ext/dsent/model/optical/OpticalLinkBackendRx.cc - arm/gem5 - Git at Google

 /* Copyright (c) 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  *
  * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
  * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
  * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
  * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
  * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
  *
  * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
  * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
  *
  * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
  * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
  * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
  * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */

 #include "model/optical/OpticalLinkBackendRx.h"

 #include "util/Constants.h"
 #include "model/PortInfo.h"
 #include "model/TransitionInfo.h"
 #include "model/EventInfo.h"
 #include "model/electrical/DemuxTreeDeserializer.h"
 #include "model/electrical/BarrelShifter.h"
 #include "model/electrical/Multiplexer.h"
 #include <cmath>

 namespace DSENT
 {
     // TODO: Kind of don't like the way thermal tuning is written here. Maybe will switch
     // to curve fitting the CICC paper, which uses results from a monte-carlo sim. Also, there is
     // redundant code between this one and the tx one...

     OpticalLinkBackendRx::OpticalLinkBackendRx(const String& instance_name_, const TechModel* tech_model_)
         : ElectricalModel(instance_name_, tech_model_)
     {
         initParameters();
         initProperties();
     }

     OpticalLinkBackendRx::~OpticalLinkBackendRx()
     {}

     void OpticalLinkBackendRx::initParameters()
     {
         addParameterName("OutBits");
         addParameterName("CoreDataRate");
         addParameterName("LinkDataRate");
         addParameterName("RingTuningMethod");
         addParameterName("BitDuplicate");
         return;
     }

     void OpticalLinkBackendRx::initProperties()
     {
         return;
     }

     void OpticalLinkBackendRx::constructModel()
     {
         unsigned int out_bits = getParameter("OutBits");
         double core_data_rate = getParameter("CoreDataRate");
         double link_data_rate = getParameter("LinkDataRate");
         const String& tuning_method = getParameter("RingTuningMethod");
         bool bit_duplicate = getParameter("BitDuplicate");

         // Calculate deserialization ratio
         unsigned int deserialization_ratio = (unsigned int) floor(link_data_rate / core_data_rate);
         ASSERT(deserialization_ratio == link_data_rate / core_data_rate,
             "[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Cannot have non-integer deserialization ratios!");
         ASSERT((deserialization_ratio & (deserialization_ratio - 1)) == 0,
             "[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Deserialization ratio must be a power of 2");

         // Calculate output width
         unsigned int in_bits = out_bits / deserialization_ratio;
         ASSERT(out_bits >= deserialization_ratio, "[Error] " + getInstanceName() +
             " -> Output width must be >= deserialization ratio!");
         ASSERT(floor((double) out_bits / deserialization_ratio) == in_bits,
             "[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Output width must be a multiple of the serialization ratio!");

         getGenProperties()->set("DeserializationRatio", deserialization_ratio);
         getGenProperties()->set("InBits", in_bits);

         // Create ports
         createInputPort("In", makeNetIndex(0, in_bits-1));
         createInputPort("LinkCK");
         createOutputPort("Out", makeNetIndex(0, out_bits-1));

         //Create energy, power, and area results
         createElectricalResults();
         // Create ring heating power cost
         addNddPowerResult(new AtomicResult("RingTuning"));
         // Create process bits event
         createElectricalEventResult("ProcessBits");
         getEventInfo("ProcessBits")->setTransitionInfo("LinkCK", TransitionInfo(0.0, (double) deserialization_ratio / 2.0, 0.0));
         // Set conditions during idle state
         getEventInfo("Idle")->setStaticTransitionInfos();
         getEventInfo("Idle")->setTransitionInfo("LinkCK", TransitionInfo(0.0, (double) deserialization_ratio / 2.0, 0.0));

