ext/pybind11/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp - amd/gem5 - Git at Google


            
            /*

            
                tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp -- constructors, deconstructors, attribute access,

            
                __str__, argument and return value conventions


                Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>


                All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a

            
                BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

            
            */


            #include "pybind11_tests.h"

            
            #include "constructor_stats.h"


            class ExampleMandA {

            
            public:

            
                ExampleMandA() { print_default_created(this); }

            
                ExampleMandA(int value) : value(value) { print_created(this, value); }

            
                ExampleMandA(const ExampleMandA &e) : value(e.value) { print_copy_created(this); }

            
                ExampleMandA(ExampleMandA &&e) : value(e.value) { print_move_created(this); }

            
                ~ExampleMandA() { print_destroyed(this); }


                std::string toString() {

            
                    return "ExampleMandA[value=" + std::to_string(value) + "]";

            
                }


                void operator=(const ExampleMandA &e) { print_copy_assigned(this); value = e.value; }

            
                void operator=(ExampleMandA &&e) { print_move_assigned(this); value = e.value; }


                void add1(ExampleMandA other) { value += other.value; }         // passing by value

            
                void add2(ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; }        // passing by reference

            
                void add3(const ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; }  // passing by const reference

            
                void add4(ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; }       // passing by pointer

            
                void add5(const ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by const pointer


                void add6(int other) { value += other; }                        // passing by value

            
                void add7(int &other) { value += other; }                       // passing by reference

            
                void add8(const int &other) { value += other; }                 // passing by const reference

            
                void add9(int *other) { value += *other; }                      // passing by pointer

            
                void add10(const int *other) { value += *other; }               // passing by const pointer


                ExampleMandA self1() { return *this; }                          // return by value

            
                ExampleMandA &self2() { return *this; }                         // return by reference

            
                const ExampleMandA &self3() { return *this; }                   // return by const reference

            
                ExampleMandA *self4() { return this; }                          // return by pointer

            
                const ExampleMandA *self5() { return this; }                    // return by const pointer


                int internal1() { return value; }                               // return by value

            
                int &internal2() { return value; }                              // return by reference

            
                const int &internal3() { return value; }                        // return by const reference

            
                int *internal4() { return &value; }                             // return by pointer

            
                const int *internal5() { return &value; }                       // return by const pointer


                py::str overloaded()             { return "()"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(int)          { return "(int)"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(int, float)   { return "(int, float)"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(float, int)   { return "(float, int)"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(int, int)     { return "(int, int)"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(float, float) { return "(float, float)"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(int)          const { return "(int) const"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(int, float)   const { return "(int, float) const"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(float, int)   const { return "(float, int) const"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(int, int)     const { return "(int, int) const"; }

            
                py::str overloaded(float, float) const { return "(float, float) const"; }


                static py::str overloaded(float) { return "static float"; }


                int value = 0;

            
            };


            struct TestProperties {

            
                int value = 1;

            
                static int static_value;


                int get() const { return value; }

            
                void set(int v) { value = v; }


                static int static_get() { return static_value; }

            
                static void static_set(int v) { static_value = v; }

            
            };

            
            int TestProperties::static_value = 1;


            struct TestPropertiesOverride : TestProperties {

            
                int value = 99;

            
                static int static_value;

            
            };

            
            int TestPropertiesOverride::static_value = 99;


            struct TestPropRVP {

            
                UserType v1{1};

            
                UserType v2{1};

            
                static UserType sv1;

            
                static UserType sv2;


                const UserType &get1() const { return v1; }

            
                const UserType &get2() const { return v2; }

            
                UserType get_rvalue() const { return v2; }

            
                void set1(int v) { v1.set(v); }

            
                void set2(int v) { v2.set(v); }

            
            };

            
            UserType TestPropRVP::sv1(1);

            
            UserType TestPropRVP::sv2(1);


            // py::arg/py::arg_v testing: these arguments just record their argument when invoked

            
            class ArgInspector1 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 1)"; };

            
            class ArgInspector2 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 2)"; };

            
            class ArgAlwaysConverts { };

            
            namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {

            
            template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector1> {

            
            public:

            
                PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector1, _("ArgInspector1"));


                bool load(handle src, bool convert) {

            
                    value.arg = "loading ArgInspector1 argument " +

            
                        std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed.  "

