src/mem/abstract_mem.cc - public/gem5 - Git at Google

 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2010-2012,2017-2019 ARM Limited
  * All rights reserved
  *
  * The license below extends only to copyright in the software and shall
  * not be construed as granting a license to any other intellectual
  * property including but not limited to intellectual property relating
  * to a hardware implementation of the functionality of the software
  * licensed hereunder.  You may use the software subject to the license
  * terms below provided that you ensure that this notice is replicated
  * unmodified and in its entirety in all distributions of the software,
  * modified or unmodified, in source code or in binary form.
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2001-2005 The Regents of The University of Michigan
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
  * met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
  * redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
  * neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
  * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
  * this software without specific prior written permission.
  *
  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
  * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
  * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
  * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
  * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
  * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */

 #include "mem/abstract_mem.hh"

 #include <vector>

 #include "arch/locked_mem.hh"
 #include "base/loader/memory_image.hh"
 #include "base/loader/object_file.hh"
 #include "cpu/base.hh"
 #include "cpu/thread_context.hh"
 #include "debug/LLSC.hh"
 #include "debug/MemoryAccess.hh"
 #include "mem/packet_access.hh"
 #include "sim/system.hh"

 using namespace std;

 AbstractMemory::AbstractMemory(const Params *p) :
     ClockedObject(p), range(params()->range), pmemAddr(NULL),
     backdoor(params()->range, nullptr,
              (MemBackdoor::Flags)(MemBackdoor::Readable |
                                   MemBackdoor::Writeable)),
     confTableReported(p->conf_table_reported), inAddrMap(p->in_addr_map),
     kvmMap(p->kvm_map), _system(NULL),
     stats(*this)
 {
     panic_if(!range.valid() || !range.size(),
              "Memory range %s must be valid with non-zero size.",
              range.to_string());
 }

 void
 AbstractMemory::initState()
 {
     ClockedObject::initState();

     const auto &file = params()->image_file;
     if (file == "")
         return;

     auto *object = Loader::createObjectFile(file, true);
     fatal_if(!object, "%s: Could not load %s.", name(), file);

     panic_if(!object->loadGlobalSymbols(Loader::debugSymbolTable),
              "%s: Could not load symbols from %s.", name(), file);

     Loader::MemoryImage image = object->buildImage();

     AddrRange image_range(image.minAddr(), image.maxAddr());
     if (!range.contains(image_range.start())) {
         warn("%s: Moving image from %s to memory address range %s.",
                 name(), image_range.to_string(), range.to_string());
         image = image.offset(range.start());
         image_range = AddrRange(image.minAddr(), image.maxAddr());
     }
     panic_if(!image_range.isSubset(range), "%s: memory image %s doesn't fit.",
              name(), file);

     PortProxy proxy([this](PacketPtr pkt) { functionalAccess(pkt); }, size());

     panic_if(!image.write(proxy), "%s: Unable to write image.");
 }

 void
 AbstractMemory::setBackingStore(uint8_t* pmem_addr)
 {
     // If there was an existing backdoor, let everybody know it's going away.
     if (backdoor.ptr())
         backdoor.invalidate();

     // The back door can't handle interleaved memory.
     backdoor.ptr(range.interleaved() ? nullptr : pmem_addr);

     pmemAddr = pmem_addr;
 }

 AbstractMemory::MemStats::MemStats(AbstractMemory &_mem)
     : Stats::Group(&_mem), mem(_mem),
     bytesRead(this, "bytes_read",
               "Number of bytes read from this memory"),
     bytesInstRead(this, "bytes_inst_read",
                   "Number of instructions bytes read from this memory"),
     bytesWritten(this, "bytes_written",
                  "Number of bytes written to this memory"),
     numReads(this, "num_reads",
              "Number of read requests responded to by this memory"),
     numWrites(this, "num_writes",
               "Number of write requests responded to by this memory"),
     numOther(this, "num_other",
              "Number of other requests responded to by this memory"),
     bwRead(this, "bw_read",
            "Total read bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)"),
     bwInstRead(this, "bw_inst_read",
                "Instruction read bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)"),
     bwWrite(this, "bw_write",
             "Write bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)"),
     bwTotal(this, "bw_total",
             "Total bandwidth to/from this memory (bytes/s)")
 {
 }

 void
 AbstractMemory::MemStats::regStats()
 {
     using namespace Stats;