         // Create deserializer
         const String& deserializer_name = "Deserializer";
         DemuxTreeDeserializer* deserializer = new DemuxTreeDeserializer(deserializer_name, getTechModel());
         deserializer->setParameter("OutBits", out_bits);
         deserializer->setParameter("InDataRate", link_data_rate);
         deserializer->setParameter("OutDataRate", core_data_rate);
         deserializer->setParameter("BitDuplicate", bit_duplicate);
         deserializer->construct();

         addSubInstances(deserializer, 1.0);
         addElectricalSubResults(deserializer, 1.0);
         getEventResult("ProcessBits")->addSubResult(deserializer->getEventResult("Deserialize"), deserializer_name, 1.0);

         if ((tuning_method == "ThermalWithBitReshuffle") || (tuning_method == "ElectricalAssistWithBitReshuffle"))
         {
             // If a bit reshuffling backend is present, create the reshuffling backend
             unsigned int reorder_degree = getBitReorderDegree();

             // Create intermediate nets
             createNet("ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(0, in_bits+reorder_degree-1));
             assign("ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(0, in_bits-1), "In");
             assign("ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(in_bits, in_bits+reorder_degree-1), "ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(0, reorder_degree-1));
             createNet("DeserializerIn", makeNetIndex(0, in_bits-1));
             createNet("BarrelShiftIn", makeNetIndex(0, out_bits-1));

             // Create bit reorder muxes
             const String& reorder_mux_name = "ReorderMux";
             Multiplexer* reorder_mux = new Multiplexer(reorder_mux_name, getTechModel());
             reorder_mux->setParameter("NumberBits", in_bits);
             reorder_mux->setParameter("NumberInputs", reorder_degree);
             reorder_mux->setParameter("BitDuplicate", bit_duplicate);
             reorder_mux->construct();

             // Create barrelshifter
             unsigned int shift_index_min = (unsigned int)ceil(log2(deserialization_ratio));
             unsigned int shift_index_max = std::max(shift_index_min, (unsigned int) ceil(log2(out_bits)) - 1);

             // Remember some things
             getGenProperties()->set("ReorderDegree", reorder_degree);
             getGenProperties()->set("ShiftIndexMin", shift_index_min);
             getGenProperties()->set("ShiftIndexMax", shift_index_max);

             const String& barrel_shift_name = "BarrelShifter";
             BarrelShifter* barrel_shift = new BarrelShifter(barrel_shift_name, getTechModel());
             barrel_shift->setParameter("NumberBits", out_bits);
             barrel_shift->setParameter("ShiftIndexMax", shift_index_max);
             barrel_shift->setParameter("ShiftIndexMin", shift_index_min);
             barrel_shift->setParameter("BitDuplicate", bit_duplicate);
             barrel_shift->construct();

             // Connect serializer
             portConnect(deserializer, "In", "DeserializerIn");
             portConnect(deserializer, "Out", "BarrelShiftIn");
             portConnect(deserializer, "InCK", "LinkCK");

             // Connect barrelshifter
             // TODO: Connect barrelshift shifts!
             portConnect(barrel_shift, "In", "BarrelShiftIn");
             portConnect(barrel_shift, "Out", "Out");

             // Connect bit reorder muxes
             // TODO: Connect re-order multiplex select signals!
             for (unsigned int i = 0; i < reorder_degree; i++)
                 portConnect(reorder_mux, "In" + (String) i, "ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(i, i+in_bits-1));
             portConnect(reorder_mux, "Out", "DeserializerIn");

             addSubInstances(barrel_shift, 1.0);
             addSubInstances(reorder_mux, 1.0);
             addElectricalSubResults(barrel_shift, 1.0);
             addElectricalSubResults(reorder_mux, 1.0);
             getEventResult("ProcessBits")->addSubResult(barrel_shift->getEventResult("BarrelShift"), barrel_shift_name, 1.0);
             getEventResult("ProcessBits")->addSubResult(reorder_mux->getEventResult("Mux"), reorder_mux_name, 1.0);
         }
         else if ((tuning_method == "FullThermal") || (tuning_method == "AthermalWithTrim"))
         {
             // If no bit reshuffling backend is present, then just connect deserializer up
             portConnect(deserializer, "In", "In");
             portConnect(deserializer, "Out", "Out");
             portConnect(deserializer, "InCK", "LinkCK");
         }
         else
         {
             ASSERT(false, "[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Unknown ring tuning method '" + tuning_method + "'!");
         }

         return;
     }

     void OpticalLinkBackendRx::updateModel()
     {
         // Update everyone
         Model::updateModel();
         // Update ring tuning power
         getNddPowerResult("RingTuning")->setValue(getRingTuningPower());
         return;
     }

     void OpticalLinkBackendRx::propagateTransitionInfo()
     {
         // Get parameters
         const String& tuning_method = getParameter("RingTuningMethod");;

