 1.5 Mbps
+ |_ CN.1:
+ |_ CN.2: Dev #4, serial, 12 Mbps
+ |_ CN.3:
+|_ CN.1:
+
+
+ ### END ###
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/rio.txt b/Documentation/usb/rio.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0aa79ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/rio.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 Bruce Tenison
+Portions Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 David Nelson
+Thanks to David Nelson for guidance and the usage of the scanner.txt
+and scanner.c files to model our driver and this informative file.
+
+Mar. 2, 2000
+
+CHANGES
+
+- Initial Revision
+
+
+OVERVIEW
+
+This README will address issues regarding how to configure the kernel
+to access a RIO 500 mp3 player.
+Before I explain how to use this to access the Rio500 please be warned:
+
+W A R N I N G:
+--------------
+
+Please note that this software is still under development. The authors
+are in no way responsible for any damage that may occur, no matter how
+inconsequential.
+
+It seems that the Rio has a problem when sending .mp3 with low batteries.
+I suggest when the batteries are low and want to transfer stuff that you
+replace it with a fresh one. In my case, what happened is I lost two 16kb
+blocks (they are no longer usable to store information to it). But I don't
+know if thats normal or not. It could simply be a problem with the flash
+memory.
+
+In an extreme case, I left my Rio playing overnight and the batteries wore
+down to nothing and appear to have corrupted the flash memory. My RIO
+needed to be replaced as a result. Diamond tech support is aware of the
+problem. Do NOT allow your batteries to wear down to nothing before
+changing them. It appears RIO 500 firmware does not handle low battery
+power well at all.
+
+On systems with OHCI controllers, the kernel OHCI code appears to have
+power on problems with some chipsets. If you are having problems
+connecting to your RIO 500, try turning it on first and then plugging it
+into the USB cable.
+
+Contact information:
+--------------------
+
+ The main page for the project is hosted at sourceforge.net in the following
+ address: http://rio500.sourceforge.net You can also go to the sourceforge
+ project page at: http://sourceforge.net/project/?group_id=1944 There is
+ also a mailing list: rio500-users@lists.sourceforge.net
+
+Authors:
+-------
+
+Most of the code was written by Cesar Miquel <miquel@df.uba.ar>. Keith
+Clayton <kclayton@jps.net> is incharge of the PPC port and making sure
+things work there. Bruce Tenison <btenison@dibbs.net> is adding support
+for .fon files and also does testing. The program will mostly sure be
+re-written and Pete Ikusz along with the rest will re-design it. I would
+also like to thank Tri Nguyen <tmn_3022000@hotmail.com> who provided use
+with some important information regarding the communication with the Rio.
+
+ADDITIONAL INFORMATION and Userspace tools
+
+http://rio500.sourceforge.net/
+
+
+REQUIREMENTS
+
+A host with a USB port. Ideally, either a UHCI (Intel) or OHCI
+(Compaq and others) hardware port should work.
+
+A Linux development kernel (2.3.x) with USB support enabled or a
+backported version to linux-2.2.x. See http://www.linux-usb.org for
+more information on accomplishing this.
+
+A Linux kernel with RIO 500 support enabled.
+
+'lspci' which is only needed to determine the type of USB hardware
+available in your machine.
+
+CONFIGURATION
+
+Using `lspci -v`, determine the type of USB hardware available.
+
+ If you see something like:
+
+ USB Controller: ......
+ Flags: .....
+ I/O ports at ....
+
+ Then you have a UHCI based controller.
+
+ If you see something like:
+
+ USB Controller: .....
+ Flags: ....
+ Memory at .....
+
+ Then you have a OHCI based controller.
+
+Using `make menuconfig` or your preferred method for configuring the
+kernel, select 'Support for USB', 'OHCI/UHCI' depending on your
+hardware (determined from the steps above), 'USB Diamond Rio500 support', and
+'Preliminary USB device filesystem'. Compile and install the modules
+(you may need to execute `depmod -a` to update the module
+dependencies).
+
+Add a device for the USB rio500:
+ `mknod /dev/usb/rio500 c 180 64`
+
+Set appropriate permissions for /dev/usb/rio500 (don't forget about
+group and world permissions). Both read and write permissions are
+required for proper operation.
+
+Load the appropriate modules (if compiled as modules):
+
+ OHCI:
+ modprobe usbcore
+ modprobe usb-ohci
+ modprobe rio500
+
+ UHCI:
+ modprobe usbcore
+ modprobe usb-uhci (or uhci)
+ modprobe rio500
+
+That's it. The Rio500 Utils at: http://rio500.sourceforge.net should
+be able to access the rio500.
+
+BUGS
+
+If you encounter any problems feel free to drop me an email.
+
+Bruce Tenison
+btenison@dibbs.net
+
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/se401.txt b/Documentation/usb/se401.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b9d1c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/se401.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+Linux driver for SE401 based USB cameras
+
+Copyright, 2001, Jeroen Vreeken
+
+
+INTRODUCTION:
+
+The SE401 chip is the used in low-cost usb webcams.
+It is produced by Endpoints Inc. (www.endpoints.com).
+It interfaces directly to a cmos image sensor and USB. The only other major
+part in a se401 based camera is a dram chip.
+
+The following cameras are known to work with this driver:
+
+Aox se401 (non-branded) cameras
+Philips PVCV665 USB VGA webcam 'Vesta Fun'
+Kensington VideoCAM PC Camera Model 67014
+Kensington VideoCAM PC Camera Model 67015
+Kensington VideoCAM PC Camera Model 67016
+Kensington VideoCAM PC Camera Model 67017
+
+
+WHAT YOU NEED:
+
+- USB support
+- VIDEO4LINUX support
+
+More information about USB support for linux can be found at:
+http://www.linux-usb.org
+
+
+MODULE OPTIONS:
+
+When the driver is compiled as a module you can also use the 'flickerless'
+option. With it exposure is limited to values that do not interfere with the
+net frequency. Valid options for this option are 0, 50 and 60. (0=disable,
+50=50hz, 60=60hz)
+
+
+KNOWN PROBLEMS:
+
+The driver works fine with the usb-ohci and uhci host controller drivers,
+the default settings also work with usb-uhci. But sending more than one bulk
+transfer at a time with usb-uhci doesn't work yet.
+Users of usb-ohci and uhci can safely enlarge SE401_NUMSBUF in se401.h in
+order to increase the throughput (and thus framerate).
+
+
+HELP:
+
+The latest info on this driver can be found at:
+http://www.chello.nl/~j.vreeken/se401/
+And questions to me can be send to:
+pe1rxq@amsat.org
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/sn9c102.txt b/Documentation/usb/sn9c102.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf9a118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/sn9c102.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+
+ SN9C10x PC Camera Controllers
+ Driver for Linux
+ =============================
+
+ - Documentation -
+
+
+Index
+=====
+1. Copyright
+2. Disclaimer
+3. License
+4. Overview and features
+5. Module dependencies
+6. Module loading
+7. Module parameters
+8. Optional device control through "sysfs"
+9. Supported devices
+10. How to add plug-in's for new image sensors
+11. Notes for V4L2 application developers
+12. Video frame formats
+13. Contact information
+14. Credits
+
+
+1. Copyright
+============
+Copyright (C) 2004-2005 by Luca Risolia <luca.risolia@studio.unibo.it>
+
+
+2. Disclaimer
+=============
+SONiX is a trademark of SONiX Technology Company Limited, inc.
+This software is not sponsored or developed by SONiX.
+
+
+3. License
+==========
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+
+4. Overview and features
+========================
+This driver attempts to support the video and audio streaming capabilities of
+the devices mounting the SONiX SN9C101, SN9C102 and SN9C103 PC Camera
+Controllers.
+
+It's worth to note that SONiX has never collaborated with the author during the
+development of this project, despite several requests for enough detailed
+specifications of the register tables, compression engine and video data format
+of the above chips. Nevertheless, these informations are no longer necessary,
+becouse all the aspects related to these chips are known and have been
+described in detail in this documentation.
+
+The driver relies on the Video4Linux2 and USB core modules. It has been
+designed to run properly on SMP systems as well.
+
+The latest version of the SN9C10x driver can be found at the following URL:
+http://www.linux-projects.org/
+
+Some of the features of the driver are:
+
+- full compliance with the Video4Linux2 API (see also "Notes for V4L2
+ application developers" paragraph);
+- available mmap or read/poll methods for video streaming through isochronous
+ data transfers;
+- automatic detection of image sensor;
+- support for any window resolutions and optional panning within the maximum
+ pixel area of image sensor;
+- image downscaling with arbitrary scaling factors from 1, 2 and 4 in both
+ directions (see "Notes for V4L2 application developers" paragraph);
+- two different video formats for uncompressed or compressed data in low or
+ high compression quality (see also "Notes for V4L2 application developers"
+ and "Video frame formats" paragraphs);
+- full support for the capabilities of many of the possible image sensors that
+ can be connected to the SN9C10x bridges, including, for istance, red, green,
+ blue and global gain adjustments and exposure (see "Supported devices"
+ paragraph for details);
+- use of default color settings for sunlight conditions;
+- dynamic I/O interface for both SN9C10x and image sensor control and
+ monitoring (see "Optional device control through 'sysfs'" paragraph);
+- dynamic driver control thanks to various module parameters (see "Module
+ parameters" paragraph);
+- up to 64 cameras can be handled at the same time; they can be connected and
+ disconnected from the host many times without turning off the computer, if
+ your system supports hotplugging;
+- no known bugs.
+
+
+5. Module dependencies
+======================
+For it to work properly, the driver needs kernel support for Video4Linux and
+USB.
+
+The following options of the kernel configuration file must be enabled and
+corresponding modules must be compiled:
+
+ # Multimedia devices
+ #
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV=m
+
+ # USB support
+ #
+ CONFIG_USB=m
+
+In addition, depending on the hardware being used, the modules below are
+necessary:
+
+ # USB Host Controller Drivers
+ #
+ CONFIG_USB_EHCI_HCD=m
+ CONFIG_USB_UHCI_HCD=m
+ CONFIG_USB_OHCI_HCD=m
+
+And finally:
+
+ # USB Multimedia devices
+ #
+ CONFIG_USB_SN9C102=m
+
+
+6. Module loading
+=================
+To use the driver, it is necessary to load the "sn9c102" module into memory
+after every other module required: "videodev", "usbcore" and, depending on
+the USB host controller you have, "ehci-hcd", "uhci-hcd" or "ohci-hcd".
+
+Loading can be done as shown below:
+
+ [root@localhost home]# modprobe sn9c102
+
+At this point the devices should be recognized. You can invoke "dmesg" to
+analyze kernel messages and verify that the loading process has gone well:
+
+ [user@localhost home]$ dmesg
+
+
+7. Module parameters
+====================
+Module parameters are listed below:
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: video_nr
+Type: int array (min = 0, max = 64)
+Syntax: <-1|n[,...]>
+Description: Specify V4L2 minor mode number:
+ -1 = use next available
+ n = use minor number n
+ You can specify up to 64 cameras this way.
+ For example:
+ video_nr=-1,2,-1 would assign minor number 2 to the second
+ recognized camera and use auto for the first one and for every
+ other camera.
+Default: -1
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: force_munmap;
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 64)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Force the application to unmap previously mapped buffer memory
+ before calling any VIDIOC_S_CROP or VIDIOC_S_FMT ioctl's. Not
+ all the applications support this feature. This parameter is
+ specific for each detected camera.
+ 0 = do not force memory unmapping"
+ 1 = force memory unmapping (save memory)"
+Default: 0
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: debug
+Type: int
+Syntax: <n>
+Description: Debugging information level, from 0 to 3:
+ 0 = none (use carefully)
+ 1 = critical errors
+ 2 = significant informations
+ 3 = more verbose messages
+ Level 3 is useful for testing only, when only one device
+ is used. It also shows some more informations about the
+ hardware being detected. This parameter can be changed at
+ runtime thanks to the /sys filesystem.
+Default: 2
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+8. Optional device control through "sysfs" [1]
+==========================================
+It is possible to read and write both the SN9C10x and the image sensor
+registers by using the "sysfs" filesystem interface.
+
+Every time a supported device is recognized, a write-only file named "green" is
+created in the /sys/class/video4linux/videoX directory. You can set the green
+channel's gain by writing the desired value to it. The value may range from 0
+to 15 for SN9C101 or SN9C102 bridges, from 0 to 127 for SN9C103 bridges.
+Similarly, only for SN9C103 controllers, blue and red gain control files are
+available in the same directory, for which accepted values may range from 0 to
+127.
+
+There are other four entries in the directory above for each registered camera:
+"reg", "val", "i2c_reg" and "i2c_val". The first two files control the
+SN9C10x bridge, while the other two control the sensor chip. "reg" and
+"i2c_reg" hold the values of the current register index where the following
+reading/writing operations are addressed at through "val" and "i2c_val". Their
+use is not intended for end-users. Note that "i2c_reg" and "i2c_val" will not
+be created if the sensor does not actually support the standard I2C protocol or
+its registers are not 8-bit long. Also, remember that you must be logged in as
+root before writing to them.
+
+As an example, suppose we were to want to read the value contained in the
+register number 1 of the sensor register table - which is usually the product
+identifier - of the camera registered as "/dev/video0":
+
+ [root@localhost #] cd /sys/class/video4linux/video0
+ [root@localhost #] echo 1 > i2c_reg
+ [root@localhost #] cat i2c_val
+
+Note that "cat" will fail if sensor registers cannot be read.
+
+Now let's set the green gain's register of the SN9C101 or SN9C102 chips to 2:
+
+ [root@localhost #] echo 0x11 > reg
+ [root@localhost #] echo 2 > val
+
+Note that the SN9C10x always returns 0 when some of its registers are read.
+To avoid race conditions, all the I/O accesses to the above files are
+serialized.
+
+The sysfs interface also provides the "frame_header" entry, which exports the
+frame header of the most recent requested and captured video frame. The header
+is 12-bytes long and is appended to every video frame by the SN9C10x
+controllers. As an example, this additional information can be used by the user
+application for implementing auto-exposure features via software.
+
+The following table describes the frame header:
+
+Byte # Value Description
+------ ----- -----------
+0x00 0xFF Frame synchronisation pattern.
+0x01 0xFF Frame synchronisation pattern.
+0x02 0x00 Frame synchronisation pattern.
+0x03 0xC4 Frame synchronisation pattern.
+0x04 0xC4 Frame synchronisation pattern.
+0x05 0x96 Frame synchronisation pattern.
+0x06 0x00 or 0x01 Unknown meaning. The exact value depends on the chip.
+0x07 0xXX Variable value, whose bits are ff00uzzc, where ff is a
+ frame counter, u is unknown, zz is a size indicator
+ (00 = VGA, 01 = SIF, 10 = QSIF) and c stands for
+ "compression enabled" (1 = yes, 0 = no).
+0x08 0xXX Brightness sum inside Auto-Exposure area (low-byte).
+0x09 0xXX Brightness sum inside Auto-Exposure area (high-byte).
+ For a pure white image, this number will be equal to 500
+ times the area of the specified AE area. For images
+ that are not pure white, the value scales down according
+ to relative whiteness.
+0x0A 0xXX Brightness sum outside Auto-Exposure area (low-byte).
+0x0B 0xXX Brightness sum outside Auto-Exposure area (high-byte).
+ For a pure white image, this number will be equal to 125
+ times the area outside of the specified AE area. For
+ images that are not pure white, the value scales down
+ according to relative whiteness.
+
+The AE area (sx, sy, ex, ey) in the active window can be set by programming the
+registers 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e and 0x1f of the SN9C10x controllers, where one unit
+corresponds to 32 pixels.
+
+[1] The frame header has been documented by Bertrik Sikken.
+
+
+9. Supported devices
+====================
+None of the names of the companies as well as their products will be mentioned
+here. They have never collaborated with the author, so no advertising.
+
+From the point of view of a driver, what unambiguously identify a device are
+its vendor and product USB identifiers. Below is a list of known identifiers of
+devices mounting the SN9C10x PC camera controllers:
+
+Vendor ID Product ID
+--------- ----------
+0x0c45 0x6001
+0x0c45 0x6005
+0x0c45 0x6009
+0x0c45 0x600d
+0x0c45 0x6024
+0x0c45 0x6025
+0x0c45 0x6028
+0x0c45 0x6029
+0x0c45 0x602a
+0x0c45 0x602b
+0x0c45 0x602c
+0x0c45 0x6030
+0x0c45 0x6080
+0x0c45 0x6082
+0x0c45 0x6083
+0x0c45 0x6088
+0x0c45 0x608a
+0x0c45 0x608b
+0x0c45 0x608c
+0x0c45 0x608e
+0x0c45 0x608f
+0x0c45 0x60a0
+0x0c45 0x60a2
+0x0c45 0x60a3
+0x0c45 0x60a8
+0x0c45 0x60aa
+0x0c45 0x60ab
+0x0c45 0x60ac
+0x0c45 0x60ae
+0x0c45 0x60af
+0x0c45 0x60b0
+0x0c45 0x60b2
+0x0c45 0x60b3
+0x0c45 0x60b8
+0x0c45 0x60ba
+0x0c45 0x60bb
+0x0c45 0x60bc
+0x0c45 0x60be
+
+The list above does not imply that all those devices work with this driver: up
+until now only the ones that mount the following image sensors are supported;
+kernel messages will always tell you whether this is the case:
+
+Model Manufacturer
+----- ------------
+HV7131D Hynix Semiconductor, Inc.
+MI-0343 Micron Technology, Inc.
+PAS106B PixArt Imaging, Inc.
+PAS202BCB PixArt Imaging, Inc.
+TAS5110C1B Taiwan Advanced Sensor Corporation
+TAS5130D1B Taiwan Advanced Sensor Corporation
+
+All the available control settings of each image sensor are supported through
+the V4L2 interface.
+
+Donations of new models for further testing and support would be much
+appreciated. Non-available hardware will not be supported by the author of this
+driver.
+
+
+10. How to add plug-in's for new image sensors
+==============================================
+It should be easy to write plug-in's for new sensors by using the small API
+that has been created for this purpose, which is present in "sn9c102_sensor.h"
+(documentation is included there). As an example, have a look at the code in
+"sn9c102_pas106b.c", which uses the mentioned interface.
+
+At the moment, possible unsupported image sensors are: CIS-VF10 (VGA),
+OV7620 (VGA), OV7630 (VGA).
+
+
+11. Notes for V4L2 application developers
+=========================================
+This driver follows the V4L2 API specifications. In particular, it enforces two
+rules:
+
+- exactly one I/O method, either "mmap" or "read", is associated with each
+file descriptor. Once it is selected, the application must close and reopen the
+device to switch to the other I/O method;
+
+- although it is not mandatory, previously mapped buffer memory should always
+be unmapped before calling any "VIDIOC_S_CROP" or "VIDIOC_S_FMT" ioctl's.
+The same number of buffers as before will be allocated again to match the size
+of the new video frames, so you have to map the buffers again before any I/O
+attempts on them.
+
+Consistently with the hardware limits, this driver also supports image
+downscaling with arbitrary scaling factors from 1, 2 and 4 in both directions.
+However, the V4L2 API specifications don't correctly define how the scaling
+factor can be chosen arbitrarily by the "negotiation" of the "source" and
+"target" rectangles. To work around this flaw, we have added the convention
+that, during the negotiation, whenever the "VIDIOC_S_CROP" ioctl is issued, the
+scaling factor is restored to 1.
+
+This driver supports two different video formats: the first one is the "8-bit
+Sequential Bayer" format and can be used to obtain uncompressed video data
+from the device through the current I/O method, while the second one provides
+"raw" compressed video data (without frame headers not related to the
+compressed data). The compression quality may vary from 0 to 1 and can be
+selected or queried thanks to the VIDIOC_S_JPEGCOMP and VIDIOC_G_JPEGCOMP V4L2
+ioctl's. For maximum flexibility, both the default active video format and the
+default compression quality depend on how the image sensor being used is
+initialized (as described in the documentation of the API for the image sensors
+supplied by this driver).
+
+
+12. Video frame formats [1]
+=======================
+The SN9C10x PC Camera Controllers can send images in two possible video
+formats over the USB: either native "Sequential RGB Bayer" or Huffman
+compressed. The latter is used to achieve high frame rates. The current video
+format may be selected or queried from the user application by calling the
+VIDIOC_S_FMT or VIDIOC_G_FMT ioctl's, as described in the V4L2 API
+specifications.
+
+The name "Sequential Bayer" indicates the organization of the red, green and
+blue pixels in one video frame. Each pixel is associated with a 8-bit long
+value and is disposed in memory according to the pattern shown below:
+
+B[0] G[1] B[2] G[3] ... B[m-2] G[m-1]
+G[m] R[m+1] G[m+2] R[m+2] ... G[2m-2] R[2m-1]
+...
+... B[(n-1)(m-2)] G[(n-1)(m-1)]
+... G[n(m-2)] R[n(m-1)]
+
+The above matrix also represents the sequential or progressive read-out mode of
+the (n, m) Bayer color filter array used in many CCD/CMOS image sensors.
+
+One compressed video frame consists of a bitstream that encodes for every R, G,
+or B pixel the difference between the value of the pixel itself and some
+reference pixel value. Pixels are organised in the Bayer pattern and the Bayer
+sub-pixels are tracked individually and alternatingly. For example, in the
+first line values for the B and G1 pixels are alternatingly encoded, while in
+the second line values for the G2 and R pixels are alternatingly encoded.
+
+The pixel reference value is calculated as follows:
+- the 4 top left pixels are encoded in raw uncompressed 8-bit format;
+- the value in the top two rows is the value of the pixel left of the current
+ pixel;
+- the value in the left column is the value of the pixel above the current
+ pixel;
+- for all other pixels, the reference value is the average of the value of the
+ pixel on the left and the value of the pixel above the current pixel;
+- there is one code in the bitstream that specifies the value of a pixel
+ directly (in 4-bit resolution);
+- pixel values need to be clamped inside the range [0..255] for proper
+ decoding.
+
+The algorithm purely describes the conversion from compressed Bayer code used
+in the SN9C10x chips to uncompressed Bayer. Additional steps are required to
+convert this to a color image (i.e. a color interpolation algorithm).
+
+The following Huffman codes have been found:
+0: +0 (relative to reference pixel value)
+100: +4
+101: -4?
+1110xxxx: set absolute value to xxxx.0000
+1101: +11
+1111: -11
+11001: +20
+110000: -20
+110001: ??? - these codes are apparently not used
+
+[1] The Huffman compression algorithm has been reverse-engineered and
+ documented by Bertrik Sikken.
+
+
+13. Contact information
+=======================
+The author may be contacted by e-mail at <luca.risolia@studio.unibo.it>.
+
+GPG/PGP encrypted e-mail's are accepted. The GPG key ID of the author is
+'FCE635A4'; the public 1024-bit key should be available at any keyserver;
+the fingerprint is: '88E8 F32F 7244 68BA 3958 5D40 99DA 5D2A FCE6 35A4'.
+
+
+14. Credits
+===========
+Many thanks to following persons for their contribute (listed in alphabetical
+order):
+
+- Luca Capello for the donation of a webcam;
+- Joao Rodrigo Fuzaro, Joao Limirio, Claudio Filho and Caio Begotti for the
+ donation of a webcam;
+- Carlos Eduardo Medaglia Dyonisio, who added the support for the PAS202BCB
+ image sensor;
+- Stefano Mozzi, who donated 45 EU;
+- Bertrik Sikken, who reverse-engineered and documented the Huffman compression
+ algorithm used in the SN9C10x controllers and implemented the first decoder;
+- Mizuno Takafumi for the donation of a webcam;
+- An "anonymous" donator (who didn't want his name to be revealed) for the
+ donation of a webcam.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/stv680.txt b/Documentation/usb/stv680.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6448041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/stv680.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+Linux driver for STV0680 based USB cameras
+
+Copyright, 2001, Kevin Sisson
+
+
+INTRODUCTION:
+
+STMicroelectronics produces the STV0680B chip, which comes in two
+types, -001 and -003. The -003 version allows the recording and downloading
+of sound clips from the camera, and allows a flash attachment. Otherwise,
+it uses the same commands as the -001 version. Both versions support a
+variety of SDRAM sizes and sensors, allowing for a maximum of 26 VGA or 20
+CIF pictures. The STV0680 supports either a serial or a usb interface, and
+video is possible through the usb interface.
+
+The following cameras are known to work with this driver, although any
+camera with Vendor/Product codes of 0553/0202 should work:
+
+Aiptek Pencam (various models)
+Nisis QuickPix 2
+Radio Shack 'Kid's digital camera' (#60-1207)
+At least one Trust Spycam model
+Several other European brand models
+
+WHAT YOU NEED:
+
+- USB support
+- VIDEO4LINUX support
+
+More information about USB support for linux can be found at:
+http://www.linux-usb.org
+
+
+MODULE OPTIONS:
+
+When the driver is compiled as a module, you can set a "swapRGB=1"
+option, if necessary, for those applications that require it
+(such as xawtv). However, the driver should detect and set this
+automatically, so this option should not normally be used.
+
+
+KNOWN PROBLEMS:
+
+The driver seems to work better with the usb-ohci than the usb-uhci host
+controller driver.
+
+HELP:
+
+The latest info on this driver can be found at:
+http://personal.clt.bellsouth.net/~kjsisson or at
+http://stv0680-usb.sourceforge.net
+
+Any questions to me can be send to: kjsisson@bellsouth.net
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/uhci.txt b/Documentation/usb/uhci.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f25952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/uhci.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+Specification and Internals for the New UHCI Driver (Whitepaper...)
+
+ brought to you by
+
+ Georg Acher, acher@in.tum.de (executive slave) (base guitar)
+ Deti Fliegl, deti@fliegl.de (executive slave) (lead voice)
+ Thomas Sailer, sailer@ife.ee.ethz.ch (chief consultant) (cheer leader)
+
+ $Id: README.uhci,v 1.1 1999/12/14 14:03:02 fliegl Exp $
+
+This document and the new uhci sources can be found on
+ http://hotswap.in.tum.de/usb
+
+1. General issues
+
+1.1 Why a new UHCI driver, we already have one?!?
+
+Correct, but its internal structure got more and more mixed up by the (still
+ongoing) efforts to get isochronous transfers (ISO) to work.
+Since there is an increasing need for reliable ISO-transfers (especially
+for USB-audio needed by TS and for a DAB-USB-Receiver build by GA and DF),
+this state was a bit unsatisfying in our opinion, so we've decided (based
+on knowledge and experiences with the old UHCI driver) to start
+from scratch with a new approach, much simpler but at the same time more
+powerful.
+It is inspired by the way Win98/Win2000 handles USB requests via URBs,
+but it's definitely 100% free of MS-code and doesn't crash while
+unplugging an used ISO-device like Win98 ;-)
+Some code for HW setup and root hub management was taken from the
+original UHCI driver, but heavily modified to fit into the new code.
+The invention of the basic concept, and major coding were completed in two
+days (and nights) on the 16th and 17th of October 1999, now known as the
+great USB-October-Revolution started by GA, DF, and TS ;-)
+
+Since the concept is in no way UHCI dependent, we hope that it will also be
+transferred to the OHCI-driver, so both drivers share a common API.
+
+1.2. Advantages and disadvantages
+
++ All USB transfer types work now!
++ Asynchronous operation
++ Simple, but powerful interface (only two calls for start and cancel)
++ Easy migration to the new API, simplified by a compatibility API
++ Simple usage of ISO transfers
++ Automatic linking of requests
++ ISO transfers allow variable length for each frame and striping
++ No CPU dependent and non-portable atomic memory access, no asm()-inlines
++ Tested on x86 and Alpha
+
+- Rewriting for ISO transfers needed
+
+1.3. Is there some compatibility to the old API?
+
+Yes, but only for control, bulk and interrupt transfers. We've implemented
+some wrapper calls for these transfer types. The usbcore works fine with
+these wrappers. For ISO there's no compatibility, because the old ISO-API
+and its semantics were unnecessary complicated in our opinion.
+
+1.4. What's really working?
+
+As said above, CTRL and BULK already work fine even with the wrappers,
+so legacy code wouldn't notice the change.
+Regarding to Thomas, ISO transfers now run stable with USB audio.
+INT transfers (e.g. mouse driver) work fine, too.
+
+1.5. Are there any bugs?
+
+No ;-)
+Hm...
+Well, of course this implementation needs extensive testing on all available
+hardware, but we believe that any fixes shouldn't harm the overall concept.
+
+1.6. What should be done next?
+
+A large part of the request handling seems to be identical for UHCI and
+OHCI, so it would be a good idea to extract the common parts and have only
+the HW specific stuff in uhci.c. Furthermore, all other USB device drivers
+should need URBification, if they use isochronous or interrupt transfers.
+One thing missing in the current implementation (and the old UHCI driver)
+is fair queueing for BULK transfers. Since this would need (in principle)
+the alteration of already constructed TD chains (to switch from depth to
+breadth execution), another way has to be found. Maybe some simple
+heuristics work with the same effect.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+2. Internal structure and mechanisms
+
+To get quickly familiar with the internal structures, here's a short
+description how the new UHCI driver works. However, the ultimate source of
+truth is only uhci.c!
+
+2.1. Descriptor structure (QHs and TDs)
+
+During initialization, the following skeleton is allocated in init_skel:
+
+ framespecific | common chain
+
+framelist[]
+[ 0 ]-----> TD --> TD -------\
+[ 1 ]-----> TD --> TD --------> TD ----> QH -------> QH -------> QH ---> NULL
+ ... TD --> TD -------/
+[1023]-----> TD --> TD ------/
+
+ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^
+ 1024 TDs for 7 TDs for 1 TD for Start of Start of End Chain
+ ISO INT (2-128ms) 1ms-INT CTRL Chain BULK Chain
+
+For each CTRL or BULK transfer a new QH is allocated and the containing data
+transfers are appended as (vertical) TDs. After building the whole QH with its
+dangling TDs, the QH is inserted before the BULK Chain QH (for CTRL) or
+before the End Chain QH (for BULK). Since only the QH->next pointers are
+affected, no atomic memory operation is required. The three QHs in the
+common chain are never equipped with TDs!
+
+For ISO or INT, the TD for each frame is simply inserted into the appropriate
+ISO/INT-TD-chain for the desired frame. The 7 skeleton INT-TDs are scattered
+among the 1024 frames similar to the old UHCI driver.
+
+For CTRL/BULK/ISO, the last TD in the transfer has the IOC-bit set. For INT,
+every TD (there is only one...) has the IOC-bit set.
+
+Besides the data for the UHCI controller (2 or 4 32bit words), the descriptors
+are double-linked through the .vertical and .horizontal elements in the
+SW data of the descriptor (using the double-linked list structures and
+operations), but SW-linking occurs only in closed domains, i.e. for each of
+the 1024 ISO-chains and the 8 INT-chains there is a closed cycle. This
+simplifies all insertions and unlinking operations and avoids costly
+bus_to_virt()-calls.
+
+2.2. URB structure and linking to QH/TDs
+
+During assembly of the QH and TDs of the requested action, these descriptors
+are stored in urb->urb_list, so the allocated QH/TD descriptors are bound to
+this URB.
+If the assembly was successful and the descriptors were added to the HW chain,
+the corresponding URB is inserted into a global URB list for this controller.
+This list stores all pending URBs.
+
+2.3. Interrupt processing
+
+Since UHCI provides no means to directly detect completed transactions, the
+following is done in each UHCI interrupt (uhci_interrupt()):
+
+For each URB in the pending queue (process_urb()), the ACTIVE-flag of the
+associated TDs are processed (depending on the transfer type
+process_{transfer|interrupt|iso}()). If the TDs are not active anymore,
+they indicate the completion of the transaction and the status is calculated.
+Inactive QH/TDs are removed from the HW chain (since the host controller
+already removed the TDs from the QH, no atomic access is needed) and
+eventually the URB is marked as completed (OK or errors) and removed from the
+pending queue. Then the next linked URB is submitted. After (or immediately
+before) that, the completion handler is called.
+
+2.4. Unlinking URBs
+
+First, all QH/TDs stored in the URB are unlinked from the HW chain.
+To ensure that the host controller really left a vertical TD chain, we
+wait for one frame. After that, the TDs are physically destroyed.
+
+2.5. URB linking and the consequences
+
+Since URBs can be linked and the corresponding submit_urb is called in
+the UHCI-interrupt, all work associated with URB/QH/TD assembly has to be
+interrupt save. This forces kmalloc to use GFP_ATOMIC in the interrupt.
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/usb-help.txt b/Documentation/usb/usb-help.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7c3249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/usb-help.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+usb-help.txt
+2000-July-12
+
+For USB help other than the readme files that are located in
+Documentation/usb/*, see the following:
+
+Linux-USB project: http://www.linux-usb.org
+ mirrors at http://www.suse.cz/development/linux-usb/
+ and http://usb.in.tum.de/linux-usb/
+ and http://it.linux-usb.org
+Linux USB Guide: http://linux-usb.sourceforge.net
+Linux-USB device overview (working devices and drivers):
+ http://www.qbik.ch/usb/devices/
+
+The Linux-USB mailing lists are:
+ linux-usb-users@lists.sourceforge.net for general user help
+ linux-usb-devel@lists.sourceforge.net for developer discussions
+
+###
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/usb-serial.txt b/Documentation/usb/usb-serial.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f001cd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/usb-serial.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+INTRODUCTION
+
+ The USB serial driver currently supports a number of different USB to
+ serial converter products, as well as some devices that use a serial
+ interface from userspace to talk to the device.
+
+ See the individual product section below for specific information about
+ the different devices.
+
+
+CONFIGURATION
+
+ Currently the driver can handle up to 256 different serial interfaces at
+ one time.
+
+ If you are not using devfs:
+ The major number that the driver uses is 188 so to use the driver,
+ create the following nodes:
+ mknod /dev/ttyUSB0 c 188 0
+ mknod /dev/ttyUSB1 c 188 1
+ mknod /dev/ttyUSB2 c 188 2
+ mknod /dev/ttyUSB3 c 188 3
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ mknod /dev/ttyUSB254 c 188 254
+ mknod /dev/ttyUSB255 c 188 255
+
+ If you are using devfs:
+ The devices supported by this driver will show up as
+ /dev/usb/tts/{0,1,...}
+
+ When the device is connected and recognized by the driver, the driver
+ will print to the system log, which node(s) the device has been bound
+ to.
+
+
+SPECIFIC DEVICES SUPPORTED
+
+
+ConnectTech WhiteHEAT 4 port converter
+
+ ConnectTech has been very forthcoming with information about their
+ device, including providing a unit to test with.
+
+ The driver is officially supported by Connect Tech Inc.
+ http://www.connecttech.com
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact
+ Stuart MacDonald at stuartm@connecttech.com
+
+
+HandSpring Visor, Palm USB, and Clié USB driver
+
+ This driver works with all HandSpring USB, Palm USB, and Sony Clié USB
+ devices.
+
+ Only when the device tries to connect to the host, will the device show
+ up to the host as a valid USB device. When this happens, the device is
+ properly enumerated, assigned a port, and then communication _should_ be
+ possible. The driver cleans up properly when the device is removed, or
+ the connection is canceled on the device.
+
+ NOTE:
+ This means that in order to talk to the device, the sync button must be
+ pressed BEFORE trying to get any program to communicate to the device.
+ This goes against the current documentation for pilot-xfer and other
+ packages, but is the only way that it will work due to the hardware
+ in the device.
+
+ When the device is connected, try talking to it on the second port
+ (this is usually /dev/ttyUSB1 if you do not have any other usb-serial
+ devices in the system.) The system log should tell you which port is
+ the port to use for the HotSync transfer. The "Generic" port can be used
+ for other device communication, such as a PPP link.
+
+ For some Sony Clié devices, /dev/ttyUSB0 must be used to talk to the
+ device. This is true for all OS version 3.5 devices, and most devices
+ that have had a flash upgrade to a newer version of the OS. See the
+ kernel system log for information on which is the correct port to use.
+
+ If after pressing the sync button, nothing shows up in the system log,
+ try resetting the device, first a hot reset, and then a cold reset if
+ necessary. Some devices need this before they can talk to the USB port
+ properly.
+
+ Devices that are not compiled into the kernel can be specified with module
+ parameters. e.g. modprobe visor vendor=0x54c product=0x66
+
+ There is a webpage and mailing lists for this portion of the driver at:
+ http://usbvisor.sourceforge.net/
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact Greg
+ Kroah-Hartman at greg@kroah.com
+
+
+PocketPC PDA Driver
+
+ This driver can be used to connect to Compaq iPAQ, HP Jornada, Casio EM500
+ and other PDAs running Windows CE 3.0 or PocketPC 2002 using a USB
+ cable/cradle.
+ Most devices supported by ActiveSync are supported out of the box.
+ For others, please use module parameters to specify the product and vendor
+ id. e.g. modprobe ipaq vendor=0x3f0 product=0x1125
+
+ The driver presents a serial interface (usually on /dev/ttyUSB0) over
+ which one may run ppp and establish a TCP/IP link to the PDA. Once this
+ is done, you can transfer files, backup, download email etc. The most
+ significant advantage of using USB is speed - I can get 73 to 113
+ kbytes/sec for download/upload to my iPAQ.
+
+ This driver is only one of a set of components required to utilize
+ the USB connection. Please visit http://synce.sourceforge.net which
+ contains the necessary packages and a simple step-by-step howto.
+
+ Once connected, you can use Win CE programs like ftpView, Pocket Outlook
+ from the PDA and xcerdisp, synce utilities from the Linux side.
+
+ To use Pocket IE, follow the instructions given at
+ http://www.tekguru.co.uk/EM500/usbtonet.htm to achieve the same thing
+ on Win98. Omit the proxy server part; Linux is quite capable of forwarding
+ packets unlike Win98. Another modification is required at least for the
+ iPAQ - disable autosync by going to the Start/Settings/Connections menu
+ and unchecking the "Automatically synchronize ..." box. Go to
+ Start/Programs/Connections, connect the cable and select "usbdial" (or
+ whatever you named your new USB connection). You should finally wind
+ up with a "Connected to usbdial" window with status shown as connected.
