ext/Kconfiglib/README.rst

.. contents:: Table of contents
   :backlinks: none

News
----

Dependency loop with recent linux-next kernels
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To fix issues with dependency loops on recent linux-next kernels, apply `this
patch <https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-kbuild/msg23455.html>`_. Hopefully,
it will be in ``linux-next`` soon.

``windows-curses`` is no longer automatically installed on Windows
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Starting with Kconfiglib 13.0.0, the `windows-curses
<https://github.com/zephyrproject-rtos/windows-curses>`__ package is no longer
automatically installed on Windows, and needs to be installed manually for the
terminal ``menuconfig`` to work.

This fixes installation of Kconfiglib on MSYS2, which is not compatible with
``windows-curses``. See `this issue
<https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/issues/77>`__.

The ``menuconfig`` now shows a hint re. installing ``windows-curses`` when the
``curses`` module can't be imported on Windows.

Sorry if this change caused problems!

Overview
--------

Kconfiglib is a `Kconfig
<https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.rst>`__
implementation in Python 2/3. It started out as a helper library, but now has a
enough functionality to also work well as a standalone Kconfig implementation
(including `terminal and GUI menuconfig interfaces <Menuconfig interfaces_>`_
and `Kconfig extensions`_).

The entire library is contained in `kconfiglib.py
<https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/kconfiglib.py>`_. The
bundled scripts are implemented on top of it. Implementing your own scripts
should be relatively easy, if needed.

Kconfiglib is used exclusively by e.g. the `Zephyr
<https://www.zephyrproject.org/>`__, `esp-idf
<https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf>`__, and `ACRN
<https://projectacrn.org/>`__ projects. It is also used for many small helper
scripts in various projects.

Since Kconfiglib is based around a library, it can be used e.g. to generate a
`Kconfig cross-reference
<https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/reference/kconfig/index.html>`_, using
the same robust Kconfig parser used for other Kconfig tools, instead of brittle
ad-hoc parsing. The documentation generation script can be found `here
<https://github.com/zephyrproject-rtos/zephyr/blob/master/doc/scripts/genrest.py>`__.

Kconfiglib implements the recently added `Kconfig preprocessor
<https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-macro-language.rst>`__.
For backwards compatibility, environment variables can be referenced both as
``$(FOO)`` (the new syntax) and as ``$FOO`` (the old syntax). The old syntax is
deprecated, but will probably be supported for a long time, as it's needed to
stay compatible with older Linux kernels. The major version will be increased
if support is ever dropped. Using the old syntax with an undefined environment
variable keeps the string as is.

Note: See `this issue <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/issues/47>`__ if
you run into a "macro expanded to blank string" error with kernel 4.18+.

See `this page
<https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/guides/kconfig/tips.html>`__ for some
Kconfig tips and best practices.

Installation
------------

Installation with pip
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Kconfiglib is available on `PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/kconfiglib/>`_ and can be
installed with e.g.

.. code::

    $ pip(3) install kconfiglib

Microsoft Windows is supported.

The ``pip`` installation will give you both the base library and the following
executables. All but two (``genconfig`` and ``setconfig``) mirror functionality
available in the C tools.

- `menuconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/menuconfig.py>`_

- `guiconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/guiconfig.py>`_

- `oldconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/oldconfig.py>`_

- `olddefconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/olddefconfig.py>`_

- `savedefconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/savedefconfig.py>`_

- `defconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/defconfig.py>`_

- `alldefconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/alldefconfig.py>`_

- `allnoconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/allnoconfig.py>`_

- `allmodconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/allmodconfig.py>`_

- `allyesconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/allyesconfig.py>`_

- `listnewconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/listnewconfig.py>`_

- `genconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/genconfig.py>`_

- `setconfig <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/setconfig.py>`_

``genconfig`` is intended to be run at build time. It generates a C header from
the configuration and (optionally) information that can be used to rebuild only
files that reference Kconfig symbols that have changed value.

Starting with Kconfiglib version 12.2.0, all utilities are compatible with both
Python 2 and Python 3. Previously, ``menuconfig.py`` only ran under Python 3
(i.e., it's now more backwards compatible than before).

**Note:** If you install Kconfiglib with ``pip``'s ``--user`` flag, make sure
that your ``PATH`` includes the directory where the executables end up. You can
list the installed files with ``pip(3) show -f kconfiglib``.