         // Get properties

         // Update the deserializer
         if ((tuning_method == "ThermalWithBitReshuffle") || (tuning_method == "ElectricalAssistWithBitReshuffle"))
         {
             // Get generated properties
             unsigned int reorder_degree = getGenProperties()->get("ReorderDegree");
             unsigned int shift_index_min = getGenProperties()->get("ShiftIndexMin");
             unsigned int shift_index_max = getGenProperties()->get("ShiftIndexMax");

             // Reorder mux shift select bits
             unsigned int reorder_sel_bits = (unsigned int)ceil(log2(reorder_degree));

             // Create bit reorder muxes
             const String& reorder_mux_name = "ReorderMux";
             ElectricalModel* reorder_mux = (ElectricalModel*) getSubInstance(reorder_mux_name);
             for (unsigned int i = 0; i < reorder_degree; ++i)
                 propagatePortTransitionInfo(reorder_mux, "In" + (String) i, "In");
             // Set select transitions to be 0, since these are statically configured
             for (unsigned int i = 0; i < reorder_sel_bits; ++i)
                 reorder_mux->getInputPort("Sel" + (String) i)->setTransitionInfo(TransitionInfo(0.5, 0.0, 0.5));
             reorder_mux->use();

             // Update the deserializer
             ElectricalModel* deserializer = (ElectricalModel*) getSubInstance("Deserializer");
             propagatePortTransitionInfo(deserializer, "In", reorder_mux, "Out");
             propagatePortTransitionInfo(deserializer, "InCK", "LinkCK");
             deserializer->use();

             // Update barrel shifter
             const String& barrel_shift_name = "BarrelShifter";
             ElectricalModel* barrel_shift = (ElectricalModel*) getSubInstance(barrel_shift_name);
             propagatePortTransitionInfo(barrel_shift, "In", deserializer, "Out");
             // Set shift transitions to be very low (since it is affected by slow temperature time constants)
             for (unsigned int i = shift_index_min; i <= shift_index_max; ++i)
                 barrel_shift->getInputPort("Shift" + (String) i)->setTransitionInfo(TransitionInfo(0.499, 0.001, 0.499));
             barrel_shift->use();

             // Set output transition info
             propagatePortTransitionInfo("Out", barrel_shift, "Out");
         }
         else if ((tuning_method == "FullThermal") || (tuning_method == "AthermalWithTrim"))
         {
             // Update the deserializer
             ElectricalModel* deserializer = (ElectricalModel*) getSubInstance("Deserializer");
             propagatePortTransitionInfo(deserializer, "In", "In");
             propagatePortTransitionInfo(deserializer, "InCK", "LinkCK");
             deserializer->use();

             // Set output transition info
             propagatePortTransitionInfo("Out", deserializer, "Out");
         }
         else
         {
             ASSERT(false, "[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Unknown ring tuning method '" + tuning_method + "'!");
         }

         return;
     }

     double OpticalLinkBackendRx::getRingTuningPower()
     {
         // Get properties
         const String& tuning_method = getParameter("RingTuningMethod");;
         unsigned int number_rings = getGenProperties()->get("InBits");

         // Get tech model parameters
         double R = getTechModel()->get("Ring->Radius");
         double n_g = getTechModel()->get("Ring->GroupIndex");
         double heating_efficiency = getTechModel()->get("Ring->HeatingEfficiency");
         // This can actually be derived if we know thermo-optic coefficient (delta n / delta T)
         double tuning_efficiency = getTechModel()->get("Ring->TuningEfficiency");
         double sigma_r_local = getTechModel()->get("Ring->LocalVariationSigma");
         double sigma_r_systematic = getTechModel()->get("Ring->SystematicVariationSigma");
         double T_max = getTechModel()->get("Ring->TemperatureMax");
         double T_min = getTechModel()->get("Ring->TemperatureMin");
         double T = getTechModel()->get("Temperature");

