ext/drampower/src/CmdScheduler.cc - public/gem5 - Git at Google

 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2012-2014, TU Delft
  * Copyright (c) 2012-2014, TU Eindhoven
  * Copyright (c) 2012-2014, TU Kaiserslautern
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
  * met:
  *
  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  *
  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  *
  * 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
  * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
  * this software without specific prior written permission.
  *
  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
  * IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
  * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
  * PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
  * HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
  * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
  * TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
  * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
  * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
  * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
  * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  *
  * Authors: Karthik Chandrasekar
  *
  */
 #include "CmdScheduler.h"

 #include <cassert>
 #include <cmath>  // For log2

 #include <algorithm>  // For max


 using namespace std;
 using namespace Data;

 // Read the traces and get the transaction. Each transaction is executed by
 // scheduling a number of commands to the memory. Hence, the transactions are
 // translated into a sequence of commands which will be used for power analysis.
 void cmdScheduler::transTranslation(MemorySpecification memSpec,
                                     ifstream& trans_trace, int grouping, int interleaving, int burst, int powerdown)
 {
   commands.open("commands.trace", ifstream::out);
   MemArchitectureSpec& memArchSpec = memSpec.memArchSpec;
   nBanks          = memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks;
   nColumns        = memArchSpec.nbrOfColumns;
   burstLength     = memArchSpec.burstLength;
   nbrOfBankGroups = memArchSpec.nbrOfBankGroups;

   BGI             = grouping;
   BI = interleaving;
   BC = burst;
   power_down      = powerdown;

   schedulingInitialization(memSpec);
   getTrans(trans_trace, memSpec);

   trans_trace.close();
   commands.close();
   ACT.erase(ACT.begin(), ACT.end());
   PRE.erase(PRE.begin(), PRE.end());
   RDWR.erase(RDWR.begin(), RDWR.end());
   cmdScheduling.erase(cmdScheduling.begin(), cmdScheduling.end());
   cmdList.erase(cmdList.begin(), cmdList.end());
   transTrace.erase(transTrace.begin(), transTrace.end());
 } // cmdScheduler::transTranslation

 // initialize the variables and vectors for starting command scheduling.
 void cmdScheduler::schedulingInitialization(MemorySpecification memSpec)
 {
   MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;

   ACT.resize(2 * memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks);
   RDWR.resize(2 * memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks);
   PRE.resize(memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks);
   bankaccess = memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks;
   if (!ACT.empty()) {
     ACT.erase(ACT.begin(), ACT.end());
   }
   if (!PRE.empty()) {
     PRE.erase(PRE.begin(), PRE.end());
   }
   if (!RDWR.empty()) {
     RDWR.erase(RDWR.begin(), RDWR.end());
   }

   ///////////////initialization//////////////
   for (unsigned i = 0; i < memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks; i++) {
     cmd.Type = PRECHARGE;
     cmd.bank = i;
     cmd.name = "PRE";
     if (memSpec.id == "WIDEIO_SDR")
       cmd.time = 1 - static_cast<double>(memSpec.memTimingSpec.TAW);
     else
       cmd.time = 1 - static_cast<double>(memSpec.memTimingSpec.FAW);

     PRE.push_back(cmd);

     cmd.Type = ACTIVATE;
     cmd.name = "ACT";
     ACT.push_back(cmd);

     cmd.Type = WRITE;
     cmd.name = "WRITE";
     cmd.time = -1;
     RDWR[i].push_back(cmd);
   }
   tREF             = memTimingSpec.REFI;
   transFinish.time = 0;
   transFinish.bank = 0;

   PreRDWR.bank     = -1;
   PreRDWR.Type     = READ;
   PreRDWR.name     = "RD";
   PreRDWR.time     = -1;
   startTime        = 0;
 } // cmdScheduler::schedulingInitialization

 // transactions are generated according to the information read from the traces.
 // Then the command scheduling function is triggered to generate commands and
 // schedule them to the memory according to the timing constraints.
 void cmdScheduler::getTrans(std::ifstream& trans_trace, MemorySpecification memSpec)
 {
   std::string line;

   transTime = 0;
   unsigned newtranstime;
   unsigned transAddr;
   unsigned transType = 1;
   trans    TransItem;

   if (!transTrace.empty()) {
     transTrace.erase(transTrace.begin(), transTrace.end());
   }

   while (getline(trans_trace, line)) {
     istringstream linestream(line);
     string item;
     unsigned itemnum = 0;
     while (getline(linestream, item, ',')) {
       if (itemnum == 0) {
         stringstream timestamp(item);
         timestamp >> newtranstime;
         transTime = transTime + newtranstime;
       } else if (itemnum == 1) {
         if (item  == "write" || item == "WRITE") {
           transType = WRITE;
         } else   {
           transType = READ;
         }
       } else if (itemnum == 2) {
         stringstream timestamp(item);
         timestamp >> std::hex >> transAddr;
       }
       itemnum++;
     }
     // generate a transaction
     TransItem.timeStamp      = transTime;
     TransItem.logicalAddress = transAddr;
     TransItem.type           = transType;

     transTrace.push_back(TransItem);

     if (transTrace.size() == MILLION) {
       // The scheduling is implemented for every MILLION transactions.
       // It is used to reduce the used memory during the running of this tool.
       analyticalScheduling(memSpec);
       transTrace.erase(transTrace.begin(), transTrace.end());
     }
   }

   if ((transTrace.size() < MILLION) && (!transTrace.empty())) {
     analyticalScheduling(memSpec);
     transTrace.erase(transTrace.begin(), transTrace.end());
   }
 } // cmdScheduler::getTrans