All releases have a corresponding tag in the git repository, e.g. ``v14.1.0``
(the latest version).

`Semantic versioning <http://semver.org/>`_ is used. There's been ten small
changes to the behavior of the API, a Windows packaging change, and a hashbang
change to use ``python3``
(`1 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/e8b4ecb6ff6ccc1c7be0818314fbccda2ef2b2ee>`_,
`2 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/db633015a4d7b0ba1e882f665e191f350932b2af>`_,
`3 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/8983f7eb297dd614faf0beee3129559bc8ba338e>`_,
`4 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/cbf32e29a130d22bc734b7778e6304ac9df2a3e8>`_,
`5 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/eb6c21a9b33a2d6e2bed9882d4f930d0cab2f03b>`_,
`6 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/c19fc11355b13d75d97286402c7a933fb23d3b70>`_,
`7 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/7a428aa415606820a44291f475248b08e3952c4b>`_,
`8 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/f247ddf618ad29718e5efd3e69f8baf75d4d347b>`_,
`9 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/4fed39d9271ceb68be4157ab3f96a45b94f77dc0>`_,
`10 <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/55bc8c380869ea663092212e8fe388ad7abae596>`_,
`Windows packaging change <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/21b4c1e3b6e2867b9a0788d21a358f6b1f581d86>`_,
`Python 3 hashbang change <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/commit/9e0a8d29fa76adcb3f27bb2e20f16fefc2a8591e>`_),
which is why the major version is at 14 rather than 2. I do major version bumps
for all behavior changes, even tiny ones, and most of these were fixes for baby
issues in the early days of the Kconfiglib 2 API.

Manual installation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Just drop ``kconfiglib.py`` and the scripts you want somewhere. There are no
third-party dependencies, but the terminal ``menuconfig`` won't work on Windows
unless a package like `windows-curses
<https://github.com/zephyrproject-rtos/windows-curses>`__ is installed.

Installation for the Linux kernel
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

See the module docstring at the top of `kconfiglib.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/kconfiglib.py>`_.

Python version compatibility (2.7/3.2+)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Kconfiglib and all utilities run under both Python 2.7 and Python 3.2 and
later. The code mostly uses basic Python features and has no third-party
dependencies, so keeping it backwards-compatible is pretty low effort.

The 3.2 requirement comes from ``argparse``. ``format()`` with unnumbered
``{}`` is used as well.

A recent Python 3 version is recommended if you have a choice, as it'll give
you better Unicode handling.

Getting started
---------------

1. `Install <Installation_>`_ the library and the utilities.

2. Write `Kconfig
   <https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.rst>`__
   files that describe the available configuration options. See `this page
   <https://docs.zephyrproject.org/latest/guides/kconfig/tips.html>`__ for some
   general Kconfig advice.

3. Generate an initial configuration with e.g. ``menuconfig``/``guiconfig`` or
   ``alldefconfig``. The configuration is saved as ``.config`` by default.

   For more advanced projects, the ``defconfig`` utility can be used to
   generate the initial configuration from an existing configuration file.
   Usually, this existing configuration file would be a minimal configuration
   file, as generated by e.g. ``savedefconfig``.

4. Run ``genconfig`` to generate a header file. By default, it is saved as
   ``config.h``.

   Normally, ``genconfig`` would be run automatically as part of the build.

   Before writing a header file or other configuration output, Kconfiglib
   compares the old contents of the file against the new contents. If there's
   no change, the write is skipped. This avoids updating file metadata like the
   modification time, and might save work depending on your build setup.
   
   Adding new configuration output formats should be relatively straightforward.
   See the implementation of ``write_config()`` in `kconfiglib.py
   <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/kconfiglib.py>`_.
   The documentation for the ``Symbol.config_string`` property has some tips as
   well.
   
5. To update an old ``.config`` file after the Kconfig files have changed (e.g.
   to add new options), run ``oldconfig`` (prompts for values for new options)
   or ``olddefconfig`` (gives new options their default value). Entering the
   ``menuconfig`` or ``guiconfig`` interface and saving the configuration will
   also update it (the configuration interfaces always prompt for saving
   on exit if it would modify the contents of the ``.config`` file).