         // Get constants
         double c = Constants::c;
         double pi = Constants::pi;

         double tuning_power = 0.0;

         if (tuning_method == "ThermalWithBitReshuffle")
         {
             // When an electrical backend is present, rings only have to tune to the nearest channel
             // This can be approximated as each ring tuning to something exactly 1 channel away

             // Setup calculations
             double L = 2 * pi * R;                  // Optical length
             double FSR = c / (n_g * L);             // Free spectral range
             double freq_sep = FSR / number_rings;   // Channel separation

             // Calculate tuning power
             tuning_power = number_rings * freq_sep / (tuning_efficiency * heating_efficiency);
         }
         else if (tuning_method == "ElectricalAssistWithBitReshuffle")
         {
             // Electrical assistance allows for a fraction of the tuning range to be
             // covered electrically. This is most pronounced when the tuning range is small,
             // such is the case when bit reshuffling is applied

             // Get electrically tunable range
             double max_assist = getTechModel()->get("Ring->MaxElectricallyTunableFreq");

             // Setup calculations
             double L = 2 * pi * R;                  // Optical length
             double FSR = c / (n_g * L);             // Free spectral range
             double freq_sep = FSR / number_rings;   // Channel separation
             double heating_range = std::max(0.0, freq_sep - max_assist);  // The distance needed to bridge using heaters

             // Calculate tuning power, which is really only the power spent on heating since
             // distance tuned electrically is pretty much free
             tuning_power = number_rings * heating_range / (tuning_efficiency * heating_efficiency);
         }
         else if (tuning_method == "FullThermal")
         {
             // If there is no bit reshuffling backend, each ring must tune to an
             // absolute channel frequency. Since we can only heat rings (and not cool),
             // we can only red-shift (decrease frequency). Thus, a fabrication bias
             // must be applied such that under any process and temperature corner, the
             // ring resonance remains above channel resonance
             // I'll use 3 sigmas of sigma_r_local and sigma_r_systematic, and bias against
             // the full temperature range
             double fabrication_bias_freq = 3.0 * sqrt(pow(sigma_r_local, 2) + pow(sigma_r_systematic, 2)) +
                 (T_max - T_min) * tuning_efficiency;

             // The local/systematic variations are 0 on average. Thus, the tuning distance can be calculated as
             double tuning_distance = fabrication_bias_freq - (T - T_min) * tuning_efficiency;

             // Tuning power needed is just the number of rings * tuning distance / (tuning and heating efficiencies)
             tuning_power = number_rings * tuning_distance / (tuning_efficiency * heating_efficiency);
         }
         else if (tuning_method == "AthermalWithTrim")
         {
             // Athermal!
             tuning_power = 0;
         }
         else
         {
             ASSERT(false, "[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Unknown ring tuning method '" + tuning_method + "'!");
         }

         return tuning_power;
     }

     unsigned int OpticalLinkBackendRx::getBitReorderDegree()
     {
         // Get properties
         unsigned int number_rings = getGenProperties()->get("InBits");

         // Get tech model parameters
         double R = getTechModel()->get("Ring->Radius");
         double n_g = getTechModel()->get("Ring->GroupIndex");
         // This can actually be derived if we know thermo-optic coefficient (delta n / delta T)
         double sigma_r_local = getTechModel()->get("Ring->LocalVariationSigma");

         // Get constants
         double c = Constants::c;
         double pi = Constants::pi;

         // Calculates the degree of bit re-order multiplexing needed for bit-reshuffling backend
         // Bit reshuffling tuning is largely unaffected by sigma_r_systematic. However, sigma_r_local
         // Can potentially throw each ring to a channel several channels away. This just calculates
         // the degree of bit reorder muxing needed to realign bits in the correct order

         // Setup calculations
         double L = 2 * pi * R;                  // Optical length
         double FSR = c / (n_g * L);             // Free spectral range
         double freq_sep = FSR / number_rings;   // Channel separation
         // Using 4 sigmas as the worst re-ordering case (must double to get both sides)
         unsigned int worst_case_channels = (unsigned int)ceil(2.0 * 4.0 * sigma_r_local / freq_sep);

         return worst_case_channels;
     }

 } // namespace DSENT
	/* Copyright (c) 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	*
	* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
	* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
	* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
	* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
	* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
	* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
	*
	* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
	* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
	*
	* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
	* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
	* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
	* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
	* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
	* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
	* THE SOFTWARE.
	*/

