ext/sst/gem5.cc - public/gem5 - Git at Google

 // Copyright (c) 2021 The Regents of the University of California
 // All rights reserved.
 //
 // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
 // met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
 // redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 // documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
 // neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
 // contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
 // this software without specific prior written permission.
 //
 // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 // LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 // A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
 // OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
 // SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 // LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 // DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

 // Copyright (c) 2015-2016 ARM Limited
 // All rights reserved.
 //
 // The license below extends only to copyright in the software and shall
 // not be construed as granting a license to any other intellectual
 // property including but not limited to intellectual property relating
 // to a hardware implementation of the functionality of the software
 // licensed hereunder.  You may use the software subject to the license
 // terms below provided that you ensure that this notice is replicated
 // unmodified and in its entirety in all distributions of the software,
 // modified or unmodified, in source code or in binary form.
 //
 // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
 // met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
 // redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 // documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
 // neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
 // contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
 // this software without specific prior written permission.
 //
 // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 // LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 // A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
 // OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
 // SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 // LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 // DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

 // Copyright 2009-2014 Sandia Coporation.  Under the terms
 // of Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000 with Sandia Corporation, the U.S.
 // Government retains certain rights in this software.
 //
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2014, Sandia Corporation
 // All rights reserved.
 //
 // For license information, see the LICENSE file in the current directory.

 #include <sst/core/sst_config.h>
 #include <sst/core/componentInfo.h>
 #include <sst/core/interfaces/simpleMem.h>
 #include <sst/elements/memHierarchy/memEvent.h>
 #include <sst/elements/memHierarchy/memTypes.h>
 #include <sst/elements/memHierarchy/util.h>

 #include <Python.h>  // Before serialization to prevent spurious warnings

 #include "gem5.hh"

 #include "util.hh"

 // System headers
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>

 // gem5 Headers
 #include <sim/core.hh>
 #include <sim/init.hh>
 #include <sim/init_signals.hh>
 #include <sim/root.hh>
 #include <sim/system.hh>
 #include <sim/sim_events.hh>
 #include <sim/sim_object.hh>
 #include <base/logging.hh>
 #include <base/debug.hh>

 #include <base/pollevent.hh>
 #include <base/types.hh>
 #include <sim/async.hh>
 #include <sim/eventq.hh>
 #include <sim/sim_exit.hh>
 #include <sim/stat_control.hh>

 #include <sst/outgoing_request_bridge.hh>

 #include <cassert>

 #ifdef fatal  // gem5 sets this
 #undef fatal
 #endif

 // More SST Headers
 #include <core/timeConverter.h>

 gem5Component::gem5Component(SST::ComponentId_t id, SST::Params& params):
     SST::Component(id), threadInitialized(false)
 {
     output.init("gem5Component-" + getName() + "->", 1, 0,
                 SST::Output::STDOUT);

     std::string cpu_frequency = params.find<std::string>("frequency", "");
     if (cpu_frequency.empty()) {
         output.fatal(
             CALL_INFO, -1, "The frequency of the CPU must be specified.\n"
         );
     }

     // Register a handler to be called on a set frequency.
     timeConverter = registerClock(
         cpu_frequency,
         new SST::Clock::Handler<gem5Component>(this, &gem5Component::clockTick)
     );

     // "cmd" -> gem5's Python
     std::string cmd = params.find<std::string>("cmd", "");
     if (cmd.empty()) {
         output.fatal(
             CALL_INFO, -1, "Component %s must have a 'cmd' parameter.\n",
             getName().c_str()
         );
     }

     // Telling SST the command line call to gem5
     args.push_back(const_cast<char*>("sst.x"));
     splitCommandArgs(cmd, args);
     output.output(CALL_INFO, "Command string:  [sst.x %s]\n", cmd.c_str());
     for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
         output.output(CALL_INFO, "  Arg [%02zu] = %s\n", i, args[i]);
     }

     // Parsing and setting gem5 debug flags
     std::string gem5_debug_flags = params.find<std::string>("debug_flags", "");
     for (auto const debug_flag: tokenizeString(gem5_debug_flags, {' ', ','})) {
         output.output(CALL_INFO, "Debug flag += %s\n", debug_flag.c_str());
         gem5::setDebugFlag(debug_flag.c_str());
     }

     registerAsPrimaryComponent();
     primaryComponentDoNotEndSim();

     systemPort = \
         loadUserSubComponent<SSTResponderSubComponent>("system_port",0);
     cachePort = \
         loadUserSubComponent<SSTResponderSubComponent>("cache_port", 0);

     systemPort->setTimeConverter(timeConverter);
     systemPort->setOutputStream(&(output));
     cachePort->setTimeConverter(timeConverter);
     cachePort->setOutputStream(&(output));