 // Transactions are executed individually and the command scheduling is
 // independent between transactions. The commands for a new transaction cannot
 // be scheduled until all the commands for the current one are scheduled.
 // After the scheduling, a sequence of commands are obtained and they are written
 // into commands.txt which will be used for power analysis.
 void cmdScheduler::analyticalScheduling(MemorySpecification memSpec)
 {
   int  Bs               = -1;
   int  transType        = -1;
   double timer          = 0;
   int  bankGroupPointer = 0;
   int  bankGroupAddr    = 0;
   bool collisionFound;
   physicalAddr PhysicalAddress;
   bool bankGroupSwitch  = false;
   std::vector<unsigned> bankPointer(nbrOfBankGroups, 0);
   std::vector<int>  bankAccessNum(nBanks, -1);
   std::vector<bool> ACTSchedule(nBanks, false);
   int bankAddr       = -1;
   double endTime     = 0;
   double tComing_REF = 0;

   Inselfrefresh = 0;

   MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;

   for (unsigned t = 0; t < transTrace.size(); t++) {
     cmdScheduling.erase(cmdScheduling.begin(), cmdScheduling.end());

     for (unsigned i = 0; i < nBanks; i++) {
       ACTSchedule[i]   = false;
       bankAccessNum[i] = -1;
     }

     timingsGet      = false;
     timer           = transTrace[t].timeStamp;

     PhysicalAddress = memoryMap(transTrace[t], memSpec);

     for (unsigned i = 0; i < nbrOfBankGroups; i++) {
       bankPointer[i] = PhysicalAddress.bankAddr; // the bank pointer per group.
     }
     bankGroupPointer = PhysicalAddress.bankGroupAddr;

     endTime          = max(transFinish.time, PRE[transFinish.bank].time +
                            static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RP));

     // Before starting the scheduling for the next transaction, it has to
     // check whether it is necessary for implementing power down.
     if (power_down == SELF_REFRESH)
       pdScheduling(endTime, timer, memSpec);
     else if (power_down == POWER_DOWN)
       pdScheduling(endTime, min(timer, tREF), memSpec);

     tComing_REF = tREF;

     ///////////////Scheduling Refresh////////////////////////
     if (((transFinish.time >= tREF) || (timer >= tREF))) {
       for (double i = 0; i <= ((timer - tComing_REF) > 0 ? (timer - tComing_REF) /
                                memTimingSpec.REFI : 0); i++) {
         cmd.bank = 0;
         cmd.name = "REF";
         cmd.time = max(max(max(transFinish.time, PRE[transFinish.bank].time
                                + static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RP)), tREF), startTime);
         if (((power_down == SELF_REFRESH) && !Inselfrefresh) ||
             (power_down != SELF_REFRESH)) {
           cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
           startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.RFC;
         }
         tREF = tREF + memTimingSpec.REFI;
         // during the refreshing, power down should be taken into account.
         if (!Inselfrefresh)
           pdScheduling(endTime, min(timer, tREF), memSpec);
       }
     }
     ///////////////Execution Transactions///////////////////
     Bs        = PhysicalAddress.bankAddr;
     transType = transTrace[t].type;

     tRWTP     = getRWTP(transType, memSpec);

     for (int i = 0; i < BI; i++) {
       for (int k = 0; k < BC; k++) {
         if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::DDR4) {
           bankGroupPointer = PhysicalAddress.bankGroupAddr;
         }

         for (int j = 0; j < BGI; j++) {
           bankGroupSwitch = false;
           if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::DDR4) {
             if (bankGroupPointer != bankGroupAddr) {
               bankGroupSwitch = true;
             }
             // update to the current bank group address.
             bankGroupAddr = PhysicalAddress.bankGroupAddr + j;
             bankAddr      = bankGroupAddr * nBanks / nbrOfBankGroups +
                             bankPointer[bankGroupAddr];
           } else   {
             bankAddr = Bs + i;
           }

           if (!timingsGet) {
             getTimingConstraints(bankGroupSwitch, memSpec,
                                  PreRDWR.Type, transType);
           }

           ////////////////ACT Scheduling///////////////////
           if (!ACTSchedule[bankAddr]) {
             cmd.bank                  = bankAddr;
             cmd.PhysicalAddr.bankAddr = cmd.bank;
             cmd.PhysicalAddr.rowAddr  = PhysicalAddress.rowAddr;
             cmd.Type                  = ACTIVATE;
             cmd.name                  = "ACT";
             Inselfrefresh             = 0;
             cmd.time                  = max(max(ACT[bankaccess - 1].time + tRRD_init,
                                                 PRE[cmd.bank].time + static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RP)),
                                             ACT[bankaccess - 4].time +
                                             static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.FAW));

             if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::WIDEIO_SDR) {
               cmd.time = max(max(ACT[bankaccess - 1].time + tRRD_init,
                                  PRE[cmd.bank].time + static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RP)),
                              ACT[bankaccess - 2].time +
                              static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.TAW));
             }

             if ((i == 0) && (j == 0)) {
               cmd.time = max(cmd.time, PreRDWR.time + 1);
               cmd.time = max(cmd.time, timer);
               cmd.time = max(startTime, cmd.time);
             }

             //////////collision detection////////////////////
             for (int n = 1; n <= i * BGI + j; n++) {
               collisionFound = false;
               for (unsigned m = 0; m < RDWR[bankaccess - n].size(); m++) {
                 if (RDWR[bankaccess - n][m].time == cmd.time) {
                   cmd.time      += 1; // ACT is shifted
                   collisionFound = true;
                   break;
                 }
               }
               if (collisionFound) {
                 break;
               }
             }

             ACT.push_back(cmd);
             cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);

             ACTSchedule[bankAddr]   = true;
             bankAccessNum[bankAddr] = bankaccess;
             bankaccess++;
           }