+ Now start up PIE and browse away.
+
+ If it doesn't work for some reason, load both the usbserial and ipaq module
+ with the module parameter "debug" set to 1 and examine the system log.
+ You can also try soft-resetting your PDA before attempting a connection.
+
+ Other functionality may be possible depending on your PDA. According to
+ Wes Cilldhaire <billybobjoehenrybob@hotmail.com>, with the Toshiba E570,
+ ...if you boot into the bootloader (hold down the power when hitting the
+ reset button, continuing to hold onto the power until the bootloader screen
+ is displayed), then put it in the cradle with the ipaq driver loaded, open
+ a terminal on /dev/ttyUSB0, it gives you a "USB Reflash" terminal, which can
+ be used to flash the ROM, as well as the microP code.. so much for needing
+ Toshiba's $350 serial cable for flashing!! :D
+ NOTE: This has NOT been tested. Use at your own risk.
+
+ For any questions or problems with the driver, please contact Ganesh
+ Varadarajan <ganesh@veritas.com>
+
+
+Keyspan PDA Serial Adapter
+
+ Single port DB-9 serial adapter, pushed as a PDA adapter for iMacs (mostly
+ sold in Macintosh catalogs, comes in a translucent white/green dongle).
+ Fairly simple device. Firmware is homebrew.
+ This driver also works for the Xircom/Entrgra single port serial adapter.
+
+ Current status:
+ Things that work:
+ basic input/output (tested with 'cu')
+ blocking write when serial line can't keep up
+ changing baud rates (up to 115200)
+ getting/setting modem control pins (TIOCM{GET,SET,BIS,BIC})
+ sending break (although duration looks suspect)
+ Things that don't:
+ device strings (as logged by kernel) have trailing binary garbage
+ device ID isn't right, might collide with other Keyspan products
+ changing baud rates ought to flush tx/rx to avoid mangled half characters
+ Big Things on the todo list:
+ parity, 7 vs 8 bits per char, 1 or 2 stop bits
+ HW flow control
+ not all of the standard USB descriptors are handled: Get_Status, Set_Feature
+ O_NONBLOCK, select()
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact Brian
+ Warner at warner@lothar.com
+
+
+Keyspan USA-series Serial Adapters
+
+ Single, Dual and Quad port adapters - driver uses Keyspan supplied
+ firmware and is being developed with their support.
+
+ Current status:
+ The USA-18X, USA-28X, USA-19, USA-19W and USA-49W are supported and
+ have been pretty throughly tested at various baud rates with 8-N-1
+ character settings. Other character lengths and parity setups are
+ presently untested.
+
+ The USA-28 isn't yet supported though doing so should be pretty
+ straightforward. Contact the maintainer if you require this
+ functionality.
+
+ More information is available at:
+ http://misc.nu/hugh/keyspan.html
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact Hugh
+ Blemings at hugh@misc.nu
+
+
+FTDI Single Port Serial Driver
+
+ This is a single port DB-25 serial adapter. More information about this
+ device and the Linux driver can be found at:
+ http://reality.sgi.com/bryder_wellington/ftdi_sio/
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact Bill Ryder
+ at bryder@sgi.com
+
+
+ZyXEL omni.net lcd plus ISDN TA
+
+ This is an ISDN TA. Please report both successes and troubles to
+ azummo@towertech.it
+
+
+Cypress M8 CY4601 Family Serial Driver
+
+ This driver was in most part developed by Neil "koyama" Whelchel. It
+ has been improved since that previous form to support dynamic serial
+ line settings and improved line handling. The driver is for the most
+ part stable and has been tested on an smp machine. (dual p2)
+
+ Chipsets supported under CY4601 family:
+
+ CY7C63723, CY7C63742, CY7C63743, CY7C64013
+
+ Devices supported:
+
+ -DeLorme's USB Earthmate (SiRF Star II lp arch)
+ -Cypress HID->COM RS232 adapter
+
+ Note: Cypress Semiconductor claims no affiliation with the
+ the hid->com device.
+
+ Most devices using chipsets under the CY4601 family should
+ work with the driver. As long as they stay true to the CY4601
+ usbserial specification.
+
+ Technical notes:
+
+ The Earthmate starts out at 4800 8N1 by default... the driver will
+ upon start init to this setting. usbserial core provides the rest
+ of the termios settings, along with some custom termios so that the
+ output is in proper format and parsable.
+
+ The device can be put into sirf mode by issuing NMEA command:
+ $PSRF100,<protocol>,<baud>,<databits>,<stopbits>,<parity>*CHECKSUM
+ $PSRF100,0,9600,8,1,0*0C
+
+ It should then be sufficient to change the port termios to match this
+ to begin communicating.
+
+ As far as I can tell it supports pretty much every sirf command as
+ documented online available with firmware 2.31, with some unknown
+ message ids.
+
+ The hid->com adapter can run at a maximum baud of 115200bps. Please note
+ that the device has trouble or is incapable of raising line voltage properly.
+ It will be fine with null modem links, as long as you do not try to link two
+ together without hacking the adapter to set the line high.
+
+ The driver is smp safe. Performance with the driver is rather low when using
+ it for transfering files. This is being worked on, but I would be willing to
+ accept patches. An urb queue or packet buffer would likely fit the bill here.
+
+ If you have any questions, problems, patches, feature requests, etc. you can
+ contact me here via email:
+ dignome@gmail.com
+ (your problems/patches can alternately be submitted to usb-devel)
+
+
+Digi AccelePort Driver
+
+ This driver supports the Digi AccelePort USB 2 and 4 devices, 2 port
+ (plus a parallel port) and 4 port USB serial converters. The driver
+ does NOT yet support the Digi AccelePort USB 8.
+
+ This driver works under SMP with the usb-uhci driver. It does not
+ work under SMP with the uhci driver.
+
+ The driver is generally working, though we still have a few more ioctls
+ to implement and final testing and debugging to do. The paralled port
+ on the USB 2 is supported as a serial to parallel converter; in other
+ words, it appears as another USB serial port on Linux, even though
+ physically it is really a parallel port. The Digi Acceleport USB 8
+ is not yet supported.
+
+ Please contact Peter Berger (pberger@brimson.com) or Al Borchers
+ (alborchers@steinerpoint.com) for questions or problems with this
+ driver.
+
+
+Belkin USB Serial Adapter F5U103
+
+ Single port DB-9/PS-2 serial adapter from Belkin with firmware by eTEK Labs.
+ The Peracom single port serial adapter also works with this driver, as
+ well as the GoHubs adapter.
+
+ Current status:
+ The following have been tested and work:
+ Baud rate 300-230400
+ Data bits 5-8
+ Stop bits 1-2
+ Parity N,E,O,M,S
+ Handshake None, Software (XON/XOFF), Hardware (CTSRTS,CTSDTR)*
+ Break Set and clear
+ Line contrl Input/Output query and control **
+
+ * Hardware input flow control is only enabled for firmware
+ levels above 2.06. Read source code comments describing Belkin
+ firmware errata. Hardware output flow control is working for all
+ firmware versions.
+ ** Queries of inputs (CTS,DSR,CD,RI) show the last
+ reported state. Queries of outputs (DTR,RTS) show the last
+ requested state and may not reflect current state as set by
+ automatic hardware flow control.
+
+ TO DO List:
+ -- Add true modem contol line query capability. Currently tracks the
+ states reported by the interrupt and the states requested.
+ -- Add error reporting back to application for UART error conditions.
+ -- Add support for flush ioctls.
+ -- Add everything else that is missing :)
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact William
+ Greathouse at wgreathouse@smva.com
+
+
+Empeg empeg-car Mark I/II Driver
+
+ This is an experimental driver to provide connectivity support for the
+ client synchronization tools for an Empeg empeg-car mp3 player.
+
+ Tips:
+ * Don't forget to create the device nodes for ttyUSB{0,1,2,...}
+ * modprobe empeg (modprobe is your friend)
+ * emptool --usb /dev/ttyUSB0 (or whatever you named your device node)
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact Gary
+ Brubaker at xavyer@ix.netcom.com
+
+
+MCT USB Single Port Serial Adapter U232
+
+ This driver is for the MCT USB-RS232 Converter (25 pin, Model No.
+ U232-P25) from Magic Control Technology Corp. (there is also a 9 pin
+ Model No. U232-P9). More information about this device can be found at
+ the manufacture's web-site: http://www.mct.com.tw.
+
+ The driver is generally working, though it still needs some more testing.
+ It is derived from the Belkin USB Serial Adapter F5U103 driver and its
+ TODO list is valid for this driver as well.
+
+ This driver has also been found to work for other products, which have
+ the same Vendor ID but different Product IDs. Sitecom's U232-P25 serial
+ converter uses Product ID 0x230 and Vendor ID 0x711 and works with this
+ driver. Also, D-Link's DU-H3SP USB BAY also works with this driver.
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact Wolfgang
+ Grandegger at wolfgang@ces.ch
+
+
+Inside Out Networks Edgeport Driver
+
+ This driver supports all devices made by Inside Out Networks, specifically
+ the following models:
+ Edgeport/4
+ Rapidport/4
+ Edgeport/4t
+ Edgeport/2
+ Edgeport/4i
+ Edgeport/2i
+ Edgeport/421
+ Edgeport/21
+ Edgeport/8
+ Edgeport/8 Dual
+ Edgeport/2D8
+ Edgeport/4D8
+ Edgeport/8i
+ Edgeport/2 DIN
+ Edgeport/4 DIN
+ Edgeport/16 Dual
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact Greg
+ Kroah-Hartman at greg@kroah.com
+
+
+REINER SCT cyberJack pinpad/e-com USB chipcard reader
+
+ Interface to ISO 7816 compatible contactbased chipcards, e.g. GSM SIMs.
+
+ Current status:
+ This is the kernel part of the driver for this USB card reader.
+ There is also a user part for a CT-API driver available. A site
+ for downloading is TBA. For now, you can request it from the
+ maintainer (linux-usb@sii.li).
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact
+ linux-usb@sii.li
+
+
+Prolific PL2303 Driver
+
+ This driver support any device that has the PL2303 chip from Prolific
+ in it. This includes a number of single port USB to serial
+ converters and USB GPS devices. Devices from Aten (the UC-232) and
+ IO-Data work with this driver.
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact Greg
+ Kroah-Hartman at greg@kroah.com
+
+
+KL5KUSB105 chipset / PalmConnect USB single-port adapter
+
+Current status:
+ The driver was put together by looking at the usb bus transactions
+ done by Palm's driver under Windows, so a lot of functionality is
+ still missing. Notably, serial ioctls are sometimes faked or not yet
+ implemented. Support for finding out about DSR and CTS line status is
+ however implemented (though not nicely), so your favorite autopilot(1)
+ and pilot-manager -daemon calls will work. Baud rates up to 115200
+ are supported, but handshaking (software or hardware) is not, which is
+ why it is wise to cut down on the rate used is wise for large
+ transfers until this is settled.
+
+Options supported:
+ If this driver is compiled as a module you can pass the following
+ options to it:
+ debug - extra verbose debugging info
+ (default: 0; nonzero enables)
+ use_lowlatency - use low_latency flag to speed up tty layer
+ when reading from from the device.
+ (default: 0; nonzero enables)
+
+ See http://www.uuhaus.de/linux/palmconnect.html for up-to-date
+ information on this driver.
+
+
+Generic Serial driver
+
+ If your device is not one of the above listed devices, compatible with
+ the above models, you can try out the "generic" interface. This
+ interface does not provide any type of control messages sent to the
+ device, and does not support any kind of device flow control. All that
+ is required of your device is that it has at least one bulk in endpoint,
+ or one bulk out endpoint.
+
+ To enable the generic driver to recognize your device, build the driver
+ as a module and load it by the following invocation:
+ insmod usbserial vendor=0x#### product=0x####
+ where the #### is replaced with the hex representation of your device's
+ vendor id and product id.
+
+ This driver has been successfully used to connect to the NetChip USB
+ development board, providing a way to develop USB firmware without
+ having to write a custom driver.
+
+ For any questions or problems with this driver, please contact Greg
+ Kroah-Hartman at greg@kroah.com
+
+
+CONTACT:
+
+ If anyone has any problems using these drivers, with any of the above
+ specified products, please contact the specific driver's author listed
+ above, or join the Linux-USB mailing list (information on joining the
+ mailing list, as well as a link to its searchable archive is at
+ http://www.linux-usb.org/ )
+
+
+Greg Kroah-Hartman
+greg@kroah.com
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/usbmon.txt b/Documentation/usb/usbmon.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f8431f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/usbmon.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+* Introduction
+
+The name "usbmon" in lowercase refers to a facility in kernel which is
+used to collect traces of I/O on the USB bus. This function is analogous
+to a packet socket used by network monitoring tools such as tcpdump(1)
+or Ethereal. Similarly, it is expected that a tool such as usbdump or
+USBMon (with uppercase letters) is used to examine raw traces produced
+by usbmon.
+
+The usbmon reports requests made by peripheral-specific drivers to Host
+Controller Drivers (HCD). So, if HCD is buggy, the traces reported by
+usbmon may not correspond to bus transactions precisely. This is the same
+situation as with tcpdump.
+
+* How to use usbmon to collect raw text traces
+
+Unlike the packet socket, usbmon has an interface which provides traces
+in a text format. This is used for two purposes. First, it serves as a
+common trace exchange format for tools while most sophisticated formats
+are finalized. Second, humans can read it in case tools are not available.
+
+To collect a raw text trace, execute following steps.
+
+1. Prepare
+
+Mount debugfs (it has to be enabled in your kernel configuration), and
+load the usbmon module (if built as module). The second step is skipped
+if usbmon is built into the kernel.
+
+# mount -t debugfs none_debugs /sys/kernel/debug
+# modprobe usbmon
+
+Verify that bus sockets are present.
+
+[root@lembas zaitcev]# ls /sys/kernel/debug/usbmon
+1s 1t 2s 2t 3s 3t 4s 4t
+[root@lembas zaitcev]#
+
+# ls /sys/kernel
+
+2. Find which bus connects to the desired device
+
+Run "cat /proc/bus/usb/devices", and find the T-line which corresponds to
+the device. Usually you do it by looking for the vendor string. If you have
+many similar devices, unplug one and compare two /proc/bus/usb/devices outputs.
+The T-line will have a bus number. Example:
+
+T: Bus=03 Lev=01 Prnt=01 Port=00 Cnt=01 Dev#= 2 Spd=12 MxCh= 0
+D: Ver= 1.10 Cls=00(>ifc ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs= 1
+P: Vendor=0557 ProdID=2004 Rev= 1.00
+S: Manufacturer=ATEN
+S: Product=UC100KM V2.00
+
+Bus=03 means it's bus 3.
+
+3. Start 'cat'
+
+# cat /sys/kernel/debug/usbmon/3t > /tmp/1.mon.out
+
+This process will be reading until killed. Naturally, the output can be
+redirected to a desirable location. This is preferred, because it is going
+to be quite long.
+
+4. Perform the desired operation on the USB bus
+
+This is where you do something that creates the traffic: plug in a flash key,
+copy files, control a webcam, etc.
+
+5. Kill cat
+
+Usually it's done with a keyboard interrupt (Control-C).
+
+At this point the output file (/tmp/1.mon.out in this example) can be saved,
+sent by e-mail, or inspected with a text editor. In the last case make sure
+that the file size is not excessive for your favourite editor.
+
+* Raw text data format
+
+The '0t' type data consists of a stream of events, such as URB submission,
+URB callback, submission error. Every event is a text line, which consists
+of whitespace separated words. The number of position of words may depend
+on the event type, but there is a set of words, common for all types.
+
+Here is the list of words, from left to right:
+- URB Tag. This is used to identify URBs is normally a kernel mode address
+ of the URB structure in hexadecimal.
+- Timestamp in microseconds, a decimal number. The timestamp's resolution
+ depends on available clock, and so it can be much worse than a microsecond
+ (if the implementation uses jiffies, for example).
+- Event Type. This type refers to the format of the event, not URB type.
+ Available types are: S - submission, C - callback, E - submission error.
+- "Pipe". The pipe concept is deprecated. This is a composite word, used to
+ be derived from information in pipes. It consists of three fields, separated
+ by colons: URB type and direction, Device address, Endpoint number.
+ Type and direction are encoded with two bytes in the following manner:
+ Ci Co Control input and output
+ Zi Zo Isochronous input and output
+ Ii Io Interrupt input and output
+ Bi Bo Bulk input and output
+ Device address and Endpoint number are decimal numbers with leading zeroes
+ or 3 and 2 positions, correspondingly.
+- URB Status. This field makes no sense for submissions, but is present
+ to help scripts with parsing. In error case, it contains the error code.
+- Data Length. This is the actual length in the URB.
+- Data tag. The usbmon may not always capture data, even if length is nonzero.
+ Only if tag is '=', the data words are present.
+- Data words follow, in big endian hexadecimal format. Notice that they are
+ not machine words, but really just a byte stream split into words to make
+ it easier to read. Thus, the last word may contain from one to four bytes.
+ The length of collected data is limited and can be less than the data length
+ report in Data Length word.
+
+Here is an example of code to read the data stream in a well known programming
+language:
+
+class ParsedLine {
+ int data_len; /* Available length of data */
+ byte data[];
+
+ void parseData(StringTokenizer st) {
+ int availwords = st.countTokens();
+ data = new byte[availwords * 4];
+ data_len = 0;
+ while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
+ String data_str = st.nextToken();
+ int len = data_str.length() / 2;
+ int i;
+ for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+ data[data_len] = Byte.parseByte(
+ data_str.substring(i*2, i*2 + 2),
+ 16);
+ data_len++;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+This format is obviously deficient. For example, the setup packet for control
+transfers is not delivered. This will change in the future.
+
+Examples:
+
+An input control transfer to get a port status:
+
+d74ff9a0 2640288196 S Ci:001:00 -115 4 <
+d74ff9a0 2640288202 C Ci:001:00 0 4 = 01010100
+
+An output bulk transfer to send a SCSI command 0x5E in a 31-byte Bulk wrapper
+to a storage device at address 5:
+
+dd65f0e8 4128379752 S Bo:005:02 -115 31 = 55534243 5e000000 00000000 00000600 00000000 00000000 00000000 000000
+dd65f0e8 4128379808 C Bo:005:02 0 31 >
+
+* Raw binary format and API
+
+TBD
diff --git a/Documentation/usb/w9968cf.txt b/Documentation/usb/w9968cf.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18a4773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/usb/w9968cf.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+
+ W996[87]CF JPEG USB Dual Mode Camera Chip
+ Driver for Linux 2.6 (basic version)
+ =========================================
+
+ - Documentation -
+
+
+Index
+=====
+1. Copyright
+2. Disclaimer
+3. License
+4. Overview
+5. Supported devices
+6. Module dependencies
+7. Module loading
+8. Module paramaters
+9. Contact information
+10. Credits
+
+
+1. Copyright
+============
+Copyright (C) 2002-2004 by Luca Risolia <luca.risolia@studio.unibo.it>
+
+
+2. Disclaimer
+=============
+Winbond is a trademark of Winbond Electronics Corporation.
+This software is not sponsored or developed by Winbond.
+
+
+3. License
+==========
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+
+4. Overview
+===========
+This driver supports the video streaming capabilities of the devices mounting
+Winbond W9967CF and Winbond W9968CF JPEG USB Dual Mode Camera Chips. OV681
+based cameras should be supported as well.
+
+The driver is divided into two modules: the basic one, "w9968cf", is needed for
+the supported devices to work; the second one, "w9968cf-vpp", is an optional
+module, which provides some useful video post-processing functions like video
+decoding, up-scaling and colour conversions. Once the driver is installed,
+every time an application tries to open a recognized device, "w9968cf" checks
+the presence of the "w9968cf-vpp" module and loads it automatically by default.
+
+Please keep in mind that official kernels do not include the second module for
+performance purposes. However it is always recommended to download and install
+the latest and complete release of the driver, replacing the existing one, if
+present: it will be still even possible not to load the "w9968cf-vpp" module at
+all, if you ever want to. Another important missing feature of the version in
+the official Linux 2.4 kernels is the writeable /proc filesystem interface.
+
+The latest and full-featured version of the W996[87]CF driver can be found at:
+http://www.linux-projects.org. Please refer to the documentation included in
+that package, if you are going to use it.
+
+Up to 32 cameras can be handled at the same time. They can be connected and
+disconnected from the host many times without turning off the computer, if
+your system supports the hotplug facility.
+
+To change the default settings for each camera, many parameters can be passed
+through command line when the module is loaded into memory.
+
+The driver relies on the Video4Linux, USB and I2C core modules. It has been
+designed to run properly on SMP systems as well. An additional module,
+"ovcamchip", is mandatory; it provides support for some OmniVision image
+sensors connected to the W996[87]CF chips; if found in the system, the module
+will be automatically loaded by default (provided that the kernel has been
+compiled with the automatic module loading option).
+
+
+5. Supported devices
+====================
+At the moment, known W996[87]CF and OV681 based devices are:
+- Aroma Digi Pen VGA Dual Mode ADG-5000 (unknown image sensor)
+- AVerMedia AVerTV USB (SAA7111A, Philips FI1216Mk2 tuner, PT2313L audio chip)
+- Creative Labs Video Blaster WebCam Go (OmniVision OV7610 sensor)
+- Creative Labs Video Blaster WebCam Go Plus (OmniVision OV7620 sensor)
+- Lebon LDC-035A (unknown image sensor)
+- Ezonics EZ-802 EZMega Cam (OmniVision OV8610C sensor)
+- OmniVision OV8610-EDE (OmniVision OV8610 sensor)
+- OPCOM Digi Pen VGA Dual Mode Pen Camera (unknown image sensor)
+- Pretec Digi Pen-II (OmniVision OV7620 sensor)
+- Pretec DigiPen-480 (OmniVision OV8610 sensor)
+
+If you know any other W996[87]CF or OV681 based cameras, please contact me.
+
+The list above does not imply that all those devices work with this driver: up
+until now only webcams that have an image sensor supported by the "ovcamchip"
+module work. Kernel messages will always tell you whether this is case.
+
+Possible external microcontrollers of those webcams are not supported: this
+means that still images cannot be downloaded from the device memory.
+
+Furthermore, it's worth to note that I was only able to run tests on my
+"Creative Labs Video Blaster WebCam Go". Donations of other models, for
+additional testing and full support, would be much appreciated.
+
+
+6. Module dependencies
+======================
+For it to work properly, the driver needs kernel support for Video4Linux, USB
+and I2C, and the "ovcamchip" module for the image sensor. Make sure you are not
+actually using any external "ovcamchip" module, given that the W996[87]CF
+driver depends on the version of the module present in the official kernels.
+
+The following options of the kernel configuration file must be enabled and
+corresponding modules must be compiled:
+
+ # Multimedia devices
+ #
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV=m
+
+ # I2C support
+ #
+ CONFIG_I2C=m
+
+The I2C core module can be compiled statically in the kernel as well.
+
+ # OmniVision Camera Chip support
+ #
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_OVCAMCHIP=m
+
+ # USB support
+ #
+ CONFIG_USB=m
+
+In addition, depending on the hardware being used, only one of the modules
+below is necessary:
+
+ # USB Host Controller Drivers
+ #
+ CONFIG_USB_EHCI_HCD=m
+ CONFIG_USB_UHCI_HCD=m
+ CONFIG_USB_OHCI_HCD=m
+
+And finally:
+
+ # USB Multimedia devices
+ #
+ CONFIG_USB_W9968CF=m
+
+
+7. Module loading
+=================
+To use the driver, it is necessary to load the "w9968cf" module into memory
+after every other module required.
+
+Loading can be done this way, from root:
+
+ [root@localhost home]# modprobe usbcore
+ [root@localhost home]# modprobe i2c-core
+ [root@localhost home]# modprobe videodev
+ [root@localhost home]# modprobe w9968cf
+
+At this point the pertinent devices should be recognized: "dmesg" can be used
+to analyze kernel messages:
+
+ [user@localhost home]$ dmesg
+
+There are a lot of parameters the module can use to change the default
+settings for each device. To list every possible parameter with a brief
+explanation about them and which syntax to use, it is recommended to run the
+"modinfo" command:
+
+ [root@locahost home]# modinfo w9968cf
+
+
+8. Module parameters
+====================
+Module parameters are listed below:
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: ovmod_load
+Type: bool
+Syntax: <0|1>
+Description: Automatic 'ovcamchip' module loading: 0 disabled, 1 enabled.
+ If enabled, 'insmod' searches for the required 'ovcamchip'
+ module in the system, according to its configuration, and
+ loads that module automatically. This action is performed as
+ once soon as the 'w9968cf' module is loaded into memory.
+Default: 1
+Note: The kernel must be compiled with the CONFIG_KMOD option
+ enabled for the 'ovcamchip' module to be loaded and for
+ this parameter to be present.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: vppmod_load
+Type: bool
+Syntax: <0|1>
+Description: Automatic 'w9968cf-vpp' module loading: 0 disabled, 1 enabled.
+ If enabled, every time an application attempts to open a
+ camera, 'insmod' searches for the video post-processing module
+ in the system and loads it automatically (if present).
+ The optional 'w9968cf-vpp' module adds extra image manipulation
+ capabilities to the 'w9968cf' module,like software up-scaling,
+ colour conversions and video decompression for very high frame
+ rates.
+Default: 1
+Note: The kernel must be compiled with the CONFIG_KMOD option
+ enabled for the 'w9968cf-vpp' module to be loaded and for
+ this parameter to be present.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: simcams
+Type: int
+Syntax: <n>
+Description: Number of cameras allowed to stream simultaneously.
+ n may vary from 0 to 32.
+Default: 32
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: video_nr
+Type: int array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <-1|n[,...]>
+Description: Specify V4L minor mode number.
+ -1 = use next available
+ n = use minor number n
+ You can specify up to 32 cameras this way.
+ For example:
+ video_nr=-1,2,-1 would assign minor number 2 to the second
+ recognized camera and use auto for the first one and for every
+ other camera.
+Default: -1
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: packet_size
+Type: int array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <n[,...]>
+Description: Specify the maximum data payload size in bytes for alternate
+ settings, for each device. n is scaled between 63 and 1023.
+Default: 1023
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: max_buffers
+Type: int array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <n[,...]>
+Description: For advanced users.
+ Specify the maximum number of video frame buffers to allocate
+ for each device, from 2 to 32.
+Default: 2
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: double_buffer
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Hardware double buffering: 0 disabled, 1 enabled.
+ It should be enabled if you want smooth video output: if you
+ obtain out of sync. video, disable it, or try to
+ decrease the 'clockdiv' module parameter value.
+Default: 1 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: clamping
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Video data clamping: 0 disabled, 1 enabled.
+Default: 0 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: filter_type
+Type: int array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1|2[,...]>
+Description: Video filter type.
+ 0 none, 1 (1-2-1) 3-tap filter, 2 (2-3-6-3-2) 5-tap filter.
+ The filter is used to reduce noise and aliasing artifacts
+ produced by the CCD or CMOS image sensor.
+Default: 0 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: largeview
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Large view: 0 disabled, 1 enabled.
+Default: 1 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: upscaling
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Software scaling (for non-compressed video only):
+ 0 disabled, 1 enabled.
+ Disable it if you have a slow CPU or you don't have enough
+ memory.
+Default: 0 for every device.
+Note: If 'w9968cf-vpp' is not present, this parameter is set to 0.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: decompression
+Type: int array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1|2[,...]>
+Description: Software video decompression:
+ 0 = disables decompression
+ (doesn't allow formats needing decompression).
+ 1 = forces decompression
+ (allows formats needing decompression only).
+ 2 = allows any permitted formats.
+ Formats supporting (de)compressed video are YUV422P and
+ YUV420P/YUV420 in any resolutions where width and height are
+ multiples of 16.
+Default: 2 for every device.
+Note: If 'w9968cf-vpp' is not present, forcing decompression is not
+ allowed; in this case this parameter is set to 2.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: force_palette
+Type: int array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|9|10|13|15|8|7|1|6|3|4|5[,...]>
+Description: Force picture palette.
+ In order:
+ 0 = Off - allows any of the following formats:
+ 9 = UYVY 16 bpp - Original video, compression disabled
+ 10 = YUV420 12 bpp - Original video, compression enabled
+ 13 = YUV422P 16 bpp - Original video, compression enabled
+ 15 = YUV420P 12 bpp - Original video, compression enabled
+ 8 = YUVY 16 bpp - Software conversion from UYVY
+ 7 = YUV422 16 bpp - Software conversion from UYVY
+ 1 = GREY 8 bpp - Software conversion from UYVY
+ 6 = RGB555 16 bpp - Software conversion from UYVY
+ 3 = RGB565 16 bpp - Software conversion from UYVY
+ 4 = RGB24 24 bpp - Software conversion from UYVY
+ 5 = RGB32 32 bpp - Software conversion from UYVY
+ When not 0, this parameter will override 'decompression'.
+Default: 0 for every device. Initial palette is 9 (UYVY).
+Note: If 'w9968cf-vpp' is not present, this parameter is set to 9.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: force_rgb
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Read RGB video data instead of BGR:
+ 1 = use RGB component ordering.
+ 0 = use BGR component ordering.
+ This parameter has effect when using RGBX palettes only.
+Default: 0 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: autobright
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Image sensor automatically changes brightness:
+ 0 = no, 1 = yes
+Default: 0 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: autoexp
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Image sensor automatically changes exposure:
+ 0 = no, 1 = yes
+Default: 1 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: lightfreq
+Type: int array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <50|60[,...]>
+Description: Light frequency in Hz:
+ 50 for European and Asian lighting, 60 for American lighting.
+Default: 50 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: bandingfilter
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Banding filter to reduce effects of fluorescent
+ lighting:
+ 0 disabled, 1 enabled.
+ This filter tries to reduce the pattern of horizontal
+ light/dark bands caused by some (usually fluorescent) lighting.
+Default: 0 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: clockdiv
+Type: int array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <-1|n[,...]>
+Description: Force pixel clock divisor to a specific value (for experts):
+ n may vary from 0 to 127.
+ -1 for automatic value.
+ See also the 'double_buffer' module parameter.
+Default: -1 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: backlight
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Objects are lit from behind:
+ 0 = no, 1 = yes
+Default: 0 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: mirror
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: Reverse image horizontally:
+ 0 = no, 1 = yes
+Default: 0 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: monochrome
+Type: bool array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <0|1[,...]>
+Description: The image sensor is monochrome:
+ 0 = no, 1 = yes
+Default: 0 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: brightness
+Type: long array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <n[,...]>
+Description: Set picture brightness (0-65535).
+ This parameter has no effect if 'autobright' is enabled.
+Default: 31000 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: hue
+Type: long array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <n[,...]>
+Description: Set picture hue (0-65535).
+Default: 32768 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: colour
+Type: long array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <n[,...]>
+Description: Set picture saturation (0-65535).
+Default: 32768 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: contrast
+Type: long array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <n[,...]>
+Description: Set picture contrast (0-65535).
+Default: 50000 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: whiteness
+Type: long array (min = 0, max = 32)
+Syntax: <n[,...]>
+Description: Set picture whiteness (0-65535).
+Default: 32768 for every device.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: debug
+Type: int
+Syntax: <n>
+Description: Debugging information level, from 0 to 6:
+ 0 = none (use carefully)
+ 1 = critical errors
+ 2 = significant informations
+ 3 = configuration or general messages
+ 4 = warnings
+ 5 = called functions
+ 6 = function internals
+ Level 5 and 6 are useful for testing only, when only one
+ device is used.
+Default: 2
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Name: specific_debug
+Type: bool
+Syntax: <0|1>
+Description: Enable or disable specific debugging messages:
+ 0 = print messages concerning every level <= 'debug' level.
+ 1 = print messages concerning the level indicated by 'debug'.
+Default: 0
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+9. Contact information
+======================
+I may be contacted by e-mail at <luca.risolia@studio.unibo.it>.
+
+I can accept GPG/PGP encrypted e-mail. My GPG key ID is 'FCE635A4'.
+My public 1024-bit key should be available at your keyserver; the fingerprint
+is: '88E8 F32F 7244 68BA 3958 5D40 99DA 5D2A FCE6 35A4'.
+
+
+10. Credits
+==========
+The development would not have proceed much further without having looked at
+the source code of other drivers and without the help of several persons; in
+particular:
+
+- the I2C interface to kernel and high-level image sensor control routines have
+ been taken from the OV511 driver by Mark McClelland;
+
+- memory management code has been copied from the bttv driver by Ralph Metzler,
+ Marcus Metzler and Gerd Knorr;
+
+- the low-level I2C read function has been written by Frederic Jouault;
+
+- the low-level I2C fast write function has been written by Piotr Czerczak.
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/API.html b/Documentation/video4linux/API.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b3d8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/API.html
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+<HTML><HEAD>
+<TITLE>Video4Linux Kernel API Reference v0.1:19990430</TITLE>
+</HEAD>
+<! Revision History: >
+<! 4/30/1999 - Fred Gleason (fredg@wava.com)>
+<! Documented extensions for the Radio Data System (RDS) extensions >
+<BODY bgcolor="#ffffff">
+<H3>Devices</H3>
+Video4Linux provides the following sets of device files. These live on the
+character device formerly known as "/dev/bttv". /dev/bttv should be a
+symlink to /dev/video0 for most people.
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TH>Device Name</TH><TH>Minor Range</TH><TH>Function</TH>
+<TR><TD>/dev/video</TD><TD>0-63</TD><TD>Video Capture Interface</TD>
+<TR><TD>/dev/radio</TD><TD>64-127</TD><TD>AM/FM Radio Devices</TD>
+<TR><TD>/dev/vtx</TD><TD>192-223</TD><TD>Teletext Interface Chips</TD>
+<TR><TD>/dev/vbi</TD><TD>224-239</TD><TD>Raw VBI Data (Intercast/teletext)</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+Video4Linux programs open and scan the devices to find what they are looking
+for. Capability queries define what each interface supports. The
+described API is only defined for video capture cards. The relevant subset
+applies to radio cards. Teletext interfaces talk the existing VTX API.
+<P>
+<H3>Capability Query Ioctl</H3>
+The <B>VIDIOCGCAP</B> ioctl call is used to obtain the capability
+information for a video device. The <b>struct video_capability</b> object
+passed to the ioctl is completed and returned. It contains the following
+information
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>name[32]</b><TD>Canonical name for this interface</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>type</b><TD>Type of interface</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>channels</b><TD>Number of radio/tv channels if appropriate</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>audios</b><TD>Number of audio devices if appropriate</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>maxwidth</b><TD>Maximum capture width in pixels</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>maxheight</b><TD>Maximum capture height in pixels</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>minwidth</b><TD>Minimum capture width in pixels</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>minheight</b><TD>Minimum capture height in pixels</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+The type field lists the capability flags for the device. These are
+as follows
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TH>Name</TH><TH>Description</TH>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_CAPTURE</b><TD>Can capture to memory</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_TUNER</b><TD>Has a tuner of some form</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_TELETEXT</b><TD>Has teletext capability</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_OVERLAY</b><TD>Can overlay its image onto the frame buffer</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_CHROMAKEY</b><TD>Overlay is Chromakeyed</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_CLIPPING</b><TD>Overlay clipping is supported</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_FRAMERAM</b><TD>Overlay overwrites frame buffer memory</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_SCALES</b><TD>The hardware supports image scaling</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_MONOCHROME</b><TD>Image capture is grey scale only</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VID_TYPE_SUBCAPTURE</b><TD>Capture can be of only part of the image</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+The minimum and maximum sizes listed for a capture device do not imply all
+that all height/width ratios or sizes within the range are possible. A
+request to set a size will be honoured by the largest available capture
+size whose capture is no large than the requested rectangle in either
+direction. For example the quickcam has 3 fixed settings.
+<P>
+<H3>Frame Buffer</H3>
+Capture cards that drop data directly onto the frame buffer must be told the
+base address of the frame buffer, its size and organisation. This is a
+privileged ioctl and one that eventually X itself should set.
+<P>
+The <b>VIDIOCSFBUF</b> ioctl sets the frame buffer parameters for a capture
+card. If the card does not do direct writes to the frame buffer then this
+ioctl will be unsupported. The <b>VIDIOCGFBUF</b> ioctl returns the
+currently used parameters. The structure used in both cases is a
+<b>struct video_buffer</b>.
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>void *base</b></TD><TD>Base physical address of the buffer</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>int height</b></TD><TD>Height of the frame buffer</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>int width</b></TD><TD>Width of the frame buffer</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>int depth</b></TD><TD>Depth of the frame buffer</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>int bytesperline</b></TD><TD>Number of bytes of memory between the start of two adjacent lines</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+Note that these values reflect the physical layout of the frame buffer.
+The visible area may be smaller. In fact under XFree86 this is commonly the
+case. XFree86 DGA can provide the parameters required to set up this ioctl.
+Setting the base address to NULL indicates there is no physical frame buffer
+access.
+<P>
+<H3>Capture Windows</H3>
+The capture area is described by a <b>struct video_window</b>. This defines
+a capture area and the clipping information if relevant. The
+<b>VIDIOCGWIN</b> ioctl recovers the current settings and the
+<b>VIDIOCSWIN</b> sets new values. A successful call to <b>VIDIOCSWIN</b>
+indicates that a suitable set of parameters have been chosen. They do not
+indicate that exactly what was requested was granted. The program should
+call <b>VIDIOCGWIN</b> to check if the nearest match was suitable. The
+<b>struct video_window</b> contains the following fields.
