configs/example/gem5_library/x86-spec-cpu2017-benchmarks.py - public/gem5 - Git at Google

 # Copyright (c) 2021 The Regents of the University of California.
 # All rights reserved.
 #
 # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 # modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
 # met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
 # redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 # documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
 # neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
 # contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
 # this software without specific prior written permission.
 #
 # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 # "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 # LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 # A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
 # OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
 # SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 # LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 # DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 # THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 # (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 # OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

 """
 Script to run SPEC CPU2017 benchmarks with gem5.
 The script expects a benchmark program name and the simulation
 size. The system is fixed with 2 CPU cores, MESI Two Level system
 cache and 3 GB DDR4 memory. It uses the x86 board.

 This script will count the total number of instructions executed
 in the ROI. It also tracks how much wallclock and simulated time.

 Usage:
 ------
 ```
 scons build/X86/gem5.opt
 ./build/X86/gem5.opt \
     configs/example/gem5_library/x86-spec-cpu2017-benchmarks.py \
     --image <full_path_to_the_spec-2017_disk_image> \
     --partition <root_partition_to_mount> \
     --benchmark <benchmark_name> \
     --size <simulation_size>
 ```
 """

 import argparse
 import time
 import os
 import json

 import m5
 from m5.objects import Root

 from gem5.utils.requires import requires
 from gem5.components.boards.x86_board import X86Board
 from gem5.components.memory import DualChannelDDR4_2400
 from gem5.components.processors.simple_switchable_processor import(
     SimpleSwitchableProcessor,
 )
 from gem5.components.processors.cpu_types import CPUTypes
 from gem5.isas import ISA
 from gem5.coherence_protocol import CoherenceProtocol
 from gem5.resources.resource import Resource, CustomResource

 from m5.stats.gem5stats import get_simstat
 from m5.util import warn
 from m5.util import fatal

 # We check for the required gem5 build.

 requires(
     isa_required=ISA.X86,
     coherence_protocol_required=CoherenceProtocol.MESI_TWO_LEVEL,
     kvm_required=True,
 )

 # Following are the list of benchmark programs for SPEC CPU2017.
 # More information is available at:
 # https://www.gem5.org/documentation/benchmark_status/gem5-20

 benchmark_choices =["500.perlbench_r", "502.gcc_r", "503.bwaves_r",
                     "505.mcf_r", "507.cactusBSSN_r", "508.namd_r",
                     "510.parest_r", "511.povray_r", "519.lbm_r",
                     "520.omnetpp_r", "521.wrf_r", "523.xalancbmk_r",
                     "525.x264_r", "527.cam4_r", "531.deepsjeng_r",
                     "538.imagick_r", "541.leela_r", "544.nab_r",
                     "548.exchange2_r", "549.fotonik3d_r", "554.roms_r",
                     "557.xz_r", "600.perlbench_s", "602.gcc_s",
                     "603.bwaves_s", "605.mcf_s", "607.cactusBSSN_s",
                     "608.namd_s", "610.parest_s", "611.povray_s",
                     "619.lbm_s", "620.omnetpp_s", "621.wrf_s",
                     "623.xalancbmk_s", "625.x264_s", "627.cam4_s",
                     "631.deepsjeng_s", "638.imagick_s", "641.leela_s",
                     "644.nab_s", "648.exchange2_s", "649.fotonik3d_s",
                     "654.roms_s", "996.specrand_fs", "997.specrand_fr",
                     "998.specrand_is", "999.specrand_ir"
 ]

 # Following are the input size.

 size_choices = ["test", "train", "ref"]

 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
     description="An example configuration script to run the \
         SPEC CPU2017 benchmarks."
 )

 # The arguments accepted are: a. disk-image name, b. benchmark name, c.
 # simulation size, and, d. root partition.

 # root partition is set to 1 by default.

 parser.add_argument(
     "--image",
     type = str,
     required = True,
     help = "Input the full path to the built spec-2017 disk-image."
 )

 parser.add_argument(
     "--partition",
     type = str,
     required = True,
     help = "Input the root partition of the SPEC disk-image. If the disk is \
     not partitioned, then pass \"\"."
 )

 parser.add_argument(
     "--benchmark",
     type = str,
     required = True,
     help = "Input the benchmark program to execute.",
     choices=benchmark_choices,
 )

 parser.add_argument(
     "--size",
     type = str,
     required = True,
     help = "Sumulation size the benchmark program.",
     choices = size_choices,
 )

 args = parser.parse_args()