     Stats::Group::regStats();

     System *sys = mem.system();
     assert(sys);
     const auto max_masters = sys->maxMasters();

     bytesRead
         .init(max_masters)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         bytesRead.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     bytesInstRead
         .init(max_masters)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         bytesInstRead.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     bytesWritten
         .init(max_masters)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         bytesWritten.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     numReads
         .init(max_masters)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         numReads.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     numWrites
         .init(max_masters)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         numWrites.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     numOther
         .init(max_masters)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         numOther.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     bwRead
         .precision(0)
         .prereq(bytesRead)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         bwRead.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     bwInstRead
         .precision(0)
         .prereq(bytesInstRead)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         bwInstRead.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     bwWrite
         .precision(0)
         .prereq(bytesWritten)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         bwWrite.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     bwTotal
         .precision(0)
         .prereq(bwTotal)
         .flags(total | nozero | nonan)
         ;
     for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
         bwTotal.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
     }

     bwRead = bytesRead / simSeconds;
     bwInstRead = bytesInstRead / simSeconds;
     bwWrite = bytesWritten / simSeconds;
     bwTotal = (bytesRead + bytesWritten) / simSeconds;
 }

 AddrRange
 AbstractMemory::getAddrRange() const
 {
     return range;
 }

 // Add load-locked to tracking list.  Should only be called if the
 // operation is a load and the LLSC flag is set.
 void
 AbstractMemory::trackLoadLocked(PacketPtr pkt)
 {
     const RequestPtr &req = pkt->req;
     Addr paddr = LockedAddr::mask(req->getPaddr());

     // first we check if we already have a locked addr for this
     // xc.  Since each xc only gets one, we just update the
     // existing record with the new address.
     list<LockedAddr>::iterator i;

     for (i = lockedAddrList.begin(); i != lockedAddrList.end(); ++i) {
         if (i->matchesContext(req)) {
             DPRINTF(LLSC, "Modifying lock record: context %d addr %#x\n",
                     req->contextId(), paddr);
             i->addr = paddr;
             return;
         }
     }

     // no record for this xc: need to allocate a new one
     DPRINTF(LLSC, "Adding lock record: context %d addr %#x\n",
             req->contextId(), paddr);
     lockedAddrList.push_front(LockedAddr(req));
 }


 // Called on *writes* only... both regular stores and
 // store-conditional operations.  Check for conventional stores which
 // conflict with locked addresses, and for success/failure of store
 // conditionals.
 bool
 AbstractMemory::checkLockedAddrList(PacketPtr pkt)
 {
     const RequestPtr &req = pkt->req;
     Addr paddr = LockedAddr::mask(req->getPaddr());
     bool isLLSC = pkt->isLLSC();

     // Initialize return value.  Non-conditional stores always
     // succeed.  Assume conditional stores will fail until proven
     // otherwise.
     bool allowStore = !isLLSC;

     // Iterate over list.  Note that there could be multiple matching records,
     // as more than one context could have done a load locked to this location.
     // Only remove records when we succeed in finding a record for (xc, addr);
     // then, remove all records with this address.  Failed store-conditionals do
     // not blow unrelated reservations.
     list<LockedAddr>::iterator i = lockedAddrList.begin();

     if (isLLSC) {
         while (i != lockedAddrList.end()) {
             if (i->addr == paddr && i->matchesContext(req)) {
                 // it's a store conditional, and as far as the memory system can
                 // tell, the requesting context's lock is still valid.
                 DPRINTF(LLSC, "StCond success: context %d addr %#x\n",
                         req->contextId(), paddr);
                 allowStore = true;
                 break;
             }
             // If we didn't find a match, keep searching!  Someone else may well
             // have a reservation on this line here but we may find ours in just
             // a little while.
             i++;
         }
         req->setExtraData(allowStore ? 1 : 0);
     }
     // LLSCs that succeeded AND non-LLSC stores both fall into here:
     if (allowStore) {
         // We write address paddr.  However, there may be several entries with a
         // reservation on this address (for other contextIds) and they must all
         // be removed.
         i = lockedAddrList.begin();
         while (i != lockedAddrList.end()) {
             if (i->addr == paddr) {
                 DPRINTF(LLSC, "Erasing lock record: context %d addr %#x\n",
                         i->contextId, paddr);
                 ContextID owner_cid = i->contextId;
                 assert(owner_cid != InvalidContextID);
                 ContextID requester_cid = req->hasContextId() ?
                                            req->contextId() :
                                            InvalidContextID;
                 if (owner_cid != requester_cid) {
                     ThreadContext* ctx = system()->getThreadContext(owner_cid);
                     TheISA::globalClearExclusive(ctx);
                 }
                 i = lockedAddrList.erase(i);
             } else {
                 i++;
             }
         }
     }