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>x</b><TD>The X co-ordinate specified in X windows format.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>y</b><TD>The Y co-ordinate specified in X windows format.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>width</b><TD>The width of the image capture.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>height</b><TD>The height of the image capture.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>chromakey</b><TD>A host order RGB32 value for the chroma key.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>flags</b><TD>Additional capture flags.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>clips</b><TD>A list of clipping rectangles. <em>(Set only)</em></TD>
+<TR><TD><b>clipcount</b><TD>The number of clipping rectangles. <em>(Set only)</em></TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+Clipping rectangles are passed as an array. Each clip consists of the following
+fields available to the user.
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>x</b></TD><TD>X co-ordinate of rectangle to skip</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>y</b></TD><TD>Y co-ordinate of rectangle to skip</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>width</b></TD><TD>Width of rectangle to skip</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>height</b></TD><TD>Height of rectangle to skip</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+Merely setting the window does not enable capturing. Overlay capturing
+(i.e. PCI-PCI transfer to the frame buffer of the video card)
+is activated by passing the <b>VIDIOCCAPTURE</b> ioctl a value of 1, and
+disabled by passing it a value of 0.
+<P>
+Some capture devices can capture a subfield of the image they actually see.
+This is indicated when VIDEO_TYPE_SUBCAPTURE is defined.
+The video_capture describes the time and special subfields to capture.
+The video_capture structure contains the following fields.
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>x</b></TD><TD>X co-ordinate of source rectangle to grab</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>y</b></TD><TD>Y co-ordinate of source rectangle to grab</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>width</b></TD><TD>Width of source rectangle to grab</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>height</b></TD><TD>Height of source rectangle to grab</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>decimation</b></TD><TD>Decimation to apply</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>flags</b></TD><TD>Flag settings for grabbing</TD>
+</TABLE>
+The available flags are
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TH>Name</TH><TH>Description</TH>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_CAPTURE_ODD</b><TD>Capture only odd frames</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_CAPTURE_EVEN</b><TD>Capture only even frames</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+<H3>Video Sources</H3>
+Each video4linux video or audio device captures from one or more
+source <b>channels</b>. Each channel can be queries with the
+<b>VDIOCGCHAN</b> ioctl call. Before invoking this function the caller
+must set the channel field to the channel that is being queried. On return
+the <b>struct video_channel</b> is filled in with information about the
+nature of the channel itself.
+<P>
+The <b>VIDIOCSCHAN</b> ioctl takes an integer argument and switches the
+capture to this input. It is not defined whether parameters such as colour
+settings or tuning are maintained across a channel switch. The caller should
+maintain settings as desired for each channel. (This is reasonable as
+different video inputs may have different properties).
+<P>
+The <b>struct video_channel</b> consists of the following
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>channel</b></TD><TD>The channel number</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>name</b></TD><TD>The input name - preferably reflecting the label
+on the card input itself</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>tuners</b></TD><TD>Number of tuners for this input</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>flags</b></TD><TD>Properties the tuner has</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>type</b></TD><TD>Input type (if known)</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>norm</b><TD>The norm for this channel</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+The flags defined are
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_VC_TUNER</b><TD>Channel has tuners.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_VC_AUDIO</b><TD>Channel has audio.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_VC_NORM</b><TD>Channel has norm setting.</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+The types defined are
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TYPE_TV</b><TD>The input is a TV input.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TYPE_CAMERA</b><TD>The input is a camera.</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+<H3>Image Properties</H3>
+The image properties of the picture can be queried with the <b>VIDIOCGPICT</b>
+ioctl which fills in a <b>struct video_picture</b>. The <b>VIDIOCSPICT</b>
+ioctl allows values to be changed. All values except for the palette type
+are scaled between 0-65535.
+<P>
+The <b>struct video_picture</b> consists of the following fields
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>brightness</b><TD>Picture brightness</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>hue</b><TD>Picture hue (colour only)</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>colour</b><TD>Picture colour (colour only)</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>contrast</b><TD>Picture contrast</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>whiteness</b><TD>The whiteness (greyscale only)</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>depth</b><TD>The capture depth (may need to match the frame buffer depth)</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>palette</b><TD>Reports the palette that should be used for this image</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+The following palettes are defined
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_GREY</b><TD>Linear intensity grey scale (255 is brightest).</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_HI240</b><TD>The BT848 8bit colour cube.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB565</b><TD>RGB565 packed into 16 bit words.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB555</b><TD>RGV555 packed into 16 bit words, top bit undefined.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB24</b><TD>RGB888 packed into 24bit words.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB32</b><TD>RGB888 packed into the low 3 bytes of 32bit words. The top 8bits are undefined.</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422</b><TD>Video style YUV422 - 8bits packed 4bits Y 2bits U 2bits V</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_YUYV</b><TD>Describe me</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_UYVY</b><TD>Describe me</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV420</b><TD>YUV420 capture</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV411</b><TD>YUV411 capture</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_RAW</b><TD>RAW capture (BT848)</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422P</b><TD>YUV 4:2:2 Planar</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV411P</b><TD>YUV 4:1:1 Planar</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+<H3>Tuning</H3>
+Each video input channel can have one or more tuners associated with it. Many
+devices will not have tuners. TV cards and radio cards will have one or more
+tuners attached.
+<P>
+Tuners are described by a <b>struct video_tuner</b> which can be obtained by
+the <b>VIDIOCGTUNER</b> ioctl. Fill in the tuner number in the structure
+then pass the structure to the ioctl to have the data filled in. The
+tuner can be switched using <b>VIDIOCSTUNER</b> which takes an integer argument
+giving the tuner to use. A struct tuner has the following fields
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>tuner</b><TD>Number of the tuner</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>name</b><TD>Canonical name for this tuner (eg FM/AM/TV)</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>rangelow</b><TD>Lowest tunable frequency</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>rangehigh</b><TD>Highest tunable frequency</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>flags</b><TD>Flags describing the tuner</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>mode</b><TD>The video signal mode if relevant</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>signal</b><TD>Signal strength if known - between 0-65535</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+The following flags exist
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TUNER_PAL</b><TD>PAL tuning is supported</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TUNER_NTSC</b><TD>NTSC tuning is supported</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TUNER_SECAM</b><TD>SECAM tuning is supported</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TUNER_LOW</b><TD>Frequency is in a lower range</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TUNER_NORM</b><TD>The norm for this tuner is settable</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TUNER_STEREO_ON</b><TD>The tuner is seeing stereo audio</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TUNER_RDS_ON</b><TD>The tuner is seeing a RDS datastream</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_TUNER_MBS_ON</b><TD>The tuner is seeing a MBS datastream</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+The following modes are defined
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_MODE_PAL</b><TD>The tuner is in PAL mode</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_MODE_NTSC</b><TD>The tuner is in NTSC mode</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_MODE_SECAM</b><TD>The tuner is in SECAM mode</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_MODE_AUTO</b><TD>The tuner auto switches, or mode does not apply</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+Tuning frequencies are an unsigned 32bit value in 1/16th MHz or if the
+<b>VIDEO_TUNER_LOW</b> flag is set they are in 1/16th KHz. The current
+frequency is obtained as an unsigned long via the <b>VIDIOCGFREQ</b> ioctl and
+set by the <b>VIDIOCSFREQ</b> ioctl.
+<P>
+<H3>Audio</H3>
+TV and Radio devices have one or more audio inputs that may be selected.
+The audio properties are queried by passing a <b>struct video_audio</b> to <b>VIDIOCGAUDIO</b> ioctl. The
+<b>VIDIOCSAUDIO</b> ioctl sets audio properties.
+<P>
+The structure contains the following fields
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>audio</b><TD>The channel number</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>volume</b><TD>The volume level</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>bass</b><TD>The bass level</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>treble</b><TD>The treble level</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>flags</b><TD>Flags describing the audio channel</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>name</b><TD>Canonical name for the audio input</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>mode</b><TD>The mode the audio input is in</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>balance</b><TD>The left/right balance</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>step</b><TD>Actual step used by the hardware</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+The following flags are defined
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTE</b><TD>The audio is muted</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTABLE</b><TD>Audio muting is supported</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_AUDIO_VOLUME</b><TD>The volume is controllable</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_AUDIO_BASS</b><TD>The bass is controllable</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_AUDIO_TREBLE</b><TD>The treble is controllable</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_AUDIO_BALANCE</b><TD>The balance is controllable</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+The following decoding modes are defined
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_SOUND_MONO</b><TD>Mono signal</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_SOUND_STEREO</b><TD>Stereo signal (NICAM for TV)</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_SOUND_LANG1</b><TD>European TV alternate language 1</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>VIDEO_SOUND_LANG2</b><TD>European TV alternate language 2</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+<H3>Reading Images</H3>
+Each call to the <b>read</b> syscall returns the next available image
+from the device. It is up to the caller to set format and size (using
+the VIDIOCSPICT and VIDIOCSWIN ioctls) and then to pass a suitable
+size buffer and length to the function. Not all devices will support
+read operations.
+<P>
+A second way to handle image capture is via the mmap interface if supported.
+To use the mmap interface a user first sets the desired image size and depth
+properties. Next the VIDIOCGMBUF ioctl is issued. This reports the size
+of buffer to mmap and the offset within the buffer for each frame. The
+number of frames supported is device dependent and may only be one.
+<P>
+The video_mbuf structure contains the following fields
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>size</b><TD>The number of bytes to map</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>frames</b><TD>The number of frames</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>offsets</b><TD>The offset of each frame</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+Once the mmap has been made the VIDIOCMCAPTURE ioctl starts the
+capture to a frame using the format and image size specified in the
+video_mmap (which should match or be below the initial query size).
+When the VIDIOCMCAPTURE ioctl returns the frame is <em>not</em>
+captured yet, the driver just instructed the hardware to start the
+capture. The application has to use the VIDIOCSYNC ioctl to wait
+until the capture of a frame is finished. VIDIOCSYNC takes the frame
+number you want to wait for as argument.
+<p>
+It is allowed to call VIDIOCMCAPTURE multiple times (with different
+frame numbers in video_mmap->frame of course) and thus have multiple
+outstanding capture requests. A simple way do to double-buffering
+using this feature looks like this:
+<pre>
+/* setup everything */
+VIDIOCMCAPTURE(0)
+while (whatever) {
+ VIDIOCMCAPTURE(1)
+ VIDIOCSYNC(0)
+ /* process frame 0 while the hardware captures frame 1 */
+ VIDIOCMCAPTURE(0)
+ VIDIOCSYNC(1)
+ /* process frame 1 while the hardware captures frame 0 */
+}
+</pre>
+Note that you are <em>not</em> limited to only two frames. The API
+allows up to 32 frames, the VIDIOCGMBUF ioctl returns the number of
+frames the driver granted. Thus it is possible to build deeper queues
+to avoid loosing frames on load peaks.
+<p>
+While capturing to memory the driver will make a "best effort" attempt
+to capture to screen as well if requested. This normally means all
+frames that "miss" memory mapped capture will go to the display.
+<P>
+A final ioctl exists to allow a device to obtain related devices if a
+driver has multiple components (for example video0 may not be associated
+with vbi0 which would cause an intercast display program to make a bad
+mistake). The VIDIOCGUNIT ioctl reports the unit numbers of the associated
+devices if any exist. The video_unit structure has the following fields.
+<P>
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD><b>video</b><TD>Video capture device</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>vbi</b><TD>VBI capture device</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>radio</b><TD>Radio device</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>audio</b><TD>Audio mixer</TD>
+<TR><TD><b>teletext</b><TD>Teletext device</TD>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+<H3>RDS Datastreams</H3>
+For radio devices that support it, it is possible to receive Radio Data
+System (RDS) data by means of a read() on the device. The data is packed in
+groups of three, as follows:
+<TABLE>
+<TR><TD>First Octet</TD><TD>Least Significant Byte of RDS Block</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD>Second Octet</TD><TD>Most Significant Byte of RDS Block
+<TR><TD>Third Octet</TD><TD>Bit 7:</TD><TD>Error bit. Indicates that
+an uncorrectable error occurred during reception of this block.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD> </TD><TD>Bit 6:</TD><TD>Corrected bit. Indicates that
+an error was corrected for this data block.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD> </TD><TD>Bits 5-3:</TD><TD>Received Offset. Indicates the
+offset received by the sync system.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD> </TD><TD>Bits 2-0:</TD><TD>Offset Name. Indicates the
+offset applied to this data.</TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.bttv b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.bttv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e46761c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.bttv
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+card=0 - *** UNKNOWN/GENERIC ***
+card=1 - MIRO PCTV
+card=2 - Hauppauge (bt848)
+card=3 - STB, Gateway P/N 6000699 (bt848)
+card=4 - Intel Create and Share PCI/ Smart Video Recorder III
+card=5 - Diamond DTV2000
+card=6 - AVerMedia TVPhone
+card=7 - MATRIX-Vision MV-Delta
+card=8 - Lifeview FlyVideo II (Bt848) LR26 / MAXI TV Video PCI2 LR26
+card=9 - IMS/IXmicro TurboTV
+card=10 - Hauppauge (bt878)
+card=11 - MIRO PCTV pro
+card=12 - ADS Technologies Channel Surfer TV (bt848)
+card=13 - AVerMedia TVCapture 98
+card=14 - Aimslab Video Highway Xtreme (VHX)
+card=15 - Zoltrix TV-Max
+card=16 - Prolink Pixelview PlayTV (bt878)
+card=17 - Leadtek WinView 601
+card=18 - AVEC Intercapture
+card=19 - Lifeview FlyVideo II EZ /FlyKit LR38 Bt848 (capture only)
+card=20 - CEI Raffles Card
+card=21 - Lifeview FlyVideo 98/ Lucky Star Image World ConferenceTV LR50
+card=22 - Askey CPH050/ Phoebe Tv Master + FM
+card=23 - Modular Technology MM201/MM202/MM205/MM210/MM215 PCTV, bt878
+card=24 - Askey CPH05X/06X (bt878) [many vendors]
+card=25 - Terratec TerraTV+ Version 1.0 (Bt848)/ Terra TValue Version 1.0/ Vobis TV-Boostar
+card=26 - Hauppauge WinCam newer (bt878)
+card=27 - Lifeview FlyVideo 98/ MAXI TV Video PCI2 LR50
+card=28 - Terratec TerraTV+ Version 1.1 (bt878)
+card=29 - Imagenation PXC200
+card=30 - Lifeview FlyVideo 98 LR50
+card=31 - Formac iProTV, Formac ProTV I (bt848)
+card=32 - Intel Create and Share PCI/ Smart Video Recorder III
+card=33 - Terratec TerraTValue Version Bt878
+card=34 - Leadtek WinFast 2000/ WinFast 2000 XP
+card=35 - Lifeview FlyVideo 98 LR50 / Chronos Video Shuttle II
+card=36 - Lifeview FlyVideo 98FM LR50 / Typhoon TView TV/FM Tuner
+card=37 - Prolink PixelView PlayTV pro
+card=38 - Askey CPH06X TView99
+card=39 - Pinnacle PCTV Studio/Rave
+card=40 - STB TV PCI FM, Gateway P/N 6000704 (bt878), 3Dfx VoodooTV 100
+card=41 - AVerMedia TVPhone 98
+card=42 - ProVideo PV951
+card=43 - Little OnAir TV
+card=44 - Sigma TVII-FM
+card=45 - MATRIX-Vision MV-Delta 2
+card=46 - Zoltrix Genie TV/FM
+card=47 - Terratec TV/Radio+
+card=48 - Askey CPH03x/ Dynalink Magic TView
+card=49 - IODATA GV-BCTV3/PCI
+card=50 - Prolink PV-BT878P+4E / PixelView PlayTV PAK / Lenco MXTV-9578 CP
+card=51 - Eagle Wireless Capricorn2 (bt878A)
+card=52 - Pinnacle PCTV Studio Pro
+card=53 - Typhoon TView RDS + FM Stereo / KNC1 TV Station RDS
+card=54 - Lifeview FlyVideo 2000 /FlyVideo A2/ Lifetec LT 9415 TV [LR90]
+card=55 - Askey CPH031/ BESTBUY Easy TV
+card=56 - Lifeview FlyVideo 98FM LR50
+card=57 - GrandTec 'Grand Video Capture' (Bt848)
+card=58 - Askey CPH060/ Phoebe TV Master Only (No FM)
+card=59 - Askey CPH03x TV Capturer
+card=60 - Modular Technology MM100PCTV
+card=61 - AG Electronics GMV1
+card=62 - Askey CPH061/ BESTBUY Easy TV (bt878)
+card=63 - ATI TV-Wonder
+card=64 - ATI TV-Wonder VE
+card=65 - Lifeview FlyVideo 2000S LR90
+card=66 - Terratec TValueRadio
+card=67 - IODATA GV-BCTV4/PCI
+card=68 - 3Dfx VoodooTV FM (Euro), VoodooTV 200 (USA)
+card=69 - Active Imaging AIMMS
+card=70 - Prolink Pixelview PV-BT878P+ (Rev.4C,8E)
+card=71 - Lifeview FlyVideo 98EZ (capture only) LR51
+card=72 - Prolink Pixelview PV-BT878P+9B (PlayTV Pro rev.9B FM+NICAM)
+card=73 - Sensoray 311
+card=74 - RemoteVision MX (RV605)
+card=75 - Powercolor MTV878/ MTV878R/ MTV878F
+card=76 - Canopus WinDVR PCI (COMPAQ Presario 3524JP, 5112JP)
+card=77 - GrandTec Multi Capture Card (Bt878)
+card=78 - Jetway TV/Capture JW-TV878-FBK, Kworld KW-TV878RF
+card=79 - DSP Design TCVIDEO
+card=80 - Hauppauge WinTV PVR
+card=81 - IODATA GV-BCTV5/PCI
+card=82 - Osprey 100/150 (878)
+card=83 - Osprey 100/150 (848)
+card=84 - Osprey 101 (848)
+card=85 - Osprey 101/151
+card=86 - Osprey 101/151 w/ svid
+card=87 - Osprey 200/201/250/251
+card=88 - Osprey 200/250
+card=89 - Osprey 210/220
+card=90 - Osprey 500
+card=91 - Osprey 540
+card=92 - Osprey 2000
+card=93 - IDS Eagle
+card=94 - Pinnacle PCTV Sat
+card=95 - Formac ProTV II (bt878)
+card=96 - MachTV
+card=97 - Euresys Picolo
+card=98 - ProVideo PV150
+card=99 - AD-TVK503
+card=100 - Hercules Smart TV Stereo
+card=101 - Pace TV & Radio Card
+card=102 - IVC-200
+card=103 - Grand X-Guard / Trust 814PCI
+card=104 - Nebula Electronics DigiTV
+card=105 - ProVideo PV143
+card=106 - PHYTEC VD-009-X1 MiniDIN (bt878)
+card=107 - PHYTEC VD-009-X1 Combi (bt878)
+card=108 - PHYTEC VD-009 MiniDIN (bt878)
+card=109 - PHYTEC VD-009 Combi (bt878)
+card=110 - IVC-100
+card=111 - IVC-120G
+card=112 - pcHDTV HD-2000 TV
+card=113 - Twinhan DST + clones
+card=114 - Winfast VC100
+card=115 - Teppro TEV-560/InterVision IV-560
+card=116 - SIMUS GVC1100
+card=117 - NGS NGSTV+
+card=118 - LMLBT4
+card=119 - Tekram M205 PRO
+card=120 - Conceptronic CONTVFMi
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.saa7134 b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.saa7134
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6c82fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.saa7134
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+ 0 -> UNKNOWN/GENERIC
+ 1 -> Proteus Pro [philips reference design] [1131:2001,1131:2001]
+ 2 -> LifeView FlyVIDEO3000 [5168:0138,4e42:0138]
+ 3 -> LifeView FlyVIDEO2000 [5168:0138]
+ 4 -> EMPRESS [1131:6752]
+ 5 -> SKNet Monster TV [1131:4e85]
+ 6 -> Tevion MD 9717
+ 7 -> KNC One TV-Station RDS / Typhoon TV Tuner RDS [1131:fe01,1894:fe01]
+ 8 -> Terratec Cinergy 400 TV [153B:1142]
+ 9 -> Medion 5044
+ 10 -> Kworld/KuroutoShikou SAA7130-TVPCI
+ 11 -> Terratec Cinergy 600 TV [153B:1143]
+ 12 -> Medion 7134 [16be:0003]
+ 13 -> Typhoon TV+Radio 90031
+ 14 -> ELSA EX-VISION 300TV [1048:226b]
+ 15 -> ELSA EX-VISION 500TV [1048:226b]
+ 16 -> ASUS TV-FM 7134 [1043:4842,1043:4830,1043:4840]
+ 17 -> AOPEN VA1000 POWER [1131:7133]
+ 18 -> BMK MPEX No Tuner
+ 19 -> Compro VideoMate TV [185b:c100]
+ 20 -> Matrox CronosPlus [102B:48d0]
+ 21 -> 10MOONS PCI TV CAPTURE CARD [1131:2001]
+ 22 -> Medion 2819/ AverMedia M156 [1461:a70b,1461:2115]
+ 23 -> BMK MPEX Tuner
+ 24 -> KNC One TV-Station DVR [1894:a006]
+ 25 -> ASUS TV-FM 7133 [1043:4843]
+ 26 -> Pinnacle PCTV Stereo (saa7134) [11bd:002b]
+ 27 -> Manli MuchTV M-TV002
+ 28 -> Manli MuchTV M-TV001
+ 29 -> Nagase Sangyo TransGear 3000TV [1461:050c]
+ 30 -> Elitegroup ECS TVP3XP FM1216 Tuner Card(PAL-BG,FM) [1019:4cb4]
+ 31 -> Elitegroup ECS TVP3XP FM1236 Tuner Card (NTSC,FM) [1019:4cb5]
+ 32 -> AVACS SmartTV
+ 33 -> AVerMedia DVD EZMaker [1461:10ff]
+ 34 -> LifeView FlyTV Platinum33 mini [5168:0212]
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.tuner b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.tuner
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7bafe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.tuner
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+tuner=0 - Temic PAL (4002 FH5)
+tuner=1 - Philips PAL_I (FI1246 and compatibles)
+tuner=2 - Philips NTSC (FI1236,FM1236 and compatibles)
+tuner=3 - Philips (SECAM+PAL_BG) (FI1216MF, FM1216MF, FR1216MF)
+tuner=4 - NoTuner
+tuner=5 - Philips PAL_BG (FI1216 and compatibles)
+tuner=6 - Temic NTSC (4032 FY5)
+tuner=7 - Temic PAL_I (4062 FY5)
+tuner=8 - Temic NTSC (4036 FY5)
+tuner=9 - Alps HSBH1
+tuner=10 - Alps TSBE1
+tuner=11 - Alps TSBB5
+tuner=12 - Alps TSBE5
+tuner=13 - Alps TSBC5
+tuner=14 - Temic PAL_BG (4006FH5)
+tuner=15 - Alps TSCH6
+tuner=16 - Temic PAL_DK (4016 FY5)
+tuner=17 - Philips NTSC_M (MK2)
+tuner=18 - Temic PAL_I (4066 FY5)
+tuner=19 - Temic PAL* auto (4006 FN5)
+tuner=20 - Temic PAL_BG (4009 FR5) or PAL_I (4069 FR5)
+tuner=21 - Temic NTSC (4039 FR5)
+tuner=22 - Temic PAL/SECAM multi (4046 FM5)
+tuner=23 - Philips PAL_DK (FI1256 and compatibles)
+tuner=24 - Philips PAL/SECAM multi (FQ1216ME)
+tuner=25 - LG PAL_I+FM (TAPC-I001D)
+tuner=26 - LG PAL_I (TAPC-I701D)
+tuner=27 - LG NTSC+FM (TPI8NSR01F)
+tuner=28 - LG PAL_BG+FM (TPI8PSB01D)
+tuner=29 - LG PAL_BG (TPI8PSB11D)
+tuner=30 - Temic PAL* auto + FM (4009 FN5)
+tuner=31 - SHARP NTSC_JP (2U5JF5540)
+tuner=32 - Samsung PAL TCPM9091PD27
+tuner=33 - MT20xx universal
+tuner=34 - Temic PAL_BG (4106 FH5)
+tuner=35 - Temic PAL_DK/SECAM_L (4012 FY5)
+tuner=36 - Temic NTSC (4136 FY5)
+tuner=37 - LG PAL (newer TAPC series)
+tuner=38 - Philips PAL/SECAM multi (FM1216ME MK3)
+tuner=39 - LG NTSC (newer TAPC series)
+tuner=40 - HITACHI V7-J180AT
+tuner=41 - Philips PAL_MK (FI1216 MK)
+tuner=42 - Philips 1236D ATSC/NTSC daul in
+tuner=43 - Philips NTSC MK3 (FM1236MK3 or FM1236/F)
+tuner=44 - Philips 4 in 1 (ATI TV Wonder Pro/Conexant)
+tuner=45 - Microtune 4049 FM5
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/CQcam.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/CQcam.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e415e36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/CQcam.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+c-qcam - Connectix Color QuickCam video4linux kernel driver
+
+Copyright (C) 1999 Dave Forrest <drf5n@virginia.edu>
+ released under GNU GPL.
+
+1999-12-08 Dave Forrest, written with kernel version 2.2.12 in mind
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+1.0 Introduction
+2.0 Compilation, Installation, and Configuration
+3.0 Troubleshooting
+4.0 Future Work / current work arounds
+9.0 Sample Program, v4lgrab
+10.0 Other Information
+
+
+1.0 Introduction
+
+ The file ../drivers/char/c-qcam.c is a device driver for the
+Logitech (nee Connectix) parallel port interface color CCD camera.
+This is a fairly inexpensive device for capturing images. Logitech
+does not currently provide information for developers, but many people
+have engineered several solutions for non-Microsoft use of the Color
+Quickcam.
+
+1.1 Motivation
+
+ I spent a number of hours trying to get my camera to work, and I
+hope this document saves you some time. My camera will not work with
+the 2.2.13 kernel as distributed, but with a few patches to the
+module, I was able to grab some frames. See 4.0, Future Work.
+
+
+
+2.0 Compilation, Installation, and Configuration
+
+ The c-qcam depends on parallel port support, video4linux, and the
+Color Quickcam. It is also nice to have the parallel port readback
+support enabled. I enabled these as modules during the kernel
+configuration. The appropriate flags are:
+
+ CONFIG_PRINTER M for lp.o, parport.o parport_pc.o modules
+ CONFIG_PNP_PARPORT M for autoprobe.o IEEE1284 readback module
+ CONFIG_PRINTER_READBACK M for parport_probe.o IEEE1284 readback module
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV M for videodev.o video4linux module
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_CQCAM M for c-qcam.o Color Quickcam module
+
+ With these flags, the kernel should compile and install the modules.
+To record and monitor the compilation, I use:
+
+ (make zlilo ; \
+ make modules; \
+ make modules_install ;
+ depmod -a ) &>log &
+ less log # then a capital 'F' to watch the progress
+
+But that is my personal preference.
+
+2.2 Configuration
+
+ The configuration requires module configuration and device
+configuration. I like kmod or kerneld process with the
+/etc/modprobe.conf file so the modules can automatically load/unload as
+they are used. The video devices could already exist, be generated
+using MAKEDEV, or need to be created. The following sections detail
+these procedures.
+
+
+2.1 Module Configuration
+
+ Using modules requires a bit of work to install and pass the
+parameters. Understand that entries in /etc/modprobe.conf of:
+
+ alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc
+ options parport_pc io=0x378 irq=none
+ alias char-major-81 videodev
+ alias char-major-81-0 c-qcam
+
+will cause the kmod/modprobe to do certain things. If you are
+using kmod, then a request for a 'char-major-81-0' will cause
+the 'c-qcam' module to load. If you have other video sources with
+modules, you might want to assign the different minor numbers to
+different modules.
+
+2.2 Device Configuration
+
+ At this point, we need to ensure that the device files exist.
+Video4linux used the /dev/video* files, and we want to attach the
+Quickcam to one of these.
+
+ ls -lad /dev/video* # should produce a list of the video devices
+
+If the video devices do not exist, you can create them with:
+
+ su
+ cd /dev
+ for ii in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ; do
+ mknod video$ii c 81 $ii # char-major-81-[0-16]
+ chown root.root video$ii # owned by root
+ chmod 600 video$ii # read/writable by root only
+ done
+
+ Lots of people connect video0 to video and bttv, but you might want
+your c-qcam to mean something more:
+
+ ln -s video0 c-qcam # make /dev/c-qcam a working file
+ ln -s c-qcam video # make /dev/c-qcam your default video source
+
+ But these are conveniences. The important part is to make the proper
+special character files with the right major and minor numbers. All
+of the special device files are listed in ../devices.txt. If you
+would like the c-qcam readable by non-root users, you will need to
+change the permissions.
+
+3.0 Troubleshooting
+
+ If the sample program below, v4lgrab, gives you output then
+everything is working.
+
+ v4lgrab | wc # should give you a count of characters
+
+ Otherwise, you have some problem.
+
+ The c-qcam is IEEE1284 compatible, so if you are using the proc file
+system (CONFIG_PROC_FS), the parallel printer support
+(CONFIG_PRINTER), the IEEE 1284 system,(CONFIG_PRINTER_READBACK), you
+should be able to read some identification from your quickcam with
+
+ modprobe -v parport
+ modprobe -v parport_probe
+ cat /proc/parport/PORTNUMBER/autoprobe
+Returns:
+ CLASS:MEDIA;
+ MODEL:Color QuickCam 2.0;
+ MANUFACTURER:Connectix;
+
+ A good response to this indicates that your color quickcam is alive
+and well. A common problem is that the current driver does not
+reliably detect a c-qcam, even though one is attached. In this case,
+
+ modprobe -v c-qcam
+or
+ insmod -v c-qcam
+
+ Returns a message saying "Device or resource busy" Development is
+currently underway, but a workaround is to patch the module to skip
+the detection code and attach to a defined port. Check the
+video4linux mailing list and archive for more current information.
+
+3.1 Checklist:
+
+ Can you get an image?
+ v4lgrab >qcam.ppm ; wc qcam.ppm ; xv qcam.ppm
+
+ Is a working c-qcam connected to the port?
+ grep ^ /proc/parport/?/autoprobe
+
+ Do the /dev/video* files exist?
+ ls -lad /dev/video
+
+ Is the c-qcam module loaded?
+ modprobe -v c-qcam ; lsmod
+
+ Does the camera work with alternate programs? cqcam, etc?
+
+
+
+
+4.0 Future Work / current workarounds
+
+ It is hoped that this section will soon become obsolete, but if it
+isn't, you might try patching the c-qcam module to add a parport=xxx
+option as in the bw-qcam module so you can specify the parallel port:
+
+ insmod -v c-qcam parport=0
+
+And bypass the detection code, see ../../drivers/char/c-qcam.c and
+look for the 'qc_detect' code and call.
+
+ Note that there is work in progress to change the video4linux API,
+this work is documented at the video4linux2 site listed below.
+
+
+9.0 --- A sample program using v4lgrabber,
+
+This program is a simple image grabber that will copy a frame from the
+first video device, /dev/video0 to standard output in portable pixmap
+format (.ppm) Using this like: 'v4lgrab | convert - c-qcam.jpg'
+produced this picture of me at
+ http://mug.sys.virginia.edu/~drf5n/extras/c-qcam.jpg
+
+-------------------- 8< ---------------- 8< -----------------------------
+
+/* Simple Video4Linux image grabber. */
+/*
+ * Video4Linux Driver Test/Example Framegrabbing Program
+ *
+ * Compile with:
+ * gcc -s -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes v4lgrab.c -o v4lgrab
+ * Use as:
+ * v4lgrab >image.ppm
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 1998-05-03, Phil Blundell <philb@gnu.org>
+ * Copied from http://www.tazenda.demon.co.uk/phil/vgrabber.c
+ * with minor modifications (Dave Forrest, drf5n@virginia.edu).
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <linux/videodev.h>
+
+#define FILE "/dev/video0"
+
+/* Stole this from tvset.c */
+
+#define READ_VIDEO_PIXEL(buf, format, depth, r, g, b) \
+{ \
+ switch (format) \
+ { \
+ case VIDEO_PALETTE_GREY: \
+ switch (depth) \
+ { \
+ case 4: \
+ case 6: \
+ case 8: \
+ (r) = (g) = (b) = (*buf++ << 8);\
+ break; \
+ \
+ case 16: \
+ (r) = (g) = (b) = \
+ *((unsigned short *) buf); \
+ buf += 2; \
+ break; \
+ } \
+ break; \
+ \
+ \
+ case VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB565: \
+ { \
+ unsigned short tmp = *(unsigned short *)buf; \
+ (r) = tmp&0xF800; \
+ (g) = (tmp<<5)&0xFC00; \
+ (b) = (tmp<<11)&0xF800; \
+ buf += 2; \
+ } \
+ break; \
+ \
+ case VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB555: \
+ (r) = (buf[0]&0xF8)<<8; \
+ (g) = ((buf[0] << 5 | buf[1] >> 3)&0xF8)<<8; \
+ (b) = ((buf[1] << 2 ) & 0xF8)<<8; \
+ buf += 2; \
+ break; \
+ \
+ case VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB24: \
+ (r) = buf[0] << 8; (g) = buf[1] << 8; \
+ (b) = buf[2] << 8; \
+ buf += 3; \
+ break; \
+ \
+ default: \
+ fprintf(stderr, \
+ "Format %d not yet supported\n", \
+ format); \
+ } \
+}
+
+int get_brightness_adj(unsigned char *image, long size, int *brightness) {
+ long i, tot = 0;
+ for (i=0;i<size*3;i++)
+ tot += image[i];
+ *brightness = (128 - tot/(size*3))/3;
+ return !((tot/(size*3)) >= 126 && (tot/(size*3)) <= 130);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv)
+{
+ int fd = open(FILE, O_RDONLY), f;
+ struct video_capability cap;
+ struct video_window win;
+ struct video_picture vpic;
+
+ unsigned char *buffer, *src;
+ int bpp = 24, r, g, b;
+ unsigned int i, src_depth;
+
+ if (fd < 0) {
+ perror(FILE);
+ exit(1);
+ }
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, VIDIOCGCAP, &cap) < 0) {
+ perror("VIDIOGCAP");
+ fprintf(stderr, "(" FILE " not a video4linux device?)\n");
+ close(fd);
+ exit(1);
+ }
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, VIDIOCGWIN, &win) < 0) {
+ perror("VIDIOCGWIN");
+ close(fd);
+ exit(1);
+ }
+
+ if (ioctl(fd, VIDIOCGPICT, &vpic) < 0) {
+ perror("VIDIOCGPICT");
+ close(fd);
+ exit(1);
+ }
+
+ if (cap.type & VID_TYPE_MONOCHROME) {
+ vpic.depth=8;
+ vpic.palette=VIDEO_PALETTE_GREY; /* 8bit grey */
+ if(ioctl(fd, VIDIOCSPICT, &vpic) < 0) {
+ vpic.depth=6;
+ if(ioctl(fd, VIDIOCSPICT, &vpic) < 0) {
+ vpic.depth=4;
+ if(ioctl(fd, VIDIOCSPICT, &vpic) < 0) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "Unable to find a supported capture format.\n");
+ close(fd);
+ exit(1);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ vpic.depth=24;
+ vpic.palette=VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB24;
+
+ if(ioctl(fd, VIDIOCSPICT, &vpic) < 0) {
+ vpic.palette=VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB565;
+ vpic.depth=16;
+
+ if(ioctl(fd, VIDIOCSPICT, &vpic)==-1) {
+ vpic.palette=VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB555;
+ vpic.depth=15;
+
+ if(ioctl(fd, VIDIOCSPICT, &vpic)==-1) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "Unable to find a supported capture format.\n");
+ return -1;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ buffer = malloc(win.width * win.height * bpp);
+ if (!buffer) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory.\n");
+ exit(1);
+ }
+
+ do {
+ int newbright;
+ read(fd, buffer, win.width * win.height * bpp);
+ f = get_brightness_adj(buffer, win.width * win.height, &newbright);
+ if (f) {
+ vpic.brightness += (newbright << 8);
+ if(ioctl(fd, VIDIOCSPICT, &vpic)==-1) {
+ perror("VIDIOSPICT");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ } while (f);
+
+ fprintf(stdout, "P6\n%d %d 255\n", win.width, win.height);
+
+ src = buffer;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < win.width * win.height; i++) {
+ READ_VIDEO_PIXEL(src, vpic.palette, src_depth, r, g, b);
+ fputc(r>>8, stdout);
+ fputc(g>>8, stdout);
+ fputc(b>>8, stdout);
+ }
+
+ close(fd);
+ return 0;
+}
+-------------------- 8< ---------------- 8< -----------------------------
+
+
+10.0 --- Other Information
+
+Use the ../../Maintainers file, particularly the VIDEO FOR LINUX and PARALLEL
+PORT SUPPORT sections
+
+The video4linux page:
+ http://roadrunner.swansea.linux.org.uk/v4l.shtml
+
+The video4linux2 page:
+ http://millennium.diads.com/bdirks/v4l2.htm
+
+Some web pages about the quickcams:
+ http://www.dkfz-heidelberg.de/Macromol/wedemann/mini-HOWTO-cqcam.html
+
+ http://www.crynwr.com/qcpc/ QuickCam Third-Party Drivers
+ http://www.crynwr.com/qcpc/re.html Some Reverse Engineering
+ http://cse.unl.edu/~cluening/gqcam/ v4l client
+ http://phobos.illtel.denver.co.us/pub/qcread/ doesn't use v4l
+ ftp://ftp.cs.unm.edu/pub/chris/quickcam/ Has lots of drivers
+ http://www.cs.duke.edu/~reynolds/quickcam/ Has lots of information
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/README.cpia b/Documentation/video4linux/README.cpia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c95e7bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/README.cpia
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+This is a driver for the CPiA PPC2 driven parallel connected
+Camera. For example the Creative WebcamII is CPiA driven.
