src/arch/power/process.cc - public/gem5 - Git at Google

 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2007-2008 The Florida State University
  * Copyright (c) 2009 The University of Edinburgh
  * Copyright (c) 2021 IBM Corporation
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
  * met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
  * redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
  * neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
  * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
  * this software without specific prior written permission.
  *
  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
  * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
  * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
  * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
  * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
  * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */

 #include "arch/power/process.hh"

 #include "arch/power/page_size.hh"
 #include "arch/power/regs/int.hh"
 #include "arch/power/regs/misc.hh"
 #include "arch/power/types.hh"
 #include "base/loader/elf_object.hh"
 #include "base/loader/object_file.hh"
 #include "base/logging.hh"
 #include "cpu/thread_context.hh"
 #include "debug/Stack.hh"
 #include "mem/page_table.hh"
 #include "params/Process.hh"
 #include "sim/aux_vector.hh"
 #include "sim/byteswap.hh"
 #include "sim/process_impl.hh"
 #include "sim/syscall_return.hh"
 #include "sim/system.hh"

 namespace gem5
 {

 using namespace PowerISA;

 PowerProcess::PowerProcess(
        const ProcessParams &params, loader::ObjectFile *objFile)
     : Process(params,
               new EmulationPageTable(params.name, params.pid, PageBytes),
               objFile)
 {
     fatal_if(params.useArchPT, "Arch page tables not implemented.");
     // Set up break point (Top of Heap)
     Addr brk_point = image.maxAddr();
     brk_point = roundUp(brk_point, PageBytes);

     Addr stack_base = 0xbf000000L;

     Addr max_stack_size = 8 * 1024 * 1024;

     // Set pointer for next thread stack.  Reserve 8M for main stack.
     Addr next_thread_stack_base = stack_base - max_stack_size;

     // Set up region for mmaps. For now, start at bottom of kuseg space.
     Addr mmap_end = 0x70000000L;

     memState = std::make_shared<MemState>(
             this, brk_point, stack_base, max_stack_size,
             next_thread_stack_base, mmap_end);
 }

 void
 PowerProcess::initState()
 {
     Process::initState();

     if (objFile->getArch() == loader::Power)
         argsInit<uint32_t>(PageBytes);
     else
         argsInit<uint64_t>(PageBytes);

     // Fix up entry point and symbol table for 64-bit ELF ABI v1
     if (objFile->getOpSys() != loader::LinuxPower64ABIv1)
         return;

     // Fix entry point address and the base TOC pointer by looking the
     // the function descriptor in the .opd section
     Addr entryPoint, tocBase;
     ByteOrder byteOrder = objFile->getByteOrder();
     ThreadContext *tc = system->threads[contextIds[0]];

     // The first doubleword of the descriptor contains the address of the
     // entry point of the function
     initVirtMem->readBlob(getStartPC(), &entryPoint, sizeof(Addr));

     // Update the PC state
     auto pc = tc->pcState().as<PowerISA::PCState>();
     pc.byteOrder(byteOrder);
     pc.set(gtoh(entryPoint, byteOrder));
     tc->pcState(pc);

     // The second doubleword of the descriptor contains the TOC base
     // address for the function
     initVirtMem->readBlob(getStartPC() + 8, &tocBase, sizeof(Addr));
     tc->setIntReg(TOCPointerReg, gtoh(tocBase, byteOrder));

     // Fix symbol table entries as they would otherwise point to the
     // function descriptor rather than the actual entry point address
     auto *symbolTable = new loader::SymbolTable;

     for (auto sym : loader::debugSymbolTable) {
         Addr entry;
         loader::Symbol symbol = sym;