     return allowStore;
 }

 #if TRACING_ON
 static inline void
 tracePacket(System *sys, const char *label, PacketPtr pkt)
 {
     int size = pkt->getSize();
 #if THE_ISA != NULL_ISA
     if (size == 1 || size == 2 || size == 4 || size == 8) {
         DPRINTF(MemoryAccess,"%s from %s of size %i on address %#x data "
                 "%#x %c\n", label, sys->getMasterName(pkt->req->masterId()),
                 size, pkt->getAddr(), pkt->getUintX(TheISA::GuestByteOrder),
                 pkt->req->isUncacheable() ? 'U' : 'C');
         return;
     }
 #endif
     DPRINTF(MemoryAccess, "%s from %s of size %i on address %#x %c\n",
             label, sys->getMasterName(pkt->req->masterId()),
             size, pkt->getAddr(), pkt->req->isUncacheable() ? 'U' : 'C');
     DDUMP(MemoryAccess, pkt->getConstPtr<uint8_t>(), pkt->getSize());
 }

 #   define TRACE_PACKET(A) tracePacket(system(), A, pkt)
 #else
 #   define TRACE_PACKET(A)
 #endif

 void
 AbstractMemory::access(PacketPtr pkt)
 {
     if (pkt->cacheResponding()) {
         DPRINTF(MemoryAccess, "Cache responding to %#llx: not responding\n",
                 pkt->getAddr());
         return;
     }

     if (pkt->cmd == MemCmd::CleanEvict || pkt->cmd == MemCmd::WritebackClean) {
         DPRINTF(MemoryAccess, "CleanEvict  on 0x%x: not responding\n",
                 pkt->getAddr());
       return;
     }

     assert(pkt->getAddrRange().isSubset(range));

     uint8_t *host_addr = toHostAddr(pkt->getAddr());

     if (pkt->cmd == MemCmd::SwapReq) {
         if (pkt->isAtomicOp()) {
             if (pmemAddr) {
                 pkt->setData(host_addr);
                 (*(pkt->getAtomicOp()))(host_addr);
             }
         } else {
             std::vector<uint8_t> overwrite_val(pkt->getSize());
             uint64_t condition_val64;
             uint32_t condition_val32;

             panic_if(!pmemAddr, "Swap only works if there is real memory " \
                      "(i.e. null=False)");

             bool overwrite_mem = true;
             // keep a copy of our possible write value, and copy what is at the
             // memory address into the packet
             pkt->writeData(&overwrite_val[0]);
             pkt->setData(host_addr);

             if (pkt->req->isCondSwap()) {
                 if (pkt->getSize() == sizeof(uint64_t)) {
                     condition_val64 = pkt->req->getExtraData();
                     overwrite_mem = !std::memcmp(&condition_val64, host_addr,
                                                  sizeof(uint64_t));
                 } else if (pkt->getSize() == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
                     condition_val32 = (uint32_t)pkt->req->getExtraData();
                     overwrite_mem = !std::memcmp(&condition_val32, host_addr,
                                                  sizeof(uint32_t));
                 } else
                     panic("Invalid size for conditional read/write\n");
             }

             if (overwrite_mem)
                 std::memcpy(host_addr, &overwrite_val[0], pkt->getSize());

             assert(!pkt->req->isInstFetch());
             TRACE_PACKET("Read/Write");
             stats.numOther[pkt->req->masterId()]++;
         }
     } else if (pkt->isRead()) {
         assert(!pkt->isWrite());
         if (pkt->isLLSC()) {
             assert(!pkt->fromCache());
             // if the packet is not coming from a cache then we have
             // to do the LL/SC tracking here
             trackLoadLocked(pkt);
         }
         if (pmemAddr) {
             pkt->setData(host_addr);
         }
         TRACE_PACKET(pkt->req->isInstFetch() ? "IFetch" : "Read");
         stats.numReads[pkt->req->masterId()]++;
         stats.bytesRead[pkt->req->masterId()] += pkt->getSize();
         if (pkt->req->isInstFetch())
             stats.bytesInstRead[pkt->req->masterId()] += pkt->getSize();
     } else if (pkt->isInvalidate() || pkt->isClean()) {
         assert(!pkt->isWrite());
         // in a fastmem system invalidating and/or cleaning packets
         // can be seen due to cache maintenance requests