 }

 gem5Component::~gem5Component()
 {
 }

 void
 gem5Component::init(unsigned phase)
 {
     output.output(CALL_INFO," init phase: %u\n", phase);

     if (phase == 0) {
         initPython(args.size(), &args[0]);

         const std::vector<std::string> m5_instantiate_commands = {
             "m5.instantiate()"
         };
         execPythonCommands(m5_instantiate_commands);

         // calling SimObject.startup()
         const std::vector<std::string> simobject_setup_commands = {
             "import atexit",
             "import _m5",
             "root = m5.objects.Root.getInstance()",
             "for obj in root.descendants(): obj.startup()",
             "atexit.register(m5.stats.dump)",
             "atexit.register(_m5.core.doExitCleanup)",
             "m5.stats.reset()"
         };
         execPythonCommands(simobject_setup_commands);

         // find the corresponding SimObject for each SSTResponderSubComponent
         gem5::Root* gem5_root = gem5::Root::root();
         systemPort->findCorrespondingSimObject(gem5_root);
         cachePort->findCorrespondingSimObject(gem5_root);

         // initialize the gem5 event queue
         if (!(threadInitialized)) {
             threadInitialized = true;
             gem5::simulate_limit_event = new gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent(
                 gem5::mainEventQueue[0]->getCurTick(),
                 "simulate() limit reached",
                 0
             );
         }

     }

     systemPort->init(phase);
     cachePort->init(phase);
 }

 void
 gem5Component::setup()
 {
     output.verbose(CALL_INFO, 1, 0, "Component is being setup.\n");
     systemPort->setup();
     cachePort->setup();
 }

 void
 gem5Component::finish()
 {
     output.verbose(CALL_INFO, 1, 0, "Component is being finished.\n");
 }

 bool
 gem5Component::clockTick(SST::Cycle_t currentCycle)
 {
     // what to do in a SST's cycle
     gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent *event = simulateGem5(currentCycle);
     clocksProcessed++;
     // gem5 exits due to reasons other than reaching simulation limit
     if (event != gem5::simulate_limit_event) {
         output.output("exiting: curTick()=%lu cause=`%s` code=%d\n",
             gem5::curTick(), event->getCause().c_str(), event->getCode()
         );
         // output gem5 stats
         const std::vector<std::string> output_stats_commands = {
             "m5.stats.dump()"
         };
         execPythonCommands(output_stats_commands);

         primaryComponentOKToEndSim();
         return true;
     }

     // returning False means the simulation should go on
     return false;

 }

 #define PyCC(x) (const_cast<char *>(x))

 gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent*
 gem5Component::simulateGem5(uint64_t current_cycle)
 {
     // This function should be similar to simulate() of src/sim/simulate.cc
     // with synchronization barriers removed.

     inform_once("Entering event queue @ %d.  Starting simulation...\n",
                 gem5::curTick());

     // Tick conversion
     // The main logic for synchronize SST Tick and gem5 Tick is here.
     // next_end_tick = current_cycle * timeConverter->getFactor()
     uint64_t next_end_tick = \
         timeConverter->convertToCoreTime(current_cycle);

     // Here, if the next event in gem5's queue is not executed within the next
     // cycle, there's no need to enter the gem5's sim loop.
     if (next_end_tick < gem5::mainEventQueue[0]->getHead()->when())
         return gem5::simulate_limit_event;
     gem5::simulate_limit_event->reschedule(next_end_tick);
     gem5::Event *local_event = doSimLoop(gem5::mainEventQueue[0]);
     gem5::BaseGlobalEvent *global_event = local_event->globalEvent();
     gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent *global_exit_event =
         dynamic_cast<gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent *>(global_event);
     return global_exit_event;
 }

 gem5::Event*
 gem5Component::doSimLoop(gem5::EventQueue* eventq)
 {
     // This function should be similar to doSimLoop() in src/sim/simulate.cc
     // with synchronization barriers removed.
     gem5::curEventQueue(eventq);
     eventq->handleAsyncInsertions();

     while (true)
     {
         // there should always be at least one event (the SimLoopExitEvent
         // we just scheduled) in the queue