         // Try to read entry point from function descriptor
         if (initVirtMem->tryReadBlob(sym.address, &entry, sizeof(Addr)))
             symbol.address = gtoh(entry, byteOrder);

         symbolTable->insert(symbol);
     }

     // Replace the current debug symbol table
     loader::debugSymbolTable.clear();
     loader::debugSymbolTable.insert(*symbolTable);
     delete symbolTable;
 }

 template <typename IntType>
 void
 PowerProcess::argsInit(int pageSize)
 {
     int intSize = sizeof(IntType);
     ByteOrder byteOrder = objFile->getByteOrder();
     bool is64bit = (objFile->getArch() == loader::Power64);
     bool isLittleEndian = (byteOrder == ByteOrder::little);
     std::vector<gem5::auxv::AuxVector<IntType>> auxv;

     std::string filename;
     if (argv.size() < 1)
         filename = "";
     else
         filename = argv[0];

     //We want 16 byte alignment
     uint64_t align = 16;

     // load object file into target memory
     image.write(*initVirtMem);
     interpImage.write(*initVirtMem);

     //Setup the auxilliary vectors. These will already have endian conversion.
     //Auxilliary vectors are loaded only for elf formatted executables.
     auto *elfObject = dynamic_cast<loader::ElfObject *>(objFile);
     if (elfObject) {
         IntType features = HWCAP_FEATURE_32;

         // Check if running in 64-bit mode
         if (is64bit)
             features |= HWCAP_FEATURE_64;

         // Check if running in little endian mode
         if (isLittleEndian)
             features |= HWCAP_FEATURE_PPC_LE | HWCAP_FEATURE_TRUE_LE;

         //Bits which describe the system hardware capabilities
         //XXX Figure out what these should be
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Hwcap, features);
         //The system page size
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Pagesz, pageSize);
         //Frequency at which times() increments
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Clktck, 0x64);
         // For statically linked executables, this is the virtual address of
         // the program header tables if they appear in the executable image
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Phdr, elfObject->programHeaderTable());
         // This is the size of a program header entry from the elf file.
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Phent, elfObject->programHeaderSize());
         // This is the number of program headers from the original elf file.
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Phnum, elfObject->programHeaderCount());
         // This is the base address of the ELF interpreter; it should be
         // zero for static executables or contain the base address for
         // dynamic executables.
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Base, getBias());
         //XXX Figure out what this should be.
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Flags, 0);
         //The entry point to the program
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Entry, objFile->entryPoint());
         //Different user and group IDs
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Uid, uid());
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Euid, euid());
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Gid, gid());
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Egid, egid());
         //Whether to enable "secure mode" in the executable
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Secure, 0);
         //The address of 16 "random" bytes
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Random, 0);
         //The filename of the program
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Execfn, 0);
         //The string "v51" with unknown meaning
         auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Platform, 0);
     }

     //Figure out how big the initial stack nedes to be

     // A sentry NULL void pointer at the top of the stack.
     int sentry_size = intSize;

     std::string platform = "v51";
     int platform_size = platform.size() + 1;

     // The aux vectors are put on the stack in two groups. The first group are
     // the vectors that are generated as the elf is loaded. The second group
     // are the ones that were computed ahead of time and include the platform
     // string.
     int aux_data_size = filename.size() + 1;

     const int numRandomBytes = 16;
     aux_data_size += numRandomBytes;

     int env_data_size = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < envp.size(); ++i) {
         env_data_size += envp[i].size() + 1;
     }
     int arg_data_size = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < argv.size(); ++i) {
         arg_data_size += argv[i].size() + 1;
     }

     int info_block_size =
         sentry_size + env_data_size + arg_data_size +
         aux_data_size + platform_size;

     //Each auxilliary vector is two 4 byte words
     int aux_array_size = intSize * 2 * (auxv.size() + 1);

     int envp_array_size = intSize * (envp.size() + 1);
     int argv_array_size = intSize * (argv.size() + 1);

     int argc_size = intSize;

     //Figure out the size of the contents of the actual initial frame
     int frame_size =
         info_block_size +
         aux_array_size +
         envp_array_size +
         argv_array_size +
         argc_size;

     //There needs to be padding after the auxiliary vector data so that the
     //very bottom of the stack is aligned properly.
     int partial_size = frame_size;
     int aligned_partial_size = roundUp(partial_size, align);
     int aux_padding = aligned_partial_size - partial_size;

     int space_needed = frame_size + aux_padding;