         // no need to do anything
     } else if (pkt->isWrite()) {
         if (writeOK(pkt)) {
             if (pmemAddr) {
                 pkt->writeData(host_addr);
                 DPRINTF(MemoryAccess, "%s write due to %s\n",
                         __func__, pkt->print());
             }
             assert(!pkt->req->isInstFetch());
             TRACE_PACKET("Write");
             stats.numWrites[pkt->req->masterId()]++;
             stats.bytesWritten[pkt->req->masterId()] += pkt->getSize();
         }
     } else {
         panic("Unexpected packet %s", pkt->print());
     }

     if (pkt->needsResponse()) {
         pkt->makeResponse();
     }
 }

 void
 AbstractMemory::functionalAccess(PacketPtr pkt)
 {
     assert(pkt->getAddrRange().isSubset(range));

     uint8_t *host_addr = toHostAddr(pkt->getAddr());

     if (pkt->isRead()) {
         if (pmemAddr) {
             pkt->setData(host_addr);
         }
         TRACE_PACKET("Read");
         pkt->makeResponse();
     } else if (pkt->isWrite()) {
         if (pmemAddr) {
             pkt->writeData(host_addr);
         }
         TRACE_PACKET("Write");
         pkt->makeResponse();
     } else if (pkt->isPrint()) {
         Packet::PrintReqState *prs =
             dynamic_cast<Packet::PrintReqState*>(pkt->senderState);
         assert(prs);
         // Need to call printLabels() explicitly since we're not going
         // through printObj().
         prs->printLabels();
         // Right now we just print the single byte at the specified address.
         ccprintf(prs->os, "%s%#x\n", prs->curPrefix(), *host_addr);
     } else {
         panic("AbstractMemory: unimplemented functional command %s",
               pkt->cmdString());
     }
 }
	/*
	* Copyright (c) 2010-2012,2017-2019 ARM Limited
	* All rights reserved
	*
	* The license below extends only to copyright in the software and shall
	* not be construed as granting a license to any other intellectual
	* property including but not limited to intellectual property relating
	* to a hardware implementation of the functionality of the software
	* licensed hereunder. You may use the software subject to the license
	* terms below provided that you ensure that this notice is replicated
	* unmodified and in its entirety in all distributions of the software,
	* modified or unmodified, in source code or in binary form.
	*
	* Copyright (c) 2001-2005 The Regents of The University of Michigan
	* All rights reserved.
	*
	* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
	* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
	* met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
	* redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
	* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
	* neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
	* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
	* this software without specific prior written permission.
	*
	* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
	* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
	* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
	* OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
	* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
	* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
	* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
	* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
	* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
	* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
	*/

	#include "mem/abstract_mem.hh"

	#include <vector>

	#include "arch/locked_mem.hh"
	#include "base/loader/memory_image.hh"
	#include "base/loader/object_file.hh"
	#include "cpu/base.hh"
	#include "cpu/thread_context.hh"
	#include "debug/LLSC.hh"
	#include "debug/MemoryAccess.hh"
	#include "mem/packet_access.hh"
	#include "sim/system.hh"

	using namespace std;

	AbstractMemory::AbstractMemory(const Params *p) :
	ClockedObject(p), range(params()->range), pmemAddr(NULL),
	backdoor(params()->range, nullptr,
	(MemBackdoor::Flags)(MemBackdoor::Readable \|
	MemBackdoor::Writeable)),
	confTableReported(p->conf_table_reported), inAddrMap(p->in_addr_map),
	kvmMap(p->kvm_map), _system(NULL),
	stats(*this)
	{
	panic_if(!range.valid() \|\| !range.size(),
	"Memory range %s must be valid with non-zero size.",
	range.to_string());
	}

	void
	AbstractMemory::initState()
	{
	ClockedObject::initState();

	const auto &file = params()->image_file;
	if (file == "")
	return;

	auto *object = Loader::createObjectFile(file, true);
	fatal_if(!object, "%s: Could not load %s.", name(), file);

	panic_if(!object->loadGlobalSymbols(Loader::debugSymbolTable),
	"%s: Could not load symbols from %s.", name(), file);