+
+ ) [1]Peter Pregler, Linz 2000, published under the [2]GNU GPL
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+USAGE:
+
+General:
+========
+
+1) Make sure you have created the video devices (/dev/video*):
+
+- if you have a recent MAKEDEV do a 'cd /dev;./MAKEDEV video'
+- otherwise do a:
+
+cd /dev
+mknod video0 c 81 0
+ln -s video0 video
+
+2) Compile the kernel (see below for the list of options to use),
+ configure your parport and reboot.
+
+3) If all worked well you should get messages similar
+ to the following (your versions may be different) on the console:
+
+V4L-Driver for Vision CPiA based cameras v0.7.4
+parport0: read2 timeout.
+parport0: Multimedia device, VLSI Vision Ltd PPC2
+Parallel port driver for Vision CPiA based camera
+ CPIA Version: 1.20 (2.0)
+ CPIA PnP-ID: 0553:0002:0100
+ VP-Version: 1.0 0100
+ 1 camera(s) found
+
+
+As modules:
+===========
+
+Make sure you have selected the following kernel options (you can
+select all stuff as modules):
+
+The cpia-stuff is in the section 'Character devices -> Video For Linux'.
+
+CONFIG_PARPORT=m
+CONFIG_PARPORT_PC=m
+CONFIG_PARPORT_PC_FIFO=y
+CONFIG_PARPORT_1284=y
+CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV=m
+CONFIG_VIDEO_CPIA=m
+CONFIG_VIDEO_CPIA_PP=m
+
+For autoloading of all those modules you need to tell module-init-tools
+some stuff. Add the following line to your module-init-tools config-file
+(e.g. /etc/modprobe.conf or wherever your distribution does store that
+stuff):
+
+options parport_pc io=0x378 irq=7 dma=3
+alias char-major-81 cpia_pp
+
+The first line tells the dma/irq channels to use. Those _must_ match
+the settings of your BIOS. Do NOT simply use the values above. See
+Documentation/parport.txt for more information about this. The second
+line associates the video-device file with the driver. Of cause you
+can also load the modules once upon boot (usually done in /etc/modules).
+
+Linked into the kernel:
+=======================
+
+Make sure you have selected the following kernel options. Note that
+you cannot compile the parport-stuff as modules and the cpia-driver
+statically (the other way round is okay though).
+
+The cpia-stuff is in the section 'Character devices -> Video For Linux'.
+
+CONFIG_PARPORT=y
+CONFIG_PARPORT_PC=y
+CONFIG_PARPORT_PC_FIFO=y
+CONFIG_PARPORT_1284=y
+CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV=y
+CONFIG_VIDEO_CPIA=y
+CONFIG_VIDEO_CPIA_PP=y
+
+To use DMA/irq you will need to tell the kernel upon boot time the
+hardware configuration of the parport. You can give the boot-parameter
+at the LILO-prompt or specify it in lilo.conf. I use the following
+append-line in lilo.conf:
+
+ append="parport=0x378,7,3"
+
+See Documentation/parport.txt for more information about the
+configuration of the parport and the values given above. Do not simply
+use the values given above.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+FEATURES:
+
+- mmap/read v4l-interface (but no overlay)
+- image formats: CIF/QCIF, SIF/QSIF, various others used by isabel;
+ note: all sizes except CIF/QCIF are implemented by clipping, i.e.
+ pixels are not uploaded from the camera
+- palettes: VIDEO_PALETTE_GRAY, VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB565, VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB555,
+ VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB24, VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB32, VIDEO_PALETTE_YUYV,
+ VIDEO_PALETTE_UYVY, VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422
+- state information (color balance, exposure, ...) is preserved between
+ device opens
+- complete control over camera via proc-interface (_all_ camera settings are
+ supported), there is also a python-gtk application available for this [3]
+- works under SMP (but the driver is completely serialized and synchronous)
+ so you get no benefit from SMP, but at least it does not crash your box
+- might work for non-Intel architecture, let us know about this
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+TESTED APPLICATIONS:
+
+- a simple test application based on Xt is available at [3]
+- another test-application based on gqcam-0.4 (uses GTK)
+- gqcam-0.6 should work
+- xawtv-3.x (also the webcam software)
+- xawtv-2.46
+- w3cam (cgi-interface and vidcat, e.g. you may try out 'vidcat |xv
+ -maxpect -root -quit +noresetroot -rmode 5 -')
+- vic, the MBONE video conferencing tool (version 2.8ucl4-1)
+- isabel 3R4beta (barely working, but AFAICT all the problems are on
+ their side)
+- camserv-0.40
+
+See [3] for pointers to v4l-applications.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+KNOWN PROBLEMS:
+
+- some applications do not handle the image format correctly, you will
+ see strange horizontal stripes instead of a nice picture -> make sure
+ your application does use a supported image size or queries the driver
+ for the actually used size (reason behind this: the camera cannot
+ provide any image format, so if size NxM is requested the driver will
+ use a format to the closest fitting N1xM1, the application should now
+ query for this granted size, most applications do not).
+- all the todo ;)
+- if there is not enough light and the picture is too dark try to
+ adjust the SetSensorFPS setting, automatic frame rate adjustment
+ has its price
+- do not try out isabel 3R4beta (built 135), you will be disappointed
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+TODO:
+
+- multiple camera support (struct camera or something) - This should work,
+ but hasn't been tested yet.
+- architecture independence?
+- SMP-safe asynchronous mmap interface
+- nibble mode for old parport interfaces
+- streaming capture, this should give a performance gain
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+IMPLEMENTATION NOTES:
+
+The camera can act in two modes, streaming or grabbing. Right now a
+polling grab-scheme is used. Maybe interrupt driven streaming will be
+used for a asynchronous mmap interface in the next major release of the
+driver. This might give a better frame rate.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+THANKS (in no particular order):
+
+- Scott J. Bertin <sbertin@mindspring.com> for cleanups, the proc-filesystem
+ and much more
+- Henry Bruce <whb@vvl.co.uk> for providing developers information about
+ the CPiA chip, I wish all companies would treat Linux as seriously
+- Karoly Erdei <Karoly.Erdei@risc.uni-linz.ac.at> and RISC-Linz for being
+ my boss ;) resp. my employer and for providing me the hardware and
+ allow me to devote some working time to this project
+- Manuel J. Petit de Gabriel <mpetit@dit.upm.es> for providing help
+ with Isabel (http://isabel.dit.upm.es/)
+- Bas Huisman <bhuism@cs.utwente.nl> for writing the initial parport code
+- Jarl Totland <Jarl.Totland@bdc.no> for setting up the mailing list
+ and maintaining the web-server[3]
+- Chris Whiteford <Chris@informinteractive.com> for fixes related to the
+ 1.02 firmware
+- special kudos to all the tester whose machines crashed and/or
+ will crash. :)
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REFERENCES
+
+ 1. http://www.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/people/ppregler
+ mailto:Peter_Pregler@email.com
+ 2. see the file COPYING in the top directory of the kernel tree
+ 3. http://webcam.sourceforge.net/
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/README.cx88 b/Documentation/video4linux/README.cx88
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..897ab83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/README.cx88
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+
+cx8800 release notes
+====================
+
+This is a v4l2 device driver for the cx2388x chip.
+
+
+current status
+==============
+
+video
+ - Basically works.
+ - Some minor image quality glitches.
+ - For now only capture, overlay support isn't completed yet.
+
+audio
+ - The chip specs for the on-chip TV sound decoder are next
+ to useless :-/
+ - Neverless the builtin TV sound decoder starts working now,
+ at least for PAL-BG. Other TV norms need other code ...
+ FOR ANY REPORTS ON THIS PLEASE MENTION THE TV NORM YOU ARE
+ USING.
+ - Most tuner chips do provide mono sound, which may or may not
+ be useable depending on the board design. With the Hauppauge
+ cards it works, so there is mono sound available as fallback.
+ - audio data dma (i.e. recording without loopback cable to the
+ sound card) should be possible, but there is no code yet ...
+
+vbi
+ - some code present. Doesn't crash any more, but also doesn't
+ work yet ...
+
+
+how to add support for new cards
+================================
+
+The driver needs some config info for the TV cards. This stuff is in
+cx88-cards.c. If the driver doesn't work well you likely need a new
+entry for your card in that file. Check the kernel log (using dmesg)
+to see whenever the driver knows your card or not. There is a line
+like this one:
+
+ cx8800[0]: subsystem: 0070:3400, board: Hauppauge WinTV \
+ 34xxx models [card=1,autodetected]
+
+If your card is listed as "board: UNKNOWN/GENERIC" it is unknown to
+the driver. What to do then?
+
+ (1) Try upgrading to the latest snapshot, maybe it has been added
+ meanwhile.
+ (2) You can try to create a new entry yourself, have a look at
+ cx88-cards.c. If that worked, mail me your changes as unified
+ diff ("diff -u").
+ (3) Or you can mail me the config information. I need at least the
+ following informations to add the card:
+
+ * the PCI Subsystem ID ("0070:3400" from the line above,
+ "lspci -v" output is fine too).
+ * the tuner type used by the card. You can try to find one by
+ trial-and-error using the tuner=<n> insmod option. If you
+ know which one the card has you can also have a look at the
+ list in CARDLIST.tuner
+
+Have fun,
+
+ Gerd
+
+--
+Gerd Knorr <kraxel@bytesex.org> [SuSE Labs]
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/README.ir b/Documentation/video4linux/README.ir
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0da47a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/README.ir
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+
+infrared remote control support in video4linux drivers
+======================================================
+
+
+basics
+------
+
+Current versions use the linux input layer to support infrared
+remote controls. I suggest to download my input layer tools
+from http://bytesex.org/snapshot/input-<date>.tar.gz
+
+Modules you have to load:
+
+ saa7134 statically built in, i.e. just the driver :)
+ bttv ir-kbd-gpio or ir-kbd-i2c depending on your
+ card.
+
+ir-kbd-gpio and ir-kbd-i2c don't support all cards lirc supports
+(yet), mainly for the reason that the code of lirc_i2c and lirc_gpio
+was very confusing and I decided to basically start over from scratch.
+Feel free to contact me in case of trouble. Note that the ir-kbd-*
+modules work on 2.6.x kernels only through ...
+
+
+how it works
+------------
+
+The modules register the remote as keyboard within the linux input
+layer, i.e. you'll see the keys of the remote as normal key strokes
+(if CONFIG_INPUT_KEYBOARD is enabled).
+
+Using the event devices (CONFIG_INPUT_EVDEV) it is possible for
+applications to access the remote via /dev/input/event<n> devices.
+You might have to create the special files using "/sbin/MAKEDEV
+input". The input layer tools mentioned above use the event device.
+
+The input layer tools are nice for trouble shooting, i.e. to check
+whenever the input device is really present, which of the devices it
+is, check whenever pressing keys on the remote actually generates
+events and the like. You can also use the kbd utility to change the
+keymaps (2.6.x kernels only through).
+
+
+using with lircd
+================
+
+The cvs version of the lircd daemon supports reading events from the
+linux input layer (via event device). The input layer tools tarball
+comes with a lircd config file.
+
+
+using without lircd
+===================
+
+XFree86 likely can be configured to recognise the remote keys. Once I
+simply tried to configure one of the multimedia keyboards as input
+device, which had the effect that XFree86 recognised some of the keys
+of my remote control and passed volume up/down key presses as
+XF86AudioRaiseVolume and XF86AudioLowerVolume key events to the X11
+clients.
+
+It likely is possible to make that fly with a nice xkb config file,
+I know next to nothing about that through.
+
+
+Have fun,
+
+ Gerd
+
+--
+Gerd Knorr <kraxel@bytesex.org>
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/README.saa7134 b/Documentation/video4linux/README.saa7134
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a446c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/README.saa7134
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+
+
+What is it?
+===========
+
+This is a v4l2/oss device driver for saa7130/33/34/35 based capture / TV
+boards. See http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/pip/saa7134hl for a
+description.
+
+
+Status
+======
+
+Almost everything is working. video, sound, tuner, radio, mpeg ts, ...
+
+As with bttv, card-specific tweaks are needed. Check CARDLIST for a
+list of known TV cards and saa7134-cards.c for the drivers card
+configuration info.
+
+
+Build
+=====
+
+Pick up videodev + v4l2 patches from http://bytesex.org/patches/.
+Configure, build, install + boot the new kernel. You'll need at least
+these config options:
+
+ CONFIG_I2C=m
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV=m
+
+Type "make" to build the driver now. "make install" installs the
+driver. "modprobe saa7134" should load it. Depending on the card you
+might have to pass card=<nr> as insmod option, check CARDLIST for
+valid choices.
+
+
+Changes / Fixes
+===============
+
+Please mail me unified diffs ("diff -u") with your changes, and don't
+forget to tell me what it changes / which problem it fixes / whatever
+it is good for ...
+
+
+Known Problems
+==============
+
+* The tuner for the flyvideos isn't detected automatically and the
+ default might not work for you depending on which version you have.
+ There is a tuner= insmod option to override the driver's default.
+
+Card Variations:
+================
+
+Cards can use either of these two crystals (xtal):
+ - 32.11 MHz -> .audio_clock=0x187de7
+ - 24.576MHz -> .audio_clock=0x200000
+(xtal * .audio_clock = 51539600)
+
+
+Credits
+=======
+
+andrew.stevens@philips.com + werner.leeb@philips.com for providing
+saa7134 hardware specs and sample board.
+
+
+Have fun,
+
+ Gerd
+
+--
+Gerd Knorr <kraxel@bytesex.org> [SuSE Labs]
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/Zoran b/Documentation/video4linux/Zoran
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01425c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/Zoran
@@ -0,0 +1,557 @@
+Frequently Asked Questions:
+===========================
+subject: unified zoran driver (zr360x7, zoran, buz, dc10(+), dc30(+), lml33)
+website: http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net/driver-zoran/
+
+1. What cards are supported
+1.1 What the TV decoder can do an what not
+1.2 What the TV encoder can do an what not
+2. How do I get this damn thing to work
+3. What mainboard should I use (or why doesn't my card work)
+4. Programming interface
+5. Applications
+6. Concerning buffer sizes, quality, output size etc.
+7. It hangs/crashes/fails/whatevers! Help!
+8. Maintainers/Contacting
+9. License
+
+===========================
+
+1. What cards are supported
+
+Iomega Buz, Linux Media Labs LML33/LML33R10, Pinnacle/Miro
+DC10/DC10+/DC30/DC30+ and related boards (available under various names).
+
+Iomega Buz:
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Philips saa7111 TV decoder
+* Philips saa7185 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+ videocodec, saa7111, saa7185, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite and S-video
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (720x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (720x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 7
+
+Linux Media Labs LML33:
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Brooktree bt819 TV decoder
+* Brooktree bt856 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+ videocodec, bt819, bt856, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite and S-video
+Norms: PAL (720x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (720x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 5
+
+Linux Media Labs LML33R10:
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Philips saa7114 TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7170 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+ videocodec, saa7114, adv7170, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite and S-video
+Norms: PAL (720x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (720x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 6
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC10(new):
+* Zoran zr36057 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Philips saa7110a TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+ videocodec, saa7110, adv7175, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 1
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC10+:
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36060 MJPEG codec
+* Philips saa7110a TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+ videocodec, sa7110, adv7175, zr36060, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 2
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC10(old): *
+* Zoran zr36057 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36050 MJPEG codec
+* Zoran zr36016 Video Front End or Fuji md0211 Video Front End (clone?)
+* Micronas vpx3220a TV decoder
+* mse3000 TV encoder or Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder *
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+ videocodec, vpx3220, mse3000/adv7175, zr36050, zr36016, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 0
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC30: *
+* Zoran zr36057 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36050 MJPEG codec
+* Zoran zr36016 Video Front End
+* Micronas vpx3225d/vpx3220a/vpx3216b TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+ videocodec, vpx3220/vpx3224, adv7175, zr36050, zr36016, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 3
+
+Pinnacle/Miro DC30+: *
+* Zoran zr36067 PCI controller
+* Zoran zr36050 MJPEG codec
+* Zoran zr36016 Video Front End
+* Micronas vpx3225d/vpx3220a/vpx3216b TV decoder
+* Analog Devices adv7176 TV encoder
+Drivers to use: videodev, i2c-core, i2c-algo-bit,
+ videocodec, vpx3220/vpx3224, adv7175, zr36050, zr36015, zr36067
+Inputs/outputs: Composite, S-video and Internal
+Norms: PAL, SECAM (768x576 @ 25 fps), NTSC (640x480 @ 29.97 fps)
+Card number: 4
+
+Note: No module for the mse3000 is available yet
+Note: No module for the vpx3224 is available yet
+Note: use encoder=X or decoder=X for non-default i2c chips (see i2c-id.h)
+
+===========================
+
+1.1 What the TV decoder can do an what not
+
+The best know TV standards are NTSC/PAL/SECAM. but for decoding a frame that
+information is not enough. There are several formats of the TV standards.
+And not every TV decoder is able to handle every format. Also the every
+combination is supported by the driver. There are currently 11 different
+tv broadcast formats all aver the world.
+
+The CCIR defines parameters needed for broadcasting the signal.
+The CCIR has defined different standards: A,B,D,E,F,G,D,H,I,K,K1,L,M,N,...
+The CCIR says not much about about the colorsystem used !!!
+And talking about a colorsystem says not to much about how it is broadcast.
+
+The CCIR standards A,E,F are not used any more.
+
+When you speak about NTSC, you usually mean the standard: CCIR - M using
+the NTSC colorsystem which is used in the USA, Japan, Mexico, Canada
+and a few others.
+
+When you talk about PAL, you usually mean: CCIR - B/G using the PAL
+colorsystem which is used in many Countries.
+
+When you talk about SECAM, you mean: CCIR - L using the SECAM Colorsystem
+which is used in France, and a few others.
+
+There the other version of SECAM, CCIR - D/K is used in Bulgaria, China,
+Slovakai, Hungary, Korea (Rep.), Poland, Rumania and a others.
+
+The CCIR - H uses the PAL colorsystem (sometimes SECAM) and is used in
+Egypt, Libya, Sri Lanka, Syrain Arab. Rep.
+
+The CCIR - I uses the PAL colorsystem, and is used in Great Britain, Hong Kong,
+Ireland, Nigeria, South Africa.
+
+The CCIR - N uses the PAL colorsystem and PAL frame size but the NTSC framerate,
+and is used in Argentinia, Uruguay, an a few others
+
+We do not talk about how the audio is broadcast !
+
+A rather good sites about the TV standards are:
+http://www.sony.jp/ServiceArea/Voltage_map/
+http://info.electronicwerkstatt.de/bereiche/fernsehtechnik/frequenzen_und_normen/Fernsehnormen/
+and http://www.cabl.com/restaurant/channel.html
+
+Other weird things around: NTSC 4.43 is a modificated NTSC, which is mainly
+used in PAL VCR's that are able to play back NTSC. PAL 60 seems to be the same
+as NTSC 4.43 . The Datasheets also talk about NTSC 44, It seems as if it would
+be the same as NTSC 4.43.
+NTSC Combs seems to be a decoder mode where the decoder uses a comb filter
+to split coma and luma instead of a Delay line.
+
+But I did not defiantly find out what NTSC Comb is.
+
+Philips saa7111 TV decoder
+was introduced in 1997, is used in the BUZ and
+can handle: PAL B/G/H/I, PAL N, PAL M, NTSC M, NTSC N, NTSC 4.43 and SECAM
+
+Philips saa7110a TV decoder
+was introduced in 1995, is used in the Pinnacle/Miro DC10(new), DC10+ and
+can handle: PAL B/G, NTSC M and SECAM
+
+Philips saa7114 TV decoder
+was introduced in 2000, is used in the LML33R10 and
+can handle: PAL B/G/D/H/I/N, PAL N, PAL M, NTSC M, NTSC 4.43 and SECAM
+
+Brooktree bt819 TV decoder
+was introduced in 1996, and is used in the LML33 and
+can handle: PAL B/D/G/H/I, NTSC M
+
+Micronas vpx3220a TV decoder
+was introduced in 1996, is used in the DC30 and DC30+ and
+can handle: PAL B/G/H/I, PAL N, PAL M, NTSC M, NTSC 44, PAL 60, SECAM,NTSC Comb
+
+===========================
+
+1.2 What the TV encoder can do an what not
+
+The TV encoder are doing the "same" as the decoder, but in the oder direction.
+You feed them digital data and the generate a Composite or SVHS signal.
+For information about the colorsystems and TV norm take a look in the
+TV decoder section.
+
+Philips saa7185 TV Encoder
+was introduced in 1996, is used in the BUZ
+can generate: PAL B/G, NTSC M
+
+Brooktree bt856 TV Encoder
+was introduced in 1994, is used in the LML33
+can generate: PAL B/D/G/H/I/N, PAL M, NTSC M, PAL-N (Argentina)
+
+Analog Devices adv7170 TV Encoder
+was introduced in 2000, is used in the LML300R10
+can generate: PAL B/D/G/H/I/N, PAL M, NTSC M, PAL 60
+
+Analog Devices adv7175 TV Encoder
+was introduced in 1996, is used in the DC10, DC10+, DC10 old, DC30, DC30+
+can generate: PAL B/D/G/H/I/N, PAL M, NTSC M
+
+ITT mse3000 TV encoder
+was introduced in 1991, is used in the DC10 old
+can generate: PAL , NTSC , SECAM
+
+The adv717x, should be able to produce PAL N. But you find nothing PAL N
+specific in the the registers. Seem that you have to reuse a other standard
+to generate PAL N, maybe it would work if you use the PAL M settings.
+
+==========================
+
+2. How do I get this damn thing to work
+
+Load zr36067.o. If it can't autodetect your card, use the card=X insmod
+option with X being the card number as given in the previous section.
+To have more than one card, use card=X1[,X2[,X3,[X4[..]]]]
+
+To automate this, add the following to your /etc/modprobe.conf:
+
+options zr36067 card=X1[,X2[,X3[,X4[..]]]]
+alias char-major-81-0 zr36067
+
+One thing to keep in mind is that this doesn't load zr36067.o itself yet. It
+just automates loading. If you start using xawtv, the device won't load on
+some systems, since you're trying to load modules as a user, which is not
+allowed ("permission denied"). A quick workaround is to add 'Load "v4l"' to
+XF86Config-4 when you use X by default, or to run 'v4l-conf -c <device>' in
+one of your startup scripts (normally rc.local) if you don't use X. Both
+make sure that the modules are loaded on startup, under the root account.
+
+===========================
+
+3. What mainboard should I use (or why doesn't my card work)
+
+<insert lousy disclaimer here>. In short: good=SiS/Intel, bad=VIA.
+
+Experience tells us that people with a Buz, on average, have more problems
+than users with a DC10+/LML33. Also, it tells us that people owning a VIA-
+based mainboard (ktXXX, MVP3) have more problems than users with a mainboard
+based on a different chipset. Here's some notes from Andrew Stevens:
+--
+Here's my experience of using LML33 and Buz on various motherboards:
+
+VIA MVP3
+ Forget it. Pointless. Doesn't work.
+Intel 430FX (Pentium 200)
+ LML33 perfect, Buz tolerable (3 or 4 frames dropped per movie)
+Intel 440BX (early stepping)
+ LML33 tolerable. Buz starting to get annoying (6-10 frames/hour)
+Intel 440BX (late stepping)
+ Buz tolerable, LML3 almost perfect (occasional single frame drops)
+SiS735
+ LML33 perfect, Buz tolerable.
+VIA KT133(*)
+ LML33 starting to get annoying, Buz poor enough that I have up.
+
+Both 440BX boards were dual CPU versions.
+--
+Bernhard Praschinger later added:
+--
+AMD 751
+ Buz perfect-tolerable
+AMD 760
+ Buz perfect-tolerable
+--
+In general, people on the user mailinglist won't give you much of a chance
+if you have a VIA-based motherboard. They may be cheap, but sometimes, you'd
+rather want to spend some more money on better boards. In general, VIA
+mainboard's IDE/PCI performance will also suck badly compared to others.
+You'll noticed the DC10+/DC30+ aren't mentioned anywhere in the overview.
+Basically, you can assume that if the Buz works, the LML33 will work too. If
+the LML33 works, the DC10+/DC30+ will work too. They're most tolerant to
+different mainboard chipsets from all of the supported cards.
+
+If you experience timeouts during capture, buy a better mainboard or lower
+the quality/buffersize during capture (see 'Concerning buffer sizes, quality,
+output size etc.'). If it hangs, there's little we can do as of now. Check
+your IRQs and make sure the card has its own interrupts.
+
+===========================
+
+4. Programming interface
+
+This driver conforms to video4linux and video4linux2, both can be used to
+use the driver. Since video4linux didn't provide adequate calls to fully
+use the cards' features, we've introduced several programming extensions,
+which are currently officially accepted in the 2.4.x branch of the kernel.
+These extensions are known as the v4l/mjpeg extensions. See zoran.h for
+details (structs/ioctls).
+
+Information - video4linux:
+http://roadrunner.swansea.linux.org.uk/v4lapi.shtml
+Documentation/video4linux/API.html
+/usr/include/linux/videodev.h
+
+Information - video4linux/mjpeg extensions:
+./zoran.h
+(also see below)
+
+Information - video4linux2:
+http://www.thedirks.org/v4l2/
+/usr/include/linux/videodev2.h
+http://www.bytesex.org/v4l/
+
+More information on the video4linux/mjpeg extensions, by Serguei
+Miridonovi and Rainer Johanni:
+--
+The ioctls for that interface are as follows:
+
+BUZIOC_G_PARAMS
+BUZIOC_S_PARAMS
+
+Get and set the parameters of the buz. The user should always do a
+BUZIOC_G_PARAMS (with a struct buz_params) to obtain the default
+settings, change what he likes and then make a BUZIOC_S_PARAMS call.
+
+BUZIOC_REQBUFS
+
+Before being able to capture/playback, the user has to request
+the buffers he is wanting to use. Fill the structure
+zoran_requestbuffers with the size (recommended: 256*1024) and
+the number (recommended 32 up to 256). There are no such restrictions
+as for the Video for Linux buffers, you should LEAVE SUFFICIENT
+MEMORY for your system however, else strange things will happen ....
+On return, the zoran_requestbuffers structure contains number and
+size of the actually allocated buffers.
+You should use these numbers for doing a mmap of the buffers
+into the user space.
+The BUZIOC_REQBUFS ioctl also makes it happen, that the next mmap
+maps the MJPEG buffer instead of the V4L buffers.
+
+BUZIOC_QBUF_CAPT
+BUZIOC_QBUF_PLAY
+
+Queue a buffer for capture or playback. The first call also starts
+streaming capture. When streaming capture is going on, you may
+only queue further buffers or issue syncs until streaming
+capture is switched off again with a argument of -1 to
+a BUZIOC_QBUF_CAPT/BUZIOC_QBUF_PLAY ioctl.
+
+BUZIOC_SYNC
+
+Issue this ioctl when all buffers are queued. This ioctl will
+block until the first buffer becomes free for saving its
+data to disk (after BUZIOC_QBUF_CAPT) or for reuse (after BUZIOC_QBUF_PLAY).
+
+BUZIOC_G_STATUS
+
+Get the status of the input lines (video source connected/norm).
+
+For programming example, please, look at lavrec.c and lavplay.c code in
+lavtools-1.2p2 package (URL: http://www.cicese.mx/~mirsev/DC10plus/)
+and the 'examples' directory in the original Buz driver distribution.
+
+Additional notes for software developers:
+
+ The driver returns maxwidth and maxheight parameters according to
+ the current TV standard (norm). Therefore, the software which
+ communicates with the driver and "asks" for these parameters should
+ first set the correct norm. Well, it seems logically correct: TV
+ standard is "more constant" for current country than geometry
+ settings of a variety of TV capture cards which may work in ITU or
+ square pixel format. Remember that users now can lock the norm to
+ avoid any ambiguity.
+--
+Please note that lavplay/lavrec are also included in the MJPEG-tools
+(http://mjpeg.sf.net/).
+
+===========================
+
+5. Applications
+
+Applications known to work with this driver:
+
+TV viewing:
+* xawtv
+* kwintv
+* probably any TV application that supports video4linux or video4linux2.
+
+MJPEG capture/playback:
+* mjpegtools/lavtools (or Linux Video Studio)
+* gstreamer
+* mplayer
+
+General raw capture:
+* xawtv
+* gstreamer
+* probably any application that supports video4linux or video4linux2
+
+Video editing:
+* Cinelerra
+* MainActor
+* mjpegtools (or Linux Video Studio)
+
+===========================
+
+6. Concerning buffer sizes, quality, output size etc.
+
+The zr36060 can do 1:2 JPEG compression. This is really the theoretical
+maximum that the chipset can reach. The driver can, however, limit compression
+to a maximum (size) of 1:4. The reason for this is that some cards (e.g. Buz)
+can't handle 1:2 compression without stopping capture after only a few minutes.
+With 1:4, it'll mostly work. If you have a Buz, use 'low_bitrate=1' to go into
+1:4 max. compression mode.
+
+100% JPEG quality is thus 1:2 compression in practice. So for a full PAL frame
+(size 720x576). The JPEG fields are stored in YUY2 format, so the size of the
+fields are 720x288x16/2 bits/field (2 fields/frame) = 207360 bytes/field x 2 =
+414720 bytes/frame (add some more bytes for headers and DHT (huffman)/DQT
+(quantization) tables, and you'll get to something like 512kB per frame for
+1:2 compression. For 1:4 compression, you'd have frames of half this size.
+
+Some additional explanation by Martin Samuelsson, which also explains the
+importance of buffer sizes:
+--
+> Hmm, I do not think it is really that way. With the current (downloaded
+> at 18:00 Monday) driver I get that output sizes for 10 sec:
+> -q 50 -b 128 : 24.283.332 Bytes
+> -q 50 -b 256 : 48.442.368
+> -q 25 -b 128 : 24.655.992
+> -q 25 -b 256 : 25.859.820
+
+I woke up, and can't go to sleep again. I'll kill some time explaining why
+this doesn't look strange to me.
+
+Let's do some math using a width of 704 pixels. I'm not sure whether the Buz
+actually use that number or not, but that's not too important right now.
+
+704x288 pixels, one field, is 202752 pixels. Divided by 64 pixels per block;
+3168 blocks per field. Each pixel consist of two bytes; 128 bytes per block;
+1024 bits per block. 100% in the new driver mean 1:2 compression; the maximum
+output becomes 512 bits per block. Actually 510, but 512 is simpler to use
+for calculations.
+
+Let's say that we specify d1q50. We thus want 256 bits per block; times 3168
+becomes 811008 bits; 101376 bytes per field. We're talking raw bits and bytes
+here, so we don't need to do any fancy corrections for bits-per-pixel or such
+things. 101376 bytes per field.
+
+d1 video contains two fields per frame. Those sum up to 202752 bytes per
+frame, and one of those frames goes into each buffer.
+
+But wait a second! -b128 gives 128kB buffers! It's not possible to cram
+202752 bytes of JPEG data into 128kB!
+
+This is what the driver notice and automatically compensate for in your
+examples. Let's do some math using this information:
+
+128kB is 131072 bytes. In this buffer, we want to store two fields, which
+leaves 65536 bytes for each field. Using 3168 blocks per field, we get
+20.68686868... available bytes per block; 165 bits. We can't allow the
+request for 256 bits per block when there's only 165 bits available! The -q50
+option is silently overridden, and the -b128 option takes precedence, leaving
+us with the equivalence of -q32.
+
+This gives us a data rate of 165 bits per block, which, times 3168, sums up
+to 65340 bytes per field, out of the allowed 65536. The current driver has
+another level of rate limiting; it won't accept -q values that fill more than
+6/8 of the specified buffers. (I'm not sure why. "Playing it safe" seem to be
+a safe bet. Personally, I think I would have lowered requested-bits-per-block
+by one, or something like that.) We can't use 165 bits per block, but have to
+lower it again, to 6/8 of the available buffer space: We end up with 124 bits
+per block, the equivalence of -q24. With 128kB buffers, you can't use greater
+than -q24 at -d1. (And PAL, and 704 pixels width...)
+
+The third example is limited to -q24 through the same process. The second
+example, using very similar calculations, is limited to -q48. The only
+example that actually grab at the specified -q value is the last one, which
+is clearly visible, looking at the file size.
+--
+
+Conclusion: the quality of the resulting movie depends on buffer size, quality,
+whether or not you use 'low_bitrate=1' as insmod option for the zr36060.c
+module to do 1:4 instead of 1:2 compression, etc.
+
+If you experience timeouts, lowering the quality/buffersize or using
+'low_bitrate=1 as insmod option for zr36060.o might actually help, as is
+proven by the Buz.
+
+===========================
+
+7. It hangs/crashes/fails/whatevers! Help!
+
+Make sure that the card has its own interrupts (see /proc/interrupts), check
+the output of dmesg at high verbosity (load zr36067.o with debug=2,
+load all other modules with debug=1). Check that your mainboard is favorable
+(see question 2) and if not, test the card in another computer. Also see the
+notes given in question 3 and try lowering quality/buffersize/capturesize
+if recording fails after a period of time.
+
+If all this doesn't help, give a clear description of the problem including
+detailed hardware information (memory+brand, mainboard+chipset+brand, which
+MJPEG card, processor, other PCI cards that might be of interest), give the
+system PnP information (/proc/interrupts, /proc/dma, /proc/devices), and give
+the kernel version, driver version, glibc version, gcc version and any other
+information that might possibly be of interest. Also provide the dmesg output
+at high verbosity. See 'Contacting' on how to contact the developers.
+
+===========================
+
+8. Maintainers/Contacting
+
+The driver is currently maintained by Laurent Pinchart and Ronald Bultje
+(<laurent.pinchart@skynet.be> and <rbultje@ronald.bitfreak.net>). For bug
+reports or questions, please contact the mailinglist instead of the developers
+individually. For user questions (i.e. bug reports or how-to questions), send
+an email to <mjpeg-users@lists.sf.net>, for developers (i.e. if you want to
+help programming), send an email to <mjpeg-developer@lists.sf.net>. See
+http://www.sf.net/projects/mjpeg/ for subscription information.
+
+For bug reports, be sure to include all the information as described in
+the section 'It hangs/crashes/fails/whatevers! Help!'. Please make sure
+you're using the latest version (http://mjpeg.sf.net/driver-zoran/).
+
+Previous maintainers/developers of this driver include Serguei Miridonov
+<mirsev@cicese.mx>, Wolfgang Scherr <scherr@net4you.net>, Dave Perks
+<dperks@ibm.net> and Rainer Johanni <Rainer@Johanni.de>.
+
+===========================
+
+9. License
+
+This driver is distributed under the terms of the General Public License.
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+See http://www.gnu.org/ for more information.
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/CONTRIBUTORS b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/CONTRIBUTORS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aef49db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/CONTRIBUTORS
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Contributors to bttv:
+
+Michael Chu <mmchu@pobox.com>
+ AverMedia fix and more flexible card recognition
+
+Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
+ Video4Linux interface and 2.1.x kernel adaptation
+
+Chris Kleitsch
+ Hardware I2C
+
+Gerd Knorr <kraxel@cs.tu-berlin.de>
+ Radio card (ITT sound processor)
+
+bigfoot <bigfoot@net-way.net>
+Ragnar Hojland Espinosa <ragnar@macula.net>
+ ConferenceTV card
+
+
++ many more (please mail me if you are missing in this list and would
+ like to be mentioned)
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Cards b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Cards
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f8c7eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Cards
@@ -0,0 +1,964 @@
+
+Gunther Mayer's bttv card gallery (graphical version of this text file :-)
+is available at: http://www.bttv-gallery.de/
+
+
+Supported cards:
+Bt848/Bt848a/Bt849/Bt878/Bt879 cards
+------------------------------------
+
+All cards with Bt848/Bt848a/Bt849/Bt878/Bt879 and normal
+Composite/S-VHS inputs are supported. Teletext and Intercast support
+(PAL only) for ALL cards via VBI sample decoding in software.
+
+Some cards with additional multiplexing of inputs or other additional
+fancy chips are only partially supported (unless specifications by the
+card manufacturer are given). When a card is listed here it isn't
+necessarily fully supported.
+
+All other cards only differ by additional components as tuners, sound
+decoders, EEPROMs, teletext decoders ...
+
+
+Unsupported Cards:
+------------------
+
+Cards with Zoran (ZR) or Philips (SAA) or ISA are not supported by
+this driver.
+
+
+MATRIX Vision
+-------------
+
+MV-Delta
+- Bt848A
+- 4 Composite inputs, 1 S-VHS input (shared with 4th composite)
+- EEPROM
+
+http://www.matrix-vision.de/
+
+This card has no tuner but supports all 4 composite (1 shared with an
+S-VHS input) of the Bt848A.
+Very nice card if you only have satellite TV but several tuners connected
+to the card via composite.
+
+Many thanks to Matrix-Vision for giving us 2 cards for free which made
+Bt848a/Bt849 single crytal operation support possible!!!
+
+
+
+Miro/Pinnacle PCTV
+------------------
+
+- Bt848
+ some (all??) come with 2 crystals for PAL/SECAM and NTSC
+- PAL, SECAM or NTSC TV tuner (Philips or TEMIC)
+- MSP34xx sound decoder on add on board
+ decoder is supported but AFAIK does not yet work
+ (other sound MUX setting in GPIO port needed??? somebody who fixed this???)
+- 1 tuner, 1 composite and 1 S-VHS input
+- tuner type is autodetected
+
+http://www.miro.de/
+http://www.miro.com/
+
+
+Many thanks for the free card which made first NTSC support possible back
+in 1997!
+
+
+Hauppauge Win/TV pci
+--------------------
+
+There are many different versions of the Hauppauge cards with different
+tuners (TV+Radio ...), teletext decoders.
+Note that even cards with same model numbers have (depending on the revision)
+different chips on it.
+
+- Bt848 (and others but always in 2 crystal operation???)