           /////RDWR Scheduling//////
           cmd.bank = bankAddr;
           cmd.PhysicalAddr.bankAddr = cmd.bank;
           cmd.PhysicalAddr.rowAddr  = PhysicalAddress.rowAddr;
           cmd.PhysicalAddr.colAddr  = PhysicalAddress.colAddr + k * burstLength;
           cmd.Type = transType;
           switch (transType) {
           case READ:
             cmd.name = "RD";
             break;

           case WRITE:
             cmd.name = "WR";
             break;
           }
           for (int ACTBank = static_cast<int>(ACT.size() - 1);
                ACTBank >= 0; ACTBank--) {
             if (ACT[ACTBank].bank == bankAddr) {
               cmd.time = max(PreRDWR.time + tSwitch_init, ACT.back().time
                              + static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RCD));
               break;
             }
           }

           if ((i == BI - 1) && (k == BC - 1) && (j == BGI - 1)) {
             transFinish.time = cmd.time + 1;
             transFinish.bank = bankAddr;
           }
           if (k == BC - 1) {
             switch (transType) {
             case READ:
               cmd.name = "RDA";
               break;

             case WRITE:
               cmd.name = "WRA";
               break;
             }
           }
           PreRDWR = cmd;

           RDWR[bankAccessNum[bankAddr]].push_back(cmd);
           cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);

           ////////////////PRE Scheduling////////////////////
           if (k == BC - 1) {
             PRE[bankAddr].bank = bankAddr;
             PRE[bankAddr].Type = PRECHARGE;
             PRE[bankAddr].name = "PRE";
             for (int ACTBank = static_cast<int>(ACT.size() - 1);
                  ACTBank >= 0; ACTBank--) {
               if (ACT[ACTBank].bank == bankAddr) {
                 PRE[bankAddr].time = max(ACT.back().time +
                                          static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RAS),
                                          PreRDWR.time + tRWTP);
                 break;
               }
             }
             bankPointer[bankGroupAddr] = bankPointer[bankGroupAddr] + 1;
           }

           bankGroupPointer++;
         }
       }
     }

     // make sure the scheduled commands are stored with an ascending scheduling time
     sort(cmdScheduling.begin(), cmdScheduling.end(),
          commandItem::commandItemSorter());

     // write the scheduled commands into commands.txt.
     for (unsigned i = 0; i < cmdScheduling.size(); i++) {
       cmdList.push_back(cmdScheduling[i]);
     }

     /////////////Update Vector Length/////////////////
     // the vector length is reduced so that less memory is used for running
     // this tool.
     if (ACT.size() >= memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks) {
       for (int m = 0; m < BI * BGI; m++) {
         ACT.erase(ACT.begin());
         RDWR[0].erase(RDWR[0].begin(), RDWR[0].end());
         for (int h = 0; h < bankaccess - 1 - m; h++) {
           RDWR[h].insert(RDWR[h].begin(), RDWR[h + 1].begin(), RDWR[h + 1].end());
           RDWR[h + 1].resize(0);
         }
       }
       bankaccess = bankaccess - (BI * BGI);
     }
   }

   for (unsigned j = 0; j < cmdList.size(); j++) {
     commands.precision(0);
     commands << fixed << cmdList[j].time << "," << cmdList[j].name << "," <<
       cmdList[j].bank << endl;
   }
   cmdList.erase(cmdList.begin(), cmdList.end());
 } // cmdScheduler::analyticalScheduling

 // to add the power down/up during the command scheduling for transactions.
 // It is called when the command scheduling for a transaction is finished, and it
 // is also called if there is a refresh.
 void cmdScheduler::pdScheduling(double endTime, double timer,
                                 MemorySpecification memSpec)
 {
   double ZERO = 0;
   MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;

   endTime = max(endTime, startTime);
   double pdTime = max(ZERO, timer - endTime);

   if ((timer > (endTime + memTimingSpec.CKE)) && (power_down == POWER_DOWN)) {
     cmd.bank = 0;
     cmd.name = "PDN_S_PRE";
     cmd.time = endTime;
     cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
     cmd.name = "PUP_PRE";

     if (pdTime > memTimingSpec.REFI)
       cmd.time = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.REFI;
     else
       cmd.time = cmd.time + pdTime;

     if (memSpec.memoryType.isLPDDRFamily())
       startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.XP;
     else
       startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.XPDLL - memTimingSpec.RCD;

     cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
   } else if ((timer > (endTime + memTimingSpec.CKESR)) && (power_down == SELF_REFRESH))    {
     cmd.bank      = 0;
     cmd.name      = "SREN";
     cmd.time      = endTime;
     cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
     Inselfrefresh = 1;
     cmd.name      = "SREX";
     cmd.time      = cmd.time + pdTime;

     if (memSpec.memoryType.isLPDDRFamily())
       startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.XS;
     else
       startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.XSDLL - memTimingSpec.RCD;

     cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
   }
 } // cmdScheduler::pdScheduling

 // get the time when a precharge occurs after a read/write command is scheduled.
 // In addition, it copes with different kind of memories.
 int cmdScheduler::getRWTP(int transType, MemorySpecification memSpec)
 {
   int tRWTP_init = 0;
   MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec     = memSpec.memTimingSpec;
   MemArchitectureSpec& memArchSpec = memSpec.memArchSpec;

   if (transType == READ) {
     switch (memSpec.memoryType) {
     case MemoryType::LPDDR:
     case MemoryType::WIDEIO_SDR:
       tRWTP_init = memArchSpec.burstLength / memArchSpec.dataRate;
       break;

     case MemoryType::LPDDR2:
     case MemoryType::LPDDR3:
       tRWTP_init = memArchSpec.burstLength / memArchSpec.dataRate +
                    max(0, static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RTP - 2));
       break;

     case MemoryType::DDR2:
       tRWTP_init = memTimingSpec.AL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
                    memArchSpec.dataRate +
                    max(static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RTP), 2) - 2;
       break;