	#include "model/optical/OpticalLinkBackendRx.h"

	#include "util/Constants.h"
	#include "model/PortInfo.h"
	#include "model/TransitionInfo.h"
	#include "model/EventInfo.h"
	#include "model/electrical/DemuxTreeDeserializer.h"
	#include "model/electrical/BarrelShifter.h"
	#include "model/electrical/Multiplexer.h"
	#include <cmath>

	namespace DSENT
	{
	// TODO: Kind of don't like the way thermal tuning is written here. Maybe will switch
	// to curve fitting the CICC paper, which uses results from a monte-carlo sim. Also, there is
	// redundant code between this one and the tx one...

	OpticalLinkBackendRx::OpticalLinkBackendRx(const String& instance_name_, const TechModel* tech_model_)
	: ElectricalModel(instance_name_, tech_model_)
	{
	initParameters();
	initProperties();
	}

	OpticalLinkBackendRx::~OpticalLinkBackendRx()
	{}

	void OpticalLinkBackendRx::initParameters()
	{
	addParameterName("OutBits");
	addParameterName("CoreDataRate");
	addParameterName("LinkDataRate");
	addParameterName("RingTuningMethod");
	addParameterName("BitDuplicate");
	return;
	}

	void OpticalLinkBackendRx::initProperties()
	{
	return;
	}

	void OpticalLinkBackendRx::constructModel()
	{
	unsigned int out_bits = getParameter("OutBits");
	double core_data_rate = getParameter("CoreDataRate");
	double link_data_rate = getParameter("LinkDataRate");
	const String& tuning_method = getParameter("RingTuningMethod");
	bool bit_duplicate = getParameter("BitDuplicate");

	// Calculate deserialization ratio
	unsigned int deserialization_ratio = (unsigned int) floor(link_data_rate / core_data_rate);
	ASSERT(deserialization_ratio == link_data_rate / core_data_rate,
	"[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Cannot have non-integer deserialization ratios!");
	ASSERT((deserialization_ratio & (deserialization_ratio - 1)) == 0,
	"[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Deserialization ratio must be a power of 2");

	// Calculate output width
	unsigned int in_bits = out_bits / deserialization_ratio;
	ASSERT(out_bits >= deserialization_ratio, "[Error] " + getInstanceName() +
	" -> Output width must be >= deserialization ratio!");
	ASSERT(floor((double) out_bits / deserialization_ratio) == in_bits,
	"[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Output width must be a multiple of the serialization ratio!");

	getGenProperties()->set("DeserializationRatio", deserialization_ratio);
	getGenProperties()->set("InBits", in_bits);

	// Create ports
	createInputPort("In", makeNetIndex(0, in_bits-1));
	createInputPort("LinkCK");
	createOutputPort("Out", makeNetIndex(0, out_bits-1));

	//Create energy, power, and area results
	createElectricalResults();
	// Create ring heating power cost
	addNddPowerResult(new AtomicResult("RingTuning"));
	// Create process bits event
	createElectricalEventResult("ProcessBits");
	getEventInfo("ProcessBits")->setTransitionInfo("LinkCK", TransitionInfo(0.0, (double) deserialization_ratio / 2.0, 0.0));
	// Set conditions during idle state
	getEventInfo("Idle")->setStaticTransitionInfos();
	getEventInfo("Idle")->setTransitionInfo("LinkCK", TransitionInfo(0.0, (double) deserialization_ratio / 2.0, 0.0));