   Due to Kconfig semantics, simply loading an old ``.config`` file performs an
   implicit ``olddefconfig``, so building will normally not be affected by
   having an outdated configuration.

Whenever ``.config`` is overwritten, the previous version of the file is saved
to ``.config.old`` (or, more generally, to ``$KCONFIG_CONFIG.old``).

Using ``.config`` files as Make input
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``.config`` files use Make syntax and can be included directly in Makefiles to
read configuration values from there. This is why ``n``-valued
``bool``/``tristate`` values are written out as ``# CONFIG_FOO is not set`` (a
Make comment) in ``.config``, allowing them to be tested with ``ifdef`` in
Make.

If you make use of this, you might want to pass ``--config-out <filename>`` to
``genconfig`` and include the configuration file it generates instead of
including ``.config`` directly. This has the advantage that the generated
configuration file will always be a "full" configuration file, even if
``.config`` is outdated. Otherwise, it might be necessary to run
``old(def)config`` or ``menuconfig``/``guiconfig`` before rebuilding with an
outdated ``.config``.

If you use ``--sync-deps`` to generate incremental build information, you can
include ``deps/auto.conf`` instead, which is also a full configuration file.

Useful helper macros
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The `include/linux/kconfig.h
<https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/kconfig.h>`_
header in the Linux kernel defines some useful helper macros for testing
Kconfig configuration values.

``IS_ENABLED()`` is generally useful, allowing configuration values to be
tested in ``if`` statements with no runtime overhead.

Incremental building
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

See the docstring for ``Kconfig.sync_deps()`` in `kconfiglib.py
<https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/kconfiglib.py>`_ for hints
on implementing incremental builds (rebuilding just source files that reference
changed configuration values).

Running the ``scripts/basic/fixdep.c`` tool from the kernel on the output of
``gcc -MD <source file>`` might give you an idea of how it all fits together.

Library documentation
---------------------

Kconfiglib comes with extensive documentation in the form of docstrings. To view it, run e.g.
the following command:

.. code:: sh

    $ pydoc(3) kconfiglib

For HTML output, add ``-w``:

.. code:: sh

    $ pydoc(3) -w kconfiglib

This will also work after installing Kconfiglib with ``pip(3)``.

Documentation for other modules can be viewed in the same way (though a plain
``--help`` will work when they're run as executables):

.. code:: sh

    $ pydoc(3) menuconfig/guiconfig/...

A good starting point for learning the library is to read the module docstring
(which you could also just read directly at the beginning of `kconfiglib.py
<https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/kconfiglib.py>`_). It
gives an introduction to symbol values, the menu tree, and expressions.

After reading the module docstring, a good next step is to read the ``Kconfig``
class documentation, and then the documentation for the ``Symbol``, ``Choice``,
and ``MenuNode`` classes.

Please tell me if something is unclear or can be explained better.

Library features
----------------

Kconfiglib can do the following, among other things:

- **Programmatically get and set symbol values**

  See `allnoconfig.py
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/allnoconfig.py>`_ and
  `allyesconfig.py
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/allyesconfig.py>`_,
  which are automatically verified to produce identical output to the standard
  ``make allnoconfig`` and ``make allyesconfig``.

- **Read and write .config and defconfig files**

  The generated ``.config`` and ``defconfig`` (minimal configuration) files are
  character-for-character identical to what the C implementation would generate
  (except for the header comment). The test suite relies on this, as it
  compares the generated files.
  
- **Write C headers**

  The generated headers use the same format as ``include/generated/autoconf.h``
  from the Linux kernel. Output for symbols appears in the order that they're
  defined, unlike in the C tools (where the order depends on the hash table
  implementation).

- **Implement incremental builds**

  This uses the same scheme as the ``include/config`` directory in the kernel:
  Symbols are translated into files that are touched when the symbol's value
  changes between builds, which can be used to avoid having to do a full
  rebuild whenever the configuration is changed.

  See the ``sync_deps()`` function for more information.

- **Inspect symbols**

  Printing a symbol or other item (which calls ``__str__()``) returns its
  definition in Kconfig format. This also works for symbols defined in multiple
  locations.

  A helpful ``__repr__()`` is  on all objects too.

  All ``__str__()`` and ``__repr__()`` methods are deliberately implemented
  with just public APIs, so all symbol information can be fetched separately as
  well.