     case MemoryType::DDR3:
     case MemoryType::DDR4:
       tRWTP_init = memTimingSpec.RTP;
       break;
     default:
       assert("Unknown memory type" && false);
     } // switch
   } else if (transType == WRITE)    {
     if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::WIDEIO_SDR) {
       tRWTP_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
                    memArchSpec.dataRate - 1 + memSpec.memTimingSpec.WR;
     } else   {
       tRWTP_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
                    memArchSpec.dataRate + memSpec.memTimingSpec.WR;
     }
     if ((memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::LPDDR2) ||
         (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::LPDDR3)) {
       tRWTP_init = tRWTP_init + 1;
     }
   }

   return tRWTP_init;
 } // cmdScheduler::getRWTP

 // get the timings for command scheduling according to different memories.
 // In particular, tSwitch_init is generally used to provide the timings for
 // scheduling a read/write command after a read/write command which have been
 // scheduled to any possible banks within any possible bank groups (DDR4).
 void cmdScheduler::getTimingConstraints(bool BGSwitch, MemorySpecification memSpec,
                                         int PreType, int CurrentType)
 {
   MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec     = memSpec.memTimingSpec;
   MemArchitectureSpec& memArchSpec = memSpec.memArchSpec;

   if (memSpec.memoryType != MemoryType::DDR4) {
     tRRD_init = memTimingSpec.RRD;
     if (PreType == CurrentType) {
       tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.CCD;
       timingsGet   = true;
     }

     if ((PreType == WRITE) && (CurrentType == READ)) {
       if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::WIDEIO_SDR) {
         tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
                        memArchSpec.dataRate - 1 + memTimingSpec.WTR;
       } else   {
         tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
                        memArchSpec.dataRate + memTimingSpec.WTR;
       }

       if ((memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::LPDDR2) ||
           (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::LPDDR3)) {
         tSwitch_init = tSwitch_init + 1;
       }
     }
   }

   if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::DDR4) {
     if (BGSwitch) {
       tCCD_init = memTimingSpec.CCD_S;
       tRRD_init = memTimingSpec.RRD_S;
       tWTR_init = memTimingSpec.WTR_S;
     } else   {
       tCCD_init = memTimingSpec.CCD_L;
       tRRD_init = memTimingSpec.RRD_L;
       tWTR_init = memTimingSpec.WTR_L;
     }

     if (PreType == CurrentType) {
       tSwitch_init = tCCD_init;
       timingsGet   = true;
     } else if ((PreType == WRITE) && (CurrentType == READ)) {
       tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
                      memArchSpec.dataRate + tWTR_init;
     }
   }

   if ((PreType == READ) && (CurrentType == WRITE)) {
     tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.RL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
                    memArchSpec.dataRate + 2 - memTimingSpec.WL;
   }
 } // cmdScheduler::getTimingConstraints

 // The logical address of each transaction is translated into a physical address
 // which consists of bank group (for DDR4), bank, row and column addresses.
 cmdScheduler::physicalAddr cmdScheduler::memoryMap(trans               Trans,
                                                    MemorySpecification memSpec)
 {
   int DecLogic;
   physicalAddr PhysicalAddr;

   DecLogic = Trans.logicalAddress;

   // row-bank-column-BI-BC-BGI-BL
   if ((BGI > 1) && (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::DDR4)) {
     unsigned colBits   = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(nColumns));
     unsigned bankShift = static_cast<unsigned>(colBits + ((BI > 1) ? log2(BI) : 0)
                                                + ((BGI > 1) ? log2(BGI) : 0));
     unsigned bankMask  = static_cast<unsigned>(nBanks / (BI * nbrOfBankGroups) - 1)
                         << bankShift;
     unsigned bankAddr  = (DecLogic & bankMask) >>
                          static_cast<unsigned>(colBits + ((BGI > 1) ? log2(BGI) : 0));
     PhysicalAddr.bankAddr = bankAddr;

     unsigned bankGroupShift = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(burstLength));
     unsigned bankGroupMask  = (nbrOfBankGroups / BGI - 1) << bankGroupShift;
     unsigned bankGroupAddr  = (DecLogic & bankGroupMask) >> bankGroupShift;
     PhysicalAddr.bankGroupAddr = bankGroupAddr;

     unsigned colShift       = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(BC * burstLength) +
                                                     ((BI > 1) ? log2(BI) : 0) + ((BGI > 1) ? log2(BGI) : 0));
     unsigned colMask        = static_cast<unsigned>(nColumns / (BC * burstLength) - 1)
                        << colShift;
     unsigned colAddr        = (DecLogic & colMask) >>
                               static_cast<unsigned>((colShift - log2(static_cast<unsigned>(BC) * burstLength)));
     PhysicalAddr.colAddr = colAddr;
   } else   {
     unsigned colBits   = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(nColumns));
     unsigned bankShift = static_cast<unsigned>(colBits + ((BI > 1) ? log2(BI) : 0));
     unsigned bankMask  = static_cast<unsigned>(nBanks / BI - 1) << bankShift;
     unsigned bankAddr  = (DecLogic & bankMask) >> colBits;
     PhysicalAddr.bankAddr = bankAddr;

     unsigned colShift  = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(BC * burstLength) +
                                                ((BI > 1) ? log2(BI) : 0));
     unsigned colMask   = static_cast<unsigned>(nColumns / (BC * burstLength) - 1)
                        << colShift;
     unsigned colAddr   = (DecLogic & colMask) >>
                          static_cast<unsigned>((colShift - log2(static_cast<unsigned>(BC) * burstLength)));
     PhysicalAddr.colAddr       = colAddr;