            
                        "Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);

            
                    return true;

            
                }


                static handle cast(const ArgInspector1 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {

            
                    return str(src.arg).release();

            
                }

            
            };

            
            template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector2> {

            
            public:

            
                PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector2, _("ArgInspector2"));


                bool load(handle src, bool convert) {

            
                    value.arg = "loading ArgInspector2 argument " +

            
                        std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed.  "

            
                        "Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);

            
                    return true;

            
                }


                static handle cast(const ArgInspector2 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {

            
                    return str(src.arg).release();

            
                }

            
            };

            
            template <> struct type_caster<ArgAlwaysConverts> {

            
            public:

            
                PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgAlwaysConverts, _("ArgAlwaysConverts"));


                bool load(handle, bool convert) {

            
                    return convert;

            
                }


                static handle cast(const ArgAlwaysConverts &, return_value_policy, handle) {

            
                    return py::none().release();

            
                }

            
            };

            
            }}


            // test_custom_caster_destruction

            
            class DestructionTester {

            
            public:

            
                DestructionTester() { print_default_created(this); }

            
                ~DestructionTester() { print_destroyed(this); }

            
                DestructionTester(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_created(this); }

            
                DestructionTester(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_created(this); }

            
                DestructionTester &operator=(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_assigned(this); return *this; }

            
                DestructionTester &operator=(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_assigned(this); return *this; }

            
            };

            
            namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {

            
            template <> struct type_caster<DestructionTester> {

            
                PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(DestructionTester, _("DestructionTester"));

            
                bool load(handle, bool) { return true; }


                static handle cast(const DestructionTester &, return_value_policy, handle) {

            
                    return py::bool_(true).release();

            
                }

            
            };

            
            }}


            // Test None-allowed py::arg argument policy

            
            class NoneTester { public: int answer = 42; };

            
            int none1(const NoneTester &obj) { return obj.answer; }

            
            int none2(NoneTester *obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }

            
            int none3(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> &obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }

            
            int none4(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> *obj) { return obj && *obj ? (*obj)->answer : -1; }

            
            int none5(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }


            struct StrIssue {

            
                int val = -1;


                StrIssue() = default;

            
                StrIssue(int i) : val{i} {}

            
            };


            // Issues #854, #910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered base class

            
            class UnregisteredBase {

            
            public:

            
                void do_nothing() const {}

            
                void increase_value() { rw_value++; ro_value += 0.25; }

            
                void set_int(int v) { rw_value = v; }

            
                int get_int() const { return rw_value; }

            
                double get_double() const { return ro_value; }

            
                int rw_value = 42;

            
                double ro_value = 1.25;

            
            };

            
            class RegisteredDerived : public UnregisteredBase {

            
            public:

            
                using UnregisteredBase::UnregisteredBase;

            
                double sum() const { return rw_value + ro_value; }

            
            };


            TEST_SUBMODULE(methods_and_attributes, m) {

            
                // test_methods_and_attributes

            
                py::class_<ExampleMandA> emna(m, "ExampleMandA");

            
                emna.def(py::init<>())

            
                    .def(py::init<int>())

            
                    .def(py::init<const ExampleMandA&>())

            
                    .def("add1", &ExampleMandA::add1)

            
                    .def("add2", &ExampleMandA::add2)

            
                    .def("add3", &ExampleMandA::add3)

            
                    .def("add4", &ExampleMandA::add4)

            
                    .def("add5", &ExampleMandA::add5)

            
                    .def("add6", &ExampleMandA::add6)

            
                    .def("add7", &ExampleMandA::add7)

            
                    .def("add8", &ExampleMandA::add8)

            
                    .def("add9", &ExampleMandA::add9)

            
                    .def("add10", &ExampleMandA::add10)

            
                    .def("self1", &ExampleMandA::self1)

            
                    .def("self2", &ExampleMandA::self2)

            
                    .def("self3", &ExampleMandA::self3)

            
                    .def("self4", &ExampleMandA::self4)

            
                    .def("self5", &ExampleMandA::self5)

            
                    .def("internal1", &ExampleMandA::internal1)

            
                    .def("internal2", &ExampleMandA::internal2)

            
                    .def("internal3", &ExampleMandA::internal3)