- **Inspect expressions**

  Expressions use a simple tuple-based format that can be processed manually
  if needed. Expression printing and evaluation functions are provided,
  implemented with public APIs.

- **Inspect the menu tree**

  The underlying menu tree is exposed, including submenus created implicitly
  from symbols depending on preceding symbols. This can be used e.g. to
  implement menuconfig-like functionality.
  
  See `menuconfig.py
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/menuconfig.py>`_/`guiconfig.py
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/guiconfig.py>`_ and the
  minimalistic `menuconfig_example.py
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/menuconfig_example.py>`_
  example.

Kconfig extensions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The following Kconfig extensions are available:

- ``source`` supports glob patterns and includes each matching file. A pattern
  is required to match at least one file.

  A separate ``osource`` statement is available for cases where it's okay for
  the pattern to match no files (in which case ``osource`` turns into a no-op).
  
- A relative ``source`` statement (``rsource``) is available, where file paths
  are specified relative to the directory of the current Kconfig file. An
  ``orsource`` statement is available as well, analogous to ``osource``.

- Preprocessor user functions can be defined in Python, which makes it simple
  to integrate information from existing Python tools into Kconfig (e.g. to
  have Kconfig symbols depend on hardware information stored in some other
  format).

  See the *Kconfig extensions* section in the
  `kconfiglib.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/kconfiglib.py>`_
  module docstring for more information.

- ``def_int``, ``def_hex``, and ``def_string`` are available in addition to
  ``def_bool`` and ``def_tristate``, allowing ``int``, ``hex``, and ``string``
  symbols to be given a type and a default at the same time.

  These can be useful in projects that make use of symbols defined in multiple
  locations, and remove some Kconfig inconsistency.
  
- Environment variables are expanded directly in e.g. ``source`` and
  ``mainmenu`` statements, meaning ``option env`` symbols are redundant.

  This is the standard behavior with the new `Kconfig preprocessor
  <https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-macro-language.rst>`__,
  which Kconfiglib implements.

  ``option env`` symbols are accepted but ignored, which leads the caveat that
  they must have the same name as the environment variables they reference
  (Kconfiglib warns if the names differ). This keeps Kconfiglib compatible with
  older Linux kernels, where the name of the ``option env`` symbol always
  matched the environment variable. Compatibility with older Linux kernels is
  the main reason ``option env`` is still supported.

  The C tools have dropped support for ``option env``.

- Two extra optional warnings can be enabled by setting environment variables,
  covering cases that are easily missed when making changes to Kconfig files:

  * ``KCONFIG_WARN_UNDEF``: If set to ``y``, warnings will be generated for all
    references to undefined symbols within Kconfig files. The only gotcha is
    that all hex literals must be prefixed with ``0x`` or ``0X``, to make it
    possible to distinguish them from symbol references.

    Some projects (e.g. the Linux kernel) use multiple Kconfig trees with many
    shared Kconfig files, leading to some safe undefined symbol references.
    ``KCONFIG_WARN_UNDEF`` is useful in projects that only have a single
    Kconfig tree though.

    ``KCONFIG_STRICT`` is an older alias for this environment variable,
    supported for backwards compatibility.

  * ``KCONFIG_WARN_UNDEF_ASSIGN``: If set to ``y``, warnings will be generated
    for all assignments to undefined symbols within ``.config`` files. By
    default, no such warnings are generated.

    This warning can also be enabled/disabled by setting
    ``Kconfig.warn_assign_undef`` to ``True``/``False``.

Other features
--------------

- **Single-file implementation**
  
  The entire library is contained in `kconfiglib.py
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/kconfiglib.py>`_.

  The tools implemented on top of it are one file each.

- **Robust and highly compatible with the C Kconfig tools**
  
  The `test suite <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/testsuite.py>`_
  automatically compares output from Kconfiglib and the C tools
  by diffing the generated ``.config`` files for the real kernel Kconfig and
  defconfig files, for all ARCHes.
  
  This currently involves comparing the output for 36 ARCHes and 498 defconfig
  files (or over 18000 ARCH/defconfig combinations in "obsessive" test suite
  mode). All tests are expected to pass.

  A comprehensive suite of selftests is included as well.