 # We expect the user to input the full path of the disk-image.
 if args.image[0] != "/":
     # We need to get the absolute path to this file. We assume that the file is
     # present on the current working directory.
     args.image = os.path.abspath(args.image)

 if not os.path.exists(args.image):
     warn("Disk image not found!")
     print("Instructions on building the disk image can be found at: ")
     print(
     "https://gem5art.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/spec-tutorial.html"
     )
     fatal("The disk-image is not found at {}".format(args.image))

 # Setting up all the fixed system parameters here
 # Caches: MESI Two Level Cache Hierarchy

 from gem5.components.cachehierarchies.ruby.\
     mesi_two_level_cache_hierarchy import(
     MESITwoLevelCacheHierarchy,
 )

 cache_hierarchy = MESITwoLevelCacheHierarchy(
     l1d_size = "32kB",
     l1d_assoc = 8,
     l1i_size="32kB",
     l1i_assoc=8,
     l2_size="256kB",
     l2_assoc=16,
     num_l2_banks=2,
 )
 # Memory: Dual Channel DDR4 2400 DRAM device.
 # The X86 board only supports 3 GB of main memory.

 memory = DualChannelDDR4_2400(size = "3GB")

 # Here we setup the processor. This is a special switchable processor in which
 # a starting core type and a switch core type must be specified. Once a
 # configuration is instantiated a user may call `processor.switch()` to switch
 # from the starting core types to the switch core types. In this simulation
 # we start with KVM cores to simulate the OS boot, then switch to the Timing
 # cores for the command we wish to run after boot.

 processor = SimpleSwitchableProcessor(
     starting_core_type=CPUTypes.KVM,
     switch_core_type=CPUTypes.TIMING,
     num_cores=2,
 )

 # Here we setup the board. The X86Board allows for Full-System X86 simulations

 board = X86Board(
     clk_freq="3GHz",
     processor=processor,
     memory=memory,
     cache_hierarchy=cache_hierarchy,
 )

 # SPEC CPU2017 benchmarks output placed in /home/gem5/spec2017/results
 # directory on the disk-image. The following folder is created in the
 # m5.options.outdir and the output from the disk-image folder is copied to
 # this folder.

 output_dir = "speclogs_" + ''.join(x.strip() for x in time.asctime().split())
 output_dir = output_dir.replace(":","")

 # We create this folder if it is absent.
 try:
     os.makedirs(os.path.join(m5.options.outdir, output_dir))
 except FileExistsError:
     warn("output directory already exists!")

 # Here we set the FS workload, i.e., SPEC CPU2017 benchmark
 # After simulation has ended you may inspect
 # `m5out/system.pc.com_1.device` to the stdout, if any.

 # After the system boots, we execute the benchmark program and wait till the
 # `m5_exit instruction encountered` is encountered. We start collecting
 # the number of committed instructions till ROI ends (marked by another
 # `m5_exit instruction encountered`). We then start copying the output logs,
 # present in the /home/gem5/spec2017/results directory to the `output_dir`.

 # The runscript.sh file places `m5 exit` before and after the following command
 # Therefore, we only pass this command without m5 exit.

 command = "{} {} {}".format(args.benchmark, args.size, output_dir)

 # For enabling CustomResource, we pass an additional parameter to mount the
 # correct partition.

 metadata = {
     "additional_metadata" : {
         "root_partition" : args.partition,
     },
 }

 board.set_kernel_disk_workload(
     # The x86 linux kernel will be automatically downloaded to the
     # `~/.cache/gem5` directory if not already present.
     # SPEC CPU2017 benchamarks were tested with kernel version 4.19.83
     kernel=Resource(
         "x86-linux-kernel-4.19.83",
     ),
     # The location of the x86 SPEC CPU 2017 image
     disk_image=CustomResource(
         args.image,
         metadata=metadata
         ),
     readfile_contents=command,
 )

 # We need this for long running processes.
 m5.disableAllListeners()

 root = Root(full_system = True, system = board)

 # sim_quantum must be set when KVM cores are used.

 root.sim_quantum = int(1e9)

 m5.instantiate()

 # We maintain the wall clock time.

 globalStart = time.time()

 print("Running the simulation")
 print("Using KVM cpu")

 start_tick = m5.curTick()
 end_tick = m5.curTick()
 m5.stats.reset()

 exit_event = m5.simulate()

 if exit_event.getCause() == "m5_exit instruction encountered":
     # We have completed booting the OS using KVM cpu
     # Reached the start of ROI

     print("Done booting Linux")
     print("Resetting stats at the start of ROI!")