     PhysicalAddr.bankGroupAddr = 0;
   }

   unsigned rowShift = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(nColumns * nBanks));
   unsigned rowMask  = static_cast<unsigned>(memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfRows - 1)
                      << rowShift;
   unsigned rowAddr  = (DecLogic & rowMask) >> rowShift;
   PhysicalAddr.rowAddr = rowAddr;

   return PhysicalAddr;
 } // cmdScheduler::memoryMap
	/*
	* Copyright (c) 2012-2014, TU Delft
	* Copyright (c) 2012-2014, TU Eindhoven
	* Copyright (c) 2012-2014, TU Kaiserslautern
	* All rights reserved.
	*
	* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
	* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
	* met:
	*
	* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
	*
	* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
	* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
	*
	* 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
	* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
	* this software without specific prior written permission.
	*
	* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
	* IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
	* TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
	* PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
	* HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
	* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
	* TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
	* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
	* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
	* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
	* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
	*
	* Authors: Karthik Chandrasekar
	*
	*/
	#include "CmdScheduler.h"

	#include <cassert>
	#include <cmath> // For log2

	#include <algorithm> // For max


	using namespace std;
	using namespace Data;

	// Read the traces and get the transaction. Each transaction is executed by
	// scheduling a number of commands to the memory. Hence, the transactions are
	// translated into a sequence of commands which will be used for power analysis.
	void cmdScheduler::transTranslation(MemorySpecification memSpec,
	ifstream& trans_trace, int grouping, int interleaving, int burst, int powerdown)
	{
	commands.open("commands.trace", ifstream::out);
	MemArchitectureSpec& memArchSpec = memSpec.memArchSpec;
	nBanks = memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks;
	nColumns = memArchSpec.nbrOfColumns;
	burstLength = memArchSpec.burstLength;
	nbrOfBankGroups = memArchSpec.nbrOfBankGroups;

	BGI = grouping;
	BI = interleaving;
	BC = burst;
	power_down = powerdown;

	schedulingInitialization(memSpec);
	getTrans(trans_trace, memSpec);

	trans_trace.close();
	commands.close();
	ACT.erase(ACT.begin(), ACT.end());
	PRE.erase(PRE.begin(), PRE.end());
	RDWR.erase(RDWR.begin(), RDWR.end());
	cmdScheduling.erase(cmdScheduling.begin(), cmdScheduling.end());
	cmdList.erase(cmdList.begin(), cmdList.end());
	transTrace.erase(transTrace.begin(), transTrace.end());
	} // cmdScheduler::transTranslation

	// initialize the variables and vectors for starting command scheduling.
	void cmdScheduler::schedulingInitialization(MemorySpecification memSpec)
	{
	MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;

	ACT.resize(2 * memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks);
	RDWR.resize(2 * memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks);
	PRE.resize(memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks);
	bankaccess = memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks;
	if (!ACT.empty()) {
	ACT.erase(ACT.begin(), ACT.end());
	}
	if (!PRE.empty()) {
	PRE.erase(PRE.begin(), PRE.end());
	}
	if (!RDWR.empty()) {
	RDWR.erase(RDWR.begin(), RDWR.end());
	}

	///////////////initialization//////////////
	for (unsigned i = 0; i < memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks; i++) {
	cmd.Type = PRECHARGE;
	cmd.bank = i;
	cmd.name = "PRE";
	if (memSpec.id == "WIDEIO_SDR")
	cmd.time = 1 - static_cast<double>(memSpec.memTimingSpec.TAW);
	else
	cmd.time = 1 - static_cast<double>(memSpec.memTimingSpec.FAW);

	PRE.push_back(cmd);

	cmd.Type = ACTIVATE;
	cmd.name = "ACT";
	ACT.push_back(cmd);

	cmd.Type = WRITE;
	cmd.name = "WRITE";
	cmd.time = -1;
	RDWR[i].push_back(cmd);
	}
	tREF = memTimingSpec.REFI;
	transFinish.time = 0;
	transFinish.bank = 0;

	PreRDWR.bank = -1;
	PreRDWR.Type = READ;
	PreRDWR.name = "RD";
	PreRDWR.time = -1;
	startTime = 0;
	} // cmdScheduler::schedulingInitialization

	// transactions are generated according to the information read from the traces.
	// Then the command scheduling function is triggered to generate commands and
	// schedule them to the memory according to the timing constraints.
	void cmdScheduler::getTrans(std::ifstream& trans_trace, MemorySpecification memSpec)
	{
	std::string line;

	transTime = 0;
	unsigned newtranstime;
	unsigned transAddr;
	unsigned transType = 1;
	trans TransItem;

	if (!transTrace.empty()) {
	transTrace.erase(transTrace.begin(), transTrace.end());
	}

	while (getline(trans_trace, line)) {
	istringstream linestream(line);
	string item;
	unsigned itemnum = 0;
	while (getline(linestream, item, ',')) {
	if (itemnum == 0) {
	stringstream timestamp(item);
	timestamp >> newtranstime;
	transTime = transTime + newtranstime;
	} else if (itemnum == 1) {
	if (item == "write" \|\| item == "WRITE") {
	transType = WRITE;
	} else {
	transType = READ;
	}
	} else if (itemnum == 2) {
	stringstream timestamp(item);
	timestamp >> std::hex >> transAddr;
	}
	itemnum++;
	}
	// generate a transaction
	TransItem.timeStamp = transTime;
	TransItem.logicalAddress = transAddr;
	TransItem.type = transType;

	transTrace.push_back(TransItem);

	if (transTrace.size() == MILLION) {
	// The scheduling is implemented for every MILLION transactions.
	// It is used to reduce the used memory during the running of this tool.
	analyticalScheduling(memSpec);
	transTrace.erase(transTrace.begin(), transTrace.end());
	}
	}

	if ((transTrace.size() < MILLION) && (!transTrace.empty())) {
	analyticalScheduling(memSpec);
	transTrace.erase(transTrace.begin(), transTrace.end());
	}
	} // cmdScheduler::getTrans