- **Not horribly slow despite being a pure Python implementation**
  
  The `allyesconfig.py
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/allyesconfig.py>`_
  script currently runs in about 1.3 seconds on the Linux kernel on a Core i7
  2600K (with a warm file cache), including the ``make`` overhead from ``make
  scriptconfig``. Note that the Linux kernel Kconfigs are absolutely massive
  (over 14k symbols for x86) compared to most projects, and also have overhead
  from running shell commands via the Kconfig preprocessor.
  
  Kconfiglib is especially speedy in cases where multiple ``.config`` files
  need to be processed, because the ``Kconfig`` files will only need to be parsed
  once.

  For long-running jobs, `PyPy <https://pypy.org/>`_ gives a big performance
  boost. CPython is faster for short-running jobs as PyPy needs some time to
  warm up.
  
  Kconfiglib also works well with the
  `multiprocessing <https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html>`_
  module. No global state is kept.

- **Generates more warnings than the C implementation**

  Generates the same warnings as the C implementation, plus additional ones.
  Also detects dependency and ``source`` loops.

  All warnings point out the location(s) in the ``Kconfig`` files where a
  symbol is defined, where applicable.

- **Unicode support**

  Unicode characters in string literals in ``Kconfig`` and ``.config`` files are
  correctly handled. This support mostly comes for free from Python.

- **Windows support**

  Nothing Linux-specific is used. Universal newlines mode is used for both
  Python 2 and Python 3.
  
  The `Zephyr <https://www.zephyrproject.org/>`_ project uses Kconfiglib to
  generate ``.config`` files and C headers on Linux as well as Windows.

- **Internals that (mostly) mirror the C implementation**
  
  While being simpler to understand and tweak.

Menuconfig interfaces
---------------------

Three configuration interfaces are currently available:

- `menuconfig.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/menuconfig.py>`_
  is a terminal-based configuration interface implemented using the standard
  Python ``curses`` module. ``xconfig`` features like showing invisible symbols and
  showing symbol names are included, and it's possible to jump directly to a symbol
  in the menu tree (even if it's currently invisible).
  
  .. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/screenshots/screenshots/menuconfig.gif

  *There is now also a show-help mode that shows the help text of the currently
  selected symbol in the help window at the bottom.*

  Starting with Kconfiglib 12.2.0, ``menuconfig.py`` runs under both Python 2
  and Python 3 (previously, it only ran under Python 3, so this was a
  backport). Running it under Python 3 provides better support for Unicode text
  entry (``get_wch()`` is not available in the ``curses`` module on Python 2).

  There are no third-party dependencies on \*nix. On Windows,
  the ``curses`` modules is not available by default, but support
  can be added by installing the ``windows-curses`` package:
  
  .. code-block:: shell

      $ pip install windows-curses

  This uses wheels built from `this repository
  <https://github.com/zephyrproject-rtos/windows-curses>`_, which is in turn
  based on Christoph Gohlke's `Python Extension Packages for Windows
  <https://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#curses>`_.

  See the docstring at the top of `menuconfig.py
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/menuconfig.py>`_ for
  more information about the terminal menuconfig implementation.

- `guiconfig.py
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/guiconfig.py>`_ is a
  graphical configuration interface written in `Tkinter
  <https://docs.python.org/3/library/tkinter.html>`_. Like ``menuconfig.py``,
  it supports showing all symbols (with invisible symbols in red) and jumping
  directly to symbols. Symbol values can also be changed directly from the
  jump-to dialog.

  When single-menu mode is enabled, a single menu is shown at a time, like in
  the terminal menuconfig. Only this mode distinguishes between symbols defined
  with ``config`` and symbols defined with ``menuconfig``.

  ``guiconfig.py`` has been tested on X11, Windows, and macOS, and is
  compatible with both Python 2 and Python 3.

  Despite being part of the Python standard library, ``tkinter`` often isn't
  included by default in Python installations on Linux. These commands will
  install it on a few different distributions:

  - Ubuntu: ``sudo apt install python-tk``/``sudo apt install python3-tk``

  - Fedora: ``dnf install python2-tkinter``/``dnf install python3-tkinter``

  - Arch: ``sudo pacman -S tk``

  - Clear Linux: ``sudo swupd bundle-add python3-tcl``

  Screenshot below, with show-all mode enabled and the jump-to dialog open:

  .. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/screenshots/screenshots/guiconfig.png

  To avoid having to carry around a bunch of GIFs, the image data is embedded
  in ``guiconfig.py``. To use separate GIF files instead, change
  ``_USE_EMBEDDED_IMAGES`` to ``False`` in ``guiconfig.py``. The image files
  can be found in the `screenshots
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/tree/screenshots/guiconfig>`_
  branch.