	// Create deserializer
	const String& deserializer_name = "Deserializer";
	DemuxTreeDeserializer* deserializer = new DemuxTreeDeserializer(deserializer_name, getTechModel());
	deserializer->setParameter("OutBits", out_bits);
	deserializer->setParameter("InDataRate", link_data_rate);
	deserializer->setParameter("OutDataRate", core_data_rate);
	deserializer->setParameter("BitDuplicate", bit_duplicate);
	deserializer->construct();

	addSubInstances(deserializer, 1.0);
	addElectricalSubResults(deserializer, 1.0);
	getEventResult("ProcessBits")->addSubResult(deserializer->getEventResult("Deserialize"), deserializer_name, 1.0);

	if ((tuning_method == "ThermalWithBitReshuffle") \|\| (tuning_method == "ElectricalAssistWithBitReshuffle"))
	{
	// If a bit reshuffling backend is present, create the reshuffling backend
	unsigned int reorder_degree = getBitReorderDegree();

	// Create intermediate nets
	createNet("ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(0, in_bits+reorder_degree-1));
	assign("ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(0, in_bits-1), "In");
	assign("ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(in_bits, in_bits+reorder_degree-1), "ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(0, reorder_degree-1));
	createNet("DeserializerIn", makeNetIndex(0, in_bits-1));
	createNet("BarrelShiftIn", makeNetIndex(0, out_bits-1));

	// Create bit reorder muxes
	const String& reorder_mux_name = "ReorderMux";
	Multiplexer* reorder_mux = new Multiplexer(reorder_mux_name, getTechModel());
	reorder_mux->setParameter("NumberBits", in_bits);
	reorder_mux->setParameter("NumberInputs", reorder_degree);
	reorder_mux->setParameter("BitDuplicate", bit_duplicate);
	reorder_mux->construct();

	// Create barrelshifter
	unsigned int shift_index_min = (unsigned int)ceil(log2(deserialization_ratio));
	unsigned int shift_index_max = std::max(shift_index_min, (unsigned int) ceil(log2(out_bits)) - 1);

	// Remember some things
	getGenProperties()->set("ReorderDegree", reorder_degree);
	getGenProperties()->set("ShiftIndexMin", shift_index_min);
	getGenProperties()->set("ShiftIndexMax", shift_index_max);

	const String& barrel_shift_name = "BarrelShifter";
	BarrelShifter* barrel_shift = new BarrelShifter(barrel_shift_name, getTechModel());
	barrel_shift->setParameter("NumberBits", out_bits);
	barrel_shift->setParameter("ShiftIndexMax", shift_index_max);
	barrel_shift->setParameter("ShiftIndexMin", shift_index_min);
	barrel_shift->setParameter("BitDuplicate", bit_duplicate);
	barrel_shift->construct();

	// Connect serializer
	portConnect(deserializer, "In", "DeserializerIn");
	portConnect(deserializer, "Out", "BarrelShiftIn");
	portConnect(deserializer, "InCK", "LinkCK");

	// Connect barrelshifter
	// TODO: Connect barrelshift shifts!
	portConnect(barrel_shift, "In", "BarrelShiftIn");
	portConnect(barrel_shift, "Out", "Out");

	// Connect bit reorder muxes
	// TODO: Connect re-order multiplex select signals!
	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < reorder_degree; i++)
	portConnect(reorder_mux, "In" + (String) i, "ReorderIn", makeNetIndex(i, i+in_bits-1));
	portConnect(reorder_mux, "Out", "DeserializerIn");

	addSubInstances(barrel_shift, 1.0);
	addSubInstances(reorder_mux, 1.0);
	addElectricalSubResults(barrel_shift, 1.0);
	addElectricalSubResults(reorder_mux, 1.0);
	getEventResult("ProcessBits")->addSubResult(barrel_shift->getEventResult("BarrelShift"), barrel_shift_name, 1.0);
	getEventResult("ProcessBits")->addSubResult(reorder_mux->getEventResult("Mux"), reorder_mux_name, 1.0);
	}
	else if ((tuning_method == "FullThermal") \|\| (tuning_method == "AthermalWithTrim"))
	{
	// If no bit reshuffling backend is present, then just connect deserializer up
	portConnect(deserializer, "In", "In");
	portConnect(deserializer, "Out", "Out");
	portConnect(deserializer, "InCK", "LinkCK");
	}
	else
	{
	ASSERT(false, "[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Unknown ring tuning method '" + tuning_method + "'!");
	}

	return;
	}

	void OpticalLinkBackendRx::updateModel()
	{
	// Update everyone
	Model::updateModel();
	// Update ring tuning power
	getNddPowerResult("RingTuning")->setValue(getRingTuningPower());
	return;
	}

	void OpticalLinkBackendRx::propagateTransitionInfo()
	{
	// Get parameters
	const String& tuning_method = getParameter("RingTuningMethod");;