	// Transactions are executed individually and the command scheduling is
	// independent between transactions. The commands for a new transaction cannot
	// be scheduled until all the commands for the current one are scheduled.
	// After the scheduling, a sequence of commands are obtained and they are written
	// into commands.txt which will be used for power analysis.
	void cmdScheduler::analyticalScheduling(MemorySpecification memSpec)
	{
	int Bs = -1;
	int transType = -1;
	double timer = 0;
	int bankGroupPointer = 0;
	int bankGroupAddr = 0;
	bool collisionFound;
	physicalAddr PhysicalAddress;
	bool bankGroupSwitch = false;
	std::vector<unsigned> bankPointer(nbrOfBankGroups, 0);
	std::vector<int> bankAccessNum(nBanks, -1);
	std::vector<bool> ACTSchedule(nBanks, false);
	int bankAddr = -1;
	double endTime = 0;
	double tComing_REF = 0;

	Inselfrefresh = 0;

	MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;

	for (unsigned t = 0; t < transTrace.size(); t++) {
	cmdScheduling.erase(cmdScheduling.begin(), cmdScheduling.end());

	for (unsigned i = 0; i < nBanks; i++) {
	ACTSchedule[i] = false;
	bankAccessNum[i] = -1;
	}

	timingsGet = false;
	timer = transTrace[t].timeStamp;

	PhysicalAddress = memoryMap(transTrace[t], memSpec);

	for (unsigned i = 0; i < nbrOfBankGroups; i++) {
	bankPointer[i] = PhysicalAddress.bankAddr; // the bank pointer per group.
	}
	bankGroupPointer = PhysicalAddress.bankGroupAddr;

	endTime = max(transFinish.time, PRE[transFinish.bank].time +
	static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RP));

	// Before starting the scheduling for the next transaction, it has to
	// check whether it is necessary for implementing power down.
	if (power_down == SELF_REFRESH)
	pdScheduling(endTime, timer, memSpec);
	else if (power_down == POWER_DOWN)
	pdScheduling(endTime, min(timer, tREF), memSpec);

	tComing_REF = tREF;

	///////////////Scheduling Refresh////////////////////////
	if (((transFinish.time >= tREF) \|\| (timer >= tREF))) {
	for (double i = 0; i <= ((timer - tComing_REF) > 0 ? (timer - tComing_REF) /
	memTimingSpec.REFI : 0); i++) {
	cmd.bank = 0;
	cmd.name = "REF";
	cmd.time = max(max(max(transFinish.time, PRE[transFinish.bank].time
	+ static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RP)), tREF), startTime);
	if (((power_down == SELF_REFRESH) && !Inselfrefresh) \|\|
	(power_down != SELF_REFRESH)) {
	cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
	startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.RFC;
	}
	tREF = tREF + memTimingSpec.REFI;
	// during the refreshing, power down should be taken into account.
	if (!Inselfrefresh)
	pdScheduling(endTime, min(timer, tREF), memSpec);
	}
	}
	///////////////Execution Transactions///////////////////
	Bs = PhysicalAddress.bankAddr;
	transType = transTrace[t].type;

	tRWTP = getRWTP(transType, memSpec);

	for (int i = 0; i < BI; i++) {
	for (int k = 0; k < BC; k++) {
	if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::DDR4) {
	bankGroupPointer = PhysicalAddress.bankGroupAddr;
	}

	for (int j = 0; j < BGI; j++) {
	bankGroupSwitch = false;
	if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::DDR4) {
	if (bankGroupPointer != bankGroupAddr) {
	bankGroupSwitch = true;
	}
	// update to the current bank group address.
	bankGroupAddr = PhysicalAddress.bankGroupAddr + j;
	bankAddr = bankGroupAddr * nBanks / nbrOfBankGroups +
	bankPointer[bankGroupAddr];
	} else {
	bankAddr = Bs + i;
	}

	if (!timingsGet) {
	getTimingConstraints(bankGroupSwitch, memSpec,
	PreRDWR.Type, transType);
	}

	////////////////ACT Scheduling///////////////////
	if (!ACTSchedule[bankAddr]) {
	cmd.bank = bankAddr;
	cmd.PhysicalAddr.bankAddr = cmd.bank;
	cmd.PhysicalAddr.rowAddr = PhysicalAddress.rowAddr;
	cmd.Type = ACTIVATE;
	cmd.name = "ACT";
	Inselfrefresh = 0;
	cmd.time = max(max(ACT[bankaccess - 1].time + tRRD_init,
	PRE[cmd.bank].time + static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RP)),
	ACT[bankaccess - 4].time +
	static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.FAW));

	if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::WIDEIO_SDR) {
	cmd.time = max(max(ACT[bankaccess - 1].time + tRRD_init,
	PRE[cmd.bank].time + static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RP)),
	ACT[bankaccess - 2].time +
	static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.TAW));
	}

	if ((i == 0) && (j == 0)) {
	cmd.time = max(cmd.time, PreRDWR.time + 1);
	cmd.time = max(cmd.time, timer);
	cmd.time = max(startTime, cmd.time);
	}

	//////////collision detection////////////////////
	for (int n = 1; n <= i * BGI + j; n++) {
	collisionFound = false;
	for (unsigned m = 0; m < RDWR[bankaccess - n].size(); m++) {
	if (RDWR[bankaccess - n][m].time == cmd.time) {
	cmd.time += 1; // ACT is shifted
	collisionFound = true;
	break;
	}
	}
	if (collisionFound) {
	break;
	}
	}

	ACT.push_back(cmd);
	cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);

	ACTSchedule[bankAddr] = true;
	bankAccessNum[bankAddr] = bankaccess;
	bankaccess++;
	}