         assert(!eventq->empty());
         assert(gem5::curTick() <= eventq->nextTick() &&
                "event scheduled in the past");

         if (gem5::async_event) {
             // Take the event queue lock in case any of the service
             // routines want to schedule new events.
             if (gem5::async_statdump || gem5::async_statreset) {
                 gem5::statistics::schedStatEvent(gem5::async_statdump,
                                                  gem5::async_statreset);
                 gem5::async_statdump = false;
                 gem5::async_statreset = false;
             }

             if (gem5::async_io) {
                 gem5::async_io = false;
                 gem5::pollQueue.service();
             }

             if (gem5::async_exit) {
                 gem5::async_exit = false;
                 gem5::exitSimLoop("user interrupt received");
             }

             if (gem5::async_exception) {
                 gem5::async_exception = false;
                 return NULL;
             }
         }

         gem5::Event *exit_event = eventq->serviceOne();
         if (exit_event != NULL) {
             return exit_event;
         }
     }
 }

 int
 gem5Component::execPythonCommands(const std::vector<std::string>& commands)
 {
     PyObject *dict = PyModule_GetDict(pythonMain);

     PyObject *result;

     for (auto const command: commands) {
         result = PyRun_String(command.c_str(), Py_file_input, dict, dict);
         if (!result) {
             PyErr_Print();
             return 1;
         }
         Py_DECREF(result);
     }
     return 0;
 }

 int
 gem5Component::startM5(int argc, char **_argv)
 {
     // This function should be similar to m5Main() of src/sim/init.cc

 #if HAVE_PROTOBUF
     // Verify that the version of the protobuf library that we linked
     // against is compatible with the version of the headers we
     // compiled against.
     GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;
 #endif


 #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
     typedef std::unique_ptr<wchar_t[], decltype(&PyMem_RawFree)> WArgUPtr;
     std::vector<WArgUPtr> v_argv;
     std::vector<wchar_t *> vp_argv;
     v_argv.reserve(argc);
     vp_argv.reserve(argc);
     for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
         v_argv.emplace_back(Py_DecodeLocale(_argv[i], NULL), &PyMem_RawFree);
         vp_argv.emplace_back(v_argv.back().get());
     }

     wchar_t **argv = vp_argv.data();
 #else
     char **argv = _argv;
 #endif

     PySys_SetArgv(argc, argv);

     // We have to set things up in the special __main__ module
     pythonMain = PyImport_AddModule(PyCC("__main__"));
     if (pythonMain == NULL)
         panic("Could not import __main__");

     const std::vector<std::string> commands = {
         "import m5",
         "m5.main()"
     };
     execPythonCommands(commands);

 #if HAVE_PROTOBUF
     google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();
 #endif

     return 0;
 }

 void
 gem5Component::initPython(int argc, char *_argv[])
 {
     // should be similar to main() in src/sim/main.cc
     PyObject *mainModule, *mainDict;

     int ret;

     // Initialize m5 special signal handling.
     gem5::initSignals();

 #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
     std::unique_ptr<wchar_t[], decltype(&PyMem_RawFree)> program(
         Py_DecodeLocale(_argv[0], NULL),
         &PyMem_RawFree);
     Py_SetProgramName(program.get());
 #else
     Py_SetProgramName(_argv[0]);
 #endif

     // Register native modules with Python's init system before
     // initializing the interpreter.
     if (!Py_IsInitialized()) {
         gem5::registerNativeModules();
         // initialize embedded Python interpreter
         Py_Initialize();
     } else {
         // https://stackoverflow.com/a/28349174
         PyImport_AddModule("_m5");
         PyObject* module = gem5::EmbeddedPyBind::initAll();
         PyObject* sys_modules = PyImport_GetModuleDict();
         PyDict_SetItemString(sys_modules, "_m5", module);
         Py_DECREF(module);
     }


     // Initialize the embedded m5 python library
     ret = gem5::EmbeddedPython::initAll();

     if (ret == 0)
         startM5(argc, _argv); // start m5
     else
         output.output(CALL_INFO, "Not calling m5Main due to ret=%d\n", ret);
 }

 void
 gem5Component::splitCommandArgs(std::string &cmd, std::vector<char*> &args)
 {
     std::vector<std::string> parsed_args = tokenizeString(
         cmd, {'\\', ' ', '\'', '\"'}
     );

     for (auto part: parsed_args)
         args.push_back(strdup(part.c_str()));
 }
	// Copyright (c) 2021 The Regents of the University of California
	// All rights reserved.
	//
	// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
	// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
	// met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
	// redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
	// documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
	// neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
	// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
	// this software without specific prior written permission.
	//
	// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
	// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
	// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
	// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
	// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
	// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
	// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
	// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
	// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

