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  <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x2-1000"></a>Contents</h2>
  <div class="tableofcontents">
  <span class="chapterToc" >1 <a 
href="vipsmanualch1.html#x5-40001">VIPS from C++ and Python</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >1.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse1.html#x6-50001.1">Introduction</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse1.html#x6-60001.1.1" id="QQ2-6-6">If you&#8217;ve used the C API</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >1.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse2.html#x7-70001.2">The VIPS file format</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.2.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse2.html#x7-80001.2.1" id="QQ2-7-10">VIPS file header</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.2.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse2.html#x7-90001.2.2" id="QQ2-7-15">Computation formats</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.2.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse2.html#x7-100001.2.3" id="QQ2-7-16">Storage formats</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >1.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse3.html#x8-110001.3">The <span 
class="pcrr7t-">VImage </span>class</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.3.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse3.html#x8-120001.3.1" id="QQ2-8-18">Constructors</a></span>                           <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.3.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse3.html#x8-130001.3.2" id="QQ2-8-19">File conversion</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.3.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse3.html#x8-140001.3.3" id="QQ2-8-20">Projection functions</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.3.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse3.html#x8-150001.3.4" id="QQ2-8-21">Assignment</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.3.5 <a 
href="vipsmanualse3.html#x8-160001.3.5" id="QQ2-8-22">Computing with <span 
class="pcrr7t-">VImage</span>s</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.3.6 <a 
href="vipsmanualse3.html#x8-170001.3.6" id="QQ2-8-23">Writing results</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.3.7 <a 
href="vipsmanualse3.html#x8-180001.3.7" id="QQ2-8-24">Type conversions</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >1.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse4.html#x9-190001.4">The <span 
class="pcrr7t-">VMask </span>class</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.4.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse4.html#x9-200001.4.1" id="QQ2-9-26">Constructors</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.4.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse4.html#x9-210001.4.2" id="QQ2-9-27">Projection functions</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.4.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse4.html#x9-220001.4.3" id="QQ2-9-28">Assignment</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.4.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse4.html#x9-230001.4.4" id="QQ2-9-29">Computing with <span 
class="pcrr7t-">VMask</span></a></span>
 <br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.4.5 <a 
href="vipsmanualse4.html#x9-240001.4.5" id="QQ2-9-30"><span 
class="pcrr7t-">VIMask </span>operations</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.4.6 <a 
href="vipsmanualse4.html#x9-250001.4.6" id="QQ2-9-31"><span 
class="pcrr7t-">VDMask </span>operations</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.4.7 <a 
href="vipsmanualse4.html#x9-260001.4.7" id="QQ2-9-32">Output of masks</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >1.5 <a 
href="vipsmanualse5.html#x10-270001.5">The <span 
class="pcrr7t-">VDisplay </span>class</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.5.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse5.html#x10-280001.5.1" id="QQ2-10-34">Constructors</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.5.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse5.html#x10-290001.5.2" id="QQ2-10-35">Projection functions</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >1.6 <a 
href="vipsmanualse6.html#x11-300001.6">The <span 
class="pcrr7t-">VError </span>class</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.6.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse6.html#x11-310001.6.1" id="QQ2-11-37">Constructors</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.6.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse6.html#x11-320001.6.2" id="QQ2-11-38">Projection functions</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.6.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse6.html#x11-330001.6.3" id="QQ2-11-39">Computing with <span 
class="pcrr7t-">VError</span></a></span>
 <br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.6.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse6.html#x11-340001.6.4" id="QQ2-11-40">Convenience function</a></span>
  <br />    <span class="chapterToc" >2 <a 
href="vipsmanualch2.html#x12-350002">VIPS for C programmers</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >2.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse7.html#x13-360002.1">Introduction</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >2.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-370002.2">Core C API</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-380002.2.1" id="QQ2-14-45">Startup</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-390002.2.2" id="QQ2-14-47">Image descriptors</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-400002.2.3" id="QQ2-14-49">Header fields</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-410002.2.4" id="QQ2-14-50">Opening and closing</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.5 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-420002.2.5" id="QQ2-14-51">Examples</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.6 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-430002.2.6" id="QQ2-14-54">Metadata</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.7 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-440002.2.7" id="QQ2-14-55">History</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.8 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-450002.2.8" id="QQ2-14-56">Eval callbacks</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.9 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-460002.2.9" id="QQ2-14-57">Detailed rules for descriptors</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.10 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-470002.2.10" id="QQ2-14-58">Automatic resource deallocation</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.11 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-510002.2.11" id="QQ2-14-63">Error handling</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.2.12 <a 
href="vipsmanualse8.html#x14-520002.2.12" id="QQ2-14-64">Joining operations together</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >2.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse9.html#x15-590002.3">Function dispatch and plug-ins</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.3.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse9.html#x15-600002.3.1" id="QQ2-15-74">Simple plugin example</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.3.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse9.html#x15-610002.3.2" id="QQ2-15-76">A more complicated example</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.3.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse9.html#x15-620002.3.3" id="QQ2-15-77">Adding new types</a></span>
                                                                                       

                                                                                       