+ newer cards have a Bt878
+- PAL, SECAM, NTSC or tuner with or without Radio support
+
+e.g.:
+ PAL:
+ TDA5737: VHF, hyperband and UHF mixer/oscillator for TV and VCR 3-band tuners
+ TSA5522: 1.4 GHz I2C-bus controlled synthesizer, I2C 0xc2-0xc3
+
+ NTSC:
+ TDA5731: VHF, hyperband and UHF mixer/oscillator for TV and VCR 3-band tuners
+ TSA5518: no datasheet available on Philips site
+- Philips SAA5246 or SAA5284 ( or no) Teletext decoder chip
+ with buffer RAM (e.g. Winbond W24257AS-35: 32Kx8 CMOS static RAM)
+ SAA5246 (I2C 0x22) is supported
+- 256 bytes EEPROM: Microchip 24LC02B or Philips 8582E2Y
+ with configuration information
+ I2C address 0xa0 (24LC02B also responds to 0xa2-0xaf)
+- 1 tuner, 1 composite and (depending on model) 1 S-VHS input
+- 14052B: mux for selection of sound source
+- sound decoder: TDA9800, MSP34xx (stereo cards)
+
+
+Askey CPH-Series
+----------------
+Developed by TelSignal(?), OEMed by many vendors (Typhoon, Anubis, Dynalink)
+
+ Card series:
+ CPH01x: BT848 capture only
+ CPH03x: BT848
+ CPH05x: BT878 with FM
+ CPH06x: BT878 (w/o FM)
+ CPH07x: BT878 capture only
+
+ TV standards:
+ CPH0x0: NTSC-M/M
+ CPH0x1: PAL-B/G
+ CPH0x2: PAL-I/I
+ CPH0x3: PAL-D/K
+ CPH0x4: SECAM-L/L
+ CPH0x5: SECAM-B/G
+ CPH0x6: SECAM-D/K
+ CPH0x7: PAL-N/N
+ CPH0x8: PAL-B/H
+ CPH0x9: PAL-M/M
+
+ CPH03x was often sold as "TV capturer".
+
+ Identifying:
+ 1) 878 cards can be identified by PCI Subsystem-ID:
+ 144f:3000 = CPH06x
+ 144F:3002 = CPH05x w/ FM
+ 144F:3005 = CPH06x_LC (w/o remote control)
+ 1) The cards have a sticker with "CPH"-model on the back.
+ 2) These cards have a number printed on the PCB just above the tuner metal box:
+ "80-CP2000300-x" = CPH03X
+ "80-CP2000500-x" = CPH05X
+ "80-CP2000600-x" = CPH06X / CPH06x_LC
+
+ Askey sells these cards as "Magic TView series", Brand "MagicXpress".
+ Other OEM often call these "Tview", "TView99" or else.
+
+Lifeview Flyvideo Series:
+-------------------------
+ The naming of these series differs in time and space.
+
+ Identifying:
+ 1) Some models can be identified by PCI subsystem ID:
+ 1852:1852 = Flyvideo 98 FM
+ 1851:1850 = Flyvideo 98
+ 1851:1851 = Flyvideo 98 EZ (capture only)
+ 2) There is a print on the PCB:
+ LR25 = Flyvideo (Zoran ZR36120, SAA7110A)
+ LR26 Rev.N = Flyvideo II (Bt848)
+ Rev.O = Flyvideo II (Bt878)
+ LR37 Rev.C = Flyvideo EZ (Capture only, ZR36120 + SAA7110)
+ LR38 Rev.A1= Flyvideo II EZ (Bt848 capture only)
+ LR50 Rev.Q = Flyvideo 98 (w/eeprom and PCI subsystem ID)
+ Rev.W = Flyvideo 98 (no eeprom)
+ LR51 Rev.E = Flyvideo 98 EZ (capture only)
+ LR90 = Flyvideo 2000 (Bt878)
+ Flyvideo 2000S (Bt878) w/Stereo TV (Package incl. LR91 daughterboard)
+ LR91 = Stereo daughter card for LR90
+ LR97 = Flyvideo DVBS
+ LR99 Rev.E = Low profile card for OEM integration (only internal audio!) bt878
+ LR136 = Flyvideo 2100/3100 (Low profile, SAA7130/SAA7134)
+ LR137 = Flyvideo DV2000/DV3000 (SAA7130/SAA7134 + IEEE1394)
+ LR138 Rev.C= Flyvideo 2000 (SAA7130)
+ or Flyvideo 3000 (SAA7134) w/Stereo TV
+ These exist in variations w/FM and w/Remote sometimes denoted
+ by suffixes "FM" and "R".
+ 3) You have a laptop (miniPCI card):
+ Product = FlyTV Platinum Mini
+ Model/Chip = LR212/saa7135
+
+ Lifeview.com.tw states (Feb. 2002):
+ "The FlyVideo2000 and FlyVideo2000s product name have renamed to FlyVideo98."
+ Their Bt8x8 cards are listed as discontinued.
+ Flyvideo 2000S was probably sold as Flyvideo 3000 in some contries(Europe?).
+ The new Flyvideo 2000/3000 are SAA7130/SAA7134 based.
+
+ "Flyvideo II" had been the name for the 848 cards, nowadays (in Germany)
+ this name is re-used for LR50 Rev.W.
+ The Lifeview website mentioned Flyvideo III at some time, but such a card
+ has not yet been seen (perhaps it was the german name for LR90 [stereo]).
+ These cards are sold by many OEMs too.
+
+ FlyVideo A2 (Elta 8680)= LR90 Rev.F (w/Remote, w/o FM, stereo TV by tda9821) {Germany}
+ Lifeview 3000 (Elta 8681) as sold by Plus(April 2002), Germany = LR138 w/ saa7134
+
+
+Typhoon TV card series:
+-----------------------
+ These can be CPH, Flyvideo, Pixelview or KNC1 series.
+ Typhoon is the brand of Anubis.
+ Model 50680 got re-used, some model no. had different contents over time.
+
+ Models:
+ 50680 "TV Tuner PCI Pal BG"(old,red package)=can be CPH03x(bt848) or CPH06x(bt878)
+ 50680 "TV Tuner Pal BG" (blue package)= Pixelview PV-BT878P+ (Rev 9B)
+ 50681 "TV Tuner PCI Pal I" (variant of 50680)
+ 50682 "TView TV/FM Tuner Pal BG" = Flyvideo 98FM (LR50 Rev.Q)
+ Note: The package has a picture of CPH05x (which would be a real TView)
+ 50683 "TV Tuner PCI SECAM" (variant of 50680)
+ 50684 "TV Tuner Pal BG" = Pixelview 878TV(Rev.3D)
+ 50686 "TV Tuner" = KNC1 TV Station
+ 50687 "TV Tuner stereo" = KNC1 TV Station pro
+ 50688 "TV Tuner RDS" (black package) = KNC1 TV Station RDS
+ 50689 TV SAT DVB-S CARD CI PCI (SAA7146AH, SU1278?) = "KNC1 TV Station DVB-S"
+ 50692 "TV/FM Tuner" (small PCB)
+ 50694 TV TUNER CARD RDS (PHILIPS CHIPSET SAA7134HL)
+ 50696 TV TUNER STEREO (PHILIPS CHIPSET SAA7134HL, MK3ME Tuner)
+ 50804 PC-SAT TV/Audio Karte = Techni-PC-Sat (ZORAN 36120PQC, Tuner:Alps)
+ 50866 TVIEW SAT RECEIVER+ADR
+ 50868 "TV/FM Tuner Pal I" (variant of 50682)
+ 50999 "TV/FM Tuner Secam" (variant of 50682)
+
+
+Guillemot
+---------
+ Maxi-TV PCI (ZR36120)
+ Maxi TV Video 2 = LR50 Rev.Q (FI1216MF, PAL BG+SECAM)
+ Maxi TV Video 3 = CPH064 (PAL BG + SECAM)
+
+Mentor
+------
+ Mentor TV card ("55-878TV-U1") = Pixelview 878TV(Rev.3F) (w/FM w/Remote)
+
+Prolink
+-------
+ TV cards:
+ PixelView Play TV pro - (Model: PV-BT878P+ REV 8E)
+ PixelView Play TV pro - (Model: PV-BT878P+ REV 9D)
+ PixelView Play TV pro - (Model: PV-BT878P+ REV 4C / 8D / 10A )
+ PixelView Play TV - (Model: PV-BT848P+)
+ 878TV - (Model: PV-BT878TV)
+
+ Multimedia TV packages (card + software pack):
+ PixelView Play TV Theater - (Model: PV-M4200) = PixelView Play TV pro + Software
+ PixelView Play TV PAK - (Model: PV-BT878P+ REV 4E)
+ PixelView Play TV/VCR - (Model: PV-M3200 REV 4C / 8D / 10A )
+ PixelView Studio PAK - (Model: M2200 REV 4C / 8D / 10A )
+ PixelView PowerStudio PAK - (Model: PV-M3600 REV 4E)
+ PixelView DigitalVCR PAK - (Model: PV-M2400 REV 4C / 8D / 10A )
+
+ PixelView PlayTV PAK II (TV/FM card + usb camera) PV-M3800
+ PixelView PlayTV XP PV-M4700,PV-M4700(w/FM)
+ PixelView PlayTV DVR PV-M4600 package contents:PixelView PlayTV pro, windvr & videoMail s/w
+
+ Further Cards:
+ PV-BT878P+rev.9B (Play TV Pro, opt. w/FM w/NICAM)
+ PV-BT878P+rev.2F
+ PV-BT878P Rev.1D (bt878, capture only)
+
+ XCapture PV-CX881P (cx23881)
+ PlayTV HD PV-CX881PL+, PV-CX881PL+(w/FM) (cx23881)
+
+ DTV3000 PV-DTV3000P+ DVB-S CI = Twinhan VP-1030
+ DTV2000 DVB-S = Twinhan VP-1020
+
+ Video Conferencing:
+ PixelView Meeting PAK - (Model: PV-BT878P)
+ PixelView Meeting PAK Lite - (Model: PV-BT878P)
+ PixelView Meeting PAK plus - (Model: PV-BT878P+rev 4C/8D/10A)
+ PixelView Capture - (Model: PV-BT848P)
+
+ PixelView PlayTV USB pro
+ Model No. PV-NT1004+, PV-NT1004+ (w/FM) = NT1004 USB decoder chip + SAA7113 video decoder chip
+
+Dynalink
+--------
+ These are CPH series.
+
+Phoebemicro
+-----------
+ TV Master = CPH030 or CPH060
+ TV Master FM = CPH050
+
+Genius/Kye
+----------
+ Video Wonder/Genius Internet Video Kit = LR37 Rev.C
+ Video Wonder Pro II (848 or 878) = LR26
+
+Tekram
+------
+ VideoCap C205 (Bt848)
+ VideoCap C210 (zr36120 +Philips)
+ CaptureTV M200 (ISA)
+ CaptureTV M205 (Bt848)
+
+Lucky Star
+----------
+ Image World Conference TV = LR50 Rev. Q
+
+Leadtek
+-------
+ WinView 601 (Bt848)
+ WinView 610 (Zoran)
+ WinFast2000
+ WinFast2000 XP
+
+KNC One
+-------
+ TV-Station
+ TV-Station SE (+Software Bundle)
+ TV-Station pro (+TV stereo)
+ TV-Station FM (+Radio)
+ TV-Station RDS (+RDS)
+ TV Station SAT (analog satellite)
+ TV-Station DVB-S
+
+ newer Cards have saa7134, but model name stayed the same?
+
+Provideo
+--------
+ PV951 or PV-951 (also are sold as:
+ Boeder TV-FM Video Capture Card
+ Titanmedia Supervision TV-2400
+ Provideo PV951 TF
+ 3DeMon PV951
+ MediaForte TV-Vision PV951
+ Yoko PV951
+ Vivanco Tuner Card PCI Art.-Nr.: 68404
+ ) now named PV-951T
+
+ Surveillance Series
+ PV-141
+ PV-143
+ PV-147
+ PV-148 (capture only)
+ PV-150
+ PV-151
+
+ TV-FM Tuner Series
+ PV-951TDV (tv tuner + 1394)
+ PV-951T/TF
+ PV-951PT/TF
+ PV-956T/TF Low Profile
+ PV-911
+
+Highscreen
+----------
+ TV Karte = LR50 Rev.S
+ TV-Boostar = Terratec Terra TV+ Version 1.0 (Bt848, tda9821) "ceb105.pcb"
+
+Zoltrix
+-------
+ Face to Face Capture (Bt848 capture only) (PCB "VP-2848")
+ Face To Face TV MAX (Bt848) (PCB "VP-8482 Rev1.3")
+ Genie TV (Bt878) (PCB "VP-8790 Rev 2.1")
+ Genie Wonder Pro
+
+AVerMedia
+---------
+ AVer FunTV Lite (ISA, AV3001 chipset) "M101.C"
+ AVerTV
+ AVerTV Stereo
+ AVerTV Studio (w/FM)
+ AVerMedia TV98 with Remote
+ AVerMedia TV/FM98 Stereo
+ AVerMedia TVCAM98
+ TVCapture (Bt848)
+ TVPhone (Bt848)
+ TVCapture98 (="AVerMedia TV98" in USA) (Bt878)
+ TVPhone98 (Bt878, w/FM)
+
+ PCB PCI-ID Model-Name Eeprom Tuner Sound Country
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------
+ M101.C ISA !
+ M108-B Bt848 -- FR1236 US (2),(3)
+ M1A8-A Bt848 AVer TV-Phone FM1216 --
+ M168-T 1461:0003 AVerTV Studio 48:17 FM1216 TDA9840T D (1) w/FM w/Remote
+ M168-U 1461:0004 TVCapture98 40:11 FI1216 -- D w/Remote
+ M168II-B 1461:0003 Medion MD9592 48:16 FM1216 TDA9873H D w/FM
+
+ (1) Daughterboard MB68-A with TDA9820T and TDA9840T
+ (2) Sony NE41S soldered (stereo sound?)
+ (3) Daughterboard M118-A w/ pic 16c54 and 4 MHz quartz
+
+ US site has different drivers for (as of 09/2002):
+ EZ Capture/InterCam PCI (BT-848 chip)
+ EZ Capture/InterCam PCI (BT-878 chip)
+ TV-Phone (BT-848 chip)
+ TV98 (BT-848 chip)
+ TV98 With Remote (BT-848 chip)
+ TV98 (BT-878 chip)
+ TV98 With Remote (BT-878)
+ TV/FM98 (BT-878 chip)
+ AVerTV
+ AverTV Stereo
+ AVerTV Studio
+
+ DE hat diverse Treiber fuer diese Modelle (Stand 09/2002):
+ TVPhone (848) mit Philips tuner FR12X6 (w/ FM radio)
+ TVPhone (848) mit Philips tuner FM12X6 (w/ FM radio)
+ TVCapture (848) w/Philips tuner FI12X6
+ TVCapture (848) non-Philips tuner
+ TVCapture98 (Bt878)
+ TVPhone98 (Bt878)
+ AVerTV und TVCapture98 w/VCR (Bt 878)
+ AVerTVStudio und TVPhone98 w/VCR (Bt878)
+ AVerTV GO Serie (Kein SVideo Input)
+ AVerTV98 (BT-878 chip)
+ AVerTV98 mit Fernbedienung (BT-878 chip)
+ AVerTV/FM98 (BT-878 chip)
+
+ VDOmate (www.averm.com.cn) = M168U ?
+
+Aimslab
+-------
+ Video Highway or "Video Highway TR200" (ISA)
+ Video Highway Xtreme (aka "VHX") (Bt848, FM w/ TEA5757)
+
+IXMicro (former: IMS=Integrated Micro Solutions)
+-------
+ IXTV BT848 (=TurboTV)
+ IXTV BT878
+ IMS TurboTV (Bt848)
+
+Lifetec/Medion/Tevion/Aldi
+--------------------------
+ LT9306/MD9306 = CPH061
+ LT9415/MD9415 = LR90 Rev.F or Rev.G
+ MD9592 = Avermedia TVphone98 (PCI_ID=1461:0003), PCB-Rev=M168II-B (w/TDA9873H)
+ MD9717 = KNC One (Rev D4, saa7134, FM1216 MK2 tuner)
+ MD5044 = KNC One (Rev D4, saa7134, FM1216ME MK3 tuner)
+
+Modular Technologies (www.modulartech.com) UK
+---------------------------------------------
+ MM100 PCTV (Bt848)
+ MM201 PCTV (Bt878, Bt832) w/ Quartzsight camera
+ MM202 PCTV (Bt878, Bt832, tda9874)
+ MM205 PCTV (Bt878)
+ MM210 PCTV (Bt878) (Galaxy TV, Galaxymedia ?)
+
+Terratec
+--------
+ Terra TV+ Version 1.0 (Bt848), "ceb105.PCB" printed on the PCB, TDA9821
+ Terra TV+ Version 1.1 (Bt878), "LR74 Rev.E" printed on the PCB, TDA9821
+ Terra TValueRadio, "LR102 Rev.C" printed on the PCB
+ Terra TV/Radio+ Version 1.0, "80-CP2830100-0" TTTV3 printed on the PCB,
+ "CPH010-E83" on the back, SAA6588T, TDA9873H
+ Terra TValue Version BT878, "80-CP2830110-0 TTTV4" printed on the PCB,
+ "CPH011-D83" on back
+ Terra TValue Version 1.0 "ceb105.PCB" (really identical to Terra TV+ Version 1.0)
+ Terra TValue New Revision "LR102 Rec.C"
+ Terra Active Radio Upgrade (tea5757h, saa6588t)
+
+ LR74 is a newer PCB revision of ceb105 (both incl. connector for Active Radio Upgrade)
+
+ Cinergy 400 (saa7134), "E877 11(S)", "PM820092D" printed on PCB
+ Cinergy 600 (saa7134)
+
+Technisat
+---------
+ Discos ADR PC-Karte ISA (no TV!)
+ Discos ADR PC-Karte PCI (probably no TV?)
+ Techni-PC-Sat (Sat. analog)
+ Rev 1.2 (zr36120, vpx3220, stv0030, saa5246, BSJE3-494A)
+ Mediafocus I (zr36120/zr36125, drp3510, Sat. analog + ADR Radio)
+ Mediafocus II (saa7146, Sat. analog)
+ SatADR Rev 2.1 (saa7146a, saa7113h, stv0056a, msp3400c, drp3510a, BSKE3-307A)
+ SkyStar 1 DVB (AV7110) = Technotrend Premium
+ SkyStar 2 DVB (B2C2) (=Sky2PC)
+
+Siemens
+-------
+ Multimedia eXtension Board (MXB) (SAA7146, SAA7111)
+
+Stradis
+-------
+ SDM275,SDM250,SDM026,SDM025 (SAA7146, IBMMPEG2): MPEG2 decoder only
+
+Powercolor
+----------
+ MTV878
+ Package comes with different contents:
+ a) pcb "MTV878" (CARD=75)
+ b) Pixelview Rev. 4_
+ MTV878R w/Remote Control
+ MTV878F w/Remote Control w/FM radio
+
+Pinnacle
+--------
+ Mirovideo PCTV (Bt848)
+ Mirovideo PCTV SE (Bt848)
+ Mirovideo PCTV Pro (Bt848 + Daughterboard for TV Stereo and FM)
+ Studio PCTV Rave (Bt848 Version = Mirovideo PCTV)
+ Studio PCTV Rave (Bt878 package w/o infrared)
+ Studio PCTV (Bt878)
+ Studio PCTV Pro (Bt878 stereo w/ FM)
+ Pinnacle PCTV (Bt878, MT2032)
+ Pinnacle PCTV Pro (Bt878, MT2032)
+ Pinncale PCTV Sat (bt878a, HM1821/1221) ["Conexant CX24110 with CX24108 tuner, aka HM1221/HM1811"]
+ Pinnacle PCTV Sat XE
+
+ M(J)PEG capture and playback:
+ DC1+ (ISA)
+ DC10 (zr36057, zr36060, saa7110, adv7176)
+ DC10+ (zr36067, zr36060, saa7110, adv7176)
+ DC20 (ql16x24b,zr36050, zr36016, saa7110, saa7187 ...)
+ DC30 (zr36057, zr36050, zr36016, vpx3220, adv7176, ad1843, tea6415, miro FST97A1)
+ DC30+ (zr36067, zr36050, zr36016, vpx3220, adv7176)
+ DC50 (zr36067, zr36050, zr36016, saa7112, adv7176 (2 pcs.?), ad1843, miro FST97A1, Lattice ???)
+
+Lenco
+-----
+ MXR-9565 (=Technisat Mediafocus?)
+ MXR-9571 (Bt848) (=CPH031?)
+ MXR-9575
+ MXR-9577 (Bt878) (=Prolink 878TV Rev.3x)
+ MXTV-9578CP (Bt878) (= Prolink PV-BT878P+4E)
+
+Iomega
+------
+ Buz (zr36067, zr36060, saa7111, saa7185)
+
+LML
+---
+ LML33 (zr36067, zr36060, bt819, bt856)
+
+Grandtec
+--------
+ Grand Video Capture (Bt848)
+ Multi Capture Card (Bt878)
+
+Koutech
+-------
+ KW-606 (Bt848)
+ KW-607 (Bt848 capture only)
+ KW-606RSF
+ KW-607A (capture only)
+ KW-608 (Zoran capture only)
+
+IODATA (jp)
+------
+ GV-BCTV/PCI
+ GV-BCTV2/PCI
+ GV-BCTV3/PCI
+ GV-BCTV4/PCI
+ GV-VCP/PCI (capture only)
+ GV-VCP2/PCI (capture only)
+
+Canopus (jp)
+-------
+ WinDVR = Kworld "KW-TVL878RF"
+
+www.sigmacom.co.kr
+------------------
+ Sigma Cyber TV II
+
+www.sasem.co.kr
+---------------
+ Litte OnAir TV
+
+hama
+----
+ TV/Radio-Tuner Card, PCI (Model 44677) = CPH051
+
+Sigma Designs
+-------------
+ Hollywood plus (em8300, em9010, adv7175), (PCB "M340-10") MPEG DVD decoder
+
+Formac
+------
+ iProTV (Card for iMac Mezzanine slot, Bt848+SCSI)
+ ProTV (Bt848)
+ ProTV II = ProTV Stereo (Bt878) ["stereo" means FM stereo, tv is still mono]
+
+ATI
+---
+ TV-Wonder
+ TV-Wonder VE
+
+Diamond Multimedia
+------------------
+ DTV2000 (Bt848, tda9875)
+
+Aopen
+-----
+ VA1000 Plus (w/ Stereo)
+ VA1000 Lite
+ VA1000 (=LR90)
+
+Intel
+-----
+ Smart Video Recorder (ISA full-length)
+ Smart Video Recorder pro (ISA half-length)
+ Smart Video Recorder III (Bt848)
+
+STB
+---
+ STB Gateway 6000704 (bt878)
+ STB Gateway 6000699 (bt848)
+ STB Gateway 6000402 (bt848)
+ STB TV130 PCI
+
+Videologic
+----------
+ Captivator Pro/TV (ISA?)
+ Captivator PCI/VC (Bt848 bundled with camera) (capture only)
+
+Technotrend
+------------
+ TT-SAT PCI (PCB "Sat-PCI Rev.:1.3.1"; zr36125, vpx3225d, stc0056a, Tuner:BSKE6-155A
+ TT-DVB-Sat
+ revisions 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6 and 2.1
+ This card is sold as OEM from:
+ Siemens DVB-s Card
+ Hauppauge WinTV DVB-S
+ Technisat SkyStar 1 DVB
+ Galaxis DVB Sat
+ Now this card is called TT-PCline Premium Family
+ TT-Budget (saa7146, bsru6-701a)
+ This card is sold as OEM from:
+ Hauppauge WinTV Nova
+ Satelco Standard PCI (DVB-S)
+ TT-DVB-C PCI
+
+Teles
+-----
+ DVB-s (Rev. 2.2, BSRV2-301A, data only?)
+
+Remote Vision
+-------------
+ MX RV605 (Bt848 capture only)
+
+Boeder
+------
+ PC ChatCam (Model 68252) (Bt848 capture only)
+ Tv/Fm Capture Card (Model 68404) = PV951
+
+Media-Surfer (esc-kathrein.de)
+-------------------------------
+ Sat-Surfer (ISA)
+ Sat-Surfer PCI = Techni-PC-Sat
+ Cable-Surfer 1
+ Cable-Surfer 2
+ Cable-Surfer PCI (zr36120)
+ Audio-Surfer (ISA Radio card)
+
+Jetway (www.jetway.com.tw)
+--------------------------
+ JW-TV 878M
+ JW-TV 878 = KWorld KW-TV878RF
+
+Galaxis
+-------
+ Galaxis DVB Card S CI
+ Galaxis DVB Card C CI
+ Galaxis DVB Card S
+ Galaxis DVB Card C
+ Galaxis plug.in S [neuer Name: Galaxis DVB Card S CI
+
+Hauppauge
+---------
+ many many WinTV models ...
+ WinTV DVBs = Technotrend Premium 1.3
+ WinTV NOVA = Technotrend Budget 1.1 "S-DVB DATA"
+ WinTV NOVA-CI "SDVBACI"
+ WinTV Nova USB (=Technotrend USB 1.0)
+ WinTV-Nexus-s (=Technotrend Premium 2.1 or 2.2)
+ WinTV PVR
+ WinTV PVR 250
+ WinTV PVR 450
+
+ US models
+ 990 WinTV-PVR-350 (249USD) (iTVC15 chipset + radio)
+ 980 WinTV-PVR-250 (149USD) (iTVC15 chipset)
+ 880 WinTV-PVR-PCI (199USD) (KFIR chipset + bt878)
+ 881 WinTV-PVR-USB
+ 190 WinTV-GO
+ 191 WinTV-GO-FM
+ 404 WinTV
+ 401 WinTV-radio
+ 495 WinTV-Theater
+ 602 WinTV-USB
+ 621 WinTV-USB-FM
+ 600 USB-Live
+ 698 WinTV-HD
+ 697 WinTV-D
+ 564 WinTV-Nexus-S
+
+ Deutsche Modelle
+ 603 WinTV GO
+ 719 WinTV Primio-FM
+ 718 WinTV PCI-FM
+ 497 WinTV Theater
+ 569 WinTV USB
+ 568 WinTV USB-FM
+ 882 WinTV PVR
+ 981 WinTV PVR 250
+ 891 WinTV-PVR-USB
+ 541 WinTV Nova
+ 488 WinTV Nova-Ci
+ 564 WinTV-Nexus-s
+ 727 WinTV-DVB-c
+ 545 Common Interface
+ 898 WinTV-Nova-USB
+
+ UK models
+ 607 WinTV Go
+ 693,793 WinTV Primio FM
+ 647,747 WinTV PCI FM
+ 498 WinTV Theater
+ 883 WinTV PVR
+ 893 WinTV PVR USB (Duplicate entry)
+ 566 WinTV USB (UK)
+ 573 WinTV USB FM
+ 429 Impact VCB (bt848)
+ 600 USB Live (Video-In 1x Comp, 1xSVHS)
+ 542 WinTV Nova
+ 717 WinTV DVB-S
+ 909 Nova-t PCI
+ 893 Nova-t USB (Duplicate entry)
+ 802 MyTV
+ 804 MyView
+ 809 MyVideo
+ 872 MyTV2Go FM
+
+
+ 546 WinTV Nova-S CI
+ 543 WinTV Nova
+ 907 Nova-S USB
+ 908 Nova-T USB
+ 717 WinTV Nexus-S
+ 157 DEC3000-s Standalone + USB
+
+ Spain
+ 685 WinTV-Go
+ 690 WinTV-PrimioFM
+ 416 WinTV-PCI Nicam Estereo
+ 677 WinTV-PCI-FM
+ 699 WinTV-Theater
+ 683 WinTV-USB
+ 678 WinTV-USB-FM
+ 983 WinTV-PVR-250
+ 883 WinTV-PVR-PCI
+ 993 WinTV-PVR-350
+ 893 WinTV-PVR-USB
+ 728 WinTV-DVB-C PCI
+ 832 MyTV2Go
+ 869 MyTV2Go-FM
+ 805 MyVideo (USB)
+
+
+Matrix-Vision
+-------------
+ MATRIX-Vision MV-Delta
+ MATRIX-Vision MV-Delta 2
+ MVsigma-SLC (Bt848)
+
+Conceptronic (.net)
+------------
+ TVCON FM, TV card w/ FM = CPH05x
+ TVCON = CPH06x
+
+BestData
+--------
+ HCC100 = VCC100rev1 + camera
+ VCC100 rev1 (bt848)
+ VCC100 rev2 (bt878)
+
+Gallant (www.gallantcom.com) www.minton.com.tw
+-----------------------------------------------
+ Intervision IV-510 (capture only bt8x8)
+ Intervision IV-550 (bt8x8)
+ Intervision IV-100 (zoran)
+ Intervision IV-1000 (bt8x8)
+
+Asonic (www.asonic.com.cn) (website down)
+-----------------------------------------
+ SkyEye tv 878
+
+Hoontech
+--------
+ 878TV/FM
+
+Teppro (www.itcteppro.com.tw)
+-----------------------------
+ ITC PCITV (Card Ver 1.0) "Teppro TV1/TVFM1 Card"
+ ITC PCITV (Card Ver 2.0)
+ ITC PCITV (Card Ver 3.0) = "PV-BT878P+ (REV.9D)"
+ ITC PCITV (Card Ver 4.0)
+ TEPPRO IV-550 (For BT848 Main Chip)
+ ITC DSTTV (bt878, satellite)
+ ITC VideoMaker (saa7146, StreamMachine sm2110, tvtuner) "PV-SM2210P+ (REV:1C)"
+
+Kworld (www.kworld.com.tw)
+--------------------------
+ PC TV Station
+ KWORLD KW-TV878R TV (no radio)
+ KWORLD KW-TV878RF TV (w/ radio)
+
+ KWORLD KW-TVL878RF (low profile)
+
+ KWORLD KW-TV713XRF (saa7134)
+
+
+ MPEG TV Station (same cards as above plus WinDVR Software MPEG en/decoder)
+ KWORLD KW-TV878R -Pro TV (no Radio)
+ KWORLD KW-TV878RF-Pro TV (w/ Radio)
+ KWORLD KW-TV878R -Ultra TV (no Radio)
+ KWORLD KW-TV878RF-Ultra TV (w/ Radio)
+
+
+
+JTT/ Justy Corp.http://www.justy.co.jp/ (www.jtt.com.jp website down)
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ JTT-02 (JTT TV) "TV watchmate pro" (bt848)
+
+ADS www.adstech.com
+-------------------
+ Channel Surfer TV ( CHX-950 )
+ Channel Surfer TV+FM ( CHX-960FM )
+
+AVEC www.prochips.com
+---------------------
+ AVEC Intercapture (bt848, tea6320)
+
+NoBrand
+-------
+ TV Excel = Australian Name for "PV-BT878P+ 8E" or "878TV Rev.3_"
+
+Mach www.machspeed.com
+----
+ Mach TV 878
+
+Eline www.eline-net.com/
+-----
+ Eline Vision TVMaster / TVMaster FM (ELV-TVM/ ELV-TVM-FM) = LR26 (bt878)
+ Eline Vision TVMaster-2000 (ELV-TVM-2000, ELV-TVM-2000-FM)= LR138 (saa713x)
+
+Spirit http://www.spiritmodems.com.au/
+------
+ Spirit TV Tuner/Video Capture Card (bt848)
+
+Boser www.boser.com.tw
+-----
+ HS-878 Mini PCI Capture Add-on Card
+ HS-879 Mini PCI 3D Audio and Capture Add-on Card (w/ ES1938 Solo-1)
+
+Satelco www.citycom-gmbh.de, www.satelco.de
+-------
+ TV-FM =KNC1 saa7134
+ Standard PCI (DVB-S) = Technotrend Budget
+ Standard PCI (DVB-S) w/ CI
+ Satelco Highend PCI (DVB-S) = Technotrend Premium
+
+
+Sensoray www.sensoray.com
+--------
+ Sensoray 311 (PC/104 bus)
+ Sensoray 611 (PCI)
+
+CEI (Chartered Electronics Industries Pte Ltd [CEI] [FCC ID HBY])
+---
+ TV Tuner - HBY-33A-RAFFLES Brooktree Bt848KPF + Philips
+ TV Tuner MG9910 - HBY33A-TVO CEI + Philips SAA7110 + OKI M548262 + ST STV8438CV
+ Primetime TV (ISA)
+ acquired by Singapore Technologies
+ now operating as Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing
+ Manufacturer of video cards is listed as:
+ Cogent Electronics Industries [CEI]
+
+AITech
+------
+ Wavewatcher TV (ISA)
+ AITech WaveWatcher TV-PCI = can be LR26 (Bt848) or LR50 (BT878)
+ WaveWatcher TVR-202 TV/FM Radio Card (ISA)
+
+MAXRON
+------
+ Maxron MaxTV/FM Radio (KW-TV878-FNT) = Kworld or JW-TV878-FBK
+
+www.ids-imaging.de
+------------------
+ Falcon Series (capture only)
+ In USA: http://www.theimagingsource.com/
+ DFG/LC1
+
+www.sknet-web.co.jp
+-------------------
+ SKnet Monster TV (saa7134)
+
+A-Max www.amaxhk.com (Colormax, Amax, Napa)
+-------------------
+ APAC Viewcomp 878
+
+Cybertainment
+-------------
+ CyberMail AV Video Email Kit w/ PCI Capture Card (capture only)
+ CyberMail Xtreme
+ These are Flyvideo
+
+VCR (http://www.vcrinc.com/)
+---
+ Video Catcher 16
+
+Twinhan
+-------
+ DST Card/DST-IP (bt878, twinhan asic) VP-1020
+ Sold as:
+ KWorld DVBS Satellite TV-Card
+ Powercolor DSTV Satellite Tuner Card
+ Prolink Pixelview DTV2000
+ Provideo PV-911 Digital Satellite TV Tuner Card With Common Interface ?
+ DST-CI Card (DVB Satellite) VP-1030
+ DCT Card (DVB cable)
+
+MSI
+---
+ MSI TV@nywhere Tuner Card (MS-8876) (CX23881/883) Not Bt878 compatible.
+ MS-8401 DVB-S
+
+Focus www.focusinfo.com
+-----
+ InVideo PCI (bt878)
+
+Sdisilk www.sdisilk.com/
+-------
+ SDI Silk 100
+ SDI Silk 200 SDI Input Card
+
+www.euresys.com
+ PICOLO series
+
+PMC/Pace
+www.pacecom.co.uk website closed
+
+Mercury www.kobian.com (UK and FR)
+ LR50
+ LR138RBG-Rx == LR138
+
+TEC sound (package and manuals don't have any other manufacturer info) TecSound
+ Though educated googling found: www.techmakers.com
+ TV-Mate = Zoltrix VP-8482
+
+Lorenzen www.lorenzen.de
+--------
+ SL DVB-S PCI = Technotrend Budget PCI (su1278 or bsru version)
+
+Origo (.uk) www.origo2000.com
+ PC TV Card = LR50
+
+I/O Magic www.iomagic.com
+---------
+ PC PVR - Desktop TV Personal Video Recorder DR-PCTV100 = Pinnacle ROB2D-51009464 4.0 + Cyberlink PowerVCR II
+
+Arowana
+-------
+ TV-Karte / Poso Power TV (?) = Zoltrix VP-8482 (?)
+
+iTVC15 boards:
+-------------
+kuroutoshikou.com ITVC15
+yuan.com MPG160 PCI TV (Internal PCI MPEG2 encoder card plus TV-tuner)
+
+Asus www.asuscom.com
+ Asus TV Tuner Card 880 NTSC (low profile, cx23880)
+ Asus TV (saa7134)
+
+Hoontech
+--------
+http://www.hoontech.com/korean/download/down_driver_list03.html
+ HART Vision 848 (H-ART Vision 848)
+ HART Vision 878 (H-Art Vision 878)
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/ICs b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/ICs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b74913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/ICs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+all boards:
+
+Brooktree Bt848/848A/849/878/879: video capture chip
+
+
+
+Miro PCTV:
+
+Philips or Temic Tuner
+
+
+
+Hauppauge Win/TV pci (version 405):
+
+Microchip 24LC02B or
+Philips 8582E2Y: 256 Byte EEPROM with configuration information
+ I2C 0xa0-0xa1, (24LC02B also responds to 0xa2-0xaf)
+Philips SAA5246AGP/E: Videotext decoder chip, I2C 0x22-0x23
+TDA9800: sound decoder
+Winbond W24257AS-35: 32Kx8 CMOS static RAM (Videotext buffer mem)
+14052B: analog switch for selection of sound source
+
+PAL:
+TDA5737: VHF, hyperband and UHF mixer/oscillator for TV and VCR 3-band tuners
+TSA5522: 1.4 GHz I2C-bus controlled synthesizer, I2C 0xc2-0xc3
+
+NTSC:
+TDA5731: VHF, hyperband and UHF mixer/oscillator for TV and VCR 3-band tuners
+TSA5518: no datasheet available on Philips site
+
+
+
+STB TV pci:
+
+???
+if you want better support for STB cards send me info!
+Look at the board! What chips are on it?
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bb5a50b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+
+Note: "modinfo <module>" prints various informations about a kernel
+module, among them a complete and up-to-date list of insmod options.
+This list tends to be outdated because it is updated manually ...
+
+==========================================================================
+
+bttv.o
+ the bt848/878 (grabber chip) driver
+
+ insmod args:
+ card=n card type, see CARDLIST for a list.
+ tuner=n tuner type, see CARDLIST for a list.
+ radio=0/1 card supports radio
+ pll=0/1/2 pll settings
+ 0: don't use PLL
+ 1: 28 MHz crystal installed
+ 2: 35 MHz crystal installed
+
+ triton1=0/1 for Triton1 (+others) compatibility
+ vsfx=0/1 yet another chipset bug compatibility bit
+ see README.quirks for details on these two.