	// Copyright (c) 2015-2016 ARM Limited
	// All rights reserved.
	//
	// The license below extends only to copyright in the software and shall
	// not be construed as granting a license to any other intellectual
	// property including but not limited to intellectual property relating
	// to a hardware implementation of the functionality of the software
	// licensed hereunder. You may use the software subject to the license
	// terms below provided that you ensure that this notice is replicated
	// unmodified and in its entirety in all distributions of the software,
	// modified or unmodified, in source code or in binary form.
	//
	// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
	// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
	// met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
	// redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
	// documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
	// neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
	// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
	// this software without specific prior written permission.
	//
	// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
	// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
	// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
	// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
	// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
	// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
	// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
	// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
	// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

	// Copyright 2009-2014 Sandia Coporation. Under the terms
	// of Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000 with Sandia Corporation, the U.S.
	// Government retains certain rights in this software.
	//
	// Copyright (c) 2009-2014, Sandia Corporation
	// All rights reserved.
	//
	// For license information, see the LICENSE file in the current directory.

	#include <sst/core/sst_config.h>
	#include <sst/core/componentInfo.h>
	#include <sst/core/interfaces/simpleMem.h>
	#include <sst/elements/memHierarchy/memEvent.h>
	#include <sst/elements/memHierarchy/memTypes.h>
	#include <sst/elements/memHierarchy/util.h>

	#include <Python.h> // Before serialization to prevent spurious warnings

	#include "gem5.hh"

	#include "util.hh"

	// System headers
	#include <algorithm>
	#include <fstream>
	#include <iterator>
	#include <sstream>
	#include <string>
	#include <vector>

	// gem5 Headers
	#include <sim/core.hh>
	#include <sim/init.hh>
	#include <sim/init_signals.hh>
	#include <sim/root.hh>
	#include <sim/system.hh>
	#include <sim/sim_events.hh>
	#include <sim/sim_object.hh>
	#include <base/logging.hh>
	#include <base/debug.hh>

	#include <base/pollevent.hh>
	#include <base/types.hh>
	#include <sim/async.hh>
	#include <sim/eventq.hh>
	#include <sim/sim_exit.hh>
	#include <sim/stat_control.hh>

	#include <sst/outgoing_request_bridge.hh>

	#include <cassert>

	#ifdef fatal // gem5 sets this
	#undef fatal
	#endif

	// More SST Headers
	#include <core/timeConverter.h>

	gem5Component::gem5Component(SST::ComponentId_t id, SST::Params& params):
	SST::Component(id), threadInitialized(false)
	{
	output.init("gem5Component-" + getName() + "->", 1, 0,
	SST::Output::STDOUT);

	std::string cpu_frequency = params.find<std::string>("frequency", "");
	if (cpu_frequency.empty()) {
	output.fatal(
	CALL_INFO, -1, "The frequency of the CPU must be specified.\n"
	);
	}

	// Register a handler to be called on a set frequency.
	timeConverter = registerClock(
	cpu_frequency,
	new SST::Clock::Handler<gem5Component>(this, &gem5Component::clockTick)
	);

	// "cmd" -> gem5's Python
	std::string cmd = params.find<std::string>("cmd", "");
	if (cmd.empty()) {
	output.fatal(
	CALL_INFO, -1, "Component %s must have a 'cmd' parameter.\n",
	getName().c_str()
	);
	}

	// Telling SST the command line call to gem5
	args.push_back(const_cast<char*>("sst.x"));
	splitCommandArgs(cmd, args);
	output.output(CALL_INFO, "Command string: [sst.x %s]\n", cmd.c_str());
	for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
	output.output(CALL_INFO, " Arg [%02zu] = %s\n", i, args[i]);
	}

	// Parsing and setting gem5 debug flags
	std::string gem5_debug_flags = params.find<std::string>("debug_flags", "");
	for (auto const debug_flag: tokenizeString(gem5_debug_flags, {' ', ','})) {
	output.output(CALL_INFO, "Debug flag += %s\n", debug_flag.c_str());
	gem5::setDebugFlag(debug_flag.c_str());
	}

	registerAsPrimaryComponent();
	primaryComponentDoNotEndSim();

	systemPort = \
	loadUserSubComponent<SSTResponderSubComponent>("system_port",0);
	cachePort = \
	loadUserSubComponent<SSTResponderSubComponent>("cache_port", 0);

	systemPort->setTimeConverter(timeConverter);
	systemPort->setOutputStream(&(output));
	cachePort->setTimeConverter(timeConverter);
	cachePort->setOutputStream(&(output));