            
                    .def("internal4", &ExampleMandA::internal4)

            
                    .def("internal5", &ExampleMandA::internal5)

            
            #if defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)

            
                    .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int,   float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float,   int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int,     int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded_float", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int         >(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int,   float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float,   int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int,     int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))

            
            #else

            
                    .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)()>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int,   float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float,   int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int,     int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded_float", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int         ) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int,   float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float,   int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int,     int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                    .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
            #endif

            
                    // test_no_mixed_overloads

            
                    // Raise error if trying to mix static/non-static overloads on the same name:

            
                    .def_static("add_mixed_overloads1", []() {

            
                        auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));

            
                        emna.def       ("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                            .def_static("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str (              *)(float   )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));

            
                    })

            
                    .def_static("add_mixed_overloads2", []() {

            
                        auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));

            
                        emna.def_static("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str (              *)(float   )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))

            
                            .def       ("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));

            
                    })

            
                    .def("__str__", &ExampleMandA::toString)

            
                    .def_readwrite("value", &ExampleMandA::value);


                // test_copy_method

            
                // Issue #443: can't call copied methods in Python 3

            
                emna.attr("add2b") = emna.attr("add2");


                // test_properties, test_static_properties, test_static_cls

            
                py::class_<TestProperties>(m, "TestProperties")

            
                    .def(py::init<>())

            
                    .def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestProperties::value)

            
                    .def_readwrite("def_readwrite", &TestProperties::value)

            
                    .def_property_readonly("def_property_readonly", &TestProperties::get)

            
                    .def_property("def_property", &TestProperties::get, &TestProperties::set)

            
                    .def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestProperties::static_value)

            
                    .def_readwrite_static("def_readwrite_static", &TestProperties::static_value)

            
                    .def_property_readonly_static("def_property_readonly_static",

            
                                                  [](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); })

            
                    .def_property_static("def_property_static",

            
                                         [](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); },

            
                                         [](py::object, int v) { TestProperties::static_set(v); })

            
                    .def_property_static("static_cls",

            
                                         [](py::object cls) { return cls; },

            
                                         [](py::object cls, py::function f) { f(cls); });


                py::class_<TestPropertiesOverride, TestProperties>(m, "TestPropertiesOverride")

            
                    .def(py::init<>())

            
                    .def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestPropertiesOverride::value)

            
                    .def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestPropertiesOverride::static_value);


                auto static_get1 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv1; };

            
                auto static_get2 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv2; };

            
                auto static_set1 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv1.set(v); };

            
                auto static_set2 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv2.set(v); };

            
                auto rvp_copy = py::return_value_policy::copy;


                // test_property_return_value_policies

            
                py::class_<TestPropRVP>(m, "TestPropRVP")

            
                    .def(py::init<>())

            
                    .def_property_readonly("ro_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1)

            
                    .def_property_readonly("ro_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy)

            
                    .def_property_readonly("ro_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy))

            
                    .def_property("rw_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1, &TestPropRVP::set1)

            
                    .def_property("rw_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, &TestPropRVP::set2, rvp_copy)

            
                    .def_property("rw_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy), &TestPropRVP::set2)

            
                    .def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_ref", static_get1)

            
                    .def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_copy", static_get2, rvp_copy)

            
                    .def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy))

            
                    .def_property_static("static_rw_ref", static_get1, static_set1)

            
                    .def_property_static("static_rw_copy", static_get2, static_set2, rvp_copy)

            
                    .def_property_static("static_rw_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy), static_set2)

            
                    // test_property_rvalue_policy

            
                    .def_property_readonly("rvalue", &TestPropRVP::get_rvalue)

            
                    .def_property_readonly_static("static_rvalue", [](py::object) { return UserType(1); });


                // test_metaclass_override

            
                struct MetaclassOverride { };

            
                py::class_<MetaclassOverride>(m, "MetaclassOverride", py::metaclass((PyObject *) &PyType_Type))

            
                    .def_property_readonly_static("readonly", [](py::object) { return 1; });


            #if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)

            
                // test_dynamic_attributes

            
                class DynamicClass {

            
                public:

            
                    DynamicClass() { print_default_created(this); }

            
                    ~DynamicClass() { print_destroyed(this); }

            
                };

            
                py::class_<DynamicClass>(m, "DynamicClass", py::dynamic_attr())

            
                    .def(py::init());


                class CppDerivedDynamicClass : public DynamicClass { };

            
                py::class_<CppDerivedDynamicClass, DynamicClass>(m, "CppDerivedDynamicClass")

            
                    .def(py::init());

            
            #endif


                // test_noconvert_args

            
                //

            
                // Test converting.  The ArgAlwaysConverts is just there to make the first no-conversion pass

            
                // fail so that our call always ends up happening via the second dispatch (the one that allows

            
                // some conversion).