     Addr stack_min = memState->getStackBase() - space_needed;
     stack_min = roundDown(stack_min, align);

     memState->setStackSize(memState->getStackBase() - stack_min);

     // map memory
     memState->mapRegion(roundDown(stack_min, pageSize),
                         roundUp(memState->getStackSize(), pageSize), "stack");

     // map out initial stack contents
     IntType sentry_base = memState->getStackBase() - sentry_size;
     IntType aux_data_base = sentry_base - aux_data_size;
     IntType env_data_base = aux_data_base - env_data_size;
     IntType arg_data_base = env_data_base - arg_data_size;
     IntType platform_base = arg_data_base - platform_size;
     IntType auxv_array_base = platform_base - aux_array_size - aux_padding;
     IntType envp_array_base = auxv_array_base - envp_array_size;
     IntType argv_array_base = envp_array_base - argv_array_size;
     IntType argc_base = argv_array_base - argc_size;

     DPRINTF(Stack, "The addresses of items on the initial stack:\n");
     DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - aux data\n", aux_data_base);
     DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - env data\n", env_data_base);
     DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - arg data\n", arg_data_base);
     DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - platform base\n", platform_base);
     DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - auxv array\n", auxv_array_base);
     DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - envp array\n", envp_array_base);
     DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - argv array\n", argv_array_base);
     DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - argc \n", argc_base);
     DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - stack min\n", stack_min);

     // write contents to stack

     // figure out argc
     IntType argc = argv.size();
     IntType guestArgc = htog(argc, byteOrder);

     //Write out the sentry void *
     IntType sentry_NULL = 0;
     initVirtMem->writeBlob(sentry_base, &sentry_NULL, sentry_size);

     //Fix up the aux vectors which point to other data
     for (int i = auxv.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
         if (auxv[i].type == gem5::auxv::Platform) {
             auxv[i].val = platform_base;
             initVirtMem->writeString(platform_base, platform.c_str());
         } else if (auxv[i].type == gem5::auxv::Execfn) {
             auxv[i].val = aux_data_base + numRandomBytes;
             initVirtMem->writeString(aux_data_base, filename.c_str());
         } else if (auxv[i].type == gem5::auxv::Random) {
             auxv[i].val = aux_data_base;
         }
     }

     //Copy the aux stuff
     Addr auxv_array_end = auxv_array_base;
     for (const auto &aux: auxv) {
         initVirtMem->write(auxv_array_end, aux, byteOrder);
         auxv_array_end += sizeof(aux);
     }
     //Write out the terminating zeroed auxilliary vector
     const gem5::auxv::AuxVector<uint64_t> zero(0, 0);
     initVirtMem->write(auxv_array_end, zero);
     auxv_array_end += sizeof(zero);

     copyStringArray(envp, envp_array_base, env_data_base,
                     byteOrder, *initVirtMem);
     copyStringArray(argv, argv_array_base, arg_data_base,
                     byteOrder, *initVirtMem);

     initVirtMem->writeBlob(argc_base, &guestArgc, intSize);

     ThreadContext *tc = system->threads[contextIds[0]];

     //Set the stack pointer register
     tc->setIntReg(StackPointerReg, stack_min);

     //Reset the special-purpose registers
     for (int i = 0; i < NumIntSpecialRegs; i++)
         tc->setIntReg(NumIntArchRegs + i, 0);

     //Set the machine status for a typical userspace
     Msr msr = 0;
     msr.sf = is64bit;
     msr.hv = 1;
     msr.ee = 1;
     msr.pr = 1;
     msr.me = 1;
     msr.ir = 1;
     msr.dr = 1;
     msr.ri = 1;
     msr.le = isLittleEndian;
     tc->setIntReg(INTREG_MSR, msr);

     auto pc = tc->pcState().as<PowerISA::PCState>();
     pc.set(getStartPC());
     pc.byteOrder(byteOrder);
     tc->pcState(pc);

     //Align the "stack_min" to a page boundary.
     memState->setStackMin(roundDown(stack_min, pageSize));
 }