	}

	gem5Component::~gem5Component()
	{
	}

	void
	gem5Component::init(unsigned phase)
	{
	output.output(CALL_INFO," init phase: %u\n", phase);

	if (phase == 0) {
	initPython(args.size(), &args[0]);

	const std::vector<std::string> m5_instantiate_commands = {
	"m5.instantiate()"
	};
	execPythonCommands(m5_instantiate_commands);

	// calling SimObject.startup()
	const std::vector<std::string> simobject_setup_commands = {
	"import atexit",
	"import _m5",
	"root = m5.objects.Root.getInstance()",
	"for obj in root.descendants(): obj.startup()",
	"atexit.register(m5.stats.dump)",
	"atexit.register(_m5.core.doExitCleanup)",
	"m5.stats.reset()"
	};
	execPythonCommands(simobject_setup_commands);

	// find the corresponding SimObject for each SSTResponderSubComponent
	gem5::Root* gem5_root = gem5::Root::root();
	systemPort->findCorrespondingSimObject(gem5_root);
	cachePort->findCorrespondingSimObject(gem5_root);

	// initialize the gem5 event queue
	if (!(threadInitialized)) {
	threadInitialized = true;
	gem5::simulate_limit_event = new gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent(
	gem5::mainEventQueue[0]->getCurTick(),
	"simulate() limit reached",
	0
	);
	}

	}

	systemPort->init(phase);
	cachePort->init(phase);
	}

	void
	gem5Component::setup()
	{
	output.verbose(CALL_INFO, 1, 0, "Component is being setup.\n");
	systemPort->setup();
	cachePort->setup();
	}

	void
	gem5Component::finish()
	{
	output.verbose(CALL_INFO, 1, 0, "Component is being finished.\n");
	}

	bool
	gem5Component::clockTick(SST::Cycle_t currentCycle)
	{
	// what to do in a SST's cycle
	gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent *event = simulateGem5(currentCycle);
	clocksProcessed++;
	// gem5 exits due to reasons other than reaching simulation limit
	if (event != gem5::simulate_limit_event) {
	output.output("exiting: curTick()=%lu cause=`%s` code=%d\n",
	gem5::curTick(), event->getCause().c_str(), event->getCode()
	);
	// output gem5 stats
	const std::vector<std::string> output_stats_commands = {
	"m5.stats.dump()"
	};
	execPythonCommands(output_stats_commands);

	primaryComponentOKToEndSim();
	return true;
	}

	// returning False means the simulation should go on
	return false;

	}

	#define PyCC(x) (const_cast<char *>(x))

	gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent*
	gem5Component::simulateGem5(uint64_t current_cycle)
	{
	// This function should be similar to simulate() of src/sim/simulate.cc
	// with synchronization barriers removed.

	inform_once("Entering event queue @ %d. Starting simulation...\n",
	gem5::curTick());

	// Tick conversion
	// The main logic for synchronize SST Tick and gem5 Tick is here.
	// next_end_tick = current_cycle * timeConverter->getFactor()
	uint64_t next_end_tick = \
	timeConverter->convertToCoreTime(current_cycle);

	// Here, if the next event in gem5's queue is not executed within the next
	// cycle, there's no need to enter the gem5's sim loop.
	if (next_end_tick < gem5::mainEventQueue[0]->getHead()->when())
	return gem5::simulate_limit_event;
	gem5::simulate_limit_event->reschedule(next_end_tick);
	gem5::Event *local_event = doSimLoop(gem5::mainEventQueue[0]);
	gem5::BaseGlobalEvent *global_event = local_event->globalEvent();
	gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent *global_exit_event =
	dynamic_cast<gem5::GlobalSimLoopExitEvent *>(global_event);
	return global_exit_event;
	}

	gem5::Event*
	gem5Component::doSimLoop(gem5::EventQueue* eventq)
	{
	// This function should be similar to doSimLoop() in src/sim/simulate.cc
	// with synchronization barriers removed.
	gem5::curEventQueue(eventq);
	eventq->handleAsyncInsertions();