+
+ bigendian=n Set the endianness of the gfx framebuffer.
+ Default is native endian.
+ fieldnr=0/1 Count fields. Some TV descrambling software
+ needs this, for others it only generates
+ 50 useless IRQs/sec. default is 0 (off).
+ autoload=0/1 autoload helper modules (tuner, audio).
+ default is 1 (on).
+ bttv_verbose=0/1/2 verbose level (at insmod time, while
+ looking at the hardware). default is 1.
+ bttv_debug=0/1 debug messages (for capture).
+ default is 0 (off).
+ irq_debug=0/1 irq handler debug messages.
+ default is 0 (off).
+ gbuffers=2-32 number of capture buffers for mmap'ed capture.
+ default is 4.
+ gbufsize= size of capture buffers. default and
+ maximum value is 0x208000 (~2MB)
+ no_overlay=0 Enable overlay on broken hardware. There
+ are some chipsets (SIS for example) which
+ are known to have problems with the PCI DMA
+ push used by bttv. bttv will disable overlay
+ by default on this hardware to avoid crashes.
+ With this insmod option you can override this.
+ automute=0/1 Automatically mutes the sound if there is
+ no TV signal, on by default. You might try
+ to disable this if you have bad input signal
+ quality which leading to unwanted sound
+ dropouts.
+ chroma_agc=0/1 AGC of chroma signal, off by default.
+ adc_crush=0/1 Luminance ADC crush, on by default.
+
+ bttv_gpio=0/1
+ gpiomask=
+ audioall=
+ audiomux=
+ See Sound-FAQ for a detailed description.
+
+ remap, card, radio and pll accept up to four comma-separated arguments
+ (for multiple boards).
+
+tuner.o
+ The tuner driver. You need this unless you want to use only
+ with a camera or external tuner ...
+
+ insmod args:
+ debug=1 print some debug info to the syslog
+ type=n type of the tuner chip. n as follows:
+ see CARDLIST for a complete list.
+ pal=[bdgil] select PAL variant (used for some tuners
+ only, important for the audio carrier).
+
+tvmixer.o
+ registers a mixer device for the TV card's volume/bass/treble
+ controls (requires a i2c audio control chip like the msp3400).
+
+ insmod args:
+ debug=1 print some debug info to the syslog.
+ devnr=n allocate device #n (0 == /dev/mixer,
+ 1 = /dev/mixer1, ...), default is to
+ use the first free one.
+
+tvaudio.o
+ new, experimental module which is supported to provide a single
+ driver for all simple i2c audio control chips (tda/tea*).
+
+ insmod args:
+ tda8425 = 1 enable/disable the support for the
+ tda9840 = 1 various chips.
+ tda9850 = 1 The tea6300 can't be autodetected and is
+ tda9855 = 1 therefore off by default, if you have
+ tda9873 = 1 this one on your card (STB uses these)
+ tda9874a = 1 you have to enable it explicitly.
+ tea6300 = 0 The two tda985x chips use the same i2c
+ tea6420 = 1 address and can't be disturgished from
+ pic16c54 = 1 each other, you might have to disable
+ the wrong one.
+ debug = 1 print debug messages
+
+ insmod args for tda9874a:
+ tda9874a_SIF=1/2 select sound IF input pin (1 or 2)
+ (default is pin 1)
+ tda9874a_AMSEL=0/1 auto-mute select for NICAM (default=0)
+ Please read note 3 below!
+ tda9874a_STD=n select TV sound standard (0..8):
+ 0 - A2, B/G
+ 1 - A2, M (Korea)
+ 2 - A2, D/K (1)
+ 3 - A2, D/K (2)
+ 4 - A2, D/K (3)
+ 5 - NICAM, I
+ 6 - NICAM, B/G
+ 7 - NICAM, D/K (default)
+ 8 - NICAM, L
+
+ Note 1: tda9874a supports both tda9874h (old) and tda9874a (new) chips.
+ Note 2: tda9874h/a and tda9875 (which is supported separately by
+ tda9875.o) use the same i2c address so both modules should not be
+ used at the same time.
+ Note 3: Using tda9874a_AMSEL option depends on your TV card design!
+ AMSEL=0: auto-mute will switch between NICAM sound
+ and the sound on 1st carrier (i.e. FM mono or AM).
+ AMSEL=1: auto-mute will switch between NICAM sound
+ and the analog mono input (MONOIN pin).
+ If tda9874a decoder on your card has MONOIN pin not connected, then
+ use only tda9874_AMSEL=0 or don't specify this option at all.
+ For example:
+ card=65 (FlyVideo 2000S) - set AMSEL=1 or AMSEL=0
+ card=72 (Prolink PV-BT878P rev.9B) - set AMSEL=0 only
+
+msp3400.o
+ The driver for the msp34xx sound processor chips. If you have a
+ stereo card, you probably want to insmod this one.
+
+ insmod args:
+ debug=1/2 print some debug info to the syslog,
+ 2 is more verbose.
+ simple=1 Use the "short programming" method. Newer
+ msp34xx versions support this. You need this
+ for dbx stereo. Default is on if supported by
+ the chip.
+ once=1 Don't check the TV-stations Audio mode
+ every few seconds, but only once after
+ channel switches.
+ amsound=1 Audio carrier is AM/NICAM at 6.5 Mhz. This
+ should improve things for french people, the
+ carrier autoscan seems to work with FM only...
+
+tea6300.o - OBSOLETE (use tvaudio instead)
+ The driver for the tea6300 fader chip. If you have a stereo
+ card and the msp3400.o doesn't work, you might want to try this
+ one. This chip is seen on most STB TV/FM cards (usually from
+ Gateway OEM sold surplus on auction sites).
+
+ insmod args:
+ debug=1 print some debug info to the syslog.
+
+tda8425.o - OBSOLETE (use tvaudio instead)
+ The driver for the tda8425 fader chip. This driver used to be
+ part of bttv.c, so if your sound used to work but does not
+ anymore, try loading this module.
+
+ insmod args:
+ debug=1 print some debug info to the syslog.
+
+tda985x.o - OBSOLETE (use tvaudio instead)
+ The driver for the tda9850/55 audio chips.
+
+ insmod args:
+ debug=1 print some debug info to the syslog.
+ chip=9850/9855 set the chip type.
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/MAKEDEV b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/MAKEDEV
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c29ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/MAKEDEV
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+function makedev () {
+
+ for dev in 0 1 2 3; do
+ echo "/dev/$1$dev: char 81 $[ $2 + $dev ]"
+ rm -f /dev/$1$dev
+ mknod /dev/$1$dev c 81 $[ $2 + $dev ]
+ chmod 666 /dev/$1$dev
+ done
+
+ # symlink for default device
+ rm -f /dev/$1
+ ln -s /dev/${1}0 /dev/$1
+}
+
+# see http://roadrunner.swansea.uk.linux.org/v4lapi.shtml
+
+echo "*** new device names ***"
+makedev video 0
+makedev radio 64
+makedev vtx 192
+makedev vbi 224
+
+#echo "*** old device names (for compatibility only) ***"
+#makedev bttv 0
+#makedev bttv-fm 64
+#makedev bttv-vbi 224
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Modprobe.conf b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Modprobe.conf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55f1465
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Modprobe.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# i2c
+alias char-major-89 i2c-dev
+options i2c-core i2c_debug=1
+options i2c-algo-bit bit_test=1
+
+# bttv
+alias char-major-81 videodev
+alias char-major-81-0 bttv
+options bttv card=2 radio=1
+options tuner debug=1
+
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Modules.conf b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Modules.conf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..753f159
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Modules.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# For modern kernels (2.6 or above), this belongs in /etc/modprobe.conf
+# For for 2.4 kernels or earlier, this belongs in /etc/modules.conf.
+
+# i2c
+alias char-major-89 i2c-dev
+options i2c-core i2c_debug=1
+options i2c-algo-bit bit_test=1
+
+# bttv
+alias char-major-81 videodev
+alias char-major-81-0 bttv
+options bttv card=2 radio=1
+options tuner debug=1
+
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/PROBLEMS b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/PROBLEMS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e31e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/PROBLEMS
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+- Start capturing by pressing "c" or by selecting it via a menu!
+
+- Start capturing by pressing "c" or by selecting it via a menu!!!
+
+- The memory of some S3 cards is not recognized right:
+
+ First of all, if you are not using XFree-3.2 or newer, upgrade AT LEAST to
+ XFree-3.2A! This solved the problem for most people.
+
+ Start up X11 like this: "XF86_S3 -probeonly" and write down where the
+ linear frame buffer is.
+ If it is different to the address found by bttv install bttv like this:
+ "insmod bttv vidmem=0xfb0"
+ if the linear frame buffer is at 0xfb000000 (i.e. omit the last 5 zeros!)
+
+ Some S3 cards even take up 64MB of memory but only report 32MB to the BIOS.
+ If this 64MB area overlaps the IO memory of the Bt848 you also have to
+ remap this. E.g.: insmod bttv vidmem=0xfb0 remap=0xfa0
+
+ If the video memory is found at the right place and there are no address
+ conflicts but still no picture (or the computer even crashes),
+ try disabling features of your PCI chipset in the BIOS setup.
+
+ Frank Kapahnke <frank@kapahnke.prima.ruhr.de> also reported that problems
+ with his S3 868 went away when he upgraded to XFree 3.2.
+
+
+- I still only get a black picture with my S3 card!
+
+ Even with XFree-3.2A some people have problems with their S3 cards
+ (mostly with Trio 64 but also with some others)
+ Get the free demo version of Accelerated X from www.xinside.com and try
+ bttv with it. bttv seems to work with most S3 cards with Accelerated X.
+
+ Since I do not know much (better make that almost nothing) about VGA card
+ programming I do not know the reason for this.
+ Looks like XFree does something different when setting up the video memory?
+ Maybe somebody can enlighten me?
+ Would be nice if somebody could get this to work with XFree since
+ Accelerated X costs more than some of the grabber cards ...
+
+ Better linear frame buffer support for S3 cards will probably be in
+ XFree 4.0.
+
+- Grabbing is not switched off when changing consoles with XFree.
+ That's because XFree and some AcceleratedX versions do not send unmap
+ events.
+
+- Some popup windows (e.g. of the window manager) are not refreshed.
+
+ Disable backing store by starting X with the option "-bs"
+
+- When using 32 bpp in XFree or 24+8bpp mode in AccelX 3.1 the system
+ can sometimes lock up if you use more than 1 bt848 card at the same time.
+ You will always get pixel errors when e.g. using more than 1 card in full
+ screen mode. Maybe we need something faster than the PCI bus ...
+
+
+- Some S3 cards and the Matrox Mystique will produce pixel errors with
+ full resolution in 32-bit mode.
+
+- Some video cards have problems with Accelerated X 4.1
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a72f4c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+
+Release notes for bttv
+======================
+
+You'll need at least these config options for bttv:
+ CONFIG_I2C=m
+ CONFIG_I2C_ALGOBIT=m
+ CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV=m
+
+The latest bttv version is available from http://bytesex.org/bttv/
+
+
+Make bttv work with your card
+-----------------------------
+
+Just try "modprobe bttv" and see if that works.
+
+If it doesn't bttv likely could not autodetect your card and needs some
+insmod options. The most important insmod option for bttv is "card=n"
+to select the correct card type. If you get video but no sound you've
+very likely specified the wrong (or no) card type. A list of supported
+cards is in CARDLIST.bttv
+
+If bttv takes very long to load (happens sometimes with the cheap
+cards which have no tuner), try adding this to your modules.conf:
+ options i2c-algo-bit bit_test=1
+
+For the WinTV/PVR you need one firmware file from the driver CD:
+hcwamc.rbf. The file is in the pvr45xxx.exe archive (self-extracting
+zip file, unzip can unpack it). Put it into the /etc/pvr directory or
+use the firm_altera=<path> insmod option to point the driver to the
+location of the file.
+
+If your card isn't listed in CARDLIST.bttv or if you have trouble making
+audio work, you should read the Sound-FAQ.
+
+
+Autodetecting cards
+-------------------
+
+bttv uses the PCI Subsystem ID to autodetect the card type. lspci lists
+the Subsystem ID in the second line, looks like this:
+
+00:0a.0 Multimedia video controller: Brooktree Corporation Bt878 (rev 02)
+ Subsystem: Hauppauge computer works Inc. WinTV/GO
+ Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 5
+ Memory at e2000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=4K]
+
+only bt878-based cards can have a subsystem ID (which does not mean
+that every card really has one). bt848 cards can't have a Subsystem
+ID and therefore can't be autodetected. There is a list with the ID's
+in bttv-cards.c (in case you are intrested or want to mail patches
+with updates).
+
+
+Still doesn't work?
+-------------------
+
+I do NOT have a lab with 30+ different grabber boards and a
+PAL/NTSC/SECAM test signal generator at home, so I often can't
+reproduce your problems. This makes debugging very difficult for me.
+If you have some knowledge and spare time, please try to fix this
+yourself (patches very welcome of course...) You know: The linux
+slogan is "Do it yourself".
+
+There is a mailing list: video4linux-list@redhat.com.
+https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/video4linux-list
+
+If you have trouble with some specific TV card, try to ask there
+instead of mailing me directly. The chance that someone with the
+same card listens there is much higher...
+
+For problems with sound: There are alot of different systems used
+for TV sound all over the world. And there are also different chips
+which decode the audio signal. Reports about sound problems ("stereo
+does'nt work") are pretty useless unless you include some details
+about your hardware and the TV sound scheme used in your country (or
+at least the country you are living in).
+
+
+Finally: If you mail some patches for bttv around the world (to
+linux-kernel/Alan/Linus/...), please Cc: me.
+
+
+Have fun with bttv,
+
+ Gerd
+
+--
+Gerd Knorr <kraxel@bytesex.org>
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README.WINVIEW b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README.WINVIEW
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c61cf28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README.WINVIEW
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+
+Support for the Leadtek WinView 601 TV/FM by Jon Tombs <jon@gte.esi.us.es>
+
+This card is basically the same as all the rest (Bt484A, Philips tuner),
+the main difference is that they have attached a programmable attenuator to 3
+GPIO lines in order to give some volume control. They have also stuck an
+infra-red remote control decoded on the board, I will add support for this
+when I get time (it simple generates an interrupt for each key press, with
+the key code is placed in the GPIO port).
+
+I don't yet have any application to test the radio support. The tuner
+frequency setting should work but it is possible that the audio multiplexer
+is wrong. If it doesn't work, send me email.
+
+
+- No Thanks to Leadtek they refused to answer any questions about their
+hardware. The driver was written by visual inspection of the card. If you
+use this driver, send an email insult to them, and tell them you won't
+continue buying their hardware unless they support Linux.
+
+- Little thanks to Princeton Technology Corp (http://www.princeton.com.tw)
+who make the audio attenuator. Their publicly available data-sheet available
+on their web site doesn't include the chip programming information! Hidden
+on their server are the full data-sheets, but don't ask how I found it.
+
+To use the driver I use the following options, the tuner and pll settings might
+be different in your country
+
+insmod videodev
+insmod i2c scan=1 i2c_debug=0 verbose=0
+insmod tuner type=1 debug=0
+insmod bttv pll=1 radio=1 card=17
+
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README.freeze b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README.freeze
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51f8d43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README.freeze
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+
+If the box freezes hard with bttv ...
+=====================================
+
+It might be a bttv driver bug. It also might be bad hardware. It also
+might be something else ...
+
+Just mailing me "bttv freezes" isn't going to help much. This README
+has a few hints how you can help to pin down the problem.
+
+
+bttv bugs
+---------
+
+If some version works and another doesn't it is likely to be a driver
+bug. It is very helpful if you can tell where exactly it broke
+(i.e. the last working and the first broken version).
+
+With a hard freeze you probably doesn't find anything in the logfiles.
+The only way to capture any kernel messages is to hook up a serial
+console and let some terminal application log the messages. /me uses
+screen. See Documentation/serial-console.txt for details on setting
+up a serial console.
+
+Read Documentation/oops-tracing.txt to learn how to get any useful
+information out of a register+stack dump printed by the kernel on
+protection faults (so-called "kernel oops").
+
+If you run into some kind of deadlock, you can try to dump a call trace
+for each process using sysrq-t (see Documentation/sysrq.txt). ksymoops
+will translate these dumps into kernel symbols too. This way it is
+possible to figure where *exactly* some process in "D" state is stuck.
+
+I've seen reports that bttv 0.7.x crashes whereas 0.8.x works rock solid
+for some people. Thus probably a small buglet left somewhere in bttv
+0.7.x. I have no idea where exactly, it works stable for me and alot of
+other people. But in case you have problems with the 0.7.x versions you
+can give 0.8.x a try ...
+
+
+hardware bugs
+-------------
+
+Some hardware can't deal with PCI-PCI transfers (i.e. grabber => vga).
+Sometimes problems show up with bttv just because of the high load on
+the PCI bus. The bt848/878 chips have a few workarounds for known
+incompatibilities, see README.quirks.
+
+Some folks report that increasing the pci latency helps too,
+althrought I'm not sure whenever this really fixes the problems or
+only makes it less likely to happen. Both bttv and btaudio have a
+insmod option to set the PCI latency of the device.
+
+Some mainboard have problems to deal correctly with multiple devices
+doing DMA at the same time. bttv + ide seems to cause this sometimes,
+if this is the case you likely see freezes only with video and hard disk
+access at the same time. Updating the IDE driver to get the latest and
+greatest workarounds for hardware bugs might fix these problems.
+
+
+other
+-----
+
+If you use some binary-only yunk (like nvidia module) try to reproduce
+the problem without.
+
+IRQ sharing is known to cause problems in some cases. It works just
+fine in theory and many configurations. Neverless it might be worth a
+try to shuffle around the PCI cards to give bttv another IRQ or make
+it share the IRQ with some other piece of hardware. IRQ sharing with
+VGA cards seems to cause trouble sometimes. I've also seen funny
+effects with bttv sharing the IRQ with the ACPI bridge (and
+apci-enabled kernel).
+
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README.quirks b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README.quirks
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8edb87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/README.quirks
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+
+Below is what the bt878 data book says about the PCI bug compatibility
+modes of the bt878 chip.
+
+The triton1 insmod option sets the EN_TBFX bit in the control register.
+The vsfx insmod option does the same for EN_VSFX bit. If you have
+stability problems you can try if one of these options makes your box
+work solid.
+
+drivers/pci/quirks.c knows about these issues, this way these bits are
+enabled automagically for known-buggy chipsets (look at the kernel
+messages, bttv tells you).
+
+HTH,
+
+ Gerd
+
+---------------------------- cut here --------------------------
+
+Normal PCI Mode
+---------------
+
+The PCI REQ signal is the logical-or of the incoming function requests.
+The inter-nal GNT[0:1] signals are gated asynchronously with GNT and
+demultiplexed by the audio request signal. Thus the arbiter defaults to
+the video function at power-up and parks there during no requests for
+bus access. This is desirable since the video will request the bus more
+often. However, the audio will have highest bus access priority. Thus
+the audio will have first access to the bus even when issuing a request
+after the video request but before the PCI external arbiter has granted
+access to the Bt879. Neither function can preempt the other once on the
+bus. The duration to empty the entire video PCI FIFO onto the PCI bus is
+very short compared to the bus access latency the audio PCI FIFO can
+tolerate.
+
+
+430FX Compatibility Mode
+------------------------
+
+When using the 430FX PCI, the following rules will ensure
+compatibility:
+
+ (1) Deassert REQ at the same time as asserting FRAME.
+ (2) Do not reassert REQ to request another bus transaction until after
+ finish-ing the previous transaction.
+
+Since the individual bus masters do not have direct control of REQ, a
+simple logical-or of video and audio requests would violate the rules.
+Thus, both the arbiter and the initiator contain 430FX compatibility
+mode logic. To enable 430FX mode, set the EN_TBFX bit as indicated in
+Device Control Register on page 104.
+
+When EN_TBFX is enabled, the arbiter ensures that the two compatibility
+rules are satisfied. Before GNT is asserted by the PCI arbiter, this
+internal arbiter may still logical-or the two requests. However, once
+the GNT is issued, this arbiter must lock in its decision and now route
+only the granted request to the REQ pin. The arbiter decision lock
+happens regardless of the state of FRAME because it does not know when
+FRAME will be asserted (typically - each initiator will assert FRAME on
+the cycle following GNT). When FRAME is asserted, it is the initiator s
+responsibility to remove its request at the same time. It is the
+arbiters responsibility to allow this request to flow through to REQ and
+not allow the other request to hold REQ asserted. The decision lock may
+be removed at the end of the transaction: for example, when the bus is
+idle (FRAME and IRDY). The arbiter decision may then continue
+asynchronously until GNT is again asserted.
+
+
+Interfacing with Non-PCI 2.1 Compliant Core Logic
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+A small percentage of core logic devices may start a bus transaction
+during the same cycle that GNT is de-asserted. This is non PCI 2.1
+compliant. To ensure compatibility when using PCs with these PCI
+controllers, the EN_VSFX bit must be enabled (refer to Device Control
+Register on page 104). When in this mode, the arbiter does not pass GNT
+to the internal functions unless REQ is asserted. This prevents a bus
+transaction from starting the same cycle as GNT is de-asserted. This
+also has the side effect of not being able to take advantage of bus
+parking, thus lowering arbitration performance. The Bt879 drivers must
+query for these non-compliant devices, and set the EN_VSFX bit only if
+required.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Sound-FAQ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Sound-FAQ
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8c9c26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Sound-FAQ
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+
+bttv and sound mini howto
+=========================
+
+There are alot of different bt848/849/878/879 based boards available.
+Making video work often is not a big deal, because this is handled
+completely by the bt8xx chip, which is common on all boards. But
+sound is handled in slightly different ways on each board.
+
+To handle the grabber boards correctly, there is a array tvcards[] in
+bttv-cards.c, which holds the informations required for each board.
+Sound will work only, if the correct entry is used (for video it often
+makes no difference). The bttv driver prints a line to the kernel
+log, telling which card type is used. Like this one:
+
+ bttv0: model: BT848(Hauppauge old) [autodetected]
+
+You should verify this is correct. If it isn't, you have to pass the
+correct board type as insmod argument, "insmod bttv card=2" for
+example. The file CARDLIST has a list of valid arguments for card.
+If your card isn't listed there, you might check the source code for
+new entries which are not listed yet. If there isn't one for your
+card, you can check if one of the existing entries does work for you
+(just trial and error...).
+
+Some boards have an extra processor for sound to do stereo decoding
+and other nice features. The msp34xx chips are used by Hauppauge for
+example. If your board has one, you might have to load a helper
+module like msp3400.o to make sound work. If there isn't one for the
+chip used on your board: Bad luck. Start writing a new one. Well,
+you might want to check the video4linux mailing list archive first...
+
+Of course you need a correctly installed soundcard unless you have the
+speakers connected directly to the grabber board. Hint: check the
+mixer settings too. ALSA for example has everything muted by default.
+
+
+How sound works in detail
+=========================
+
+Still doesn't work? Looks like some driver hacking is required.
+Below is a do-it-yourself description for you.
+
+The bt8xx chips have 32 general purpose pins, and registers to control
+these pins. One register is the output enable register
+(BT848_GPIO_OUT_EN), it says which pins are actively driven by the
+bt848 chip. Another one is the data register (BT848_GPIO_DATA), where
+you can get/set the status if these pins. They can be used for input
+and output.
+
+Most grabber board vendors use these pins to control an external chip
+which does the sound routing. But every board is a little different.
+These pins are also used by some companies to drive remote control
+receiver chips. Some boards use the i2c bus instead of the gpio pins
+to connect the mux chip.
+
+As mentioned above, there is a array which holds the required
+informations for each known board. You basically have to create a new
+line for your board. The important fields are these two:
+
+struct tvcard
+{
+ [ ... ]
+ u32 gpiomask;
+ u32 audiomux[6]; /* Tuner, Radio, external, internal, mute, stereo */
+};
+
+gpiomask specifies which pins are used to control the audio mux chip.
+The corresponding bits in the output enable register
+(BT848_GPIO_OUT_EN) will be set as these pins must be driven by the
+bt848 chip.
+
+The audiomux[] array holds the data values for the different inputs
+(i.e. which pins must be high/low for tuner/mute/...). This will be
+written to the data register (BT848_GPIO_DATA) to switch the audio
+mux.
+
+
+What you have to do is figure out the correct values for gpiomask and
+the audiomux array. If you have Windows and the drivers four your
+card installed, you might to check out if you can read these registers
+values used by the windows driver. A tool to do this is available
+from ftp://telepresence.dmem.strath.ac.uk/pub/bt848/winutil, but it
+does'nt work with bt878 boards according to some reports I received.
+Another one with bt878 suport is available from
+http://btwincap.sourceforge.net/Files/btspy2.00.zip
+
+You might also dig around in the *.ini files of the Windows applications.
+You can have a look at the board to see which of the gpio pins are
+connected at all and then start trial-and-error ...
+
+
+Starting with release 0.7.41 bttv has a number of insmod options to
+make the gpio debugging easier:
+
+bttv_gpio=0/1 enable/disable gpio debug messages
+gpiomask=n set the gpiomask value
+audiomux=i,j,... set the values of the audiomux array
+audioall=a set the values of the audiomux array (one
+ value for all array elements, useful to check
+ out which effect the particular value has).
+
+The messages printed with bttv_gpio=1 look like this:
+
+ bttv0: gpio: en=00000027, out=00000024 in=00ffffd8 [audio: off]
+
+en = output _en_able register (BT848_GPIO_OUT_EN)
+out = _out_put bits of the data register (BT848_GPIO_DATA),
+ i.e. BT848_GPIO_DATA & BT848_GPIO_OUT_EN
+in = _in_put bits of the data register,
+ i.e. BT848_GPIO_DATA & ~BT848_GPIO_OUT_EN
+
+
+
+Other elements of the tvcards array
+===================================
+
+If you are trying to make a new card work you might find it useful to
+know what the other elements in the tvcards array are good for:
+
+video_inputs - # of video inputs the card has
+audio_inputs - historical cruft, not used any more.
+tuner - which input is the tuner
+svhs - which input is svhs (all others are labeled composite)
+muxsel - video mux, input->registervalue mapping
+pll - same as pll= insmod option
+tuner_type - same as tuner= insmod option
+*_modulename - hint whenever some card needs this or that audio
+ module loaded to work properly.
+has_radio - whenever this TV card has a radio tuner.
+no_msp34xx - "1" disables loading of msp3400.o module
+no_tda9875 - "1" disables loading of tda9875.o module
+needs_tvaudio - set to "1" to load tvaudio.o module
+
+If some config item is specified both from the tvcards array and as
+insmod option, the insmod option takes precedence.
+
+
+
+Good luck,
+
+ Gerd
+
+
+PS: If you have a new working entry, mail it to me.
+
+--
+Gerd Knorr <kraxel@bytesex.org>
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Specs b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Specs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79b9e57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Specs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Philips http://www.Semiconductors.COM/pip/
+Conexant http://www.conexant.com/techinfo/default.asp
+Micronas http://www.micronas.de/pages/product_documentation/index.html
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/THANKS b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/THANKS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2085399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/THANKS
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Many thanks to:
+
+- Markus Schroeder <schroedm@uni-duesseldorf.de> for information on the Bt848
+ and tuner programming and his control program xtvc.
+
+- Martin Buck <martin-2.buck@student.uni-ulm.de> for his great Videotext
+ package.
+
+- Gerd Knorr <kraxel@cs.tu-berlin.de> for the MSP3400 support and the modular
+ I2C, tuner, ... support.
+
+
+- MATRIX Vision for giving us 2 cards for free, which made support of
+ single crystal operation possible.
+
+- MIRO for providing a free PCTV card and detailed information about the
+ components on their cards. (E.g. how the tuner type is detected)
+ Without their card I could not have debugged the NTSC mode.
+
+- Hauppauge for telling how the sound input is selected and what components
+ they do and will use on their radio cards.
+ Also many thanks for faxing me the FM1216 data sheet.
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Tuners b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Tuners
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d18fbc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Tuners
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+1) Tuner Programming
+====================
+There are some flavors of Tuner programming APIs.
+These differ mainly by the bandswitch byte.
+
+ L= LG_API (VHF_LO=0x01, VHF_HI=0x02, UHF=0x08, radio=0x04)
+ P= PHILIPS_API (VHF_LO=0xA0, VHF_HI=0x90, UHF=0x30, radio=0x04)
+ T= TEMIC_API (VHF_LO=0x02, VHF_HI=0x04, UHF=0x01)
+ A= ALPS_API (VHF_LO=0x14, VHF_HI=0x12, UHF=0x11)
+ M= PHILIPS_MK3 (VHF_LO=0x01, VHF_HI=0x02, UHF=0x04, radio=0x19)
+
+2) Tuner Manufacturers
+======================
+
+SAMSUNG Tuner identification: (e.g. TCPM9091PD27)
+ TCP [ABCJLMNQ] 90[89][125] [DP] [ACD] 27 [ABCD]
+ [ABCJLMNQ]:
+ A= BG+DK
+ B= BG
+ C= I+DK
+ J= NTSC-Japan
+ L= Secam LL
+ M= BG+I+DK
+ N= NTSC
+ Q= BG+I+DK+LL
+ [89]: ?
+ [125]:
+ 2: No FM
+ 5: With FM
+ [DP]:
+ D= NTSC
+ P= PAL
+ [ACD]:
+ A= F-connector
+ C= Phono connector
+ D= Din Jack
+ [ABCD]:
+ 3-wire/I2C tuning, 2-band/3-band
+
+ These Tuners are PHILIPS_API compatible.
+
+Philips Tuner identification: (e.g. FM1216MF)
+ F[IRMQ]12[1345]6{MF|ME|MP}
+ F[IRMQ]:
+ FI12x6: Tuner Series
+ FR12x6: Tuner + Radio IF
+ FM12x6: Tuner + FM
+ FQ12x6: special
+ FMR12x6: special
+ TD15xx: Digital Tuner ATSC
+ 12[1345]6:
+ 1216: PAL BG
+ 1236: NTSC
+ 1246: PAL I
+ 1256: Pal DK
+ {MF|ME|MP}
+ MF: BG LL w/ Secam (Multi France)
+ ME: BG DK I LL (Multi Europe)
+ MP: BG DK I (Multi PAL)
+ MR: BG DK M (?)
+ MG: BG DKI M (?)
+ MK2 series PHILIPS_API, most tuners are compatible to this one !
+ MK3 series introduced in 2002 w/ PHILIPS_MK3_API
+
+Temic Tuner identification: (.e.g 4006FH5)
+ 4[01][0136][269]F[HYNR]5
+ 40x2: Tuner (5V/33V), TEMIC_API.
+ 40x6: Tuner 5V
+ 41xx: Tuner compact
+ 40x9: Tuner+FM compact
+ [0136]
+ xx0x: PAL BG
+ xx1x: Pal DK, Secam LL
+ xx3x: NTSC
+ xx6x: PAL I
+ F[HYNR]5
+ FH5: Pal BG
+ FY5: others
+ FN5: multistandard
+ FR5: w/ FM radio
+ 3X xxxx: order number with specific connector
+ Note: Only 40x2 series has TEMIC_API, all newer tuners have PHILIPS_API.
+
+LG Innotek Tuner:
+ TPI8NSR11 : NTSC J/M (TPI8NSR01 w/FM) (P,210/497)
+ TPI8PSB11 : PAL B/G (TPI8PSB01 w/FM) (P,170/450)
+ TAPC-I701 : PAL I (TAPC-I001 w/FM) (P,170/450)
+ TPI8PSB12 : PAL D/K+B/G (TPI8PSB02 w/FM) (P,170/450)
+ TAPC-H701P: NTSC_JP (TAPC-H001P w/FM) (L,170/450)
+ TAPC-G701P: PAL B/G (TAPC-G001P w/FM) (L,170/450)
+ TAPC-W701P: PAL I (TAPC-W001P w/FM) (L,170/450)
+ TAPC-Q703P: PAL D/K (TAPC-Q001P w/FM) (L,170/450)
+ TAPC-Q704P: PAL D/K+I (L,170/450)
+ TAPC-G702P: PAL D/K+B/G (L,170/450)
+
+ TADC-H002F: NTSC (L,175/410?; 2-B, C-W+11, W+12-69)
+ TADC-M201D: PAL D/K+B/G+I (L,143/425) (sound control at I2C address 0xc8)
+ TADC-T003F: NTSC Taiwan (L,175/410?; 2-B, C-W+11, W+12-69)
+ Suffix:
+ P= Standard phono female socket
+ D= IEC female socket
+ F= F-connector
+
+Other Tuners:
+TCL2002MB-1 : PAL BG + DK =TUNER_LG_PAL_NEW_TAPC
+TCL2002MB-1F: PAL BG + DK w/FM =PHILIPS_PAL
+TCL2002MI-2 : PAL I = ??
+
+ALPS Tuners:
+ Most are LG_API compatible
+ TSCH6 has ALPS_API (TSCH5 ?)
+ TSBE1 has extra API 05,02,08 Control_byte=0xCB Source:(1)
+
+Lit.
+(1) conexant100029b-PCI-Decoder-ApplicationNote.pdf
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2137da9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+Vaio Picturebook Motion Eye Camera Driver Readme
+------------------------------------------------
+ Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Stelian Pop <stelian@popies.net>
+ Copyright (C) 2001-2002 Alcôve <www.alcove.com>
+ Copyright (C) 2000 Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org>
+
+This driver enable the use of video4linux compatible applications with the
+Motion Eye camera. This driver requires the "Sony Vaio Programmable I/O
+Control Device" driver (which can be found in the "Character drivers"
+section of the kernel configuration utility) to be compiled and installed
+(using its "camera=1" parameter).
+
+It can do at maximum 30 fps @ 320x240 or 15 fps @ 640x480.
+
+Grabbing is supported in packed YUV colorspace only.
+
+MJPEG hardware grabbing is supported via a private API (see below).
+
+Hardware supported:
+-------------------
+
+This driver supports the 'second' version of the MotionEye camera :)
+
+The first version was connected directly on the video bus of the Neomagic
+video card and is unsupported.
+
+The second one, made by Kawasaki Steel is fully supported by this
+driver (PCI vendor/device is 0x136b/0xff01)
+
+The third one, present in recent (more or less last year) Picturebooks
+(C1M* models), is not supported. The manufacturer has given the specs
+to the developers under a NDA (which allows the develoment of a GPL
+driver however), but things are not moving very fast (see
+http://r-engine.sourceforge.net/) (PCI vendor/device is 0x10cf/0x2011).
+
+There is a forth model connected on the USB bus in TR1* Vaio laptops.
+This camera is not supported at all by the current driver, in fact
+little information if any is available for this camera
+(USB vendor/device is 0x054c/0x0107).
+
+Driver options:
+---------------
+
+Several options can be passed to the meye driver using the standard
+module argument syntax (<param>=<value> when passing the option to the
+module or meye.<param>=<value> on the kernel boot line when meye is
+statically linked into the kernel). Those options are:
+
+ forcev4l1: force use of V4L1 API instead of V4L2
+
+ gbuffers: number of capture buffers, default is 2 (32 max)
+
+ gbufsize: size of each capture buffer, default is 614400
+
+ video_nr: video device to register (0 = /dev/video0, etc)
+
+Module use:
+-----------
+
+In order to automatically load the meye module on use, you can put those lines
+in your /etc/modprobe.conf file:
+
+ alias char-major-81 videodev
+ alias char-major-81-0 meye
+ options meye gbuffers=32
+
+Usage:
+------
+
+ xawtv >= 3.49 (<http://bytesex.org/xawtv/>)
+ for display and uncompressed video capture:
+
+ xawtv -c /dev/video0 -geometry 640x480
+ or
+ xawtv -c /dev/video0 -geometry 320x240
+
+ motioneye (<http://popies.net/meye/>)
+ for getting ppm or jpg snapshots, mjpeg video
+
+Private API:
+------------
+
+ The driver supports frame grabbing with the video4linux API
+ (either v4l1 or v4l2), so all video4linux tools (like xawtv)
+ should work with this driver.
+
+ Besides the video4linux interface, the driver has a private interface
+ for accessing the Motion Eye extended parameters (camera sharpness,
+ agc, video framerate), the shapshot and the MJPEG capture facilities.
+
+ This interface consists of several ioctls (prototypes and structures
+ can be found in include/linux/meye.h):
+
+ MEYEIOC_G_PARAMS
+ MEYEIOC_S_PARAMS
+ Get and set the extended parameters of the motion eye camera.
+ The user should always query the current parameters with
+ MEYEIOC_G_PARAMS, change what he likes and then issue the
+ MEYEIOC_S_PARAMS call (checking for -EINVAL). The extended
+ parameters are described by the meye_params structure.
+
+
+ MEYEIOC_QBUF_CAPT
+ Queue a buffer for capture (the buffers must have been
+ obtained with a VIDIOCGMBUF call and mmap'ed by the
+ application). The argument to MEYEIOC_QBUF_CAPT is the
+ buffer number to queue (or -1 to end capture). The first
+ call to MEYEIOC_QBUF_CAPT starts the streaming capture.
+
+ MEYEIOC_SYNC
+ Takes as an argument the buffer number you want to sync.
+ This ioctl blocks until the buffer is filled and ready
+ for the application to use. It returns the buffer size.
+
+ MEYEIOC_STILLCAPT
+ MEYEIOC_STILLJCAPT
+ Takes a snapshot in an uncompressed or compressed jpeg format.
+ This ioctl blocks until the snapshot is done and returns (for
+ jpeg snapshot) the size of the image. The image data is
+ available from the first mmap'ed buffer.
+
+ Look at the 'motioneye' application code for an actual example.
+
+Bugs / Todo:
+------------
+
+ - the driver could be much cleaned up by removing the v4l1 support.
+ However, this means all v4l1-only applications will stop working.
+
+ - 'motioneye' still uses the meye private v4l1 API extensions.