 } // namespace gem5
	/*
	* Copyright (c) 2007-2008 The Florida State University
	* Copyright (c) 2009 The University of Edinburgh
	* Copyright (c) 2021 IBM Corporation
	* All rights reserved.
	*
	* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
	* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
	* met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
	* redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
	* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
	* neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
	* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
	* this software without specific prior written permission.
	*
	* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
	* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
	* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
	* OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
	* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
	* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
	* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
	* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
	* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
	*/

	#include "arch/power/process.hh"

	#include "arch/power/page_size.hh"
	#include "arch/power/regs/int.hh"
	#include "arch/power/regs/misc.hh"
	#include "arch/power/types.hh"
	#include "base/loader/elf_object.hh"
	#include "base/loader/object_file.hh"
	#include "base/logging.hh"
	#include "cpu/thread_context.hh"
	#include "debug/Stack.hh"
	#include "mem/page_table.hh"
	#include "params/Process.hh"
	#include "sim/aux_vector.hh"
	#include "sim/byteswap.hh"
	#include "sim/process_impl.hh"
	#include "sim/syscall_return.hh"
	#include "sim/system.hh"

	namespace gem5
	{

	using namespace PowerISA;

	PowerProcess::PowerProcess(
	const ProcessParams &params, loader::ObjectFile *objFile)
	: Process(params,
	new EmulationPageTable(params.name, params.pid, PageBytes),
	objFile)
	{
	fatal_if(params.useArchPT, "Arch page tables not implemented.");
	// Set up break point (Top of Heap)
	Addr brk_point = image.maxAddr();
	brk_point = roundUp(brk_point, PageBytes);

	Addr stack_base = 0xbf000000L;

	Addr max_stack_size = 8 * 1024 * 1024;

	// Set pointer for next thread stack. Reserve 8M for main stack.
	Addr next_thread_stack_base = stack_base - max_stack_size;

	// Set up region for mmaps. For now, start at bottom of kuseg space.
	Addr mmap_end = 0x70000000L;

	memState = std::make_shared<MemState>(
	this, brk_point, stack_base, max_stack_size,
	next_thread_stack_base, mmap_end);
	}

	void
	PowerProcess::initState()
	{
	Process::initState();

	if (objFile->getArch() == loader::Power)
	argsInit<uint32_t>(PageBytes);
	else
	argsInit<uint64_t>(PageBytes);

	// Fix up entry point and symbol table for 64-bit ELF ABI v1
	if (objFile->getOpSys() != loader::LinuxPower64ABIv1)
	return;

	// Fix entry point address and the base TOC pointer by looking the
	// the function descriptor in the .opd section
	Addr entryPoint, tocBase;
	ByteOrder byteOrder = objFile->getByteOrder();
	ThreadContext *tc = system->threads[contextIds[0]];

	// The first doubleword of the descriptor contains the address of the
	// entry point of the function
	initVirtMem->readBlob(getStartPC(), &entryPoint, sizeof(Addr));

	// Update the PC state
	auto pc = tc->pcState().as<PowerISA::PCState>();
	pc.byteOrder(byteOrder);
	pc.set(gtoh(entryPoint, byteOrder));
	tc->pcState(pc);

	// The second doubleword of the descriptor contains the TOC base
	// address for the function
	initVirtMem->readBlob(getStartPC() + 8, &tocBase, sizeof(Addr));
	tc->setIntReg(TOCPointerReg, gtoh(tocBase, byteOrder));

	// Fix symbol table entries as they would otherwise point to the
	// function descriptor rather than the actual entry point address
	auto *symbolTable = new loader::SymbolTable;

	for (auto sym : loader::debugSymbolTable) {
	Addr entry;
	loader::Symbol symbol = sym;