	while (true)
	{
	// there should always be at least one event (the SimLoopExitEvent
	// we just scheduled) in the queue

	assert(!eventq->empty());
	assert(gem5::curTick() <= eventq->nextTick() &&
	"event scheduled in the past");

	if (gem5::async_event) {
	// Take the event queue lock in case any of the service
	// routines want to schedule new events.
	if (gem5::async_statdump \|\| gem5::async_statreset) {
	gem5::statistics::schedStatEvent(gem5::async_statdump,
	gem5::async_statreset);
	gem5::async_statdump = false;
	gem5::async_statreset = false;
	}

	if (gem5::async_io) {
	gem5::async_io = false;
	gem5::pollQueue.service();
	}

	if (gem5::async_exit) {
	gem5::async_exit = false;
	gem5::exitSimLoop("user interrupt received");
	}

	if (gem5::async_exception) {
	gem5::async_exception = false;
	return NULL;
	}
	}

	gem5::Event *exit_event = eventq->serviceOne();
	if (exit_event != NULL) {
	return exit_event;
	}
	}
	}

	int
	gem5Component::execPythonCommands(const std::vector<std::string>& commands)
	{
	PyObject *dict = PyModule_GetDict(pythonMain);

	PyObject *result;

	for (auto const command: commands) {
	result = PyRun_String(command.c_str(), Py_file_input, dict, dict);
	if (!result) {
	PyErr_Print();
	return 1;
	}
	Py_DECREF(result);
	}
	return 0;
	}

	int
	gem5Component::startM5(int argc, char **_argv)
	{
	// This function should be similar to m5Main() of src/sim/init.cc

	#if HAVE_PROTOBUF
	// Verify that the version of the protobuf library that we linked
	// against is compatible with the version of the headers we
	// compiled against.
	GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;
	#endif


	#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
	typedef std::unique_ptr<wchar_t[], decltype(&PyMem_RawFree)> WArgUPtr;
	std::vector<WArgUPtr> v_argv;
	std::vector<wchar_t *> vp_argv;
	v_argv.reserve(argc);
	vp_argv.reserve(argc);
	for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
	v_argv.emplace_back(Py_DecodeLocale(_argv[i], NULL), &PyMem_RawFree);
	vp_argv.emplace_back(v_argv.back().get());
	}

	wchar_t **argv = vp_argv.data();
	#else
	char **argv = _argv;
	#endif

	PySys_SetArgv(argc, argv);

	// We have to set things up in the special __main__ module
	pythonMain = PyImport_AddModule(PyCC("__main__"));
	if (pythonMain == NULL)
	panic("Could not import __main__");

	const std::vector<std::string> commands = {
	"import m5",
	"m5.main()"
	};
	execPythonCommands(commands);

	#if HAVE_PROTOBUF
	google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();
	#endif

	return 0;
	}

	void
	gem5Component::initPython(int argc, char *_argv[])
	{
	// should be similar to main() in src/sim/main.cc
	PyObject mainModule, mainDict;

	int ret;

	// Initialize m5 special signal handling.
	gem5::initSignals();

	#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
	std::unique_ptr<wchar_t[], decltype(&PyMem_RawFree)> program(
	Py_DecodeLocale(_argv[0], NULL),
	&PyMem_RawFree);
	Py_SetProgramName(program.get());
	#else
	Py_SetProgramName(_argv[0]);
	#endif

	// Register native modules with Python's init system before
	// initializing the interpreter.
	if (!Py_IsInitialized()) {
	gem5::registerNativeModules();
	// initialize embedded Python interpreter
	Py_Initialize();
	} else {
	// https://stackoverflow.com/a/28349174
	PyImport_AddModule("_m5");
	PyObject* module = gem5::EmbeddedPyBind::initAll();
	PyObject* sys_modules = PyImport_GetModuleDict();
	PyDict_SetItemString(sys_modules, "_m5", module);
	Py_DECREF(module);
	}


	// Initialize the embedded m5 python library
	ret = gem5::EmbeddedPython::initAll();

	if (ret == 0)
	startM5(argc, _argv); // start m5
	else
	output.output(CALL_INFO, "Not calling m5Main due to ret=%d\n", ret);
	}

	void
	gem5Component::splitCommandArgs(std::string &cmd, std::vector<char*> &args)
	{
	std::vector<std::string> parsed_args = tokenizeString(
	cmd, {'\\', ' ', '\'', '\"'}
	);

	for (auto part: parsed_args)
	args.push_back(strdup(part.c_str()));
	}