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/radiotrack.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/radiotrack.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b75345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/radiotrack.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+NOTES ON RADIOTRACK CARD CONTROL
+by Stephen M. Benoit (benoits@servicepro.com) Dec 14, 1996
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Document version 1.0
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+----------------
+This document was made based on 'C' code for Linux from Gideon le Grange
+(legrang@active.co.za or legrang@cs.sun.ac.za) in 1994, and elaborations from
+Frans Brinkman (brinkman@esd.nl) in 1996. The results reported here are from
+experiments that the author performed on his own setup, so your mileage may
+vary... I make no guarantees, claims or warranties to the suitability or
+validity of this information. No other documentation on the AIMS
+Lab (http://www.aimslab.com/) RadioTrack card was made available to the
+author. This document is offered in the hopes that it might help users who
+want to use the RadioTrack card in an environment other than MS Windows.
+
+WHY THIS DOCUMENT?
+------------------
+I have a RadioTrack card from back when I ran an MS-Windows platform. After
+converting to Linux, I found Gideon le Grange's command-line software for
+running the card, and found that it was good! Frans Brinkman made a
+comfortable X-windows interface, and added a scanning feature. For hack
+value, I wanted to see if the tuner could be tuned beyond the usual FM radio
+broadcast band, so I could pick up the audio carriers from North American
+broadcast TV channels, situated just below and above the 87.0-109.0 MHz range.
+I did not get much success, but I learned about programming ioports under
+Linux and gained some insights about the hardware design used for the card.
+
+So, without further delay, here are the details.
+
+
+PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
+--------------------
+The RadioTrack card is an ISA 8-bit FM radio card. The radio frequency (RF)
+input is simply an antenna lead, and the output is a power audio signal
+available through a miniature phone plug. Its RF frequencies of operation are
+more or less limited from 87.0 to 109.0 MHz (the commercial FM broadcast
+band). Although the registers can be programmed to request frequencies beyond
+these limits, experiments did not give promising results. The variable
+frequency oscillator (VFO) that demodulates the intermediate frequency (IF)
+signal probably has a small range of useful frequencies, and wraps around or
+gets clipped beyond the limits mentioned above.
+
+
+CONTROLLING THE CARD WITH IOPORT
+--------------------------------
+The RadioTrack (base) ioport is configurable for 0x30c or 0x20c. Only one
+ioport seems to be involved. The ioport decoding circuitry must be pretty
+simple, as individual ioport bits are directly matched to specific functions
+(or blocks) of the radio card. This way, many functions can be changed in
+parallel with one write to the ioport. The only feedback available through
+the ioports appears to be the "Stereo Detect" bit.
+
+The bits of the ioport are arranged as follows:
+
+ MSb LSb
++------+------+------+--------+--------+-------+---------+--------+
+| VolA | VolB | ???? | Stereo | Radio | TuneA | TuneB | Tune |
+| (+) | (-) | | Detect | Audio | (bit) | (latch) | Update |
+| | | | Enable | Enable | | | Enable |
++------+------+------+--------+--------+-------+---------+--------+
+
+
+VolA . VolB [AB......]
+-----------
+0 0 : audio mute
+0 1 : volume + (some delay required)
+1 0 : volume - (some delay required)
+1 1 : stay at present volume
+
+Stereo Detect Enable [...S....]
+--------------------
+0 : No Detect
+1 : Detect
+
+ Results available by reading ioport >60 msec after last port write.
+ 0xff ==> no stereo detected, 0xfd ==> stereo detected.
+
+Radio to Audio (path) Enable [....R...]
+----------------------------
+0 : Disable path (silence)
+1 : Enable path (audio produced)
+
+TuneA . TuneB [.....AB.]
+-------------
+0 0 : "zero" bit phase 1
+0 1 : "zero" bit phase 2
+
+1 0 : "one" bit phase 1
+1 1 : "one" bit phase 2
+
+ 24-bit code, where bits = (freq*40) + 10486188.
+ The Most Significant 11 bits must be 1010 xxxx 0x0 to be valid.
+ The bits are shifted in LSb first.
+
+Tune Update Enable [.......T]
+------------------
+0 : Tuner held constant
+1 : Tuner updating in progress
+
+
+PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES
+--------------------
+Default: BASE <-- 0xc8 (current volume, no stereo detect,
+ radio enable, tuner adjust disable)
+
+Card Off: BASE <-- 0x00 (audio mute, no stereo detect,
+ radio disable, tuner adjust disable)
+
+Card On: BASE <-- 0x00 (see "Card Off", clears any unfinished business)
+ BASE <-- 0xc8 (see "Default")
+
+Volume Down: BASE <-- 0x48 (volume down, no stereo detect,
+ radio enable, tuner adjust disable)
+ * wait 10 msec *
+ BASE <-- 0xc8 (see "Default")
+
+Volume Up: BASE <-- 0x88 (volume up, no stereo detect,
+ radio enable, tuner adjust disable)
+ * wait 10 msec *
+ BASE <-- 0xc8 (see "Default")
+
+Check Stereo: BASE <-- 0xd8 (current volume, stereo detect,
+ radio enable, tuner adjust disable)
+ * wait 100 msec *
+ x <-- BASE (read ioport)
+ BASE <-- 0xc8 (see "Default")
+
+ x=0xff ==> "not stereo", x=0xfd ==> "stereo detected"
+
+Set Frequency: code = (freq*40) + 10486188
+ foreach of the 24 bits in code,
+ (from Least to Most Significant):
+ to write a "zero" bit,
+ BASE <-- 0x01 (audio mute, no stereo detect, radio
+ disable, "zero" bit phase 1, tuner adjust)
+ BASE <-- 0x03 (audio mute, no stereo detect, radio
+ disable, "zero" bit phase 2, tuner adjust)
+ to write a "one" bit,
+ BASE <-- 0x05 (audio mute, no stereo detect, radio
+ disable, "one" bit phase 1, tuner adjust)
+ BASE <-- 0x07 (audio mute, no stereo detect, radio
+ disable, "one" bit phase 2, tuner adjust)
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/w9966.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/w9966.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7ac33a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/w9966.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+W9966 Camera driver, written by Jakob Kemi (jakob.kemi@telia.com)
+
+After a lot of work in softice & wdasm, reading .pdf-files and tiresome
+trial-and-error work I've finally got everything to work. I needed vision for a
+robotics project so I borrowed this camera from a friend and started hacking.
+Anyway I've converted my original code from the AVR 8bit RISC C/ASM code into
+a working Linux driver.
+
+To get it working simply configure your kernel to support
+parport, ieee1284, video4linux and w9966
+
+If w9966 is statically linked it will always perform aggressive probing for
+the camera. If built as a module you'll have more configuration options.
+
+Options:
+ modprobe w9966.o pardev=parport0(or whatever) parmode=0 (0=auto, 1=ecp, 2=epp)
+voila!
+
+you can also type 'modinfo -p w9966.o' for option usage
+(or checkout w9966.c)
+
+The only thing to keep in mind is that the image format is in Y-U-Y-V format
+where every two pixels take 4 bytes. In SDL (www.libsdl.org) this format
+is called VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422 (16 bpp).
+
+A minimal test application (with source) is available from:
+ http://hem.fyristorg.com/mogul/w9966.html
+
+The slow framerate is due to missing DMA ECP read support in the
+parport drivers. I might add working EPP support later.
+
+Good luck!
+ /Jakob Kemi
diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/zr36120.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/zr36120.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4af6c52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/video4linux/zr36120.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+Driver for Trust Computer Products Framegrabber, version 0.6.1
+------ --- ----- -------- -------- ------------ ------- - - -
+
+- ZORAN ------------------------------------------------------
+ Author: Pauline Middelink <middelin@polyware.nl>
+ Date: 18 September 1999
+Version: 0.6.1
+
+- Description ------------------------------------------------
+
+Video4Linux compatible driver for an unknown brand framegrabber
+(Sold in the Netherlands by TRUST Computer Products) and various
+other zoran zr36120 based framegrabbers.
+
+The card contains a ZR36120 Multimedia PCI Interface and a Philips
+SAA7110 Onechip Frontend videodecoder. There is also an DSP of
+which I have forgotten the number, since i will never get that thing
+to work without specs from the vendor itself.
+
+The SAA711x are capable of processing 6 different video inputs,
+CVBS1..6 and Y1+C1, Y2+C2, Y3+C3. All in 50/60Hz, NTSC, PAL or
+SECAM and delivering a YUV datastream. On my card the input
+'CVBS-0' corresponds to channel CVBS2 and 'S-Video' to Y2+C2.
+
+I have some reports of other cards working with the mentioned
+chip sets. For a list of other working cards please have a look
+at the cards named in the tvcards struct in the beginning of
+zr36120.c
+
+After some testing, I discovered that the carddesigner messed up
+on the I2C interface. The Zoran chip includes 2 lines SDA and SCL
+which (s)he connected reversely. So we have to clock on the SDA
+and r/w data on the SCL pin. Life is fun... Each cardtype now has
+a bit which signifies if you have a card with the same deficiency.
+
+Oh, for the completeness of this story I must mention that my
+card delivers the VSYNC pulse of the SAA chip to GIRQ1, not
+GIRQ0 as some other cards have. This is also incorporated in
+the driver be clearing/setting the 'useirq1' bit in the tvcard
+description.
+
+Another problems of continuous capturing data with a Zoran chip
+is something nasty inside the chip. It effectively halves the
+fps we ought to get... Here is the scenario: capturing frames
+to memory is done in the so-called snapshot mode. In this mode
+the Zoran stops after capturing a frame worth of data and wait
+till the application set GRAB bit to indicate readiness for the
+next frame. After detecting a set bit, the chip neatly waits
+till the start of a frame, captures it and it goes back to off.
+Smart ppl will notice the problem here. Its the waiting on the
+_next_ frame each time we set the GRAB bit... Oh well, 12,5 fps
+is still plenty fast for me.
+-- update 28/7/1999 --
+Don't believe a word I just said... Proof is the output
+of `streamer -t 300 -r 25 -f avi15 -o /dev/null`
+ ++--+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 25/25
+ +-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-s+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
+ syncer: done
+ writer: done
+(note the /dev/null is prudent here, my system is not able to
+ grab /and/ write 25 fps to a file... gifts welcome :) )
+The technical reasoning follows: The zoran completed the last
+frame, the VSYNC goes low, and GRAB is cleared. The interrupt
+routine starts to work since its VSYNC driven, and again
+activates the GRAB bit. A few ms later the VSYNC (re-)rises and
+the zoran starts to work on a new and freshly broadcasted frame....
+
+For pointers I used the specs of both chips. Below are the URLs:
+ http://www.zoran.com/ftp/download/devices/pci/ZR36120/36120data.pdf
+ http://www-us.semiconductor.philips.com/acrobat/datasheets/SAA_7110_A_1.pdf
+
+The documentation has very little on absolute numbers or timings
+needed for the various modes/resolutions, but there are other
+programs you can borrow those from.
+
+------ Install --------------------------------------------
+Read the file called TODO. Note its long list of limitations.
+
+Build a kernel with VIDEO4LINUX enabled. Activate the
+BT848 driver; we need this because we have need for the
+other modules (i2c and videodev) it enables.
+
+To install this software, extract it into a suitable directory.
+Examine the makefile and change anything you don't like. Type "make".
+
+After making the modules check if you have the much needed
+/dev/video devices. If not, execute the following 4 lines:
+ mknod /dev/video c 81 0
+ mknod /dev/video1 c 81 1
+ mknod /dev/video2 c 81 2
+ mknod /dev/video3 c 81 3
+ mknod /dev/video4 c 81 4
+
+After making/checking the devices do:
+ modprobe i2c
+ modprobe videodev
+ modprobe saa7110 (optional)
+ modprobe saa7111 (optional)
+ modprobe tuner (optional)
+ insmod zoran cardtype=<n>
+
+<n> is the cardtype of the card you have. The cardnumber can
+be found in the source of zr36120. Look for tvcards. If your
+card is not there, please try if any other card gives some
+response, and mail me if you got a working tvcard addition.
+
+PS. <TVCard editors behold!)
+ Dont forget to set video_input to the number of inputs
+ you defined in the video_mux part of the tvcard definition.
+ Its a common error to add a channel but not incrementing
+ video_input and getting angry with me/v4l/linux/linus :(
+
+You are now ready to test the framegrabber with your favorite
+video4linux compatible tool
+
+------ Application ----------------------------------------
+
+This device works with all Video4Linux compatible applications,
+given the limitations in the TODO file.
+
+------ API ------------------------------------------------
+
+This uses the V4L interface as of kernel release 2.1.116, and in
+fact has not been tested on any lower version. There are a couple
+of minor differences due to the fact that the amount of data returned
+with each frame varies, and no doubt there are discrepancies due to my
+misunderstanding of the API. I intend to convert this driver to the
+new V4L2 API when it has stabilized more.
+
+------ Current state --------------------------------------
+
+The driver is capable of overlaying a video image in screen, and
+even capable of grabbing frames. It uses the BIGPHYSAREA patch
+to allocate lots of large memory blocks when tis patch is
+found in the kernel, but it doesn't need it.
+The consequence is that, when loading the driver as a module,
+the module may tell you it's out of memory, but 'free' says
+otherwise. The reason is simple; the modules wants its memory
+contiguous, not fragmented, and after a long uptime there
+probably isn't a fragment of memory large enough...
+
+The driver uses a double buffering scheme, which should really
+be an n-way buffer, depending on the size of allocated framebuffer
+and the requested grab-size/format.
+This current version also fixes a dead-lock situation during irq
+time, which really, really froze my system... :)
+
+Good luck.
+ Pauline
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/balance b/Documentation/vm/balance
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd3d31b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/balance
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+Started Jan 2000 by Kanoj Sarcar <kanoj@sgi.com>
+
+Memory balancing is needed for non __GFP_WAIT as well as for non
+__GFP_IO allocations.
+
+There are two reasons to be requesting non __GFP_WAIT allocations:
+the caller can not sleep (typically intr context), or does not want
+to incur cost overheads of page stealing and possible swap io for
+whatever reasons.
+
+__GFP_IO allocation requests are made to prevent file system deadlocks.
+
+In the absence of non sleepable allocation requests, it seems detrimental
+to be doing balancing. Page reclamation can be kicked off lazily, that
+is, only when needed (aka zone free memory is 0), instead of making it
+a proactive process.
+
+That being said, the kernel should try to fulfill requests for direct
+mapped pages from the direct mapped pool, instead of falling back on
+the dma pool, so as to keep the dma pool filled for dma requests (atomic
+or not). A similar argument applies to highmem and direct mapped pages.
+OTOH, if there is a lot of free dma pages, it is preferable to satisfy
+regular memory requests by allocating one from the dma pool, instead
+of incurring the overhead of regular zone balancing.
+
+In 2.2, memory balancing/page reclamation would kick off only when the
+_total_ number of free pages fell below 1/64 th of total memory. With the
+right ratio of dma and regular memory, it is quite possible that balancing
+would not be done even when the dma zone was completely empty. 2.2 has
+been running production machines of varying memory sizes, and seems to be
+doing fine even with the presence of this problem. In 2.3, due to
+HIGHMEM, this problem is aggravated.
+
+In 2.3, zone balancing can be done in one of two ways: depending on the
+zone size (and possibly of the size of lower class zones), we can decide
+at init time how many free pages we should aim for while balancing any
+zone. The good part is, while balancing, we do not need to look at sizes
+of lower class zones, the bad part is, we might do too frequent balancing
+due to ignoring possibly lower usage in the lower class zones. Also,
+with a slight change in the allocation routine, it is possible to reduce
+the memclass() macro to be a simple equality.
+
+Another possible solution is that we balance only when the free memory
+of a zone _and_ all its lower class zones falls below 1/64th of the
+total memory in the zone and its lower class zones. This fixes the 2.2
+balancing problem, and stays as close to 2.2 behavior as possible. Also,
+the balancing algorithm works the same way on the various architectures,
+which have different numbers and types of zones. If we wanted to get
+fancy, we could assign different weights to free pages in different
+zones in the future.
+
+Note that if the size of the regular zone is huge compared to dma zone,
+it becomes less significant to consider the free dma pages while
+deciding whether to balance the regular zone. The first solution
+becomes more attractive then.
+
+The appended patch implements the second solution. It also "fixes" two
+problems: first, kswapd is woken up as in 2.2 on low memory conditions
+for non-sleepable allocations. Second, the HIGHMEM zone is also balanced,
+so as to give a fighting chance for replace_with_highmem() to get a
+HIGHMEM page, as well as to ensure that HIGHMEM allocations do not
+fall back into regular zone. This also makes sure that HIGHMEM pages
+are not leaked (for example, in situations where a HIGHMEM page is in
+the swapcache but is not being used by anyone)
+
+kswapd also needs to know about the zones it should balance. kswapd is
+primarily needed in a situation where balancing can not be done,
+probably because all allocation requests are coming from intr context
+and all process contexts are sleeping. For 2.3, kswapd does not really
+need to balance the highmem zone, since intr context does not request
+highmem pages. kswapd looks at the zone_wake_kswapd field in the zone
+structure to decide whether a zone needs balancing.
+
+Page stealing from process memory and shm is done if stealing the page would
+alleviate memory pressure on any zone in the page's node that has fallen below
+its watermark.
+
+pages_min/pages_low/pages_high/low_on_memory/zone_wake_kswapd: These are
+per-zone fields, used to determine when a zone needs to be balanced. When
+the number of pages falls below pages_min, the hysteric field low_on_memory
+gets set. This stays set till the number of free pages becomes pages_high.
+When low_on_memory is set, page allocation requests will try to free some
+pages in the zone (providing GFP_WAIT is set in the request). Orthogonal
+to this, is the decision to poke kswapd to free some zone pages. That
+decision is not hysteresis based, and is done when the number of free
+pages is below pages_low; in which case zone_wake_kswapd is also set.
+
+
+(Good) Ideas that I have heard:
+1. Dynamic experience should influence balancing: number of failed requests
+for a zone can be tracked and fed into the balancing scheme (jalvo@mbay.net)
+2. Implement a replace_with_highmem()-like replace_with_regular() to preserve
+dma pages. (lkd@tantalophile.demon.co.uk)
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt b/Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b9bcd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+
+The intent of this file is to give a brief summary of hugetlbpage support in
+the Linux kernel. This support is built on top of multiple page size support
+that is provided by most modern architectures. For example, i386
+architecture supports 4K and 4M (2M in PAE mode) page sizes, ia64
+architecture supports multiple page sizes 4K, 8K, 64K, 256K, 1M, 4M, 16M,
+256M and ppc64 supports 4K and 16M. A TLB is a cache of virtual-to-physical
+translations. Typically this is a very scarce resource on processor.
+Operating systems try to make best use of limited number of TLB resources.
+This optimization is more critical now as bigger and bigger physical memories
+(several GBs) are more readily available.
+
+Users can use the huge page support in Linux kernel by either using the mmap
+system call or standard SYSv shared memory system calls (shmget, shmat).
+
+First the Linux kernel needs to be built with CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE (present
+under Processor types and feature) and CONFIG_HUGETLBFS (present under file
+system option on config menu) config options.
+
+The kernel built with hugepage support should show the number of configured
+hugepages in the system by running the "cat /proc/meminfo" command.
+
+/proc/meminfo also provides information about the total number of hugetlb
+pages configured in the kernel. It also displays information about the
+number of free hugetlb pages at any time. It also displays information about
+the configured hugepage size - this is needed for generating the proper
+alignment and size of the arguments to the above system calls.
+
+The output of "cat /proc/meminfo" will have output like:
+
+.....
+HugePages_Total: xxx
+HugePages_Free: yyy
+Hugepagesize: zzz KB
+
+/proc/filesystems should also show a filesystem of type "hugetlbfs" configured
+in the kernel.
+
+/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages indicates the current number of configured hugetlb
+pages in the kernel. Super user can dynamically request more (or free some
+pre-configured) hugepages.
+The allocation( or deallocation) of hugetlb pages is posible only if there are
+enough physically contiguous free pages in system (freeing of hugepages is
+possible only if there are enough hugetlb pages free that can be transfered
+back to regular memory pool).
+
+Pages that are used as hugetlb pages are reserved inside the kernel and can
+not be used for other purposes.
+
+Once the kernel with Hugetlb page support is built and running, a user can
+use either the mmap system call or shared memory system calls to start using
+the huge pages. It is required that the system administrator preallocate
+enough memory for huge page purposes.
+
+Use the following command to dynamically allocate/deallocate hugepages:
+
+ echo 20 > /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
+
+This command will try to configure 20 hugepages in the system. The success
+or failure of allocation depends on the amount of physically contiguous
+memory that is preset in system at this time. System administrators may want
+to put this command in one of the local rc init file. This will enable the
+kernel to request huge pages early in the boot process (when the possibility
+of getting physical contiguous pages is still very high).
+
+If the user applications are going to request hugepages using mmap system
+call, then it is required that system administrator mount a file system of
+type hugetlbfs:
+
+ mount none /mnt/huge -t hugetlbfs <uid=value> <gid=value> <mode=value>
+ <size=value> <nr_inodes=value>
+
+This command mounts a (pseudo) filesystem of type hugetlbfs on the directory
+/mnt/huge. Any files created on /mnt/huge uses hugepages. The uid and gid
+options sets the owner and group of the root of the file system. By default
+the uid and gid of the current process are taken. The mode option sets the
+mode of root of file system to value & 0777. This value is given in octal.
+By default the value 0755 is picked. The size option sets the maximum value of
+memory (huge pages) allowed for that filesystem (/mnt/huge). The size is
+rounded down to HPAGE_SIZE. The option nr_inode sets the maximum number of
+inodes that /mnt/huge can use. If the size or nr_inode options are not
+provided on command line then no limits are set. For size and nr_inodes
+options, you can use [G|g]/[M|m]/[K|k] to represent giga/mega/kilo. For
+example, size=2K has the same meaning as size=2048. An example is given at
+the end of this document.
+
+read and write system calls are not supported on files that reside on hugetlb
+file systems.
+
+A regular chown, chgrp and chmod commands (with right permissions) could be
+used to change the file attributes on hugetlbfs.
+
+Also, it is important to note that no such mount command is required if the
+applications are going to use only shmat/shmget system calls. Users who
+wish to use hugetlb page via shared memory segment should be a member of
+a supplementary group and system admin needs to configure that gid into
+/proc/sys/vm/hugetlb_shm_group. It is possible for same or different
+applications to use any combination of mmaps and shm* calls. Though the
+mount of filesystem will be required for using mmaps.
+
+*******************************************************************
+
+/*
+ * Example of using hugepage memory in a user application using Sys V shared
+ * memory system calls. In this example the app is requesting 256MB of
+ * memory that is backed by huge pages. The application uses the flag
+ * SHM_HUGETLB in the shmget system call to inform the kernel that it is
+ * requesting hugepages.
+ *
+ * For the ia64 architecture, the Linux kernel reserves Region number 4 for
+ * hugepages. That means the addresses starting with 0x800000... will need
+ * to be specified. Specifying a fixed address is not required on ppc64,
+ * i386 or x86_64.
+ *
+ * Note: The default shared memory limit is quite low on many kernels,
+ * you may need to increase it via:
+ *
+ * echo 268435456 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
+ *
+ * This will increase the maximum size per shared memory segment to 256MB.
+ * The other limit that you will hit eventually is shmall which is the
+ * total amount of shared memory in pages. To set it to 16GB on a system
+ * with a 4kB pagesize do:
+ *
+ * echo 4194304 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
+ */
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/ipc.h>
+#include <sys/shm.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+#ifndef SHM_HUGETLB
+#define SHM_HUGETLB 04000
+#endif
+
+#define LENGTH (256UL*1024*1024)
+
+#define dprintf(x) printf(x)
+
+/* Only ia64 requires this */
+#ifdef __ia64__
+#define ADDR (void *)(0x8000000000000000UL)
+#define SHMAT_FLAGS (SHM_RND)
+#else
+#define ADDR (void *)(0x0UL)
+#define SHMAT_FLAGS (0)
+#endif
+
+int main(void)
+{
+ int shmid;
+ unsigned long i;
+ char *shmaddr;
+
+ if ((shmid = shmget(2, LENGTH,
+ SHM_HUGETLB | IPC_CREAT | SHM_R | SHM_W)) < 0) {
+ perror("shmget");
+ exit(1);
+ }
+ printf("shmid: 0x%x\n", shmid);
+
+ shmaddr = shmat(shmid, ADDR, SHMAT_FLAGS);
+ if (shmaddr == (char *)-1) {
+ perror("Shared memory attach failure");
+ shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
+ exit(2);
+ }
+ printf("shmaddr: %p\n", shmaddr);
+
+ dprintf("Starting the writes:\n");
+ for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++) {
+ shmaddr[i] = (char)(i);
+ if (!(i % (1024 * 1024)))
+ dprintf(".");
+ }
+ dprintf("\n");
+
+ dprintf("Starting the Check...");
+ for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++)
+ if (shmaddr[i] != (char)i)
+ printf("\nIndex %lu mismatched\n", i);
+ dprintf("Done.\n");
+
+ if (shmdt((const void *)shmaddr) != 0) {
+ perror("Detach failure");
+ shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
+ exit(3);
+ }
+
+ shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+*******************************************************************
+
+/*
+ * Example of using hugepage memory in a user application using the mmap
+ * system call. Before running this application, make sure that the
+ * administrator has mounted the hugetlbfs filesystem (on some directory
+ * like /mnt) using the command mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /mnt. In this
+ * example, the app is requesting memory of size 256MB that is backed by
+ * huge pages.
+ *
+ * For ia64 architecture, Linux kernel reserves Region number 4 for hugepages.
+ * That means the addresses starting with 0x800000... will need to be
+ * specified. Specifying a fixed address is not required on ppc64, i386
+ * or x86_64.
+ */
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#define FILE_NAME "/mnt/hugepagefile"
+#define LENGTH (256UL*1024*1024)
+#define PROTECTION (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)
+
+/* Only ia64 requires this */
+#ifdef __ia64__
+#define ADDR (void *)(0x8000000000000000UL)
+#define FLAGS (MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED)
+#else
+#define ADDR (void *)(0x0UL)
+#define FLAGS (MAP_SHARED)
+#endif
+
+void check_bytes(char *addr)
+{
+ printf("First hex is %x\n", *((unsigned int *)addr));
+}
+
+void write_bytes(char *addr)
+{
+ unsigned long i;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++)
+ *(addr + i) = (char)i;
+}
+
+void read_bytes(char *addr)
+{
+ unsigned long i;
+
+ check_bytes(addr);
+ for (i = 0; i < LENGTH; i++)
+ if (*(addr + i) != (char)i) {
+ printf("Mismatch at %lu\n", i);
+ break;
+ }
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+ void *addr;
+ int fd;
+
+ fd = open(FILE_NAME, O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0755);
+ if (fd < 0) {
+ perror("Open failed");
+ exit(1);
+ }
+
+ addr = mmap(ADDR, LENGTH, PROTECTION, FLAGS, fd, 0);
+ if (addr == MAP_FAILED) {
+ perror("mmap");
+ unlink(FILE_NAME);
+ exit(1);
+ }
+
+ printf("Returned address is %p\n", addr);
+ check_bytes(addr);
+ write_bytes(addr);
+ read_bytes(addr);
+
+ munmap(addr, LENGTH);
+ close(fd);
+ unlink(FILE_NAME);
+
+ return 0;
+}
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/locking b/Documentation/vm/locking
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3ef09a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/locking
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+Started Oct 1999 by Kanoj Sarcar <kanojsarcar@yahoo.com>
+
+The intent of this file is to have an uptodate, running commentary
+from different people about how locking and synchronization is done
+in the Linux vm code.
+
+page_table_lock & mmap_sem
+--------------------------------------
+
+Page stealers pick processes out of the process pool and scan for
+the best process to steal pages from. To guarantee the existence
+of the victim mm, a mm_count inc and a mmdrop are done in swap_out().
+Page stealers hold kernel_lock to protect against a bunch of races.
+The vma list of the victim mm is also scanned by the stealer,
+and the page_table_lock is used to preserve list sanity against the
+process adding/deleting to the list. This also guarantees existence
+of the vma. Vma existence is not guaranteed once try_to_swap_out()
+drops the page_table_lock. To guarantee the existence of the underlying
+file structure, a get_file is done before the swapout() method is
+invoked. The page passed into swapout() is guaranteed not to be reused
+for a different purpose because the page reference count due to being
+present in the user's pte is not released till after swapout() returns.
+
+Any code that modifies the vmlist, or the vm_start/vm_end/
+vm_flags:VM_LOCKED/vm_next of any vma *in the list* must prevent
+kswapd from looking at the chain.
+
+The rules are:
+1. To scan the vmlist (look but don't touch) you must hold the
+ mmap_sem with read bias, i.e. down_read(&mm->mmap_sem)
+2. To modify the vmlist you need to hold the mmap_sem with
+ read&write bias, i.e. down_write(&mm->mmap_sem) *AND*
+ you need to take the page_table_lock.
+3. The swapper takes _just_ the page_table_lock, this is done
+ because the mmap_sem can be an extremely long lived lock
+ and the swapper just cannot sleep on that.
+4. The exception to this rule is expand_stack, which just
+ takes the read lock and the page_table_lock, this is ok
+ because it doesn't really modify fields anybody relies on.
+5. You must be able to guarantee that while holding page_table_lock
+ or page_table_lock of mm A, you will not try to get either lock
+ for mm B.
+
+The caveats are:
+1. find_vma() makes use of, and updates, the mmap_cache pointer hint.
+The update of mmap_cache is racy (page stealer can race with other code
+that invokes find_vma with mmap_sem held), but that is okay, since it
+is a hint. This can be fixed, if desired, by having find_vma grab the
+page_table_lock.
+
+
+Code that add/delete elements from the vmlist chain are
+1. callers of insert_vm_struct
+2. callers of merge_segments
+3. callers of avl_remove
+
+Code that changes vm_start/vm_end/vm_flags:VM_LOCKED of vma's on
+the list:
+1. expand_stack
+2. mprotect
+3. mlock
+4. mremap
+
+It is advisable that changes to vm_start/vm_end be protected, although
+in some cases it is not really needed. Eg, vm_start is modified by
+expand_stack(), it is hard to come up with a destructive scenario without
+having the vmlist protection in this case.
+
+The page_table_lock nests with the inode i_mmap_lock and the kmem cache
+c_spinlock spinlocks. This is okay, since the kmem code asks for pages after
+dropping c_spinlock. The page_table_lock also nests with pagecache_lock and
+pagemap_lru_lock spinlocks, and no code asks for memory with these locks
+held.
+
+The page_table_lock is grabbed while holding the kernel_lock spinning monitor.
+
+The page_table_lock is a spin lock.
+
+Note: PTL can also be used to guarantee that no new clones using the
+mm start up ... this is a loose form of stability on mm_users. For
+example, it is used in copy_mm to protect against a racing tlb_gather_mmu
+single address space optimization, so that the zap_page_range (from
+vmtruncate) does not lose sending ipi's to cloned threads that might
+be spawned underneath it and go to user mode to drag in pte's into tlbs.
+
+swap_list_lock/swap_device_lock
+-------------------------------
+The swap devices are chained in priority order from the "swap_list" header.
+The "swap_list" is used for the round-robin swaphandle allocation strategy.
+The #free swaphandles is maintained in "nr_swap_pages". These two together
+are protected by the swap_list_lock.
+
+The swap_device_lock, which is per swap device, protects the reference
+counts on the corresponding swaphandles, maintained in the "swap_map"
+array, and the "highest_bit" and "lowest_bit" fields.
+
+Both of these are spinlocks, and are never acquired from intr level. The
+locking hierarchy is swap_list_lock -> swap_device_lock.
+
+To prevent races between swap space deletion or async readahead swapins
+deciding whether a swap handle is being used, ie worthy of being read in
+from disk, and an unmap -> swap_free making the handle unused, the swap
+delete and readahead code grabs a temp reference on the swaphandle to
+prevent warning messages from swap_duplicate <- read_swap_cache_async.
+
+Swap cache locking
+------------------
+Pages are added into the swap cache with kernel_lock held, to make sure
+that multiple pages are not being added (and hence lost) by associating
+all of them with the same swaphandle.
+
+Pages are guaranteed not to be removed from the scache if the page is
+"shared": ie, other processes hold reference on the page or the associated
+swap handle. The only code that does not follow this rule is shrink_mmap,
+which deletes pages from the swap cache if no process has a reference on
+the page (multiple processes might have references on the corresponding
+swap handle though). lookup_swap_cache() races with shrink_mmap, when
+establishing a reference on a scache page, so, it must check whether the
+page it located is still in the swapcache, or shrink_mmap deleted it.
+(This race is due to the fact that shrink_mmap looks at the page ref
+count with pagecache_lock, but then drops pagecache_lock before deleting
+the page from the scache).
+
+do_wp_page and do_swap_page have MP races in them while trying to figure
+out whether a page is "shared", by looking at the page_count + swap_count.
+To preserve the sum of the counts, the page lock _must_ be acquired before
+calling is_page_shared (else processes might switch their swap_count refs
+to the page count refs, after the page count ref has been snapshotted).
+
+Swap device deletion code currently breaks all the scache assumptions,
+since it grabs neither mmap_sem nor page_table_lock.
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/numa b/Documentation/vm/numa
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b8db1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/numa
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+Started Nov 1999 by Kanoj Sarcar <kanoj@sgi.com>
+
+The intent of this file is to have an uptodate, running commentary
+from different people about NUMA specific code in the Linux vm.
+
+What is NUMA? It is an architecture where the memory access times
+for different regions of memory from a given processor varies
+according to the "distance" of the memory region from the processor.
+Each region of memory to which access times are the same from any
+cpu, is called a node. On such architectures, it is beneficial if
+the kernel tries to minimize inter node communications. Schemes
+for this range from kernel text and read-only data replication
+across nodes, and trying to house all the data structures that
+key components of the kernel need on memory on that node.
+
+Currently, all the numa support is to provide efficient handling
+of widely discontiguous physical memory, so architectures which
+are not NUMA but can have huge holes in the physical address space
+can use the same code. All this code is bracketed by CONFIG_DISCONTIGMEM.
+
+The initial port includes NUMAizing the bootmem allocator code by
+encapsulating all the pieces of information into a bootmem_data_t
+structure. Node specific calls have been added to the allocator.
+In theory, any platform which uses the bootmem allocator should
+be able to to put the bootmem and mem_map data structures anywhere
+it deems best.
+
+Each node's page allocation data structures have also been encapsulated
+into a pg_data_t. The bootmem_data_t is just one part of this. To
+make the code look uniform between NUMA and regular UMA platforms,
+UMA platforms have a statically allocated pg_data_t too (contig_page_data).
+For the sake of uniformity, the function num_online_nodes() is also defined
+for all platforms. As we run benchmarks, we might decide to NUMAize
+more variables like low_on_memory, nr_free_pages etc into the pg_data_t.
+
+The NUMA aware page allocation code currently tries to allocate pages
+from different nodes in a round robin manner. This will be changed to
+do concentratic circle search, starting from current node, once the
+NUMA port achieves more maturity. The call alloc_pages_node has been
+added, so that drivers can make the call and not worry about whether
+it is running on a NUMA or UMA platform.
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting b/Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21c7b1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+The Linux kernel supports the following overcommit handling modes
+
+0 - Heuristic overcommit handling. Obvious overcommits of
+ address space are refused. Used for a typical system. It
+ ensures a seriously wild allocation fails while allowing
+ overcommit to reduce swap usage. root is allowed to
+ allocate slighly more memory in this mode. This is the
+ default.
+
+1 - Always overcommit. Appropriate for some scientific
+ applications.
+
+2 - Don't overcommit. The total address space commit
+ for the system is not permitted to exceed swap + a
+ configurable percentage (default is 50) of physical RAM.
+ Depending on the percentage you use, in most situations
+ this means a process will not be killed while accessing
+ pages but will receive errors on memory allocation as
+ appropriate.
+
+The overcommit policy is set via the sysctl `vm.overcommit_memory'.
+
+The overcommit percentage is set via `vm.overcommit_ratio'.
+
+The current overcommit limit and amount committed are viewable in
+/proc/meminfo as CommitLimit and Committed_AS respectively.
+
+Gotchas
+-------
+
+The C language stack growth does an implicit mremap. If you want absolute
+guarantees and run close to the edge you MUST mmap your stack for the
+largest size you think you will need. For typical stack usage this does
+not matter much but it's a corner case if you really really care
+
+In mode 2 the MAP_NORESERVE flag is ignored.
+
+
+How It Works
+------------
+
+The overcommit is based on the following rules
+
+For a file backed map
+ SHARED or READ-only - 0 cost (the file is the map not swap)
+ PRIVATE WRITABLE - size of mapping per instance
+
+For an anonymous or /dev/zero map
+ SHARED - size of mapping
+ PRIVATE READ-only - 0 cost (but of little use)
+ PRIVATE WRITABLE - size of mapping per instance
+
+Additional accounting
+ Pages made writable copies by mmap
+ shmfs memory drawn from the same pool
+
+Status
+------
+
+o We account mmap memory mappings
+o We account mprotect changes in commit
+o We account mremap changes in size
+o We account brk
+o We account munmap
+o We report the commit status in /proc
+o Account and check on fork
+o Review stack handling/building on exec
+o SHMfs accounting
+o Implement actual limit enforcement
+
+To Do
+-----
+o Account ptrace pages (this is hard)
diff --git a/Documentation/voyager.txt b/Documentation/voyager.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2749af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/voyager.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+Running Linux on the Voyager Architecture
+=========================================
+
+For full details and current project status, see
+
+http://www.hansenpartnership.com/voyager
+
+The voyager architecture was designed by NCR in the mid 80s to be a
+fully SMP capable RAS computing architecture built around intel's 486
+chip set. The voyager came in three levels of architectural
+sophistication: 3,4 and 5 --- 1 and 2 never made it out of prototype.