     m5.stats.reset()
     start_tick = m5.curTick()

     # We switch to timing cpu for detailed simulation.

     processor.switch()
 else:
     print("Unexpected termination of simulation before ROI was reached!")
     print(
         "Exiting @ tick {} because {}.".format(
             m5.curTick(),
             exit_event.getCause()
         )
     )
     exit(-1)

 # Simulate the ROI
 exit_event = m5.simulate()

 # Reached the end of ROI
 gem5stats = get_simstat(root)

 # We get the number of committed instructions from the timing
 # cores. We then sum and print them at the end.

 roi_insts = float(\
     json.loads(gem5stats.dumps())\
     ["system"]["processor"]["cores2"]["core"]["exec_context.thread_0"]\
     ["numInsts"]["value"]
 ) + float(\
     json.loads(gem5stats.dumps())\
     ["system"]["processor"]["cores3"]["core"]["exec_context.thread_0"]\
     ["numInsts"]["value"]\
 )

 if exit_event.getCause() == "m5_exit instruction encountered":
     print("Dump stats at the end of the ROI!")
     m5.stats.dump()
     end_tick = m5.curTick()
     m5.stats.reset()

 else:
     print("Unexpected termination of simulation while ROI was being executed!")
     print(
         "Exiting @ tick {} because {}.".format(
             m5.curTick(),
             exit_event.getCause()
         )
     )
     exit(-1)

 # We need to copy back the contents of the `speclogs' directory to
 # m5.options.outdir

 exit_event = m5.simulate()

 if exit_event.getCause() == "m5_exit instruction encountered":
     print("Output logs copied!")

 else:
     print("Unexpected termination of simulation while copying speclogs!")
     print(
         "Exiting @ tick {} because {}.".format(
             m5.curTick(),
             exit_event.getCause()
         )
     )
     exit(-1)

 print("Done with the simulation")
 print()
 print("Performance statistics:")

 print("Simulated time in ROI: %.2fs" % ((end_tick-start_tick)/1e12))
 print("Instructions executed in ROI: %d" % ((roi_insts)))
 print("Ran a total of", m5.curTick()/1e12, "simulated seconds")
 print("Total wallclock time: %.2fs, %.2f min" % \
             (time.time()-globalStart, (time.time()-globalStart)/60))
	# Copyright (c) 2021 The Regents of the University of California.
	# All rights reserved.
	#
	# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
	# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
	# met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
	# redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
	# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
	# neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
	# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
	# this software without specific prior written permission.
	#
	# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
	# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
	# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
	# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
	# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
	# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
	# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
	# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
	# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

	"""
	Script to run SPEC CPU2017 benchmarks with gem5.
	The script expects a benchmark program name and the simulation
	size. The system is fixed with 2 CPU cores, MESI Two Level system
	cache and 3 GB DDR4 memory. It uses the x86 board.

	This script will count the total number of instructions executed
	in the ROI. It also tracks how much wallclock and simulated time.

	Usage:
	------
	```
	scons build/X86/gem5.opt
	./build/X86/gem5.opt \
	configs/example/gem5_library/x86-spec-cpu2017-benchmarks.py \
	--image <full_path_to_the_spec-2017_disk_image> \
	--partition <root_partition_to_mount> \
	--benchmark <benchmark_name> \
	--size <simulation_size>
	```
	"""

	import argparse
	import time
	import os
	import json

	import m5
	from m5.objects import Root

	from gem5.utils.requires import requires
	from gem5.components.boards.x86_board import X86Board
	from gem5.components.memory import DualChannelDDR4_2400
	from gem5.components.processors.simple_switchable_processor import(
	SimpleSwitchableProcessor,
	)
	from gem5.components.processors.cpu_types import CPUTypes
	from gem5.isas import ISA
	from gem5.coherence_protocol import CoherenceProtocol
	from gem5.resources.resource import Resource, CustomResource

	from m5.stats.gem5stats import get_simstat
	from m5.util import warn
	from m5.util import fatal

	# We check for the required gem5 build.

	requires(
	isa_required=ISA.X86,
	coherence_protocol_required=CoherenceProtocol.MESI_TWO_LEVEL,
	kvm_required=True,
	)