	// Try to read entry point from function descriptor
	if (initVirtMem->tryReadBlob(sym.address, &entry, sizeof(Addr)))
	symbol.address = gtoh(entry, byteOrder);

	symbolTable->insert(symbol);
	}

	// Replace the current debug symbol table
	loader::debugSymbolTable.clear();
	loader::debugSymbolTable.insert(*symbolTable);
	delete symbolTable;
	}

	template <typename IntType>
	void
	PowerProcess::argsInit(int pageSize)
	{
	int intSize = sizeof(IntType);
	ByteOrder byteOrder = objFile->getByteOrder();
	bool is64bit = (objFile->getArch() == loader::Power64);
	bool isLittleEndian = (byteOrder == ByteOrder::little);
	std::vector<gem5::auxv::AuxVector<IntType>> auxv;

	std::string filename;
	if (argv.size() < 1)
	filename = "";
	else
	filename = argv[0];

	//We want 16 byte alignment
	uint64_t align = 16;

	// load object file into target memory
	image.write(*initVirtMem);
	interpImage.write(*initVirtMem);

	//Setup the auxilliary vectors. These will already have endian conversion.
	//Auxilliary vectors are loaded only for elf formatted executables.
	auto elfObject = dynamic_cast<loader::ElfObject >(objFile);
	if (elfObject) {
	IntType features = HWCAP_FEATURE_32;

	// Check if running in 64-bit mode
	if (is64bit)
	features \|= HWCAP_FEATURE_64;

	// Check if running in little endian mode
	if (isLittleEndian)
	features \|= HWCAP_FEATURE_PPC_LE \| HWCAP_FEATURE_TRUE_LE;

	//Bits which describe the system hardware capabilities
	//XXX Figure out what these should be
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Hwcap, features);
	//The system page size
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Pagesz, pageSize);
	//Frequency at which times() increments
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Clktck, 0x64);
	// For statically linked executables, this is the virtual address of
	// the program header tables if they appear in the executable image
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Phdr, elfObject->programHeaderTable());
	// This is the size of a program header entry from the elf file.
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Phent, elfObject->programHeaderSize());
	// This is the number of program headers from the original elf file.
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Phnum, elfObject->programHeaderCount());
	// This is the base address of the ELF interpreter; it should be
	// zero for static executables or contain the base address for
	// dynamic executables.
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Base, getBias());
	//XXX Figure out what this should be.
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Flags, 0);
	//The entry point to the program
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Entry, objFile->entryPoint());
	//Different user and group IDs
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Uid, uid());
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Euid, euid());
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Gid, gid());
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Egid, egid());
	//Whether to enable "secure mode" in the executable
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Secure, 0);
	//The address of 16 "random" bytes
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Random, 0);
	//The filename of the program
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Execfn, 0);
	//The string "v51" with unknown meaning
	auxv.emplace_back(gem5::auxv::Platform, 0);
	}

	//Figure out how big the initial stack nedes to be

	// A sentry NULL void pointer at the top of the stack.
	int sentry_size = intSize;

	std::string platform = "v51";
	int platform_size = platform.size() + 1;

	// The aux vectors are put on the stack in two groups. The first group are
	// the vectors that are generated as the elf is loaded. The second group
	// are the ones that were computed ahead of time and include the platform
	// string.
	int aux_data_size = filename.size() + 1;

	const int numRandomBytes = 16;
	aux_data_size += numRandomBytes;

	int env_data_size = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < envp.size(); ++i) {
	env_data_size += envp[i].size() + 1;
	}
	int arg_data_size = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < argv.size(); ++i) {
	arg_data_size += argv[i].size() + 1;
	}

	int info_block_size =
	sentry_size + env_data_size + arg_data_size +
	aux_data_size + platform_size;

	//Each auxilliary vector is two 4 byte words
	int aux_array_size = intSize * 2 * (auxv.size() + 1);

	int envp_array_size = intSize * (envp.size() + 1);
	int argv_array_size = intSize * (argv.size() + 1);

	int argc_size = intSize;

	//Figure out the size of the contents of the actual initial frame
	int frame_size =
	info_block_size +
	aux_array_size +
	envp_array_size +
	argv_array_size +
	argc_size;

	//There needs to be padding after the auxiliary vector data so that the
	//very bottom of the stack is aligned properly.
	int partial_size = frame_size;
	int aligned_partial_size = roundUp(partial_size, align);
	int aux_padding = aligned_partial_size - partial_size;

	int space_needed = frame_size + aux_padding;