	Loader::MemoryImage image = object->buildImage();

	AddrRange image_range(image.minAddr(), image.maxAddr());
	if (!range.contains(image_range.start())) {
	warn("%s: Moving image from %s to memory address range %s.",
	name(), image_range.to_string(), range.to_string());
	image = image.offset(range.start());
	image_range = AddrRange(image.minAddr(), image.maxAddr());
	}
	panic_if(!image_range.isSubset(range), "%s: memory image %s doesn't fit.",
	name(), file);

	PortProxy proxy([this](PacketPtr pkt) { functionalAccess(pkt); }, size());

	panic_if(!image.write(proxy), "%s: Unable to write image.");
	}

	void
	AbstractMemory::setBackingStore(uint8_t* pmem_addr)
	{
	// If there was an existing backdoor, let everybody know it's going away.
	if (backdoor.ptr())
	backdoor.invalidate();

	// The back door can't handle interleaved memory.
	backdoor.ptr(range.interleaved() ? nullptr : pmem_addr);

	pmemAddr = pmem_addr;
	}

	AbstractMemory::MemStats::MemStats(AbstractMemory &_mem)
	: Stats::Group(&_mem), mem(_mem),
	bytesRead(this, "bytes_read",
	"Number of bytes read from this memory"),
	bytesInstRead(this, "bytes_inst_read",
	"Number of instructions bytes read from this memory"),
	bytesWritten(this, "bytes_written",
	"Number of bytes written to this memory"),
	numReads(this, "num_reads",
	"Number of read requests responded to by this memory"),
	numWrites(this, "num_writes",
	"Number of write requests responded to by this memory"),
	numOther(this, "num_other",
	"Number of other requests responded to by this memory"),
	bwRead(this, "bw_read",
	"Total read bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)"),
	bwInstRead(this, "bw_inst_read",
	"Instruction read bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)"),
	bwWrite(this, "bw_write",
	"Write bandwidth from this memory (bytes/s)"),
	bwTotal(this, "bw_total",
	"Total bandwidth to/from this memory (bytes/s)")
	{
	}

	void
	AbstractMemory::MemStats::regStats()
	{
	using namespace Stats;

	Stats::Group::regStats();

	System *sys = mem.system();
	assert(sys);
	const auto max_masters = sys->maxMasters();

	bytesRead
	.init(max_masters)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	bytesRead.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	bytesInstRead
	.init(max_masters)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	bytesInstRead.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	bytesWritten
	.init(max_masters)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	bytesWritten.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	numReads
	.init(max_masters)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	numReads.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	numWrites
	.init(max_masters)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	numWrites.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	numOther
	.init(max_masters)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	numOther.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	bwRead
	.precision(0)
	.prereq(bytesRead)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	bwRead.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	bwInstRead
	.precision(0)
	.prereq(bytesInstRead)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	bwInstRead.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	bwWrite
	.precision(0)
	.prereq(bytesWritten)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	bwWrite.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	bwTotal
	.precision(0)
	.prereq(bwTotal)
	.flags(total \| nozero \| nonan)
	;
	for (int i = 0; i < max_masters; i++) {
	bwTotal.subname(i, sys->getMasterName(i));
	}

	bwRead = bytesRead / simSeconds;
	bwInstRead = bytesInstRead / simSeconds;
	bwWrite = bytesWritten / simSeconds;
	bwTotal = (bytesRead + bytesWritten) / simSeconds;
	}

	AddrRange
	AbstractMemory::getAddrRange() const
	{
	return range;
	}

	// Add load-locked to tracking list. Should only be called if the
	// operation is a load and the LLSC flag is set.
	void
	AbstractMemory::trackLoadLocked(PacketPtr pkt)
	{
	const RequestPtr &req = pkt->req;
	Addr paddr = LockedAddr::mask(req->getPaddr());

	// first we check if we already have a locked addr for this
	// xc. Since each xc only gets one, we just update the
	// existing record with the new address.
	list<LockedAddr>::iterator i;

	for (i = lockedAddrList.begin(); i != lockedAddrList.end(); ++i) {
	if (i->matchesContext(req)) {
	DPRINTF(LLSC, "Modifying lock record: context %d addr %#x\n",
	req->contextId(), paddr);
	i->addr = paddr;
	return;
	}
	}