            
                class ArgInspector {

            
                public:

            
                    ArgInspector1 f(ArgInspector1 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }

            
                    std::string g(ArgInspector1 a, const ArgInspector1 &b, int c, ArgInspector2 *d, ArgAlwaysConverts) {

            
                        return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg + "\n" + std::to_string(c) + "\n" + d->arg;

            
                    }

            
                    static ArgInspector2 h(ArgInspector2 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }

            
                };

            
                py::class_<ArgInspector>(m, "ArgInspector")

            
                    .def(py::init<>())

            
                    .def("f", &ArgInspector::f, py::arg(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())

            
                    .def("g", &ArgInspector::g, "a"_a.noconvert(), "b"_a, "c"_a.noconvert()=13, "d"_a=ArgInspector2(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())

            
                    .def_static("h", &ArgInspector::h, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())

            
                    ;

            
                m.def("arg_inspect_func", [](ArgInspector2 a, ArgInspector1 b, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg; },

            
                        py::arg().noconvert(false), py::arg_v(nullptr, ArgInspector1()).noconvert(true), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts());


                m.def("floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f"));

            
                m.def("floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f").noconvert());

            
                m.def("ints_preferred", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i"));

            
                m.def("ints_only", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i").noconvert());


                // test_bad_arg_default

            
                // Issue/PR #648: bad arg default debugging output

            
            #if !defined(NDEBUG)

            
                m.attr("debug_enabled") = true;

            
            #else

            
                m.attr("debug_enabled") = false;

            
            #endif

            
                m.def("bad_arg_def_named", []{

            
                    auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");

            
                    m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg("a") = UnregisteredType());

            
                });

            
                m.def("bad_arg_def_unnamed", []{

            
                    auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");

            
                    m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg() = UnregisteredType());

            
                });


                // test_accepts_none

            
                py::class_<NoneTester, std::shared_ptr<NoneTester>>(m, "NoneTester")

            
                    .def(py::init<>());

            
                m.def("no_none1", &none1, py::arg().none(false));

            
                m.def("no_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(false));

            
                m.def("no_none3", &none3, py::arg().none(false));

            
                m.def("no_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(false));

            
                m.def("no_none5", &none5, py::arg().none(false));

            
                m.def("ok_none1", &none1);

            
                m.def("ok_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(true));

            
                m.def("ok_none3", &none3);

            
                m.def("ok_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(true));

            
                m.def("ok_none5", &none5);


                // test_str_issue

            
                // Issue #283: __str__ called on uninitialized instance when constructor arguments invalid

            
                py::class_<StrIssue>(m, "StrIssue")

            
                    .def(py::init<int>())

            
                    .def(py::init<>())

            
                    .def("__str__", [](const StrIssue &si) {

            
                        return "StrIssue[" + std::to_string(si.val) + "]"; }

            
                    );


                // test_unregistered_base_implementations

            
                //

            
                // Issues #854/910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered

            
                // base class The methods and member pointers below actually resolve to members/pointers in

            
                // UnregisteredBase; before this test/fix they would be registered via lambda with a first

            
                // argument of an unregistered type, and thus uncallable.