+The linux patches support only the Level 5 voyager architecture (any
+machine class 3435 and above).
+
+The Voyager Architecture
+------------------------
+
+Voyager machines consist of a Baseboard with a 386 diagnostic
+processor, a Power Supply Interface (PSI) a Primary and possibly
+Secondary Microchannel bus and between 2 and 20 voyager slots. The
+voyager slots can be populated with memory and cpu cards (up to 4GB
+memory and from 1 486 to 32 Pentium Pro processors). Internally, the
+voyager has a dual arbitrated system bus and a configuration and test
+bus (CAT). The voyager bus speed is 40MHz. Therefore (since all
+voyager cards are dual ported for each system bus) the maximum
+transfer rate is 320Mb/s but only if you have your slot configuration
+tuned (only memory cards can communicate with both busses at once, CPU
+cards utilise them one at a time).
+
+Voyager SMP
+-----------
+
+Since voyager was the first intel based SMP system, it is slightly
+more primitive than the Intel IO-APIC approach to SMP. Voyager allows
+arbitrary interrupt routing (including processor affinity routing) of
+all 16 PC type interrupts. However it does this by using a modified
+5259 master/slave chip set instead of an APIC bus. Additionally,
+voyager supports Cross Processor Interrupts (CPI) equivalent to the
+APIC IPIs. There are two routed voyager interrupt lines provided to
+each slot.
+
+Processor Cards
+---------------
+
+These come in single, dyadic and quad configurations (the quads are
+problematic--see later). The maximum configuration is 8 quad cards
+for 32 way SMP.
+
+Quad Processors
+---------------
+
+Because voyager only supplies two interrupt lines to each Processor
+card, the Quad processors have to be configured (and Bootstrapped) in
+as a pair of Master/Slave processors.
+
+In fact, most Quad cards only accept one VIC interrupt line, so they
+have one interrupt handling processor (called the VIC extended
+processor) and three non-interrupt handling processors.
+
+Current Status
+--------------
+
+The System will boot on Mono, Dyad and Quad cards. There was
+originally a Quad boot problem which has been fixed by proper gdt
+alignment in the initial boot loader. If you still cannot get your
+voyager system to boot, email me at:
+
+<J.E.J.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
+
+
+The Quad cards now support using the separate Quad CPI vectors instead
+of going through the VIC mailbox system.
+
+The Level 4 architecture (3430 and 3360 Machines) should also work
+fine.
+
+Dump Switch
+-----------
+
+The voyager dump switch sends out a broadcast NMI which the voyager
+code intercepts and does a task dump.
+
+Power Switch
+------------
+
+The front panel power switch is intercepted by the kernel and should
+cause a system shutdown and power off.
+
+A Note About Mixed CPU Systems
+------------------------------
+
+Linux isn't designed to handle mixed CPU systems very well. In order
+to get everything going you *must* make sure that your lowest
+capability CPU is used for booting. Also, mixing CPU classes
+(e.g. 486 and 586) is really not going to work very well at all.
diff --git a/Documentation/w1/w1.generic b/Documentation/w1/w1.generic
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eace304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/w1/w1.generic
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Any w1 device must be connected to w1 bus master device - for example
+ds9490 usb device or w1-over-GPIO or RS232 converter.
+Driver for w1 bus master must provide several functions(you can find
+them in struct w1_bus_master definition in w1.h) which then will be
+called by w1 core to send various commands over w1 bus(by default it is
+reset and search commands). When some device is found on the bus, w1 core
+checks if driver for it's family is loaded.
+If driver is loaded w1 core creates new w1_slave object and registers it
+in the system(creates some generic sysfs files(struct w1_family_ops in
+w1_family.h), notifies any registered listener and so on...).
+It is device driver's business to provide any communication method
+upstream.
+For example w1_therm driver(ds18?20 thermal sensor family driver)
+provides temperature reading function which is bound to ->rbin() method
+of the above w1_family_ops structure.
+w1_smem - driver for simple 64bit memory cell provides ID reading
+method.
+
+You can call above methods by reading appropriate sysfs files.
diff --git a/Documentation/watchdog/pcwd-watchdog.txt b/Documentation/watchdog/pcwd-watchdog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12187a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/watchdog/pcwd-watchdog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+ Berkshire Products PC Watchdog Card
+ Support for ISA Cards Revision A and C
+ Documentation and Driver by Ken Hollis <kenji@bitgate.com>
+
+ The PC Watchdog is a card that offers the same type of functionality that
+ the WDT card does, only it doesn't require an IRQ to run. Furthermore,
+ the Revision C card allows you to monitor any IO Port to automatically
+ trigger the card into being reset. This way you can make the card
+ monitor hard drive status, or anything else you need.
+
+ The Watchdog Driver has one basic role: to talk to the card and send
+ signals to it so it doesn't reset your computer ... at least during
+ normal operation.
+
+ The Watchdog Driver will automatically find your watchdog card, and will
+ attach a running driver for use with that card. After the watchdog
+ drivers have initialized, you can then talk to the card using the PC
+ Watchdog program, available from http://ftp.bitgate.com/pcwd/.
+
+ I suggest putting a "watchdog -d" before the beginning of an fsck, and
+ a "watchdog -e -t 1" immediately after the end of an fsck. (Remember
+ to run the program with an "&" to run it in the background!)
+
+ If you want to write a program to be compatible with the PC Watchdog
+ driver, simply do the following:
+
+-- Snippet of code --
+/*
+ * Watchdog Driver Test Program
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <linux/watchdog.h>
+
+int fd;
+
+/*
+ * This function simply sends an IOCTL to the driver, which in turn ticks
+ * the PC Watchdog card to reset its internal timer so it doesn't trigger
+ * a computer reset.
+ */
+void keep_alive(void)
+{
+ int dummy;
+
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_KEEPALIVE, &dummy);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The main program. Run the program with "-d" to disable the card,
+ * or "-e" to enable the card.
+ */
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+ fd = open("/dev/watchdog", O_WRONLY);
+
+ if (fd == -1) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "Watchdog device not enabled.\n");
+ fflush(stderr);
+ exit(-1);
+ }
+
+ if (argc > 1) {
+ if (!strncasecmp(argv[1], "-d", 2)) {
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETOPTIONS, WDIOS_DISABLECARD);
+ fprintf(stderr, "Watchdog card disabled.\n");
+ fflush(stderr);
+ exit(0);
+ } else if (!strncasecmp(argv[1], "-e", 2)) {
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETOPTIONS, WDIOS_ENABLECARD);
+ fprintf(stderr, "Watchdog card enabled.\n");
+ fflush(stderr);
+ exit(0);
+ } else {
+ fprintf(stderr, "-d to disable, -e to enable.\n");
+ fprintf(stderr, "run by itself to tick the card.\n");
+ fflush(stderr);
+ exit(0);
+ }
+ } else {
+ fprintf(stderr, "Watchdog Ticking Away!\n");
+ fflush(stderr);
+ }
+
+ while(1) {
+ keep_alive();
+ sleep(1);
+ }
+}
+-- End snippet --
+
+ Other IOCTL functions include:
+
+ WDIOC_GETSUPPORT
+ This returns the support of the card itself. This
+ returns in structure "PCWDS" which returns:
+ options = WDIOS_TEMPPANIC
+ (This card supports temperature)
+ firmware_version = xxxx
+ (Firmware version of the card)
+
+ WDIOC_GETSTATUS
+ This returns the status of the card, with the bits of
+ WDIOF_* bitwise-anded into the value. (The comments
+ are in linux/pcwd.h)
+
+ WDIOC_GETBOOTSTATUS
+ This returns the status of the card that was reported
+ at bootup.
+
+ WDIOC_GETTEMP
+ This returns the temperature of the card. (You can also
+ read /dev/watchdog, which gives a temperature update
+ every second.)
+
+ WDIOC_SETOPTIONS
+ This lets you set the options of the card. You can either
+ enable or disable the card this way.
+
+ WDIOC_KEEPALIVE
+ This pings the card to tell it not to reset your computer.
+
+ And that's all she wrote!
+
+ -- Ken Hollis
+ (kenji@bitgate.com)
+
+(This documentation may be out of date. Check
+ http://ftp.bitgate.com/pcwd/ for the absolute latest additions.)
diff --git a/Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-api.txt b/Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-api.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28388aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-api.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+The Linux Watchdog driver API.
+
+Copyright 2002 Christer Weingel <wingel@nano-system.com>
+
+Some parts of this document are copied verbatim from the sbc60xxwdt
+driver which is (c) Copyright 2000 Jakob Oestergaard <jakob@ostenfeld.dk>
+
+This document describes the state of the Linux 2.4.18 kernel.
+
+Introduction:
+
+A Watchdog Timer (WDT) is a hardware circuit that can reset the
+computer system in case of a software fault. You probably knew that
+already.
+
+Usually a userspace daemon will notify the kernel watchdog driver via the
+/dev/watchdog special device file that userspace is still alive, at
+regular intervals. When such a notification occurs, the driver will
+usually tell the hardware watchdog that everything is in order, and
+that the watchdog should wait for yet another little while to reset
+the system. If userspace fails (RAM error, kernel bug, whatever), the
+notifications cease to occur, and the hardware watchdog will reset the
+system (causing a reboot) after the timeout occurs.
+
+The Linux watchdog API is a rather AD hoc construction and different
+drivers implement different, and sometimes incompatible, parts of it.
+This file is an attempt to document the existing usage and allow
+future driver writers to use it as a reference.
+
+The simplest API:
+
+All drivers support the basic mode of operation, where the watchdog
+activates as soon as /dev/watchdog is opened and will reboot unless
+the watchdog is pinged within a certain time, this time is called the
+timeout or margin. The simplest way to ping the watchdog is to write
+some data to the device. So a very simple watchdog daemon would look
+like this:
+
+int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
+ int fd=open("/dev/watchdog",O_WRONLY);
+ if (fd==-1) {
+ perror("watchdog");
+ exit(1);
+ }
+ while(1) {
+ write(fd, "\0", 1);
+ sleep(10);
+ }
+}
+
+A more advanced driver could for example check that a HTTP server is
+still responding before doing the write call to ping the watchdog.
+
+When the device is closed, the watchdog is disabled. This is not
+always such a good idea, since if there is a bug in the watchdog
+daemon and it crashes the system will not reboot. Because of this,
+some of the drivers support the configuration option "Disable watchdog
+shutdown on close", CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT. If it is set to Y when
+compiling the kernel, there is no way of disabling the watchdog once
+it has been started. So, if the watchdog dameon crashes, the system
+will reboot after the timeout has passed.
+
+Some other drivers will not disable the watchdog, unless a specific
+magic character 'V' has been sent /dev/watchdog just before closing
+the file. If the userspace daemon closes the file without sending
+this special character, the driver will assume that the daemon (and
+userspace in general) died, and will stop pinging the watchdog without
+disabling it first. This will then cause a reboot.
+
+The ioctl API:
+
+All conforming drivers also support an ioctl API.
+
+Pinging the watchdog using an ioctl:
+
+All drivers that have an ioctl interface support at least one ioctl,
+KEEPALIVE. This ioctl does exactly the same thing as a write to the
+watchdog device, so the main loop in the above program could be
+replaced with:
+
+ while (1) {
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_KEEPALIVE, 0);
+ sleep(10);
+ }
+
+the argument to the ioctl is ignored.
+
+Setting and getting the timeout:
+
+For some drivers it is possible to modify the watchdog timeout on the
+fly with the SETTIMEOUT ioctl, those drivers have the WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT
+flag set in their option field. The argument is an integer
+representing the timeout in seconds. The driver returns the real
+timeout used in the same variable, and this timeout might differ from
+the requested one due to limitation of the hardware.
+
+ int timeout = 45;
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETTIMEOUT, &timeout);
+ printf("The timeout was set to %d seconds\n", timeout);
+
+This example might actually print "The timeout was set to 60 seconds"
+if the device has a granularity of minutes for its timeout.
+
+Starting with the Linux 2.4.18 kernel, it is possible to query the
+current timeout using the GETTIMEOUT ioctl.
+
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETTIMEOUT, &timeout);
+ printf("The timeout was is %d seconds\n", timeout);
+
+Envinronmental monitoring:
+
+All watchdog drivers are required return more information about the system,
+some do temperature, fan and power level monitoring, some can tell you
+the reason for the last reboot of the system. The GETSUPPORT ioctl is
+available to ask what the device can do:
+
+ struct watchdog_info ident;
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETSUPPORT, &ident);
+
+the fields returned in the ident struct are:
+
+ identity a string identifying the watchdog driver
+ firmware_version the firmware version of the card if available
+ options a flags describing what the device supports
+
+the options field can have the following bits set, and describes what
+kind of information that the GET_STATUS and GET_BOOT_STATUS ioctls can
+return. [FIXME -- Is this correct?]
+
+ WDIOF_OVERHEAT Reset due to CPU overheat
+
+The machine was last rebooted by the watchdog because the thermal limit was
+exceeded
+
+ WDIOF_FANFAULT Fan failed
+
+A system fan monitored by the watchdog card has failed
+
+ WDIOF_EXTERN1 External relay 1
+
+External monitoring relay/source 1 was triggered. Controllers intended for
+real world applications include external monitoring pins that will trigger
+a reset.
+
+ WDIOF_EXTERN2 External relay 2
+
+External monitoring relay/source 2 was triggered
+
+ WDIOF_POWERUNDER Power bad/power fault
+
+The machine is showing an undervoltage status
+
+ WDIOF_CARDRESET Card previously reset the CPU
+
+The last reboot was caused by the watchdog card
+
+ WDIOF_POWEROVER Power over voltage
+
+The machine is showing an overvoltage status. Note that if one level is
+under and one over both bits will be set - this may seem odd but makes
+sense.
+
+ WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING Keep alive ping reply
+
+The watchdog saw a keepalive ping since it was last queried.
+
+ WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT Can set/get the timeout
+
+
+For those drivers that return any bits set in the option field, the
+GETSTATUS and GETBOOTSTATUS ioctls can be used to ask for the current
+status, and the status at the last reboot, respectively.
+
+ int flags;
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETSTATUS, &flags);
+
+ or
+
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETBOOTSTATUS, &flags);
+
+Note that not all devices support these two calls, and some only
+support the GETBOOTSTATUS call.
+
+Some drivers can measure the temperature using the GETTEMP ioctl. The
+returned value is the temperature in degrees farenheit.
+
+ int temperature;
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETTEMP, &temperature);
+
+Finally the SETOPTIONS ioctl can be used to control some aspects of
+the cards operation; right now the pcwd driver is the only one
+supporting thiss ioctl.
+
+ int options = 0;
+ ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETOPTIONS, options);
+
+The following options are available:
+
+ WDIOS_DISABLECARD Turn off the watchdog timer
+ WDIOS_ENABLECARD Turn on the watchdog timer
+ WDIOS_TEMPPANIC Kernel panic on temperature trip
+
+[FIXME -- better explanations]
+
+Implementations in the current drivers in the kernel tree:
+
+Here I have tried to summarize what the different drivers support and
+where they do strange things compared to the other drivers.
+
+acquirewdt.c -- Acquire Single Board Computer
+
+ This driver has a hardcoded timeout of 1 minute
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns KEEPALIVEPING. GETSTATUS will return 1 if
+ the device is open, 0 if not. [FIXME -- isn't this rather
+ silly? To be able to use the ioctl, the device must be open
+ and so GETSTATUS will always return 1].
+
+advantechwdt.c -- Advantech Single Board Computer
+
+ Timeout that defaults to 60 seconds, supports SETTIMEOUT.
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING and WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT.
+ The GETSTATUS call returns if the device is open or not.
+ [FIXME -- silliness again?]
+
+eurotechwdt.c -- Eurotech CPU-1220/1410
+
+ The timeout can be set using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl and defaults
+ to 60 seconds.
+
+ Also has a module parameter "ev", event type which controls
+ what should happen on a timeout, the string "int" or anything
+ else that causes a reboot. [FIXME -- better description]
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns CARDRESET and WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT but
+ GETSTATUS is not supported and GETBOOTSTATUS just returns 0.
+
+i810-tco.c -- Intel 810 chipset
+
+ Also has support for a lot of other i8x0 stuff, but the
+ watchdog is one of the things.
+
+ The timeout is set using the module parameter "i810_margin",
+ which is in steps of 0.6 seconds where 2<i810_margin<64. The
+ driver supports the SETTIMEOUT ioctl.
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT.
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT. The GETSTATUS call
+ returns some kind of timer value which ist not compatible with
+ the other drivers. GETBOOT status returns some kind of
+ hardware specific boot status. [FIXME -- describe this]
+
+ib700wdt.c -- IB700 Single Board Computer
+
+ Default timeout of 30 seconds and the timeout is settable
+ using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl. Note that only a few timeout
+ values are supported.
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING and WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT.
+ The GETSTATUS call returns if the device is open or not.
+ [FIXME -- silliness again?]
+
+machzwd.c -- MachZ ZF-Logic
+
+ Hardcoded timeout of 10 seconds
+
+ Has a module parameter "action" that controls what happens
+ when the timeout runs out which can be 0 = RESET (default),
+ 1 = SMI, 2 = NMI, 3 = SCI.
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT and the magic character
+ 'V' close handling.
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING, and the GETSTATUS call
+ returns if the device is open or not. [FIXME -- silliness
+ again?]
+
+mixcomwd.c -- MixCom Watchdog
+
+ [FIXME -- I'm unable to tell what the timeout is]
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING, GETSTATUS returns if
+ the device is opened or not [FIXME -- I'm not really sure how
+ this works, there seems to be some magic connected to
+ CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT]
+
+pcwd.c -- Berkshire PC Watchdog
+
+ Hardcoded timeout of 1.5 seconds
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_OVERHEAT|WDIOF_CARDRESET and both
+ GETSTATUS and GETBOOTSTATUS return something useful.
+
+ The SETOPTIONS call can be used to enable and disable the card
+ and to ask the driver to call panic if the system overheats.
+
+sbc60xxwdt.c -- 60xx Single Board Computer
+
+ Hardcoded timeout of 10 seconds
+
+ Does not support CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT, but has the magic
+ character 'V' close handling.
+
+ No bits set in GETSUPPORT
+
+scx200.c -- National SCx200 CPUs
+
+ Not in the kernel yet.
+
+ The timeout is set using a module parameter "margin" which
+ defaults to 60 seconds. The timeout can also be set using
+ SETTIMEOUT and read using GETTIMEOUT.
+
+ Supports a module parameter "nowayout" that is initialized
+ with the value of CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT. Also supports the
+ magic character 'V' handling.
+
+shwdt.c -- SuperH 3/4 processors
+
+ [FIXME -- I'm unable to tell what the timeout is]
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING, and the GETSTATUS call
+ returns if the device is open or not. [FIXME -- silliness
+ again?]
+
+softdog.c -- Software watchdog
+
+ The timeout is set with the module parameter "soft_margin"
+ which defaults to 60 seconds, the timeout is also settable
+ using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl.
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT bit set in GETSUPPORT
+
+w83877f_wdt.c -- W83877F Computer
+
+ Hardcoded timeout of 30 seconds
+
+ Does not support CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT, but has the magic
+ character 'V' close handling.
+
+ No bits set in GETSUPPORT
+
+w83627hf_wdt.c -- w83627hf watchdog
+
+ Timeout that defaults to 60 seconds, supports SETTIMEOUT.
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING and WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT.
+ The GETSTATUS call returns if the device is open or not.
+
+wdt.c -- ICS WDT500/501 ISA and
+wdt_pci.c -- ICS WDT500/501 PCI
+
+ Default timeout of 60 seconds. The timeout is also settable
+ using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl.
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ GETSUPPORT returns with bits set depending on the actual
+ card. The WDT501 supports a lot of external monitoring, the
+ WDT500 much less.
+
+wdt285.c -- Footbridge watchdog
+
+ The timeout is set with the module parameter "soft_margin"
+ which defaults to 60 seconds. The timeout is also settable
+ using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl.
+
+ Does not support CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT bit set in GETSUPPORT
+
+wdt977.c -- Netwinder W83977AF chip
+
+ Hardcoded timeout of 3 minutes
+
+ Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
+
+ Does not support any ioctls at all.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/watchdog/watchdog.txt b/Documentation/watchdog/watchdog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dffda29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/watchdog/watchdog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+ Watchdog Timer Interfaces For The Linux Operating System
+
+ Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
+
+ Custom Linux Driver And Program Development
+
+
+The following watchdog drivers are currently implemented:
+
+ ICS WDT501-P
+ ICS WDT501-P (no fan tachometer)
+ ICS WDT500-P
+ Software Only
+ SA1100 Internal Watchdog
+ Berkshire Products PC Watchdog Revision A & C (by Ken Hollis)
+
+
+All six interfaces provide /dev/watchdog, which when open must be written
+to within a timeout or the machine will reboot. Each write delays the reboot
+time another timeout. In the case of the software watchdog the ability to
+reboot will depend on the state of the machines and interrupts. The hardware
+boards physically pull the machine down off their own onboard timers and
+will reboot from almost anything.
+
+A second temperature monitoring interface is available on the WDT501P cards
+and some Berkshire cards. This provides /dev/temperature. This is the machine
+internal temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Each read returns a single byte
+giving the temperature.
+
+The third interface logs kernel messages on additional alert events.
+
+Both software and hardware watchdog drivers are available in the standard
+kernel. If you are using the software watchdog, you probably also want
+to use "panic=60" as a boot argument as well.
+
+The wdt card cannot be safely probed for. Instead you need to pass
+wdt=ioaddr,irq as a boot parameter - eg "wdt=0x240,11".
+
+The SA1100 watchdog module can be configured with the "sa1100_margin"
+commandline argument which specifies timeout value in seconds.
+
+The i810 TCO watchdog modules can be configured with the "i810_margin"
+commandline argument which specifies the counter initial value. The counter
+is decremented every 0.6 seconds and default to 50 (30 seconds). Values can
+range between 3 and 63.
+
+The i810 TCO watchdog driver also implements the WDIOC_GETSTATUS and
+WDIOC_GETBOOTSTATUS ioctl()s. WDIOC_GETSTATUS returns the actual counter value
+and WDIOC_GETBOOTSTATUS returns the value of TCO2 Status Register (see Intel's
+documentation for the 82801AA and 82801AB datasheet).
+
+Features
+--------
+ WDT501P WDT500P Software Berkshire i810 TCO SA1100WD
+Reboot Timer X X X X X X
+External Reboot X X o o o X
+I/O Port Monitor o o o X o o
+Temperature X o o X o o
+Fan Speed X o o o o o
+Power Under X o o o o o
+Power Over X o o o o o
+Overheat X o o o o o
+
+The external event interfaces on the WDT boards are not currently supported.
+Minor numbers are however allocated for it.
+
+
+Example Watchdog Driver
+-----------------------
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
+{
+ int fd=open("/dev/watchdog",O_WRONLY);
+ if(fd==-1)
+ {
+ perror("watchdog");
+ exit(1);
+ }
+ while(1)
+ {
+ write(fd,"\0",1);
+ fsync(fd);
+ sleep(10);
+ }
+}
+
+
+Contact Information
+
+People keep asking about the WDT watchdog timer hardware: The phone contacts
+for Industrial Computer Source are:
+
+Industrial Computer Source
+http://www.indcompsrc.com
+ICS Advent, San Diego
+6260 Sequence Dr.
+San Diego, CA 92121-4371
+Phone (858) 677-0877
+FAX: (858) 677-0895
+>
+ICS Advent Europe, UK
+Oving Road
+Chichester,
+West Sussex,
+PO19 4ET, UK
+Phone: 00.44.1243.533900
+
+
+and please mention Linux when enquiring.
+
+For full information about the PCWD cards see the pcwd-watchdog.txt document.
diff --git a/Documentation/x86_64/boot-options.txt b/Documentation/x86_64/boot-options.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44b6eea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/x86_64/boot-options.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+AMD64 specific boot options
+
+There are many others (usually documented in driver documentation), but
+only the AMD64 specific ones are listed here.
+
+Machine check
+
+ mce=off disable machine check
+
+ nomce (for compatibility with i386): same as mce=off
+
+ Everything else is in sysfs now.
+
+APICs
+
+ apic Use IO-APIC. Default
+
+ noapic Don't use the IO-APIC.
+
+ disableapic Don't use the local APIC
+
+ nolapic Don't use the local APIC (alias for i386 compatibility)
+
+ pirq=... See Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt
+
+ noapictimer Don't set up the APIC timer
+
+Early Console
+
+ syntax: earlyprintk=vga
+ earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
+
+ The early console is useful when the kernel crashes before the
+ normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
+ default because it has some cosmetic problems.
+ Append ,keep to not disable it when the real console takes over.
+ Only vga or serial at a time, not both.
+ Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 are supported.
+ Interaction with the standard serial driver is not very good.
+ The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real console.
+
+Timing
+
+ notsc
+ Don't use the CPU time stamp counter to read the wall time.
+ This can be used to work around timing problems on multiprocessor systems
+ with not properly synchronized CPUs. Only useful with a SMP kernel
+
+ report_lost_ticks
+ Report when timer interrupts are lost because some code turned off
+ interrupts for too long.
+
+ nmi_watchdog=NUMBER[,panic]
+ NUMBER can be:
+ 0 don't use an NMI watchdog
+ 1 use the IO-APIC timer for the NMI watchdog
+ 2 use the local APIC for the NMI watchdog using a performance counter. Note
+ This will use one performance counter and the local APIC's performance
+ vector.
+ When panic is specified panic when an NMI watchdog timeout occurs.
+ This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and need the box
+ quickly up again.
+
+ nohpet
+ Don't use the HPET timer.
+
+Idle loop
+
+ idle=poll
+ Don't do power saving in the idle loop using HLT, but poll for rescheduling
+ event. This will make the CPUs eat a lot more power, but may be useful
+ to get slightly better performance in multiprocessor benchmarks. It also
+ makes some profiling using performance counters more accurate.
+
+Rebooting
+
+ reboot=b[ios] | t[riple] | k[bd] [, [w]arm | [c]old]
+ bios Use the CPU reboto vector for warm reset
+ warm Don't set the cold reboot flag
+ cold Set the cold reboot flag
+ triple Force a triple fault (init)
+ kbd Use the keyboard controller. cold reset (default)
+
+ Using warm reset will be much faster especially on big memory
+ systems because the BIOS will not go through the memory check.
+ Disadvantage is that not all hardware will be completely reinitialized
+ on reboot so there may be boot problems on some systems.
+
+ reboot=force
+
+ Don't stop other CPUs on reboot. This can make reboot more reliable
+ in some cases.
+
+Non Executable Mappings
+
+ noexec=on|off
+
+ on Enable(default)
+ off Disable
+
+SMP
+
+ nosmp Only use a single CPU
+
+ maxcpus=NUMBER only use upto NUMBER CPUs
+
+ cpumask=MASK only use cpus with bits set in mask
+
+NUMA
+
+ numa=off Only set up a single NUMA node spanning all memory.
+
+ numa=noacpi Don't parse the SRAT table for NUMA setup
+
+ numa=fake=X Fake X nodes and ignore NUMA setup of the actual machine.
+
+ACPI
+
+ acpi=off Don't enable ACPI
+ acpi=ht Use ACPI boot table parsing, but don't enable ACPI
+ interpreter
+ acpi=force Force ACPI on (currently not needed)
+
+ acpi=strict Disable out of spec ACPI workarounds.
+
+ acpi_sci={edge,level,high,low} Set up ACPI SCI interrupt.
+
+ acpi=noirq Don't route interrupts
+
+PCI
+
+ pci=off Don't use PCI
+ pci=conf1 Use conf1 access.
+ pci=conf2 Use conf2 access.
+ pci=rom Assign ROMs.
+ pci=assign-busses Assign busses
+ pci=irqmask=MASK Set PCI interrupt mask to MASK
+ pci=lastbus=NUMBER Scan upto NUMBER busses, no matter what the mptable says.
+ pci=noacpi Don't use ACPI to set up PCI interrupt routing.
+
+IOMMU
+
+ iommu=[size][,noagp][,off][,force][,noforce][,leak][,memaper[=order]][,merge]
+ [,forcesac][,fullflush][,nomerge][,noaperture]
+ size set size of iommu (in bytes)
+ noagp don't initialize the AGP driver and use full aperture.
+ off don't use the IOMMU
+ leak turn on simple iommu leak tracing (only when CONFIG_IOMMU_LEAK is on)
+ memaper[=order] allocate an own aperture over RAM with size 32MB^order.
+ noforce don't force IOMMU usage. Default.
+ force Force IOMMU.
+ merge Do SG merging. Implies force (experimental)
+ nomerge Don't do SG merging.
+ forcesac For SAC mode for masks <40bits (experimental)
+ fullflush Flush IOMMU on each allocation (default)
+ nofullflush Don't use IOMMU fullflush
+ allowed overwrite iommu off workarounds for specific chipsets.
+ soft Use software bounce buffering (default for Intel machines)
+ noaperture Don't touch the aperture for AGP.
+
+ swiotlb=pages[,force]
+
+ pages Prereserve that many 128K pages for the software IO bounce buffering.
+ force Force all IO through the software TLB.
+
+Debugging
+
+ oops=panic Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the process,
+ but there is a small probability of deadlocking the machine.
+ This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
+ Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
+
+ kstack=N Print that many words from the kernel stack in oops dumps.
+
+Misc
+
+ noreplacement Don't replace instructions with more appropiate ones
+ for the CPU. This may be useful on asymmetric MP systems
+ where some CPU have less capabilities than the others.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/x86_64/mm.txt b/Documentation/x86_64/mm.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..662b739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/x86_64/mm.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+<previous description obsolete, deleted>
+
+Virtual memory map with 4 level page tables:
+
+0000000000000000 - 00007fffffffffff (=47bits) user space, different per mm
+hole caused by [48:63] sign extension
+ffff800000000000 - ffff80ffffffffff (=40bits) guard hole
+ffff810000000000 - ffffc0ffffffffff (=46bits) direct mapping of phys. memory
+ffffc10000000000 - ffffc1ffffffffff (=40bits) hole
+ffffc20000000000 - ffffe1ffffffffff (=45bits) vmalloc/ioremap space
+... unused hole ...
+ffffffff80000000 - ffffffff82800000 (=40MB) kernel text mapping, from phys 0
+... unused hole ...
+ffffffff88000000 - fffffffffff00000 (=1919MB) module mapping space
+
+vmalloc space is lazily synchronized into the different PML4 pages of
+the processes using the page fault handler, with init_level4_pgt as
+reference.
+
+Current X86-64 implementations only support 40 bit of address space,
+but we support upto 46bits. This expands into MBZ space in the page tables.
+
+-Andi Kleen, Jul 2004
diff --git a/Documentation/xterm-linux.xpm b/Documentation/xterm-linux.xpm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f469c1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/xterm-linux.xpm
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/* XPM */
+/*****************************************************************************/
+/** This pixmap was made by Torsten Poulin - 1996 - torsten@diku.dk **/
+/** It was made by combining xterm-blank.xpm with **/
+/** the wonderfully cute Linux penguin mascot by Larry Ewing. **/
+/** I had to change Larry's penguin a little to make it fit. **/
+/** xterm-blank.xpm contained the following comment: **/
+/** This pixmap is kindly offered by Ion Cionca - 1992 - **/
+/** Swiss Federal Institute of Technology **/
+/** Central Computing Service **/
+/*****************************************************************************/
+static char * image_name [] = {
+/**/
+"64 38 8 1",
+/**/
+" s mask c none",
+". c gray70",
+"X c gray85",
+"o c gray50",
+"O c yellow",
+"+ c darkolivegreen",
+"@ c white",
+"# c black",
+" ###### ",
+" ######## ",
+" ########## ........................... ",
+" ########### .XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. ",
+" ########### .XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXoo ",
+" #@@@#@@@### .XX+++++++++++++++++++++++XXXXoo ",
+" #@#@#@#@### .XX++++++++++++++++++++++++XXXooo ",
+" #@#####@### .XX++@@+@++@+@@@@++@+++++++XXXooo ",
+" ###OOO######.XX++++++++++++++++++++++++XXXoooo ",
+" ##OOOOOO####.XX++@@@@+@@+@@@+++++++++++XXXoooo ",
+" #O#OOO#O####.XX++++++++++++++++++++++++XXXooooo ",
+" ##O###OO####.XX++@@@@@@@@@@+@@@@@++++++XXXooooo ",
+" ###OOOO@#####XX++++++++++++++++++++++++XXXooooo ",
+" ##@###@@@@####XX++@@@+@@@@+@@++@@@++++++XXXooooo ",
+" #@@@@@@@@@@####X++++++++++++++++++++++++XXXooooo ",
+" ##@@@@@@@@@@#####++@+++++++++++++++++++++XXXooooo ",
+" ###@@@@@@@@@@######+++++++++++++++++++++++XXXooooo ",
+" ####@@@@@@@@@@@#####+@@@@+@+@@@+@++++++++++XXXooooo ",
+" ###@@@@@@@@@@@@######++++++++++++++++++++++XXXooooo ",
+" ##@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#####@+@@@@++++++++++++++++XXXooooo ",
+" ###@@@@@@@@@@@@@@######++++++++++++++++++++XXXXoooo ",
+" ###@@@@@@@@@@@@@@######XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXooo ",
+" ###@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@######XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXooo ",
+" ###@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#####ooooooooooooooooooooooo...oo ",
+" ###@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@######.........................ooo ",
+" #OO##@@@@@@@@@@@@@#######oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ",
+" #OOO##@@@@@@@@@@@#OO####O#XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXoooo.. .. ",
+" ###OOOOO##@@@@@@@@@@#OOO#OOO#XXXXXXXXXXXXXX#######XXoooo . .",
+" #OOOOOOOO###@@@@@@@@@#OOOOOOO#ooooooooooooooooooooXXXooo . ",
+" #OOOOOOOOO###@@@@@@@@@#OOOOOOO##XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXooooo . ",
+" #OOOOOOOOO#@@@@@@@@###OOOOOOOOO#XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXoo oooooo ",
+" #OOOOOOOOO#@@@@@@@####OOOOOOOO#@@@@@@@@@@@XXXXXoo ooooo...o ",
+" #OOOOOOOOOOO###########OOOOOO##XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXoo ooXXXoo..o ",
+" ##OOOOOOOOO###########OOOO##@@@@@@@@@@@@@XXXXoo oXXXXX..o ",
+" ###OOOO### oXX##OOO#XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXoo o.....oo ",
+" #### oooo####oooooooooooooooooooo ooooooo ",
+" ",
+" "};
diff --git a/Documentation/zorro.txt b/Documentation/zorro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5829d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/zorro.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+ Writing Device Drivers for Zorro Devices
+ ----------------------------------------
+
+Written by Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
+Last revised: September 5, 2003
+
+
+1. Introduction
+---------------
+
+The Zorro bus is the bus used in the Amiga family of computers. Thanks to
+AutoConfig(tm), it's 100% Plug-and-Play.
+
+There are two types of Zorro busses, Zorro II and Zorro III:
+
+ - The Zorro II address space is 24-bit and lies within the first 16 MB of the
+ Amiga's address map.
+
+ - Zorro III is a 32-bit extension of Zorro II, which is backwards compatible
+ with Zorro II. The Zorro III address space lies outside the first 16 MB.
+
+
+2. Probing for Zorro Devices
+----------------------------
+
+Zorro devices are found by calling `zorro_find_device()', which returns a
+pointer to the `next' Zorro device with the specified Zorro ID. A probe loop
+for the board with Zorro ID `ZORRO_PROD_xxx' looks like:
+
+ struct zorro_dev *z = NULL;
+
+ while ((z = zorro_find_device(ZORRO_PROD_xxx, z))) {
+ if (!zorro_request_region(z->resource.start+MY_START, MY_SIZE,
+ "My explanation"))
+ ...
+ }
+
+`ZORRO_WILDCARD' acts as a wildcard and finds any Zorro device. If your driver
+supports different types of boards, you can use a construct like:
+
+ struct zorro_dev *z = NULL;
+
+ while ((z = zorro_find_device(ZORRO_WILDCARD, z))) {
+ if (z->id != ZORRO_PROD_xxx1 && z->id != ZORRO_PROD_xxx2 && ...)
+ continue;
+ if (!zorro_request_region(z->resource.start+MY_START, MY_SIZE,
+ "My explanation"))
+ ...
+ }
+
+
+3. Zorro Resources
+------------------
+
+Before you can access a Zorro device's registers, you have to make sure it's
+not yet in use. This is done using the I/O memory space resource management
+functions:
+
+ request_mem_region()
+ release_mem_region()
+
+Shortcuts to claim the whole device's address space are provided as well:
+
+ zorro_request_device
+ zorro_release_device
+
+
+4. Accessing the Zorro Address Space
+------------------------------------
+
+The address regions in the Zorro device resources are Zorro bus address
+regions. Due to the identity bus-physical address mapping on the Zorro bus,
+they are CPU physical addresses as well.
+
+The treatment of these regions depends on the type of Zorro space:
+
+ - Zorro II address space is always mapped and does not have to be mapped
+ explicitly using z_ioremap().
+
+ Conversion from bus/physical Zorro II addresses to kernel virtual addresses
+ and vice versa is done using:
+
+ virt_addr = ZTWO_VADDR(bus_addr);
+ bus_addr = ZTWO_PADDR(virt_addr);
+
+ - Zorro III address space must be mapped explicitly using z_ioremap() first
+ before it can be accessed:
+
+ virt_addr = z_ioremap(bus_addr, size);
+ ...
+ z_iounmap(virt_addr);
+
+
+5. References
+-------------
+
+linux/include/linux/zorro.h
+linux/include/asm-{m68k,ppc}/zorro.h
+linux/include/linux/zorro_ids.h
+linux/drivers/zorro
+/proc/bus/zorro
+