	// Get properties

	// Update the deserializer
	if ((tuning_method == "ThermalWithBitReshuffle") \|\| (tuning_method == "ElectricalAssistWithBitReshuffle"))
	{
	// Get generated properties
	unsigned int reorder_degree = getGenProperties()->get("ReorderDegree");
	unsigned int shift_index_min = getGenProperties()->get("ShiftIndexMin");
	unsigned int shift_index_max = getGenProperties()->get("ShiftIndexMax");

	// Reorder mux shift select bits
	unsigned int reorder_sel_bits = (unsigned int)ceil(log2(reorder_degree));

	// Create bit reorder muxes
	const String& reorder_mux_name = "ReorderMux";
	ElectricalModel* reorder_mux = (ElectricalModel*) getSubInstance(reorder_mux_name);
	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < reorder_degree; ++i)
	propagatePortTransitionInfo(reorder_mux, "In" + (String) i, "In");
	// Set select transitions to be 0, since these are statically configured
	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < reorder_sel_bits; ++i)
	reorder_mux->getInputPort("Sel" + (String) i)->setTransitionInfo(TransitionInfo(0.5, 0.0, 0.5));
	reorder_mux->use();

	// Update the deserializer
	ElectricalModel* deserializer = (ElectricalModel*) getSubInstance("Deserializer");
	propagatePortTransitionInfo(deserializer, "In", reorder_mux, "Out");
	propagatePortTransitionInfo(deserializer, "InCK", "LinkCK");
	deserializer->use();

	// Update barrel shifter
	const String& barrel_shift_name = "BarrelShifter";
	ElectricalModel* barrel_shift = (ElectricalModel*) getSubInstance(barrel_shift_name);
	propagatePortTransitionInfo(barrel_shift, "In", deserializer, "Out");
	// Set shift transitions to be very low (since it is affected by slow temperature time constants)
	for (unsigned int i = shift_index_min; i <= shift_index_max; ++i)
	barrel_shift->getInputPort("Shift" + (String) i)->setTransitionInfo(TransitionInfo(0.499, 0.001, 0.499));
	barrel_shift->use();

	// Set output transition info
	propagatePortTransitionInfo("Out", barrel_shift, "Out");
	}
	else if ((tuning_method == "FullThermal") \|\| (tuning_method == "AthermalWithTrim"))
	{
	// Update the deserializer
	ElectricalModel* deserializer = (ElectricalModel*) getSubInstance("Deserializer");
	propagatePortTransitionInfo(deserializer, "In", "In");
	propagatePortTransitionInfo(deserializer, "InCK", "LinkCK");
	deserializer->use();

	// Set output transition info
	propagatePortTransitionInfo("Out", deserializer, "Out");
	}
	else
	{
	ASSERT(false, "[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Unknown ring tuning method '" + tuning_method + "'!");
	}

	return;
	}

	double OpticalLinkBackendRx::getRingTuningPower()
	{
	// Get properties
	const String& tuning_method = getParameter("RingTuningMethod");;
	unsigned int number_rings = getGenProperties()->get("InBits");

	// Get tech model parameters
	double R = getTechModel()->get("Ring->Radius");
	double n_g = getTechModel()->get("Ring->GroupIndex");
	double heating_efficiency = getTechModel()->get("Ring->HeatingEfficiency");
	// This can actually be derived if we know thermo-optic coefficient (delta n / delta T)
	double tuning_efficiency = getTechModel()->get("Ring->TuningEfficiency");
	double sigma_r_local = getTechModel()->get("Ring->LocalVariationSigma");
	double sigma_r_systematic = getTechModel()->get("Ring->SystematicVariationSigma");
	double T_max = getTechModel()->get("Ring->TemperatureMax");
	double T_min = getTechModel()->get("Ring->TemperatureMin");
	double T = getTechModel()->get("Temperature");