	// no record for this xc: need to allocate a new one
	DPRINTF(LLSC, "Adding lock record: context %d addr %#x\n",
	req->contextId(), paddr);
	lockedAddrList.push_front(LockedAddr(req));
	}


	// Called on writes only... both regular stores and
	// store-conditional operations. Check for conventional stores which
	// conflict with locked addresses, and for success/failure of store
	// conditionals.
	bool
	AbstractMemory::checkLockedAddrList(PacketPtr pkt)
	{
	const RequestPtr &req = pkt->req;
	Addr paddr = LockedAddr::mask(req->getPaddr());
	bool isLLSC = pkt->isLLSC();

	// Initialize return value. Non-conditional stores always
	// succeed. Assume conditional stores will fail until proven
	// otherwise.
	bool allowStore = !isLLSC;

	// Iterate over list. Note that there could be multiple matching records,
	// as more than one context could have done a load locked to this location.
	// Only remove records when we succeed in finding a record for (xc, addr);
	// then, remove all records with this address. Failed store-conditionals do
	// not blow unrelated reservations.
	list<LockedAddr>::iterator i = lockedAddrList.begin();

	if (isLLSC) {
	while (i != lockedAddrList.end()) {
	if (i->addr == paddr && i->matchesContext(req)) {
	// it's a store conditional, and as far as the memory system can
	// tell, the requesting context's lock is still valid.
	DPRINTF(LLSC, "StCond success: context %d addr %#x\n",
	req->contextId(), paddr);
	allowStore = true;
	break;
	}
	// If we didn't find a match, keep searching! Someone else may well
	// have a reservation on this line here but we may find ours in just
	// a little while.
	i++;
	}
	req->setExtraData(allowStore ? 1 : 0);
	}
	// LLSCs that succeeded AND non-LLSC stores both fall into here:
	if (allowStore) {
	// We write address paddr. However, there may be several entries with a
	// reservation on this address (for other contextIds) and they must all
	// be removed.
	i = lockedAddrList.begin();
	while (i != lockedAddrList.end()) {
	if (i->addr == paddr) {
	DPRINTF(LLSC, "Erasing lock record: context %d addr %#x\n",
	i->contextId, paddr);
	ContextID owner_cid = i->contextId;
	assert(owner_cid != InvalidContextID);
	ContextID requester_cid = req->hasContextId() ?
	req->contextId() :
	InvalidContextID;
	if (owner_cid != requester_cid) {
	ThreadContext* ctx = system()->getThreadContext(owner_cid);
	TheISA::globalClearExclusive(ctx);
	}
	i = lockedAddrList.erase(i);
	} else {
	i++;
	}
	}
	}

	return allowStore;
	}

	#if TRACING_ON
	static inline void
	tracePacket(System sys, const char label, PacketPtr pkt)
	{
	int size = pkt->getSize();
	#if THE_ISA != NULL_ISA
	if (size == 1 \|\| size == 2 \|\| size == 4 \|\| size == 8) {
	DPRINTF(MemoryAccess,"%s from %s of size %i on address %#x data "
	"%#x %c\n", label, sys->getMasterName(pkt->req->masterId()),
	size, pkt->getAddr(), pkt->getUintX(TheISA::GuestByteOrder),
	pkt->req->isUncacheable() ? 'U' : 'C');
	return;
	}
	#endif
	DPRINTF(MemoryAccess, "%s from %s of size %i on address %#x %c\n",
	label, sys->getMasterName(pkt->req->masterId()),
	size, pkt->getAddr(), pkt->req->isUncacheable() ? 'U' : 'C');
	DDUMP(MemoryAccess, pkt->getConstPtr<uint8_t>(), pkt->getSize());
	}

	# define TRACE_PACKET(A) tracePacket(system(), A, pkt)
	#else
	# define TRACE_PACKET(A)
	#endif

	void
	AbstractMemory::access(PacketPtr pkt)
	{
	if (pkt->cacheResponding()) {
	DPRINTF(MemoryAccess, "Cache responding to %#llx: not responding\n",
	pkt->getAddr());
	return;
	}

	if (pkt->cmd == MemCmd::CleanEvict \|\| pkt->cmd == MemCmd::WritebackClean) {
	DPRINTF(MemoryAccess, "CleanEvict on 0x%x: not responding\n",
	pkt->getAddr());
	return;
	}