	Addr stack_min = memState->getStackBase() - space_needed;
	stack_min = roundDown(stack_min, align);

	memState->setStackSize(memState->getStackBase() - stack_min);

	// map memory
	memState->mapRegion(roundDown(stack_min, pageSize),
	roundUp(memState->getStackSize(), pageSize), "stack");

	// map out initial stack contents
	IntType sentry_base = memState->getStackBase() - sentry_size;
	IntType aux_data_base = sentry_base - aux_data_size;
	IntType env_data_base = aux_data_base - env_data_size;
	IntType arg_data_base = env_data_base - arg_data_size;
	IntType platform_base = arg_data_base - platform_size;
	IntType auxv_array_base = platform_base - aux_array_size - aux_padding;
	IntType envp_array_base = auxv_array_base - envp_array_size;
	IntType argv_array_base = envp_array_base - argv_array_size;
	IntType argc_base = argv_array_base - argc_size;

	DPRINTF(Stack, "The addresses of items on the initial stack:\n");
	DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - aux data\n", aux_data_base);
	DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - env data\n", env_data_base);
	DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - arg data\n", arg_data_base);
	DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - platform base\n", platform_base);
	DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - auxv array\n", auxv_array_base);
	DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - envp array\n", envp_array_base);
	DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - argv array\n", argv_array_base);
	DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - argc \n", argc_base);
	DPRINTF(Stack, "0x%x - stack min\n", stack_min);

	// write contents to stack

	// figure out argc
	IntType argc = argv.size();
	IntType guestArgc = htog(argc, byteOrder);

	//Write out the sentry void *
	IntType sentry_NULL = 0;
	initVirtMem->writeBlob(sentry_base, &sentry_NULL, sentry_size);

	//Fix up the aux vectors which point to other data
	for (int i = auxv.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
	if (auxv[i].type == gem5::auxv::Platform) {
	auxv[i].val = platform_base;
	initVirtMem->writeString(platform_base, platform.c_str());
	} else if (auxv[i].type == gem5::auxv::Execfn) {
	auxv[i].val = aux_data_base + numRandomBytes;
	initVirtMem->writeString(aux_data_base, filename.c_str());
	} else if (auxv[i].type == gem5::auxv::Random) {
	auxv[i].val = aux_data_base;
	}
	}

	//Copy the aux stuff
	Addr auxv_array_end = auxv_array_base;
	for (const auto &aux: auxv) {
	initVirtMem->write(auxv_array_end, aux, byteOrder);
	auxv_array_end += sizeof(aux);
	}
	//Write out the terminating zeroed auxilliary vector
	const gem5::auxv::AuxVector<uint64_t> zero(0, 0);
	initVirtMem->write(auxv_array_end, zero);
	auxv_array_end += sizeof(zero);

	copyStringArray(envp, envp_array_base, env_data_base,
	byteOrder, *initVirtMem);
	copyStringArray(argv, argv_array_base, arg_data_base,
	byteOrder, *initVirtMem);

	initVirtMem->writeBlob(argc_base, &guestArgc, intSize);

	ThreadContext *tc = system->threads[contextIds[0]];

	//Set the stack pointer register
	tc->setIntReg(StackPointerReg, stack_min);

	//Reset the special-purpose registers
	for (int i = 0; i < NumIntSpecialRegs; i++)
	tc->setIntReg(NumIntArchRegs + i, 0);

	//Set the machine status for a typical userspace
	Msr msr = 0;
	msr.sf = is64bit;
	msr.hv = 1;
	msr.ee = 1;
	msr.pr = 1;
	msr.me = 1;
	msr.ir = 1;
	msr.dr = 1;
	msr.ri = 1;
	msr.le = isLittleEndian;
	tc->setIntReg(INTREG_MSR, msr);

	auto pc = tc->pcState().as<PowerISA::PCState>();
	pc.set(getStartPC());
	pc.byteOrder(byteOrder);
	tc->pcState(pc);

	//Align the "stack_min" to a page boundary.
	memState->setStackMin(roundDown(stack_min, pageSize));
	}

	} // namespace gem5