  I did my best with the images, but some are definitely only art adjacent.
  Touch-ups are welcome. :)

- `pymenuconfig <https://github.com/RomaVis/pymenuconfig>`_, built by `RomaVis
  <https://github.com/RomaVis>`_, is an older portable Python 2/3 TkInter
  menuconfig implementation.

  Screenshot below:

  .. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RomaVis/pymenuconfig/master/screenshot.PNG

  While working on the terminal menuconfig implementation, I added a few APIs
  to Kconfiglib that turned out to be handy. ``pymenuconfig`` predates
  ``menuconfig.py`` and ``guiconfig.py``, and so didn't have them available.
  Blame me for any workarounds.

Examples
--------

Example scripts
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The `examples/ <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples>`_ directory contains some simple example scripts. Among these are the following ones. Make sure you run them with the latest version of Kconfiglib, as they might make use of newly added features.

- `eval_expr.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/eval_expr.py>`_ evaluates an expression in the context of a configuration.

- `find_symbol.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/find_symbol.py>`_ searches through expressions to find references to a symbol, also printing a "backtrace" with parents for each reference found.

- `help_grep.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/help_grep.py>`_ searches for a string in all help texts.

- `print_tree.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/print_tree.py>`_ prints a tree of all configuration items.

- `print_config_tree.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/print_config_tree.py>`_ is similar to ``print_tree.py``, but dumps the tree as it would appear in ``menuconfig``, including values. This can be handy for visually diffing between ``.config`` files and different versions of ``Kconfig`` files.

- `list_undefined.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/list_undefined.py>`_ finds references to symbols that are not defined by any architecture in the Linux kernel.

- `merge_config.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/merge_config.py>`_ merges configuration fragments to produce a complete .config, similarly to ``scripts/kconfig/merge_config.sh`` from the kernel.

- `menuconfig_example.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/menuconfig_example.py>`_ implements a configuration interface that uses notation similar to ``make menuconfig``. It's deliberately kept as simple as possible to demonstrate just the core concepts.

Real-world examples
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- `kconfig.py
  <https://github.com/zephyrproject-rtos/zephyr/blob/master/scripts/kconfig/kconfig.py>`_
  from the `Zephyr <https://www.zephyrproject.org/>`_ project handles
  ``.config`` and header file generation, also doing configuration fragment
  merging

- `genrest.py
  <https://github.com/zephyrproject-rtos/zephyr/blob/master/doc/scripts/genrest.py>`_
  generates a Kconfig symbol cross-reference, which can be viewed `here
  <http://docs.zephyrproject.org/reference/kconfig/index.html>`__

- `CMake and IDE integration
  <https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/tree/master/tools/kconfig_new>`_ from
  the ESP-IDF project, via a configuration server program.

- `A script for turning on USB-related options
  <https://github.com/google/syzkaller/blob/master/dashboard/config/kconfiglib-merge-usb-configs.py>`_,
  from the `syzkaller <https://github.com/google/syzkaller>`_ project.

- `Various automated checks
  <https://github.com/zephyrproject-rtos/ci-tools/blob/master/scripts/check_compliance.py>`_,
  including a check for references to undefined Kconfig symbols in source code.
  See the ``KconfigCheck`` class.

- `Various utilities
  <https://github.com/projectacrn/acrn-hypervisor/tree/master/scripts/kconfig>`_
  from the `ACRN <https://projectacrn.org/>`_ project

These use the older Kconfiglib 1 API, which was clunkier and not as general
(functions instead of properties, no direct access to the menu structure or
properties, uglier ``__str__()`` output):

- `genboardscfg.py <http://git.denx.de/?p=u-boot.git;a=blob;f=tools/genboardscfg.py;hb=HEAD>`_ from `Das U-Boot <http://www.denx.de/wiki/U-Boot>`_ generates some sort of legacy board database by pulling information from a newly added Kconfig-based configuration system (as far as I understand it :).

- `gen-manual-lists.py <https://git.busybox.net/buildroot/tree/support/scripts/gen-manual-lists.py?id=5676a2deea896f38123b99781da0a612865adeb0>`_ generated listings for an appendix in the `Buildroot <https://buildroot.org>`_ manual. (The listing has since been removed.)