	# Following are the list of benchmark programs for SPEC CPU2017.
	# More information is available at:
	# https://www.gem5.org/documentation/benchmark_status/gem5-20

	benchmark_choices =["500.perlbench_r", "502.gcc_r", "503.bwaves_r",
	"505.mcf_r", "507.cactusBSSN_r", "508.namd_r",
	"510.parest_r", "511.povray_r", "519.lbm_r",
	"520.omnetpp_r", "521.wrf_r", "523.xalancbmk_r",
	"525.x264_r", "527.cam4_r", "531.deepsjeng_r",
	"538.imagick_r", "541.leela_r", "544.nab_r",
	"548.exchange2_r", "549.fotonik3d_r", "554.roms_r",
	"557.xz_r", "600.perlbench_s", "602.gcc_s",
	"603.bwaves_s", "605.mcf_s", "607.cactusBSSN_s",
	"608.namd_s", "610.parest_s", "611.povray_s",
	"619.lbm_s", "620.omnetpp_s", "621.wrf_s",
	"623.xalancbmk_s", "625.x264_s", "627.cam4_s",
	"631.deepsjeng_s", "638.imagick_s", "641.leela_s",
	"644.nab_s", "648.exchange2_s", "649.fotonik3d_s",
	"654.roms_s", "996.specrand_fs", "997.specrand_fr",
	"998.specrand_is", "999.specrand_ir"
	]

	# Following are the input size.

	size_choices = ["test", "train", "ref"]

	parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
	description="An example configuration script to run the \
	SPEC CPU2017 benchmarks."
	)

	# The arguments accepted are: a. disk-image name, b. benchmark name, c.
	# simulation size, and, d. root partition.

	# root partition is set to 1 by default.

	parser.add_argument(
	"--image",
	type = str,
	required = True,
	help = "Input the full path to the built spec-2017 disk-image."
	)

	parser.add_argument(
	"--partition",
	type = str,
	required = True,
	help = "Input the root partition of the SPEC disk-image. If the disk is \
	not partitioned, then pass \"\"."
	)

	parser.add_argument(
	"--benchmark",
	type = str,
	required = True,
	help = "Input the benchmark program to execute.",
	choices=benchmark_choices,
	)

	parser.add_argument(
	"--size",
	type = str,
	required = True,
	help = "Sumulation size the benchmark program.",
	choices = size_choices,
	)

	args = parser.parse_args()

	# We expect the user to input the full path of the disk-image.
	if args.image[0] != "/":
	# We need to get the absolute path to this file. We assume that the file is
	# present on the current working directory.
	args.image = os.path.abspath(args.image)

	if not os.path.exists(args.image):
	warn("Disk image not found!")
	print("Instructions on building the disk image can be found at: ")
	print(
	"https://gem5art.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/spec-tutorial.html"
	)
	fatal("The disk-image is not found at {}".format(args.image))

	# Setting up all the fixed system parameters here
	# Caches: MESI Two Level Cache Hierarchy

	from gem5.components.cachehierarchies.ruby.\
	mesi_two_level_cache_hierarchy import(
	MESITwoLevelCacheHierarchy,
	)

	cache_hierarchy = MESITwoLevelCacheHierarchy(
	l1d_size = "32kB",
	l1d_assoc = 8,
	l1i_size="32kB",
	l1i_assoc=8,
	l2_size="256kB",
	l2_assoc=16,
	num_l2_banks=2,
	)
	# Memory: Dual Channel DDR4 2400 DRAM device.
	# The X86 board only supports 3 GB of main memory.

	memory = DualChannelDDR4_2400(size = "3GB")

	# Here we setup the processor. This is a special switchable processor in which
	# a starting core type and a switch core type must be specified. Once a
	# configuration is instantiated a user may call `processor.switch()` to switch
	# from the starting core types to the switch core types. In this simulation
	# we start with KVM cores to simulate the OS boot, then switch to the Timing
	# cores for the command we wish to run after boot.

	processor = SimpleSwitchableProcessor(
	starting_core_type=CPUTypes.KVM,
	switch_core_type=CPUTypes.TIMING,
	num_cores=2,
	)

	# Here we setup the board. The X86Board allows for Full-System X86 simulations

	board = X86Board(
	clk_freq="3GHz",
	processor=processor,
	memory=memory,
	cache_hierarchy=cache_hierarchy,
	)

	# SPEC CPU2017 benchmarks output placed in /home/gem5/spec2017/results
	# directory on the disk-image. The following folder is created in the
	# m5.options.outdir and the output from the disk-image folder is copied to
	# this folder.

	output_dir = "speclogs_" + ''.join(x.strip() for x in time.asctime().split())
	output_dir = output_dir.replace(":","")

	# We create this folder if it is absent.
	try:
	os.makedirs(os.path.join(m5.options.outdir, output_dir))
	except FileExistsError:
	warn("output directory already exists!")