            
                py::class_<RegisteredDerived>(m, "RegisteredDerived")

            
                    .def(py::init<>())

            
                    .def("do_nothing", &RegisteredDerived::do_nothing)

            
                    .def("increase_value", &RegisteredDerived::increase_value)

            
                    .def_readwrite("rw_value", &RegisteredDerived::rw_value)

            
                    .def_readonly("ro_value", &RegisteredDerived::ro_value)

            
                    // These should trigger a static_assert if uncommented

            
                    //.def_readwrite("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented

            
                    //.def_readonly("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented

            
                    .def_property("rw_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_int, &RegisteredDerived::set_int)

            
                    .def_property_readonly("ro_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_double)

            
                    // This one is in the registered class:

            
                    .def("sum", &RegisteredDerived::sum)

            
                    ;


                using Adapted = decltype(py::method_adaptor<RegisteredDerived>(&RegisteredDerived::do_nothing));

            
                static_assert(std::is_same<Adapted, void (RegisteredDerived::*)() const>::value, "");


                // test_custom_caster_destruction

            
                // Test that `take_ownership` works on types with a custom type caster when given a pointer


                // default policy: don't take ownership:

            
                m.def("custom_caster_no_destroy", []() { static auto *dt = new DestructionTester(); return dt; });


                m.def("custom_caster_destroy", []() { return new DestructionTester(); },

            
                        py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Takes ownership: destroy when finished

            
                m.def("custom_caster_destroy_const", []() -> const DestructionTester * { return new DestructionTester(); },

            
                        py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Likewise (const doesn't inhibit destruction)

            
                m.def("destruction_tester_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<DestructionTester>, py::return_value_policy::reference);

            
            }
	/*
	tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp -- constructors, deconstructors, attribute access,
	__str__, argument and return value conventions

	Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>

	All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
	BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
	*/

	#include "pybind11_tests.h"
	#include "constructor_stats.h"

	class ExampleMandA {
	public:
	ExampleMandA() { print_default_created(this); }
	ExampleMandA(int value) : value(value) { print_created(this, value); }
	ExampleMandA(const ExampleMandA &e) : value(e.value) { print_copy_created(this); }
	ExampleMandA(ExampleMandA &&e) : value(e.value) { print_move_created(this); }
	~ExampleMandA() { print_destroyed(this); }

	std::string toString() {
	return "ExampleMandA[value=" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
	}

	void operator=(const ExampleMandA &e) { print_copy_assigned(this); value = e.value; }
	void operator=(ExampleMandA &&e) { print_move_assigned(this); value = e.value; }

	void add1(ExampleMandA other) { value += other.value; } // passing by value
	void add2(ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by reference
	void add3(const ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by const reference
	void add4(ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by pointer
	void add5(const ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by const pointer

	void add6(int other) { value += other; } // passing by value
	void add7(int &other) { value += other; } // passing by reference
	void add8(const int &other) { value += other; } // passing by const reference
	void add9(int other) { value += other; } // passing by pointer
	void add10(const int other) { value += other; } // passing by const pointer

	ExampleMandA self1() { return *this; } // return by value
	ExampleMandA &self2() { return *this; } // return by reference
	const ExampleMandA &self3() { return *this; } // return by const reference
	ExampleMandA *self4() { return this; } // return by pointer
	const ExampleMandA *self5() { return this; } // return by const pointer

	int internal1() { return value; } // return by value
	int &internal2() { return value; } // return by reference
	const int &internal3() { return value; } // return by const reference
	int *internal4() { return &value; } // return by pointer
	const int *internal5() { return &value; } // return by const pointer

	py::str overloaded() { return "()"; }
	py::str overloaded(int) { return "(int)"; }
	py::str overloaded(int, float) { return "(int, float)"; }
	py::str overloaded(float, int) { return "(float, int)"; }
	py::str overloaded(int, int) { return "(int, int)"; }
	py::str overloaded(float, float) { return "(float, float)"; }
	py::str overloaded(int) const { return "(int) const"; }
	py::str overloaded(int, float) const { return "(int, float) const"; }
	py::str overloaded(float, int) const { return "(float, int) const"; }
	py::str overloaded(int, int) const { return "(int, int) const"; }
	py::str overloaded(float, float) const { return "(float, float) const"; }

	static py::str overloaded(float) { return "static float"; }

	int value = 0;
	};

	struct TestProperties {
	int value = 1;
	static int static_value;

	int get() const { return value; }
	void set(int v) { value = v; }

	static int static_get() { return static_value; }
	static void static_set(int v) { static_value = v; }
	};
	int TestProperties::static_value = 1;

	struct TestPropertiesOverride : TestProperties {
	int value = 99;
	static int static_value;
	};
	int TestPropertiesOverride::static_value = 99;

	struct TestPropRVP {
	UserType v1{1};
	UserType v2{1};
	static UserType sv1;
	static UserType sv2;

	const UserType &get1() const { return v1; }
	const UserType &get2() const { return v2; }
	UserType get_rvalue() const { return v2; }
	void set1(int v) { v1.set(v); }
	void set2(int v) { v2.set(v); }
	};
	UserType TestPropRVP::sv1(1);
	UserType TestPropRVP::sv2(1);