	assert(pkt->getAddrRange().isSubset(range));

	uint8_t *host_addr = toHostAddr(pkt->getAddr());

	if (pkt->cmd == MemCmd::SwapReq) {
	if (pkt->isAtomicOp()) {
	if (pmemAddr) {
	pkt->setData(host_addr);
	(*(pkt->getAtomicOp()))(host_addr);
	}
	} else {
	std::vector<uint8_t> overwrite_val(pkt->getSize());
	uint64_t condition_val64;
	uint32_t condition_val32;

	panic_if(!pmemAddr, "Swap only works if there is real memory " \
	"(i.e. null=False)");

	bool overwrite_mem = true;
	// keep a copy of our possible write value, and copy what is at the
	// memory address into the packet
	pkt->writeData(&overwrite_val[0]);
	pkt->setData(host_addr);

	if (pkt->req->isCondSwap()) {
	if (pkt->getSize() == sizeof(uint64_t)) {
	condition_val64 = pkt->req->getExtraData();
	overwrite_mem = !std::memcmp(&condition_val64, host_addr,
	sizeof(uint64_t));
	} else if (pkt->getSize() == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
	condition_val32 = (uint32_t)pkt->req->getExtraData();
	overwrite_mem = !std::memcmp(&condition_val32, host_addr,
	sizeof(uint32_t));
	} else
	panic("Invalid size for conditional read/write\n");
	}

	if (overwrite_mem)
	std::memcpy(host_addr, &overwrite_val[0], pkt->getSize());

	assert(!pkt->req->isInstFetch());
	TRACE_PACKET("Read/Write");
	stats.numOther[pkt->req->masterId()]++;
	}
	} else if (pkt->isRead()) {
	assert(!pkt->isWrite());
	if (pkt->isLLSC()) {
	assert(!pkt->fromCache());
	// if the packet is not coming from a cache then we have
	// to do the LL/SC tracking here
	trackLoadLocked(pkt);
	}
	if (pmemAddr) {
	pkt->setData(host_addr);
	}
	TRACE_PACKET(pkt->req->isInstFetch() ? "IFetch" : "Read");
	stats.numReads[pkt->req->masterId()]++;
	stats.bytesRead[pkt->req->masterId()] += pkt->getSize();
	if (pkt->req->isInstFetch())
	stats.bytesInstRead[pkt->req->masterId()] += pkt->getSize();
	} else if (pkt->isInvalidate() \|\| pkt->isClean()) {
	assert(!pkt->isWrite());
	// in a fastmem system invalidating and/or cleaning packets
	// can be seen due to cache maintenance requests

	// no need to do anything
	} else if (pkt->isWrite()) {
	if (writeOK(pkt)) {
	if (pmemAddr) {
	pkt->writeData(host_addr);
	DPRINTF(MemoryAccess, "%s write due to %s\n",
	__func__, pkt->print());
	}
	assert(!pkt->req->isInstFetch());
	TRACE_PACKET("Write");
	stats.numWrites[pkt->req->masterId()]++;
	stats.bytesWritten[pkt->req->masterId()] += pkt->getSize();
	}
	} else {
	panic("Unexpected packet %s", pkt->print());
	}

	if (pkt->needsResponse()) {
	pkt->makeResponse();
	}
	}

	void
	AbstractMemory::functionalAccess(PacketPtr pkt)
	{
	assert(pkt->getAddrRange().isSubset(range));

	uint8_t *host_addr = toHostAddr(pkt->getAddr());

	if (pkt->isRead()) {
	if (pmemAddr) {
	pkt->setData(host_addr);
	}
	TRACE_PACKET("Read");
	pkt->makeResponse();
	} else if (pkt->isWrite()) {
	if (pmemAddr) {
	pkt->writeData(host_addr);
	}
	TRACE_PACKET("Write");
	pkt->makeResponse();
	} else if (pkt->isPrint()) {
	Packet::PrintReqState *prs =
	dynamic_cast<Packet::PrintReqState*>(pkt->senderState);
	assert(prs);
	// Need to call printLabels() explicitly since we're not going
	// through printObj().
	prs->printLabels();
	// Right now we just print the single byte at the specified address.
	ccprintf(prs->os, "%s%#x\n", prs->curPrefix(), *host_addr);
	} else {
	panic("AbstractMemory: unimplemented functional command %s",
	pkt->cmdString());
	}
	}