	// Get constants
	double c = Constants::c;
	double pi = Constants::pi;

	double tuning_power = 0.0;

	if (tuning_method == "ThermalWithBitReshuffle")
	{
	// When an electrical backend is present, rings only have to tune to the nearest channel
	// This can be approximated as each ring tuning to something exactly 1 channel away

	// Setup calculations
	double L = 2 * pi * R; // Optical length
	double FSR = c / (n_g * L); // Free spectral range
	double freq_sep = FSR / number_rings; // Channel separation

	// Calculate tuning power
	tuning_power = number_rings * freq_sep / (tuning_efficiency * heating_efficiency);
	}
	else if (tuning_method == "ElectricalAssistWithBitReshuffle")
	{
	// Electrical assistance allows for a fraction of the tuning range to be
	// covered electrically. This is most pronounced when the tuning range is small,
	// such is the case when bit reshuffling is applied

	// Get electrically tunable range
	double max_assist = getTechModel()->get("Ring->MaxElectricallyTunableFreq");

	// Setup calculations
	double L = 2 * pi * R; // Optical length
	double FSR = c / (n_g * L); // Free spectral range
	double freq_sep = FSR / number_rings; // Channel separation
	double heating_range = std::max(0.0, freq_sep - max_assist); // The distance needed to bridge using heaters

	// Calculate tuning power, which is really only the power spent on heating since
	// distance tuned electrically is pretty much free
	tuning_power = number_rings * heating_range / (tuning_efficiency * heating_efficiency);
	}
	else if (tuning_method == "FullThermal")
	{
	// If there is no bit reshuffling backend, each ring must tune to an
	// absolute channel frequency. Since we can only heat rings (and not cool),
	// we can only red-shift (decrease frequency). Thus, a fabrication bias
	// must be applied such that under any process and temperature corner, the
	// ring resonance remains above channel resonance
	// I'll use 3 sigmas of sigma_r_local and sigma_r_systematic, and bias against
	// the full temperature range
	double fabrication_bias_freq = 3.0 * sqrt(pow(sigma_r_local, 2) + pow(sigma_r_systematic, 2)) +
	(T_max - T_min) * tuning_efficiency;

	// The local/systematic variations are 0 on average. Thus, the tuning distance can be calculated as
	double tuning_distance = fabrication_bias_freq - (T - T_min) * tuning_efficiency;

	// Tuning power needed is just the number of rings * tuning distance / (tuning and heating efficiencies)
	tuning_power = number_rings * tuning_distance / (tuning_efficiency * heating_efficiency);
	}
	else if (tuning_method == "AthermalWithTrim")
	{
	// Athermal!
	tuning_power = 0;
	}
	else
	{
	ASSERT(false, "[Error] " + getInstanceName() + " -> Unknown ring tuning method '" + tuning_method + "'!");
	}

	return tuning_power;
	}

	unsigned int OpticalLinkBackendRx::getBitReorderDegree()
	{
	// Get properties
	unsigned int number_rings = getGenProperties()->get("InBits");

	// Get tech model parameters
	double R = getTechModel()->get("Ring->Radius");
	double n_g = getTechModel()->get("Ring->GroupIndex");
	// This can actually be derived if we know thermo-optic coefficient (delta n / delta T)
	double sigma_r_local = getTechModel()->get("Ring->LocalVariationSigma");

	// Get constants
	double c = Constants::c;
	double pi = Constants::pi;

	// Calculates the degree of bit re-order multiplexing needed for bit-reshuffling backend
	// Bit reshuffling tuning is largely unaffected by sigma_r_systematic. However, sigma_r_local
	// Can potentially throw each ring to a channel several channels away. This just calculates
	// the degree of bit reorder muxing needed to realign bits in the correct order

	// Setup calculations
	double L = 2 * pi * R; // Optical length
	double FSR = c / (n_g * L); // Free spectral range
	double freq_sep = FSR / number_rings; // Channel separation
	// Using 4 sigmas as the worst re-ordering case (must double to get both sides)
	unsigned int worst_case_channels = (unsigned int)ceil(2.0 * 4.0 * sigma_r_local / freq_sep);

	return worst_case_channels;
	}

	} // namespace DSENT