	/////RDWR Scheduling//////
	cmd.bank = bankAddr;
	cmd.PhysicalAddr.bankAddr = cmd.bank;
	cmd.PhysicalAddr.rowAddr = PhysicalAddress.rowAddr;
	cmd.PhysicalAddr.colAddr = PhysicalAddress.colAddr + k * burstLength;
	cmd.Type = transType;
	switch (transType) {
	case READ:
	cmd.name = "RD";
	break;

	case WRITE:
	cmd.name = "WR";
	break;
	}
	for (int ACTBank = static_cast<int>(ACT.size() - 1);
	ACTBank >= 0; ACTBank--) {
	if (ACT[ACTBank].bank == bankAddr) {
	cmd.time = max(PreRDWR.time + tSwitch_init, ACT.back().time
	+ static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RCD));
	break;
	}
	}

	if ((i == BI - 1) && (k == BC - 1) && (j == BGI - 1)) {
	transFinish.time = cmd.time + 1;
	transFinish.bank = bankAddr;
	}
	if (k == BC - 1) {
	switch (transType) {
	case READ:
	cmd.name = "RDA";
	break;

	case WRITE:
	cmd.name = "WRA";
	break;
	}
	}
	PreRDWR = cmd;

	RDWR[bankAccessNum[bankAddr]].push_back(cmd);
	cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);

	////////////////PRE Scheduling////////////////////
	if (k == BC - 1) {
	PRE[bankAddr].bank = bankAddr;
	PRE[bankAddr].Type = PRECHARGE;
	PRE[bankAddr].name = "PRE";
	for (int ACTBank = static_cast<int>(ACT.size() - 1);
	ACTBank >= 0; ACTBank--) {
	if (ACT[ACTBank].bank == bankAddr) {
	PRE[bankAddr].time = max(ACT.back().time +
	static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RAS),
	PreRDWR.time + tRWTP);
	break;
	}
	}
	bankPointer[bankGroupAddr] = bankPointer[bankGroupAddr] + 1;
	}

	bankGroupPointer++;
	}
	}
	}

	// make sure the scheduled commands are stored with an ascending scheduling time
	sort(cmdScheduling.begin(), cmdScheduling.end(),
	commandItem::commandItemSorter());

	// write the scheduled commands into commands.txt.
	for (unsigned i = 0; i < cmdScheduling.size(); i++) {
	cmdList.push_back(cmdScheduling[i]);
	}

	/////////////Update Vector Length/////////////////
	// the vector length is reduced so that less memory is used for running
	// this tool.
	if (ACT.size() >= memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfBanks) {
	for (int m = 0; m < BI * BGI; m++) {
	ACT.erase(ACT.begin());
	RDWR[0].erase(RDWR[0].begin(), RDWR[0].end());
	for (int h = 0; h < bankaccess - 1 - m; h++) {
	RDWR[h].insert(RDWR[h].begin(), RDWR[h + 1].begin(), RDWR[h + 1].end());
	RDWR[h + 1].resize(0);
	}
	}
	bankaccess = bankaccess - (BI * BGI);
	}
	}

	for (unsigned j = 0; j < cmdList.size(); j++) {
	commands.precision(0);
	commands << fixed << cmdList[j].time << "," << cmdList[j].name << "," <<
	cmdList[j].bank << endl;
	}
	cmdList.erase(cmdList.begin(), cmdList.end());
	} // cmdScheduler::analyticalScheduling

	// to add the power down/up during the command scheduling for transactions.
	// It is called when the command scheduling for a transaction is finished, and it
	// is also called if there is a refresh.
	void cmdScheduler::pdScheduling(double endTime, double timer,
	MemorySpecification memSpec)
	{
	double ZERO = 0;
	MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;

	endTime = max(endTime, startTime);
	double pdTime = max(ZERO, timer - endTime);

	if ((timer > (endTime + memTimingSpec.CKE)) && (power_down == POWER_DOWN)) {
	cmd.bank = 0;
	cmd.name = "PDN_S_PRE";
	cmd.time = endTime;
	cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
	cmd.name = "PUP_PRE";

	if (pdTime > memTimingSpec.REFI)
	cmd.time = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.REFI;
	else
	cmd.time = cmd.time + pdTime;

	if (memSpec.memoryType.isLPDDRFamily())
	startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.XP;
	else
	startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.XPDLL - memTimingSpec.RCD;

	cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
	} else if ((timer > (endTime + memTimingSpec.CKESR)) && (power_down == SELF_REFRESH)) {
	cmd.bank = 0;
	cmd.name = "SREN";
	cmd.time = endTime;
	cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
	Inselfrefresh = 1;
	cmd.name = "SREX";
	cmd.time = cmd.time + pdTime;

	if (memSpec.memoryType.isLPDDRFamily())
	startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.XS;
	else
	startTime = cmd.time + memTimingSpec.XSDLL - memTimingSpec.RCD;

	cmdScheduling.push_back(cmd);
	}
	} // cmdScheduler::pdScheduling

	// get the time when a precharge occurs after a read/write command is scheduled.
	// In addition, it copes with different kind of memories.
	int cmdScheduler::getRWTP(int transType, MemorySpecification memSpec)
	{
	int tRWTP_init = 0;
	MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;
	MemArchitectureSpec& memArchSpec = memSpec.memArchSpec;

	if (transType == READ) {
	switch (memSpec.memoryType) {
	case MemoryType::LPDDR:
	case MemoryType::WIDEIO_SDR:
	tRWTP_init = memArchSpec.burstLength / memArchSpec.dataRate;
	break;

	case MemoryType::LPDDR2:
	case MemoryType::LPDDR3:
	tRWTP_init = memArchSpec.burstLength / memArchSpec.dataRate +
	max(0, static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RTP - 2));
	break;

	case MemoryType::DDR2:
	tRWTP_init = memTimingSpec.AL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
	memArchSpec.dataRate +
	max(static_cast<int>(memTimingSpec.RTP), 2) - 2;
	break;