- `gen_kconfig_doc.py <https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/blob/master/docs/gen-kconfig-doc.py>`_ from the `esp-idf <https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf>`_ project generates documentation from Kconfig files.

- `SConf <https://github.com/CoryXie/SConf>`_ builds an interactive configuration interface (like ``menuconfig``) on top of Kconfiglib, for use e.g. with `SCons <scons.org>`_.

- `kconfig-diff.py <https://gist.github.com/dubiousjim/5638961>`_ -- a script by `dubiousjim <https://github.com/dubiousjim>`_ that compares kernel configurations.

- Originally, Kconfiglib was used in chapter 4 of my `master's thesis <http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:473038/FULLTEXT01.pdf>`_ to automatically generate a "minimal" kernel for a given system. Parts of it bother me a bit now, but that's how it goes with old work.

Sample ``make iscriptconfig`` session
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The following log should give some idea of the functionality available in the API:

.. code-block::

    $ make iscriptconfig
    A Kconfig instance 'kconf' for the architecture x86 has been created.
    >>> kconf  # Calls Kconfig.__repr__()
    <configuration with 13711 symbols, main menu prompt "Linux/x86 4.14.0-rc7 Kernel Configuration", srctree ".", config symbol prefix "CONFIG_", warnings enabled, undef. symbol assignment warnings disabled>
    >>> kconf.mainmenu_text  # Expanded main menu text
    'Linux/x86 4.14.0-rc7 Kernel Configuration'
    >>> kconf.top_node  # The implicit top-level menu
    <menu node for menu, prompt "Linux/x86 4.14.0-rc7 Kernel Configuration" (visibility y), deps y, 'visible if' deps y, has child, Kconfig:5>
    >>> kconf.top_node.list  # First child menu node
    <menu node for symbol SRCARCH, deps y, has next, Kconfig:7>
    >>> print(kconf.top_node.list)  # Calls MenuNode.__str__()
    config SRCARCH
    	string
    	option env="SRCARCH"
    	default "x86"
    >>> sym = kconf.top_node.list.next.item  # Item contained in next menu node
    >>> print(sym)  # Calls Symbol.__str__()
    config 64BIT
    	bool "64-bit kernel" if ARCH = "x86"
    	default ARCH != "i386"
    	help
    	  Say yes to build a 64-bit kernel - formerly known as x86_64
    	  Say no to build a 32-bit kernel - formerly known as i386
    >>> sym  # Calls Symbol.__repr__()
    <symbol 64BIT, bool, "64-bit kernel", value y, visibility y, direct deps y, arch/x86/Kconfig:2>
    >>> sym.assignable  # Currently assignable values (0, 1, 2 = n, m, y)
    (0, 2)
    >>> sym.set_value(0)  # Set it to n
    True
    >>> sym.tri_value  # Check the new value
    0
    >>> sym = kconf.syms["X86_MPPARSE"]  # Look up symbol by name
    >>> print(sym)
    config X86_MPPARSE
    	bool "Enable MPS table" if (ACPI || SFI) && X86_LOCAL_APIC
    	default y if X86_LOCAL_APIC
    	help
    	  For old smp systems that do not have proper acpi support. Newer systems
    	  (esp with 64bit cpus) with acpi support, MADT and DSDT will override it
    >>> default = sym.defaults[0]  # Fetch its first default
    >>> sym = default[1]  # Fetch the default's condition (just a Symbol here)
    >>> print(sym)
    config X86_LOCAL_APIC
    	bool
    	default y
    	select IRQ_DOMAIN_HIERARCHY
    	select PCI_MSI_IRQ_DOMAIN if PCI_MSI
    	depends on X86_64 || SMP || X86_32_NON_STANDARD || X86_UP_APIC || PCI_MSI
    >>> sym.nodes  # Show the MenuNode(s) associated with it
    [<menu node for symbol X86_LOCAL_APIC, deps n, has next, arch/x86/Kconfig:1015>]
    >>> kconfiglib.expr_str(sym.defaults[0][1])  # Print the default's condition
    'X86_64 || SMP || X86_32_NON_STANDARD || X86_UP_APIC || PCI_MSI'
    >>> kconfiglib.expr_value(sym.defaults[0][1])  # Evaluate it (0 = n)
    0
    >>> kconf.syms["64BIT"].set_value(2)
    True
    >>> kconfiglib.expr_value(sym.defaults[0][1])  # Evaluate it again (2 = y)
    2
    >>> kconf.write_config("myconfig")  # Save a .config
    >>> ^D
    $ cat myconfig
    # Generated by Kconfiglib (https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib)
    CONFIG_64BIT=y
    CONFIG_X86_64=y
    CONFIG_X86=y
    CONFIG_INSTRUCTION_DECODER=y
    CONFIG_OUTPUT_FORMAT="elf64-x86-64"
    CONFIG_ARCH_DEFCONFIG="arch/x86/configs/x86_64_defconfig"
    CONFIG_LOCKDEP_SUPPORT=y
    CONFIG_STACKTRACE_SUPPORT=y
    CONFIG_MMU=y
    ...
 