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.3.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse9.html#x15-630002.3.4" id="QQ2-15-78">Using function dispatch in your application</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >2.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse10.html#x16-670002.4">The VIPS base class: <span 
class="pcrr7t-">VipsObject</span></a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.4.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse10.html#x16-680002.4.1" id="QQ2-16-83">Properties</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.4.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse10.html#x16-730002.4.2" id="QQ2-16-88">Convenience functions</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >2.5 <a 
href="vipsmanualse11.html#x17-740002.5">Image formats</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.5.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse11.html#x17-750002.5.1" id="QQ2-17-90">How a format is represented</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.5.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse11.html#x17-760002.5.2" id="QQ2-17-91">The format class</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.5.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse11.html#x17-770002.5.3" id="QQ2-17-93">Finding a format</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.5.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse11.html#x17-780002.5.4" id="QQ2-17-94">Convenience functions</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >2.6 <a 
href="vipsmanualse12.html#x18-790002.6">Interpolators</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.6.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse12.html#x18-800002.6.1" id="QQ2-18-96">How an interpolator is represented</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.6.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse12.html#x18-810002.6.2" id="QQ2-18-97">A sample interpolator</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.6.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse12.html#x18-820002.6.3" id="QQ2-18-99">Writing a VIPS operation that takes an interpolator as an argument</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >2.6.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse12.html#x18-830002.6.4" id="QQ2-18-100">Passing an interpolator to a VIPS operation</a></span>
<br />  <span class="chapterToc" >3 <a 
href="vipsmanualch3.html#x19-840003">Writing VIPS operations</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >3.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse13.html#x20-850003.1">Introduction</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse13.html#x20-860003.1.1" id="QQ2-20-103">Why use VIPS?</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse13.html#x20-870003.1.2" id="QQ2-20-104">I/O styles</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >3.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse14.html#x21-880003.2">Programming WIO operations</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.2.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse14.html#x21-890003.2.1" id="QQ2-21-106">Input from an image</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.2.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse14.html#x21-900003.2.2" id="QQ2-21-108">Output to an image</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.2.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse14.html#x21-910003.2.3" id="QQ2-21-110">Polymorphism</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >3.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse15.html#x22-920003.3">Programming PIO functions</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.3.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse15.html#x22-930003.3.1" id="QQ2-22-114">Easy PIO with <span 
class="pcrr7t-">im</span><span 
class="pcrr7t-">_wrapone() </span>and <span 
class="pcrr7t-">im</span><span 
class="pcrr7t-">_wrapmany()</span></a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.3.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse15.html#x22-940003.3.2" id="QQ2-22-115">Region descriptors</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.3.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse15.html#x22-950003.3.3" id="QQ2-22-116">Image input with regions</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.3.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse15.html#x22-960003.3.4" id="QQ2-22-119">Splitting into sequences</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.3.5 <a 
href="vipsmanualse15.html#x22-970003.3.5" id="QQ2-22-123">Output to regions</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.3.6 <a 
href="vipsmanualse15.html#x22-980003.3.6" id="QQ2-22-126">Callbacks</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >3.3.7 <a 
href="vipsmanualse15.html#x22-1020003.3.7" id="QQ2-22-130">Memory allocation revisited</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >3.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse16.html#x23-1030003.4">Programming in-place functions</a></span>
<br />  <span class="chapterToc" >4 <a 
href="vipsmanualch4.html#x24-1040004">VIPS reference</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse17.html#x25-1050004.1">Introduction</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1060004.2">VIPS packages</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.1 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1070004.2.1" id="QQ2-26-136">Arithmetic</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.2 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1080004.2.2" id="QQ2-26-138">Relational</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.3 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1090004.2.3" id="QQ2-26-140">Boolean</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.4 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1100004.2.4" id="QQ2-26-142">Colour</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.5 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1110004.2.5" id="QQ2-26-145">Conversion</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.6 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1120004.2.6" id="QQ2-26-148">Matricies</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.7 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1130004.2.7" id="QQ2-26-150">Convolution</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.8 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1140004.2.8" id="QQ2-26-152">In-place operations</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.9 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1150004.2.9" id="QQ2-26-154">Frequency filtering</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.10 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1160004.2.10" id="QQ2-26-156">Histograms and LUTs</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.11 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1170004.2.11" id="QQ2-26-158">Morphology</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.12 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1180004.2.12" id="QQ2-26-160">Mosaicing</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.13 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1190004.2.13" id="QQ2-26-162">CImg functions</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.14 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1200004.2.14" id="QQ2-26-164">Other</a></span>
<br />  &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.15 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1210004.2.15" id="QQ2-26-166">IO functions</a></span>                           <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.16 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1220004.2.16" id="QQ2-26-168">Format functions</a></span>
  <br />    &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.17 <a 
href="vipsmanualse18.html#x26-1230004.2.17" id="QQ2-26-170">Resample functions</a></span>
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