	// py::arg/py::arg_v testing: these arguments just record their argument when invoked
	class ArgInspector1 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 1)"; };
	class ArgInspector2 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 2)"; };
	class ArgAlwaysConverts { };
	namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
	template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector1> {
	public:
	PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector1, _("ArgInspector1"));

	bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
	value.arg = "loading ArgInspector1 argument " +
	std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed. "
	"Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
	return true;
	}

	static handle cast(const ArgInspector1 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
	return str(src.arg).release();
	}
	};
	template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector2> {
	public:
	PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector2, _("ArgInspector2"));

	bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
	value.arg = "loading ArgInspector2 argument " +
	std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed. "
	"Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
	return true;
	}

	static handle cast(const ArgInspector2 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
	return str(src.arg).release();
	}
	};
	template <> struct type_caster<ArgAlwaysConverts> {
	public:
	PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgAlwaysConverts, _("ArgAlwaysConverts"));

	bool load(handle, bool convert) {
	return convert;
	}

	static handle cast(const ArgAlwaysConverts &, return_value_policy, handle) {
	return py::none().release();
	}
	};
	}}

	// test_custom_caster_destruction
	class DestructionTester {
	public:
	DestructionTester() { print_default_created(this); }
	~DestructionTester() { print_destroyed(this); }
	DestructionTester(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_created(this); }
	DestructionTester(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_created(this); }
	DestructionTester &operator=(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_assigned(this); return *this; }
	DestructionTester &operator=(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_assigned(this); return *this; }
	};
	namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
	template <> struct type_caster<DestructionTester> {
	PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(DestructionTester, _("DestructionTester"));
	bool load(handle, bool) { return true; }

	static handle cast(const DestructionTester &, return_value_policy, handle) {
	return py::bool_(true).release();
	}
	};
	}}

	// Test None-allowed py::arg argument policy
	class NoneTester { public: int answer = 42; };
	int none1(const NoneTester &obj) { return obj.answer; }
	int none2(NoneTester *obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
	int none3(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> &obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
	int none4(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> obj) { return obj && obj ? (*obj)->answer : -1; }
	int none5(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }

	struct StrIssue {
	int val = -1;

	StrIssue() = default;
	StrIssue(int i) : val{i} {}
	};

	// Issues #854, #910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered base class
	class UnregisteredBase {
	public:
	void do_nothing() const {}
	void increase_value() { rw_value++; ro_value += 0.25; }
	void set_int(int v) { rw_value = v; }
	int get_int() const { return rw_value; }
	double get_double() const { return ro_value; }
	int rw_value = 42;
	double ro_value = 1.25;
	};
	class RegisteredDerived : public UnregisteredBase {
	public:
	using UnregisteredBase::UnregisteredBase;
	double sum() const { return rw_value + ro_value; }
	};

	TEST_SUBMODULE(methods_and_attributes, m) {
	// test_methods_and_attributes
	py::class_<ExampleMandA> emna(m, "ExampleMandA");
	emna.def(py::init<>())
	.def(py::init<int>())
	.def(py::init<const ExampleMandA&>())
	.def("add1", &ExampleMandA::add1)
	.def("add2", &ExampleMandA::add2)
	.def("add3", &ExampleMandA::add3)
	.def("add4", &ExampleMandA::add4)
	.def("add5", &ExampleMandA::add5)
	.def("add6", &ExampleMandA::add6)
	.def("add7", &ExampleMandA::add7)
	.def("add8", &ExampleMandA::add8)
	.def("add9", &ExampleMandA::add9)
	.def("add10", &ExampleMandA::add10)
	.def("self1", &ExampleMandA::self1)
	.def("self2", &ExampleMandA::self2)
	.def("self3", &ExampleMandA::self3)
	.def("self4", &ExampleMandA::self4)
	.def("self5", &ExampleMandA::self5)
	.def("internal1", &ExampleMandA::internal1)
	.def("internal2", &ExampleMandA::internal2)
	.def("internal3", &ExampleMandA::internal3)
	.def("internal4", &ExampleMandA::internal4)
	.def("internal5", &ExampleMandA::internal5)
	#if defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)
	.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded_float", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int >(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
	.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
	.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
	.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
	.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
	#else
	.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)()>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded_float", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int ) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	#endif
	// test_no_mixed_overloads
	// Raise error if trying to mix static/non-static overloads on the same name:
	.def_static("add_mixed_overloads1", []() {
	auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));
	emna.def ("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def_static("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str ( *)(float )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));
	})
	.def_static("add_mixed_overloads2", []() {
	auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));
	emna.def_static("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str ( *)(float )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
	.def ("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));
	})
	.def("__str__", &ExampleMandA::toString)
	.def_readwrite("value", &ExampleMandA::value);