Test suite
----------

The test suite is run with

.. code::

    $ python(3) Kconfiglib/testsuite.py
    
`pypy <https://pypy.org/>`_ works too, and is much speedier for everything except ``allnoconfig.py``/``allnoconfig_simpler.py``/``allyesconfig.py``, where it doesn't have time to warm up since
the scripts are run via ``make scriptconfig``.

The test suite must be run from the top-level kernel directory. It requires that the
Kconfiglib git repository has been cloned into it and that the makefile patch has been applied.

To get rid of warnings generated for the kernel ``Kconfig`` files, add ``2>/dev/null`` to the command to
discard ``stderr``.

**NOTE: Forgetting to apply the Makefile patch will cause some tests that compare generated configurations to fail**

**NOTE: The test suite overwrites .config in the kernel root, so make sure to back it up.**

The test suite consists of a set of selftests and a set of compatibility tests that
compare configurations generated by Kconfiglib with
configurations generated by the C tools, for a number of cases. See
`testsuite.py <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/testsuite.py>`_
for the available options.

The `tests/reltest <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/tests/reltest>`_ script runs the test suite
and all the example scripts for both Python 2 and Python 3, verifying that everything works.

Rarely, the output from the C tools is changed slightly (most recently due to a
`change <https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-kbuild/msg17074.html>`_ I added).
If you get test suite failures, try running the test suite again against the
`linux-next tree <https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/linux-next.html>`_,
which has all the latest changes. I will make it clear if any
non-backwards-compatible changes appear.

A lot of time is spent waiting around for ``make`` and the C utilities (which need to reparse all the
Kconfig files for each defconfig test). Adding some multiprocessing to the test suite would make sense
too.

Notes
-----

* This is version 2 of Kconfiglib, which is not backwards-compatible with
  Kconfiglib 1. A summary of changes between Kconfiglib 1 and Kconfiglib
  2 can be found `here
  <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/screenshots/kconfiglib-2-changes.txt>`__.

* I sometimes see people add custom output formats, which is pretty
  straightforward to do (see the implementations of ``write_autoconf()`` and
  ``write_config()`` for a template, and also the documentation of the
  ``Symbol.config_string`` property). If you come up with something you think
  might be useful to other people, I'm happy to take it in upstream. Batteries
  included and all that.

* Kconfiglib assumes the modules symbol is ``MODULES``, which is backwards-compatible.
  A warning is printed by default if ``option modules`` is set on some other symbol.
  
  Let me know if you need proper ``option modules`` support. It wouldn't be that
  hard to add.

Thanks
------

- To `RomaVis <https://github.com/RomaVis>`_, for making
  `pymenuconfig <https://github.com/RomaVis/pymenuconfig>`_ and suggesting
  the ``rsource`` keyword.

- To `Mitja Horvat <https://github.com/pinkfluid>`_, for adding support
  for user-defined styles to the terminal menuconfig.

- To `Philip Craig <https://github.com/philipc>`_ for adding
  support for the ``allnoconfig_y`` option and fixing an obscure issue
  with ``comment``\s inside ``choice``\s (that didn't affect correctness but
  made outputs differ). ``allnoconfig_y`` is used to force certain symbols
  to ``y`` during ``make allnoconfig`` to improve coverage.

License
-------

See `LICENSE.txt <https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/LICENSE.txt>`_. SPDX license identifiers are used in the
source code.