	case MemoryType::DDR3:
	case MemoryType::DDR4:
	tRWTP_init = memTimingSpec.RTP;
	break;
	default:
	assert("Unknown memory type" && false);
	} // switch
	} else if (transType == WRITE) {
	if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::WIDEIO_SDR) {
	tRWTP_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
	memArchSpec.dataRate - 1 + memSpec.memTimingSpec.WR;
	} else {
	tRWTP_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
	memArchSpec.dataRate + memSpec.memTimingSpec.WR;
	}
	if ((memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::LPDDR2) \|\|
	(memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::LPDDR3)) {
	tRWTP_init = tRWTP_init + 1;
	}
	}

	return tRWTP_init;
	} // cmdScheduler::getRWTP

	// get the timings for command scheduling according to different memories.
	// In particular, tSwitch_init is generally used to provide the timings for
	// scheduling a read/write command after a read/write command which have been
	// scheduled to any possible banks within any possible bank groups (DDR4).
	void cmdScheduler::getTimingConstraints(bool BGSwitch, MemorySpecification memSpec,
	int PreType, int CurrentType)
	{
	MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;
	MemArchitectureSpec& memArchSpec = memSpec.memArchSpec;

	if (memSpec.memoryType != MemoryType::DDR4) {
	tRRD_init = memTimingSpec.RRD;
	if (PreType == CurrentType) {
	tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.CCD;
	timingsGet = true;
	}

	if ((PreType == WRITE) && (CurrentType == READ)) {
	if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::WIDEIO_SDR) {
	tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
	memArchSpec.dataRate - 1 + memTimingSpec.WTR;
	} else {
	tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
	memArchSpec.dataRate + memTimingSpec.WTR;
	}

	if ((memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::LPDDR2) \|\|
	(memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::LPDDR3)) {
	tSwitch_init = tSwitch_init + 1;
	}
	}
	}

	if (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::DDR4) {
	if (BGSwitch) {
	tCCD_init = memTimingSpec.CCD_S;
	tRRD_init = memTimingSpec.RRD_S;
	tWTR_init = memTimingSpec.WTR_S;
	} else {
	tCCD_init = memTimingSpec.CCD_L;
	tRRD_init = memTimingSpec.RRD_L;
	tWTR_init = memTimingSpec.WTR_L;
	}

	if (PreType == CurrentType) {
	tSwitch_init = tCCD_init;
	timingsGet = true;
	} else if ((PreType == WRITE) && (CurrentType == READ)) {
	tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.WL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
	memArchSpec.dataRate + tWTR_init;
	}
	}

	if ((PreType == READ) && (CurrentType == WRITE)) {
	tSwitch_init = memTimingSpec.RL + memArchSpec.burstLength /
	memArchSpec.dataRate + 2 - memTimingSpec.WL;
	}
	} // cmdScheduler::getTimingConstraints

	// The logical address of each transaction is translated into a physical address
	// which consists of bank group (for DDR4), bank, row and column addresses.
	cmdScheduler::physicalAddr cmdScheduler::memoryMap(trans Trans,
	MemorySpecification memSpec)
	{
	int DecLogic;
	physicalAddr PhysicalAddr;

	DecLogic = Trans.logicalAddress;

	// row-bank-column-BI-BC-BGI-BL
	if ((BGI > 1) && (memSpec.memoryType == MemoryType::DDR4)) {
	unsigned colBits = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(nColumns));
	unsigned bankShift = static_cast<unsigned>(colBits + ((BI > 1) ? log2(BI) : 0)
	+ ((BGI > 1) ? log2(BGI) : 0));
	unsigned bankMask = static_cast<unsigned>(nBanks / (BI * nbrOfBankGroups) - 1)
	<< bankShift;
	unsigned bankAddr = (DecLogic & bankMask) >>
	static_cast<unsigned>(colBits + ((BGI > 1) ? log2(BGI) : 0));
	PhysicalAddr.bankAddr = bankAddr;

	unsigned bankGroupShift = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(burstLength));
	unsigned bankGroupMask = (nbrOfBankGroups / BGI - 1) << bankGroupShift;
	unsigned bankGroupAddr = (DecLogic & bankGroupMask) >> bankGroupShift;
	PhysicalAddr.bankGroupAddr = bankGroupAddr;

	unsigned colShift = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(BC * burstLength) +
	((BI > 1) ? log2(BI) : 0) + ((BGI > 1) ? log2(BGI) : 0));
	unsigned colMask = static_cast<unsigned>(nColumns / (BC * burstLength) - 1)
	<< colShift;
	unsigned colAddr = (DecLogic & colMask) >>
	static_cast<unsigned>((colShift - log2(static_cast<unsigned>(BC) * burstLength)));
	PhysicalAddr.colAddr = colAddr;
	} else {
	unsigned colBits = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(nColumns));
	unsigned bankShift = static_cast<unsigned>(colBits + ((BI > 1) ? log2(BI) : 0));
	unsigned bankMask = static_cast<unsigned>(nBanks / BI - 1) << bankShift;
	unsigned bankAddr = (DecLogic & bankMask) >> colBits;
	PhysicalAddr.bankAddr = bankAddr;

	unsigned colShift = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(BC * burstLength) +
	((BI > 1) ? log2(BI) : 0));
	unsigned colMask = static_cast<unsigned>(nColumns / (BC * burstLength) - 1)
	<< colShift;
	unsigned colAddr = (DecLogic & colMask) >>
	static_cast<unsigned>((colShift - log2(static_cast<unsigned>(BC) * burstLength)));
	PhysicalAddr.colAddr = colAddr;

	PhysicalAddr.bankGroupAddr = 0;
	}

	unsigned rowShift = static_cast<unsigned>(log2(nColumns * nBanks));
	unsigned rowMask = static_cast<unsigned>(memSpec.memArchSpec.nbrOfRows - 1)
	<< rowShift;
	unsigned rowAddr = (DecLogic & rowMask) >> rowShift;
	PhysicalAddr.rowAddr = rowAddr;

	return PhysicalAddr;
	} // cmdScheduler::memoryMap