	// test_copy_method
	// Issue #443: can't call copied methods in Python 3
	emna.attr("add2b") = emna.attr("add2");

	// test_properties, test_static_properties, test_static_cls
	py::class_<TestProperties>(m, "TestProperties")
	.def(py::init<>())
	.def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestProperties::value)
	.def_readwrite("def_readwrite", &TestProperties::value)
	.def_property_readonly("def_property_readonly", &TestProperties::get)
	.def_property("def_property", &TestProperties::get, &TestProperties::set)
	.def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
	.def_readwrite_static("def_readwrite_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
	.def_property_readonly_static("def_property_readonly_static",
	[](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); })
	.def_property_static("def_property_static",
	[](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); },
	[](py::object, int v) { TestProperties::static_set(v); })
	.def_property_static("static_cls",
	[](py::object cls) { return cls; },
	[](py::object cls, py::function f) { f(cls); });

	py::class_<TestPropertiesOverride, TestProperties>(m, "TestPropertiesOverride")
	.def(py::init<>())
	.def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestPropertiesOverride::value)
	.def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestPropertiesOverride::static_value);

	auto static_get1 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv1; };
	auto static_get2 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv2; };
	auto static_set1 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv1.set(v); };
	auto static_set2 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv2.set(v); };
	auto rvp_copy = py::return_value_policy::copy;

	// test_property_return_value_policies
	py::class_<TestPropRVP>(m, "TestPropRVP")
	.def(py::init<>())
	.def_property_readonly("ro_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1)
	.def_property_readonly("ro_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy)
	.def_property_readonly("ro_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy))
	.def_property("rw_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1, &TestPropRVP::set1)
	.def_property("rw_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, &TestPropRVP::set2, rvp_copy)
	.def_property("rw_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy), &TestPropRVP::set2)
	.def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_ref", static_get1)
	.def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_copy", static_get2, rvp_copy)
	.def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy))
	.def_property_static("static_rw_ref", static_get1, static_set1)
	.def_property_static("static_rw_copy", static_get2, static_set2, rvp_copy)
	.def_property_static("static_rw_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy), static_set2)
	// test_property_rvalue_policy
	.def_property_readonly("rvalue", &TestPropRVP::get_rvalue)
	.def_property_readonly_static("static_rvalue", [](py::object) { return UserType(1); });

	// test_metaclass_override
	struct MetaclassOverride { };
	py::class_<MetaclassOverride>(m, "MetaclassOverride", py::metaclass((PyObject *) &PyType_Type))
	.def_property_readonly_static("readonly", [](py::object) { return 1; });

	#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
	// test_dynamic_attributes
	class DynamicClass {
	public:
	DynamicClass() { print_default_created(this); }
	~DynamicClass() { print_destroyed(this); }
	};
	py::class_<DynamicClass>(m, "DynamicClass", py::dynamic_attr())
	.def(py::init());

	class CppDerivedDynamicClass : public DynamicClass { };
	py::class_<CppDerivedDynamicClass, DynamicClass>(m, "CppDerivedDynamicClass")
	.def(py::init());
	#endif