	# Here we set the FS workload, i.e., SPEC CPU2017 benchmark
	# After simulation has ended you may inspect
	# `m5out/system.pc.com_1.device` to the stdout, if any.

	# After the system boots, we execute the benchmark program and wait till the
	# `m5_exit instruction encountered` is encountered. We start collecting
	# the number of committed instructions till ROI ends (marked by another
	# `m5_exit instruction encountered`). We then start copying the output logs,
	# present in the /home/gem5/spec2017/results directory to the `output_dir`.

	# The runscript.sh file places `m5 exit` before and after the following command
	# Therefore, we only pass this command without m5 exit.

	command = "{} {} {}".format(args.benchmark, args.size, output_dir)

	# For enabling CustomResource, we pass an additional parameter to mount the
	# correct partition.

	metadata = {
	"additional_metadata" : {
	"root_partition" : args.partition,
	},
	}

	board.set_kernel_disk_workload(
	# The x86 linux kernel will be automatically downloaded to the
	# `~/.cache/gem5` directory if not already present.
	# SPEC CPU2017 benchamarks were tested with kernel version 4.19.83
	kernel=Resource(
	"x86-linux-kernel-4.19.83",
	),
	# The location of the x86 SPEC CPU 2017 image
	disk_image=CustomResource(
	args.image,
	metadata=metadata
	),
	readfile_contents=command,
	)

	# We need this for long running processes.
	m5.disableAllListeners()

	root = Root(full_system = True, system = board)

	# sim_quantum must be set when KVM cores are used.

	root.sim_quantum = int(1e9)

	m5.instantiate()

	# We maintain the wall clock time.

	globalStart = time.time()

	print("Running the simulation")
	print("Using KVM cpu")

	start_tick = m5.curTick()
	end_tick = m5.curTick()
	m5.stats.reset()

	exit_event = m5.simulate()

	if exit_event.getCause() == "m5_exit instruction encountered":
	# We have completed booting the OS using KVM cpu
	# Reached the start of ROI

	print("Done booting Linux")
	print("Resetting stats at the start of ROI!")

	m5.stats.reset()
	start_tick = m5.curTick()

	# We switch to timing cpu for detailed simulation.

	processor.switch()
	else:
	print("Unexpected termination of simulation before ROI was reached!")
	print(
	"Exiting @ tick {} because {}.".format(
	m5.curTick(),
	exit_event.getCause()
	)
	)
	exit(-1)

	# Simulate the ROI
	exit_event = m5.simulate()

	# Reached the end of ROI
	gem5stats = get_simstat(root)

	# We get the number of committed instructions from the timing
	# cores. We then sum and print them at the end.

	roi_insts = float(\
	json.loads(gem5stats.dumps())\
	["system"]["processor"]["cores2"]["core"]["exec_context.thread_0"]\
	["numInsts"]["value"]
	) + float(\
	json.loads(gem5stats.dumps())\
	["system"]["processor"]["cores3"]["core"]["exec_context.thread_0"]\
	["numInsts"]["value"]\
	)

	if exit_event.getCause() == "m5_exit instruction encountered":
	print("Dump stats at the end of the ROI!")
	m5.stats.dump()
	end_tick = m5.curTick()
	m5.stats.reset()

	else:
	print("Unexpected termination of simulation while ROI was being executed!")
	print(
	"Exiting @ tick {} because {}.".format(
	m5.curTick(),
	exit_event.getCause()
	)
	)
	exit(-1)

	# We need to copy back the contents of the `speclogs' directory to
	# m5.options.outdir

	exit_event = m5.simulate()

	if exit_event.getCause() == "m5_exit instruction encountered":
	print("Output logs copied!")

	else:
	print("Unexpected termination of simulation while copying speclogs!")
	print(
	"Exiting @ tick {} because {}.".format(
	m5.curTick(),
	exit_event.getCause()
	)
	)
	exit(-1)

	print("Done with the simulation")
	print()
	print("Performance statistics:")

	print("Simulated time in ROI: %.2fs" % ((end_tick-start_tick)/1e12))
	print("Instructions executed in ROI: %d" % ((roi_insts)))
	print("Ran a total of", m5.curTick()/1e12, "simulated seconds")
	print("Total wallclock time: %.2fs, %.2f min" % \
	(time.time()-globalStart, (time.time()-globalStart)/60))