	// test_noconvert_args
	//
	// Test converting. The ArgAlwaysConverts is just there to make the first no-conversion pass
	// fail so that our call always ends up happening via the second dispatch (the one that allows
	// some conversion).
	class ArgInspector {
	public:
	ArgInspector1 f(ArgInspector1 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
	std::string g(ArgInspector1 a, const ArgInspector1 &b, int c, ArgInspector2 *d, ArgAlwaysConverts) {
	return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg + "\n" + std::to_string(c) + "\n" + d->arg;
	}
	static ArgInspector2 h(ArgInspector2 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
	};
	py::class_<ArgInspector>(m, "ArgInspector")
	.def(py::init<>())
	.def("f", &ArgInspector::f, py::arg(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
	.def("g", &ArgInspector::g, "a"_a.noconvert(), "b"_a, "c"_a.noconvert()=13, "d"_a=ArgInspector2(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
	.def_static("h", &ArgInspector::h, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
	;
	m.def("arg_inspect_func", [](ArgInspector2 a, ArgInspector1 b, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg; },
	py::arg().noconvert(false), py::arg_v(nullptr, ArgInspector1()).noconvert(true), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts());

	m.def("floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f"));
	m.def("floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f").noconvert());
	m.def("ints_preferred", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i"));
	m.def("ints_only", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i").noconvert());

	// test_bad_arg_default
	// Issue/PR #648: bad arg default debugging output
	#if !defined(NDEBUG)
	m.attr("debug_enabled") = true;
	#else
	m.attr("debug_enabled") = false;
	#endif
	m.def("bad_arg_def_named", []{
	auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");
	m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg("a") = UnregisteredType());
	});
	m.def("bad_arg_def_unnamed", []{
	auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");
	m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg() = UnregisteredType());
	});

	// test_accepts_none
	py::class_<NoneTester, std::shared_ptr<NoneTester>>(m, "NoneTester")
	.def(py::init<>());
	m.def("no_none1", &none1, py::arg().none(false));
	m.def("no_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(false));
	m.def("no_none3", &none3, py::arg().none(false));
	m.def("no_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(false));
	m.def("no_none5", &none5, py::arg().none(false));
	m.def("ok_none1", &none1);
	m.def("ok_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(true));
	m.def("ok_none3", &none3);
	m.def("ok_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(true));
	m.def("ok_none5", &none5);

	// test_str_issue
	// Issue #283: __str__ called on uninitialized instance when constructor arguments invalid
	py::class_<StrIssue>(m, "StrIssue")
	.def(py::init<int>())
	.def(py::init<>())
	.def("__str__", [](const StrIssue &si) {
	return "StrIssue[" + std::to_string(si.val) + "]"; }
	);

	// test_unregistered_base_implementations
	//
	// Issues #854/910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered
	// base class The methods and member pointers below actually resolve to members/pointers in
	// UnregisteredBase; before this test/fix they would be registered via lambda with a first
	// argument of an unregistered type, and thus uncallable.
	py::class_<RegisteredDerived>(m, "RegisteredDerived")
	.def(py::init<>())
	.def("do_nothing", &RegisteredDerived::do_nothing)
	.def("increase_value", &RegisteredDerived::increase_value)
	.def_readwrite("rw_value", &RegisteredDerived::rw_value)
	.def_readonly("ro_value", &RegisteredDerived::ro_value)
	// These should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
	//.def_readwrite("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
	//.def_readonly("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
	.def_property("rw_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_int, &RegisteredDerived::set_int)
	.def_property_readonly("ro_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_double)
	// This one is in the registered class:
	.def("sum", &RegisteredDerived::sum)
	;

	using Adapted = decltype(py::method_adaptor<RegisteredDerived>(&RegisteredDerived::do_nothing));
	static_assert(std::is_same<Adapted, void (RegisteredDerived::*)() const>::value, "");

	// test_custom_caster_destruction
	// Test that `take_ownership` works on types with a custom type caster when given a pointer

	// default policy: don't take ownership:
	m.def("custom_caster_no_destroy", []() { static auto *dt = new DestructionTester(); return dt; });

	m.def("custom_caster_destroy", []() { return new DestructionTester(); },
	py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Takes ownership: destroy when finished
	m.def("custom_caster_destroy_const", []() -> const DestructionTester * { return new DestructionTester(); },
	py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Likewise (const doesn't inhibit destruction)
	m.def("destruction_tester_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<DestructionTester>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
	}